bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety of localizing epilepsy monitoring intracranial electroencephalograph electrodes using MRI: Radiofrequency‐induced heating
Authors: Carmichael David W. , Thornton John S. , Rodionov Roman , Thornton Rachel , McEvoy Andrew , Allen Philip J. , Lemieux Louis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurposeTo investigate heating during postimplantation localization of intracranial electroencephalograph (EEG) electrodes by MRI.Materials and MethodsA phantom patient with a realistic arrangement of electrodes was used to simulate tissue heating during MRI. Measurements were performed using 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T MRI scanners, using head‐ and body‐transmit RF‐coils. Two electrode‐lead configurations were assessed: a “standard” condition with external electrode‐leads physically separated and a “fault” condition with all lead terminations electrically shorted.ResultsUsing a head‐transmit–receive coil and a 2.4 W/kg head‐average specific absorption rate (SAR) sequence, at 1.5T the maximum temperature change remained within safe limits (<1°C). Under “standard” conditions, we observed greater heating (≤2.0°C) at 3T on one system and similar heating (<1°C) on a second, compared with the 1.5T system. In all cases these temperature maxima occurred at the grid electrode. In the “fault” condition, larger temperature increases were observed at both field strengths, particularly for the depth electrodes. Conversely, with a body‐transmit coil at 3T significant heating (+6.4°C) was observed (same sequence, 1.2/0.5 W/kg head/body‐average) at the grid electrode under “standard” conditions, substantially exceeding safe limits. These temperature increases neglect perfusion, a major source of heat dissipation in vivo.ConclusionMRI for intracranial electrode localization can be performed safely at both 1.5T and 3T provided a head‐transmit coil is used, electrode leads are separated, and scanner‐reported SARs are limited as determined in advance for specific scanner models, RF coils and implant arrangements. Neglecting these restrictions may result in tissue injury. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1233–1244. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated Objective Scoring of Histologically Apparent Cartilage Degeneration Using a Custom Image Analysis Program
Authors: Moussavi‐Harami S. Farshid , Pedersen Douglas R. , Martin James A. , Hillis Stephen L. , Brown Thomas D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHistologic assessment of cartilage degradation has traditionally involved semiquantitative techniques, the most commonly utilized being the Mankin scale. Such assessments depend on human observer subjectivity, and thus have drawn criticism on the basis of associated inter‐ and intraobserver variability. We report a newly developed computational image analysis procedure for fully automated and fully objective assessment of the Mankin scale. Image processing routines were developed in a widely used programming environment (Matlab®) to analyze cartilage degradation. One hundred and twenty‐five histology images incorporating a wide range of degradation features were analyzed by the algorithm and by seven observers experienced in cartilage histologic assessment. Based on random effects linear statistical models, the computer program performed well, showing a correlation of 0.88 between its Mankin scores and latent (average of human observers') image scores. Regarding the four subcomponents of the Mankin scale, computer program correlations with observer scores were best for surface defect and proteoglycan depletion, but less favorable for cellularity and tidemark invasion. While limitations exist with image processing techniques, the new algorithm provides an objective and automated method for analyzing cartilage histology sections, consistent with human observer grading. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 522–528, 2009
Density functional study on the structural conformations and intramolecular charge transfer from the vibrational spectra of the anticancer drug combretastatin‐A2
Authors: Padmaja L. , Ravikumar C. , Sajan D. , Hubert Joe I. , Jayakumar V. S. , Pettit G. R. , Faurskov Nielsen O. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCombretastatin‐A2 (CA2), a potential anticancer drug in advanced preclinical development, is extracted from the medicinal plant Combretum caffrum. The NIR‐FT Raman and FT‐IR spectral studies of the molecule were carried out and ab initio calculations performed at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level to derive the equilibrium geometry as well as the vibrational wavenumbers and intensities of the spectral bands. The vibrational analysis showed that the molecule has a similar geometry as that of cis‐stilbene, and has undergone steric repulsion resulting in twisting of the phenyl ring with respect to the ethylenic plane. Vibrational analysis was used to investigate the lowering of the stretching modes, and enhancement of infrared band intensities of the C–H stretching modes of Me2 may be attributed to the electronic effects caused by back‐donation and induction from the oxygen atom. Analysis of phenyl ring modes shows that the CA2 stretching mode 8 and the aromatic C–H in‐plane bending mode are equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman spectra, which can be interpreted as the evidence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the OH and OCH3groups via conjugated ring path and is responsible for bioactivity of the molecule. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostacking online sample pre‐concentration capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection for β2‐agonists in human urine
Authors: Zheng Lihui , Tong Ping , Zheng Xinyu , Chi Yuwu , Chen Guonan , Zhang Lan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA simple, rapid, sensitive and specific method using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with electrostacking and amperometric detection (AD) has been developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of clenbuterol (CLB), terbutaline (TER), salbutamol (SAL) and formoterol (FMT). In this paper, the CE separation and AD conditions were investigated in detail. The optimum conditions were: pH 8.6 Na2B4O7‐H3BO3 buffer solution (20.0 mmol/L), 9 kV for the separation voltage, and 1000 mV (versus Ag/AgCl) for the detection potential. When the sample which was dissolved in 70% ACN‐water mixture solution was injected 60 s by 15 kV electrokinetic injection, the best stacking effects was obtained. Under the optimum conditions, the enhancement factors of these β2‐agonists had been greatly improved more than 5500‐fold compared with the conventional electrokinetic injection. And then an excellent linear response was obtained with LODs (S/N = 3) of 0.098, 0.024, 0.063 and 0.920 pmol/L for CLB, TER, SAL and FMT in urine, respectively. The precision weas determined in both intra‐day (n = 5) and inter‐day (n = 15) assays, and the RSDs were not more than 2.1 and 3.4% for migration time and peak current, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to analyze human urine samples successfully.
Preparation and characterization of a lamotrigine imprinted polymer and its application for drug assay in human serum
Authors: Mohajeri Seyed Ahmad , Ebrahimi Soltan Ahmed 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) against lamotrigine (LTG) was prepared, characterized, and its recognition properties were compared with a blank nonimprinted polymer (NIP). Two classes of binding sites were found in the MIP – high affinity (KD= 16.2 μM) and low affinity (KD= 161.3 μM). Selectivity of the synthesized MIP was examined using compounds with similar structures or therapeutic uses to LTG. In compounds which had structural similarity to LTG, the presence of amine groups appeared to affect binding to the MIP, however overall shape of the molecule was also important. Under the optimal conditions developed, other anticonvulsant drugs tested did not bind the MIP. A molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) procedure was developed which had a recovery of 84–89%, interday variation of less than 3.4% and intraday variation of less than 2.8%. The MISPE procedure was compared with a routine liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) procedure used for the HPLC determination of LTG in serum from patients. The data indicated that the MIP synthesized showed both good selectivity and high affinity for LTG and could be used for the extraction of the drug from serum samples or as the receptor layer for an LTG selective biosensor.
Finite element simulations of seismic effects on retaining walls with liquefiable backfills
Authors: Dewoolkar Mandar M. , Chan A. H. C. , Ko Hon‐Yim , Pak Ronald Y. S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFinite element simulations of two centrifuge tests on the same cantilever retaining wall model holding liquefiable backfill were conducted using the Biot formulation‐based program DIANA–SWANDYNE II. To demonstrate the effects due to different pore fluids in seismic centrifuge experiments, water was used as the pore fluid in one experiment whereas a substitute pore fluid was used in the second experiment. The cantilever wall model parameters were determined by comparing simulations with measurements from free‐vibration tests performed on the model wall without backfill. The initial stress conditions for dynamic analysis for the soil backfill were obtained by simulating static loads on the retaining wall from the soil backfill. Level‐ground centrifuge model results were used to select the parameters of the Pastor–Zienkiewicz mark III constitutive model used in the dynamic simulations of the soil. The effects due to different pore fluids were captured well by the simulations. The magnitudes of excess pore pressures in the soil, lateral thrust and its line of action on the wall, and wall bending strains, deflections, and accelerations were predicted well. Predictions of settlements and accelerations in the backfill were less satisfactory. Relatively high levels of Rayleigh damping were needed to be used in the retaining wall simulations in order to obtain numerically stable results, which is one of the shortcomings of the model. The procedure may be used for engineering purpose dealing with seismic analysis of flexible retaining walls where lateral pressures, bending strains and deflections in the wall are typically of importance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The public issue life cycle and corporate political actions in China's transitional environment: a case of real estate industry
Authors: Tian Zhilong , Fan Shuai 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Based on the ‘structured content analysis’ of the longitudinal data from a journal of Chinese real estate industry during last 11 years, this paper studies the nature of public issue life cycle and corresponding corporate political actions (CPAs) in a transitional economy. This paper finds out that in a transitional economy like China: (1) a new stage called ‘policy trial’ and double steps of policy introduction were found in the public issue life cycle; (2) the possible outcomes of Chinese public issues are partially consistent with Tombari's arguments; (3) the evolution of CPAs takes a more complex and different path compared with that in the West. In general, this paper provides an available research perspective (the public issue life cycle model) for firms to manage and monitor their external political environment by effectively developing CPAs in a transitional economy.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet analysis of shock and vibration on the truck bed
Authors: Nei Daisuke , Nakamura Nobutaka , Roy Poritosh , Orikasa Takahiro , Ishikawa Yutaka , Kitazawa Hiroaki , Shiina Takeo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractVibrations are usually analysed by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, and this method is efficient for analysing frequency characteristics of vibrations during transportation. However, the nature of vibrations during transportation is non‐stationary, and the FFT method is not sufficient for dealing with such a non‐stationary, time‐dependent data in some cases. In this study, vibration data were analysed for non‐stationary events using a wavelet algorithm. Although apparent changes in frequency characteristics of vibrations were not observed, a continuous wavelet transform sufficiently detected the time dependence of frequency characteristics. When strong shocks were contained in vibration data, wavelet power spectra were significantly increased corresponding to shocks, and the changes were over a wide range of frequencies. The analysis using discrete wavelet transform indicated that shock signals were located in several decomposition levels, and this was dependent on shock direction. Locally amplified detail coefficients and a subsequent reconstruction successfully generated shock‐added vibration data, considering the frequency characteristics of actual shocks. This procedure is expected to be used as a shock generation method in vibration tests. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite beam composed of steel and pre‐cast concrete. (Modularized Hybrid System, MHS) Part II: analytical investigation
Authors: Hong Won‐Kee , Kim Jin‐Min , Park Seon‐Chee , Kim Seung‐Il , Lee Seung‐Geun , Lee Ho‐Chan , Yoon Ki‐Joon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of a wide flange steel beam with the bottom flange encased in pre‐cast concrete. These composite beams utilize the merits of both steel and concrete materials. The effective interaction between the two materials can reduce the size of the steel beams. The reinforcement and the concrete are pre‐integrated with the bottom flange of the steel beam at a manufacturing plant. In this paper, the analytical investigation of the flexural moment strength of the composite beams at both the yield limit state and the maximum load limit state is performed and compared with the experimental results. The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block of the beams is obtained using an equilibrium equation when both the compression steel reinforcements are present. The post‐yield behaviour of the composite beams is also investigated based on the normalized effective stiffness
equation image
versus the normalized drift ratio
equation image
. The stiffness of the composite beams degrades gradually with sufficient ductility and dissipating energy capability. A six‐step procedure provides a fast, effective and accurate way of investigating the post‐yield behaviour of the composite beams. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Breast Cancer: Is There a Role for Minimal Axillary Surgery?
Authors: Yip C. H. , Taib N. A. , Tan G. H. , Ng K. L. , Yoong B. K. , Choo W. Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIntroductionAxillary nodal status is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. In the present study we used it to determine the predictors of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer and to determine if there is a group of patients in whom minimal axillary surgery is indicated.MethodsThis article reports a retrospective study of 953 patients with T1 and T2 invasive breast carcinomas seen in the University Malaya Medical Centre between January 2001 and December 2005, where axillary dissection was done.ResultsOf the 953 patients, 283 (29.7%) had breast‐conserving surgery, and the rest had mastectomies. In this series, 463 patients (48.6%) were younger than 50 years of age; 365 patients (38.3%) had lymph node involvement. The Malays tend to have more axillary node metastases (45.1%) than the Chinese (36.9%); however, there was no significant relationship between age and race and lymph node involvement. Some 23.9% of grade 1 cancers were node positive, compared to 42.9% of grade 2/3 cancers. Tumor size ranged from 0.2 cm to 5 cm; 55.5% of tumors were T2 (>2–5 cm). There were only 13 (1.4%) T1a tumors (>0.1–0.5 cm). Node involvement was documented in 7.7% of T1a tumors, 12.3% of T1b tumors (>0.5–1 cm), 29.2% of T1c tumors, and 48.2% of T2 tumors. In patients who had no lymphovascular invasion (LVI), 24.4% had axillary node metastases, compared with 52.2% of patients where LVI was reported. On univariate analysis, our study found that tumor diameter >2 cm, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and higher tumor grade (2 & 3) were factors significantly associated with a higher risk of nodal metastases. On multivariate analysis, however, only lymphovascular invasion and tumor size were independent predictors based on the logistic regression.ConclusionsIn T1 tumors, axillary lymph node dissection will overtreat almost 75% of cases; therefore a sentinel lymph node biopsy is justified in these tumors. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been shown to reduce the complications of formal axillary dissection, such as shoulder stiffness, pain, and lymphedema. In patients with T2 tumors, where almost 45% have lymph node involvement, sentinel node biopsy may not be cost effective.
Population Health Metrics for Surgery: Effective Coverage of Surgical Services in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Ozgediz Doruk , Hsia Renee , Weiser Thomas , Gosselin Richard , Spiegel David , Bickler Stephen , Dunbar Peter , McQueen Kelly 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundAccess to surgical services is emerging as a crucial issue in global public health. “Effective coverage” is a health metric used to evaluate essential health services in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It measures the fraction of potential health gained that is actually realized for a given intervention by integrating the concepts of need, use, and quality.MethodsThis study applies the concept of effective coverage to surgical services by considering injuries and obstetric complications as high‐priority surgical conditions in low‐ and middle‐income countries.ResultsEffective coverage for both is poor, but it is less well defined for traumatic conditions compared to obstetric conditions owing to a lack of data.ConclusionsMore primary and secondary data are critical to measure effective coverage and to estimate the resources required to improve access to surgical services in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
The Change in Surgical Practice from Subtotal to Near‐Total or Total Thyroidectomy in the Treatment of Patients with Benign Multinodular Goiter
Authors: Tezelman Serdar , Borucu Ismail , Senyurek (Giles) Yasemin , Tunca Fatih , Terzioglu Tarik 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundAlthough total thyroidectomy is the procedure of choice in patients with thyroid carcinoma, this surgical approach has emerged as a surgical option to treat patients with benign multinodular goiter (BMNG), especially in endemically iodine‐deficient regions. The aim of this study was to review our experience with patients with BMNG in an endemically iodine‐deficient region treated by either subtotal or total/near‐total thyroidectomy, and to document whether total or near‐total thyroidectomy decreased the rate of completion thyroidectomy for incidentally diagnosed thyroid carcinoma in comparison to the patients with BMNG treated initially by subtotal thyroidectomy.MethodsTwo thousand five hundred ninety‐two patients with BMNG were included. There were 1695 bilateral subtotal thyroidectomies (group 1) and 1211 total or near‐total thyroidectomies (group 2) for BMNG during this period. All patients were euthyroid and had no history of hyperthyroidism, radiation exposure, or familial thyroid carcinoma. Any patient with preoperative or perioperative suspicion of malignancy or hyperthyroidism was excluded.ResultsBilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in 1695 patients (58.3%) in group 1 and total or near‐total thyroidectomy in 1211 patients (41.7%), in group 2, respectively. The incidence of incidental thyroid carcinoma was found to be 7.2% (n = 210/2906). Although the rate of permanent hypoparathyroidim and transient or permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy were not significantly different between the two groups, transient hypoparathyroidism was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (8.4% vs. 1.42%; p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 52.98). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was significantly higher in group 2 (10.7%, n = 129/1211) than in group 1 (4.68%, n = 81/1695) (p < 0.001; OR = 39.1).Thirty‐eight patients in group 1 (2.24%) underwent completion thyroidectomy, whereas completion thyroidectomy has been not indicated in group 2 (p = 0.007). Two of 38 patients (5.26%) had thyroid papillary microcarcinoma on their remnant thyroid tissue. The rate of recurrent goiter was 7.1% in group 1. The average time to recurrence in group 1 was 14.9 ± 8.7 years. Six of 121 patients with recurrent disease (4.95%) has been operated on.ConclusionsSubtotal thyroidectomy resulted in a significantly higher rate of completion thyroidectomy for incidentally diagnosed thyroid carcinoma compared with total or near‐total thyroidectomy in patients with BMNG. The extent of surgical resection had no significant effect on the rate of permanent complications. We recommend total or near‐total thyroidectomy in BMNG to prevent recurrence and to eliminate the necessity for early completion thyroidectomy in case of a final diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
Vielfarben-Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung
Authors: Liehr T. 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die molekulare Zytogenetik ist ein wesentliches Instrument der Diagnostik und Forschung an menschlichen Chromosomen. Die Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) ist hierbei die maßgebliche Technik. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre wurde eine Vielzahl verschiedener Vielfarben-FISH-Sondensets für unterschiedliche Fragestellungen etabliert und verfügbar gemacht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird diese Entwicklung aufgezeigt und dargestellt. Die der Vielfarben-FISH zugrunde liegenden Prinzipien, deren vielfältigen Spielarten und Anwendungen werden zusammengefasst. Schließlich wird eine Prognose bezüglich der Bedeutung der molekularen Zytogenetik im künftigen Zusammenspiel mit den Chiptechnologien getroffen.
Research on the Rice Proteome: The Contribution of Proteomics Technology in the Creation of Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Plants
Authors: Komatsu Setsuko 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProteomics techniques have identified a vast number of proteins that participate in the growth of plants or their adaptation to environmental stresses. Functional analysis of those proteins will contribute to the development of high-yielding crops through artificial manipulation of the basic life phenomena of plants or through the assessment of their stress tolerance. The conditions in almost all farmlands are suboptimal for plant growth, resulting in a calculation that causes the loss to three quarters of the potential yield of crops. Breeding of stress-tolerant cultivars has been hampered by the paucity of information on molecular events underlying stress tolerance. A comparative analysis of the response of plants to stress at the protein level, together with physiological measurements, will assist in identifying the genes and pathways that are crucial for stress tolerance. This review examines analyses of the rice proteome under abiotic stress and the potential contribution of proteomics technology in the creation of abiotic stress-tolerant plants.