bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Irreducible Historicality of the Concept of Art
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay aims to do just two things. One is to underline the necessity of a historical dimension in any acceptable account of arthood. Two is to sketch answers to certain objections that have been recently raised for an intentional-historical account of art, most of which offer a challenge to its insistence on an ineliminable historical element in any such account. In the course of underlining the historical character of the concept of art, it is shown that certain non-historical considerations appealed to by some theorists, for instance, institutional or functional ones, which appear to weigh importantly in some cases of arthood, in fact have an underlying or reinforcing rationale of a history-involving sort.
Elster on Artistic Creativity
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay is a study of what of general import might be said about the processes or principles of creativity in art, conducted through an examination of a thought-provoking discussion of artistic creativity by the social theorist Jon Elster. Issue is taken with Elster's account of creativity in art as simply a matter of optimizing choice within constraints following an earlier stage of choice of constraints, and with some of the evaluative consequences, both general and specific, that Elster draws from his account.
Music as Narrative and Music as Drama
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay poses the question of whether music, especially as regards its succession of expressive properties or states, is fruitfully thought of as a narrative of some sort. The answer returned is guardedly negative, and the attractions of an alternate model, one owing to the musicologists Anthony Newcombe and Fred Maus, of expressive music as dramatized rather than narrated emotion, are touted instead.
The Concept of Humor
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay is concerned primarily with the question of what humor is, and with the somewhat distinct question, of what the bases or grounds of humor are. Traditional theories of humor are reviewed, an analysis of humor is proposed, and the issue of goodness in humor is briefly addressed. It is argued that the essence of humor is given by none of the traditional theories or their variants, residing instead in a particular pleasurable affect,amusement, elicited through cognition, and bearing a non-accidental relation to the behaviour known aslaughter.
A Theory of Virtue
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book offers a systematic, comprehensive framework for thinking about the moral evaluation of character. Many recent attempts to stake out a place in moral philosophy for this concern define virtue in terms of its benefits for the virtuous person or for human society more generally. Part One of this book presents and defends a conception of virtue as intrinsic excellence of character, worth prizing for its own sake and not only for its benefits. The other two parts address two challenges to the ancient idea of excellence of character. One challenge arises from the importance of altruism in modern ethical thought, and the question of what altruism has to do with intrinsic excellence. Part Two argues that altruistic benevolence has indeed a crucial place in excellence of character, but that moral virtue should also be expected to involve excellence in being for other goods besides the well-being (and the rights) of other persons. It explores relations among cultural goods, personal relationships, one's own good, and the good of others, as objects of excellent motives. The other challenge is typified by doubts about the reality of moral virtue, arising from experiments and conclusions in social psychology. Part Three of the book explores in detail the prospects for an empirically realistic conception of excellence of character as an object of moral aspiration, endeavour, and education. It argues that such a conception will involve renunciation of the ancient thesis of the unity or mutual implication of all virtues, and acknowledgement of sufficient ‘moral luck’ in the development of any individual's character to make virtue very largely a gift, rather than an individual achievement, though nonetheless excellent and admirable for that.
Excellence in Being for the Good
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVirtue, comprehensively considered, is intrinsic excellence of persisting moral character, and excellence of moral character must be excellence in being for what is good. This chapter elaborates the concepts of being forsomething, of the good that virtue is for, and of excellence. The concept of a particular virtue or excellent trait of moral character is distinguished from, and related to, the more comprehensive concept of virtue.
Wickedness and Vices
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter rejects the notion of absolute evil and argues that even Satanic wickedness cannot be understood as unqualified opposition to all goods. Badness of character is found in the way one relates to particular goods — in deficiency or excess in being for them, or in being indifferent or even opposed to certain goods. Which goods is it a serious deficiency of character not to be for? This question is explored as a key to the mapping of both virtues and vices.
Virtue and its Benefits
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe principal current alternative to defining virtue in terms of its intrinsic excellence is defining it in terms of its benefits. This chapter argues that a trait's being generally beneficial is not sufficient for it to be a virtue, and that its being more beneficial than any alternative may not even be necessary for a trait to be a virtue. In response to the question whether virtue ‘pays’, reliably benefiting its possessor, it is suggested that virtue may offer a great benefit that is inseparable from having a strong motive for conscientious and generous action.
Moral Inconsistency
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExperiments and conclusions of ‘situationist’ social psychology have been seen by some as grounds for doubting that there are any virtues or vices, or more broadly any traits of character, at all. This chapter explores the experimental and theoretical basis of doubts that human behaviour is consistent enough from one type of situation to another to manifest anything worth calling a virtue. It argues that behavioral dispositions are probably acquired as merely probabilistic tendencies or as situation-specific modules, but that even so some of them may be virtues or parts of virtue. Less situation-specific and arguably more important as traits of character are qualities that are not directly behavioral dispositions, but lie behind them, such as important desires, cognitive states, and political and religious affiliations.
A Theory of Presentism
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI begin by laying down three conditions which any theory of time should meet: it should accord with our view that certain statements about the past are true; that the truthmakers for those statements should be clear; and should accommodate the truth‐value links between various times. I show how two different kinds of presentism cannot meet these requirements, including that put forward by Prior. I develop a version of presentism, analogous to ersatz modal realism in the possible worlds debate, which does satisfy the requirements.
Transtemporal Relations (III): Causation
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBegins by showing how theories of causation can be accommodated within presentism, discussing the regularity theory, the counterfactual theory, and the chance‐raising theory. Discusses the direction of time and causation and whether counterfactuals can ground it; also, whether the means–end connotation of causation guarantees the earlier to later direction of causation, but shows that it cannot by discussing Newcomb's problem in decision theory. Shows that Mellor's attempt to rule out causal loops, and thus backwards causation, fails. Concludes by discussing the ways in which presentism might be is said to be compatible with time travel and backwards causation, but shows how it is not possible on the theory I have developed.
Modeling Credit Markets
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the core assumptions of the neoclassical model is that there is a single market interest rate and every firm invests to the point where their marginal product is equal to this rate. There is a large body of research showing that this neoclassical postulate often does a very poor job of describing reality. It is shown that there seems to be clear evidence that the typical firm, at least in the developing world, has a marginal product which is substantially above the market interest rate. This suggests that the firm cannot borrow as much as it wants at the going market rate. In other words, the supply curve of capital to the firm must be upward sloping, or even vertical (a hard limit on how much the firm can borrow). A simple model is sketched that explains why lenders impose limits on how much firms can borrow.
CHAPTER 5The Reflexivity of Intention and Belief
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe view outlined thus far implicates a ‘high’ conception of beliefs and intentions on which those attitudes essentially involve reflective capacities, since the impact of our beliefs and intentions upon us is shaped by our knowledge of those very beliefs and intentions and of the normative commitments they incur. The view is defended through consideration of the phenomenology of belief and intention. There is a problem posed for the ‘high’ conception of intention and belief by the plausible thought animals lacking reflective capacities can have beliefs and intentions. The problem is addressed in terms of the idea that our (reflexive) believing and intending differs in psychological kind from any believing and intending on the part of non-reflective animals. A discussion of self-deception addresses an objection to the favoured view of intention deriving from the idea that we can unknowingly intentionally deceive ourselves.
2 The European Union and National Institutions
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter begins with a brief discussion of EU institutional structures in comparison with national institutional structures. It then examines the EU’s comparative effects on unitary, regionalized, and federal member-states by considering in turn its impact on national executives, parliaments, subnational authorities, and courts. It follows with a more detailed exploration of the EU’s effects on four countries: France, Britain, Germany, and Italy. Although Europeanization has been more disruptive to the unitary structures of France than to those of Britain, Britain has had a harder time accepting EU-related changes and yet has had a better compliance record. And despite the fact that Europeanization has been least disruptive to Germany’s federal structures and most reinforcing to the regionalized structures of Italy, Germany’s compliance record is little better than that of France, while Italy’s is the worst.
WIDE SCREEN
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon the role of the term ‘concept’ in the management of everyday and scientific tasks: how we utilize the term as a measure of our preparedness with respect to designing an invention, predicting an outcome, fulfilling a recipe, and other tasks of that nature. It is argued that standard views (dubbed the ‘classical picture’ here) frequently exaggerate our anticipatory capacities by presuming that ‘concepts’ embody simple repositories of invariant directive instructions, whereas in real life usage is affected by far more variegated sources than we commonly recognize. Through a series of case studies drawn from science and everyday life, the book attempts to delimit our real state of ‘conceptual preparedness’ in more realistic terms, without tumbling into the intractable scepticism of Wittgenstein's celebrated ‘rule following’ considerations.
CLASSICAL GLUE
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The most widely shared conception of concepts, deeply rooted in everyday thinking, is here dubbed the ‘classical theory’ and associated with the views of Bertrand Russell (its main tenets are outlined in an appendix). The chapter surveys the optimistic portrait of human capacity that this picture ordains, as well as sketching the awkward tensions for which it is often criticized. Central in its narratives is the notion of ‘classical gluing’: words align with the world's attributes when an agent grasps the ‘contents’ of the attribute and aligns them with a suitable predicate. Such ‘classical gluing’ functions as a hidden premise within a greater portion of philosophical thinking than is generally recognized.
* THEORY FACADES
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Because classical demands on conceptual understanding are quite strong and can prove potentially inhibiting within a scientific context, various philosopher/scientists in the late 19th century proposed that certain predicates could be provided with an alternative form of ‘meaning’ through distributed normativity, i.e., through implicit definition within a syntactic web of interconnection. Applied mathematics, however, warns that such globally unified webs often do not provide optimal descriptive platforms. On the basis of these considerations, it is argued that the ‘facades’ of Chapter 6 often represent better ‘linguistic engineering’ solutions to certain descriptive problems.
THE CRITIC OF NATURE AND GENIUS
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The vital role of ‘concept’ as our chief means for expressing an evaluation of our present capacities for semantic diagnosis and control is reviewed, leading to chastened expectations that lie intermediate between the excessive optimism of classical thinking and the radical pessimism endemic to pragmatism. These considerations indicate a crucial need for a temperate form of semantic scepticism within our philosophical thinking, a lesson that the present chapter applies to a number of controversies prominent in current debate. An allied viewpoint is brought to bear upon familiar worries about the role of ‘truth’ in our thinking and the problems involved in ‘understanding’ another culture.
A Start on Model Theory
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a technical model theory, using the resources of mathematical logic, for vagueness in some formalized languages. The system has a similar structure to the supervaluationist approach, employing the notion of a sharpening (or precisification) of a base interpretation. In line with the philosophical account, however, the notion of super-truth does not play a central role in the development of validity. The model theory is much like that of the Kripke semantics for intuitionistic logic, except that both extensions and anti-extensions vary, in concert with each other, throughout a given frame. And the system does not rely on completely sharp interpretations.
Connectives, Quantifiers, Logic
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter defines various connectives and quantifiers, and settles on a local notion of validity. The ultimate goal is to delimit a plausible notion of logical consequence and to explore what happens with the sorites paradox. It might be noted that the notion of ‘context’ does not appear, as such, in the formal development. Several features of the deployment of vague terms can go under that name, and there is no need to call one of them the context of utterance. This might attenuate any misunderstandings of the philosophical term ‘contextualist’.
Metaphysical Matters: Language, the World, and Objectivity
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with the question of whether vagueness is (merely) a linguistic phenomenon, concerning how we describe the world, or whether it is the world itself that is vague. The author expresses frustration at this issue of metaphysical vagueness, rather than adjudicating it one way or the other. Vagueness is seen as a linguistic phenomenon due to kinds of languages that humans speak. But vagueness is also due to the world we find ourselves in, as we try to communicate features of it to each other. Vagueness is also due to the kinds of beings we are. The second half of the chapter focuses on the objectivity of vague discourse.
Political Science: Judicial
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the second, judicial branch of political science, with particular reference to penology. What is the purpose of punishment? The Neoplatonic interpretation of Plato’s penology (is punishment purely therapeutic?) is discussed, as this penology is expressed in Plato’s eschatology. Reference is also made to the specific example of a letter prescribing desirable practice in the exercise of justice, Sopartos’ letter to Himerios.
6 Mediating Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite their acknowledged importance, parties have traditionally been viewed as social phenomena beyond the scope of deliberate institutional engineering. In recent years, however, political reformers in a diverse array of Asian and Pacific states including Thailand, Indonesia, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea have tried to shape the development of their party systems by strengthening party organizations, promoting cross-regional party structures, countering the rise of ethnic parties, and generally encouraging the growth of cohesive party organizations. While not yet the subject of much attention, these political experiments are likely to have important consequences for governance in the region. This chapter examines these various attempts across the Asia-Pacific to engineer the development of political parties and party systems.
3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INTEGRATION AT EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL: A CATALOGUE OF COORDINATING CAPACITIES
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter charts the changing ways in which environmental policy integration (EPI) has been thought about and implemented in the EU since the 1970s. The implicit assumption that has underpinned the search for implementing tools is that more effective multi-level and cross-sectoral coordination will arise through a process of incremental, non-hierarchical learning in networks, which is not guided by a template disseminated by the EU. Section 2 briefly explores the intellectual origins of the EPI principle and unpacks its core meaning. Section 3 charts the changing ways in which EPI has been thought about and put into effect in the EU since c. 1970. Section 4 then reflects on these developments and attempts to put them into context. Section 5 maps the EU's response onto the typology of coordination capacities developed in Chapter 2, and pinpoints the most obvious gaps and overlaps.
11 THE COORDINATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: EXPLORING THE CAPACITIES OF NETWORKED GOVERNANCE
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter returns to the three questions posed in Chapter 1. Section 2 assesses the extent to which the coordination tasks identified in Chapter 1 are satisfactorily performed. Section 3 examines thecapacities at network leveland assess their fitness for purpose. Section 4 reviews thecapacities of the actorswithin the network or networks. Section 5 responds to recent calls for solid ‘normative propositions’ about how EU policy networks should be structured to serve the European good. After all, as interest in complementary modes of governing grows, the EU should be more aware of what networks can — and, perhaps, just as importantly, cannot — offer by way of delivering policy objectives. The concluding section (6) returns to consider some of the broader governance-related themes raised towards the end of Chapter 1.
1 Crisis of Faith
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents the way that the theme of Victorian crisis of faith has become vastly overblown in general histories of the period, textbooks, literary studies, and intellectual history. It recounts the main studies that have established this theme from Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, and casts the Victorian crisis of faith as a by-product of the evangelicalism and general religiosity of the age.
2 Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Marking of the ‘signs of the times’ and the appointment of days for fasting and thanksgiving were characteristics of 17th-century Presbyterianism. Seceders and evangelicals in the 18th and 19th centuries shared these concerns, and the reasons they gave for calling these special days revealed how they understood their relationship with the 17th century and how thought about God and his relationship with the created order.
5 Preaching
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the various traditions and changes within Ulster Presbyterian preaching. The first section provides an overview of Old Light and Seceder preaching, drawing attention to the ‘free offer of the gospel’ and its importance to the development of evangelicalism within Presbyterianism. Section two begins with some general comments about the influence of Enlightenment ideas upon Presbyterian preaching, as mediated through university education and presbytery trials, before examining New Light preaching. Section three assesses lay attitudes towards preachers and their sermons. The final section examines the development of an evangelical style of preaching in the 19th century that was influenced by the prevailing cultural mood of the time, but was also deeply indebted to the Old Light and Seceder preaching of the previous century.
5 Native Rights and Gender Justice: The Case of Canada
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the tensions that have arisen, in the Canadian context, between Native peoples’ (or First Nations peoples’) quest for political self-determination and the demand by some Native women that their sexual equality rights be protected through federal law (specifically, Canada’s 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms). It discusses the ambivalent relationship Native peoples have had with respect to the language of individual rights, consent, and sexual equality, and reflects on the difficulties this presents for protecting Native women. The chapter also illuminates the potential injustices that can arise both when dominant cultural groups fail to recognize the distinctive self-understandings of minority communities as well as when more powerful members of cultural communities attempt to silence vulnerable and less powerful group members.