bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Detection of a Silicic Acid Complex with a Catechol Derivative under Natural Conditions
Authors: Bai Shuqin , Tsuji Yutaka , Okaue Yoshihiro , Yokoyama Takushi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The formation of silicic acid–tiron complexes was predicted based on the increase in the solubility of amorphous silica in aqueous tiron solution near neutral pH compared with aqueous sodium chloride solutions of the same pH. A 6-coordinated silicic acid–tiron complex was detected by 29Si NMR and the composition was determined to be 1:3 (Si:tiron) by ESI mass spectroscopy.
Gene expression studies with microarrays and SAGE: biological and analytical principles1
Authors: Müller Holger , Neumaier Michael , Hoffmann Georg 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe present article continues a series of publications and internet presentations (www.dgkl.de/bioninformatik) on analytical and postanalytical aspects of gene expression studies. We present a critical laboratory diagnostics view on the two most important analytical techniques for genome-wide expression profiles, i.e., DNA microarrays (biochips) and Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE). A gene expression profile is a list of mRNA species (transcripts) with corresponding quantities in a given tissue. Of the 10–20 pg total RNA per cell, mRNA constitutes only 1–5% and is dispersed among about 30,000 individual transcripts. Therefore, most of them are present in extremely low amounts reaching one molecule per cell, whereas a few show 10,000-fold higher concentrations. The analytical challenge of whole genome expression profiling is therefore substantial.Both techniques have specific strengths and weaknesses: Microarray experiments yield semi-quantitative results with less effort in a relatively short time, but they can analyze only known gene products. SAGE is extremely costly, time-consuming and difficult to interpret, but it counts well-defined sequence tags and detects – at least in principle – any mRNA in the sample. Due to the large number of hardly standardized preanalytical and analytical procedures, both techniques suffer from accuracy and precision problems and may lead to contradictory conclusions. A signal highly expressed with microarrays may be undetectable with SAGE and vice versa. High throughput sequencing techniques could help to close the gap between both techniques.
Lateral Transfer: A Survey and New Developments
Authors: Snir Sagi 
Published: October 2008

Exponentially accumulating genetic molecular data were supposed to bring us closer to resolving one of the most fundamental issues in biology—the reconstruction of the tree of life. This tree should encompass the evolutionary history of all living creatures on earth and trace back a few billions of years to
the most ancient microbial ancestor.
Ironically, this abundance of data only blurs our traditional beliefs and seems to make this goal harder to achieve than initially thought. This is largelydue to lateral gene transfer, the passage of genetic material between organisms not through lineal descent. Evolution in light of lateral transfer tangles the traditional universal tree of life, turning it into a network of relationships. Lateral
transfer is a significant factor in microbial evolution and is the mechanism of antibiotic resistance spread in bacteria species.
In this paper we survey current methods designed to cope with lateral transfer in conjunction with vertical inheritance. We distinguish between phylogenetic-based methods and sequence-based methods and illuminate the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, we sketch a new statistically rigorous approach aimed at identifying lateral transfer between two genomes.
Circulating Levels of Resistin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women: Results From Two Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Chen Brian H. , Song Yiqing , Ding Eric L. , Roberts Christian K. , Manson JoAnn E. , Rifai Nader , Buring Julie E. , Gaziano J. Michael , Liu Simin 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of circulating resistin levels in the development of type 2 diabetes using two prospective cohorts of well-characterized men and women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted two prospective case-control studies nested in the Women's Health Study (WHS) and Physicians’ Health Study II (PHS II). In the WHS, during a median of 10-years of follow-up, 359 postmenopausal women, who were apparently healthy at baseline and later developed type 2 diabetes, were prospectively matched with 359 healthy control subjects. In the PHS II, with 8 years of total follow-up, 170 men, who were apparently healthy at baseline and later developed type 2 diabetes, were matched with 170 healthy control subjects. Control subjects were matched by age, race, and time of blood draw.
RESULTS—Resistin levels at baseline were significantly higher in women than in men (P = 0.003) and in case patients than in control subjects for both women (P &lt; 0.001) and men (P = 0.07). After adjustment for matching factors, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, and family history of diabetes, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of resistin in women was 2.22 ([95% CI 1.32–3.73]; Ptrend = 0.002). This association was attenuated after further adjustment for BMI (1.51 [0.86–2.65]; Ptrend = 0.20) or C-reactive protein (1.18 [0.68–2.07]; Ptrend = 0.60). A similar but weaker pattern was observed in men.
CONCLUSIONS—Elevated levels of circulating resistin were significantly related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, which appears to be partially accounted for by adiposity and the inflammatory process.
A cyclic universe with colour fields
Authors: Yershov Vladimir 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The topology of the universe is discussed in relation to the singularity problem. We explore the possibility that the initial state of the universe might have had a structure with 3-Klein bottle topology, which would lead to a model of a nonsingular oscillating (cyclic) universe with a well-defined boundary condition. The same topology is assumed to be intrinsic to the nature of the hypothetical primitive constituents of matter (usually called preons) giving rise to the observed variety of elementary particles. Some phenomenological implications of this approach are also discussed.
Microstructure and thermal properties of quasi-equal rare earth substitution Y0.5Gd0.5Ba2Cu3O6.94 superconductor
Authors: Terzieva Stanimira , Stoyanova-Ivanova Angelina , Shivachev Boris , Terzijska Bonka , Zaleski Andrzej , Misiorek Halina , Mikli Valdek 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Sintering effects in YBa2Cu3Oz samples with quasi-equal rare earth substitution have been investigated. It has been shown that the Y-123 type compound can be formed when gadolinium is partially substituted (in this case 50% atomic substitution) for yttrium. The superconducting compound was obtained by the optimized ceramic method, including solid-state reaction, melting and sintering, controlled by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure was investigated by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. An AC susceptibility measurement has shown that T
c =93 K. Temperature-dependece of the thermal conductivity (4.5–300 K) of the polycrystalline Y0.5Gd0.5Ba2Cu3O6.94 sample was also measured.
The use of reverse-flow dorsal metacarpal artery flaps after postburn metacarpophalangeal joint flexion contracture release
Authors: Duman Haluk , Uygur Fatih , Evinç Rahmi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
When thermal injuries of the hand are managed inappropriately, complex hand contractures are inevitable. Patients with hand contractures may have many difficulties in their daily life because of this deformity. These patients are challenging to reconstructive surgeons. In this study we evaluated reverse-flow dorsal metacarpal artery flaps for the defects occurred after metacarpophalangeal joint contracture release of different fingers. Nineteen patients with defects on the volar surface of metacarpophalangeal joint were reconstructed by the reverse-flow dorsal metacarpal artery flaps. All operations were successful and flap losses were not seen. The DMCA flaps provide one stage coverage and permit primary closure of the recipient site. The aesthetic and functional results are satisfactory without sacrificing main arteries. The only drawback is the residual scar on the dorsum of the hand, which can be treated by conservative means and may improve over time.
Paraurethral cyst: a case report
Authors: Ceyhan Meltem , Nural Mehmet , Oztas Tülin , Bayrak İlkay , Rizalar Riza 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Paraurethral or Skene’s duct cyst is a rare cause of masses located in the inter-labial genitor-urinary region and their etiology is not fully known. These congenital cysts may be diagnosed easily by inspection in the initial physical examination of the new-borne. Radiological evaluation is helpful for differential diagnosis and in determining the proximal extension of the cystic pathology. Treatment alternatives are needle aspiration and non-surgical follow-ups leading to a spontaneous regression and surgery. In this report the radiological findings of a female newborn diagnosed with paraurethral cyst in US and MR examinations have been discussed.
New Prayers, Here and Now: Reconnecting to Israel Through Engaging in Prayer, Poetry, and Song
Authors: Newberg Adina B. 
Published: October 2008

Israelis who have until now viewed themselves as "secular" in the rigid Israeli dichotomy between "religious" and "secular" are finding new ways of creating communities of meaning that connect to Jewish sources and yet stay aligned to values of pluralism and humanism.These communities that do not follow the letter of the halakhah are developing in highly "secular" environments such as Tel Aviv and Nahalal and create Shabbat and holiday services combining live music, traditional prayers, and newly created prayers. By doing this, they come nearer to finding a closer echo and a truer mirror to their concerns and spiritual searches while, at the same time, finding spiritual expressions to their deep longing for connection to Judaism. Beyond the services and the communities that are forged, a new identity that bridges aspects of secularism, humanism, and spirituality is being created.The article analyzes the reasons for this relatively new phenomenon in the context of Israeli religious and political life, and the existential crisis that has evolved as a result. The article also describes in detail two such communities as examples of this development.
Drilling in 1300 Feet of Water - Santa Barbara Channel, California
Authors: Harris L.M. , Llfrey W.T. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Available technology and equipment have proven adequate for carrying out successful floating drilling operations in water depths to 1300 feet on Federal Leases in the Santa Barbara Channel. California. System elements directly affected by water depth have performed satisfactorily with only a few minor design modifications.

INTRODUCTION
During the l2-month period following the Federal Lease Sale in the Santa Barbara Channel of February 6, 1968. Humble has drilled ten wells with floating rigs three of which have been in water depths in the range of 900 to 1300 feet. The adequacy of advance planning has been demonstrated by the few problems that have occurred that are directly related to water depth. The first of the deepwater wells was spudded in 994 feet of water on August 5. 1968. as shown in Figure 1. This rig (WODECO IV) has now completed the drilling of a well in 1300 feet of water. The first deepwater well for the second rig (Blue Water II) was spudded in 941 feet of water on December 3. 1968. Both rigs are shown in Figure 2.
It is the purpose of this paper to present information as to:The location and environment of the deepwater drilling program.The criteria governing selection of the rigs used.Details of the systems used including design considerations and methods.Operating procedures.Operating results.

THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL WINDS, WAVES. AND CURRENTS
The Santa Barbara Channel is an area of the Pacific Ocean that is bounded on the north by the portion of the California coastline extending from Point Conception on the west to Ventura on the east and is bounded on the south by the Channel Islands of San Miguel, Santa Cruz and Anacapa. Industry's previous experience with floating drilling in the Channel had shown the environment to be relatively mild. Oceanographic and meterological references provided the best available data on winds waves and currents for guidance in the selection and design of equipment and in the formulation of operating practices. Sites in the area covered by specific reports are also shown on Figure 1. Historical data indicated that the probable yearly maximum conditions in the central Santa Barbara Channel would not exceed:Five-minute average winds of 65 knots from the west and northwest or from the east and southeast.Significant wave heights of 16 feet with a period of 13 seconds. Maximum waves associated with this sea state would probably be approximately 30 feet.Surface or near-surface currents of 2.4 knots parallel to the California coastline.
The data showed generally that these conditions would occur for only a very small percentage of the time in winter months in the main part of the Channel east of Point Conception. Near the west end of the Channel, a yearly maximum significant wave height of IS feet might occur with somewhat greater frequency.

CRITERIA FOR RIG SELECTION
On the basis of the water depths for the leases offered, the rig selection criteria emphasized deepwater operations and the economics of timing.
Acquisition of Critical Metocean Data on the Norwegian Deepwater Frontier
Authors: Saetre H.J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Following the 1996 award of seven deepwater licenses, the offshore industry in Norway has instituted a joint meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) project within the Norwegian Deepwater Programme. An overall and very general data acquisition programme has been established, based on a strategy that has required the full commitment of license management in eight national and international oil companies on investments early in the exploration phase. Because the consequence of excessively conservative criteria and procedures may be quite different for a deepwater producing system, it is only through a full understanding of the physical environment and accurate engineering procedures that we can hope to carry out deepwater development in a safe and cost effective manner.
The data acquisition system has taken advantage of extensive use of moored acoustic Doppler current profilers, 3-dimensional numerical ocean model to simulate currents and current statistics, and remote sensing data from earth orbiting satellites to study velocity anomalies and mesoscale ocean features such as fronts and eddies. Three main issues - the integrated data acquisition system, data correlation analysis and the temporal and spatial variability of the currents - are addressed in the present paper. Although the 4–5 year project is not completed yet, it may be concluded that a high proportion of the objectives has been obtained, and that future field developments in the Norwegian deepwater areas can base their design on a sound and viable metocean database.

Introduction
The Norwegian offshore petroleum exploration industry was, by the 15th round licenses awarded in 1996, taking a significant step into a new regime; from the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) with water depths up to 350 metres, into the much deeper areas of the continental slope and even down towards the deep abyssal plains. In addition, the climatic conditions in the Moere and Voering Basins are severe, with frequent storms and strong currents to be contended with.
The deepwater licenses were limited to five areas:Blocks 6704/12, 6705/10 and 6604/2/3 (Gjallar Ridge) with water depths ranging from 1175 to 1450 metres.Blocks 6706/11/12 and 6707/10/11 (Vema Dome and NykHigh) with water depths ranging from 1050 to 1525 metres.Blocks 6504/9/12, 6505/7/10, 6404/3 and 6405/1(Helland-Hansen) with water depths ranging from 675 to 950 metres.Blocks 6302/4/5/7/8 (Moere West) with water depthsranging from 1075 to 1600 metres.Blocks 6305/1/2/4/5, 6304/9 and 6305/7 (Ormen Lange)with water depths ranging from 450 to 1225 metres.
This paper addresses the metocean data collection and analysis programme established to provide the best possible database for the exploration phase and the future development of the Norwegian deepwater area.
Maximum of Permissible Horizontal Motions a Floating Drilling Vessel
Authors: Hansford John E. , Lubinski Arthur E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Horizontal vessel motions [i.e., drift, sway or surge] result in bending of the drill string members in the Vicinity of the rotary drive bushing at the-vessel and at the blowout preventer close to the seafloor. Allowable horizontal vessel motions are calculated as a function of hookload, using both cumulative fatigue damage and drill pipe strength as criteria for drilling and for pulling stuck pipe. The presently used rule of limiting horizontal vessel motion to 5 percent of water depth is shown-to be too restrictive in some cases and too lenient in others.

INTRODUCTION
When drilling from a floating vessel} the rotating drill string is subjected to fatigue damage caused by reversing stresses which arise from heave, roll, pitch and horizontal motions of the vessel. In Ref. 1, the authors have examined the effect of drilling vessel roll and pitch on the cumulative fatigue damage of the kelly and the first joint of drill pipe below the kelly. As a continuation of that investigation, the present study covers the effect of horizontal motions of the vessel on the drill string.
Horizontal departure from over the borehole may be oscillatory [i.e., sway or surge], static [i.e., drift] or most often, some combination of the two. An accepted limit of horizontal vessel motion of percent of the water depth has been suggested and frequently followed.2 In reality, the allowable motion is strongly influenced by the hookload. Motions greater than 5 percent of water depth are often permissible, and under some conditions, motions should be limited to less than 5 percent of water depth. The purpose of this paper is to suggest maximum permissible motions imposed by drill pipe fatigue damage and pipe strength, as a function of hookload.

IDEALIZED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows an idealized system, highly exaggerated for explicitness. Although pipe bends are shown quite acute, bending stresses were properly defined mathematically. The pipe bending at the rotary drive bushing [labeled RDB in Fig. 1] is relieved in most cases by a gimbaled bushing and largely taken by the kelly, a more durable member. Therefore, the point of most severe damage is in the area of the blowout preventer rams [labeled BOP].
Generally, the drill pipe is run inside a larger pipe called a riser, which provides a return for the drilling mud from the sea floor to the vessel. For the sake of simplicity) the interaction of the drill pipe with the riser was not considered in this investigation. It is believed that the effect of this interaction on drill pipe bending is small.
The dimension D in Fig. 1 is the distance from the rotary drive bushing to the blowout preventer. This distance throughout this paper is called water depth which may or may not correspond closely enough to the reality to be used interchangeably. When in doubt, the true distance D should be used and substituted for water depth when using the curves in this paper.
The dimension H in Fig. 1 is the horizontal departure of the vessel from over the borehole.
Methanol Floating Production Storage and Offloading (MFPSO)
Authors: Remeljej Cameron 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
BHP Petroleum and Diamond Research & Development Australia Pty Ltd (a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation) have developed a detailed design basis for Methanol Floating Production Storage and Offloading (MFPSO) facilities using a new compact natural gas reforming process and existing low pressure methanol synthesis technology developed by ICI.
This paper will describe the three main development steps - choice of process, proving of the new compact reforming technology and detailed MFPSO technical feasibility studies, completed to fully assess the suitability of the concept for offshore application. The preferred design is based on a single train reforming system and is applicable to a range of plant capacities up to approximately 4500 t/d. This is nearly twice the capacity of many of the large single train land based methanol plants which employ conventional reforming technology. Detailed capital and operating cost estimates have also been prepared. As a result it is now possible to fully evaluate whether specific hydrocarbon resources are suitable candidates for monetisation using an MFPSO.
It has been concluded that the production of methanol from natural gas on an FPSO is safe and practicable. The technology developed offers a real alternative to gas reinjection on developments where flaring is prohibited, or as a method of commercialising stranded gas resources.

Introduction
The perceived need to be able to economically convert quantities of gas into marketable liquids offshore has been increasing over the past few years. This has generally resulted from anticipated future flaring restrictions on the associated gas production from new oil developments (environmental pressures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve resources are increasing). There is also an increasing desire to monetise significant volumes of stranded gas and add value to marginal oil discoveries.
Apart from LNG production, the other option for gas conversion in remote or deep water offshore locations, where pipeline distribution or reinjection of the gas is impracticable, is the conversion of the low value gas to synthesis gas and subsequently to a derivative liquid of choice. Methanol and Fischer Tropsch products are the main synthesis gas derived liquids that currently have well proven synthesis processes and established markets, although at vastly different market sizes.
A new driver for developing offshore gas to liquids technology is an anticipated future need for more environmentally friendly fuels.