bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality Assessment Tests for Nails
Authors: Chiang YJ , Chu MH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The quality of nails may be measured by the assessment of their impact bend angle, flexural yield strength, or hardness. Testing for the determination of these criteria as conducted by White, McLain, and Padla [1] is based on three factors carbon content (denoted by SAE number), nominal shank diameter, and hardening. The factorial analysis of their experimental results is presented in this paper Given the nonlinear variation of the flexural yield strength versus the carbon content [1], our analysis is divided into two blocks (1) a low-carbon region, between SAE 1010 and SAE 1022 and (2) a high-carbon region, between SAE 1022 and SAE 1040 The impact of main effects and multiple-factor interactions on each criterion is explored in each block. Results show the SAE class to be a valid indicator of the flexural yield strength in both the low- and highcarbon regions. However, hardening must be taken into consideration as another effective factor when the carbon content is high.
Flow and Stability Limits for Six-Inch-Diameter Marshall Specimens
Authors: Newtson CM , Turner JP , Schmidt RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Finite element analyses were conducted to determine appropriate specifications for limits on flow and stability of 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter specimens in the Marshall procedure for mix design of bituminous concrete. Loads and deformations on 6-in.-diameter specimens were determined that result in a state of stress similar to that in 4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter specimens at initiation of yield. From these results, dimensionless scaling factors were determined by which stability and flow specifications for 4-in.-diameter specimens can be multiplied to determine appropriate limits for 6-in.-diameter specimens. These analyses provide a more rational basis for evaluation of stresses and deformations that occur in the Marshall test than has been provided previously. The results yielded scaling factors of 1.50 for flow and 2.25 for stability, which verify the results of experimental results reported in the literature.
Future of Water Treatment
Authors: Puckorius PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The future industrial use of water will continue its current trend toward recycling of poorer quality waters particularly for cooling system makeup and boiler feedwater. Most of our water sources will continue to degrade to higher salinity, higher suspended solids, organics, and phosphates. We will be discharging less waste-water because treatment and recycling will be more economical than the fees for noncompliance. New technology in equipment and chemicals will enable much greater recycling in cooling and boiler water systems, with energy conservation continuing to be fine-tuned.
The next 100 years will also include greatly improved water system monitoring tied to computer-controlled chemical feed, thus reducing manpower requirements but enabling more efficient use of chemicals. Results will provide longer equipment life, less cleaning, more efficiency in heat transfer, more efficient steam production, and greater effluent reduction.
Sensitivity of Water Leak Tests for Latex Condoms
Authors: Herman BA , Carey RF , Rinaldi JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
As part of quality assurance testing, latex condoms are often screened for pinholes using water leak tests. This report analyzes the seasitivity of two similar tests, both requiring that a condom be filled with 300 mL of water and then examined visually for leakage. One test, a Food and Drug Administration protocol, specifies that the condom be filled vertically, the open end pinched off, and then rolled horizontally on a towel. The second test, developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials, is the same, except the condom is not rolled, merely placed in a horizontal position and examined. Detectability of a defect is dependent on the pressure developed within the condom, wettability of the condom surface by the water, thickness, and expansion of the condom. Three brands and nine different models were studied to determine the range of values for these variables and the sensitivity of the tests were then calculated. Sensitivity (minimum hole size detectable) varies from approximately 100 μm radius to 3 μm radius. Note that the smallest defect observable is larger than the HIV virus.
Outliers in Interlaboratory Testing
Authors: Mandel J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The widespread practice of rejecting outliers on the basis of statistical tests of significance is shown to accomplish nothing in terms of finding the causes for discrepancies. A graphical procedure, based on the h-statistic and the k-statistic, is shown to provide a vivid picture of the biases and the internal precisions of the participating laboratories. It is highly recommended that the analysis of the data be followed by an investigation of causes of outhers and thereby lead to improvements in repeatability and reproducibility.
Introduction of a New Dynamic Fracture Toughness Evaluation System
Authors: Kobayashi T , Yamamoto I , Niinomi M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Instrumented Charpy impact test has been widely used as a simple method for semi-empirically evaluating material impact toughness. The authors have developed a new instrumented Charpy impact testing system, which is called CAI (Computer Aided instrumented Charpy Impact testing) system. Using the CAI system, dynamic fracture toughness parameters such as Kd, Jd, Tmat, and various absorbed energies can be obtained from the load-deflection curve of a single precracked specimen for both ductile and brittle materials. It has been already put into practical use in Japan. This paper introduces the details of the toughness evaluation procedures in the CAI system.
The Design of a Control System for a Superimposed Frequency Fatigue Test Machine
Authors: Stoten DP , Smith DJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The conjoint action of high- and low-frequency fatigue on a test specimen has been obtained using a servohydraulic test machine. A control strategy was implemented such that only one servo-actuator was required to obtain both low- and high-frequency components. This paper describes the test rig and the decoupled automatic controller development for it.
Test results show that the decoupled strategy systhesis produces satisfactory separation of the low- and high-frequency modes of the closed-loop response.
Novel Stage for Ultrasonic Measurement of Real Contact Area Between Rough and Flat Parts Under Quasi-Static Load
Authors: Polijaniuk A , Kaczmarek J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The paper contains a description of an ultrasonic method and stage for real contact area (RCA) measurement on steel flat parts with technological surface layer. The stage allows measurement of RCA of test surface in contact with a rigid flat counterface. The measurement can be taken during the process of surface deformation as well as for the surfaces already deformed.
Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Contact Stresses in Simulated Granular Particles Using Strain Gages
Authors: Xu Y , Shukla A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The application of strain gages for the determination of static and dynamic contact loads in granular perticles is demonstrated. For experimental convenience, the grandar particles are simulated by circular disks fabricated from Homalite-100, a brittle polyester material. Stress field equations in the vicinity of the contact points are carefully evaluated to optimize the relative position of strain gages. The results obtained from strain gages were compared with those obtained using the optical technique of photoelasticity for both static and dynamic problems. Finally, as an example, strain gages are used to study wave propagation in a single chain assembly of disks.
The Vibration-Flex Test Method to Determine the Susceptibility of Plastic Films to Pinhole Formation Due to Flexing
Authors: Varughese JV , Gyeszly SW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test method that uses a vibration table and helical compression springs has been developed to deterinine the susceptibility of plastic films to pinhole formation under conditions of repeated flexing. The setup, results, and limitations of the vibrationflex test are discussed.
Analysis of Marshall Test Behavior with Triaxial Test Determined Material Properties
Authors: Low B-H , Tan S-A , Fwa T-F 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Marshall test is one of the most common methods used for mix design and quality control of asphalt concrete mixtures. However, this method is empirical in nature and does not provide fundamental engineering properties. Fundamental engineering properties provide a basis for rational analysis and design of asphalt concrete pavements. The triaxial test method described in this paper allows engineering properties such as internal angle of friction. φ. cohesion, c, and elastic modulus. E. to be determined. The method of specimen preparation and the triaxial test setup are briefly described. A numerical simulation of the Marshall test is performed using a plane-stress finite element analysis with triaxial test determined properties as input parameters. A constitutive plasticity model based on the Drucker-Prager yield condition is used to describe the elasto-plastic behavior of the specimen. Analysis shows that the model very well describes the deformation progression before failure and can predict experimental Marshall stability value very closely. There is some underprediction of the Marshall flow, probably due to the idealization of an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-strain relationship for asphalt concrete.
An Advanced Control Concept and Algorithm for Long-Term Data Acquisition in High-Temperature Fracture Mechanics Tests
Authors: Liu H , Dogan B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An advanced control concept and algorithm are developed for real-time, computer-driven data acquisition and control in long-term high-temperature fracture mechanics tests. The control concept and algorithm provide a comprehensive and reliable solution for problem posed by data acquisition, reduction compression, and control during long-term measurements. A new software developed on the basis of the algorithm enables simultaneous data acquisition and control at multiple parallell-running testing machines in real-time. The data acquired using the software exhibit the statistic characteristics that are reasonable and acceptable for long-term fracture mechanics tests. The algorithm also makes it possible to run other programs parallel with ongoing data acquisition and control processes so that the capacity of the applied computer may be used more effectively. The structure of the software is designed in a user-oriented style so that users can readily apply it along with related measurement instruments and computer systems to perform data acquisition, processing, and control.
Mean Stress Diagrams for Composites Generated Using a Modified Up-and-Down Test Methodology: Part I—Extensive Preliminary Data
Authors: Little RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Constant-stress-amplitude axial-load fatigue tests were conducted to generate mean stress data for notched and unnotched specimens of a thermoplastic composite material with 40% (by weight) randomly oriented continuous-strand glass in a polypropylene matrix. Maximum likelihood point and interval estimates for the median fatigue strengths at 107 cycles were computed for four stress ratios R (−1.0, −0.2, +0.2, and +0.6) based on tests conducted following a modified small sample up-and-down methodology appropriate when extensive preliminary data are available to aid in test planning.
A Mechanical Extensometer for High-Temperature Tensile Testing of Ceramics
Authors: Liu KC , Ding JL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Design and development of a simple mechanical strain extensometer for high-temperature tensile testing of ceramic materials are described. The extensometer uses the lever-arm concept to proportionally reproduce the displacements of fiducial gage marks defined on a specimen. Various potential errors in strain measurement associated with the kinematics of this mechanical extensometer are analyzed and estimated. The extensometer exhibits a resolution of 5 microstrain (μɛ) and good long-term stability under moderate changes of ambient temperature. Limited results of simple isothermal creep tests on silicon nitride tensile specimens are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the device.
Analysis of Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Deposits by Spectral Fluorometric Technique
Authors: Brice JL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test (JFTOT) is a widely used ASTM test procedure that evaluates the thermal stability of a fuel. It is evidenced by the fuel's resistance to undergo any chemical changes during increased thermal oxidative stress, until such time that a thermal breakpoint temperature is reached. A characteristic trace of the fuel is then deposited onto an aluminum test coupon and the fuel is rated on a pass/fail books relative to industry standards. Current rating systems approved by the industry for evaluating these tube deposit formations often fail to generate repeatable rating results. The required visual inspection of these deposit areas produces considerable uncertainty among many reviewers (due to a host of uncontrolled variables within the human observer). This paper will focus on the needs of the industry for an improved method of evaluating jet fuel thermal oxidation deposits using laser-induced spectral flourometry (SF). A novel device for reading these tube deposit areas from the cylindrical surface of an aluminum test coupon will be described as well. The overall technique yields an array of objective criteria for the evaluation of heater tube deposit areas and shows great potential for the identification of individual jet fuels on the basis of their fluorescent profiles.
An Assessment of the Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Composite Oscillator Technique (PUCOT) for Measuring the Elastic and Technical Constants of Solids
Authors: Wolfenden A , Harmouche MR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An assessment of the methodology of the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) shows that the present PUCOT equations are invalid for anisotropic materials. The appropriate differential equations governing elastic waves propagating in thin rods are solved for the required relationships between the response resonant frequencies and the elastic constants. Experimental results for silver, aluminum, and copper single crystals, which have anisotropy factors of 3.1, 1.2, and 3.2, respectively, are presented to support the theoretical findings.
Enhancing Thermal Hazard Awareness with Compatibility Charts
Authors: Gay DM , Leggett DJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Compatibility (or Inter-Reactivity) charts provide a rapid and straightforward approach to the plant-wide dissemination of hazards associated with the inadvertent mixing of chemicals. This paper will describe The Dow Chemical Company's approach to the building and use of these charts. Incorporation of compatibility charts in safety and routine process chemistry training and for hazard evaluation will also be described. The benefits of using a personal computer to generate uniform charts will be addressed.
Techniques for the Determination of the Static and Dynamic Internal Friction Coefficients of Ceramic Powder
Authors: Martínez MA , Cortés R , Sánchez-Gálvez V , Navarro C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses different techniques for the experimental estimation of the static and dynamic internal friction coefficients of fragmented ceramics. These were applied to the powders of two ballistic ceramics, SiC and Al2O3. The relationship between the fragment sire and the internal friction coefficients of the powders was determined. The results obtained with the different techniques are compared.
Formulation and Application Technologies for Microbial Pesticides: Review of Progress and Future Trends
Authors: Cibulsky RJ , Devisetty BN , Melchior GL , Melin BE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
During the past twenty years, a number of technological advancements have been made in the development of microbial pesticides for use in agricultural and forest insect control programs. The microbial pesticide currently used for the majority of these applications has been Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki. This organism has proven itself to be a valuable tool for the control of lepidopterous insects on vegetables, cotton, soybean, and in hardwood and coniferous forests. The expansion of Bt from the original vegetable crop applications to field crops and forest insect control programs has occurred along with significant advances in technology involving the culture, mass production, formulation, and application of this unique microbe. The current interest in Bt and microbial insect control agents has been heightened by the recent development of significant resistance to chemical insecticides in a number of target insect species.
Additional advances in Bt formulation and application are foreseen for the next decade. These advancements should lead so further improvements in efficacy and increased usage of Bt preparations in agriculture and forestry.
Automated Data Acquisition and Load and Strain Measurement Resolution
Authors: Lehman FL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Automated data acquisition for compaterized analysis has become commonplace. Typical testing systems now have, in addition to traditional analog or digital indicators for load and strain measurement, data acquisition subsystems that provide load and strain data to a computer for later analysis. Current standards specify procedures for the verification of load and strain accuracy based upon readings from analog or digital indicators. A standard procedure must be developed for the verification of load and strain acquired data. Such a procedure must define a method for determining resolution from characteristics of the acquired data. This paper discusses the issues pertaining to resolution of measurement as it applies to accuracy verification.
Calibration Techniques for Extensometry: Possible Standards of Strain Measurement
Authors: Watson RB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The search for an adequate reference strain measuring technique for use in the materials testing laboratory has spanned several decades. Early methods relied on properly calibrated extensometers. Two examples are Tuckerman's Optical Strain Gage and Bergqvist's highly refined inductive and strain gage based extensometers. Length standards were used to calibrate these devices Initially, mechanical displacement mechanisms were used as extensometer checking devices, but with the advent of lasers, the Michelson interferometer has become a dominant displacement measuring tool Advances in stabilizing hardware and electronic detectors have led to the availability of Michelson systems with a resolution better than 5 nm. Microelectronics manufacturing techniques have been used to replicate entire Michelson systems on a silicon chip Advances in detector technology have also led to interferometric linear encoders with resolutions commensurate to classical interferometers. New techniques are being developed that can report strain and do not require initial calibration by displacement measuring instruments Moire interferometry, using a reference grating frequency of 2400 lines mm, has many valuable traits for providing laboratory strain measurements traceable to the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Experience with strain calibration by more indicates a measurement uncertainty of less than 0.1% corresponding to an accuracy of better than 1 μm m. Bonded metallic electrical resistance strain gages possess essentially limitless resolution, but accuracy must be established. When properly calibrated, bonded strain gages operating within their elastic range could serve as Class A extensometers. This paper reviews some of the more interesting approaches from the past, analyzes some current methods being investigated, and comments on possibilities for the future concerning the difficult task of finding a suitable calibration technique for use with strain measuring devices.
The Use of Robotics to Eliminate Testing Variability in the Evaluation of Polymeric Matrix Composites Subjected to Three-Point Flexure
Authors: Croman RB , Jefferis DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A set of 54 flexural specimens of unidirectional AS-4 graphite reinforced J-2 Polymer, an amorphous thermoplastic polymeric matrix, was tested via a robotic testing setup. Because the testing was robot performed, it is here claimed that the variation of the test results is produced by the variability of the material and not by variation in testing method. An analysis of the test results has been correlated to the various aspects of the failture history observed for these specimens. In addition, an analysis of the scatter in failure strengths has been used to predict the scatter previously observed in flexural fatigue lifetimes.
A New Apparatus for Measuring the Drainage Properties of Porous Asphalt Mixes
Authors: Tan SA , Fwa TF , Chuai CT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new apparatus is designed to measure the permeability of porous asphalt road mixes under laboratory conditions. This apparatus works on the falling head principle, from which the falling head with time through a porous specimen is measured with a pracise pressure transducer at very close time intervals (10 readings/s). Using the falling head data, she specific discharge through the specimen can be computed and the penneability of the material obtained from the velocity versus hydraulic gradient relationship. Tests on unbound specimens made with glass spheres showed excellent agreement with constant head test results. The influence of specimen diameter and thickness in relation to particle size is examined, and recommendation for appropriate specimen size proposed. Tests with three types of common porous asphalt mixes were conducted and it is demonstrated that specification of void content alone is not adequate for describing the drainage property of a porous mix.
A Constitutive Model for Metals at High Strain Rates Accurately Determined by the Tensile Impact Recovery Experimental Technique
Authors: Wang C , Zhou Y , Xia Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Based on the loading-unloading test, the tensile impact recovery experimental technique has been developed to obtain the isothermal stress-strain relations of materials under high strain rates. The thermal softening effect can be decoupled by comparing the isothermal stress-strain relations with the adiabatic stress-strain relations at the same strain rate. In the present paper, recovery experiments of brass have been carried out on a self-designed rotating disk tensile impact apparatus. According to the parabolic strain hardening power-law thermoviscoplastic constitutive model, strain hardening parameter, strain-rate strengthening parameter and thermal softening parameter have been decoupled from experimental results. Furthermore, from these parameters, one can determine the theoretical isothermal curves and adiabatic curves at high strain rates, showing a good match with the experimental results respectively. This shows that the teasile impact recovery experimental technique is effective and reliable, and is an important means for the study of thermomechanical coupling. The experimental results also reveal that brass is a typical thermoviscoplastic material.