bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The roles of landscape context, niche breadth, and range boundaries in predicting species responses to habitat alteration
Authors: Swihart Robert K. , Lusk Jeffrey J. , Duchamp Joseph E. , Rizkalla Carol E. , Moore Jeffrey E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExtant species in human‐dominated landscapes differ in their sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation, although extinctions induced by environmental alteration reduce variation and result in a surviving subset of species with some degree of ‘resistance’. Here, we test the degree to which variable responses to habitat alteration are (1) essentially an inherent property of a taxon subject to constraints imposed by its geographical range, as suggested by Swihart et al. (2003), (2) a function of the landscape in which a species occurs, or (3) a function of spatial trends occurring on large scales. We used data collected on 33 vertebrate species during 2001–04 across the upper Wabash River basin, Indiana, in 35 square ‘landscapes’, each 23 km2 in size. Six species of forest rodent, six species of grassland rodents, seven species of bats, eight species of aquatic turtles, and six species of amphibians were sampled at 504, 212, 590, 228, and 625 patches, respectively. The fraction of patches of primary habitat (e.g. forests for tree squirrels, wetlands for aquatic turtles) occupied by a target species was used as a response variable. On a basin‐wide scale, 47% of variation in proportional occupancy among species could be explained by taxon‐specific variables; occupancy rates were related positively to niche breadth and negatively to the proximity of a geographical range boundary. After controlling for species effects, landscape‐level occupancy rates varied significantly for 16 of 33 species, with variation partitioned among landscape variables alone (mean = 11% of variation), spatial trend variables alone (26%), and both variable sets jointly (8%). Among landscape variables, percentage forest cover positively affected occupancy rates of three bat species and a tree squirrel. Variation in occupancy rates among landscapes was consistent with large‐scale spatial trends for 13 species. Our findings demonstrate the general importance of niche breadth as a predictor of species responses to habitat alteration and highlight the importance of viewing the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation at multiple spatial scales.
Predicting invasions by woody species in a temperate zone: a test of three risk assessment schemes in the Czech Republic (Central Europe)
Authors: Křivánek Martin , Pyšek Petr 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTo assess the validity of previously developed risk assessment schemes in the conditions of Central Europe, we tested (1) Australian weed risk assessment scheme (WRA; Pheloung et al. 1999); (2) WRA with additional analysis by Daehler et al. (2004); and (3) decision tree scheme of Reichard and Hamilton (1997) developed in North America, on a data set of 180 alien woody species commonly planted in the Czech Republic. This list included 17 invasive species, 9 naturalized but non‐invasive, 31 casual aliens, and 123 species not reported to escape from cultivation. The WRA model with additional analysis provided best results, rejecting 100% of invasive species, accepting 83.8% of non‐invasive, and recommending further 13.0% for additional analysis. Overall accuracy of the WRA model with additional analysis was 85.5%, higher than that of the basic WRA scheme (67.9%) and the Reichard–Hamilton model (61.6%). Only the Reichard–Hamilton scheme accepted some invaders. The probability that an accepted species will become an invader was zero for both WRA models and 3.2% for the Reichard–Hamilton model. The probability that a rejected species would have been an invader was 77.3% for both WRA models and 24.0% for the Reichard–Hamilton model. It is concluded that the WRA model, especially with additional analysis, appears to be a promising template for building a widely applicable system for screening out invasive plant introductions.
Small‐dose perfluorocarbon reduces the recruitment pressure needed to open surfactant‐deficient atelectatic lungs
Authors: Houmes R.‐J. , Lachmann R. A. , Haitsma J. J. , Lachmann B. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a small dose of perfluorocarbon on the recruitment pressure needed to open atelectatic lung areas.Methods:  In 12 Yorkshire pigs (body weight, 9 kg), lung injury was induced by whole lung lavage. After 1 h of conventional ventilation, an open lung maneuver was performed to obtain Pao2 values equal to the pre‐lavage Pao2 values (±10%). After 1 h of ventilation at the lowest possible airway pressure that stabilized the recruited lung volume, the animals were disconnected from the ventilator to allow the lung to collapse. Six animals received a 5 ml/kg intratracheal dose of perfluorocarbon and a second open lung maneuver was performed. Six animals served as controls and received no perfluorocarbon but also underwent a second open lung maneuver.Results:  In both groups, an open lung maneuver resulted in a significant increase in oxygenation. The peak pressures needed to open the lung after 1 h of mechanical ventilation in the perfluorocarbon and control groups were 43.8 ± 8.4 cmH2O and 46.6 ± 4 cmH2O, respectively. The addition of perfluorocarbon significantly reduced the opening pressure to 34.5 ± 6.3 cmH2O (P < 0.01), whereas the opening pressure in the control group, 45.0 ± 0.2 cmH2O, did not change.Conclusion:  The instillation of a small amount of perfluorocarbon significantly reduces the opening pressures needed to recruit atelectatic lung areas.
Association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and interleukin‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α gene promoter polymorphisms
Authors: Cheong Jae Youn , Cho Sung Won , Hwang Il Lan , Yoon Seung Kew , Lee June Hyuk , Park Choon Sik , Lee Jong Eun , Hahm Ki Baik , Kim Jin Hong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground:  The reasons for the viral persistence of hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) are unknown, but are probably related to host immune factors. Cytokines play a significant role in immune defense. The present study was undertaken to investigate the association between HBV infection and polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin(IL)‐10 gene promoter.Methods:  A total of 412 Korean patients with HBV infection (72 inactive carriers, 261 witih chronic hepatitis, 79 with liver cirrhosis) and 204 healthy individuals who recovered from HBV infection, were studied. The polymorphisms in IL‐10 gene promoter (−1082, −819, −592), and TNF‐α gene promoter (−308, −238) were assessed by single base primer extension assay.Results:  The frequency of C/C genotype at position −592 of IL‐10 gene promoter was higher in the HBV clearance group than that in the persistence group in univariate analysis (12.7% vs 7.5%, P = 0.036). The IL‐10 gene promoter −592 C/C genotype was related to clearance of HBV infection in logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age and sex (P = 0.003). Genotype frequencies of TNF‐α gene promoter at position −308 and −238 were not different between the clearance and the persistence group in univariate analysis, but in multivariate analysis after adjusting for age and sex, −308G/−238G homozygotes were associated with HBV persistence (P = 0.005). Genotype distributions of both gene promoters in inactive carriers were similar to those in patients with chronic progressive liver disease.Conclusions:  The carriers of the −592A allele in the IL‐10 promoter and −308G/−238G haplotype homozygotes in the TNF‐α promoter region have higher risk of persistent HBV infection.
High dose vitamin K3 infusion in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sarin Shiv K , Kumar Manoj , Garg Sanjay , Hissar Syed , Pandey Chandana , Sharma Barjesh C 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The survival of patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein thrombosis is dismal. Current therapeutic options have limited efficacy. Vitamin K has been shown to have antitumor effect on HCC cells both in cell lines and patients with advanced HCC. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of high dose vitamin K3 in the treatment of advanced HCC with portal vein thrombosis.Methods:  Forty‐two consecutive patients with advanced HCC (Stage C according to BCLC staging system) with portal vein thrombosis were randomized into two groups: (i) high dose vitamin K3 (n = 23); and (ii) placebo (n = 19). The vitamin K3 was administered by i.v. infusion of 50 mg/day with daily increase of dose by 50 mg for 6 days, followed by 20 mg i.m. twice daily for 2 weeks.Results:  Of the 23 patients treated with vitamin K, one (4.3%) achieved complete response and three (13%) partial response, for a total of four (17.4%) objective responders overall. The overall mean survival was 8.9 ± 8.8 months (median: 6; range 1–37 months) in the vitamin K group and 6.8 ± 5.3 months (median: 5; range 1.5–21 months) in the placebo group (P = 0.552). The mean duration of survival was longer in patients in the vitamin K group who achieved objective response (22.5 ± 12.2; median: 21; range 11–37 months) as compared to patients not achieving objective response (6.1 ± 4.6; median: 5; range 1–16 months) (P = 0.0.002). Portal vein thrombosis resolved with complete patency in one (4.35%) patient.Conclusions:  Treatment with high dose vitamin K produces objective response in 17% patients with improved survival in patients achieving objective response; however, it does not affect the overall survival.
Risk factors associated with gallstone and biliary sludge formation during pregnancy
Authors: Bolukbas Filiz F , Bolukbas Cengiz , Horoz Mehmet , Ince Ali T , Uzunkoy Ali , Ozturk Adil , Aka Nurettin , Demirci Fuat , Inci Erdal , Ovunc Oya 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim:  To define the risk factors in gallstone and sludge formation, and to investigate the incidence of gallstone and biliary sludge formation during pregnancy in a group of healthy pregnant women.Methods:  Sixty‐nine healthy pregnant women in early gestation and 28 nulliparous healthy controls were enrolled. Gallbladder volumes, gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF), serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were determined in both groups. In the pregnant group, repeated measurements were performed immediately after delivery and compared with initial levels. Risk factors, which are associated with gallstone and biliary sludge development during pregnancy, were determined by linear regression analysis.Results:  No statistically significant difference was observed in the assessed parameters of pregnant women in early gestation and controls (both P > 0.05). In the pregnant group, gallstone and biliary sludge development during pregnancy were detected in 6.3% and 10.9% of cases, respectively. The detected parameters were significantly higher early after delivery than in early gestation, while GBEF was lower (both P < 0.001). Lower GBEF was the most significant factor (P < 0.001) associated with gallstone and sludge formation during pregnancy, while multiple childbirths was the other (P = 0.04).Conclusion:  Decrease in GBEF is the most significant risk factor for newly developed gallstone and sludge in pregnant women, while multiple childbirths is the other but less important risk factor.
Environmentally induced migration: the importance of food
Authors: Olsson Ivan C. , Greenberg Larry A. , Bergman Eva , Wysujack Klaus 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe decision to migrate or not is regarded as genetically controlled for many invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. Here, we show that the environment influences this decision. By reciprocally transplanting brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) between two sections in a river, we show that both migratory and non‐migratory behaviour can be environmentally induced; migratory behaviour developed in a river section with high brown trout densities and low specific growth rates, whereas non‐migratory behaviour developed in a section with low brown trout densities and high specific growth rates. In a laboratory experiment, we tested the effect of food availability on the development of migratory and non‐migratory body morphologies and found that most brown trout became migrants when food levels were low but fewer did so at high food levels. Thus, the decision to migrate seems to be a plastic response, influenced by growth opportunities.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Reverse Transcription-PCR Quantification of Cytokeratin mRNA in the Detection of Sentinel Lymph Node Invasion in Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparison with Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Garrel Renaud , Dromard Mathilde , Costes Valérie , Barbotte Eric , Comte Frédéric , Gardiner Quentin , Cartier César , Makeieff Marc , Crampette Louis , Guerrier Bernard , Boulle Nathalie 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Purpose: The main goal of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas is to limit neck dissections to pN+ cases only. However, intraoperative + diagnosis cannot be routinely done using the current gold standard, serial step sectioning with immunohistochemistry. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) is potentially compatible with intraoperative use, proving highly sensitive in detecting molecular markers. This study postoperatively assessed the accuracy of quantitative RT-PCR in staging patients from their SLN.
Experimental Design: A combined analysis on the same SLN by serial step sectioning with immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR targeting cytokeratins 5, 14, and 17 was done in 18 consecutive patients with oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 10 control subjects.
Results: From 71 lymph nodes examined, mRNA levels (KRT) were linked to metastasis size for the three cytokeratins studied (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.89, 0.73, and 0.77 for KRT 5, 14, and 17 respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Histopathology-positive SLNs (macro- and micrometastases) showed higher mRNA values than negative SLNs for KRT 17 (P &lt; 10−4) and KRT 14 (P &lt; 10−2). KRT 5 showed nonsignificant results. KRT 17 seemed to be the most accurate marker for the diagnosis of micrometastases of a size &gt;450 μm. Smaller micrometastases and isolated tumor cells did not provide results above the background level. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for KRT 17 identified a cutoff value where patient staging reached 100% specificity and sensitivity for macro- and micrometastases.
Conclusion: Quantitative RT-PCR for SLN staging in cN0 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma seems to be a promising approach.
Neuroprotection from NMDA excitotoxic lesion by Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene delivery to the postnatal rat brain by a modular protein vector
Authors: Peluffo Hugo , Acarin Laia , Arís Anna , González Pau , Villaverde Antoni , Castellano Bernardo , González Berta 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Superoxide mediated oxidative stress is a key neuropathologic mechanism in acute central nervous system injuries. We have analyzed the neuroprotective efficacy of the transient overexpression of antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD) after excitotoxic injury to the immature rat brain by using a recently constructed modular protein vector for non-viral gene delivery termed NLSCt. For this purpose, animals were injected with the NLSCt vector carrying the Cu/Zn SOD or the control GFP transgenes 2 hours after intracortical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) administration, and daily functional evaluation was performed. Moreover, 3 days after, lesion volume, neuronal degeneration and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity were evaluated.

Results
Overexpression of Cu/Zn SOD transgene after NMDA administration showed improved functional outcome and a reduced lesion volume at 3 days post lesion. In secondary degenerative areas, increased neuronal survival as well as decreased numbers of degenerating neurons and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was seen. Interestingly, injection of the NLSCt vector carrying the control GFP transgene also displayed a significant neuroprotective effect but less pronounced.

Conclusion
When the appropriate levels of Cu/Zn SOD are expressed transiently after injury using the non-viral modular protein vector NLSCt a neuroprotective effect is seen. Thus recombinant modular protein vectors may be suitable for in vivo gene therapy, and Cu/Zn SOD should be considered as an interesting therapeutic transgene.
Genes Associated With Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone
Authors: Smid Marcel , Wang Yixin , Klijn Jan G.M. , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Zhang Yi , Atkins David , Martens John W.M. , Foekens John A. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose The biology of tumors relapsing to bone is poorly understood. In this study, we initiated a search for genes that are implicated in tumors relapsing to bone in breast cancer. Patients and Methods We analyzed 107 primary breast tumors in patients who were all lymph node negative at the time of diagnosis and all had experienced relapse. Total RNA isolated from frozen tumor samples was used to gather gene expression data using oligo microarrays. Results A panel of 69 genes was found significantly differentially expressed between patients who experienced relapse to bone versus those who experienced relapse elsewhere in the body. The most differentially expressed gene, TFF1, was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in an independent cohort (n = 122; P = .0015). Our differentially expressed genes, combined with a recently reported gene set relevant to tumors relapsing to bone in an animal model system, pointed to the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway in preference of tumor cells that relapse to bone. Given that patients who experience relapse to bone may benefit from bisphosphonate therapy, we developed a classifier of 31 genes, which in an independent validation set correctly predicts all tumors relapsing to bone with a specificity of 50%. Conclusion Our study identifies a panel of genes relevant to bone metastasis in breast cancer. The subsequently developed classifier of tumors relapsing to bone could, after thorough confirmation on an extended number of independent samples, and in combination with our previously developed high-risk profile, provide a diagnostic tool for the recommendation of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy in addition to endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.
Chiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction of (E)-2-Oxo-1-phenylsulfonyl-3-alkenes with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wada Eiji , Yasuoka Hiroshi , Kanemasa Shuji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
(E)-2-Oxo-1-phenylsulfonyl-3-alkenes are effectively activated with the aid of a catalytic amount of chiral titanium reagents in hetero Diels-Alder reactions with vinyl ethers to produce (2R,4R) or (2R,4S)-2,4-cis-2-alkoxy-4-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans in highly endo- and enantioselective manners. The resulting cycloadducts are transformed to 5-substituted (5R)-2-phenylsulfonyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ones which are useful as new chiral building blocks.
Cation Radicals of Hexyl-substituted Oligothiophenes in Solution. Comparison with Poly[3-(long alkyl)thiophenes]
Authors: Sato Masa-aki , Hiroi Masao 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Hexyl-substituted oligothiophenes (sexi-, novi-, duodeci-, and quindecithiophenes) were oxidized with two equivalents of FeCl3 in dichloromethane. The visible-near IR and ESR spectra of the solutions showed that oxidized species in the oligothiophenes were cation radicals and were spread over thiophene rings between 6 and 8. The absorption spectra of the solutions were similar to those of poly[3-(long alkyl)thiophenes] in oxidized states in solution.
Structure of Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes Incorporating Organic Cations
Authors: Inaba Minoru , Osa Yumi , Yao Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The structure of perfluorinated ionomer membranes (Nafion®) incorporating large organic cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA+) and 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium cations (CnV2+, n = 3 and 8), is studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). For TEA+- and C3V2+-form membranes, the SAXS maxima show the presence of the ionic clusters as large as those for Na+-form (ca. 4 nm in diameter). For C8V2+-form membranes, the intercluster distance expanded to a value larger than that for H+-form after the ion-exchange reaction for 5 days. However, the water content and cluster size decreased significantly after the ion-exchange reaction for 50 days or boiling treatment.
Anion Effect on the Current Efficiency During the Preparation of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution by Electrolysis
Authors: Yagi Osamu , Shimizu Shumpei 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) of high quality without corrosive ions were prepared by the electrolysis of the solution containing tetramethylammonium hydrogencarbonate (TMAC). Current efficiency varies by the anion of the tetramethylammonium salts and best with hydrogencarbonate among sulfate, chloride, and formate salts.
Lipase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Divinyl Adipate with Glycols to Polyesters
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of divinyl adipate with four glycols was carried out catalyzed by three kinds of lipase. The polymerization with 1,4-butanediol by Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase in i-propyl ether at 45 °C for 48 h produced a corresponding polyester with molecular weight of 6700 in 50% yield. With ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol or 1,10-decanediol as a glycol, the corresponding polyester was also obtained, however, its molecular weight decreased, compared with that of 1,4-butanediol.
Structure and Thermolysis of a 1,4,2-Oxatellurazole, a Novel Tellurium Containing Heterocycle
Authors: Minoura Mao , Kawashima Takayuki , Okazaki Renji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A novel tellurium containing heterocycle, 1,4,2-oxatellurazole, was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis which showed a remarkably small C-Te-C bond angle (79.4°), and its thermolysis afforded the corresponding ketone and isonitrile derived from an intermediary isotellurocyanate in a manner of 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on a p-Type Silicon (p-Si) Electrode Modified with Very Small Copper Particles
Authors: Hinogami Reiko , Mori Tomohiro , Yae Shinji , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 was performed with p-type silicon (p-Si) electrodes modified with very small Cu particles. Hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene were produced together with CO and HCOOH similar to the case of a Cu-metal electrode, but at potentials ca. 0.4 V more positive than the Cu-metal electrode, clearly showing that the photovoltage generated in the p-Si is effectively utilized for the CO2 reduction. On the contrary, p-Si electrodes coated with continuous Cu layers as well as naked p-Si electrodes showed no such photo-shifts in potential.
Exploratory and Mechanistic Studies of the Trimerization Reaction of Benzoylacetylenes in the Presence of a Secondary Amine
Authors: Matsuda Kenji , Nakamura Nobuo , Iwamura Hiizu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A variety of benzoylacetylenes are trimerized to give the corresponding 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzenes when heated with a catalytic amount of diethylamine. A large amount of diethylamine gives γ-(diethylamino)propenoylbenzene at the expense of 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzene, verifying a Michael-addition/trimerization/elimination-type mechanism for the formation of the benzene ring.