bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Bill of Attainder” in the Seventy-Eighth Congress
Authors: Schuman Frederick L. 
Published: May 2006

Among the numerous recent clashes between the Chief Executive and Congress, only one poses fundamental constitutional issues. This conflict has arisen from the efforts of Congress to drive three well-known liberals out of the federal service. On September 14, President Roosevelt submitted a special message to Congress, as forecast in his press conference of July 13, recording his view that the action in question was “not only unwise and discriminatory, but unconstitutional” as an “unwarranted encroachment upon the authority of both the executive and the judicial branches,” and hence not binding upon them. The following commentary is offered by a participant observer in the hope that it may help to clarify the climate of Congressional opinion and explain in some degree why defense of the Constitution and subversion of the Constitution have become confused in the national legislature.Anti-Comintern on Capitol Hill. On February 1, 1943, Martin Dies of Texas arose on the floor of the House on a question of personal privilege to defend himself against allegations by the National Lawyers' Guild and The New Republic that he was giving aid and comfort to the Axis Powers. In the course of his two-hour address (Cong. Record, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 89, pp. 504–516), he assailed 39 named officials in various executive agencies as “irresponsible, unrepresentative, radical, and crackpot.”
Recent Voting Behavior of Some Nationality Groups
Authors: Williams Frederick W. 
Published: May 2006

In continuation of a previous study, the rôle of some nationality groups in the last three presidential elections has been investigated. Whereas the previous study was based upon political behavior by counties within eight states, the present work is based upon political behavior by wards within four cities. The cities were chosen because they contained large proportions of certain nationality groups, and because in these cities it was possible to order census tract material from the 1940 census by wards. Only four cities (Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh) were examined because of limitations of time and expense. New York City is not included because of appreciable changes in the boundaries of Assembly districts between elections.In order that a group be amenable to our procedure, it was necessary that there be proportionately great enough concentrations within wards so that the actual voting behavior of the group could possibly induce a shift in the election results. In this respect, it must be remembered that the proportion of foreign-born is usually about one-third of the total stock of any given group in the localities. Of the fourteen nationality groups studied here, therefore, not every one could be tested by our method.
Federal Aid to the States: 1940 Model
Authors: Macdonald Austin F. 
Published: May 2006

In the year 1930, before the Great Depression had unleashed its full fury, federal aid to the states totaled approximately $135,000,000. The highway grants represented more than one-half of this amount, and National Guard payments accounted for another 22 per cent. The number of subsidies did not exceed 11, even if we treat as separate grants the payments for forest fire protection and distribution of nursery stock—both administered by the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture. Opposition to the principle of grants-in-aid was strong, and had compelled the abandonment of the grant for child hygiene. No uniform federal policy had been established concerning the purposes for which aid should be given, the bases on which it should be apportioned, or the extent to which the federal administering agencies should exercise supervision or control over state activities.But 1940 marks the beginning of a new decade. The tragic thirties are past, and the full force of their impact on intergovernmental relations can now be observed. It is timely, therefore, to re-examine the system of federal grants-in-aid, and note the more important changes that have occurred. The most obvious fact is the increased use of the subsidy principle.
Government of “Rurban” Areas
Authors: Perkins John A. 
Published: May 2006

Michigan has a metropolitan problem, but by no means confined to the one area of Detroit, commonly thought of as Michigan's only metropolitan region. Other Michigan cities also have “growing pains” as their populations sprawl beyond their formal boundaries. The Motor City continues to suffer from this ailment, but the disease has taken a new form. Not only are the urbanites moving to the suburbs, but the suburbanites are moving to the rural sections. In the smaller cities, the ever-widening circle of dispersion has been straightway from the core city to the unincorporated township. Here the migrating urbanites have not first formed incorporated suburbs, but have established themselves as that new specie, “rurbanites,” at once dependent on the unincorporated township for governmental services.The 1940 census indicates that Michigan cities are losing population, but that considerable growth is going on beyond their city limits. Second-class cities in Michigan display what is undoubtedly happening to corresponding cities in other states as well. While this state has in Detroit one of the much-studied and publicized metropolitan regions, it has forty-two cities with between 10,000 and 175,000 people. Notwithstanding a state-wide population gain of 8.3 per cent in the last decade, 30 per cent of the state's cities of 10,000 or more lost inhabitants, whereas only four counties out of eighty-three showed a decrease. It is significant, however, that the counties which underwent the most rapid growth were those with large urban centers. For example, Genesee county gained 7.5 per cent, whereas it county seat, Flint, which is also the third largest city in the state, lost two per cent. Jackson county showed an increase of nearly one per cent, while the city of the same name lost 11 per cent.
IV. Economic Mobilization
Authors: Watkins Ralph J. 
Published: May 2006

Provision for national security requires planning in many fields—military, technological, political, and economic. Planning in the economic field is of special importance. The sustained striking power of our armed forces would depend to a large extent on our economic preparedness and on the speed and effectiveness with which the economy could be converted to war production.Economic mobilization involves the marshaling and coördination of the nation's resources as an integral part of a total war effort. It means the conversion of thousands of factories from the production of civilian goods to the production of essential war items. Machine tools and other industrial equipment must be reconditioned and new machinery made and installed for the production of airplanes, ships, tanks, and guns. Facilities for the production of essential war-supporting products and services must be expanded, and the output of non-essential products must be curtailed. Allocations, priorities, rationing, and conservation measures must be imposed to assure the effective utilization of manpower, materials, production facilities, fuels, power, and communication and transportation services. These and other wartime measures must be accomplished with a minimum disruption of the civilian economy, lest they destroy the sources upon which the effectiveness of economic mobilization in a democratic nation depends.
“Contract Clause” Litigation in Colombia; A Comparative Study in Judicial Review
Authors: Grant J. A. C. 
Published: May 2006

The 1910 amendments to the Colombian constitution provided:Art. 40. In every case of incompatibility between the Constitution and the law the constitutional provisions shall be applied by preference.Art. 41. To the Supreme Court of Justice is confided the guardianship of the integrity of the Constitution. Consequently, in addition to the powers conferred upon it by this Constitution and the statutes, it shall have the following: To decide definitively as to the enforceability of bills that have been vetoed as unconstitutional by the Government, or as to all laws and decrees accused before it by any citizen as unconstitutional, first hearing the Attorney-General of the Nation.The first function, “to decide definitively as to the enforceability of bills that have been vetoed as unconstitutional,” was merely a restatement of the plan copied from Ecuador in 1886 and still in use, although it has proved a major disappointment.
IV. Underground Politics in Post-War Japan
Authors: Wildes Harry Emerson 
Published: May 2006

Party Organization Undemocratic. Outwardly, Japan is governed by political parties working for democracy through parliamentary action. The presence of four major parties, plus some 1,250 other political groups officially recognized by the nine-member Election Management Commission, offers what appears to be corroborative evidence that Japan follows the line of Western political development.In practice, this is sheer illusion. The 1,250 parties seem bewilderingly numerous, yet no one but the American is in the least confused. All Japanese realize that the so-called parties are, in reality, nothing more than local subdivisions of major groups, together with a swarm of wholly unimportant minor factions made up of irresponsibles with no actual following. An Oriental will form a group, dignified by a high title, at the drop of a hat. Because the law requires it, and because it satisfies his vanity, the Japanese will register his association (although actually composed of himself, his brother-in-law, and his next door neighbor) as a political party; as such, it will appear on the record as one of the 1,250 organizations. As a matter of fact, it may, and probably will, split into fragments and even disappear before the registrant has returned home; but since no procedure is provided for the erasure of a name from the list, the total snowballs into astronomical figures.
The German Social Democratic Party and the International Situation
Authors: Bretton Henry L. 
Published: May 2006

Following the general election of September, 1953, the German Social Democratic party (SPD) finds itself in the role of a sole opposition party, a phenomenon in modern German politics. Confronted by a nearly solid phalanx of anti-socialist parties, the SPD approaches a period of crisis and of continuous strain. The ability of the Government to marshal an absolute majority at all times and a two-thirds majority when need be, threatens to relegate the party to virtual legislative impotence. Yet there are several factors militating for the continued existence of the SPD as a vigorous opposition party. Not having to compete with an irresponsible Communist organization in Western Germany, the SPD can be considered as the principal representative of the working class. Furthermore, its long history, its highly developed organizational apparatus, the discipline and devotion of its rank and file, coupled with the will to attain power, make the SPD a factor of relative significance in German as well as in European politics.On the other hand, the dynamics of the East-West conflict, and especially Germany's geographic and political relation to it, tend to affect the political fortunes of the party somewhat adversely. The international situation represents a deadly challenge to the SPD and its survival as an influential political organization may well depend upon its ability to generate a counterforce to the pressures exerted upon Germany by the super-powers.
The Federal Bureaucracy and the Change of Administration
Authors: Somers Herman Miles 
Published: May 2006

The period starting November 5, 1952 has been called “The Time of the Jitters” for the middle and upper levels of the federal bureaucracy. Political change is usually disruptive and always accompanied by uncertainty and insecurity. Intellectual acceptance of this truism does not insulate one from the effects any more than death and taxes, for all their recognized inevitability, cease to be sources of distress.There were many reasons to anticipate that the 1952 election might result in a greater than usual degree of change, or at least of uncertainty. In many ways there were no real American precedents for the situation. The period of executive control by the outgoing party had been characterized by the unusual duration of 20 years, by highly controversial political policy, and by profound social change. This was the first change of administration under conditions of modern Big Government—the first since the American government found itself with accepted broad welfare and economic responsibility on the domestic scene and with major power responsibilities in a divided and warring world. Since the last full change, the size of the federal civil service had increased over 400 per cent, governmental expenditures over 16 fold. This was also to be the first full change of administration to show the effects of the 20th Amendment.
Copper(I) Chloride‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of Primary Amines with Electrophiles and α‐Halogen‐Substituted Allylsilanes to Form Unsymmetrical Tertiary Amines
Authors: Kozuka Makoto , Inoue Akihiko , Tsuchida Teruko , Mitani Michiharu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTertiary amines with three different substituents, in one of which a vinylsilane functionality was included, were straightforwardly formed by the copper(I) chloride‐catalyzed tandem reaction of primary amines, α‐halogen‐substituted allylsilanes, and electrophiles such as electron‐deficient olefins, alkyl halides, alkyl tosylates, or epoxides. In the case using electron‐deficient olefins as the electrophile, the addition of chloroacetone to the reaction system afforded the three‐component coupling reaction more effectively. The addition of trimethyl borate as a co‐catalyst improved the yields of the three‐component coupling products in the reaction using alkyl halides, alkyl tosylates, or epoxides as the electrophiles, although the reaction times were lengthened.
Pyrazolate‐Based Dinuclear α‐Diimine‐Type Palladium(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes – a Bimetallic Approach in Olefin Polymerisation
Authors: Noël Gilles , Röder Jens C. , Dechert Sebastian , Pritzkow Hans , Bolk Lars , Mecking Stefan , Meyer Franc 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of compartmental pyrazole/imine dinucleating ligands HL1–HL4 have been prepared with different backbone substitutents and different steric bulk of the appending arylimine groups, and two of them have been structurally characterised. With PdCl2 all ligands form the anticipated pyrazolate‐bridged bimetallic complexes LPd2Cl3 (1a–4a) that feature square‐planar metal ions, as is confirmed by the X‐ray crystallographic analyses of L1Pd2Cl3 (1a) and L3Pd2Cl3 (3a). With NiBr2(dme), however, oligonuclear systems [LNi2Br3]x (1b–4b) are formed according to mass spectrometric findings, which is corroborated by the crystallographic structure of [L3Ni2Br3]3. Complexes 1a–4a can be described as bimetallic versions of Brookhart‐type α‐diimine palladium complexes, where dissociation into mononuclear species is prevented by the dinucleating scaffold and the proximate metal ions are suitably positioned to work in concert during substrate transformation. Upon activation of the complexes with MAO and exposure to ethylene, polyethylene is formed. Whereas the palladium complexes display moderate activities, nickel complexes are very active. From structure/activity correlations it is evident that the presence of backbone substitutents at the pyrazolate scaffold as well as bulky ortho aryl substituents is advantageous for polymerisation. Overall, activities of the Ni complexes and the microstructure of the polymer obtained (total branching, Tm and molecular weights) are still rather similar to the data reported previously for mononuclear cationic diimine nickel complexes.
Palladium/Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of Bicyclic Hydrazines with Organostannanes: A General Methodology for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Cyclopentenes
Authors: Sajisha V. S. , Radhakrishnan K. V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPd/Lewis acid‐catalyzed reactions of bicyclic hydrazines with organostannanes afforded the 3,4‐disubstituted cyclopentenes in excellent yields. The reaction is milder and is the first general methodology developed for the stereoselective synthesis of trans, vicinal disubstituted cyclopentenes. The results show that organostannanes with easily functionalizable moieties can be efficiently utilized in the ring opening of bicyclic hydrazines leading to the stereoselective formation of 3,4‐disubstituted cyclopentenes. The products, having a wide range of substituents, are important intermediates in the synthesis of biologically active molecules like cyclopentenyl nucleosides, glycosidase inhibitors etc.
Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles Based on Palladium(II) Acetate/Tri‐tert‐butylphosphine‐Catalyzed Alkynylation/Amination of 1,2‐Dihalobenzenes
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Yu , Hu Qiao‐Sheng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA simple, efficient palladium(II) acetate/tri‐tert‐butylphosphine‐catalyzed indole synthesis from o‐alkynylhalobenzenes, readily available from 1,2‐dihalobenzenes, has been achieved in good to excellent yields. A one‐pot, Pd(OAc)2/t‐Bu3P‐catalyzed sequential reaction from 1‐chloro‐2‐iodobenzene, phenylacetylene and amines has also been achieved in good yields.
A robust hybrid peptide crystal formed with weak hydrogen bonds
Authors: Karle Isabella L. , Venkateshwarlu P. , Ranganathan S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the course of our work relating to the design of a bihelical structure (I) from diphenic anhydride by tethering with cystine di‐OMe, stable, hard, and rigid crystals, mp 215–218°C were isolated in low yields (∼2%). The crystal structure established that it was a bis amide (II) arising from diphenic acid and cystine di‐OMe [(II), C22H22N2O6S2 (a = 9.897 (1) Å, b = 12.210 (1) Å, c = 18.192 (1) Å, sp. gr. P212121)]. An authentic sample of (II) was subsequently prepared in 47% yields by condensation of diphenic acid dichloride with cystine di‐OMe. A most surprising feature of II was, despite its high density, rigidity, and hardness, it did not exhibit any normal hydrogen bonds. The nearest approximation to a “usual” hydrogen bond was the single NH···OC linkage that occurred between molecules along a twofold screw axis. In this linkage, N···O = 3.265 Å and H···O = 2.43 Å, values that are at least 10% longer than those usually observed in peptides. The rigidity of the crystals appears to depend upon many weak hydrogen bonds of the type CH···O, CH···π, CH···S, and NH···S working in concert. Even these attractions have separations that are at the high end of the range of previously observed values, although some of the weak hydrogen bonds have been rarely reported and have poorly defined ranges. The attractive effect of each of these weak bonds may be enhanced by the occurrence of a number of them in a parallel fashion like rungs in a ladder. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 502–507, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
System‐wide analysis of hepatotoxicological responses: Tissomics is key
Authors: Kriete Andres , Boyce Keith , Love Bradley 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Combining diverse data streams across different levels of biological observation, such as molecular, cellular, and clinical chemistry responses, support a system‐wide diagnostic approach. Recent progress in slide‐based cytometry contributes to the development of tissomics, a high‐throughput and high‐content phenotyping methodology that provides data‐rich profiles of cellular heterogeneity in tissues enabling correlative statistical treatments over multiple scales of biological hierarchies.Methods:Phenotypical data are covariants that can be used as biomarkers to identify relevant candidate genes by associating initiating molecular events with phenotypical changes and adverse outcomes. We introduce a procedure of combined statistical and analytical tools to identify and visualize such associations for nonpooled entities. The new utility is applied to a time‐controlled, low‐dose toxicological study including a control and two xenobiotic compounds.Results:An integrated analysis identified specific molecular and phenotypical biomarkers, which support the classification of animals in the absence of any visual indicators from pathology readings.Discussion:The introduction of controlled perturbations to tissues provides a prototypical setting to develop a sensitive, systems‐based analysis methodology suitable for a broader range of biomedical applications. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Biodegradation process of α‐TCP particles and new bone formation in a rabbit cranial defect model
Authors: Kihara Hidemichi , Shiota Makoto , Yamashita Yasuo , Kasugai Shohei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to observe the biodegradation process of pure α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) particles and to determine the efficacy of α‐TCP as a space maintainer in a bone defect. We used 14 rabbits and prepared two cranial bone defects in each rabbit. One defect was left empty as a control, whereas the other was filled with α‐TCP particles about 300 μm in diameter. Animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. The cranial bone was then embedded either in paraffin wax for the preparation of decalcified specimens, or in polyester resin for the preparation of nondecalcified specimens. All specimens were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. As a consequence of the degradation of α‐TCP, a “reticulate structure” appeared in the particles at 1 week and new bone was observed in this structure at 8 weeks. The amount of new bone between the control and experimental groups was not significantly different at any of the time points. However, in the experimental group, new bone at the surface of α‐TCP was evident even in the center of the defect whereas fibrous connective tissue was dominant in the control group. These results indicate that α‐TCP is a degradable osteoconductive material that is able to act as a space maintainer for bone regeneration when applied to a bone defect. While there was no significant difference in total bone formation between the experimental and negative control groups, the space‐maintaining and osteoconductive properties of the particles may result in more complete bone formation in longer‐term studies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006