bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reality Orientation and Staff Attention: a Controlled Study
Authors: Woods R. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA trial was carried out of Reality Orientation (R.O.) in a residential home for the elderly mentally infirm with a ‘social therapy’ control group, receiving the same amount of staff attention as the R.O. group, in addition to an untreated control group. R.O. residents improved more on tests of information and orientation and various aspects of memory than controls. These results support the hypothesis that the nature of staff attention is crucial and that it should encourage and reward appropriate behaviour. No differential effects of treatment were found on rating scale assessments of the residents' functioning in the home.
Women who Kill their Children
Authors: D'Orbán P. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring a 6 year period (1970–75) 89 women charged with the killing or attempted murder of their children were examined in a female remand prison. Six types of maternal filicide were distinguished: battering mothers (36 cases), mentally ill mothers (24 cases), neonaticides (11 cases), retaliating mothers (9 cases), women who killed unwanted children (8 cases) and mercy killing (1 case). Types of filicide were compared on a number of social and psychiatric characteristics and on their offence patterns and court disposals. The operation of the Infanticide Act is discussed in the light of these findings.
Severity of Psychiatric Disorder and the 30-Item General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Finlay-Jones Robert A. , Murphy Elaine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 30-item General Health Questionnaire misclassified 26 per cent of respondents in two samples of women who were interviewed by a psychiatrist using the Present State Examination. False negatives were likely to be women with chronic disorders, particularly anxiety states. False positives were likely to be distressed by severe physical illness, a recent adverse life event, or loneliness. Applying a higher threshold score to their GHQ, responses would help to separate those with a diagnosable psychiatric disorder from those in states of distress.
Dependency upon Salbutamol Inhalers
Authors: Edwards J. Guy , Holgate S. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of dependency on salbutamol inhalers has been described. This has been discussed in relation to abuse of other drugs by alveolar absorption and other effects of salbutamol. It is not known whether the dependency is due to the salbutamol itself or to the fluorinated hydrocarbons used as propellants.
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: Report of Five Cases in the Chinese
Authors: Lieh-Mak F. , Luk S. L. , Leung L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFive cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in the Chinese are described. The onset, course, symptomatology and family psychopathology are similar to those reported in Caucasians. On the parameters of APGAR score, psychological testing, EEG and psychiatric examination all had at least one abnormality. The response to haloperidol was uniformly good. Follow-up results showed that all were able to lead a fairly normal life after treatment. Though the cases are few in number, the findings seem to support the hypothesis that the syndrome has an organic substratum subject to psychological influences.
Treatment Settings in Psychiatry: Long-term Family and Social Findings
Authors: Robin A. A. , Copas J. B. , Freeman-Browne D. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTreatment in a psychiatric unit, as distinct from a psychiatric hospital, held no benefits in the long term (5–8 years after admission) as far as the patient's mental and behavioural status and employment, or the family's burdens, health needs or attitude were concerned. Schizophrenic patients from both settings received more hospital treatment and medication, were more often unemployed, and had more adverse effect on relatives' health than neurotic or depressive patients. Hospital attendence identified relatives who expressed a need for support.
Hostility and Guilt in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis
Authors: Manchanda Rahul , Sethi Brij B. , Gupta Suresh C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe enquiry relates to the investigation of 30 cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with special reference to the phenomena of hostility and guilt as revealed through Foulds' Five Punitive Scales and the Thematic Apperception Test. Controls consisted of an equal number of subjects suffering from neurotic depression. Analysis reveals acting-out hostility and extrapunitive tendency in the experimental group. No significant difference was found in terms of guilt scores.
Increased Serum Calcium and Phosphorus with the ‘Switch’ into Manic or Excited Psychotic States
Authors: Carman John Scott , Post Robert M. , Runkle Deborah C. , Bunney William E. , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: August 2008

SummarySmall but statistically significant increases in serum total calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus coincided with repeated onsets of psychotic agitation or mania in nine psychotic in-patients experiencing rapid cycles of illness. These increases were not accompanied by changes in magnesium or other constituents, which might suggest non-specific haemoconcentration. Similar increases in calcium or phosphorus were not present in patients without the same cycles of psychotic illness. The observed increases could neither be simulated nor altered by stress or activity, and it remains unclear whether they might be accounted for by dietary changes, sleep disruption, circadian phase shifts or by endocrine alterations.
The use of Screening Investigations in Psychiatry
Authors: Thomas C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is a study of the results of screening tests on all new psychiatric in-patients over a period of one year. Although none of the results indicated definite physical causes for the psychiatric illness, 10 per cent of the tests revealed abnormalities resulting from or co-incidental with the psychiatric illness. Of these abnormal results 61 per cent led to no further investigation or treatment, and the significance of this is discussed.
An XYY Man
Authors: Cowen Philip , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis case report describes a young man with a 47, XYY karyotype who was convicted of arson. He suffered from a cardiac disorder which may well have been part of the XYY syndrome rather than a chance association. His abnormal karyotype was disclosed in court and used by the defence in a plea in mitigation.
Compulsory Admission to Hospital: An Operational Review of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960
Authors: Elliott William A. , Timbury Gerald C. , Walker Margaret M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe working of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 is examined by analysis of compulsory admissions both nationally and to one Glasgow hospital. Comparisons are drawn with England and Wales. Despite a six-fold increase in admissions since 1945 the use of compulsory powers has remained almost constant. It is suggested that an annual number of 45 compulsory admissions per 100,000 population may represent an inevitable basic level as foreseen by the Royal Commission in 1957. Section 31 (‘Emergency Recommendation’) secures 80 per cent of Part IV admissions, and Section 24 (‘Full Recommendation’) is employed in only 25 per cent. Part V accounts for only 300 admissions per annum, mostly remands for psychiatric report. Two suggestions are made for possible future amendments to the Act.
Psychiatrists' Assessments of Mental Illness
Authors: Bean Philip 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe labelling theory of mental illness and particularly that version formulated by Thomas Scheff has been applied to psychiatry. Studies completed by Scheff have produced considerable evidence to support labelling theory. An attempt is made here to determine to what extent labelling theory applies to a group of British psychiatrists. The results give little support to Scheff's position.
The EEG and Differential Diagnosis in Psychogeriatrics
Authors: O'Connor K. P. , Shaw J. C. , Ongley C. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA model for differentiating cerebral dysfunction in senile, arteriosclerotic dementia, and depressive states is proposed on the basis of electrocortical topographic measures of EEG coherence. Bipolar EEGs were recorded from central, parietal, occipital and temporal areas in 24 elderly patients with a firm clinical diagnosis of senile dementia, senile arteriosclerosis or depression. Power and coherence spectra were computed on 20 second epochs recorded during eyes open, eyes closed and photic stimulation. Significant group differences were reported in both power and coherence measures. Power results were uniform for all channels but coherence values differed significantly with derivation. The best discriminator between groups was EEG coherence estimates between right parietal and temporal derivation. Correlations between clinical symptomatology and EEG coherence supported the direction of the discrimination between groups. The EEG coherence function is discussed as a potential measure of neuro-functional pathology in psychiatry.
High Dose Flupenthixol Decanoate in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Flanagan W. L. , McKnight J. , Jorgensen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind trial, female ‘drug-resistant’ chronic schizophrenic in-patients were given high dose or standard dose flupenthixol decanoate for 13 weeks. Plasma flupenthixol levels showed a five-fold interindividual variation, but were consistently higher with the high dose. Analysis of final scores showed no statistically significant differences between groups with regards to mental state, ward behaviour and extrapyramidal side-effects. When compared with pre-trial scores, the extrapyramidal side-effects worsened significantly in the high dose patients and social withdrawal decreased in the standard dose patients. The mental state of a sub-group of patients, possibly drug resistant for pharmacokinetic reasons, improved significantly on the high dose over the 13 weeks.
Artistic Productivity and Lithium Prophylaxis in Manic-Depressive Illness
Authors: Schou Mogens 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-four manic-depressive artists, in whom prophylactic lithium treatment had attenuated or prevented recurrences to a significant degree, were questioned about their creative power during the treatment. Twelve artists reported increased artistic productivity, six unaltered productivity, and six lowered productivity. The effect of lithium treatment on artistic productivity may depend on the severity and type of the illness, on individual sensitivity, and on habits of utilizing manic episodes productively.
Assessment of Patients for Psychotherapy
Authors: Bloch Sidney 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFactors in the patient which have been commonly cited by therapists as relevant in assessment for psychotherapy are examined as well as the research done on them. These factors are discussed under four categories: (a) factors related to the illness, (b) personal factors related to the treatment, (c) personal factors not directly associated with the illness and (d) current life circumstances. Research on methods of assessing patient suitability is discussed together with an account of the reasons for the rather disappointing contribution of systematic research.
The Distinction Between the Affective Psychoses and Schizophrenia
Authors: Brockington I. F. , Kendell R. E. , Wainwright S. , Hillier V. F. , Walker J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an attempt to demonstrate a valid boundary between schizophrenia and the affective psychoses, discriminant function analyses have been carried out with history, mental state and follow-up data in two populations of patients. A bimodal distribution of discriminant scores was obtained in one of them (a general psychotic sample of 128 patients), using a discriminant function derived from the same sample; but when the function was applied to the second population (a schizoaffective sample of 106 patients) the distribution was ambiguous. Functions derived from the schizoaffective sample produced highly skewed distributions of discriminant scores in the general psychotic sample.Kraepelin's hypothesis that the functional psychoses consist of two distinct disease entities receives some support from our findings, but there is still no compelling evidence that the universe of psychotic patients falls naturally into these two groups.
Thiamine and Pyridoxine Lack in Newly-Admitted Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Williams D. G. , Sheffield B. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty four patients admitted to a general hospital psychiatric unit with a history of poor diet were examined. Serum pyruvate was estimated in all, red cell transketolase in 74 and red cell aspartate transaminase in 66. Significantly more of the 58 abnormally low thiamine patients than of the normal thiamine group showed clinical signs of malnutrition or were diagnosed as chronic alcoholics, drug addicts, schizophrenics or endogenous depressives. Significantly more endogenous depressives than other patients had a raised aspartate transaminase activity coefficient (pyridoxine lack.) While most low thiamine findings are probably manifestations of malnutrition pyridoxine lack may have some aetiological significance in endogenous depression.
Controlled Studies of the Acute Antidepressant Effects of Lithium
Authors: Worrall E. P. , Moody J. P. , Peet M. , Dick P. , Smith A. , Chambers C. , Adams M. , Naylor G. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn two randomized double-blind controlled trials on 63 depressed female in-patients subject to recurrent affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar manic-depressive psychosis) lithium was shown to have major acute antidepressant effects. At the end of three weeks lithium produced more uniform improvement than did imipramine; lithium in combination with tryptophan (in the form of Optimax) was superior to tryptophan alone—the latter drug having no discernible antidepressant activity in this group of patients.Lithium did not produce an antidepressant effect until the second and third week of both trials.
Samaritan Contact Among 325 Parasuicide Patients
Authors: Greer Steven , Anderson Marion 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWith the aim of aiding primary prevention of parasuicide by Samaritans, a study of 325 parasuicide patients admitted to hospital was undertaken to discover the extent of knowledge about Samaritans, the proportion of patients who had contacted Samaritans and the reasons why the remainder had not done so. Ignorance about Samaritans was found in 28 per cent, such ignorance being significantly more common among teenagers than in other age groups. Only 1.4 per cent had sought help from Samaritans immediately before the present parasuicidal act, though a further 13 per cent had contacted Samaritans previously. Suggestions are made for future public education programmes about Samaritans.
The Prevalence and Clinical Presentation of Psychiatric Illness in a Rural Setting in Kenya
Authors: Ndetei David M. , Muhangi Joseph 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and forty patients seen in a suburban walk-in walk-out clinic over a period of 30 days were studied. Twenty-eight (20 per cent) of them were found to be primarily psychiatrically disabled, 83 (59.3 per cent) primarily physically disabled and the diagnosis of the rest (20.7 per cent) was uncertain. The psychiatric patients were found to be suffering from anxiety and depressive states. Their sex, age, education, economic status, symptomatology and duration of the illness were analysed.The findings suggest among other things that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the rural setting in Kenya is high and therefore calls for a proportionate provision of mental health care facilities. They also suggest that anxiety and depression in African patients are masked by somatic symptoms, often leading to unnecessary delays in diagnosis and management.
A Better Outlook for Schizophrenics Living in Extended Families
Authors: El-Islam M. Fakhr 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform attacks living in extended families have been compared to cases with similar diagnoses in nuclear families. Both diagnostic groups living in extended families presented earlier; they had lower rates of withdrawal symptoms and higher rates of behavioural disturbances and subjective suffering. Inter-generational conflict was a significantly more common precipitating factor in patients living in extended families; this was therapeutically utilized to induce family support. Patients from extended families had a lower tendency to deteriorate into withdrawn, affectively blunted residual states.
Clinical Significance of Plasma Drug and Prolactin Levels During Acute Chlorpromazine Treatment: A Replication Study
Authors: Kolakowska Tamara , Orr Michael , Gelder Michael , Heggie Manuela , Wiles David , Franklin Michael 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNineteen patients with acute psychoses, the majority schizophrenics, were studied in the course of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Plasma levels of the drug, plasma prolactin (PRL), extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) and changes in mental state were monitored weekly, as in our earlier study. The results confirm some of our previous findings: (a) plasma CPZ levels vary widely among patients and correlate poorly with daily doses of CPZ; (b) increased plasma PRL is associated with higher plasma CPZ levels and is more common among the patients who develop EPS; and (c) none of these three variables differ between groups of patients with good and poor treatment outcome. However we did not confirm our previous finding of a significant association between EPS and higher plasma CPZ, nor did we find that the ratio of CPZ-sulphoxide to CPZ differed between the improved patients and the rest.
Five Variations of Sleep Deprivation in a Depressed Woman
Authors: Knowles J. B. , Southmayd S. E. , Delva N. , MacClean A. W. , Cairns J. , Letemendia F. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySystematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm. Depression returned during as little as 15 minutes sleep. The effect of sleep deprivation was a specific response, probably unrelated to REM sleep.
Degree of Sobriety in Male Alcoholics and Coping Styles used by their Wives
Authors: Schaffer Jack B. , Tyler John D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe ‘Coping With Drinking’ questionnaire, administered to 124 A1-anon members, was factor analyzed and revealed nine identifiable styles of coping. Multiple regression analyses between three measures of sobriety and each of the nine styles of coping factors provide support for the general hypothesis that the coping styles used by wives of alcoholics are related to drinking outcome. Further, those modes of coping in which the wife communicates her feelings of distress and frustration to the drinking husband in a way which is minimally threatening for him seem to be most positively related to his attainment of sobriety.
The Hierarchy Model of Psychiatric Symptomatology: An Investigation Based on Present State Examination Ratings
Authors: Surtees P. G. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychiatric diagnoses are arranged in a rough hierarchy, generally regarded as a convention to enable patients with a wide range of symptoms to be allocated to single diagnostic categories. Foulds, on the basis of self-report questionnaire responses, claimed that patients with symptoms at the higher levels of this hierarchy not only may but characteristically do exhibit symptoms at all lower levels as well. Foulds’ hierarchy model was tested here, using PSE ratings from two large series of in-patients; at least 75 per cent fulfilled the requirements of the model, but up to 50 per cent of schizophrenic and manic patients failed to do so. Almost two-thirds of all patients with psychotic symptoms establishing them in one of the upper two classes of the hierarchy did not exhibit the neurotic symptoms they required lower in the hierarchy.
Pharmacotherapeutic Trials in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Mackay Angus V. P. , Sheppard Graham P. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySome of the clinical factors contributing to the currently unsatisfactory state of therapy for tardive dyskinesia are reviewed. Problems such as lack of clear syndrome delineation and phenomenological description, the lack of standardization in rating scales and the lack of attention to trial design have all probably contributed to a rather confusing picture. Controlled trials suggest that several pharmacological agents may be of therapeutic value but that clinical prediction of an individual's response is impossible. The strategy of acute drug challenge has emerged as perhaps the most promising approach to the definition of pharmacological subtypes and therefore the choice of optimal treatment.
Tardive Dyskinesia and Dementia
Authors: Famuyiwa O. O. , Eccleston D. , Donaldson A. A. , Garside R. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventeen schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and 33 schizophrenics without tardive dyskinesia were examined by psychological tests of intellectual function and EMI scans were performed. The group as a whole were found to be demented and 31 out of 45 had abnormalities on the scan. On a learning test the tardive dyskinesia group did significantly worse and using a measured parameter of the scan (the Ventricular Index) the tardive dyskinesia group had more abnormality. It is suggested that the higher incidence of pathology in the tardive dyskinesia group may be related to chronic neuroleptic toxicity.
Metoclopramide and Haloperidol in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Bateman D. N. , Dutta D. K. , McClelland H. A. , Rawlins M. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of single intravenous doses of metoclopramide (10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg) and haloperidol (5 mg and 10 mg) have been compared to placebo (saline) in a double blind randomised study in 8 patients with tardive dyskinesia secondary to neuroleptic therapy. Tardive dyskinesia rating scores were improved significantly (P <0.01) 6 hours after dosing by metoclopramide 40 mg, and haloperidol 5 mg and 10 mg, when compared to placebo. Single doses of dopamine receptor blocking agents improve tardive dyskinesia. The dose of metoclopramide required to show a beneficial effect was high, and this therefore suggests that it is unlikely to be of therapeutic value as the incidence of adverse reactions would be greatly increased. By monitoring the effects of single doses of dopamine receptor blocking drugs in patients with tardive dyskinesia it is possible to compare the relative potencies of these drugs on dopaminergic systems in vivo in man.