bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An example of the value of infra-red multispectral remote sensing in mapping
Authors: Patoureaux Y. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Infra-red multispectral remote sensing can supply data to supplement the information provided by aerial photographs for geological and geomorphological mapping of areas of the earth's surface.
The shades of colours obtained by combining the black and white images of the spectral bands are due partly to differences in the spectral emissivity of the surface, and partly to variations in the thermal properties of the surface materials, themselves dependent upon the nature and state of the surface.
In this paper, the author describes a case study carried out in the vicinity of Carcassonne (Aude, France) where, at several scales, the imagery obtained by aerial survey has helped to define boundaries, for example, between the alluvial terraces and the molassic formations of Lutetien, and between various types of alluvial sediments.
Rapid geomorphological assessments for engineering
Authors: Doornkamp J. C. , Brunsden D. , Jones D. K. C. , Cooke R. U. , Bush P. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Geomorphological mapping is being used increasingly in engineering projects (especially at the reconnaissance and site-investigation stages) as a rapid, highly cost-effective means of assessing both potential hazards and resources. This is normally achieved through a field mapping programme which is dependent on the availability of aerial photographs, and which involves the correct interpretation of landforms as to their origins, material composition, and associated present-day geomorphological processes. The results of such a survey need to be presented in a form which is of direct use to an engineering geologist and/or engineer. This is best achieved, in most cases, by the production of problem or site-orientated maps derived from the primary geomorphological survey.
The case studies, drawn from several investigations in arid land environments, were made by a small team of (3-5) geomorphologists and geologists, working for short but concentrated periods of time in the field. A search for fine aggregates in Bahrain was closely associated with the identification and mapping of contributing drainage networks and source areas for alluvial fan deposits. Thelocation of trial pits and boreholes at a site in Dubai was rationalised in terms of a reconnaissance map of both landforms and their constituent materials; while at Suez, extrapolation between existing trial pit and borehole sites was made possible from the geomorphological mapping of landform boundaries. Hazards to engineering from flooding (at Suez) and dune migration (in Dubai) were identified, assessed, and mapped on the basis of a knowledge of their place in the overall geomorphological system.
Engineering geological aspects of dock and harbour engineering in Southampton Water
Authors: Barton M. E. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A brief survey of the main dock and harbour engineering works in the estuary of Southampton Water is given with particular emphasis on the development of the Port of Southampton. The geology of Southampton Water is reviewed in terms of the lithology of the main formations and the recent geological hisotry. An outline is given of the geotechnical characteristics of the various formations with some quantitative results, although much soil testing is still required. Particular applications of the engineering geology selected for description are those for which detailed studies of the geology contribute significantly to both the design and construction of the engineering works.
Particular engineering works and problems treated include foundations for quay walls and dry docks, control of artesian pore pressures, selection of berthing areas and channels, stability of slopes including underwater slopes, dredging and the characteristics of the reclaimed lands. Those aspects of the geology which are of the most help in respect of these various engineering works and problems are the geological structure and lithological characteristics of the Bracklesham Beds, the nature of the sub-Pleistocene erosion surface, the nature and disposition of the superficial deposits, the geohydrology, and the recent evolutionary history of the estuary.
Development of piping erosion conditions in the Benson area, Arizona, U.S.A.
Authors: Masannat Y. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Piping is a subsurface form of erosion which involves the removal of subsurface soils in pipe-like erosional channels to a free or escape exit. Although it develops in different types of soils and under a wide range of physico-chemical conditions, piping materials are commonly highly erodible. The present study in the Benson area, Arizona shows that piping commonly develops in alluvial deposits in the vicinity of arroyo-cuts and deeply incised gullies actively trenching in the flood plain deposits. It shows also that soils susceptible to piping usually comprise silts and silty sands with a low clay content, and that they are generally of low dry density, high void ratio, and have collapsing properties.
It was found that overgrazing the area of study in the past and misuse of the land, combined with the climatic conditions of long dry summers with intermittent short rain storms, have contributed to the initiation and development of piping erosion. Gully erosion and badland topography are quite extensive in the area of study due mainly to the collapse of the pipes at an advanced stage of their development.
Itacolumites: the flexible sandstones
Authors: Dusseault M. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Itacolumites (flexible sandstones) display a bimodal stress-strain behaviour resulting from an unusual inter-digitated grain-to-grain fabric. The sandstone can move freely over a limited arc, then locks, and displays only elastic behaviour. Grain contacts are all open about 5 μm, thereby permitting some free movement. Each quartz grain is interdigitated with its surrounding neighbours, therefore the specimen has appreciable fabric cohesion despite a lack of true mineral cement. Fabric cohesion, as opposed to cementitious cohesion, is strongly stress dependent, and itacolumites can be expected to have highly curvilinear failure criteria.
Experimental assessment of pollutant migration in the unsaturated zone of the Lower Greensand
Authors: Ross C. A. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
In Britain most groundwater resources are held in bedrock aquifers and the unsaturated zone forms an important buffer between landfill disposal sites and the water table.
The processes which control the transfer of (1) persistent organic compounds, (2) inorganic anions and (3) heavy metals, in the unsaturated zone have been evaluated using experimental lysimeters constructed in the Lower Greensand at a site near Uffington, Oxfordshire. Complementary monolith and column experiments were conducted.
Biodegradation is the primary mechanism for the attenuation of the inorganic anions and the organic species, but the migration of heavy metals is limited by interactions with the sediment. Sequential, selective chemical extraction indicates that the stability of the geochemical phases retaining heavy metals controls their rate of movement. Although the processes which regulate the partition of the heavy metals are complex, uptake by sesquioxides and clay minerals are particularly important.
Design of foundations of dams containing soluble rocks and soils
Authors: James A. N. , Kirkpatrick I. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Four major classes of soluble rocks or soils have been found on dam sites. They are represented by the minerals gypsum, anhydrite, calcium carbonate and halite. Dissolution of these materials can constitute a risk in terms of potential settlements and leakage paths within the foundations of dams. Engineering solutions depend on the solubility and specific rate of solution of the minerals; also upon hydraulic conditions imposed on the foundations.
This paper demonstrates a quantitative basis for the design of safe structures which contain these soluble minerals within their foundations. Site investigation procedures are described so that potential estimates of relevant ground parameters may be obtained and used in engineering design.
Discussion on ‘The littoral sediment budget between Selsey Bill and Gilkicker Point, and its relevance to coast protection works on Hayling Island’ by D. A. Harlow
Authors: Sims P. C. 
Published: November 2007

The author is to be congratulated on this interesting paper, the implications of which extend beyond purely local considerations in terms of coastal protection schemes and coastal zone management. It is also encouraging to note that sediment sampling was achieved by diving and ‘visiting the actual environment, so that it can be described in qualitative detail’. This technique has much to commend it. The conclusions on erosion and littoral drift indicate the extreme importance of considering coastal units in which closed cells of sediment movement may occur.
However, the author has omitted to place the model he develops into a wider or longer term context. The coastal area between Selsey Bill and Gilkicker Point is extremely interesting on a number of counts. For example, each harbour entrance possesses double northward recurving sand or shingle spits. The process of recurving is not explained, yet is of obvious relevance to the origin and development of the landforms observed in this coastal unit. A ‘Cuspate type’ foreland exists also at the south-western end of Portsea Island (now largely built over) in addition to Gunner Point on Hayling, indicating a very long history of longshore current driven sediment accumulation in these areas. The strong ebb tidal currents in the harbour entrances, e.g. 5.3 knots (at springs) through Chichester and 4.5 knots at Langstone, probably operate to feed offshore bars such as the West and East Winner banks off Langstone Harbour entrance and the East and West Pole sands off Chichester entrance. This is not
Stratigraphy and geotechnical properties of weathered lodgement till in Northumberland, England
Authors: Eyles N. , Sladen J. A. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGlacial tills in coastal Northumberland deposited by last glaciation (Devensian) ice (c. 25,000 years B.P.) exhibit a reddened post-depositional weathering profile up to 8 m thick, which has previously been misinterpreted as a separate stratigraphic unit, or ‘Upper Boulder Clay’.Weathering profiles are developed in grey lodgement tills that form an extensive coastal lodgement till plain deposited beneath a wet-based ice sheet. The tills contain intraformational sands, gravels and laminated clays deposited in subglacial meltwater channels and lakes. These sediments have often been partially eroded and incorporated within overlying till resulting in lateral variations in the depth of post-depositional weathering. Sand and gravel lenses, for example, act as drainage layers within the till thereby increasing the depth and degree of weathering and often forming a sharply defined lower boundary to the weathering profile. These features are seen as an apparent tripartite stratigraphy consisting of an upper red till, middle sands and gravels and a lower grey till. Where the depth of the till section is less than between 2 and 3 m only a single reddened weathered till is found.Weathering takes the form of oxidation followed by leaching of carbonates and is characterized by colour change, increasing content of rotten boulders, and prismatic gleyed jointing. Within the weathering profile four distinct weathering zones can be recognized. Clay and moisture contents increase with degree of weathering giving rise to systematic zonal changes in Atterberg indices and shear strength parameters.Deep weathering (≏ 8 m) of Devensian till is limited in its geographical distribution to eastern Britain and can be related to the glacial erosion of sulphide-bearing lithologies. The oxidation of disseminated and comminuted sulphides in these Devensian tills is accelerated by the soil cracking that accompanies the development of summer soil moisture deficits under the lower rainfall conditions of eastern Britain.
The synthesis of fracture/strength logs using borehole geophysics: a new geotechnical service
Authors: Halker A. , Kuznir N. J. , Mellor D. W. , Whitworth K. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
In the coal industry, the present energy situation and economic climate have increased the need for rapidly acquired, cost effective, reliable assessment of the strengths of rock which may be encountered in shafts, drifts and access tunnels, this need having hitherto been met by conventional sampling and testing procedures. This paper describes a new technique based on the processing of down-hole geophysical logs to provide a continuous, accurate record of these properties speedily and at relatively low cost.
The basis of the technique is to include a Neutron-Neutron log in the standard logging package and process it with the caliper log either to generate a Hydrogen Index log or simply a caliper compensated Neutron-Neutron log. The derived log is then split into selected lithology-dependent sub-groups and modified according to a predetermined set of calibration constants. These calibration constants have been determined by the authors for the Coal Measures of Staffordshire but can be readily re-determined, if necessary, to suit other coalfields or prospects as required.
The application of the technique has the potential to improve all forms of engineering site investigation where both stability and ‘extractability’ of rock are under consideration, often removing the need to acquire expensive rock core samples, and saving considerable labour costs. In the U.K. coal mining industry fracture logs synthesized using this technique are at present being supplied, so that their value, in the planning and location of shafts and tunnels, in the design of shaft insets and tunnel supports, in the selection of tunnelling machines and forecasting drivage rates and in predicting roof, floor and overburden characteristics may be assessed. It is believed that they will have applications in many other mining or site investigation environments.
The technique described in this paper is the subject of a patent filed by N.C.B. Patents Ltd.
Engineering aspects of weathering of low grade metapelites in an arid climatic zone
Authors: Beavis F. C. , Roberts F. Ivor , Minskaya Larisa 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Examination of the weathered rock profile of low grade metapelites in arid Australia illustrates changes due to two different weathering environments. The most significant was a period of high rainfall which resulted in some important changes in mineralogy. The second, and present, climatic condition has resulted in halite, gypsum and carbonates in the near surface. Solution has been effective in increasing porosity, which results in a reduction of strength and elasticity. A tentative engineering classification of weathered metapelites is presented.
Hydrogeology of the Umm Er Radhuma aquifer, Saudi Arabia, with reference to fossil gradients
Authors: Bakiewicz W. , Milne D. M. , Noori M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Much of North Africa and the Arabian peninsula, lying in the Saharan climate zone, are underlain by huge tabular sandstone and carbonate aquifers, ranging in age from Cambrian to Tertiary. These are often saturated with water of reasonable quality and form very valuable resources in an area often desperately short of water.
The Palaeocene Umm Er Radhuma carbonate aquifer is one such formation which has been the subject of intensive recent investigation. The formation contains groundwater of a reasonable quality, has adequate transmission and storage characteristics and hence considerable potential for future development.
The origin of the water in such aquifers is the subject of continuing controversy. It is not disputed that the water is moving under the influence of regional groundwater gradients but origins of these gradients are the subject of considerable argument. On the one hand, there are those who hold that the presently observed gradients are fossil remnants of conditions created by a much wetter climatic regime prevalent some thousands of years ago. Against this are those who maintain that the gradients, at least in part, reflect a present day system with groundwater discharge in approximate dynamic equilibrium with recharge.
This paper examines the hydrogeology of a typical Middle Eastern formation of the disputed kind, the Umm Er Radhuma aquifer in Saudi Arabia, and, with the aid of analytical and numerical models, attempts to resolve the problem of the origin of the observed groundwater gradients and to discover the extent to which the past must influence present day plans for future development.
The investigation and design of cuttings in stiff Pliocene clays of Lattakia, Syria
Authors: Williams R. E. , Mure R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Part of the proposed route for a new highway between Lattakia and Aleppo in northern Syria crosses a sequence of stiff Pliocene clays. Unusually, for stiff clays, the natural water content is considerably above the plastic limit and it is suggested that this is due to the high proportion of smectite (montmorillonite) being strongly cemented by calcium carbonate. Railway cuttings formed at slopes of 1 on 1.5 have suffered a number of failures within 5 years of completion. Cuttings formed at 1 on 2.5 are presently stable, but, being ungrassed, have suffered severe erosion due to high rainfall intensity and lack of maintenance to drainage works. The long term stable natural slope angle varies between 6° and 10°.
The basis for the choice of the design cutting slope of 1 on 3 and associated erosion protection and drainage provisions are outlined.
The periglacial modification of the Lincoln scarp
Authors: Penn S. , Royce C. J. , Evans C. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper describes the effect of periglacial processes on that part of the Lincoln Scarp which is to be crossed by the Lincoln Relief Road. The scarp crest has been extensively modified with the development of small cambered blocks and major gulls parallel to the principal joint direction in the Lincolnshire Limestone. Geophysical investigation has revealed a marked increase in seismic velocity of the basal units of limestone as the degree of alteration decreases down dip (1855 m sec
-1
near the crest and 5000 m sec
-1
300 metres down dip). Electrical conductivity techniques have proved successful in the location of gulls.

Upper Lias clays, which form the scarp, are covered by solifluction deposits and both materials have been affected by processes interpreted as periglacial mass wasting. Relic planar slides associated with the mass wasting have been reactivated during periods of high seepage rates from the Limestone and underlying Northampton Sandstone units. Accurate topographic profiles have been used to determine the nature of complex, shallow rotational slide failures on the upper slopes of the scarp.
The distribution and engineering significance of superficial deposits in the Upper Clydach Valley, South Wales
Authors: Wright M. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Abernant Colliery, in the South Wales Coalfield, disposes of 300 000 tonnes of washery waste each year onto the floor of the Upper Clydach valley. Rockhead is deeply buried by 20–60 m of superficial deposits which consist of a Lower silty stony clay, Middle bedded silts, sands and clays, and an Upper silty stony clay. The Lower silty stony clay, up to 30 m thick, is of variable composition and is probably a glacial melt-out till. The Middle bedded deposits, thickest in the middle of the valley, were probably laid down immediately after the ice had melted. The Upper silty stony clay, 5 to 15 m thick, may have been largely laid down in the form of valleyside mudflows at the same time as the Middle bedded deposits were being formed, but there is also some evidence of movement of surface layers by solifluction. The presence of water-bearing Middle bedded deposits has caused engineering problems in spoil-heap construction and a slip which occurred in 1981 was in part caused by high artesian pressures in silts and sand in these beds. Many simple, low-gradient valley floor slopes in South Wales conceal highly complex drift successions. While the near-surface material may be strong, it may overlie weak, water-saturated material at a few metres depth.
Engineering geology of the Hammana landslides, Lebanon
Authors: Khawlie M. R. , Hassanain H. I. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Studies of the Hammana landslides, in the field and laboratory, enable their geological and engineering parameters to be assessed. The rocks, limestones, marls, sandstones, basalts and unconsolidated cover, possess a high variability in their lithological and geotechnical properties, inducing weakness and directly contributing to the instability of the area.
The types of mass movement correlate either with compact cliff-making rock units, (rock and debris falls and rock slides) or with surficial and other relatively unconsolidated materials, (earth flows and creep). The resulting dominant slopes, being upstanding, convex, concave and rectilinear, show differential stability. Slope stability analysis indicates a more stable “depositional” zone compared to the “erosional” zone.
A geophysical survey of the Crouch/Roach river system in south Essex with special reference to buried channels
Authors: Conway B. W. , McCann D. M. , Sarginson M. , Floyd R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A detailed geological and geotechnical survey was carried out in connection with the future development of the South Essex area for a possible third London airport on Maplin Sands. Information on the position of the old buried channels of the Crouch/Roach river system was obtained by carrying out a continuous seismic profiling survey along the present channels of the two rivers. The survey provided information on the depth to the London Clay surface, the thickness and depth of the alluvial deposits, the variation of lithology within these deposits, and the position of some of the buried channels.
Vertical drains used to facilitate road construction for a Medway riverside industrial area
Authors: Finch M. T. N. , Hughes F. H. , Kilner R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper discusses the ground engineering problems encountered during the construction of a main industrial access road to service a large riparian development on Medway estuarine alluvial deposits. Consideration of the various alternatives to speed consolidation under the road embankment indicated that the vertical band drain system was likely to be the most effective. A planned 12-week contract was completed in 9 weeks at a total saving of 6%.