bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma mepivacaine concentrations after caudal epidural and subarachnoid injection in the horse: Comparative study
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. , Ibrahim A. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The venous plasma concentrations of mepivacaine were determined in 7 adult mares (420 ± 17.1 kg) given an injection of a 2% solution of the hydrochloride at either the sacral (S2-3 to S5-C1) epidural space or the midsacral (S2-3) subarachnoid space. An average dose of 91.4 ± 15.7 mg (4.6 ± 0.8 ml) was needed to produce caudal epidural analgesia (cea) and 26.7 ± 5.4 mg (1.3 ± 0.3 ml) to produce caudal subarachnoid analgesia (csa).
Maximal caudal analgesia extended from spinal cord segments S-l to coccyx during cea and csa. The onset of analgesia as measured by response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulations was significantly (P < 0.05) faster in mares with csa than with cea (8.3 ± 2,4 minutes vs 21.4 ± 3.8 minutes). The period of analgesia was significantly (P < 0.05) longer in mares with cea than with csa (80.0 ± 11.5 minutes vs 67.4 ± 26.3 minutes).
The rate of vascular absorption of mepivacaine from the epidural space was significantly (P < 0.05) faster than from the subarachnoid space. Maximum venous plasma concentrations of mepivacaine were similar (P > 0.05) after epidural and subarachnoid injections (0.05 ± 0.03 μg/ml and 0.05 ± 0.03 μg/ml) at the same times after mepivacaine administration (51.4 ± 33.4 minutes and 53.6 ± 24.3 minutes). Mean venous plasma concentrations of mepivacaine at 60 and 75 minutes were significantly higher after epidural than subarachnoid injection (0.04 ± 0.03 μg/ml vs 0.02 ± 0.03 μg/ml and 0,03 ± 0.02 μg/ml vs 0.02 ± 0.02 μg/ml). Mean plasma concentrations of mepivacaine at the cessation of analgesia were not significantly different (P > 0.05) after epidural and subarachnoid injections (0.03 ± 0.02 μg/ml vs 0.02 ± 0.02 μg/ml). The venous plasma concentrations of mepivacaine determined during cea and csa did not produce measurable direct systemic effects on the cardiovascular system of conscious mares.
Healing of experimentally induced wounds of mammary papilla (teat) of the cow: Comparison of closure with tissue adhesive versus nonsutured wounds
Authors: Grymer Jorgen , Watson Gary L. , Coy Charles H. , Prindle Lynn V 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lacerations were surgically produced on the mammary papillae (teats) in 11 healthy dairy cows (10 Holstein and 1 Guernsey), Chemical restraint and local anesthesia were used before the lacerations were done. Twenty-one lacerations (10 front and 11 rear papillae) were apposed with synthetic adhesives, Eight lacerated papillae (6 front and 2 rear) were allowed to heal without tissue apposition. Healing was evaluated daily by palpation and visual inspection, Histologic and subgross photomyorographies were done at the time of slaughter (13 to 20 days).
Of the 21 lacerated wounds apposed with adhesive materials, 17 healed by primary intention (81%). One papillary laceration dehisced on the second day and developed a milk fistula. The remaining 3 wounds which were initially repaired with adhesives were injured during the cows' anesthetic recovery and were reapposed with adhesives. The latter healed, but not as well as did the 17, Clinically, there was no detectable differences between adhesives as concerns healing.
Of the 8 controls (papillary lacerations that were not apposed), 3 healed by 1st intention (37.5%), The remaining five (62.6%) healed by 2nd or 3rd intention with fistula formation.
When evaluated by subgross photomycrography, 20 wounds (18 glued; 2 controls) were bridged by connective tissue and showed no change in wall thickness. Three papillary lacerations (2 glued; 1 control) showed different stages of bridging with connective tissue and wall thickness.
Histopathologic evaluation revealed a marked foreign body response evidenced by giant cell and epithelial macrophages adjacent to all lacerations apposed with adhesives. Tissue alteration varied widely depending on the method of tissue apposition and the tissue adhesive used.
Auditory-evoked response in the clinically normal dog: Middle latency components
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Moore Robert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The middle latency components (6 to 60 ms) of the auditory-evoked response were recorded in clinically normal mature dogs (n = 15 mixed breed). To record the middle latency response (mlr), a series of suprathreshold auditory clicks was presented monaurally to nonanesthetized and anesthetized dogs at a stimulus rate of 5/s. To determine effects of stimulus intensity on wave amplitude and latency in nonanesthetized dogs, clicks were presented at 90-, 70-, and 50-dB hearing level. Filtered electroencephalic activity during the first 100 ms after each click was recorded and averaged digitally for 1,024 consecutive stimuli. The response pattern in the nonanesthetized dog was a repeatable polyphasic configuration characterized by 3 to 4 major waves. Peaks of the waves were labeled, using a method developed in human beings. Mean latency ranges for the positive (P) or negative (N) peaks that comprised the waves across intensity levels were 7.43 to 7.77 ms (No), 11.07 to 11.57 ms (Po), 13.62 to 14.20 ms (Na), 20.04 to 20.68 (Pa), 39.08 to 39.37 ms (Nb), and 54.25 to 55.21 ms (Pb). The only variations in waveform morphologic features were the additional wave formed by peaks Nx (24.80 to 25.94 ms) and Px (30.0 to 30.62 ms), which occurred in 44% of the records, and the missing wave formed by No and Po in 6.6% of the records.
Varying the stimulus intensity had no effect (P > 0.05) on wave amplitude or latency. However, anesthesia with 20 mg of thiamylal sodium/kg of body weight virtually eliminated the mlr evoked by the 90-dB stimulus, thus indicating higher brain centers as possible neural generators. The latency and waveform stability of the mlr in nonanesthetized dogs underscore its potential as an additional and reliable index for audiologic, otologic, and neurologic testing.
Immunoradiometric assay for quantitation of Dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs with heartworm infections
Authors: Hamilton Robert G. , Scott Alan L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An immunoradiometric assay (irma) was developed, optimized, and validated for detection of parasite-specific antigen in sera from hosts with filarial infections, using Dirofilaria immitis in dogs as a model. The precision, reproducibility, and parallelism of the irma were examined, using precision profile analysis. The irma had acceptable precision and reproducibility [< 15% intra-assay coefficient of variation (cv)] over a working range of 10 to 2,000 ng of D immitis-antigen (ag)/ml. The irma parallelism (agreement between dilutions) was acceptable (< 10% interdilutional cv) with laboratory-spiked D immitis ag sera containing no D immitis-antibody (ab). However, it was not acceptable (> 20% interdilutional cv) for analysis of sera from naturally infected dogs containing D immitis ab, probably due to dissociation of immune-complexed ag with increasing serum dilution. Nonparallelism limited the accuracy of binding data interpolation from the standard curve. Specificity of the irma was enhanced by preabsorption of the radiolabeled detection antibody with Toxocara canis ag before use. Varying amounts of D immitis ag (22 to 1,000 ng/ml) were detected in 42% (20/48) of microfilaremia dogs. The presence of ag-specific ab at concentrations as low as 1 μg/ml reduced the ability of the irma to detect D immitis ag. Factors that influence the accuracy and sensitivity of immunoassays for circulating filarial antigens are discussed.
Effect of a range of social stress severity on Escherichia coli challenge infection
Authors: Gross W. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were exposed to various degrees of social stress 1 day before being exposed to Escherichia coli air-sac challenge exposure. Increasing levels of social stress resulted in increased heterophil/lymphocyte (h/l) ratios. Resistance to E coli air-sac challenge infection increased in correspondence with h/l ratios. However, as h/l ratios increased above the 0.72 value, there was a corresponding decrease in resistance to E coli challenge infection. Changes in h/l ratios, in response to social environment, differed with genetic stocks. Social stress was greatest when chickens housed singly for 3 weeks were placed among 5 unfamiliar chickens.
Prevalence of antibodies to porcine adenovirus in swine by indirect fluorescent antibody test
Authors: Dea S. , El Azhary M. A. S. Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody test was developed for routine identification of a porcine adenovirus and its specific antibody. Two specific-pathogen-free young pigs were inoculated with the viral antigen prepared in continuous porcine kidney cell cultures, and their sera were used as an antibody reagent to standardize the test. Sera of adult pigs with respiratory problems, obtained from pig farms in Quebec, were tested for antibodies to this virus; 83 of 540 sera tested (15.2%) were found to be positive.
Antigen beads: A novel approach for the delivery of a soluble Anaplasma immunogen
Authors: James Mark A. , Coronado Alfredo , Melendez Roy D. , Ristic Miodrag 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An important consideration in the development of effective immunization regimens against bovine anaplasmosis is the optimization of vaccine delivery systems. This report describes the formulation of proteinaceous antigen-containing spheres derived from supernatant fluids of Anaplasma marginale cultures. The antigen beads were designed for use as potential dispersal agents for a soluble Anaplasma immunogen. Immunospecificity assays demonstrated that A marginale antigen was located on the surfaces of individual antigen beads. Use of Anaplasma antigen beads with a potent adjuvant, such as saponin, was proposed.
Differentiation of cytopathic and noncytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus by virus neutralization
Authors: Coria M. F. , Schmerr M. J. F. , McClurkin A. W. , Bolin S. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Soluble antigens of cytopathic and noncytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus were resolved by high-performance liquid gel-permeation chromatography into 4 major and 3 minor peaks. The 2 peaks with the larger molecular weights (240,000 and 140,000 daltons) were immunogenic when inoculated into rabbits. Virus neutralizing antibodies were specific for the homologous virus. The soluble antigens were determined to be > 100,000 daltons by filtration.
Polyethylene glycol-6000 as a clearing agent for lipemic serum samples from dogs and the effects on 13 serum assays
Authors: Thompson Morrow B. , Kunze Dolores J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polyethylene glycol-6000 (peg) was evaluated as a clearing agent for lipemic serum from dogs. Effects of peg-treatment in lipemic and nonlipemic samples were determined for 13 chemical and enzymatic assays (glucose, bun, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, and calcium). Control samples for lipemic sera were prepared by ultracentrifugation. Treatment with peg cleared all lipemic samples. Regression lines for all lipemic samples were highly significant (P < 0.0001) and the sd of the control values around the regression lines were small compared with the mean value for an assay. The technique was simple, quick, and inexpensive. With proper validation, reliable predictions of true serum values could be calculated for lipemic serum samples for all assays studied.
Radiologic and anatomic observations of plantar sesamoid bones at the tarsometatarsal articulations of Greyhounds
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , McCarthy P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In Greyhounds, 2 plantar sesamoid bones were identified in radiographs taken of the intact tarsus and also of the tarsometatarsal fibrocartilage, that had been dissected free from the joints. Anatomic dissections defined the precise position of each sesamoid. A prominent sesamoid was present on the lateral side of the tarsometatarsal articulation in 50% of the tarsi; it is proposed that this bone be named the lateral plantar tarsometatarsal sesamoid bone. A smaller bone was detected on the medial side of the tarsometatarsal articulation in 27% of the tarsi; it is proposed that this bone be named the intra-articular tarsometatarsal sesamoid bone.
Hereditary anomaly of neutrophil granulation in Birman cats
Authors: Hirsch V. M. , Cunningham T. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A hereditary anomaly of neutrophil granulation in purebred Birman cats was described with respect to genetic, electron microscopic, histochemical, and functional characters. The trait was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and was prevalent in the population studied. Affected cats had fine eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. The granules had normal morphology as determined by electron microscopy and did not stain for acid mucopolysaccharide. Bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, and oxidative function of affected neutrophils were not different from those of unaffected neutrophils. The anomaly was concluded to be an alteration in the content of lysosomal granules with increased affinity for acidic dyes.
Tracheal lesions in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium
Authors: Arp L. H. , Cheville N. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-six turkeys were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella avium at 3 days of age. Inoculated and noninoculated turkeys (n = 72) were necropsied sequentially from postexposure days (ped) 3 to 53. Tracheal lesions were studied histologically. Mild fibrinopurulent tracheitis, associated with bacterial colonization of ciliated epithelium, was seen at ped 7 to 10. At ped 14 and 21, there were numerous bacterial colonies, loss of ciliated cells, epithelial hyperplasia, depletion of mucus, and diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. At ped 28, the mucosa and tracheal rings were severely distorted. The mucosal epithelium, composed of immature epithelial cells and nononuclear leukocytes, had formed prominent longitudinal folds. Mucous glands were cystic and lined by low cuboidal epithelium. At ped 42 and 53, tracheas appeared normal, except for residual distortion of tracheal rings and shortened luminal epithelium.
Effect of dihydrostreptomycin or oxytetracycline on reproductive capacity of bulls
Authors: Abbitt Bruce , Berndtson William E. , Seidel George E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Young beef bulls (n = 27) were used in a trial to study the effect of dihydrostreptomycin sulfate (dhs) or oxytetracycline (otc) hydrochloride on spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm maturation, and freezability of sperm. Nine of the bulls were given a 22 mg/kg dose of dhs twice, 12 hours between doses. Nine other bulls were treated with otc—1 dose of 26.4 mg/kg of body weight, and then 6 more doses each of 17.6 mg/kg, ca 12 hours between doses. The remaining 9 bulls were nontreated controls. The treatment regimens with the 2 antibiotics were without effect on spermatogenesis. These treatments also were without effect on seminal pH, ejaculate volume, percentage of motile spermatozoa, rate of spermatozoal motility, or concentration of spermatozoa in ejaculates harvested on day 3 or 7 of the study (day 0 = 1st day of treatment). There was a treatment-by-day effect on spermatozoal concentration; the number of sperm per milliliter was markedly increased on day 3 for otc-treated bulls. The increased spermatozoal concentration in the otc-treated group was associated with an influence of the antibiotic on ejaculation. All bulls given this antibiotic ejaculated without palpable penile engorgement or erection on day 3. On day 7 the rate of spermatozoal motility was increased in the 2 treatment groups compared with the rate in the control bulls. Also on day 7, the percentage of motile spermatozoa was greater in the otc-treated bulls than in the control or OHS-treated bulls. It was concluded that otc at 3× the recommended dosage produced transient adverse effects on the bulls’ response to electroejaculation, but that otherwise these antibiotic treatments did not affect reproductive function of young beef bulls.
Experimental cantharidiasis in the horse
Authors: Shawley Richard V. , Rolf Lester L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Crystalline cantharidin in an alfalfa cake or in aqueous suspension was given to 8 horses at a dosage level of 450 to 489 μg/kg of body weight (group 1) and 2 horses at a dosage level of 720 μg/kg (group 2) via nasogastric tube. Both group 2 horses and 1 group 1 horse died. Horses were evaluated at 6-hour intervals for 36 hours and then again at postcantharidin hours 48. Data evaluation consisted of a comparison of the nonsurvival and survival data to one another and their respective base-line values at each sampling period, irrespective of the route of administration and dosage level. Consistent findings in both groups included significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in cardiac rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature and decreases in total serum Ca, serum Mg, and K concentrations during at least one 6-hour period. Calcium and Mg concentrations were still significantly (P ≤ 0.05) depressed at postcantharidin hours 48, although other electrolytes and physiologic values had returned to base line. Arterial oxygen tension, total protein, serum creatine kinase, arterial CO2, and plasma bicarbonate were depressed in surviving horses during 1 or more periods. The most consistent clinical signs were anorexia and depression; severe gingival and oral mucosal erosions; washing of the muzzle in water; stiff, short-strided gait; and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. One group 2 horse that died had microscopic histopathologic features compatible with blister beetle intoxication.
The data indicated that the only clinical measurement that might differentiate blister beetle disease from other acute abdominal crises including monensin toxicosis, beside finding the beetles in digesta and contaminated hay, was the profound and stable hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. In terms of prognosis, only a continuum of tachycardia, tachypnea, and increasing creatine kinase activity were associated with nonsurviving horses.
Antagonism of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized ponies using neostigmine and edrophonium
Authors: Hildebrand S. V. , Howitt G. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Efficacy of neostigmine (0.04 mg/kg of body weight) and edrophonium (1 mg/kg), as antagonists for pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized ponies, was evaluated. Neostigmine and edrophonium were satisfactory antagonists, with edrophonium having a significantly (P < 0.01) more rapid onset of action than did neostigmine.
Muscarinic activity of neostigmine and edrophonium was also evaluated. Neither antagonist was administered with atropine. Gastrointestinal effects, increased salivation, and increased airway secretions were minimal with edrophonium, but were marked after neostigmine. Blood pressure increased within 1 to 2 minutes of antagonist administration. Heart rate decreased after edrophonium injection, but this occurred after blood pressure increase. Heart rate increased or did not change after neostigmine administration.
Effects of an anabolic steroid on acute uremia in the dog
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Adams D. Daryl 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four groups of dogs made acutely uremic were treated with placebo, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg of an anabolic steroid (3-oxo-Δ1,4 androstadiene-17β-ol-undecylenate). Pretreatment and posttreatment measurements of food intake, body weight, pcv, serum creatinine concentration, plasma albumin concentration, nitrogen balance, lean body mass, and limb circumference did not indicate any beneficial effect of this drug in this model of acute uremia.
Diagnosis of canine Cushing's syndrome based on multiple steroid analysis and dexamethasone turnover kinetics
Authors: Lothrop Clinton D. , Oliver Jack W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A comparison of cortisol concentrations, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimmunoassay, was made in healthy, mixed-breed dogs and in dogs with clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome. Absolute concentration of cortisol was less in resting, dexamethasone-suppressed, and ACTH-stimulated plasma samples, when measured by hplc relative to cortisol concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome could be made using either method. Plasma concentrations of cortisone and corticosterone were determined by hplc. Cortisone and corticosterone concentrations alone were not diagnostic of Cushing's syndrome; but when used in conjunction with cortisol determinations, they provided additional criteria for laboratory confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. The clearance of exogenous dexamethasone used in the dexamethasone-suppression test was examined in the normal and cushingoid dogs. Plasma concentrations of exogenous dexamethasone were constant during the 3-hour test in the normal dogs. However, in 75% of the dogs with Cushing's syndrome, exogenous dexamethasone was cleared completely in the 3-hour test. Thus, dexamethasone clearance rates were excessively fast in most dogs with Cushing's syndrome.
Canine and feline thyroid function assessment with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test
Authors: Lothrop Clinton D. , Tamas Paul M. , Fadok Valerie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A canine and feline pituitary-thyroid function test based on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) stimulation of endogenous thyrotropin is described. Serum thyroxine is measured before and after stimulation with trh. A positive response to trh indicated a functionally intact pituitary-thyroid axis. At trh doses of 0.002 to 10.0 mg/kg of body weight, dose response of serum thyroxine to trh stimulation was determined. Increasing the dose of trh increased the duration, but not the magnitude, of thyroxine stimulation. At trh doses > 0.1 mg/kg, drug side effects were salivation, defecation, urination, vomition, miosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea. A useful procedure for pituitary-thyroid function testing was serum thyroxine measurement before and 6 hours after trh (0.1 mg/kg) stimulation.