bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reportability and illusions of phenomenality in the light of the global neuronal workspace model
Authors: Naccache Lionel , Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCan we ever experimentally disentangle phenomenal consciousness from the cognitive accessibility inherent to conscious reports? In this commentary, we suggest that (1) Block's notion of phenomenal consciousness remains intractably entangled with the need to obtain subjective reports about it; and (2) many experimental paradigms suggest that the intuitive notion of a rich but non-reportable phenomenal world is, to a large extent illusory – in a sense that requires clarification.
Phenomenal consciousness lite: No thanks!
Authors: O'Regan J. Kevin , Myin Erik 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe target article appeals to recent empirical data to support the idea that there is more to phenomenality than is available to access consciousness. However, this claim is based on an unwarranted assumption, namely, that some kind of cortical processing must be phenomenal. The article also considerably weakens Block's original distinction between a truly nonfunctional phenomenal consciousness and a functional access consciousness. The new form of phenomenal consciousness seems to be a poor-man's cognitive access.
Phenomenological overflow and cognitive access
Authors: Rosenthal David M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractI argue that the partial-report results Block cites do not establish that phenomenology overflows cognitive accessibility, as Block maintains. So, without additional argument, the mesh he sees between psychology and neuroscience is unsupported. I argue further that there is reason to hold, contra Block, that phenomenology does always involve some cognitive access to the relevant experience.
Modelling of a special class of spherical parallel manipulators with Euler parameters
Authors: Bai Shaoping , Hansen Michael R. , Andersen Torben O. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA method of workspace modelling for spherical parallel manipulators (SPMs) of symmetrical architecture is developed by virtue of Euler parameters in the paper. The adoption of Euler parameters in the expression of spatial rotations of SPMs helps not only to eliminate the possible singularity in the rotation matrix, but also to formulate all equations in polynomials, which are more easily manipulated. Moreover, a homogeneous workspace can be obtained with Euler parameters for the SPMs, which facilitates the evaluation of dexterity. In this work, the problem of workspace modelling and analysis is formulated in terms of Euler parameters. An equation dealing with boundary surfaces is derived and branches of boundary surface are identified. Evaluation of dexterity is explored to quantitatively describe the capability of a manipulator to attain orientations. The singularity identification is also addressed. Examples are included to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.
Weak*- continuous homomorphisms of Fourier–Stieltjes algebras
Authors: ILIE MONICA , STOKKE ROSS 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFor a locally compact group G, let B(G) denote its Fourier–Stieltjes algebra. Any continuous, piecewise affine map α: Y ⊂ H → G induces a completely bounded algebra homomorphism jα: B(G) → B(H) [14, 15] and we prove that jα is w* – w* continuous if and only if α is an open map. This extends one of the main results in [3], due to M.B. Bekka, E. Kaniuth, A.T. Lau and G. Schlichting. Several classical theorems regarding isomorphisms and extensions of homomorphisms on group algebras of abelian groups are extended to the setting of Fourier–Stieltjes algebras of amenable groups. As applications, when G is amenable we provide complete characterizations of those maps between Fourier–Stieltjes algebras that are either associated to a piecewise affine mapping, or are completely bounded and w* – w* continuous.
Widespread distribution of proteorhodopsins in freshwater and brackish ecosystems
Authors: Atamna-Ismaeel Nof , Sabehi Gazalah , Sharon Itai , Witzel Karl-Paul , Labrenz Matthias , Jürgens Klaus , Barkay Tamar , Stomp Maayke , Huisman Jef , Beja Oded 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Proteorhodopsins (PRs) are light-driven proton pumps that have been found in a variety of marine environments. The goal of this study was to search for PR presence in different freshwater and brackish environments and to explore the diversity of non-marine PR protein. Here, we show that PRs exist in distinctly different aquatic environments, ranging from clear water lakes to peat lakes and in the Baltic Sea. Some of the PRs observed in this study formed unique clades that were not previously observed in marine environments, whereas others were similar to PRs found in non-marine samples of the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) expedition. Furthermore, the similarity of several PRs isolated from lakes in different parts of the world suggests that these genes are dispersed globally and that they may encode unique functional capabilities enabling successful competition in a wide range of freshwater environments. Phylogenomic analysis of genes found on these GOS scaffolds suggests that some of the freshwater PRs are found in freshwater Flavobacteria and freshwater SAR11-like bacteria.
Involvement of iNOS and NO in TNF‐α–downregulated Resistin Gene Expression in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Juan Chi‐Chang , Lien Chih‐Chen , Chang Chih‐Ling , Huang Yu‐Han , Ho Low‐Tone 
Published: March 2008

Objective: In order to characterize the regulation of resistin gene expression, we explore the effect of tumornecrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) on resistin mRNA expression and its underlying mechanism in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.Methods and Procedures: Differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with 0–10 ng/ml of TNF‐α or with 2.5 ng/ml of TNF‐α for 0–24 h, and then resistin mRNA levels were measured by northern blotting. To further explore the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in TNF‐α–regulated resistin expression, the effect of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on resistin mRNA levels in adipocytes and the effect of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), and S, S′−1,3‐phenylene‐bis(1,2‐ethanediyl)‐bis‐isothiourea·2HBr (PBITU), on the TNF‐α effect in adipocytes were examined. The effects of TNF‐α on inducible NOS (iNOS) protein expression in adipocytes were also measured by western blotting.Results: Our results showed that TNF‐α caused a dose‐dependent reduction in resistin mRNA levels. This effect seemed to be associated with the TNF‐α–induced expression of iNOS. The results showed that TNF‐α induced iNOS expression and release of NO after 24‐h treatment of differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Pretreatment with l‐NAME and PBITU significantly reversed the TNF‐α–induced downregulation of resistin expression, while treatment with SNP mimicked the inhibitory effect of TNF‐α on resistin expression. In addition, pretreatment with protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, genistein and AG‐1288, prevented TNF‐α–induced iNOS expression and subsequent resistin downregulation.Discussion: Our data suggest that TNF‐α suppresses resistin expression by inducing iNOS expression, thus causing overproduction of NO, which downregulates resistin gene expression.
Long‐term Effects of Maternal Magnesium Restriction on Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Rat Pups
Authors: Venu Lagishetty , Padmavathi Inagadapa J.N. , Kishore Yedla D. , Bhanu Nandiwada V. , Rao Kalashikam R. , Sainath Pothaganti B. , Ganeshan Manisha , Raghunath Manchala 
Published: March 2008

Objective: We investigated the long‐term effects of maternal/postnatal magnesium (Mg) restriction on adiposity, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion in the offspring and the probable biochemical mechanisms associated with them.Methods and Procedures: Female weanling Wistar/NIN (WNIN) rats received a control diet or 70% Mg‐restricted (MgR) diet for 9 weeks and mated with control males. A third of the restricted dams were shifted to control diet from parturition. Half of the pups born to the remaining restricted dams were weaned on to control diet, while the other half continued on MgR diet. Various parameters were determined in the offspring at 18 months of age.Results: The percentage of body fat increased, lean body mass (LBM) and fat free mass (FFM) decreased in restricted offspring and were irreversible by rehabilitation. While glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR) were comparable among groups, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and basal glucose uptake by the diaphragm were significantly decreased in restricted offspring and not corrected by rehabilitation. Plasma leptin was lower, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was higher in restricted offspring, whereas expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and fatty acyl transport protein 1 (FATP 1) was higher in liver and adipose tissue. While changes in FAS and FATP 1 were not correctible by rehabilitation, those in leptin and TNF‐α were corrected by rehabilitation from parturition but not from weaning. Tissue oxidative stress and antioxidant status were comparable among groups.Discussion: Results indicate that maternal and postnatal Mg status is important in the long‐term programming of body adiposity and insulin secretion in rat offspring.
Mexico: Trade and Financial Liberalization With Volatile Capital Inflows: Macroeconomic Consequences and Social Impacts During the 1990s
Authors: Ros Jaime , Lustig Nora 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBy the mid‐1980s, the Mexican economy was still suffering the consequences of the 1982 debt crisis, and these were compounded by the difficulties created by the collapse of oil prices in early 1986, but three years later, a turnaround had taken place. Following a successful heterodox stabilization program, which began in late 1987, a sharp reduction in domestic and external public debt, facilitated by a Brady agreement in mid‐1989, and financed with large privatization revenues, Mexico returned to the international capital markets, and its economy finally appeared to be on its way to recover economic growth and price stability after almost a decade of economic decline and high inflation. When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was approved in 1993, optimistic expectations became even more rampant; this chapter addresses the question of why the country that was supposed to enter a period of sustained prosperity, and one of the most successful emerging markets, found itself in the mid‐1990s immersed in the worst economic crisis in the last seventy years. In the first section, the balance of payments liberalization measures that preceded the episode of massive capital inflows of the early 1990s are reviewed, and its macroeconomic consequences discussed. The second section then examines how these macroeconomic developments were reflected in the labor market, the third section turns to the evolution of income distribution and poverty since the mid‐1980s, and a concluding section draws lessons from the Mexican experience, and discusses the prospects of the economy after the crisis.
Russia: Globalization, Structural Shifts and Inequality
Authors: Vorobyov Alexander , Zhukov Stanislav 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
By introducing convertibility of the national currency and liberalizing both current and capital accounts of her balance of payments, Russia fully exposed herself to globalization. In this chapter, a narrow functional meaning is ascribed to globalization: convertibility – with minor exceptions, the exchange rate regime in force from the end of 1994 until August 1998 – combined with free movements of capital and hard currency, pushed local producers into global competition. For Russia, with an economy historically built upon absolute and relative prices (and production costs) totally different from prevailing world prices, entering into global competition was an enormous shock. Seen in this perspective, globalization is the driving force in Russia's transition. The chapter is organized in six sections: post‐Soviet and economic chaos; external liberalization; dual economic structure; “shadowization” – the shift of a substantial part of production and consumption outside official recognition (a salient feature of the Russian transition) to the shadow economy; segmentation of the labor market; and conclusion.
Turkey: Globalization, Distribution and Social Policy, 1980–1998
Authors: Boratav Korkut , Yeldan A. Erinc , Köse Ahmet H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Turkey initiated its long process of integration with the world commodity and financial markets in 1980, and the successive stages of liberalization have been surveyed and are overviewed here. Since its early inception, the Turkish adjustment program was hailed as a model by the orthodox international community, and was supported by generous structural adjustment loans, debt relief, and technical aid; currently, the Turkish economy can be said to be operating under conditions of a truly open and liberalized economy, and in this setting, many of the instruments of macro and fiscal control have been transformed, and the constraints of macroequilibrium have undergone major structural change. The analytics of the two distinct phases of liberalization (1980–8 and 1989–98) is the theme of the first section of this chapter, where the modes of accumulation and surplus creation under both subperiods are addressed separately; the second section carries this analysis to microaspects of adjustment and reports on the evolving patterns of employment, labor productivity, and overall informalization of the labor force. Responses to pressures of international competitiveness and the emerging patterns of income distribution are studied in the third section, and in the fourth section, the preceding analysis is applied to size distribution of income and the incidence of postliberalization adjustments on poverty. The incidence of globalization on public sector accounts and the state's changing role in the provision of public goods are narrated in the fifth section, and the sixth concludes with an overview of the social policy implications of globalization.
Zimbabwe: Economic Adjustment, Income Distribution and Trade Liberalization
Authors: Davies Rob , Rattsø Jørn 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe liberalization process in Zimbabwe is described in the first main section of this chapter, and the next section offers a stylized theory of trade liberalization effects in Africa based on the Ricardo–Viner model. An expansion of the theory model is then implemented as a CGE (computable general equilibrium) model for Zimbabwe, and the deindustrialization effects of trade liberalization are calibrated in the next section. The macroanalysis is begun by decomposing aggregate demand to identify changes in the short‐run adjustment mechanisms of the economy. The next section provides an econometric analysis of the role of wages in the macroeconomy – the estimation includes the wage formation process described by the wage curve and the consequences of real wage changes for aggregate demand. In the last main section, disaggregated labor market data are applied to documented changes in distribution and productivity.
What Is Interesting?
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhat makes something interesting? This chapter critically reviews the long body of thought on the causes of interest. D. E. Berlyne’s seminal research on curiosity, arousal, and reward is reviewed in detail. In his theories, Berlyne traced curiosity to a set of collative variables (novelty, complexity, uncertainty, and conflict) that affected curiosity by modifying arousal levels. Changes in arousal levels affected reward and preference according to an inverted U. The chapter then turns to later theories of interest: Nunnally's information conflict theory, Tomkins's emotion theory, Fowler's boredom drive theory, and Loewenstein's information gaps theory. The chapter then develops a new model rooted in appraisal theories of emotion, in which interest is caused by two appraisals: (1) a novelty-complexity appraisal (“is this complex or unfamiliar?”), and (2) a coping potential appraisal (“is this comprehensible?”). Recent experiments that support the author's appraisal model are reviewed.
Interest, Personality, and Individual Differences
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMany personality traits connect to interest, intrinsic motivation, and exploration. This chapter critically reviews research on individual differences related to interest. One class of models (associated with researchers such as Spielberger, Naylor, Kashdan, Maw, and Litman) examines trait curiosity — the stable tendency to be more or less curious. Other models propose individual differences in the breadth versus depth of interests and in boredom proneness. Sensation seeking (associated with Zuckerman) and openness to experience (associated with McCrae and Costa), the two most widely-studied traits related to interest, receive extensive attention. The chapter concludes by identifying the most promising models and by highlighting the limitations of self-report measures of individual differences.
Interests and Motivational Development
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhere do people's idiosyncratic hobbies and interests come from? This chapter reviews how, across the history of psychology, people have explained the development of interests. The emergence of enduring interests is an example of motivational development. Three broad kinds of theories are identified. One group of theories proposes that interests come from a source of intrinsic motivation, such as a curiosity instinct (William McDougall) or feelings of curiosity and interest (Silvan Tomkins, Manfred Prenzel). A second group of theories proposes that interests come from extrinsic motivational sources. Examples include John Dewey's model of intrinsic and extrinsic interest, and Gordon Allport's functional autonomy principle. A third group of theories proposes that interests are offshoots of deeper motives and needs, such as psychodynamic drives (Sigmund Freud), unfulfilled needs (Anne Roe), or physiological drives (Clark Hull). The chapter considers some abstract similarities and differences between these diverse theories.
How Do Interests Develop? Bridging Emotion and Personality
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn light of the history of thought on how interests develop, this chapter proposes a new theory of the development of interests. Called the emotion-attribution theory, this theory uses research on emotional knowledge and emotion understanding to explain the origins of interests. When people experience emotions, they generate explanations (often tacit ones) concerning the causes of the emotion. As a result, people develop stable knowledge about the kinds of events, objects, and situations that will evoke or dampen certain emotions. Interests can thus be understood in terms of people's beliefs and expectations concerning which events will be interesting and rewarding. Research on cognition and emotion can clarify the ways in which such emotional knowledge develops and changes. Some new experiments that test this model are presented, and the model is contrasted with other theories of the origins of interests.
Interests and Vocations
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe study of vocational interests is one of the oldest and largest areas within the psychology of interest. This chapter reviews what vocational psychology has learned about interests related to the world of work. One issue concerns the structure of vocational interests. John Holland's classic RIASEC model, which proposes that vocational interests form a hexagon, and contemporary alternatives (Prediger's dimensional model, Tracey's spherical model) are reviewed. A second issue concerns the origins of vocational interests. Many studies, including experimental and longitudinal studies, show a role for self-efficacy in the development of vocational interests. The chapter concludes by considering the tension between basic problems in vocational psychology and applied tasks (such as developing interest inventories).
Predation and the Reproductive Behavior of Fiddler Crabs (GenusUca)
Authors: Christy John H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPredation affects fiddler crab reproductive timing, male competition for females, visual systems and orientation mechanisms, mechanisms and patterns of female choice, and the kinds of signals males use to attract females for mating. Fiddler crab courtship shows how predation can be a creative force in signal evolution. Male-built structures and even the well-known waving display of these animals may be selected by preferences that allow females to better detect, locate, and visit males safely. The increasing number of examples of sensory traps in animal courtship show that it is not sufficient to ask what a courtship signal may indicate about the benefits a female and her young receive, but that it is necessary to ask how the sensory and behavioral mechanism on which it is based evolves, particularly how the mechanism functions and is selected in other social and ecological contexts.
Hermaphroditism in Caridean Shrimps
Authors: Bauer Raymond T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHermaphroditism is rare in the decapod Crustacea, but protandry (male to female sex change) is not uncommon in caridean shrimps. Protandric shrimps are generally mobile, living in high-density aggregations, with small males and larger females. The mating system is polygynous, with males using a “pure searching” tactic to maximize mating success. Protandry is fairly well explained by the “Size Advantage” Model, in which male mating success is not positively correlated with size but female fecundity is. In the genus Lysmata (“cleaner shrimps”), male-phase individuals change to a female phase as in protandric shrimps, but unlike them retain male gonadal tissues, functioning as non-reciprocal outcrossing simultaneous hermaphrodites. A dichotomy in the sociobiology of Lysmata spp. (“airs” and “Crowd” species) suggests a historical contingency hypothesis (unique past occurrence of particular selective pressures). Phylogenetic analyses are needed to test this hypothesis about the evolution of hermaphroditism in caridean shrimps.
The Social Breeding System of the Jamaican Bromeliad CrabMetopaulias depressus
Authors: Diesel Rudolf , Schubart Christoph D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Jamaican bromeliad crab Metopaulias depressus lives exclusively in the water-storing leaf axils of bromeliad plants, which provide a supporting microclimate, safety, food, and are expandable and defendable resources. It is suggested that the species evolved extended parental care to ensure reproduction in this scattered microhabitat. Behavioral traits observed in the bromeliad crab are highly suggestive of eusocial behavior. It lives in large colonies consisting of the colony mother and her offspring. Older offspring participate in colony defense, and young adult females stay in their natal colony as subordinate (non-reproductive) females, with the prospect of inheriting their mother's bromeliad as a breeding habitat. Thus, the bromeliad crab has evolved traits that are characteristic of eusocial and cooperatively breeding species. It displays a high degree of sociality that is unique among crabs and represents the pinnacle of a remarkable and swift social evolution from a non-social marine ancestor.
A Model of Speech Production Based on Expression and Prosody
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter proposes a speech production architecture in which all speech occurs within two larger frameworks called wrappers. The overall wrapper is expression; the next wrapper is prosody. Expression and prosody are defined as used in this book. Within a prosodic framework, planning and rendering (carrying out the plan to speak by moving the articulators) is presented. Cognitive and physical processes and their phonological and phonetic correlates are discussed.