bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation into human atrium following fish oil supplementation
Authors: Garg Manohar L. , Leitch James , Blake Robert J. , Garg Rahul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that long‐chain n−3 PUFA (LCn‐3PUFA) are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the extent of incorporation of LCn‐3PUFA into human atrium following supplementation with a fish oil concentrate high in LCn‐3PUFA. Volunteers preparing for coronary bypass surgery were randomized either to the treatment group (n=8), receiving 6 g/d of fish oil concentrate (4.4 g of LCn‐3PUFA), or the placebo group (n=9), receiving 6 g/d of olive oil for a minimum period of 6 wk. Blood samples were collected prior to commencement of treatment, and preoperatively before bypass surgery. Atrial biopsies were obtained during surgery. The plasma and atrium samples were analyzed by GC following trans‐methylation to determine FA profile. Post‐supplementation, the treatment group had significantly higher plasma levels of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 than the placebo group. Analysis of the atrium total lipids revealed a significant increase in the proportion of 20∶5n−3 following fish oil supplementation. There was no significant difference in the concentration of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in the atrium total lipids; however, an upward trend was observed in subjects receiving fish oil supplementation. In the phospholipid fraction of the atrium, both 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased, whereas 20∶4n−6 levels decreased. This study demonstrates for the first time that short‐term supplementation with fish oil concentrate results in significant incorporation of LNc‐3PUFA with a concomitant depletion of the eicosanoid substrate (20∶4n−6) in the human atrium.
Chlorinated fatty acids in lipid class fractions from cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon
Authors: King Matthew D. , Rea Lorrie D. , Kennish John M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnalysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concentrations. This task becomes even more difficult when samples are from organisms living in remote locations with very little exposure to environmental contamination. Therefore, enrichment of CFA is necessary prior to analysis. In this study, CFA were enriched from fractionated lipid classes of cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to determine CFA distribution among lipid classes and tissue types and to demonstrate the sensitivity of this method to detect CFA at trace concentrations. The lipids extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscle of O. tshawytscha were separated into fractions containing TAG, FFA, and phospholipids. After transesterification, the FAME derivatives from each lipid class were analyzed by GC with a halogen‐selective detector (XSD) to determine the concentrations of dichlorostearic acid and dichloropalmitic acid. Other chlorinated compounds detected byGC‐XSD were analyzed by GC‐MS. CFA were observed in all lipid classes in both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. However, the highest concentrations of CFA were found in the phospholipids of both tissue types, about 1–2 mg/g lipid. It was also shown that dichloropalmitic acid concentrated in cardiac phospholipids whereas dichlorostearic acid was found primarily in the phospholipids of skeletal tissue. CFA concentrations in TAG and FFA fractions were below 150 mg/g lipid. This study demonstrates a small‐scale approach to the study of CFA at trace concentrations and their distribution among lipid classes.
Postprandial Lipemia is Modified by the Presence of the APOB‐516C/T Polymorphism in a Healthy Caucasian Population
Authors: Pérez‐Martínez Pablo , Pérez‐Jiménez Francisco , Ordovás José María , Moreno Juan Antonio , Marín Carmen , Moreno Rafael , Jiménez‐Gómez Yolanda , Paniagua Juan Antonio , López‐Miranda José 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApolipoprotein (apoB) plays a fundamental role in the transport and metabolism of plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesterol. Several apoB polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for coronary heart disease in the population. In view of the importance of apoB in postprandial metabolism, our objective was to determine whether the presence of the ‐516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter could influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects. Forty‐seven volunteers who were homozygous for the E3 allele at the APOE gene were selected (30 homozygous for the common genotype (C/C) and 17 heterozygotes for the ‐516T allele (C/T). They were given a fat‐rich meal containing 1 g fat and 7 mg cholesterol per kg body weight and vitamin A 60,000 IU/m2 body surface. Fat accounted for 60% of calories, and protein and carbohydrates for 15 and 25% of energy, respectively. Blood samples were taken at time 0, every 1 h until 6 h, and every 2.5 h until 11 h. Total cholesterol and TAGs in plasma, and cholesterol, TAGs and retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins (large and small triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins) were determined by ultracentrifugation. Individuals carrying the C/T genotype presented greater postprandial concentrations of TAGs in small triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins than did carriers of the C/C genotype (P = 0.022). Moreover, C/T individuals presented higher concentrations of plasma TAGs during the postprandial period than did C/C subjects (P = 0.039). No other statistically significant genotype‐related differences for other parameters were observed. These results suggest that the presence of the genotype C/T is associated with a higher postprandial response. Thus, the allele variability in the ‐516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter may partly explain the interindividual differences in postprandial lipemic response in healthy subjects.
Selected traditional structural descriptors and RM values for estimation and prediction of lipophilicity of homologous series of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Pyka Alina , Bober Katarzyna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn homologous series of carboxylic FA, from methanoic to triacontanoic, were characterized by selected structural descriptors based on distance matrix (W, A, 0B, 1B), adjacency matrix (M, Mv, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2), and information theory (ISA, ) as well as electrotopological states. Saturated FA, from pentanoic to eicosanoic as well as from heptanoic to tricontanoic acids, were separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance TLC (RP‐HPTLC) using mobile phases of methanol/water. The relationships existing between experimental partition coefficients (log Pexp), partition coefficients obtained from an Internet database (IAlogP and ClogPTM), and RM values (obtained by means of RP‐HPTLC, where RMis the hydrophobicity index) or structural descriptors (based on adjacency matrix: M, Mν, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2 and information theory: ISA, ) of saturated FA were investigated. Comparison and estimation of the usefulness of RM values and selected structural descriptors for calculating and predicting partition coefficients of saturated FA are the novel components of the work presented. The authors found that both values for RM and structural descriptors can serve for calculating and predicting the partition coefficients of FA investigated; but the selected traditional structural descriptors better describe the partition coefficients than the RM values.
Environmental effects on fatty acid levels in soybean seed oil
Authors: Hou Guangyun , Ablett Gary R. , Pauls K. Peter , Rajcan Istvan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFA composition determines the quality of vegetable oil. Soybean breeders have generated and used mutations in FA genes to develop altered FA profiles in the seed. However, the expression of the alleles and the relative activity of the gene products are often dependent on the environment, and these facts have hampered the breeding efforts. To investigate the environmental effect on FA composition of soybean seed oil in specific mutant material developed at the University of Guelph, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from a cross between a low palmitate (16∶0) line and a high‐stearate (18∶0) parent. The RIL population was field‐tested across three environments over 2 yr. A combined ANOVA for FA composition was conducted to determine the year and location effects on the expression of FA alleles in this material. The results indicated that linolenic (18∶3) level was most vulnerable to the environmental changes. Year effects accounted for a greater amount of variance than location effects for 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1, whereas location effects were more important than year effects for the relative amounts of 18∶2 and 18∶3. Genotype × environment (year, location) interaction effects were significant for the relative amounts of all five FA according to the combined ANOVA. Our results indicated that the extreme minimum daily temperatures during September seed fill period, rather than the means or the maximum temperature, may be responsible for the ratio of saturated vs. unsaturated FA in soybean oil.
Effect of rosehip extraction process on oil and defatted meal physicochemical properties
Authors: Concha J. , Soto C. , Chamy R. , Zúñiga M. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of oil from Rosa affinis rubiginosa seeds were analyzed after extraction by (i) organic solvent, (ii) cold pressing, and (iii) cold pressing assisted by enzymatic pretreatment using a mixture of the Novo‐Nordisk A/S products Cellubrix (cellulase and hemicellulase activities) and Olivex (pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase activities). There were no significant differences in oil quality parameters, such as iodine value, refractive index, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, and FA profile, when applying any of the three extraction processes. Although significant variations were observed in FFA content (acid value) and PV of the oil obtained by both of the cold‐pressing oil extraction processes, these results were lower than the maximum value established from the Codex Alimentarius Commission. All‐trans‐retinoic acid content improved by 700% in rosehip oil obtained through cold pressing, with and without enzymatic pretreatment, in comparison with organic solvent extraction. This result is quite important for cosmetic oil because all‐trans‐retinoic acid is the main bioactive component responsible for the regenerative properties of this oil.
Characterization of proteins in Cuphea (PSR23) seeds
Authors: Evangelista Roque L. , Wu Y. Victor , Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study characterized the proteins in Cuphea (PSR23) seed to provide fundamental information on their size, amino acid profile, solubility classes, and solubility behavior. The seed contained 32% (dry basis, db) oil and 21% (db) crude protein. Over 70% of the protein was extracted at pH 11.6. Nonprotein nitrogen accounted for 9% of the total N content. Compared with the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University suggested pattern of requirements, Cuphea PSR23 seed protein had sufficient amounts of methionine+cystine‐cysteine, considerable amounts (90%) of valine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, but was practically devoid of tryptophan. Lysine was the second‐most limiting essential amino acid at 68%. Glutelins and albumins accounted for 83.5 and 15.4%, respectively, of the total protein extracted. SDS‐PAGE showed that Cuphea protein subunits had M.W. ranging from <6.5 to 110 kDa. Dominant protein subunits in albumins had M.W. of 30, 40, 50, and 86 kDa. Glutelins had two major protein subunits with M.W. of 15 and 30 kDa. The distribution of essential amino acids was better in the albumin and glutelin fractions than in the defatted meal.
Compositional characteristics of protein ingredients prepared from high‐sucrose/low‐stachyose soybeans
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Murphy Patricia , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHigh‐sucrose/low‐stachyose (HS/LS) soybeans contained lower total concentrations of free sugars (13.3%), less stachyose (0.7%), and more galactinol (0.7%) (galactopyranosylmyo‐inositol) than the control normal soybeans (14.9, 5.1, and 0.2%, respectively). A low‐fiber soybean protein concentrate (LFSPC) process was developed, which is especially suited to HS/LS soybeans, by which defatted soy flour is merely extracted with alkali to remove fiber and then neutralized and dried to produce the protein‐rich soluble fraction. Two different pH values (7.5 and 8.5) were used in extracting protein, and these LFSPC were compared with traditional ethanol‐washed soy protein concentrate (EWSPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) prepared from both normal and HS/LS soybeans. The LFSPC had slightly lower yields of solids and protein (∼70 and ∼81%, respectively) than conventional FWSPC (∼77 and ∼93%, respectively) but much higher than conventional SPI (∼42 and ∼70%, respectively). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained significantly (P<0.05) more protein (∼66% protein content) than LFSPC prepared from normal soybeans (∼63%). Total isoflavone contents of the LFSPC (∼12 μmol/g) were significantly higher than for EWSPC (∼1.5 Ìmol/g) or SPI (∼10 μmol/g). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained higher sugar contents (∼15%) than either traditional EWSPC (∼2.5%) or SPI (∼1.5%); but the sums of stachyose and raffinose were only ∼1% for the LFSPC compared with ∼1% for EWSPC and 0.5% for SPI prepared from normal soybeans.
Extraction and purification of oryzanol from rice bran oil and rice bran oil soapstock
Authors: Narayan A. V. , Barhate R. S. , Raghavarao K. S. M. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOryzanol is an important value‐added co‐product of the rice and rice bran‐refining processes. The beneficial effects of oryzanol on human health have generated global interest in developing facile methods for its separation from rice bran oil soapstock, a by‐product of the chemical refining of rice bran oil. In this article we discuss the isolation of oryzanol and the effect that impurities have on its extraction and purification. Presented are the principles behind the extraction (solid‐liquid or liquid‐liquid extraction, and other methods) of these unit operations covered in selected patents. Methods other than extraction such as crystallization or precipitation‐based or a combination of these unit operations also are reviewed. The problems encountered and the ways to solve them during oryzanol extraction, such as prior processing and compositional variation in soapstock, resistance to mass transfer, moisture content and the presence of surface active components, which cause emulsion formation, are examined. Engineering inputs required for solving problems such as saponification, increasing mass transfer area, and drying methods are emphasized. Based on an analysis of existing processes, those having potential to work in large‐scale extraction processes are presented.
Monooxygenase system of Bacillus megaterium ALA2: Studies on linoleic acid epoxidation products
Authors: Hou Ching T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBacillus megaterium ALA2 produces many oxygenated FA from linoleic acid: 12,13‐dihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12,13,17‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12,13,16‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12‐hydroxy‐13,16‐epoxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid; and 12,17;13,17‐diepoxy‐16‐hydroxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid. Recently, we studied the monooxygenase system of B. megaterium ALA2 by comparing its palmitic acid oxidation products with those of the well‐studied catalytically self‐sufficient P450 monooxygenase of B. megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B‐3712) and of B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRI B‐4219). We found that their oxidation products are identical, indicating that their monooxygenase systems (hydroxylation) are similar. Now, we report that strain ALA2 epoxidizes linoleic acid to 12,13‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 9,10‐epoxy‐12 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid, the initial products in the linoleic acid oxidation. The epoxidation enzyme did not oxidize specific double bond of the linoleic acid. The epoxidation activity of strain ALA2 was compared with the above‐mentioned two Bacillus strains. These two Bacillus strain also produced 12,13‐expoxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 9,10‐epoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid, indicating that their epoxidation enzyme systems might be similar. The ratios of epoxy FA production by these three strains (A1 A2, NRRI B‐3712, and NRRI B‐4219) were, respectively, 5.56∶0.66∶0.18 for 12,13‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 2.43∶0.41∶0.57 for 9,10‐epoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid per 50 mL medium per 48 h.
Effect of rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) extract on the performance of chilean hazelnut oil (Gevuina avellana Mol.) at high temperature
Authors: Robert P. , Romero N. , Ortiz J. , Masson L. , Barrera‐Arellano D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of the addition of rosa mosqueta husk extract (RME) on thermal oxidation of nontreated (HZO) and treated (THZO) Chilean hazelnut seed oil was evaluated at 180°C for 18 h. THZO to which was added 339 mg/kg of α‐tocopherol was used as a comparison model because RME supplied 314 mg/kg of α‐tocopherol. Formation of polar compounds and degradation of tocols and carotenoid, pigments were studied in these model systems. Degradation of trans‐rubixanthin, trans‐lycopene, and trans‐β‐carotene followed a pseudo first‐order kinetics model. These pigments showed the same degradation rate in both HZO and THZO. The addition of RME to HZO and THZO decreased significantly (P<0.05) the formation of polar compounds, lead to less degradation of tocols, and improved their oxidative stability with respect to oils without RME. This behavior can be attributed to carotenoid‐tocopherol interaction, suggesting that these pigments can protect tocols against degradation at high temperature.
Effects of cooking and screw‐pressing on functional properties of Cuphea PSR23 seed proteins
Authors: Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. , Evangelista Roque L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis investigation determined the effects of oil processing conditions on some functional properties of Cuphea PSR23 seed proteins to evaluate their potential for value‐added uses. Flaked Cuphea seeds were cooked at 82°C (180°F) for 30, 75, or 120 min in the seed conditioner and then screw‐pressed to extract the oil. Cooked flakes and press cakes were analyzed for proximate composition and protein functional properties. Results were compared with those of unprocessed ground, defatted Cuphea seeds. Protein from unprocessed Cuphea seeds had excellent emulsifying properties, poor foaming properties, poor solubility (10%) at pH 4–7, and much greater solubility at pH 2 and 10 (57 and 88%, respectively). Solubility profiles showed that cooking the flaked seeds to 82°C for 30 min resulted in a 50–60% reduction in soluble proteins. Cooking for 120 min gave <6% soluble proteins at all pH levels. Cooking for 75 min gave good oil yields but also resulted in <10% soluble proteins at pH 2–7 and 25% soluble proteins at pH 10. Seed cooking and screw pressing during oil extraction had significant detrimental effects on the solubility of Cuphea seed protein but generally improved its foaming capacity and emulsifying activity.
Methoxylation of methyl oleate in the presence of dealuminated Y faujasites in their protonic form
Authors: Lansalot‐Matras Clément , Lozano Paul , Pioch Daniel , Finiels Annie , Moreau Claude , Claude Sylvain 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMethoxylation of methyl oleate into methyl methoxy stearate was carried out in a batch reactor at temperatures ranging from 150 to 190°C in the presence of dealuminated H‐Y faujasites as catalysts. In the presence of an excess of methanol, the H‐Y faujasite with a Si/Al ratio of 15 was shown to achieve the title reaction with a yield of methyl methoxy stearate that does not exceed 40% because of the parallel formation, at comparable rates, of methyl oleate isomers identified as methyl elaidate, methyl trans‐vaccenate, and methyl cis‐vaccenate. Isomerization reactions were confirmed to occur rapidly in an independent manner. FFA are also present in small amounts owing to the in situ dehydration of methanol and subsequent hydrolysis of the esters. Finally, starting from pure oleic acid leads to results similar to those obtained with methyl oleate as the starting material.
Pure lycopene from tomato preserves extra virgin olive oil from natural oxidative events during storage
Authors: Montesano Domenico , Cossignani Lina , D'Arco Gilda , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, changes in an extra virgin olive oil treated with lycopene during storage were analyzed. Pure lycopene (0.5 and 1.0 mg) obtained from tomato was added to two separate bottles, each containing 100 mL of extra virgin olive oil, while another bottle containing the same oil was stored without any treatment. Samples enriched with pure lycopene showed PV remarkably lower than the sample without lycopene, and the total phenol contents were higher in treated oil samples than in the reference sample. In addition, a good correlation (r2=0.969) between total phenol content and antioxidant power calculated as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was observed. The concentration of added lycopene decreased very slowly; after about 8 mon its residual value was over 60% with respect to the initial concentration.
Oxidative stability and storage behavior of fatty acid methyl esters derived from used palm oil
Authors: Loh Soh‐Kheang , Chew Soo‐Mooi , Choo Yuen‐May 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFatty acid alkyl esters, especially FAME, are the most commonly used liquid biofuel. Because biofuels are expected to be important alternative renewable energy sources in the near future, more studies on their stability against oxidation need to be addressed. Biofuel derived from vegetable oils is well researched, currently with more attention focused on the reuse of waste oil sources than on pure vegetable oil for such production. A method to convert used palm oil, i.e., used frying oil, and residual oil of spent bleaching earths (SPE) to their respective methyl esters has been established by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board. These methyl esters can be used as diesel substitute. However, the methyl esters obtained from used frying oil have a low induction period (3.42 h). In Europe, any methyl esters must have an induction period of at least 6 h in Rancimat stability to be usable as biodiesel, as required by European Biodiesel Standard (EN 14214). To meet this requirement, the used frying oil methyl esters (UFOME) obtained can be treated with different types of antioxidants, either synthetic or natural, at different treatment levels, such as vitamin E, 3‐ert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐phenol (BHT), 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and n‐propyl gallate (PG), to investigate their oxidative stability and storage behavior. The order of increasing antioxidant effectiveness with respect to the oxidative stability of UFOME is: vitamin E<BHT<TBHQ<BHA<PG. Because methyl esters derived from residual oil of SBE have an induction period of 14.6 h, their treatment with antioxidants is unnecessary.