bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrofishing results corrected by selectivity functions in stock size estimates of brown trout (Salrno trutta L.) in brooks
Authors: Büttiker B. 
Published: January 2006

To overcome the problems usually met as a consequence of small numbers of fish collected for trout stock size evaluation in small rivers, a selectivity function was developed and tested in two small rivers in western Switzerland. The function takes the form In E=bL−k where E is the fishing efficiency, L is the fish length in cm, k is a constant and b is the slope, estimated by regression analysis.A good fit was obtained for k = 1 (R. Flon de Carrouge) and k = 2 (R. Cerjaule). Individual selectivity functions have to be computed for each survey, because they depend on the operators of the fishing gear and on the physical and biological conditions in the rivers.The results are discussed in the light of the Petersen mark‐recapture method and the De Lury removal method for stock evaluation. The mark‐recapture method gives better results when time intervals between successive fish removals are short.
Lethal oxygen levels at different temperatures and the preferred temperature during hypoxia of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Schurmann H. , Steffensen J. F. 
Published: January 2006

The behavioural thermoregulation of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. was investigated in a shuttlebox at normoxia and at three levels of hypoxia: 30, 20 and 15% oxygen saturation.The preferred temperatures at normoxia, 30, 20 and 15% oxygen saturation were 13·9, 13·1. 10·0 and 8·8° C, respectively.A decrease in metabolism and an increased blood oxygen affinity are among the physiological advantages of selecting a lower temperature during hypoxia. Furthermore the chances of surviving low oxygen saturations are better at low temperatures.In natural environments, this behaviour may result in habitat shifts of fish living in heterothermal environments with changing oxygen saturations, especially in coastal areas with eutrophication, as for example the Baltic Sea.
Plasma catecholamines and accumulation of adrenaline in the atrial cardiac tissue of aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during stress
Authors: Flysand R. , Ask J. A. , Serck‐Hanssen G. , Helle K. B. 
Published: January 2006

The effects of stress on plasma catecholamines (CA) and capacity for tissue accumulation of CA were studied in cardiac and skeletal muscle of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.Plasma A and NA levels were 56±10 nmoll−1 and 77±17 nmoll−1 (±s.e.m.), respectively, in a control group living under normal rearing conditions in a fish farm. Following a ±3 h period of pre‐slaughter crowding and handling in the fish farm, plasma A reached 221 ± 72 nmol1−1 with no increase in plasma NA. An 0.5 h period of struggling out of water led to even higher level of plasma A (480 ± 89 nmol1−1), without change in NA.Skeletal muscle was low in CA (A, 0.07 ± 0.02 and NA, 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol g−1 wet wt). Tissue CA was higher in the atrium (A, 0.47 ± 0.04 and NA 0.94 ± 0.10 nmol g−1) than in the ventricle (A, 0.25 ± 0.03 and NA, 0.30 ± 0.02 nmol g−1). The 0.5 h period out of water and the 0.5‐3 h period of pre‐slaughter crowding led to accumulation of A, but not NA, in the atrium.These data show that A, released during stress, accumulates in an undegraded form in the atrial tissue of the Atlantic salmon. This suggests a potent uptake mechanism for A in the atria presumably in the sympathetic nerve terminals. The acumulation of A in the atrium appears to reflect the period of high plasma A during stress.
Patterns of Drug Use in a Provincial University
Authors: HINDMARCH IAN 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Un échantillonnage de 153 étudiants faisant usage de drogues fit l'objet d'une comparaison avec un groupe de contrôle d'étudiants ne faisant pas usage de drogues, les deux groupes étant assortis des points de vue de l'âge, du sexe et des cours suivis. Huit facteurs variables furent examinés, à savoir l'âge auquel des drogues furent d'abord absorbées et circonstances à l''origine de l'usage de la drogue, les circonstances familiales, la carrière depuis la fin études scolaires, les attitudes vis‐à‐vis des drogues, les performances aux examens et la carrière universitaire., la fréquence d'utilisation des drogues, les genres de drogues utilisés et les expériences subies à partir des drogues utilisées.On nota des différences notables entre les usagers des drogues “faibles” et “fortes” en ce qui concernait les circonstances à l'origine de l'usage de la drogue, la fréquence d'utilisation de la drogue et les performances aux examens, Il ne se présentait cependant pas de différence appréciable entre le groupe de contrôle et les usagers des drogues “faibles” par rapport aux facteurs variables examinés.Certaines hypothèses nécessitant des travaux de recherche furent mises en avant dans le but d''une élaboration future, à savoir: que la majorité des usagers des drogues utilisent le cannabis sans que cela ne cause un préjudice apparent á leur carrière universitaire; que les usagers des drogues “fortes”à cause des défauts de la personnalité sont plus portés à se laisser aller à faire usage des drogues et à devenir adonnés; qu'il existe une différence psychologique entre les drogues “faibles” et “fortes” que l'origine de l'usage de la drogue a lieu au cours de la période intérmaire entre l'école et l'université que les attitudes à la fois des groupes de contrôle et utilisant les drogues étaient positives par rapport au cannabis mais fortement négatives par rapport aux drogues “fortes” et que les usagers des drogues provenaient de familles plus nombreuses que ce n'était le cas pour la population de contrôle.
An Essay at the Treatment of Cigarette Dependence
Authors: CHAPPELL A. G. , GARROD M. E. , JONES K. S. , ROLFE A. B. , WESOLKOWSKI J. 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Quarante–cinq individus firent l'objet d'une é valuation avant qu'ils subissent un traitement pour les dé barasser de leur dé pendence des cigarettes du point de vue du comportement.Cinq d'entre eux ne se pré sentèrent pas pour se soumettre au traitement et 13 vinrent seulement trois fois ou moins de fois.Le ré sultat immé diat fut assez bon (avec 16 arrivant è s'abstenir et 14 arrivant è une ré duction de 50% ou mieux de leur consommation de cigarettes) et un certain nombre de facteurs variables s'y rapportant furent é tudié s.Les ré sultats de l'examen de la suite du tratement furent dé cevants, et le problè me que pré sente la rechute est de toute é vidence d'une importance cruciale comme dans le cas des autres problèemes des adonné s.
Gambling as a Form of Dependence*
Authors: MORAN E. 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Un jeu excessif menant à des problèmes sociaux, economiques et/ou psycho–logiques pour ľindividu qui se livre á ce vice, (ou la famille) est dé fini comme un jeu pathologique. La litté rature sur ce syndrome est passé e en revueL'idée gé ené rale de la dé pendance est discuté e et il a é té suggé eré que le jeu pathologique pourrait mener á un type morbide de dé pendance psychologique.On passe en revue 50 patients mâles, des joueurs pathologiques, Ces patients pour–raient être classifié s sur des bases cliniques dans les varié té s: sous–culturelle, né vrosique, impulsive, psychopathique et symptomatique.L'incidence du jeu excessif pré coce dans le milieu familial a é té de 100 pour cent dans le groupe sous–culturel et de plus que 50 pour cent dans le groupe impulsif. Un gain important dans la carrière pré coce de joueur se produisit dans deux–tiers des joueurs impulsifs et dans la moitié des groupes sous–culturels et né vrosé s. Un jeu pathologique fût pré cipité par des facilité s ré cemment accrues dans deux–tiers du groupe sous–culturel et dans la moitié des groupes de né vrosé s et ďimpulsifs.Les causes multiples du jeu pathologique sont discutées.
Smoking in Britain: Strategy for Future Emancipation
Authors: RUSSELL M. A. HAMILTON 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYThe health cost of smoking in Britain, the national response to the problem and the reasons for failure to control k more effectively are discussed. A future anti‐smoking strategy should hinge on the two interacting key factors that maintain smoking, the dependence factor and the favourable social climate. Any tactic or measure that diminishes the effect of either of these factors should also diminish smoking. In the absence of an effective treatment applicable to large numbers of dependent smokers and with lack of fundamental knowledge of the nature of dependence, our ability to overcome the dependence factor is at present rather limited. But much could be done to intensify research in this area. On the other hand, the engineering of a change of social climate to one less favourably disposed towards smoking is quite feasible and potentially highly effective. This would, however, require a coordinated sustained intervention on a national scale, with a multi‐disciplinary organizing committee closely backed by the Government with adequate financial and legislative support. It would not be sufficient merely to curb commercial promotion of cigarettes; but it would be necessary to accompany this with anti‐smoking propaganda of a commercial advertising type and scale. Continuous evaluation and public reaction monitoring would be required to ensure maximal efficacy of such tactics as selective tax increases, tighter control of sales outlets and restriction of smoking in public places.
Psychopathology and Experience with Marijuana
Authors: Linn Lawrence S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn looking at the relationship between the use of marijuana and the severity of psychiatric symptomatology among students in a university community, the present study found that students reporting symptom; of greatest severity were significantly more likely to have had experience with marijuana. Additional findings also demonstrated that experience with the drug was significantly associated with students' previous utilization of psychiatric facilities, their contact with others who have sought psychiatric care, and the nature of their identifications within the college community.
Drug Dependence in Glasgow 1960–1970
Authors: Beanie E. H. , Mullin P. , Sclare A. Balfoar 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLike other urban centres Glasgow has witnessed the development of a drug dependence phenomenon daring the past decade or so. The problem has not acqured the rapidly spreading epidemic and endemic characteristics noted in London, or in several North American cities, but it was nevertheless considered to be of sufficient proportion as to merit the establishment of four drug treatment centres in the city, by the home Office in 1968. Drug addiction is, however, a quantitavely small problem in Glasgow, accounting for perhaps one per cent of psychiatric consultations. But, drugs are being taken by a wide section of the community, and there has been considerable expansion in the consumption of barbiturates, cannabis and L.S.D., in the past one to three years. It would appear from the number of patients attending the dime that the consumption of opiates, that is methadone and heroin, has not substantially increased in the last year Barbiturates and hypnotic drugs are most frequently abused. We will first look at the evolution and the epidemiology of addiction, and then we will examine some clinical syndromes which we have identified at the clinic.
The Role of the Voluntary Agencies in the Various Aspects of Prevention and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers
Authors: Leech Kenneth 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe year 1967 was crucial in the growth of the British drug scene and of the voluntary agencies within it. These operate at three levels: casualty caring, after‐care, and preventative and educational work. There are four main groups of agencies: evangelical Christian bodies; communities which have developed from the Church or on a Christian basis; social work bodies; and Underground groups. There are problems of co‐ordination, and some of the needs and difficulties in the field of casualty work, after‐care and education art discussed. The voluntary bodies need to retain their role as pressure groups and agitators.1967 saw the ‘Rolling Stones’ court case, the first of a series of sensational press coverages of cannabis offences invoicing pop stars; the “freaky” summer when Scott Mackenzie's ‘San Francisco’ topped the hit parade, when Carnaby Street rang with bells and the word “hippy” came into common usage with the swift exploitation of the psychedelic movement by the very straight capitalists in the textile trades; and with the idealising of San Francisco as a paradise state “gentle people with flowers in their hair”, the upsurge of LSD use and the emergence of an add culture. 1967 also saw the beginning of an epidemic of intravenous methylamphetamine abuse, associated closely with the activities of several doctors in Central London1, and the rapid growth of a needle cult in the West End, The realisation too that out‐patient facilities for heroin addicts were, in spite of official assurances, either nonexistent or woefully inadequate led to an intensive campaign in the national press2 which was to bear some fruit in the following year. Finally, 1967 saw the emergence of a number of voluntary bodies, including the Association far the Prevention of Addiction3 and Release4 both of which came into being early that year, and the beginning of an interest in drug abuse problems throughout the country.
Alcohol Consumption and Arcus Senilis: A Search for a Significant Relationship
Authors: Thomas John V. , Ewing John A. , Desrosiers N. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough an Irish study found that areas senilis in heart disease patients was positively correlated with lifetime heavy alcohol intake we have not found a prevalence rate among alcoholics high enough to suggest that areas is a useful diagnostic sign for alcoholism. However, the inter‐relationship of arcus senilis, heart disease and alcohol intake does require elucidation and the need for further studies is indicated.
Bout and Continuous Drinking in Alcoholism
Authors: Madden J. S. , Jones D. 
Published: January 2006

Summary100 alcoholics were classified according to their drinking patterns, sex, social class, and preferred alcoholic beverage. The continuous form of drinking (delta alcoholism) predominated in male patients, and the bout variety (gamma alcoholism) in females; as male subjects were more numerous the continuous pattern was the most frequent in the series.The types of alcohol beverage consumed did not affect the relative incidence of drinking patterns, but in males continuous drinking was significantly more common in subjects from social classes I and II (professional and managerial occupations), while patients from these social strata were also more liable to drink spirits.It is suggested that the ambiguous phrase “loss of control” has prevented full recognition of the common occurrence of the continuous form of drinking among United Kingdom alcoholics. The high relative frequency of this pattern, in which marked intoxication is generally avoided, helps to explain some of the difficulties of case finding in alcoholism, as well as the ability of certain alcoholics to drive after heavy drinking without an invariable gross impairment of performance.Thirty per cent of the patients (63 per cent of females) usually drank wine preparations that, whether fortified or not, were commonly inexpensive.
A Controlled Study of a Hypnotic Method in the Treatment of Alcoholism, with Evaluation by Objective Criteria
Authors: Jacobson Nils O. , Silfverakiöld N. Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to investigate the effect on alcoholics of a simple hypnotic treatment with suggestions about indifference to alcohol and general well‐being, as a result of sobriety. 40 patients received such treatment at foe seances and were compared during a six months' observation time with a non‐hypnotic group of 40 patients, who had received psychotherapy at five visits. The groups were compared with regard only to objectively measured variables which indicated among other things inability to work and the need of medical care. No statistically significant differences mere found between the groups, but the trend in the results is in favour of the hypnosis group. The methodological difficulties are discussed.
The Effect of Noxious Subliminal Stimuli on the Modification of Attitudes toward Alcoholism: A Pilot Study*
Authors: Hart Larry 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn recent years there has been an increasing body of evidence attempting to validate the hypothesis that subliminal stimuli may affect behavior. Supposedly, a faint perceptual stimulus may affect behavior even when this stimulus is below threshold, Gudmund and his associates (1959) studied the effects of subliminal verbal stimuli and reported that the difference between meanings registered below a recognition threshold can affect conscious thoughts. In an investigation of the effects of subliminal stimuli of aggressive content upon conscious cognition, Eagle (1959) notes that stimuli that are not conscious and that are non‐aggressive affected subjects' impressions of a consciously perceived stimulus. These findings support the contention that stimuli which are not consciously perceived or directly experienced can influence cognition.This study was undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effect of noxious subliminal stimuli on the modification of attitudes toward alcoholism. It is hypothesized that the programmed exposure of noxious subliminal stimuli will modify attitudes toward alcoholism. It is hoped that findings from this pilot study will shed some light on the nature of the effect of subliminal stimulation on the modification of attitudes toward alcoholism.
The Effect of Metronidazole on the Human Taste Threshold to Alcohol
Authors: Wilson C. W. M. , O'Brien C. , MacAirt J. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA method is described for measuring the taste threshold to alcohol in a sample of 163 subjects whose average age was 27 years. The subjects taste ascending concentrations of alcohol in water from 0.25% up to 64% absolute alcohol. Five mls of each concentration is tasted for 20 seconds, spat out, and then the subject washes out his mouth with the diluent water. Alcohol is detected as a sweet taste at a concentration of 4.2±S.E. 0.24% alcohol. The sweet taste changes to a burning taste at a mean concentration of 21.2±S.E. 1.22% alcohol. The frequency distributions for the sweet and burning tastes of alcohol depart significantly from the unimodal normal shape. During the 20 seconds while alcohol is maintained in the mouth for appreciation of its taste, the concentration of the 4% solution falls to 2%, and the concentration of the 20% solution falls to 16%. The taste threshold for metronidazole was tested in the same subjects and found to be 149±S.E. 17 mg/litre; the frequency distribution curve is unimodal in shape but negatively skewed. The taste threshold for PTC in the same subjects was bimodal with modes at 20 and 1300 mg/litre.Oral administration of 600 mg of metronidazole as 200 mg tablets over a period of 14 hours, caused no change in the taste threshold to alcohol during the following 6 days. Administration of 800 mg metronidazole over a period of 20 hours, caused a significant elevation of both sweet and burning taste thresholds to alcohol which reached its maximum on the second day after the last tablet had been taken. The taste threshold returned to its pre‐metronidazole level on the fourth day. The alcohol taste threshold was raised at concentrations of metronidazole equivalent to those excreted in the saliva.The taste threshold to alcohol is a measurable human physiological characteristic. In humans, and by implication in rats, taste threshold to alcohol is appreciated through pereipheral receptors and specific afferent taste discharges, and the taste mechanism is the primary regulator of alcohol intake. The finding of a taste threshold distribution curve with more than one mode provides evidence that there may be a genetic basis to variations in alcohol taste threshold. The action of metronidazole on the alcohol taste threshold suggests that this drug may exert psychotherapeutic effects on alcohol consumption in man not only through peripheral taste receptiors but also through central taste pathways.
Alcoholism and Brain Damage: Some Psychometric Findings in Addiction Unit Alcoholics
Authors: Hoy Richard M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe use of psychometric tests as evidence of brain damage is discussed briefly and selected recent literature mentioned.Fifty‐seven addiction unit alcoholics were examined, using a vocabulary test and a test sensitive to cerebral dysfunction, and compared with a control group of fifty‐seven psychiatric patients with varying degrees of brain damage or dysfunction.It was concluded that very few of the addiction unit alcoholics were suffering from undoubted brain damage or dysfunction on psychometric evidence, and some implications of this findings are discussed.
The effects of Guided Participation and Systematic Desensitization in the treatment of a Paranoid Alcoholic: A Case Report
Authors: Mann Edward T. , Piorkowski Geraldine K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA compulsive drinker with severe behavorial problems, diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic, was treated using several behavior modification techniques. Guided participation, role‐playing and systematic desensitization were used in an effort to reduce inappropriate fears and increase more adaptive behavior. The alcoholism was not treated directly. Upon termination of therapy (14 sessions), he had an extended period of sobriety and his social‐interpersonal situation was greatly improved. In a 12‐month follow‐up, he continued to remain sober without the emergence of other pathological features.
Evening Classes on Alcoholism: An Experiment in Alcoholism Education
Authors: Rix K. J. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Regional Council on Alcoholism has a role to play in educating the general public about alcoholism. Evening classes on alcoholism provide a means of reaching both the general public and the person involved professionally with problems of alcoholism. Appropriate involvement of newspapers and television can increase the impact of such classes. There is a need to obtain objective measurement of the success of such a venture.
The Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Findings and Problems
Authors: Feuerlein Wilhelm 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome includes a whole serifs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, autonomic, neurological and psychic symptoms. In this study delirium tremens is regarded as the most severe stage of the withdrawal syndrome. In a study of 184 alcoholics (112 with delirium tremens) in which 14 symptoms of the types mentioned above were considered, a general syndrome was identified which could be divided into somatic and psychic subsyndromes. There were significant differences in the percentages of patients with and without delirium tremens who developed particular symptoms. No significant differences were found, however, between those patients in which delirium tremens occurred following alcohol withdrawal and those in which it occurred without prior withdrawal. These findings are in agreement with clinical and experimental observations of the symptoms within the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome while alcohol intake was still being increased. It is therefore assumed that the syndromes discussed are not dependent solely on alcohol withdrawal but rather are based on a general impairment in the mechanism for adaptation to alcohol.