bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infections among heterosexuals with multiple partners
Authors: Van Doornum G. J. J. , Hooykaas C. , Cuypers M. T. , Van Der Linden M. M. D. , Coutinho R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners was carried out to assess the seroprevalence of antibody against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The 468 participants were recruited among visitors to the Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Amsterdam. Sera were tested by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho), a recombinant‐based immunoblot assay (RIBA; Chiron), and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 468 persons were tested, and seven (1.5%) were found ELISA positive. Another 25 (5%) were ELISA indeterminate. Six of the seven ELISA‐positive cases were RlBA positive. Further serum samples from five HCV ELISA‐positive persons were tested by PCR, and four were found to be positive. The HCV ELISA‐positive/RIBA‐indeterminate reaction was PCR negative. None of the 17 RIBA‐tested sera of the ELISA‐indeterminate group yielded a positive result. There was a good correlation between an ELISA optical density/ cut‐off ratio greater than 2 and a positive RlBA result. The risk factor for HCV appeared to be the type of sexual partner, i.e., belonging to a “high‐risk” group for human immunodeficiency virus infection and origin from hepatitis B‐endemic countries. It is concluded that HCV may be transmitted through heterosexual contact but probably with low efficiency.
Analysis of a pregnancy‐screening and neonatal‐immunization program for hepatitis B in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 1977‐1988
Authors: Chernesky Max A. , Blajchman Morris A. , Castriciano Santina , Basbaum Judy , Spiak Christina , Mahony James B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring the 12 years from January, 1977, to December, 1988, the Hamilton Centre of the Canadian Red Cross Society (CRCS) Blood Transfusion Service screened 98,712 pregnant patients for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and identified 120 positives (0.12%). The number of positives ranged from six to 16 per year. We were able to trace and enroll 65 mothers (54%) and 96 of their children in the follow‐up study. The majority of the women were between 20 and 30 years of age (95.4%) and married (86%), and about one‐half were employed outside the home. Sixty‐five percent were white and 34% Asian, and 20 countries were listed as their places of origin. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) was available for neonatal immunization since 1977 and combined with vaccine since 1982. Of the 96 candidates for HBIG, 60 (63%) received HBIG within 24 hr, one after 3 months, four unknown, and 31 did not receive it. Of the 56 candidates for vaccination from 1982 to 1989,26 (46%) received three doses, seven had two doses, eight had one dose, one was unknown, and 14 had none. HBsAg tests were performed on 69 children (71.8%) and anti‐HBs on 61 (63.5%). Four of the children are HBsAg positive, 31 have anti‐HBs, and 31 have no detectable antibodies. All four HBsAg positives had not received vaccine, and only one had received HBIG. Of the children positive for hepatitis B surface antibodies, five had received no immunization and therefore had been subclinically infected. Of the 32 vaccinees tested for anti‐HBs at least 2 years after immunization was complete, 27 (84.4%) had detectable antibodies. Thus, although several children did not receive appropriate immunization early in the program, the majority did receive both HBIG and vaccine, apparently preventing infection. The consequences of no immunization in these children were a 33.3% infection rate (7/21) and a 14% (3121 ) rate of chronic infection.
Quantitation of HIV: Correlation with clinical, virological, and immunological status
Authors: O'Shea Siobhan , Rostron Timothy , Hamblin Anne S. , Palmer Sara J. , Banatvala Jangu E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA quantitative assay has been used to measure titres of infectious HIV in peripheral blood of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Viral titres were assessed in conjunction with virological and immunological status of patients including measurement of p24 antigen, antibody responses to structural (gp41, p24) and regulatory gene products (NEF, REV, TAT, and VIF), determination of beta 2 microglobulin levels and enumeration of lymphocyte subsets. Titres of HIV were significantly higher among symptomatic than asymptomatic patients. Viral load was closely associated with the number of CD4+cells, the proportion of these cells harbouring HIV increasing with disease progression. Higher titres of infectious HIV among symptomatic patients was also associated with p24 antigenaemia and decreased antibody responses to NEF.
Persistence of cytomegalovirus in human long‐term bone marrow culture: Relationship to hemopoiesis
Authors: Preiksaitis Jutta K. , Janowska‐Wieczorek Anna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing pre‐established human long‐term marrow culture (LTMC), we studied cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in this system after in vitro infection of nonadherent cells obtained from these cultures with CMV AD‐169. After infection with 5 immediate‐early antigen foci/cell CMV was detectable for 63–123 days (peak titer 2.0 × 103−1.3 × 109) in the supernatants of LTMC. Lower MOI resulted in a delay in the detection and longer persistence of CMV in LTMC although peak titers were unchanged. CMV infection was associated with destruction of the stromal layer, appearance of a subset of large (23 μ) CMV‐infected mononuclear cells in the nonadherent fraction, and early differentiation of nonadherent cells into a homogenous population of macrophage‐like cells. CMV infection resulted in a reduction and premature disappearance of committed progenitors (BFU‐E, CFU‐GM) in LTMC. Persistence of CMV in LTMC was linked to ongoing hemopoiesis. Human bone marrow may be an important site for CMV replication during acute infection and CMV persistence.
Detection of B19 Parvovirus in Human Fetal Tissues by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Field Anne M. , Cohen B. J. , Brown K. E. , Mori J. , Clewley J. P. , Nascimento J. P. , Hallam N. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe present the electron microscopy observations on samples from 38 pregnancies that were investigated for B19 parvovirus infection. Thirty‐four had resulted in fetal loss thought to be due to a virus infection and 22 of the 38 were positive for B19 parvovirus in one or more of the tissues. Twenty‐one placentas and 75 fetal tissue samples were examined. Fresh samples were investigated by immune electron microscopy while formalin‐fixed tissues were examined as thin sections and by negative staining of tissue extracts with direct electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was more sensitive on fresh than on fixed samples. The ultrastructural observations on thin sections of fixed tissues yielded new information locating B19 parvovirus particles in both nucleus and cytoplasm of infected fetal cells. The diagnostic results of the range of electron microscopy assays were compared with those of two hybridization methods. The fresh samples yielded comparable results from electron microscopy and hybridisation assays but on formalin‐fixed materials hybridisation was more sensitive.
Significance of isolated hepatitis B core antibodies detected by enzyme immunoassay in a high risk population
Authors: Kroes A. C. M. , Quint W. G. V. , Heijtink R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum samples, which were found positive for anti‐HBc and negative for HBsAg and anti‐HBs during routine testing with Abbott enzyme immunoassays (EIA), were collected prospectively. The samples were obtained from patients with a high risk of hepatitis B. Further analysis was carried out using radioimmunoassays and tests for additional markers of hepatitis B. 84 of the 203 initially collected samples (41.4%) were found positive for anti‐HBs by RIA. Of the 119 samples negative for anti‐HBs by RIA, 103 were available for further investigation, and 35 (34.0%) of these were negative for anti‐HBc by RIA. This indicates that low sensitivity of the anti‐HBs EIA and non‐specificity of the anti‐HBc EIA may account for about 60% of the cases presenting with isolated anti‐HBc at initial testing. Fifty‐two samples positive for anti‐HBc by RIA, with isolated anti‐HBc confirmed after RIA testing for HBsAg and anti‐HBs, were examined further: anti‐HBe was detected in 16 sera, anti‐ HDV in one serum and HBV‐DNA in 5 sera by PCR. Additional testing of serum samples with isolated anti‐HBc is warranted.
Acute hepatitis B viral infection in a patient with anti‐HBs
Authors: Wang Yuan‐Jen , Lee Shou‐Dong , Wu Jaw‐Ching , Lo Kwang‐Juei 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report a patient with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) but no antibodies to other hepatitis B virus components, who developed acute symptomatic type B hepatitis. The possible explanations for this unusual serological pattern are 1) the antibody‐positive status, which developed against only a subdeterminant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), arose naturally or as the result of cross‐reaction with a variety of antigens; and 2) seroconversion to anti‐HBs occurred in response to surface antigen of a mutant strain of hepatitis B virus (HBV). This anti‐HBs positivity, in the absence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, does not provide natural immunization against HBV infection, and so is not protective. Individuals who are positive to anti‐HBs antibody alone which is not elicited by HBV vaccine, should be vaccinated against possible HBV infection.
Recognition of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus proteins by human and BALB/C CD4+ lymphocytes
Authors: Anderson J. J. , Harrop J. A. , Peers H. , Turnbull T. , Toms G. L. , Scott R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLymphocyte proliferation assays were used to determine the ability of human and BALB/c T‐ lymphocytes to recognise and respond to in vitro challenge with purified preparations of four res piratory syncytial (RS) virus proteins. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) collected from adult donors as well as primed BALB/c mouse splenocytes each responded specifically to challenge with intact RS virus and preparations of the fusion (F), attachment (G),23 kilodalton (23K), and 34K phospho‐ (P) proteins of the virus. F protein was recognised most frequently by human PBLs, and elicited higher levels of response than equivalent concentrations of the other protein preparations examined. The hu‐ man PBL proliferative responses elicited by in vitro challenge with intact virus antigen as well as with each of the four protein preparations were found to be confined to the CD4+ T‐helper (Th) sub‐population of lymphocytes. However, proliferative responses to intact virus and F protein were found to be accompanied by only modest and inconsistent production of Interleu‐ kin‐2 (IL‐2). Finally, no evidence was obtained to indicate that any of the challenge antigens employed in this study were intrinsically mitogenic, as neither naive human cord blood lymphocytes, nor un‐primed BALB/c mouse splenocytes pro liferated when challenged with intact RS virus or with F, G, 23K, or P protein preparations.
Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B Virus (HB V): A comparison of two prophylactic schedules
Authors: Wheeley Susan M. , Jackson Paul T. , Boxall Elizabeth H , Tarlow Michael J. , Gatrad A. Rashid , Anderson Janet , Bissenden Jeffrey 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPerinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from HBsAg carrier mothers who were HBeAg+, antiHBe+, or negative for both HBe markers, was interrupted using either 4 doses of vaccine, or one dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) at birth, combined with 4 doses of vaccine. In those infants who received HBlG at birth, the antiHBs titre was significantly higher at 1 and 2 months old, but at 6, 9, and 18 months old, there was no significant difference.Among the infants of carrier mothers who did not display HBeAg (i.e., were antiHBe+, or negative for both HBe markers), a transient subclinical infection would have been expected in around 10% had there been no intervention. No evidence of such infection was detected, and no difference in outcome was found between the two treatment groups.Amongst infants born to HBeAg+ carrier mothers, infection occurred in 1 out of 8 who had received HBlG and vaccine, and in 3 of 8 who had received vaccine only. The difference in outcome was not statistically significant, but the numbers analysed were small. The infections which occurred in spite of prophylaxis may be attributable to in utero infection, poor response to vaccine by the infant, or to the mother having a particularly high HBV‐DNA level. HBlG given at birth to infants of HBeAg+ carrier mothers may enhance the protection of infants who are destined to be poor responders to vaccine.
Hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with posttransfusion hepatitis and low efficiency of transmission among spouses
Authors: Wang Jin‐Town , Wang Teh‐Hong , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Lin Jaw‐Town , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a prospective study of posttransfusion hepatitis, 14 patients who were diagnosed with post‐transfusion hepatitis C were enrolled randomly for the study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in saliva. Saliva and serum samples were collected on the same day. Spouses of 11 married patients were also tested for anti‐C100 and HCV RNA. Paired serum and saliva samples were tested for HCV RNA by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two primer pairs specific for the non‐coding region of HCV were used for the PCR and a oligonucleotide sequence between the primers was used as the probe for Southern hybridization. Six patients were positive for HCV RNA by first round PCR amplification and an additional four patients were detected after second round PCR. All patients were negative for HCV RNA in saliva after first round PCR, while seven were positive after second round PCR amplification. All seven patients were positive for HCV RNA in paired serum samples. HCV RNA was detectable in saliva from 1 week to 38 months after the onset of hepatitis. All spouses were negative for anti‐100 and HCV RNA. We conclude that HCV RNA is present in the saliva of approximately half of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C, and the presence of HCV RNA correlates with HCV viremia. The efficiency of HCV transmission is low among spouses.
Correlation between cyclophosphamide‐induced viral susceptibility and depletion of junin virus—induced suppressor populations
Authors: Campetella Oscar E. , Galassi Nora V. , Barrios Hebe A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn contrast to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, another arenavirus, Junin virus (JV), the etiologic agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, when inoculated into suckling mice, induces lethal meningoencephalitis characterized by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH)‐like immune response. However, the adult BALB/c mouse is resistant to infection and no DTH reaction can be seen. This different viral sensitivity may be related t o the development of an antigen non‐specific DTH‐suppressor cell pathway at work in the adult mouse. When the resistant mice are treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) (50 mg/kg each dose) given at days −1,+1,+4 (zero: infection day), animals become susceptible and develop DTH reaction in brain that leads to death. We analyze the influence of the timing of Cy administration on the suppressor system developing after infection. It was found that Cy depletes the previously described JV‐induced suppressor populations (Tsv) but a new suppressor cell (Tsv*) is disclosed bearing the Thy 1 + Ly1+2− phenotype which is unable to depress DTH in Cy‐treated animals. With only two doses of Cy corresponding to days −1 and + 1, the target of Tsv* cells is depleted but the third dose is still required to achieve full depletion of Tsv cells which are able to employ the Cy‐resistant antigen‐specific suppressor cells as targets. Since the Cy treatment is able t o deplete the Tsv population together with the target of Tsv* cells, animals became unable to regulate lethal DTH reaction. Thus, a cellular explanation for an empirically established Cy schedule able to abrogate the adult mouse resistance to JV is proposed.
Detection of HPV DNA in archival specimens of cervical cancer using in situ hybridisation and the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Thompson Carol H. , Rose Barbara R. , Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn archival survey of 98 cervical cancer specimens dating from the 1920s to the 1980s was undertaken to determine whether changes had occurred in the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. HPV DNA was detected in paraffin sections of cancers fixed in 10% formalin by in situ hybridisation (ISH) using HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 32P‐labelled DNA probes under conditions of high stringency; and by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 20‐mer oligonucleotide primers to amplify 109 bases of the E6 region of HPV 16. In 30 instances results obtained from Southern blot hybridisations which had been carried out on specimens of fresh tissue from the same cancers collected during the 1980s were available for comparison. The rates of HPV DNA detection in cervical cancers ranged from 83% (by Southern or PCR) and 70% (by ISH) on specimens from the 1980s, to 50% and 63% (by ISH and PCR, respectively) on specimens from the 1920s. HPV 16 was by far the most common type, being identified by Southern or ISH i n approximately 92% of HPV DNA‐ positive specimens. No significant change in the prevalence of HPV DNA, or of HPV types, in cervical cancers was found over the 65 year period examined.
Immunoglobulin G subclasses and lymphocyte stimulatory responses to cytomegalovirus in transplant patients with primary cytomegalovirus infections
Authors: Mathiesen T. , Brattström C. , Andersson J. , Linde A. , Ljungman P. , Wahren B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe early activation of T‐ and B‐cell responses to cytomegalovirus was studied in immunosuppressed patients. Primary lymphocyte stimulation to cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen, a measure of T‐helper activity, and anti‐CMV IgG subclass responses were analyzed. Ten patients suffering from primary CMV infection following renal transplantation were studied. Of the ten, nine became positive for CMV induced lymphocyte proliferation 5‐40 weeks after transplantation. Nine showed an almost simultaneous appearance of anti‐CMV IgG1 and three at 3‐32 weeks after transplantation, while one patient synthesized only low levels of anti‐CMV IgG1. The lymphocyte proliferation assays have limited diagnostic value for primary CMV infection in renal transplant patients. The humoral and cellular immune responses seemed to be independent of each other.
Low risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus by a solvent‐detergent‐treated commercial factor VIII concentrate
Authors: Paolantonio Tiziana D. , Mariani Guglielmo , Ghirardini Alessandro , Gringeri Alessandro , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio , Mastrullo Lucia , de Biasi Raffaello , Giustarini Gloria , Morfini Massimo , Schiavoni Mario , Ciavarella Nicola , Zehender Gianguglielmo , Zanetti Alessandro Remo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study evaluating the risk of a commercial factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate's transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was carried out on hemophiliacs, by using multiple serological markers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty‐nine hemophiliacs, negative for HIV antibodies, were treated for 18 months with a concentrate that had been inactivated by solvent‐detergent. HIV‐1 antibodies and antigen were assayed during the follow‐up period. At the end of the study, all patients were also tested by the HIV 1+2 combined antibody assay; Western blot (WB) antibody analysis; and in eight cases, by an HIV‐1 PCR technique. Patients received a yearly median FVIII dose of 35,330 IU (range 3,300‐306,000); the median number of lots given to each patient was 6 (1‐45). During the follow‐up period and at the end of the study, HIV‐1 antibodies and antigen were not detected in any of the subjects. The HIV 1+2 combined assay and WB analysis carried out only at the end of the study were negative. HIV‐1 PCR was negative in all the tested patients. This study has shown that this solvent‐detergent‐treated FVIII concentrate did not transmit HIV.
Association of hepatitis E virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in Pakistan: Serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion
Authors: Ticehurst John , Popkin Terry J. , Bryan Joe P. , Innis Bruce L. , Duncan J. Fred , Ahmed Aftab , Iqbal Muhammad , Malik Iftikhar , Kapikian Albert Z. , Legters Llewellyn J. , Purcell Robert H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV), a positive‐strand RNA agent, has been associated with enterically transmitted non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Asia, Africa, and Mexico. To evaluate the role of HEV in an outbreak of hepatitis in Pakistan, we used immune electron microscopy to detect 1) antibody to HEV, for evidence of infection, and 2) virus, to determine the pattern of HEV excretion. Paired sera from 2 patients were assayed for antibody by using reference HEV: one seroconverted, an atypical finding for HEV infections; the other had high levels of anti‐HEV in both sera. Virus particles with the size (29 × 31 nm) and morphology of HEV were detected in feces from 10 of 85 patients and serologically identified as HEV by using reference antibodies from an HEV‐infected chimpanzee. One of these HEV‐containing specimens was collected 9 days before the onset of jaundice; it was among feces from 38 outpatients with nonspecific symptoms and biochemical hepatitis, 12 of whom subsequently developed jaundice. The other 9 feces with HEV were among 36 collected within 7 days of the onset of acute icteric hepatitis; all 11 feces from days 8 to 15 were negative for HEV. Fecal concentrations of HEV appeared t o be lower than those of many enteric viruses: only one specimen contained as many as 5 particles per EM grid square. It is concluded that HEV was etiologically associated with the epidemic and was predominantly excreted at very low levels during the first week of jaundice.