bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Oxidative Ring Contraction of 1,5,3,7-Dichalcogenadiazocanes. Novel Formation of 1,2,4-Diselenazolidines, 1,2,4-Ditellurazolidines, and 1,2,3,4,5,7-Pentathiazocanes
Authors: Takikawa Yuji , Koyama Yutaka , Yoshida Takamasa , Makino Kenshiro , Shibuya Hiroki , Sato Kazuto , Otsuka Tatsuya , Shibata Yuko , Onuma Yuki , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Shimada Kazuaki , Kabuto Chizuko 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
1,5,3,7-Dithiadiazocanes, 1,5,3,7-diselenadiazocanes, and 1,5,3,7-ditelluradiazocanes were prepared from a primary amine, formalin, and H2S, NaSeH, or NaTeH, respectively. Oxidation of 1,5,3,7-diselenadiazocanes and 1,5,3,7-ditelluradiazocanes using NBS efficiently afforded 1,2,4-diselenazolidines or 1,2,4-ditellurazolidines, respectively. In contrast, treatment of 1,5,3,7-dithiadiazocanes with bromine-elemental sulfur or disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2) afforded 1,2,3,4,5,7-pentathiazocanes. An unusual oxidative conversion of 1,5,3,7-dichalcogenadiazocanes into these products was assumed to proceed through in situ formation of 1,5,3,7-dichalcogenadiazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-type dications.
Functionalized Calix[4]resorcinarene Cavitands. Versatile Platforms for the Modular Construction of Extended Molecular Switches
Authors: Azov Vladimir A , Schlegel Anna , Diederich François 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We report the synthesis and investigation of the vase–kite conformational switching of bridged calix[4]resorcinarene-based cavitands bearing iodo or ethynyl substituents on the upper rim of the cavity. These reactive centers make the cavitands versatile platforms for further modular extension by means of Sonogashira cross-couplings, thereby enabling the construction of diverse functional architectures that are switchable between two highly restricted conformations and that undergo geometrically defined expansions/contractions on the multi-nanometer scale. This is illustrated by attachment of oligo(phenyleneethynyl) fragments, bearing terminal donor and acceptor BODIPY (dipyrrometheneboron difluoride) dyes, to a diiodo-substituted cavitand. The multi-nanometer-sized switching motion between the expanded kite and the contracted vase states, induced by temperature or pH changes, was proven by 1H NMR spectroscopy and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) measurements. The cavitand system, with its modular construction scheme, holds promise to become a general tool for controlled on/off switching of excimer and exciplex formation, PET (photoinduced electron-transfer), or other processes and for investigating the distance dependence of the underlying intermolecular interactions.
Fabrication and Photocatalytic Activity of Fullerodendron/CaCO3 Composites
Authors: Talukdar Bandana , Takaguchi Yutaka , Yanagimoto Yasushi , Tsuboi Sadao , Ichihara Masahiro , Ohta Kazuchika 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Novel composite materials consisting of fullerodendrons and CaCO3 particles were fabricated to have better efficiency as photosensitizers in singlet photooxygenation reactions compared to pristine fullerodendrons. Moreover, fullerodendrons in composites demonstrate the ability to control CaCO3 polymorphism through formation of thermodynamically least stable form of CaCO3: vaterite.
Clay-Sized Minerals in Permafrost-Affected Soils (Cryosols) From King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Simas Felipe N. B. , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G. R. , Melo Vander F. , Guerra Marcelo B. B. , Saunders Martin , Gilkes Robert J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCryosols from Maritime Antarctica have been less studied than soils from continental areas of Antarctica. In this work X-ray diffraction, difference X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and selective chemical dissolution were used to characterize the clay fraction of basaltic, acid sulfate and ornithogenic Cryosols from ice-free areas of Admiralty Bay, King George Island. Non-crystalline phases are important soil components and reach >75% of the clay fraction for some ornithogenic soils. Randomly interstratified smectite-hydroxy-Al-interlayered smectite is the main clay mineral of basaltic soils. Kaolinite, chlorite and regularly interstratified illite-smectite predominate in acid sulfate soils. Jarosite is also an important component of the clay fraction in these soils. Crystalline Al and Fe phosphates occur in the clay at sites directly affected by penguin activity and the chemical characteristics of these ornithogenic sites are controlled by highly reactive, non-crystalline Al, Si, Fe and P phases. Chemical weathering is an active process in Cryosols in Maritime Antarctica and is enhanced by the presence of sulfides for some parent materials, and faunal activity.
Some Successful Approaches to Quantitative Mineral Analysis as Revealed by the 3rd Reynolds Cup Contest
Authors: Omotoso Oladipo , McCarty Douglas K. , Hillier Stephen , Kleeberg Reinhard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDetails of the quantitative techniques successfully applied to artificial rock mixtures distributed for the third Clay Minerals Society Reynolds Cup (RC) contest are presented. Participants each received three samples, two containing 17 minerals each and a third containing ten minerals. The true composition of the samples was unknown to all participants during the contest period. The results submitted were ranked by summing the deviations from the actual compositions (bias). The top three finishers used mainly X-ray diffraction (XRD) for identification and quantification. The winner obtained an average bias of 11.3% per sample by using an internal standard and modified single-line reference intensity ratio (RIR) method based on pure mineral standards. Full-pattern fitting by genetic algorithm was used to measure the integrated intensity of the diagnostic single-line reflections chosen for quantification. Elemental-composition optimization was used separately to constrain phase concentrations that were uncertain because the reference mineral standards were lacking or not ideal. Cation exchange capacity, oriented-sample XRD analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were also used as supplementary techniques. The second-place finisher obtained an average bias of 13.9%, also by using an RIR method, but without an added internal standard and with intensity measured by whole-pattern fitting. The third-place finisher, who obtained an average bias of 15.3%, used the Rietveld method for quantification and identification of minor phases (using difference plots). This participant also used scanning electron microscopy (with X-ray microanalysis) to identify minor components and verify the composition of structures used in Rietveld analysis. As in the previous contests, successful quantification appears to be more dependent on analyst experience than on the analytical technique or software used.
Improvement of bacteria detection by flow cytometry (BDFC) / Verbesserter Nachweis von Bakterien mittels Durchflusszytometrie
Authors: Wahl Alexandra , Karo Oliver , Nicol Sven-Boris , Brachert Julia , Lambrecht Bernd , Spengler Hans-Peter , Nauwelaers Frans , Schmidt Michael , Müller Thomas H. , Montag Thomas 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Since bacterial infection of the recipient has become the most frequent infection risk in transfusion medicine, suitable methods for bacteria detection in blood components are of great interest. Platelet concentrates are currently in the focus of attention as they are stored under temperature conditions, which enable the multiplication of most bacteria species contaminating blood donations. Rapid methods for bacteria detection allow testing immediately before transfusion in a bedside-like manner. This approach would overcome the sampling error observed in early sampling combined with culturing of bacteria and would at least prevent the transfusion of highly contaminated blood components leading to acute septic shock or even death of the patient.
Flow cytometry has been demonstrated to be a rapid and feasible approach for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates. The general aim of the current study is to develop protocols for the application of this technique under routine conditions. The effect of improved test reagents on practicability and sensitivity of the method is evaluated. Furthermore, the implementation of fluorescent absolute count beads as an internal standard is demonstrated. A simplified pre-incubation procedure has been worked out in order to diminish the detection limit in a pragmatic manner. Additionally, the application of bacteria detection by flow cytometry (BDFC) as a culture method is shown, i.e., the transfer of samples from PCs into a satellite bag, incubation of the latter at 37°C, and measuring the contaminating bacteria in a flow cytometer.
Two Paths to Daniel's Mountain: Poetic-Musical Unity in Aquitanian Versus
Authors: CARLSON RACHEL GOLDEN 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
Textual-musical integration in representative 12th-century Aquitanian versus suggests that poetic and musical language were shaped not independently but rather in conjunction, inspired by the same rhetorical principles. The versus Resonemus hoc natali (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale fonds latin 1139, fol. 50v) and De monte lapis scinditur (London, British Library, Additional Manuscript 36881, fol. 19v), both underexplored in the musicological literature, centrally treat the Biblically inspired topos of Daniel's mountain as a metaphor for Mary's virginity. Witnessing opposite ends of the versus manuscript chronology, these compositions together offer two discrete snapshots of active and shifting approaches to textual-musical expression in veneration of the Virgin.
Stylistic contrasts between the versus parallel a two-pronged path described by English rhetorician Geoffrey de Vinsauf in his influential treatise Poetria nova (ca. 1210). In particular, Geoffrey's notions of the natural and artistic paths furnish interpretive tools for understanding both poetic and musical discourse. While the earlier Resonemus hoc natali takes a linear path that emphasizes narrative structure, the later De monte lapis travels a more circuitous route of permutation and reconstitution, evoking artifice rather than nature. As poetic texts demanded, or conformed to, new rhetorical strategies, music did likewise, and according to similar rhetorical ideals.
Narrating the Urban Waterfront: The Role of Public History in Community Revitalization
Authors: HURLEY ANDREW 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In recent years, urban waterfronts have become effective settings for community-based public history projects. St. Louis, with a long tradition of historical commemoration on its waterfront, provides an opportunity to examine the trend toward grassroots public history in the context of broader urban redevelopment strategies and identify some of the difficulties encountered in constructing more socially inclusive historical narratives. In particular, the case studies reviewed here highlight the challenge of balancing internal community-building goals with the demands of heritage tourism. The case studies also suggest the enormous potential of grassroots public history to connect the residents of diverse metropolitan areas more meaningfully to the urban landscape and to one another.
Presidential Libraries and Museums: Opportunities for Genuine Reform
Authors: CRAIG R. BRUCE 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
One of the goals of the summer 2006 issue of The Public Historian, which focused on the presidential library system, was “to provoke discussion, especially on the issues that have not received sufficient attention or have been largely avoided” (Larry J. Hackman, “Introduction,” p. 7). This essay responds to the lead article in that special issue, Sharon Fawcett's “Presidential Libraries: A View From the Center.” Craig warns against the potential for “politicization” that could result from greater centralized control NARA's presidential libraries. He argues that NARA has consistently failed to articulate to Congress the true funding needs of the presidential libraries for records processing; he suggests how these needs could be more effectively communicated to Congress and proposes a fiscal solution (earmarking a portion of endowment and trust funds) to address the records processing backlog. Craig also reflects on the role and function of library supporting foundations and advances the notion that NARA library directors should not be permitted to serve as the head of such foundations. Finally, he argues that before focusing on public programming and educational outreach, NARA needs to reinvigorate emphasis on the original purposes of presidential libraries-archival preservation and access.
The Blind Man and His Dog: The Public and Its Historians
Authors: WEIBLE ROBERT 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This article suggests that the gap between professional historians and the public has grown during the past twenty-five years and that both the public and the profession have suffered as a result. It suggests further that historians in academic and nonacademic settings need to overcome institutional barriers that prevent them from providing better service to the public. Just as seeing-eye dogs guide sightless people to their destinations, professionally trained historians should be leading the public to a more promising future, thanks to their ability to separate objectively determined historical facts from self-serving, often ideological opinions and fantasies.
Management of Retrograde Peri-implantitis: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Ataullah Khurram , Chee Loh Fun , Peng Lim Lum , Lung Henry Ho Kim 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The term retrograde peri-implantitis has been commonly used to describe lesions in the periapical region of dental implants. There are very few reports on this condition, and the exact etiology and pathogenesis are subject to speculation. Management of retrograde peri-implantitis is even more scarcely discussed in the literature. The current article briefly reviews the literature on this subject and presents a case report of retrograde peri-implantitis. Special emphasis is placed on the management of the condition, and different strategies are critically evaluated. If the fixture is stable despite bone loss in the periapical region, it is suggested that surgical debridement be carried out with the use of a surface antiseptic like chlorhexidine. Also all possible efforts should be made to prevent damage to the implant surface. Bone loss due to this condition may be regenerated on the basis of the principle of guided bone regeneration.
Analysis of Protein S‐Nitrosylation
Authors: Mannick Joan B. , Schonhoff Christopher M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractS‐nitrosylation is the binding of an NO group to a cysteine or other thiol. Like phosphorylation, S‐nitrosylation is a precisely targeted and rapidly reversible post‐translational modification that serves as an on/off switch for protein function during cell signaling. However, unlike phosphorylation, S‐nitrosylation of proteins occurs nonenzymatically and is mediated, at least in part, by redox‐regulated chemical reactions in cells. Alterations in pH, pO2, cellular reductants, transition metals, and UV light lead to the loss and/or gain of S‐NO bonds. Due to the redox‐sensitive nature of the modification, analysis of protein S‐nitrosylation is technically difficult, since the S‐NO bond is easily disrupted during sample preparation. In addition, the level of S‐nitrosylated proteins in cells approaches the limit of detection of currently available technology. Despite these technical challenges, several useful methods have been developed recently to measure protein S‐nitrosylation in biological samples, and these are described in this unit.
Quantitative Determination of Protein Stability and Ligand Binding by Pulse Proteolysis
Authors: Park Chiwook , Marqusee Susan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPulse proteolysis exploits the difference in proteolytic susceptibility between folded and unfolded proteins for facile but quantitative determination of protein stability. The method requires only common biochemistry and molecular biology lab equipment. Pulse proteolysis also can be used to determine the affinity of a ligand to its protein target by monitoring the change in protein stability upon ligand binding. The Basic Protocol describes the detailed procedure for determining protein stability using pulse proteolysis. For pulse proteolysis to be used for determining a protein's stability, the protein should not be digested significantly by pulse proteolysis when it is in the folded conformation. The Support Protocol describes a procedure for determining whether a protein satisfies this requirement. The principles of protein stability determination using denaturant and pulse proteolysis are also discussed.
Monoamine Oxidase Assays
Authors: Tipton Keith F. , Davey Gavin , Motherway Martha 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMonoamine oxidase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary aliphatic and aromatic amines and some secondary and tertiary amines, including the hormone and neurotransmitter amines epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. The two isoenzymes, MAO‐A and MAO‐B, differ according to substrate and inhibitor specificities. For example, selective inhibitors of MAO‐A have been shown to be effective antidepressants whereas some MAO‐B inhibitors have been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's and perhaps Alzheimer's diseases. Thus, it is important to have accurate procedures for determining the activities of each MAO isoenzyme in tissues that may contain both. In this unit, several MAO assay procedures are described, along with support protocols for equilibrating ion‐exchange resin, preparing aldehyde dehydrogenase, preparing dose‐response curves for determining the relative proportions of isoenzyme activities, determining concentrations of each isoenzyme, assessing new compounds as putative MAO inhibitors, and determining protein concentration of membrane‐bound proteins.
Influenza: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Szretter Kristy J. , Balish Amanda L. , Katz Jacqueline M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInfluenza viruses are negative‐sense, single‐stranded, enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Three types exist, influenza A, B, and C. All infect humans, but only A and B are major human pathogens. Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on genetic and antigenic differences in the two surface spike proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The appropriate cell lines to be used for isolation of influenza A or B viruses depend on the clinical information and the host of origin. MDCK cells are the preferred cell line for isolation of human influenza viruses from clinical specimens.
Boric Oxide, Boric Acid, and Borates
Authors: Smith Robert A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Boric Oxide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production3.Boric Acid3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production4.Aqueous Borate Solutions5.Sodium Borates5.1.Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate5.2.Sodium Tetraborate Pentahydrate5.3.Anhydrous Sodium Tetraborate5.4.Sodium Metaborate Tetrahydrate5.5.Sodium Metaborate Dihydrate5.6.Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate5.7.Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate5.8.Disodium Tetraborate Tetrahydrate6.Other Metal Borates6.1.Calcium and Calcium Sodium Borates6.2.Lithium, Potassium, and Ammonium Borates6.2.1.Lithium Borates6.2.2.Potassium Borates6.2.3.Ammonium Borates6.3.Zinc Borates7.Borate Glasses8.Quality Specifications9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Boron Compounds
Authors: Brotherton Robert J. , Weber C. Joseph , Guibert Clarence R. , Little John L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Boron Halides1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Exchange Reactions1.2.2.Halide Displacement Reactions1.2.3.Boron Trihalides as Lewis Acids1.2.4.Reduction Reactions1.3.Production1.4.Quality Specifications, Chemical Analysis1.5.Sources, Handling, and Transportation1.6.Uses of Boron Trihalides1.7.Pollution Control, Toxicology, and Occupational Health2.Fluoroboric Acid and Fluoroborates2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties2.2.Production2.3.Quality Specifications, Chemical Analysis2.4.Sources, Handling, and Transportation2.5.Uses2.6.Pollution Control, Toxicology3.Boron Subhalides4.Boron Sulfide4.1.Physical and Chemical Properties4.2.Production4.3.Uses5.Boranes5.1.Diborane and Higher Boranes5.1.1.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.2.Production5.1.3.Uses5.2.Amine Boranes5.3.Borohydrides5.4.Carbaboranes6.Organoboranes6.1.Alkyl‐ and Arylboranes6.2.Borinic and Boronic Acids6.3.Borazines6.4.Boric Acid Esters7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Bromine Compounds
Authors: Dagani Michael J. , Barda Henry J. , Benya Theodore J. , Sanders David C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Organic Bromine Compounds1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Nucleophilic Displacement of Bromine1.2.2.Displacement of Bromine by Metals1.3.Production1.3.1.Addition Reactions1.3.2.Substitution Reactions1.4.Commercial Products1.4.1.1,2‐Dibromoethane1.4.2.1‐Bromododecane1.4.3.1‐Bromo‐3‐chloropropane1.4.4.1‐Bromo‐2‐phenylethane1.4.5.1‐(Bromomethyl)‐3‐phenoxybenzene1.4.6.Bromoacetic Acid1.4.7.Bromomethane1.4.8.3‐Bromo‐1‐propene1.4.9.Bromochloromethane and Dibromomethane1.4.10.Trifluorobromomethane and Difluorobromochloromethane1.4.11.Flame Retardants1.4.11.1.Tetrabromobisphenol‐A1.4.11.2.Decabromobiphenyl Oxide1.4.11.3.Tetrabromophthalic Anhydride1.4.11.4.Hexabromocyclododecane1.5.Manufacturers1.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health2.Inorganic Bromine Compounds2.1.Hydrogen Bromide and Bromides2.1.1.Hydrogen Bromide2.1.2.Bromides2.2.Hypobromous Acid, Hypobromites2.3.Bromous Acid, Bromites2.4.Bromic Acid, Bromates
Calcium Antagonists
Authors: Mannhold Raimund , Seitz Werner 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Molecular Pharmacology2.1.Sites of Action2.2.Structure ‐ Activity Relationships3.Pharmacodynamics of Calcium Antagonists in Heart and Smooth Muscle4.Clinical Application5.General Aspects of Chemistry5.1.Aralkylamines5.2.1,4‐Dihydropyridines5.3.Diphenylalkylamines
Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Topham Susan 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Occurrence in Nature

4.1.

Lithosphere

4.2.

Atmosphere

4.3.

Hydrosphere

4.4.

Biosphere

4.4.1.

Life Cycle

4.4.2.

Radiocarbon Dating

5.

Environmental Effects

6.

Production

6.1.

Carbon Dioxide from Ammonia and Hydrogen Plants (Process Gas CO
2
)

6.1.1.

Potassium Carbonate Process

6.1.2.

Ethanolamine Process

6.2.

Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gases

6.3.

Carbon Dioxide from Fermentation

6.4.

Carbon Dioxide from Carbonates

6.5.

Carbon Dioxide from Natural Sources

7.

Purification of Carbon Dioxide before Liquefaction

8.

Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide

9.

Production of Dry Ice

10.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

11.

Commercial Forms, Storage, and Distribution

11.1.

Solid Carbon Dioxide

11.2.

Liquid Carbon Dioxide

12.

Uses

12.1.

Uses of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide

12.2.

Uses of Solid Carbon Dioxide

12.3.

Uses of Liquid Carbon Dioxide

12.3.1.

Use as an Inert Environment

12.3.2.

Promoting the Growth of Plants

12.3.3.

Heat Transfer Medium in Nuclear Power Stations

12.3.4.

Refrigerant

12.3.5.

Uses Based on the Solubility of Carbon Dioxide

12.3.6.

Chemical Uses

12.3.7.

Other Uses

13.

Economic Aspects

14.

Safety Precautions