bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential localization of carbachol‐ and bicuculline‐sensitive pontine sites for eliciting REM sleep‐like effects in anesthetized rats
Authors: FENIK VICTOR B. , KUBIN LESZEK 
Published: February 2009

SummaryCarbachol, a cholinergic agonist, and GABAAreceptor antagonists injected into the pontine dorsomedial reticular formation can trigger rapid eye movement (REM) sleep‐like state. Data suggest that GABAergic and cholinergic effects interact to produce this effect but the sites where this occurs have not been delineated. In urethane‐anesthetized rats, in which carbachol effectively elicits REM sleep‐like episodes (REMSLE), we tested the ability of 10 nL microinjections of carbachol (10 mm) and bicuculline (0.5 or 2 mm) to elicit REMSLE at 47 sites located within the dorsal pontine reticular formation at the levels ‐8.00 to ‐10.80 from bregma (B) (Paxinos and Watson,The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997). At rostral levels, most carbachol and some bicuculline injections elicited REMSLE with latencies that gradually decreased from 242 to 12 s for carbachol and from 908 to 38 s for bicuculline for more caudal injection sites. As the latencies decreased, the durations of bicuculline‐elicited REMSLE increased from 104 s to over 38 min, and the effect was dose dependent, whereas the duration of carbachol‐elicited REMSLE changed little (104–354 s). Plots of REMSLE latency versus the antero‐posterior coordinates revealed that both drugs were maximally effective near B‐8.80. At levels caudal to B‐8.80, carbachol was effective at few sites, whereas bicuculline‐elicited REMSLE to at least B‐9.30 level. Thus, the bicuculline‐sensitive sites extended further caudally than those for carbachol and antagonism of GABAAreceptors both triggered REMSLE and controlled their duration, whereas carbachol effects on REMSLE duration were small or limited by its concurrent REMSLE‐opposing actions.
The relation between common sleep problems and emotional and behavioral problems among 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds in the context of known risk factors for psychopathology
Authors: REID GRAHAM J. , HONG RYAN Y. , WADE TERRANCE J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe contribution of sleep problems to emotional and behavioral problems among young children within the context of known risk factors for psychopathology was examined. Data on 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds, representative of Canadian children without a chronic illness, from three cross‐sectional cohorts of the Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Child and Youth were analysed (n = 2996, 2822, and 3050). The person most knowledgeable (PMK), usually the mother, provided information about her child, herself, and her family. Predictors included: child health status and temperament; parenting and PMK depressive symptomatology; family demographics (e.g., marital status, income) and functioning. Child sleep problems included night waking and bedtime resistance. Both internalizing/emotional (i.e., anxiety) and externalizing/behavioral problems (i.e., hyperactivity, aggression) were examined. Adjusting for other known risk factors, child sleep problems accounted for a small, but significant, independent proportion of the variance in internalizing and externalizing problems. Structural equation models examining the pathways linking risk factors to sleep problems and emotional and behavioral problems were a good fit of the data. Results were replicated on two additional cross‐sectional samples. The relation between sleep problems and emotional and behavioral problems is independent of other commonly identified risk factors. Among young children, sleep problems are as strong a correlate of child emotional and behavioral problems as PMK depressive symptomatology, a well‐established risk factor for child psychopathology. Adverse parenting and PMK symptomatology, along with difficult temperament all contribute to both sleep problems and emotional and behavioral problems. Children’s sleep problems appear to exacerbate emotional and behavioral problems.
Time course of continuous positive airway pressure effects on central sleep apnoea in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: ARZT MICHAEL , SCHULZ MARTINA , SCHROLL STEPHAN , BUDWEISER STEPHAN , BRADLEY T. DOUGLAS , RIEGGER GÜNTER A. J. , PFEIFER M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) causes a variable immediate reduction in the frequency of central apnoeas and hypopnoeas in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and central sleep apnoea (CSA), but has beneficial mid‐term effects on factors known to destabilize the ventilatory control system. We, therefore, tested whether CPAP therapy leads, in addition to its short‐term effects on CSA, to a significant further alleviation of CSA after 12 weeks of treatment on the same CPAP level in such patients. CPAP therapy was initiated in 10 CHF patients with CSA. During the first night on CPAP, the pressure was stepwise increased to a target pressure of 8–12 cmH2O or the highest level the patients tolerated (<12 cmH2O). Throughout the second night (baseline CPAP), the achieved CPAP of the first night was applied. After 12 weeks of CPAP treatment, we performed a follow‐up polysomnography (12 weeks CPAP) on the same CPAP level (8.6 ± 1.1 cmH20). We found a significant reduction of the apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI) between the diagnostic polysomnography and baseline CPAP night (41.8 ± 19.2 versus 22.2 ± 12.6 events per hour; P = 0.005). The AHI further significantly decreased between the baseline CPAP night and the 12 weeks CPAP night on the same CPAP level (22.2 ± 12.6 versus 12.8 ± 11.0 events per hour; P = 0.028). We conclude that, in addition to its immediate effects, CPAP therapy leads to a time‐dependent alleviation of CSA in some CHF patients, indicating that in such patients neither clinical nor scientific decisions should be based on a short‐term trial of CPAP.
Determining optimal sleep position in patients with positional sleep‐disordered breathing using response surface analysis
Authors: LEE JUNG BOK , PARK YOUNG HWAN , HONG JUNG HWA , LEE SEUNG HOON , JUNG KI HWAN , KIM JE HYUNG , YI HYERYEON , SHIN CHOL 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA lateral position (LP) during sleep is effective in reducing sleep disorder symptoms in mild or moderate sleep apnea patients. However, the effect of head and shoulder posture in LP on reducing sleep disorders has not been reported. In this study, effective sleeping positions and a combination of sleep position determinants were evaluated with respect to their ability to reduce snoring and apnea. The positions evaluated included the following: cervical vertebrae support with head tilting (CVS‐HT), scapula support (SS), and LP. A central composite design was applied for response surface analysis (RSA). Sixteen patients with mild or moderate positional sleep apnea and snoring who underwent polysomnography for two nights were evaluated. Based on an estimated RSA equation, LP (with a rotation of at least 30°) had the most dominant effect [P = 0.0057 for snoring rate, P = 0.0319 for apnea–hypopnea index (AHI)]. In addition, the LP was found to interact with CVS‐HT (P = 0.0423) for snoring rate and CVS‐HT (P = 0.0310) and SS (P = 0.0265) for AHI. The optimal sleep position reduced mild snoring by more than 80% (i.e. snoring rate in the supine position was <20%) and the snoring rate was approximately zero with a 40° rotation. To achieve at least 80% reduction of AHI, LP and SS should be >30° and/or 20 mm respectively. To determine an effective sleep position, CVS‐HT and SS, as well as the degree of the LP, should be concurrently considered in patients with positional sleep apnea or snoring.
Algorithms for sleep–wake identification using actigraphy: a comparative study and new results
Authors: TILMANNE JOËLLE , URBAIN JÉRÔME , KOTHARE MAYURESH V. , WOUWER ALAIN VANDE , KOTHARE SANJEEV V. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate two new scoring algorithms employing artificial neural networks and decision trees for distinguishing sleep and wake states in infants using actigraphy and to validate and compare the performance of the proposed algorithms with known actigraphy scoring algorithms. The study employed previously recorded longitudinal physiological infant data set from the Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation (CHIME) study conducted between 1994 and 1998 [; Sleep26 (1997) 553] at five clinical sites around the USA. The original CHIME data set contains recordings of 1079 infants <1 year old. In our study, we used the overnight polysomnography scored data and ankle actimeter (Alice 3) raw data for 354 infants from this data set. The participants were heterogeneous and grouped into four categories: healthy term, preterm, siblings of SIDS and infants with apparent life‐threatening events (apnea of infancy). The selection of the most discriminant actigraphy features was carried out using Fisher’s discriminant analysis. Approximately 80% of all the epochs were used to train the artificial neural network and decision tree models. The models were then validated on the remaining 20% of the epochs. The use of artificial neural networks and decision trees was able to capture potentially nonlinear classification characteristics, when compared to the previously reported linear combination methods and hence showed improved performance. The quality of sleep–wake scoring was further improved by including more wake epochs in the training phase and by employing rescoring rules to remove artifacts. The large size of the database (approximately 337 000 epochs for 354 patients) provided a solid basis for determining the efficacy of actigraphy in sleep scoring. The study also suggested that artificial neural networks and decision trees could be much more routinely utilized in the context of clinical sleep search.
Incidence and pattern of unintentional injuries and resulting disability among children under 5 years of age: results of the National Health Survey of Pakistan
Authors: Fatmi Zafar , Kazi Ambreen , Hadden Wilbur C. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Razzak Junaid A. , Pappas Gregory 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNational estimates of injuries for children under 5 years based on population representative surveys are not readily available globally and have not been reported for developing countries. This study estimated the annual incidence, pattern and distribution of unintentional injuries according to age, gender, socio‐economic status, urban/rural residence and disability caused among children aged under 5 years in Pakistan. The National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP 1990–94) is a nationally representative survey of households to assess the health profile of the country. A two‐stage stratified design was used to select 3223 children under 5 years of age for interview and examination. Data were used for boys and girls in urban and rural areas over the preceding year. A community development index was developed to assess the relationship between socio‐economic status and injuries. Weighted estimates were computed adjusting for complex survey design using surveyfreq and surveylogistic option of SAS 9.1 software. Post hoc power calculations were made for each variable keeping the design effect at 3.0.The overall annual incidence of unintentional injuries was 47.8 [95% CI 36.6, 59.0] per 1000 per year; 50.2 [95% CI 37.0, 63.4] and 45.2 [95% CI 29.4, 61.0] per 1000 per year among boys and girls under 5 years of age respectively. An estimated 1.1 million unintentional injuries occur in Pakistan annually among these children. Injury rates increase with age among the under‐5s. Urban and rural injuries were 56.1 [95% CI 33.5, 78.7] and 44.1 [95% CI 31.1, 57.1] per 1000 per year respectively. The children living in least developed communities had almost 3 times higher risks of injuries than most developed communities. The annual incidence of types of injuries were: falls 28.7 [95% CI 19.5, 37.9], cuts/bruises 9.7 [95% CI 5.3, 14.1] and burns 6.6 [95% CI 3.0, 10.2] per 1000 per year. Falls were the most common type of injury (60%) followed by cuts/bruises (21%) and burns (14%). The majority of injuries occur at home (85%), with just 10% due to road traffic. Road traffic injuries and injuries to the female child were more likely to result in disability. There is a high burden of unintentional injuries and disability among children under 5 in Pakistan. These results are useful for planning further research and for prioritising prevention programmes nationally and in other developing countries with similar situation.
Gamma‐ray radiation induced dwarf mutants of turf‐type bermudagrass
Authors: Lu S. , Wang Z. , Niu Y. , Chen Y. , Chen H. , Fan Z. , Lin J. , Yan K. , Guo Z. , Li H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo generate new breed lines of bermudagrass and reduce management costs of turfgrass, gamma‐ray irradiation was used for induction of dwarf mutants from a native bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) germplasm. Three dwarf‐type mutant lines (7‐9, 10‐5 and 10‐12) were isolated from 3000 irradiated stolons. The data from 3‐year greenhouse tests and 2‐year field tests indicated that the dwarf mutant lines had lower canopy height, shorter internodes and shorter leaves. The line 7‐9 had a similar turf coverage rate to the wild‐type control, while the lines 10‐5 and 10‐12 had a slower turf coverage rate than the wild‐type control. Under drought stress, all three dwarf mutant lines maintained higher relative water content and lower ion leakage than the wild type in the greenhouse tests. The field tests showed that the dwarf mutant lines had lower leaf firing during a progressive drying of soil. Our results indicated that bermudagrass mutants induced by gamma radiation exhibited dwarf characteristics and improved drought resistance, which was probably associated with unbalance of plant hormones in vivo.
The barley thaumatin‐like protein Hv‐TLP8 enhances resistance of oilseed rape plants to Plasmodiophora brassicae
Authors: Reiss E. , Schubert J. , Scholze P. , Krämer R. , Sonntag K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA barley cDNA for the thaumatin‐like protein Hv‐TLP8 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter was introduced into oilseed rape (Brassica napus) via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Some transgenic lines were obtained which exhibited enhanced resistance to the clubroot pathogen (Plasmodiophora brassicae). To increase resistance, double haploid (DH) lines were generated from these transgenic plants. Of these, DH‐line 189 showed stable inheritance of the transgenic trait and its associated resistance for at least three generations.
Japanese clinical guidelines for juvenile orthostatic dysregulation version 1
Authors: Tanaka Hidetaka , Fujita Yukihiko , Takenaka Yoshito , Kajiwara Souhei , Masutani Satoshi , Ishizaki Yuko , Matsushima Reiko , Shiokawa Hirosato , Shiota Madoka , Ishitani Nobuo , Kajiura Mitsugu , Honda Kazuo ,   Task Force of Clinical Guidelines for Child Orthostatic Dysregulation, Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Pediatrics
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of school‐aged children and juveniles with orthostatic dysregulation (OD), usually named orthostatic intolerance in USA and Europe. This guideline is intended for use by primary care clinicians working in primary care settings. The guideline contains the following recommendations for diagnosis of OD: (i) initial evaluation composed of including and excluding criteria, the assessment of no evidence of other disease including cardiac disease and so on; (ii) a new orthostatic test to determine four different subsets: instantaneous orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, neurally mediated syncope and delayed orthostatic hypotension; (iii) evaluation of severity; and (iv) judgment of psychosocial background with the use of rating scales. The guideline also contains the following recommendations for treatment of OD on the basis of the result of an orthostatic test in addition to psychosocial assessment: (i) guidance and education for parents and children; (ii) non‐pharmacological treatments; (iii) contact with school personnel; (iv) use of adrenoceptor stimulants and other medications; (v) strategies of psychosocial intervention; and (vi) psychotherapy. This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of children with OD. Rather, it is designed to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for decision making of diagnosis and treatments.
Accumbal dopamine and serotonin activity throughout acquisition and expression of place conditioning: correlative relationships with preference and aversion
Authors: Weitemier Adam Z. , Murphy Niall P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe ability of addictive drugs to induce adaptations in mesolimbic dopamine (DA) activity offers an attractive neurobiological explanation for enhanced incentive motivation toward drug‐associated stimuli in addiction. However, direct evidence supporting this is sparse. By tracking neurochemical activity within the mouse nucleus accumbens via microdialysis during repeated pairing of morphine with environmental stimuli, we reveal a predictive relationship between enhanced DA responses to morphine and subsequent preference towards a morphine‐paired stimulus. A similar relationship for serotonin (5‐HT) was observed, suggesting that these neuromodulatory systems work in concert. During expression of preference towards a morphine‐paired stimulus, extracellular DA was not enhanced but was negatively associated with this behavior on a subject‐by‐subject basis. In contrast, avoidance of an aversively‐paired stimulus (the opiate antagonist naloxone) was associated with enhanced extracellular DA levels, and also the balance between DA and 5‐HT responses. These findings reveal a tangible predictive relationship between drug‐induced neural adaptations and conditioned behavior, and emphasize that DA activity is not generalized to all subcomponents of behavior conditioned by addictive drugs. They further provide evidence for an active role of DA–5‐HT interactions in the expression of learned behavior.
Granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor promotes survival of dopaminergic neurons in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐induced murine Parkinson’s disease model
Authors: Kim Na K. , Choi Byung H. , Huang Xian , Snyder Brian J. , Bukhari Shefqat , Kong Tae‐Ho , Park Hyeonseon , Park Hyung C. , Park So R. , Ha Yoon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGranulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that has the potential for clinical application. The biological effects of GM‐CSF have been well characterized, and include stimulation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. In contrast, the therapeutic effects of GM‐CSF on the central nervous system in acute injury such as stroke and spinal cord injury have been reported only recently. To better understand the protective effect of GM‐CSF on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD), we investigated the effect of GM‐CSF on the survival of dopamine neurons and changes in locomotor behavior in a murine PD model. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of GM‐CSF in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐treated PC12 cells as well as in embryonic mouse primary mesencephalic neurons (PMNs) in vitro. To investigate the role of GM‐CSF in vivo, we prepared a mouse 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD model, and examined the effects of GM‐CSF on dopaminergic neuron survival in the substantia nigra and on locomotor behavior. Treatment with GM‐CSF significantly reduced MPP+‐induced dopaminergic cell death in PC12 cells and PMNs in vitro. GM‐CSF modulated the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins, Bcl‐2 and Bax, in vitro. Furthermore, administration of GM‐CSF (50 μg/kg body weight/day) in vivo for 7 days protected dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and improved locomotor behavior in a mouse MPTP model of PD.
PPAR‐gamma‐mediated neuroprotection in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Schintu Nicoletta , Frau Lucia , Ibba Marcello , Caboni Pierluigi , Garau Arianna , Carboni Ezio , Carta Anna R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRosiglitazone is a commonly prescribed insulin‐sensitizing drug with a selective agonistic activity on the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ). PPAR‐γ can modulate inflammatory responses in the brain, and agonists might be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study we used a chronic 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid (MPTPp) mouse model of progressive Parkinson’s disease (PD) to assess the therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone on behavioural impairment, neurodegeneration and inflammation. Mice chronically treated with MPTPp displayed typical features of PD, including impairment of motor and olfactory functions associated with partial loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), decrease of dopamine (DA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content and dynorphin (Dyn) mRNA levels in the caudate‐putamen (CPu), intense microglial and astroglial response in the SNc and CPu. Chronic rosiglitazone, administered in association with MPTPp, completely prevented motor and olfactory dysfunctions and loss of TH‐positive cells in the SNc. In the CPu, loss of striatal DA was partially prevented, whereas decreases in DOPAC content and Dyn were fully counteracted. Moreover, rosiglitazone completely inhibited microglia reactivity in SNc and CPu, as measured by CD11b immunostaining, and partially inhibited astroglial response assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. Measurement of striatal MPP+ levels 2, 4, 6 h and 3 days after chronic treatment indicated that MPTP metabolism was not altered by rosiglitazone. The results support the use of PPAR‐γ agonists as a putative anti‐inflammatory therapy aimed at arresting PD progression, and suggest that assessment in PD clinical trials is warranted.
Bulbar urethral ligation for managing persistent urinary incontinence in young men with myelomeningocele
Authors: Meeks Joshua J. , Hagerty Jennifer A. , Chaviano Antonio H. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVETo report our experience with ligation of the bulbar urethra for treating refractory stress incontinence in a selected group of young men with neuropathic bladders secondary to myelomeningocele (MM), in whom primary anti‐incontinence procedures had failed.PATIENTS AND METHODSPersistent urethral incontinence leading to chronic perineal skin ulceration can occur in these patients, despite aggressive medical and surgical efforts to decrease wetting by increasing bladder capacity, compliance and outlet resistance. Four young men with MM had bulbar urethral ligation; all had undergone a previous ileocystoplasty and functioning continent catheterizable channels (CCC, three appendicovesicostomies, one Monti procedure). Three patients had primary bladder neck procedures using rectus fascia slings, and secondary attempts were made at urethral bulking in two patients. All patients had persistent incontinence through their native urethra, with dry intervals of <2 h.RESULTSThe bulbar urethra was ligated through a small midline perineal incision at 1 year after augmentation, and successfully resolved incontinence in all four patients. All reported satisfaction with their bladder regimen at a mean (range) follow‐up of 49 (20–93) months. There were no perineal wound infections. While one patient developed bladder calculi, no patient developed urethral stones, febrile urinary tract infections, fistulae or bladder perforations.CONCLUSIONSWe report the results of bulbar urethral ligation for resolution of incontinence in patients with MM in whom anti‐incontinence bladder neck procedures had failed. Ligation of the urethra is effective, and can be considered an alternative treatment for refractory urinary incontinence in patients with a functional CCC in whom previous bladder neck‐supporting procedures have failed.