bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERACTION OF IONS WITH VORTEX LINES
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIf the superfluid is contained in a rotating bucket, it resembles a solid-body rotation by developing an uniform array of quantized vortex lines. These can capture ions and, thus, rotating superfluid He II shows a strong anisotropy to the motion of ions. This chapter is concerned with the interaction of ions with vortex lines. The ion capture experiments and their results are described. Concepts such as capture width are discussed. A theoretical model of Brownian diffusion has been developed to understand the capture of ions by vortex lines. The competition between the attractive hydrodynamic suction and the thermal diffusion leads to an effective capture rate of ions. The effect of the pressure on the capture of an electron bubble is also discussed.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT IONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the study of transport properties of several different positive ions in superfluid helium. In addition to alkali and alkaline-earth ions, the still unsolved problem of the so-called exotic ions is considered, which contain negative ions which are faster than the common electron bubbles, whose nature remains unknown. Several hypotheses have been made to explain their nature, among which the most intriguing is the electrino hypothesis, i.e., the possibility that the electron in the electron bubble may undergo fission.
ION TRANSPORT IN NORMAL LIQUID 4HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIons are used in normal liquid helium to investigate the hydrodynamics in presence of electrostriction. The Navier-Stokes equation must be modified in order to account for the spatial variations of density and viscosity around the ion because of the local pressure increase due to electrostriction. The solutions of the modified hydrodynamic equations are compared to experiments in normal liquid 4He. The issue matters if the liquid actually freezes around the ion. The analogies with the transport of the O2 - ion in dense Neon gas are described.
ION MOBILITY AT THE LIQUID-VAPOR TRANSITION IN 3HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the experimental results of the study of the mobility of ions in liquid 3He at the liquid-vapor transition. It shows how electrostriction in a region in which the compressibility is the highest affects both positive ions and negative ions, though in a quantitatively different way that depends on the different structure of the two kinds of charges. The interesting observation that the mobility minima are located on the extrapolation of the coexistence curve into the one-phase region is emphasized. The correlation of this behavior with that of O2 - ions in dense argon gas is put into evidence.
NEGATIVE IONS IN NORMAL LIQUID 3HE FORT&lt; 1 K
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the studies of the electron bubble mobility in normal liquid 3He. The high temperature measurements are extended into the milliKelvin range down to the superfluid transition at approximately 2.7 mK. At such low temperatures, the mean free path of the quasiparticles of the liquid becomes larger than the size of the electron bubble, and the drag on them must be calculated in the Knudsen limit. A quantum modification of the Boltzmann transport equation has been used to describe theoretically the experimental results by taking into account the requirements of the Pauli exlusion principle for fermion scattering. It is shown that the ion recoil must be taken into account by means of the van Hove scattering functions.
DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION OF THE ELECTRON BUBBLE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe phenomenon of self-trapping is well known in helium and in different systems, such as electrons in ammonia, Positronium in dense helium gas, and so on. It is known that localization occurs when the balance between exchange repulsive forces, thermal energy, expansion work, and polarization energy is such that the excess free energy of the localized state is lower than that of the extended state. Several physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain how the electron bubble forms, including trapping on virtual or resonant states due to density fluctuations. Stabilization of the localized state is obtained by sound wave emission of the new-born, oscillating bubble. The breathing mode of the cavity around an helium excimer in liquid helium has been also measured.
ELECTRON MOBILITY IN DENSE HE GAS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractExperiments on the mobility of electrons in dense helium gas elucidated how localized electron states develop when the gas density gas is increased. Up to 77 K, the density dependence of the mobility clearly shows that the formation of electron bubbles is a continuous phenomenon. Localization of electrons in bubbles also appears at high temperatures if the density is so large that the free energy of the localized state is negative enough. Percolation and hydrodynamic models have been devised to explain the continuous transition from high-mobility states to low-mobility states. It is shown that density-dependent, quantum multiple scattering effects modify the energy of the nearly free electron in a way that can be accurately described by heuristically modifying the kinetic theory prediction.
Introduction Answering Another Sphinx
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Introduction pursues the theme of identity by considering the varieties of ‘family’ in the plays. The grounding of civilization is investigated by means of the dichotomy of orality and literature, as well as the polarity between Thebes and Athens. To develop this analysis, the profile and potential of Oedipus and Antigone in Western and African philosophical traditions is examined. The book's argument about cultural transmission contends that the African-descended adaptations of Oedipus and Antigone indict colonial culture for the infliction of oedipal violence, while themselves enacting an oedipal bind as they simultaneously embrace and resist those cultures. Above and beyond this bind, the plays offer more benign models of transmission constituted within the African continent and diaspora. The Introduction recasts the arguments of Freud and Bloom by a focus on Fanon, and advocates a specific theoretical re-orientation of reception studies to equip it to do postcolonial analysis.
1 Intersections and Networks
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter One establishes the book's theoretical and methodological context by siting it within recent developments in postcolonial studies, reception studies, and theories of tragedy. Taking as its methodological parameters the work of Gilroy and Bernal on the Black Atlantic and Black Athena, it introduces the construct of the ‘Black Aegean’ as the zone of cultural transmission among Africa, Ancient Greece, and contemporary Europe. Other issues in postcolonial studies, such as the nature of canonical counter-discourse, and the possible identity of the United States as a postcolonial society, are analysed. The chapter also enters into dialogue with recent writers on classical reception, and develops further the theory of classical reception by positing a version of reception that has learnt from deconstruction and so highlights its self-consciousness and recursivity. The final section of the chapter discusses theories of tragedy, supplementing Steiner with Soyinka.
2 Back to the Motherland: Ola Rotimi's The Gods Are Not To Blame
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter reads Ola Rotimi's The Gods are Not to Blame as an allegory of colonization and decolonization and revises the established reading of the play as a representation of the Nigerian Civil War. The protagonist's patricide is understood as the slaying of the colonial father at the moment of independence, and the ensuing incest is the intimate embrace between the hero of national liberation and what the despatched colonizer leaves behind, namely his culture. This relationship is incestuous because the liberating hero is already a partial product of colonial culture. Political decolonization is thus staged as the easy part, while cultural decolonization is dramatized as impossible because the incestuous embrace produces issue. This issue is not only the children in the play but also the play itself. As such, the play is a product of an indigenous and a colonial culture. Ethnic aggression, as both colonization and civil war, is thus characterised as fighting oneself.
4 The City on the Edge: Lee Breuer's The Gospel at Colonus
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Lee Breuer's The Gospel at Colonus foregrounds the themes found in Oedipus at Colonus, of reconciliation and integration, and tests them against America's racially divided society. The analyses in this chapter concentrate on various comparisons between Gospel and its Greek antecedent: on the representation of Oedipus, on descriptions of time and change, on the inconcinnity between the Christian and the Greek worldviews, and on the notion of place. The chapter shows that Gospel reworks the exacting bleakness of the Greek play in the service of a vision of a racially integrated American polity. Its utopian politics, however, may be compromised by its other allegiances, including its commitment to the theatrical roots of tragedy. To pursue this tension, the play is read in relation to the traditions of gospel music, other black theatre, and the American avant-garde.
5 The Wine‐dark Caribbean? Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice and Derek Walcott's Omeros
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Kamau Brathwaite's Odale's Choice, an adaptation of Antigone designed for school children to perform, figures and enacts the birth of a nation, as Ghana, where it was first produced, becomes the first African country to achieve independence from a European colonial power. The bleakest aspects of the play are read as representations of both the necessary sacrifices that must be made to achieve independence and the unnecessary sacrifices that may be demanded after independence. The Pan-African implications of this play by an Afro-Caribbean writer are contrasted with the Pan-Caribbean vision articulated in Derek Walcott's Omeros. In the debate among Caribbean writers and critics about the historical, epistemological and political priority of the constituent cultures of the region, Omeros's fixation on Greek models is an answer to Brathwaite's assertion of African antecedents. Against all efforts to privilege any of the region's cultures, Omeros plots the limits of even its own Greek apparatus.
7 History Sisters: Femi Osofisan's Tegonni: An African Antigone
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Femi Osofisan's Tegonni: an African Antigone moves beyond a concern with the political and cultural effects of colonialism. Instead, the play deconstructs colonial and other types of authority, including paternal power and the domination of the male, in the service of resistance to neo-colonialism. In place of traditional authorities it foregrounds relationships of spontaneous affection, female agency, and a comic dimension. The self-conscious metatheatricality of the drama serves the same project; Tegonni doubles its heroine between a mythical Greek Antigone and a nineteenth-century Yoruba princess, and thus can address, like Odale's Choice, the issue of a sacrifice that is efficacious but must be repeated. The authority of the Greek Antigone comes to symbolize the tragic inevitability of Africa's damaged history, but is countered both by the comedy in the play, represented most forcefully by the soldiers, and by the tradition of Antigones set in Africa.
Constructive Empiricism and the Argument from Underdetermination
Authors: Van Dyck Maarten 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the arguments van Fraassen gives for constructive empiricism. Van Fraassen is often presented as giving some version of the argument from underdetermination: the argument which holds that since theories always have empirically equivalent rivals, empirical evidence can never adjudicate between a theory and its rivals, and hence belief in any theory is unfounded. It is argued that van Fraassen does not give any version of the argument from underdetermination, and that the argument from underdetermination is incompatible with van Fraassen's epistemological views.
Why be Hanged for Even a Lamb?
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines van Fraassen's motivation for restricting his scientific theoretical commitments to claims about observables. Many critics have argued that the observable/unobservable distinction van Fraassen draws on is either an illegitimate distinction, or can't play the important philosophical role van Fraassen wants it to. The importance of this distinction is discussed. It is argued that what we fundamentally care about is what we will experience under the possible courses of action open to us, and hence we have a (non-epistemic) reason to try to control what we experience. This gives us special reason to form beliefs about what we are capable of observing.
The Epistemology of Constructive Empiricism
Authors: Ladyman James 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter questions what epistemic reason van Fraassen has for focusing on empirical adequacy. It contrasts van Fraassen's constructive empiricism with a pragmatic empiricism, where one gives pragmatic, not epistemic, reasons for believing in the claims of a theory. It suggests that van Fraassen does not give adequate justification for why belief in the empirical adequacy of a theory could ever be epistemically warranted. Van Fraassen is also relying on a priori knowledge — a charge with which van Fraassen would presumably be unhappy.
Taking an Empirical Stance
Authors: McMullin Ernan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering the role of emotion in scientific revolutions. It argues that one can undergo a scientific revolution without ever facing an existentialist moment where emotion is essentially involved. It then takes up van Fraassen's discussion of religion from the final chapter of The Empirical Stance. It proposes that such a discussion of emotion in conceptual shifts is relevant to van Fraassen's ideas about encountering God.
Six Degrees of Speculation: Metaphysics in Empirical Contexts
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that the distinction between empiricism and metaphysics is not as clear as van Fraassen would like to believe. Almost all inquiry is metaphysical to a degree, including van Fraassen's stance empiricism. Van Fraassen does not make a strong case against metaphysics, since the argument against metaphysics has to happen at the level of meta-stances — the level where one decides which stance to endorse. The chapter maintains that utilizing van Fraassen's own conception of rationality, metaphysicians are rational. Empiricists should not reject all metaphysics, but just the sort of metaphysics which goes well beyond the empirical contexts that most interest them.
Europe and the Scope of International Society
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses two interconnected issues about the historical trajectory of international society. First, in terms of its character, whether it started out essentially European, and then changed in fundamental ways to become increasingly, and genuinely, multicultural? Second, in terms of its scope, whether its historical course has been one of constant and continuous expansion in the sense that it started from a narrow geographical base, and ever since has become progressively, and consistently, broader. It establishes that the international development of notions of legitimacy was grounded in a real debate about the nature and scope of international society, sparked off by the age of discovery.
Utrecht: Consensus, Balance of Power, and Legitimacy
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Utrecht settlement refers to the complex of treaties, signed in the period 1713-14, which brought an end to the wars of Spanish Succession. These treaties were devoted principally to the conditions on which the members of the Grand Alliance secured future peace with Louis XIV's France, and separately, to the effective partition of the Spanish territories. This chapter explains what the settlement was about, why it has been regarded as significant by various historians and international relations scholars, and how it relates to the developing practices of legitimacy within international society. It shows how a traditionally dominant conception of rightful membership — through the principle of legitimate succession — was challenged and subordinated to international regulation, and in particular to a governing principle of the balance of power. It also explores the elaboration of various aspects of rightful conduct as manifested in the modalities of treaty-making, the articulation of a basic notion of consensus, and the self-conscious promotion of a societal norm of equilibrium. Finally, it reflects on the complex interrelationship between the extent of the consensus around the treaty and the then prevailing balance of power.
7 Legitimacy and the Dual Settlement of 1945
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the application of legitimacy principles within the context of the dual settlement of 1945. The settlement was dual in the sense that it included a putatively universalistic component that, in practice, was to become confined initially to the West alone. It also included a separate component, not amongst the former enemies, but amongst the former Allies. The chapter explores the new elements of rightful membership, within the areas of human rights and what is often referred to as embedded liberalism. On the side of rightful conduct, the key areas for discussion are trends in then current thinking about consensus, and how it was to be attained.
11 Legitimacy and Norms
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the relationship between legitimacy and its cognate norms; namely, those of legality, morality, and constitutionality. It criticizes propositions to the effect that a choice can be made between legitimacy, on the one hand, and particular norms, on the other. It does so for several reasons. First, legitimacy possesses no independent normative content of its own that would make such a choice meaningful. Second, the notion of legitimacy is always mediated through a composite of other norms, and cannot be ranged against them individually. Third, the tensions that arise are amongst those discrete norms themselves, rather than between each individually and legitimacy.
12 Legitimacy and Equilibrium
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter develops the idea that legitimacy is intimately related to power, and considers the extent to which contemporary problems affecting international legitimacy simply reflect the current distribution of power. It considers the specific debate about US hegemony in the contemporary world situation. It argues that the problem for legitimacy in contemporary international society does indeed reside in disequilibrium, but not in any straightforward sense. It is not simply a matter of international society coming to terms with the lack of a balance of power. Nor, for that matter, is it the case of international society having to adjust to the preferences and vagaries of US policy, as they variably reflect these underlying power conditions. The contemporary idea of legitimacy attaches itself to a notion of acceptable leadership in conditions of hegemony. That is to say that it must be a leadership that is acceptable both to international society at large, and also to the predominant state called upon to play that role.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents some final thoughts. It discusses the reasons why legitimacy matters and maps out the history of the gradual shift in normative bases of legitimacy. It concludes that principles of legitimacy are integral to the concept of an international society; that the working through of these principles is part of the day-to-day practice of international society; and that because this is a realm of contested politics, there can be no direct appeal to superior international norms at this stage.
Chapter 9 Reforms to Canadian Social Security, 1996–7
Authors: Brown Robert L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses Social Security reform in Canada in 1996-7. It argues that the C/QPP reforms of 1997 gave merely tweaks to the system as opposed to massive change, with most of the amendments subtle and not fully understood by the average Canadian citizen. These reforms were made without apparent opposition, which is somewhat surprising given that contribution rates were raised from 6 to 9.9% over a short 6-year period. The failure of the Seniors Benefit in 1996 was political, not actuarial. The government failed to understand how popular the OAS was and how emotional the response would be to proposed reforms given the very small- and long-deferred savings that were projected to result. The Canadian social security system today provides Canadians with a high level of income security while leaving ample room for individual savings and investments. The reforms of 1997 have meant that the CPP now rests on a healthy foundation. The latest CPP actuarial report shows that this system is sustainable for at least the next seventy-five years.
Chapter 10 A Decade of Government‐Mandated Privately Run Pensions in Mexico: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Sinha Tapen , Yañez Maria de los Angeles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
On July 1, 1997, a new privatized pension plan — called the Seguro de Retiro, Cesantía en Edad Avanzada y Vejez (RCV, or Retirement and Old Age Insurance) — took effect in Mexico. This chapter begins with a short description of the new system giving special attention to the cuota social or social quota, and the housing subaccount. It then discusses the coverage issue in the context of the government's claim that higher coverage would be an important advantage of the new system. It looks at the market structure of the pension funds in Mexico and investment portfolios, and tackles the cost structure of running the funds, transition costs, and the cost of the payout phase, noting the inequality between men and women in terms of the future pension payout. Finally, it reviews the conditions that may lead low-income affiliates to fall back on the minimum pension guaranteed by the reform. It shows that the system faces a number of challenges, including a reduction in the ratio of contributors relative to affiliates, high commission charges, and a likelihood that the government will have to support the old-age poor when lower-income individuals retire with insufficient funds in their accounts. On the other hand, the government bond market has deepened, bringing more financial security to the pension system.