bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peat carbon stocks in the southern Mackenzie River Basin: uncertainties revealed in a high‐resolution case study
Authors: BEILMAN DAVID W. , VITT DALE H. , BHATTI JAGTAR S. , FOREST SILVIE 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe organic carbon (C) stocks contained in peat were estimated for a wetland‐rich boreal region of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada, using high‐resolution wetland map data, available peat C characteristic and peat depth datasets, and geostatistics. Peatlands cover 32% of the 25 119 km2 study area, and consist mainly of surface‐ and/or groundwater‐fed treed peatlands. The thickness of peat deposits measured at 203 sites was 2.5 m on average but as deep as 6 m, and highly variable between sites. Peat depths showed little relationship with terrain data within 1 and 5 km, but were spatially autocorrelated, and were generalized using ordinary kriging. Polygon‐scale calculations and Monte Carlo simulations yielded a total peat C stock of 982–1025 × 1012 g C that varied in C mass per unit area between 53 and 165 kg m−2. This geostatistical approach showed as much as 10% more peat C than calculations using mean depths. We compared this estimate with an overlapping 7868 km2 portion of an independent peat C stock estimate for western Canada, which revealed similar values for total peatland area, total C stock, and total peat C mass per unit area. However, agreement was poor within ∼875 km2 grids owing to inconsistencies in peatland cover and little relationship in peat depth between estimates. The greatest disagreement in mean peat C mass per unit area occurred in grids with the largest peatland cover, owing to the spatial coincidence of large cover and deep peat in our high‐resolution assessment. We conclude that total peat C stock estimates in the southern Mackenzie Basin and perhaps in boreal western Canada are likely of reasonable accuracy. However, owing to uncertainties particularly in peat depth, the quality of information regarding the location of these large stocks at scales as wide as several hundreds of square kilometers is presently much more limited.
Delay from symptoms to carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Johansson E. P. , Wester P. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.Objectives.  To investigate the time between cerebrovascular symptom and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), what prolongs this time and if and when the patients suffer additional cerebrovascular events.Design.  Observational.Setting.  Single Centre study at a specialized Stroke Centre.Subjects.  A total of 275 patients with ≥50% symptomatic carotid stenosis (according to the NASCET‐criteria) between 1 January 2004 and 31 March 2006.Main outcome measures.  Time between cerebrovascular symptom and CEA, time between different parts of the investigation, additional cerebrovascular symptoms before CEA and as perioperative complication.Results.  A total of 128 patients underwent CEA. The median time between symptom and CEA was 11.7 weeks in the beginning and 6.9 weeks at the end of the study. Seven per cent were operated within 2 weeks and 11% between 2 and 4 weeks after their cerebrovascular symptom. The time delays were most pronounced between symptom onset and arrival at the Umeå Stroke Centre from the secondary hospitals and between the decision to recommend CEA and the CEA. Twenty‐eight per cent of the patients who were intended for surgery suffered additional cerebrovascular events, 1.4% suffered a major stroke which excluded the indication of CEA and 3.0% of the CEA patients suffered a stroke with functional dependence within 30 days of the operation.Conclusions.  The delay between symptom and CEA was substantially longer than the desired 2 weeks. Many patients suffered additional cerebrovascular events before CEA. The risk of a severe additional stroke before CEA was about the same as the risk of a severe complication from the CEA.
Psychiatric mental health nursing: challenge and change
Authors: PEPLAU H. E. 
Published: February 2008

Editor's note. We invited Dr Peplau to provide a personal reflection on the recent history of psychiatric nursing and her thoughts on immediate challenges facing the profession. The paper is an individual scholar's commentary on the way that psychiatry has waxed and waned over the years, in relation to nursing. This historical review discovers and reports a challenge to current practice. Dr Peplau describes a professional shift that is pulling nurses toward the subordinate role observed earlier this century. The paper draws attention to how contemporary practice can be positively influenced, e.g., by giving a structure to the allocation and conduct of nurse–patient time.
User satisfaction with in‐patient mental health services
Authors: LOVELL K. 
Published: February 2008

User satisfaction with in‐patient mental health services.Although a wealth of literature regarding lay evaluation or satisfaction with health services exists, a paucity of literature is available about satisfaction with mental health services. Much of this literature is fraught with methodological problems. The study described, using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, investigated how users of in‐patient mental health services evaluated these services with particular reference to the areas of the admission process, treatment, ward environment and safety. The findings confirmed the broad outcomes reported in the literature, in that they demonstrated the mismatch between quantitative and qualitative data. Global satisfaction ratings were generally positive; however, more specific questions yielded less positive outcomes. Semi‐structured interviews reported some important areas of dissatisfaction, including a lack of information regarding treatment and services. Fears relating to safety were expressed equally by male and female users. Further work in this area is required with larger samples, and with specific reference to the experience of ethnic minorities and those detained under the Mental Health Act.
Suicide and parasuicide: a selected review of the literature
Authors: McGAUGHEY J. , LONG A. , HARRISSON S. 
Published: February 2008

Suicide and parasuicide: a selected review of the literature.The increase in adolescent suicides has prompted the World Health Organization to set targets to reduce the incidence of deaths by the year 2000. In order to achieve this target further investigation into the perceptions of adolescent parasuicidal individuals is required to reduce the number of suicide attempts. Statistical evidence shows that parasuicidal individuals are commonly females who attempt suicide by taking an overdose. In the majority of cases help has been sought within the month prior to the attempt. Following an attempt many individuals feel isolated or ignored by health professionals. It appears that communication difficulties and negative attitudes by health professionals often reinforce the stigma associated with suicide. Nurses can contribute to the prevention of parasuicide/suicide by actively providing therapeutic care and counselling parasuicidal individuals to help them deal with major life events.
Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using behavioural psychotherapy: a single case example
Authors: TOLCHARD B. 
Published: February 2008

Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using behavioural psychotherapy: a single case example.This paper describes the clinical condition of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) and outlines some of the causes for the condition and its possible treatments. It describes a single case demonstrating the effectiveness of one type of treatment, namely habit reversal. Finally the implications of the condition's classification as a psychiatric disorder are discussed as is the possibility that other health care professionals may be able to help in the treatment of such cases.
Catharsis: a literature review
Authors: KETTLES A. 
Published: February 2008

A review of the catharsis literature by its nature must begin with an examination of its development from emotion. This allows us to understand why so much controversy surrounds catharsis as a therapeutic notion. The study of emotion and its various facets, such as the role of language and gender differences, are discussed. Definitions of catharsis and an examination of the evidence for the three major forms of catharsis follow. This enables the relevance of catharsis as a stress management technique in the self‐care of nurses and other healthcare professionals to be examined.The review concludes that there is a paucity of mental health nursing evidence to support the value of catharsis as a skilled nursing intervention. The existing inconclusive evidence from other sources, such as psychology, does tend to support the use of catharsis in some situations. Finally, recommendations for particular aspects of future catharsis research are also suggested.
How can clinical supervision become a real vision for the future?
Authors: MORCOM C. , HUGHES R. 
Published: February 2008

How can clinical supervision become a real vision for the future?Clinical supervision is increasingly cited as being a necessary part of the work and development of all nurses. This paper discusses an educational programme offered to nurses in one particular Trust and outlines the course philosophy, content, organization and background to this development. Emphasis is placed on the importance of clinical supervision, the student‐centred approach to course delivery, and the need to recognize the importance of adequate training and education for all nurses in this area.
Scatolia: psychosis to protest
Authors: MASON T. 
Published: February 2008

This paper presents the case of a female patient in a special hospital who engaged in faecal smearing whilst in seclusion, A management investigation followed a complaint by a Nurse Manager regarding the reluctance of staff to clean the room whilst the patient remained disturbed. The investigation team adopted a triangulated method of interviews, literature review, survey and case presentations to study the issues involved.The results presented here suggest the emergence of similar issues from both the interview commentary and the tabulated data from the survey. There apppears an intricate and complex dilemma facing those managing situations involving scatolic behaviour. There are issues of concern from diverse organizational settings that overlap between those persons who engage in scatolia who may be deemed mentally impaired, psychiatrically disordered, or protest behaviour.
Photometric properties of the Local Volume dwarf galaxies
Authors: Sharina M. E. , Karachentsev I. D. , Dolphin A. E. , Karachentseva V. E. , Tully R. Brent , Karataeva G. M. , Makarov D. I. , Makarova L. N. , Sakai S. , Shaya E. J. , Nikolaev E. Yu. , Kuznetsov A. N. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present surface photometry and metallicity measurements for 104 nearby dwarf galaxies imaged with the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition, we carried out photometry for 26 galaxies of the sample and for Sextans B on images of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Our sample comprises dwarf spheroidal, irregular and transition type galaxies located within ∼10 Mpc in the field and in nearby groups: M81, Centaurus A, Sculptor and Canes Venatici I cloud. It is found that the early-type galaxies have on average higher metallicity at a given luminosity in comparison to the late-type objects. Dwarf galaxies with MB≥−12 to −13 mag deviate towards larger scalelengths from the scalelength–luminosity relation common for spiral galaxies, h∝L0.5B. The following correlations between fundamental parameters of the galaxies are consistent with expectations if there is pronounced gas loss through galactic winds: (1) between the luminosity of early-type dwarf galaxies and the mean metallicity of constituent red giant branch stars, Z∼L0.4, (2) between mean surface brightness within the 25 mag arcsec−2 isophote and the corresponding absolute magnitude in the V and I bands, SB 25∼ 0.3M25 and (3) between the central surface brightness (or effective surface brightness) and integrated absolute magnitude of galaxies in the V and I bands, SB0∼ 0.5ML, SB e∼ 0.5 Me. The knowledge of basic photometric parameters for a large sample of dwarf galaxies is essential for a better understanding of their evolution.
A critical role for ureides in dark and senescence‐induced purine remobilization is unmasked in the Atxdh1 Arabidopsis mutant
Authors: Brychkova Galina , Alikulov Zerekbai , Fluhr Robert , Sagi Moshe 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe remobilization of metabolites during stress and senescence plays an important role in optimal plant adaptation to the environment. The plant molybdenum co‐factor (MoCo) and flavin‐containing enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH; EC 1.2.1.37) are pivotal for purine remobilization, and catalyze the conversion of the purine catabolic products hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, which is subsequently degraded to the ureides allantoin and allantoate. We observed that in wild‐type plants conditions of extended darkness or increasing leaf age caused induction of transcripts related to purine catabolism, resulting in marked accumulation of the purine catabolic products allantoin and allantoate. In contrast, Arabidopsis mutants of XDH, Atxdh1, accumulated xanthine and showed premature senescence symptoms, as exemplified by enhanced chlorophyll degradation, extensive cell death and upregulation of senescence‐related transcripts. When dark‐treated mutant lines were re‐exposed to light, they showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a higher mortality rate compared with wild‐type plants. Interestingly, the level of ROS and mortality could be attenuated by the addition of allantoin and allantoate, suggesting that these metabolites can act as scavengers of ROS. The results highlight a crucial need for the controlled maintenance of ureide levels mediated by AtXDH1 activity during dark stress and ageing, and point to the dual functionality of ureides as efficient stores of nitrogen and as cellular protectants. Thus, the regulation of ureide levels by Atxdh1 has general implications for optimal plant survival during nutrient remobilization, such as occurs during normal growth, dark stress and senescence.
Cellular prion protein co‐localizes with nAChR β4 subunit in brain and gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Petrakis S. , Irinopoulou T. , Panagiotidis C. H. , Engelstein R. , Lindstrom J. , Orr‐Urtreger A. , Gabizon R. , Grigoriadis N. , Sklaviadis T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPrPC, the cellular isoform of prion protein, is widely expressed in most tissues, including brain, muscle and gastrointestinal tract. Despite its involvement in several bioprocesses, PrP has still no apparent physiological role. During propagation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), prion protein is converted to the pathological isoform, PrPSc, in a process believed to be mediated by unknown host factors. The identification of proteins associated with PrP may provide information about both the biology of prions and the pathogenesis of TSE. Thus far, PrPC has been shown to interact with synaptic proteins, components of the cytoskeleton and intracellular proteins involved in signalling pathways. Here, we describe the association of PrP with the β4 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), as indicated by co‐immunoprecipitation assays and double‐label immunofluorescence. The interaction between prion protein and native β4 subunit was further studied by affinity chromatography, using immobilized and refolded recombinant PrP as a bait and brain homogenates from normal individuals. Additionally, the participation of β4 subunit in the pathogenesis of TSE was studied by in vivo assays. β4–/– and wild‐type mice were challenged with the RML (Rocky Mountain Laboratories) infectious agent. Transgenic animals displayed altered incubation times but the deletion of β4 subunit did not result in a significant change of the incubation period of the disease. Our results suggest that PrPC is a member of a multiprotein membrane complex participating in the formation and function of α3β4 nAChR.
Blunted neurogenesis and gliosis due to transgenic overexpression of human soluble IL‐1ra in the mouse
Authors: Spulber Stefan , Oprica Mircea , Bartfai Tamas , Winblad Bengt , Schultzberg Marianne 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInterleukin‐1 (IL‐1) is one of the most important cytokines in neuroinflammation, in acute conditions as well as during natural ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Using a transgenic mouse strain with brain‐directed overexpression of IL‐1 receptor antagonist (Tg hsIL‐1ra), we show that blocking IL‐1 receptor‐mediated activity resulted in abolishing the alterations in neurogenesis in response to acute and chronic neuroinflammation. In addition, using a novel approach to quantifying glial activation, we show that expression of the astrocyte cytoskeletal marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) following kainic acid (KA)‐induced seizures or during ageing did not change in Tg hsIL‐1ra animals. Nevertheless, the astrocyte morphology showed major alterations, consisting of fragmentation of the processes in Tg hsIL‐1ra mice. Similarly, although there was a higher degree of basal microglial activation in the transgenic mice than wild‐type animals, there was no change following KA‐induced seizures or with ageing. Taken together, our results indicate that IL‐1 is crucial for the adaptability of the brain to acute and chronic neuroinflammation.
Involvement of dopamine receptors and β‐arrestin in metamphetamine‐induced inclusions formation in pc12 cells
Authors: Fornai Francesco , Lenzi Paola , Capobianco Loredana , Iacovelli Luisa , Scarselli Pamela , Lazzeri Gloria , De Blasi Antonio 
Published: February 2008

AbstractExposure of PC12 cells to metamphetamine (MA) induces the formation of multilamellar structures (whorls) resembling autophagic granules that subsequently develop as intracellular inclusions. These inclusions stain for a variety of antigens belonging to the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Since MA‐induced intracellular bodies require the presence of dopamine in the present study we analyzed the role of dopamine (DA) receptors in producing neuronal inclusions. Moreover, we investigated potential signaling pathways which could lead to ubiquitination in the presence of MA. Based on recent reports that ubiquitination of β‐adrenergic receptors is promoted by β‐arrestin which shuttles proteins from the plasma membrane to the ubiquitin proteasome system we investigated whether β‐arrestin is involved in MA‐induced inclusion formation. Our experiments document that (i) β‐arrestin was associated with MA‐induced intracellular bodies; (ii) MA induced a rapid and reversible ubiquitination of β‐arrestin; (iii) dopamine antagonists reduced both MA‐induced β‐arrestin ubiquitination and intracellular whorls formation; (iv) the number of MA‐induced intracellular bodies was reduced in cells transfected with the β‐arrestin dominant negative mutant, βarrV53D and was increased by the persistently ubiquitinated β‐arrestin‐ubiquitin fusion protein. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the involvement of β‐arrestin in MA‐induced intracellular bodies and the participation of dopamine receptors in this process.
Consequences of slotting on the pore characteristics of a sandy soil in northeast Thailand
Authors: Hartmann C. , Lesturgez G. , Sindhusen P. , Ratana‐Anupap S. , Hallaire V. , Bruand A. , Poss R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the sandy soils of northeast Thailand, root development is generally limited to the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) but a simple slotting intervention (20–40 cm) significantly increased the root frequency in the slotted material (Eslot) compared with the undisturbed subsoil (E horizon). The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of slotting on the soil structure by analysing at different scales the pore characteristics of the original soil profile and of the soil material inside the slot. These characteristics were studied using bulk density measurements, image analysis of thin sections and mercury porosimetry. Our results showed that the total porosity of the E horizon and Eslot material was similar when measured in 100 cm3 cylinders, but that the pore size distribution had been changed by slotting. The unaltered E horizon contained mainly small pores characterized by a narrow distribution related to close packing of the sand grains, associated with some biological macropores probably with poor continuity as they did not contain roots despite their size. On average, pores were larger in the Eslot material, with a broader distribution resulting from looser packing of the sand grains but with fewer biological macropores. Although slotting reduced the number of biological pores, the looser packing appeared to be more favourable to root development than the presence of macropores in the E horizon. Finally, the comparison of the porosity in the different horizons with the porosity of the Eslot material, indicated the significance of the closeness of the sand packing on root development.
White matter angiopathy is common in pediatric patients with intractable focal epilepsies
Authors: Hildebrandt Michelle , Amann Kerstin , Schröder Rolf , Pieper Tom , Kolodziejczyk Dieter , Holthausen Hans , Buchfelder Michael , Stefan Hermann , Blumcke Ingmar 
Published: February 2008

Summary
Purpose: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) and functional organization of blood vessels is severely affected in many epilepsy disorders. This was repetitively shown with respect to the cause, effect and treatment of seizures. In the present study, we investigated pathomorphological abnormalities of blood vessels in a cohort of young patients with chronic intractable seizures submitted to an epilepsy surgery program.
Methods: Histopathological examination was performed in surgical specimens obtained from 87 children with intractable epilepsies. Immunohistochemistry was employed to further characterize the basal membrane as well as specific cellular and tissue reactions. Pathological findings were correlated with clinical data including antiepileptic drug prescription.
Results: We identified an intriguing pattern of white matter angiopathy in 64.4% of our patient cohort. Major alterations included splitting of the basal membrane into endothelial and parenchymal leaves, which was restricted to arterioles and capillaries of the white matter and resulted in an extensively enlarged perivascular space. These cavities contained numerous blood cells and showed a spongiform appearance at the ultrastructural level. Angiopathic changes occurred independent from specific epilepsy‐associated lesions, i.e., dysplasia, neoplasia, or hippocampal sclerosis, and showed no correlation with antiepileptic drug treatment or seizure semiologies.
Discussion: A high frequency of spongiform white matter angiopathy was identified in young patients with chronic epilepsies. The severity of basal membrane pathology and adjacent tissue reaction is compatible with compromised BBB function. Further clinicopathological investigations will be mandatory to clarify its relation to the cause or consequence of seizures in children with intractable seizures.