bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Topographical Study on the Event-related Potential Correlates of Scrambled Word Order in Japanese Complex Sentences
Authors: Hagiwara Hiroko , Soshi Takahiro , Ishihara Masami , Imanaka Kuniyasu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
One of the most fundamental and universal properties of human language is a phenomenon called displacement. In the present study, we used multichannel event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify the nature of this phenomenon with Japanese, a subject-object-verb (SOV) language of relatively free word order. The ERPs of sentences of canonical word order (CC) were compared with those of non-canonical word order in two types of Japanese complex sentences; namely, in those which can be described as being in a middle-scrambled condition (MSC) and in those in a long-scrambled condition (LSC). The sustained anterior negativity (SAN) and the P600 in the pregap position were observed in the LSC, compared to the CC, and they are consistent with previous findings. The SAN, exhibiting a tripartite nature in morphology and scalp distribution, mainly reflected a storage cost of scrambled elements in sentence comprehension. The subsequent P600 had a left fronto-temporal maximum, distinguished from a posterior P600, taken as a reflector of the thematic role assignment in previous related studies. It is argued that the P600 in the present study reflects a cost of structural integration intensively depending on the case marker information. A compositional interpretation of sentence meanings was also observed, reflected in an anterior negativity at the postgap verbal position, which cannot be differentiated at the pregap verbal position in the languages of subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.
Developmental Differences in Sleep's Role for Implicit Off-line Learning: Comparing Children with Adults
Authors: Fischer Stefan , Wilhelm Ines , Born Jan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSleep crucially contributes to the off-line consolidation of memories. Although this view was confirmed in numerous studies in adults, it is not known whether it can be generalized to sleep during development. Here, we examined effects of sleep on implicit memory formation considered of particular relevance in children, because brain structures underlying implicit learning develop earlier in ontogeny than structures supporting explicit learning. Subjects were 7- to 11-year-old children (n = 14) and 20- to 30-year-old adults (n = 12) tested on a serial reaction time task before (learning) and after (retest) equal length retention periods of overnight sleep and daytime wakefulness. At learning, after eight training blocks, all subjects had acquired implicit knowledge of the probabilistic rules underlying the sequential stimulus materials, as indicated by a substantial difference in response time to grammatical versus nongrammatical trials in two test blocks that followed the training blocks. At learning, this response time difference was greater in children (48.49 ± 6.08 msec) than adults (28.02 ± 3.65 msec, p &lt; .01), but did not differ between sleep and wake retention conditions in either age group. Consistent with previous studies, retesting in the adults revealed that the reaction time differences between grammatical and nongrammatical trials increased by 9.78 ± 4.82 msec after sleep, but decreased by −12.76 ± 5.49 msec after the wake retention period (p &lt; .01). Contrary to this finding in adults, sleep in children did not lead to an increase, but to a decrease in the reaction time difference averaging −26.68 ± 12.25 msec (p &lt; .05), whereas across the wake retention interval the reaction time difference remained nearly unchanged. The sleep-dependent deterioration in measures of implicit sequence knowledge in children was in striking contrast to the gain of such knowledge in the adults during sleep (p &lt; .01). Our findings indicate that the functional role of sleep in implicit memory consolidation depends on age. We speculate that the overnight decrease of implicit knowledge in children reflects a preferential effect of sleep toward the enhancement of explicit aspects of task performance that interferes with implicit performance gains.
The Regulation of Cognitive Control following Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Lesion in Humans
Authors: di Pellegrino Giuseppe , Ciaramelli Elisa , Làdavas Elisabetta 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), to cognitive control remains controversial. Here, we examined whether the rostral ACC is necessary for reactive adjustments in cognitive control following the occurrence of response conflict [Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624–652, 2001]. To this end, we assessed 8 patients with focal lesions involving the rostral sector of the ACC (rACC patients), 6 patients with lesions outside the frontal cortex (non-FC patients), and 11 healthy subjects on a variant of the Simon task in which levels of conflict were manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis. More specifically, we compared Simon effects (i.e., the difference in performance between congruent and incongruent trials) on trials that were preceded by high-conflict (i.e., incongruent) trials with those on trials that were preceded by low-conflict (i.e., congruent) trials. Normal controls and non-FC patients showed a reduction of the Simon effect when the preceding trial was incongruent, suggestive of an increase in cognitive control in response to the occurrence of response conflict. In contrast, rACC patients attained comparable Simon effects following congruent and incongruent events, indicating a failure to modulate their performance depending on the conflict level generated by the preceding trial. Furthermore, damage to the rostral ACC impaired the posterror slowing, a further behavioral phenomenon indicating reactive adjustments in cognitive control. These results provide insights into the functional organization of the medial prefrontal cortex in humans and its role in the dynamic regulation of cognitive control.
Life history, demography, diet and habitat associations in the southwestern earless lizard, Cophosaurus texanus scitulus from northern and southern limits of its geographical range
Authors: Punzo Fred 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI studied life history traits, demography, diet composition and habitat associations in the southwestern earless lizard, Cophosaurus texanus scitulus. Individuals from various age classes were sampled from populations at the northern (FCM) and southern (CAS) boundaries of its geographic range (FCM, foothills of Chinati Mts., Texas, USA; CAS, Castonos, Coahuila, Mexico). Males had higher growth rates as compared to females between the juvenile-to-yearling stages at both sites. Significant differences were also found for yearlings, and between yearling-to-adult stages. Growth rates decreased as a function of increasing age and were lowest in adults, and highest during the juvenile-to-yearling and yearling age classes. Earliest date on which a female was found to contain oviductal eggs was 19 May and 10 June, for the CAS and FCM sites, respectively. No females with oviductal eggs were found between 01 March and mid-May. Most females in reproductive condition had a SVL of 53-61 mm, and 57-64 mm, at the CAS and FCM sites, respectively, indicating that most females attain maturity at an age of 10-11 months. Clutch sizes were significantly smaller for females from the FCM site. Sex ratio was significantly biased toward females Survivorship was highest between yearling and adult age classes. Most lizards were found in areas with creosote and mesquite. These lizards are generalist predators that feed on a wide variety of arthropods.
Effects of Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil on tissue regeneration in a lizard tail autotomy model: a biochemical and histological study
Authors: Turgut Mehmet , Koca Yücel B. , Kaplan Süleyman , Metin Kubilay , Üzüm Nazan , Soylu Emrah , Avcı Aziz , Rağbetli Murat , Beytaş Elif P. , Olgun Kurtuluş 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Ca2+ ions have been reported to augment the activities of many cell types
including cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. Moreover, it is
well known that verapamil is a L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ antagonist with
important clinical implications. To evaluate the role of Ca2+ ions in the
regeneration of tail in lizards, verapamil was used in vivo to modulate the
activity of intracellular Ca2+ in a lizard tail autotomy model. A total of
35 adult lizards were divided into three groups: lightness control group (n
= 11), darkness group (n = 11) and verapamil treatment group (n = 13). The
tails of adult lizards were amputated by pinching off the tail at the 15th
segment from the vent to induce tail regeneration. The first two groups
served as untreated constant lightness and darkness groups as controls, but
the remaining group received intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg of verapamil.
Following autotomy, the length of regenerating tails was measured at 10, 15,
20, 25, and 30 days post-amputation. At the end of the study, the
regenerating tails from animals from each group were removed for collagen
assay procedure and histological examination. We found that verapamil
produced a reduction in the length of the regenerated tail compared to
untreated lightness group and the percentage of tail replaced in verapamil
treatment group was lower than those in lightness control group. Total
collagen contents were found to be higher in lightness control group in
comparison with darkness and verapamil treatment groups. Accordingly, a
quantitative stereological evaluation showed a higher percentage of neural
tissue and a lower percentage of connective tissue, as well as vascular
tissue, in the cross-sections of the regenerated tails taken from Ca2+
channel blocker verapamil-treated lizards, as compared to other groups. In
conclusion, our results suggest that verapamil influences a variety of
processes including fibroblast collagen production, neurogenesis, and
angiogenesis during tail regeneration in lizard, possibly due to inhibition
of intracellular Ca2+ ion by verapamil.
Helminths infecting the lizard Enyalius bilineatus (Iguanidae; Leiosaurinae) from an Atlantic Rainforest area in Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Vrcibradic Davor , Vicente Joaquim , Bursey Charles 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We studied the helminth assemblage of a population of the iguanian lizard
Enyalius bilineatus from an Atlantic forest area in Espírito Santo state,
southeastern Brazil. Eighteen of the 27 individuals examined (66.7%)
harbored helminths. A total of six helminth species were found, including
acanthocephalan cystacanths (Centrorhynchidae), and five species of
nematodes: Physaloptera lutzi, P. retusa, Oswaldocruzia benslimanei,
Rhabdias sp. and larvae of an indeterminate species of Acuariidae. In the
context of helminth assemblages from Neotropical iguanian lizards, that of
E. bilineatus was similar in some parameters (such as species richness and
number of core species) to those of other forest-dwelling species, but
generally poorer when compared to open-habitat hosts.
Demography of Eurotestudo hermanni in a mesic area of Central Italy
Authors: Loy Anna , Ramacciato Valeria , Gentilotti Federica , Capula Massimo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Hermann's tortoise (Eurotestudo hermanni) from a mesic area of Central Italy
(Isernia, Molise) was investigated during a two-year period (2003-2004). The
population is characterized by a fairly high density when compared to other
Italian and European populations, with density ranging from 16.16
individuals/ha in 2003 to 25.08 individuals/ha in 2004 (average density
20.84/ha). The sex ratio was 1:1 both in 2003 and 2004. Females were
captured in higher percentages from May to July in both years, while males
were most abundant from August to October. These differences can be related
to the different needs and behaviour of males and females in the two
periods, and to the environmental constraints of the study area. All the
marked tortoises were found aged between 10 and 21 years. Adult males and
females from the study area were small-sized when compared to those from
other Italian and European populations.
Aphelenchoides subtenuis (Cobb, 1926) Steiner & Buhrer, 1932 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Iran with morphological and morphometric characterisation
Authors: Tanha Maafi Zahra , Castillo Pablo , Mohammad Deimi Abbas , Palomares Rius Juan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe bud and leaf nematode, Aphelenchoides subtenuis, infecting corms and pseudostems of gladiolus in Iran, is characterised morphologically and morphometrically using a light microscope and SEM. Its relationship with similar species is discussed. The species is characterised by a sub-cylindrical female tail with hemispherical terminus bearing a single, ventrally located, mucron, well-developed postuterine sac (115 μm long) extending for ca 65% of the vulva/anus distance, presence of three lines in the lateral field, and the conoid male tail with an inconspicuous mucron. This study extends the intraspecific variability of A. subtenuis.
The Long War
Authors: Cannistraro Vincent , Giraldi Philip 
Published: February 2007

Vincent Cannistraro is the former head of counterterrorism operations and analysis for the Central Intelligence Agency. He served in the National Security Council as director for intelligence programs during the Reagan administration and currently heads Cannistraro Associates, a security consultancy located in McLean, Virginia.
Philip Giraldi is a former CIA counterterrorism specialist and military intelligence officer who served eighteen years in Turkey, Italy, Germany, and Spain. He is currently a partner in Cannistraro Associates.
Who's the Sick Man of Europe? A Wavering EU Should Let Turkey In
Authors: Tarifa Fatos , Adams Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

Fatos Tarifa is a former Albanian ambassador to the United States. He is the author of The Quest for Legitimacy and the Withering Away of Utopia (2001) and The Balkans: A Mission neither Accomplished nor Impossible (2002). He teaches political sociology and international relations at Eastern Michigan University.
Benjamin Adams is a senior student at Eastern Michigan University.
Growth of β-Perylene Crystal
Authors: Yago Tomoaki , Tamaki Yoshiaki , Furube Akihiro , Katoh Ryuzi 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Although perylene crystals have been known to show both dimeric (α) and monomeric (β) phases, to date only the stable α-crystals have been obtained under conventional conditions. Here, we propose a procedure for the selective growth of β-phase perylene crystals, in which a saturated toluene solution at 350 K was cooled to 298 K with a high cooling rate (−30 K/min). The sizes of β-phase crystals obtained were in the order of 100 μm.
Photochemical and Redox Switching in a Ring-closed Isomer of Thioindigo-extended Quinone
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Kim Sang , Matsumoto Kouzou , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A new dispiro π-system having a bis(2,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexadienone) unit was synthesized and characterized. Photoirradiation gave an ESR-active bis(phenoxy) radical and electrochemical reduction formed a bis(phenoxide) ion both by ring-opening.
A New Superlattice of Cyclohexanethiol Self-assembled Monolayers on Au(111) Formed at a Low Solution Temperature
Authors: Kwon Seungwook , Jeong Youngdo , Lee Youngil , Noh Jaegeun 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging revealed that cyclohexanethiols (CHTs) on Au(111) form high-density self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with a (5 × 2√3)R35° superlattice at a low solution temperature of −20 °C. This packing structure is comparable to a (5 × 2√10)R48° superlattice formed at room temperature. From this result, it was found that the two-dimensional structure of CHT SAMs on Au(111) was strongly influenced by the solution temperature, unlike alkanethiol SAMs.
Effect of Growth Hormone Replacement on BMD in Adult-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Snyder Peter J , Biller Beverly MK , Zagar Anthony , Jackson Ivor , Arafah Baha M , Nippoldt Todd B , Cook David M , Mooradian Arshag D , Kwan Anita , Scism-Bacon Jamie , Chipman John J , Hartman Mark L 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
To determine if replacement of GH improves BMD in adult-onset GHD, we administered GH in physiologic amounts to men and women with GHD. GH replacement significantly increased spine BMD in the men by 3.8%.
Introduction: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) acquired in adulthood results in diminished BMD; the evidence that replacement of GH improves BMD is not conclusive. We therefore performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether GH replacement would increase lumbar spine BMD in a combined group of men and women with adult-onset GHD.
Materials and Methods: We randomized 67 men and women to receive GH (n = 33) or placebo (n = 34) for 2 yr. The GH dose was initially 2 μg/kg body weight/d, increased gradually to a maximum of 12 μg/kg/d and adjusted to maintain a normal IGF-I concentration for age and sex. BMD was assessed before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo of treatment. Fifty-four subjects completed the protocol.
Results: BMD of the lumbar spine in the entire group increased by 2.9 ± 3.9% above baseline in the GH-treated subjects, which was significantly (p = 0.037) greater than the 1.4 ± 4.5% increase in the placebo-treated subjects. In a secondary analysis, spine BMD in GH-treated men increased 3.8 ± 4.3% above baseline, which was significantly (p = 0.001) greater than that in placebo-treated men (0.4 ± 4.7%), but the change in GH-treated women was not significantly different from that in placebo-treated women. Treatment with GH did not increase total hip BMD more than placebo treatment after 2 yr.
Conclusions: We conclude that GH replacement in men who have adult-onset GHD improves their spine BMD, but we cannot draw any conclusions about the effect of GH replacement on spine BMD in women with adult-onset GHD.
Genomewide Analysis of Epistatic Effects for Quantitative Traits in Barley
Authors: Xu Shizhong , Jia Zhenyu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe doubled-haploid (DH) barley population (Harrington × TR306) developed by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project (NABGMP) for QTL mapping consisted of 145 lines and 127 markers covering a total genome length of 1270 cM. These DH lines were evaluated in ∼25 environments for seven quantitative traits: heading, height, kernel weight, lodging, maturity, test weight, and yield. We applied an empirical Bayes method that simultaneously estimates 127 main effects for all markers and 127(127−1)/2=8001 interaction effects for all marker pairs in a single model. We found that the largest main-effect QTL (single marker) and the largest epistatic effect (single pair of markers) explained ∼18 and 2.6% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. On average, the sum of all significant main effects and the sum of all significant epistatic effects contributed 35 and 6% of the total phenotypic variance, respectively. Epistasis seems to be negligible for all the seven traits. We also found that whether two loci interact does not depend on whether or not the loci have individual main effects. This invalidates the common practice of epistatic analysis in which epistatic effects are estimated only for pairs of loci of which both have main effects.
Evolution of the Male-Determining GeneSRYWithin the Cat Family Felidae
Authors: King V , Goodfellow P N , Wilkerson A J Pearks , Johnson W E , O'Brien S J , Pecon-Slattery J 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn most placental mammals, SRY is a single-copy gene located on the Y chromosome and is the trigger for male sex determination during embryonic development. Here, we present comparative genomic analyses of SRY (705 bp) along with the adjacent noncoding 5′ flank (997 bp) and 3′ flank (948 bp) in 36 species of the cat family Felidae. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the noncoding genomic flanks and SRY closely track species divergence. However, several inconsistencies are observed in SRY. Overall, the gene exhibits purifying selection to maintain function (ω = 0.815) yet SRY is under positive selection in two of the eight felid lineages. SRY has low numbers of nucleotide substitutions, yet most encode amino acid changes between species, and four different species have significantly altered SRY due to insertion/deletions. Moreover, fixation of nonsynonymous substitutions between sister taxa is not consistent and may occur rapidly, as in the case of domestic cat, or not at all over long periods of time, as observed within the Panthera lineage. The former resembles positive selection during speciation, and the latter purifying selection to maintain function. Thus, SRY evolution in cats likely reflects the different phylogeographic histories, selection pressures, and patterns of speciation in modern felids.
Unusual Pattern of Nucleotide Sequence Variation at the OS-E and OS-F Genomic Regions of Drosophila simulans
Authors: Sánchez-Gracia Alejandro , Rozas Julio 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Nucleotide variation at the genomic region encompassing the odorant-binding protein genes OS-E and OS-F (OS region) was surveyed in two populations of Drosophila simulans, one from Europe and the other from Africa. We found that the European population shows an atypical and large haplotype structure, which extends throughout the ∼5-kb surveyed genomic region. This structure is depicted by two major haplotype groups segregating at intermediate frequency in the sample, one haplogroup with nearly no variation, and the other at levels more typical for this species. This pattern of variation was incompatible with neutral predictions for a population at a stationary equilibrium. Nevertheless, neutrality tests contrasting polymorphism and divergence data fail to detect any departure from the standard neutral model in this species, whereas they confirm the non-neutral behavior previously observed at the OS-E gene in D. melanogaster. Although positive Darwinian selection may have been responsible for the observed unusual nucleotide variation structure, coalescent simulation results do not allow rejecting the hypothesis that the pattern was generated by a recent bottleneck in the history of European populations of D. simulans.