bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of the Dubai International Financial Centre: Common Law Oasis or Mirage Within the UAE?
Authors: Carballo Alejandro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite the increasing trends towards a reassertion of Shari'a within the Arab world, the Emirate of Dubai has recently created a world-class financial hub, the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). DIFC is under an independent, common law-based, parallel legal system (outside the Dubai and the UAE federal legal systems) which is backed by an independent judicial system. However, there are still certain hindrances, such as the financial dependence of the DIFC courts and the harmful requirement (controlled by the Dubai judge) of "appropriate for enforcement" of DIFC decisions seeking outside enforcement.Furthermore, although DIFC legislation allows the application of a Shari'a-based national legislation (except for any provision contrary to any mandatory rule of a law in force in the DIFC), problems arise regarding the application of a-national Shari'a principles, mainly in Islamic Finance. Will common law oriented DIFC courts refer to recent British cases? In any case, it must be stated that even in the very unlikely situation of a challenge against DIFC laws on grounds of unconstitutionality (for being contrary to Art. 7), the pro-commercial approach of the Constitutional Chamber of the UAE Supreme Court, leads to conclude that no DIFC law would be strike down.
What Responsibility Do Courts Have to Hear Children's Voices?
Authors: Parkinson Patrick , Cashmore Judy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNo social organization can hope to be built on the rights of its members unless there are mechanisms whereby those members may express themselves and wherein those expressions are taken seriously. Hearing what children say must therefore lie at the roots of any elaboration of children's rights. No society will have begun to perceive its children as rightholders until adults' attitudes and social structures are seriously adjusted towards making it possible for children to express views, and towards addressing them with respect (Eekelaar, 1992, p. 228).
Children and Young People's Participation Rights in Education
Authors: Smith Anne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper outlines a new orientation towards constructing childhood arising out of children's rights discourse, sociology of childhood and sociocultural theory. Children have traditionally lacked voice and visibility, but slowly a recognition of children's role as social actors who are active co-constructors of meaning and "experts" on childhood is emerging. The paper looks at how the childhood studies paradigm highlights the importance of participation rights for children and young people. The paper describes how these theoretical paradigms are being reflected in educational policy and practice. It analyses examples of research and practice on how children are encouraged and supported to be active participants and social actors in their early childhood, primary and secondary education settings. The paper argues that having participation rights and being a citizen are part of an ongoing learning process, and that what happens in educational settings give meaning to children's understanding of what it is to be an active and involved citizen.This paper examines the application of the new paradigm of 'children's studies' to the development of policy and practice relating to children's participation rights in education. Theory and research is used to develop a framework for the principles of effective participation, and then an example at each level (early childhood, primary and secondary) of how these principles have been put into practice in education analysed.
Case-only study of interactions between metabolic enzymes and smoking in colorectal cancer
Authors: Fan Chunhong , Jin Mingjuan , Chen Kun , Zhang Yongjing , Zhang Shuangshuang , Liu Bing 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involved in the metabolism of carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer. Our objective was to measure the interactions between common polymorphisms of P450 (CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2E1), GSTM1 and T1, SULT1A1 and cigarette smoking in colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods
A case-only design was conducted in a Chinese population including 207 patients with sporadic CRC. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed adjusting for age, gender, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking.

Results
The interaction odds ratio (COR) for the gene-gene interaction between CYP1B1 1294G and SULT1A1 638A allele was 2.68 (95% CI: 1.16–6.26). The results of the gene-environment analyses revealed that an interaction existed between cigarette smoking and the CYP1B1 1294G allele for CRC (COR = 2.62, 95%CI: 1.01–6.72), the COR for the interaction of CYP1B1 1294G and smoking history > 35 pack-years was 3.47 (95%CI: 1.12–10.80). No other significant gene-gene and gene-environment interactions were observed.

Conclusion
Our results showed that the interaction between polymorphisms in CYP1B1 1294G and SULT1A1*2 may play a significant role on CRC in the Chinese population. Also, it is suggested that the association between cigarette smoking and CRC could be differentiated by the CYP1B1 1294G allele.
Spinal NKCC1 Blockade Inhibits TRPV1-Dependent Referred Allodynia
Authors: Pitcher Mark H , Price Theodore J , Entrena Jose M , Cervero Fernando 
Published: June 2007

Background: The Na+, K+, 2Cl− type I cotransporter (NKCC1) and TRPV1 receptors, at the level of the dorsal horn, have been implicated in mediating allodynia in response to an inflammatory insult. The NKCC1 cotransporter regulates intracellular [Cl−] and thus the magnitude and polarity of GABAA receptor responses in neurons. TRPV1 receptors transduce diverse chemical and natural stimuli in nociceptors and are critical for inflammatory hyperalgesia. Results: Here we have tested the role of spinal NKCC1 cotransporters and TRPV1 receptors in referred allodynia in a model of visceral hyperalgesia in mice. Intrathecal (IT) injection of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide (BUM, 1 nmol) inhibited referred, abdominal allodynia evoked by an intracolonic capsaicin injection. BUM was effective when injected IT either before or up to 4 hrs after the establishment of referred allodynia. The TRPV1 antagonist AMG 9810 (1 nmol) also inhibited referred allodynia in this model suggesting the involvement of an endogenous TRPV1 agonist in the dorsal horn in referred allodynia. In support of this suggestion, the endovanilloid TRPV1 agonist, narachidonoyl- dopamine (NADA, 1 or 10 nmol, IT) evoked stroking allodynia in the hindpaw that was blocked by co-treatment with AMG 9810 (1 nmol). The TRPV1-dependent stroking allodynia caused by NADA appeared to be functionally linked to NKCC1 because BUM (1 nmol) also inhibited NADA-evoked stroking allodynia. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that spinal NKCC1 and TRPV1 are critical for referred allodynia mediated by a painful visceral stimulus. Moreover, they suggest that endogenous TRPV1 agonists, released in the CNS in painful conditions, might stimulate TRPV1 receptors on primary afferents that, in turn, play a role in increasing NKCC1 activity leading to allodynia.
Vibration of plate and shell structures using triangular finite elements
Authors: Dungar R , Severn R T , Taylor P R 
Published: June 2007

Mass and stiffness matrices are obtained for a general-triangle element and for a right-angled-triangle element. Both bending and in-plane actions are considered, although no coupling is assumed, and the matrices relating to bending actions are obtained independently of those relating to in-plane actions. Coupling is introduced, unless all the elements lie in a single plane, when the transformation from local to global co-ordinates is made. In deriving the stiffness matrices assumptions have been made about the form of the stress components within, and on the boundaries of, the element, together with assumptions about the form of the displacement components on the boundary of the element only. The commonly made assumptions in the derivation of stiffness matrices relate to the form of the displacement components not only on the boundary but throughout the element. In order to derive satisfactory mass matrices it is necessary to assume the form of the displacement components throughout the element. For the right-angled-triangle mass matrices these displacement components have been assumed independently of the assumed boundary displacements needed for the stiffness matrix. For the general-triangle mass matrix, however, the displacements throughout the element have been made consistent with the boundary displacements which were needed for the stiffness matrix. Numerical results are given for the first few natural frequencies of a square simply supported slab and a square encastré slab. Comparison with accepted values shows that the finite-element values are accurate, and convergent as the element size is reduced. For the same number of elements it is indicated that general triangles give a more accurate solution than right-angled triangles, probably because of the more satisfactory derivation of the mass matrix for the general triangle. This advantage is offset, however, by the greater computation time required by general triangles. Calculated and experimental frequency values are also given for a single-curvature arch dam of constant thickness. Mode shapes are not given in any of the numerical solutions although they are produced as an integral part of the computer programme.
Anisotropy of yarn wound on a flanged tube
Authors: Beddoe B 
Published: June 2007

Some synthetic fibres possess considerable transverse anisotropy. When yarn made from such fibres is wound under tension on a tube, the pack of wound yarn exhibits a high degree of anisotropy of the cylindrical type. A simple experiment which demonstrates this property is described. Treating the yarn as elastic and anisotropic, a theory of winding yarn under tension is developed to determine the stresses within the wound yarn. Expressions for the axial strain and the end load of the containing flanged tube are also obtained. Computed results show the dependence of stress distribution on the degree of anisotropy; of particular interest is the large variation of circumferential tension of the yarn, which affects subsequent yarn processing.
Studies on murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a partially infected colony
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. 
Published: June 2007

Monitoring for lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) infections was maintained for 10 months on the first generations (123 litters) of a mouse colony of 16 pairs composed of 4 groups with each of the following combinations of LCM-free (SPF) and LCM congenitally infected (PTI) mice-SPF ♂ x SPF ♀, PTI ♂ x PTI ♀, SPF ♂ x PTI ♀, PTI ♂ x SPF ♀. The PTI mice were from a conventional colony recently found to be infected in some of its sections with LCM virus from an unknown source. The studies confirmed that the epidemiological characteristics of this new virus strain were identical with those first noted by Traub in 1938. Progeny of the PTI females had a persistent tolerant infection. The progeny of the PTI ♂ x SPF ♀ pairs, though born without infection, thereafter often acquired tolerant or non-tolerant infections through contact with the PTI male parent. Progeny of the SPF x SPF pairs remained LCM-free throughout the period despite the high infectivity of the excretions from the neighbouring PTI mice. This confirmed the feasibility of eradicating this latent infection from a mouse colony containing a proportion of LCM-free mice.
A method of assessment of central nervous function in mice with viral encephalomyelitis
Authors: Seamer John , Peto S. 
Published: June 2007

A quantitative investigation into the balancing and locomotor function, learning and memory of mice infected with an arthropod-borne virus is described. Mice can remain on a rod rotating in a horizontal plane about its long axis, and this natural ability can be assessed by counting the number of times they fall off. The mice improve their ability with experience and can retain the improved ability for short periods. Natural ability in mice about 25 days old was greater than in those 3 weeks older. This ability was diminished by the encephalomyelitis which resulted from infection with Langat virus. Within the limits of the experiments the rate of learning depended upon the number of trials rather than the interval between them. Memory lasting 10 days or longer was demonstrated in some mice but evidence on the effect of ageing on learning and memory was conflicting. Despite the presence of Langat virus infection the learning ability and memory of mice which showed no clinical signs of disease appeared to be unimpaired.
Effects of gamma-irradiation on the vitamin content of diets for laboratory animals
Authors: Coates Marie E. , Ford J. E. , Gregory Margaret E. , Thompson S. Y. 
Published: June 2007

Practical-type diets for chicks, guinea-pigs and cats, and a chick diet of purified ingredients, were assayed for their vitamin content before and after gamma-irradiation at doses ranging from 2 to 5 Mrad. Irradiation of guinea-pig and chick diets resulted in small losses of vitamin A (in this investigation, 6 and 12 per cent respectively). Losses of vitamin E were larger (24 and 65 per cent) but were much less (11 per cent) when the diets were vacuum-packed before irradiation. Vitamins were less stable in the purified chick diets, the most susceptible being vitamins A, E, B6 and thiamine. Vitamin destruction was greatly increased when antioxidants were incorporated into this diet, and also when its moisture content was high. Vitamin A and β-carotene were almost completely destroyed in the cat diet, where there was also some loss of thiamine and folic acid.
A safe method of handling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Melvin Jennifer M. O. , Beck J. Swanson 
Published: June 2007

A simple handling box for rhesus monkeys is described. It is easy to use and there is minimal contact between handler and monkey, thereby ensuring greater safety for personnel working with these animals than is found with other methods of handling. For minor procedures there is no need to sedate monkeys restrained in the box. The box can easily be adapted for use with other primate species and for the performance of a wide variety of experimental techniques.
Daily patterns of feeding and excretion in rats confined to metabolism cages : strain and age differences
Authors: Bellamy D. , Lamming P. A. , Stevenson A. 
Published: June 2007

Data are presented on the daily feeding and excretion patterns of Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar/Sprague-Dawley hybrid rats confined to metabolism cages. All strains were characterized by the formation of a grossly hypertonic urine which contained high concentrations of both sodium and potassium. Daily concentration rhythms were found in urinary sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, but the magnitude of these rhythms depended on strain and age. Rats of all ages were characterized by a high turnover of water and salts. A large proportion of the water was lost by routes other than urine and faeces, and the animals appeared to absorb a slightly hypertonic salt solution from the intestine (the result of eating and drinking) in order to counteract this water loss.
Breeding the stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides
Authors: Trollope J. , Blurton-Jones N. G. 
Published: June 2007

The establishment of a small breeding colony of Macaca arctoides is described and compared with reports on breeding Macaca mulatta. Despite restrictions imposed on the breeding methods by a developmental ethological study, 7 young, 6 of which were conceived in the laboratory, have been obtained from 6 females in just over 3 years.
A comparison between irradiated and autoclaved diets for breeding mice, with observations on palatability
Authors: Porter G. , Festing M. 
Published: June 2007

Two commercial laboratory mouse diets were sterilized by either high-vacuum autoclaving or gamma irradiation, and then fed to breeding mice of 2 different strains housed as monogamous pairs or trios. There was a statistically significant diet-by-sterilization-method interaction for total number of mice weaned, although neither the effect of 'diet' nor 'sterilization method' were statistically significant. Thus with diet FFG an average of 45.1 young was weaned per cage on irradiated diet compared with 55.6 on the autoclaved diet, while 51.4 mice were weaned per cage on irradiated Breeding Diet compared with 47.6 on the autoc1aved. This result suggests that the effects of sterilization by either method depend on the nature of the diet, so that it should be possible to design diets capable of being sterilized by autoclaving or irradiation. Palatability trials indicated a strong preference for irradiated diet over autoclaved diet.
Fire alarms and oestrus in rats
Authors: Gamble M. R. 
Published: June 2007

Vaginal smear cyclicity was used as a physiological test to compare the response of rats to the new 'silent' fire alarm developed by the Laboratory Animals Centre with a conventional fire bell. The fire bell had a highly significant effect on the vaginal smear cyclicity whereas the rats exposed to the 'silent' fire alarm showed no significant changes from the control animals in quiet conditions.
Nonisothermal decomposition kinetics of chromium–polyacrylate complexes prepared from aged Cr(III) solutions
Authors: Doğan F. , Öztürk Ö. F. , Yürekli M. , Ay A. N. , Köse D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThermogravimetric studies of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and its chromium–polyacrylate complexes prepared from Cr(III) solutions aged for different times were undertaken. Six kinetic methods were used to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior of these materials. The applied methods were the Coats–Redfern, Horowitz–Metzger, MacCallum–Tanner, van Krevelen, Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan, and Criado methods. The activation energy values obtained with the Coats–Redfern, Horowitz–Metzger, and MacCallum–Tanner methods were in good agreement with one another, and those obtained with the van Krevelen and Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan methods were found to be 10–20 kJ/mol larger. The apparent activation energies increased for the complexes prepared from Cr(III) solutions aged for longer times. An analysis of the experimental results suggested that the actual decomposition mechanisms of PAA and the metal–polymer complexes were a Dn deceleration type. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Ein Beitrag zur Scheeliteinkristallzüchtung nach der Verneuil‐Methode
Authors: Žemlička J. , Barta Čestmir 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß Scheeliteinkristalle aus einer Schmelze der Zusammensetzung 5 T. CaWO4 und 1 T. CaO · 2 WO3 sowie 0,06 Gew.% H2O (WO3 : CaO=1,18 : 1) kristallisieren.
Einsatz von Laser‐Mikrospektralanalyse und UR 10‐Mikroeinrichtung bei der Bestimmung kristalliner Einschlüsse in Bergkristallen
Authors: Blankenburg H.‐J. , Moenke H. , Moenke‐Blankenburg L. , Wehrberger K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDurch den kombinierten Einsatz der Laser‐Mikroemissionsspektralanalyse und der Mikroabsorptionsanalyse im Ultraroten konnte eine exakte Bestimmung verschiedener Einschlüsse in Bergkristallen durchgeführt werden.
Über heterogene Keimbildung von Germanium
Authors: Kleber W. , Mietz I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAuf Grund experimenteller Untersuchungen hat es sich gezeigt, daß die Grenztemperaturen bei der Bildung von amorphen bzw. kristallisierten Schichten von Germanium sich in Abhängigkeit vom Substrat im allgemeinen nur wenig unterscheiden. Als Beispiel sei auf die Abscheidung von Ge auf NaCl bzw. NaF hingewiesen. Im Zusammenhang mit den Beobachtungen beim Germanium werden die Bedingungen für die Gültigkeit der Stufenregel vom theoretischen Standpunkt aus für diesen Fall diskutiert.
Über die Theorie der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit dünner Kristallplättchen aus der Gasphase (I)
Authors: Budurov S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit dünner runder Kristallplättchen aus der Gasphase nach einer der Burton‐Cabrera‐Frankschen und der Dittmar‐Neumannschen Berechnung ähnlichen Methode mit Hilfe einer entsprechenden stationären Diffusionsaufgabe berechnet. Dabei wird angenommen, daß nur die Seitenflächen des Plättchens wachsen; hingegen dienen die „Basisflächen”︁ nur als Zubringergebiet von Substanz durch Oberflächendiffusion.Für den Fall einer eventuellen experimentellen Überprüfung werden Näherungsformeln für die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit bei großen und kleinen Plättchenhalbmessern angeführt.
The crystallization of the ammoniumtitanyl sulphate from sulfuric acid solutions
Authors: Khamskij E. V. , Podogerskaya E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe crystallisation process for ammoniumtitanyl sulphate in highly stirred (1500 r.p.m.) sulfuric acid solutions is investigated, also in the presence of niobium or tantalum. A formerly derived empirical equation (Khamskij) for the dependence of induction period on supersaturation is confirmed experimentally. Crystallisation velocities occuring at different conditions are reported.
Absorptionsspektren von getempertem Korund
Authors: Kvapil Jiří , Súlovský Juraj 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIm Wasserstoff oder in oxidierender Atmosphäre entstandene Farbänderungen getemperter, dotierter Korundeinkristalle werden beschrieben. Diese Änderungen erfolgen bei Temperaturen oberhalb 1100–1200°C. Beim Tempern im Wasserstoff entfärben sich die Einkristalle mit Fe‐ oder Mn‐Gehalt. Einkristalle mit Ni‐Gehalt werden dunkler. Einkristalle, die Cr, Ti und V enthalten, verlieren den violetten und erhalten einen roten Farbton. Beim Tempern in oxidierender Atmosphäre gewinnen die Einkristalle den ursprünglichen Farbton zurück.
Preparation and Investigation of BaSO4KMnO4 Crystals
Authors: Waldeck H. , Baier E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBaSO4 crystals containing KMnO4 prepared by precipitation were investigated morphologically, chemically and by X‐ray diffraction. The colour of the preparations is homogeneous and stable. The colour intensity and also the amount of dissolved KMnO4 (maximum approx. 30 Mol%) increases with concentration of KMnO4 in the reaction solution to a limiting value dependent on the temperature. The lattice constants or the unit cell volume of the BaSO4–KMnO4 crystals increase with the proportion of KMnO4. The experimental values agree well with the Vegard rule for preparations up to 18 Mol% KMnO4, but with higher proportions significant departures were observed. They may easily be explained by adsorption phenomena. Because the experimental possibilities for preparation of BaSO4‐KMnO4 crystals are narrowly limited, the miscibility gap ‐ infered from chemical results ‐ cannot be determined.The system BaSO4‐KMnO4 is regarded as a true mixed crystal system, nevertheless to explain all observations an adsorption of KMnO4 on BaSO4 must also be considered.