bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the dose of radiation to the surgeon during surgery to the foot and ankle
Authors: Singh P. J. , Perera N. S. , Dega R. 
Published: September 2007

We carried out a prospective study over a period of 12 months to measure the exposure to radiation of the hands of a dedicated foot and ankle surgeon. A thermoluminescent dosimeter ring (TLD) was used to measure the cumulative dose of radiation. Fluoroscopy was used in operations on the foot and ankle. The total screening time was 3028 s, with a mean time per procedure of 37.4 s (0.6 to 197). This correlated positively with the number of procedures performed (r = 0.92, p < 0.001), and with the dose of radiation in both the left (r = 0.85, p = 0.0005) and right TLDs (r = 0.59, p = 0.419). There was no significant difference in the dose of radiation between the two hands (t-test, p = 0.62). The total dose to the right TLD over the 12 months was 2.4 millisieverts. This is a simple and convenient method for evaluating the exposure of a single surgeon to radiation. The radiation detected was well below the annual dose limit set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
Risk Factors for Vertebral and Nonvertebral Fracture Over 10 Years: A Population-Based Study in Women
Authors: Finigan Judith , Greenfield Diana M , Blumsohn Aubrey , Hannon Rosemary A , Peel Nicola F , Jiang Guirong , Eastell Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Risk factors may vary for different types of fracture, in particular for vertebral fractures. We followed 367 women &gt;50 yr of age from a population-based cohort for up to 10 yr. Factors that predicted vertebral rather than nonvertebral fractures related to physical weakness, poor health, and weight loss. Similar factors were also associated with greater bone loss at the hip.
Introduction: Many risk factors predict fractures overall, but it is less clear whether certain factors relate to vertebral fractures in particular. The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures.
Materials and Methods: We carried out a 10-yr prospective population-based study of 375 women who were 50-85 yr of age initially. At baseline, we measured BMD, blood and urine biochemistry, and anthropometric measurements. Medical and lifestyle data were obtained by questionnaire. Incident vertebral fractures were determined for 311 subjects from spinal radiographs at 0, 2, 5, 7, and 10 yr using an algorithm-based qualitative method, and nonvertebral fractures were confirmed radiographically. Relative risks were calculated by Cox regression analysis.
Results: During follow-up, 70 subjects sustained one or more nonvertebral fractures and 29 sustained one or more vertebral fractures. Risk factors that predicted both types of fracture included increasing age, decreasing BMD at all sites, prevalent vertebral fracture, and shorter estrogen exposure. For nonvertebral fractures only, the risk factors included low urinary creatinine and less frequent use of stairs. The factors for vertebral fractures included lighter weight, reduced body fat, heavy smoking, lower serum calcium, albumin, and thyroid T3, weak grip strength, and poor physical capability. In a multivariate model, weight, fat mass, serum calcium and T3, prevalent vertebral fracture, and physical capability remained significant. Furthermore, grip strength, serum albumin, weight loss, and physical capability were associated with rate of bone loss at the femoral neck, and a fast rate of bone loss was also associated with vertebral fractures.
Conclusions: We conclude that overall frailty, which may consist of general poor health, small or thin body size, and lack of strength and physical capability, predicts vertebral fractures but is not a significant predictor of nonvertebral fractures. Bone loss rates are associated with similar risk factors and also with the incidence of vertebral fractures.
Determination of Elastic Properties by Resonant Technique: A Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Antunes F. , Ramalho A. , Ferreira J. A. M. , Capela C. , Reis P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The in-plane elastic properties of materials can be determined using an experimental-numerical procedure based on the resonant frequencies of thin beams and plates. The objective of this paper is to study the accuracy of the material constants obtained with this technique. The procedure is presented and the parameters affecting its accuracy are identified. Specimens of epoxy reinforced with carbon fibers and 6082-T6 aluminum alloy were produced and experimental work was developed to obtain resonant frequencies in free-free boundary conditions. A numerical procedure based on FEM was developed replicating the experimental procedure and was used for a sensitivity analysis on the numerical and physical parameters. A great sensitivity relative to geometry was found, which emphasizes the need for ideally shaped specimens and accurate measurements. The influence of elastic properties on resonant frequencies is comparatively lower and varies quite considerably with geometry. The accuracy of experimental frequencies and specific mass was found to have a great impact on material constants.
Adrenal insufficiency in phytosterolaemia
Authors: Mushtaq T , Wales J K , Wright N P 
Published: September 2007

Background: Phytosterolaemia (sitosterolaemia) is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations on the ABCG5 and ABCG8 gut transporter proteins. This leads to accumulation of plant-derived cholesterol-like molecules in blood and tissues.Case: We describe a family of Bangladesh origin, where three siblings (two males and one female) have homozygous mutations for phytosterolaemia, and exhibit short stature and adrenal failure with the female having ovarian failure.Findings: The index case (18-year-old female) and her sibling (16 years) have adrenal insufficiency with hyperpigmentation and raised levels of ACTH, at 367 and 690 ng/l respectively. The youngest child at 7 years has normal adrenal function. In addition, the index case has ovarian failure and sibling 2 has partial growth hormone deficiency.Conclusion: Although short stature is a recognised phenomenon, no previous association has been made between phytosterolaemia and other endocrine abnormalities. We postulate that the elevated plant sterol levels in phytosterolaemia may interfere with endocrine hormone synthesis; in particular, we present evidence that adrenal cholesterol metabolism may be preferentially affected, accounting for the adrenal insufficiency.
Sampling in research on interpersonal aggression
Authors: Nielsen Morten Birkeland , Einarsen Ståle 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of convenience samples in research on interpersonal aggression among adults. It was hypothesised that convenience sampled targets of aggression differs from targets in general with regards to both demographic characteristics and degree of aggression exposed to. A convenience sample comprising support‐seeking targets of workplace bullying was compared with a representative sample of Norwegian targets of bullying. The results showed that the two samples differed significantly on all demographic variables investigated, except gender. A far higher percentage of the convenience sample had blown the whistle on illegal, immoral or illegitimate practice at their workplace, whereas they also reported significantly more frequent and more intense exposure to aggression. The findings confirm that convenience samples have low external validity when generalising to the general population. Such samples should therefore mainly be used to investigate tendencies in, and the phenomenology of, interpersonal aggression, in studies where generalisability is not the principal objective. Aggr. Behav. 34:265–272, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paving the road to war with group membership, appraisal antecedents, and anger
Authors: Cheung‐Blunden Violet , Blunden Bill 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study uses appraisal theory, functionalist approach to emotions, and recent theory on group emotions as a basic framework to model the genesis of supporting military action. During the year after the events of 9/11, 588 college students participated in a series of four studies that assessed religious affiliation, appraisal antecedents, anger response to viewing photographs of the 9/11 attack, and support for military action. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that the relation between support for the war and attitudes toward terrorism and relevance could be explained adequately by a model in which anger mediated the effects of attitudes and relevance on support. Attitudes toward terrorism were further identified as mediators that could explain the group effect by Christians. The result was not only generalizable across the conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq, but also in terms of how consent for war manifests itself—outright calls for bloodshed versus more subtle, politically loaded, posturing (e.g. entreaties to “support our troops”). Aggr. Behav. 34:175–189, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid Determination of Volatile Constituents in Safflower by Microwave Distillation and Simultaneous Solid‐Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yu Yingjia , Yang Bei , Zhou Tao , Zhang Haiying , Shao Luping , Duan Gengli 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this paper, microwave distillation and solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (MD‐SPME/GC‐MS) was developed for the analysis of essential components in safflower. Using the MD‐SPME technique, the isolation, extraction and concentration of volatile compounds in safflower were carried out in only one step. Some parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as SPME fiber coating, microwave power, irradiation time and the volume of water added were optimized. The optimal experiment parameters obtained were: 65 μm CW/DVB SPME fiber, a microwave power of 400 W, an irradiation time of 3 min and water volume of 1 mL. The proposed method has been compared with conventional steam distillation (SD) for extraction of essential oil compounds in safflower. Using MD‐SPME followed by GC‐MS, 32 compounds in safflower were separated and identified, which mainly included paeonol, alpha‐asarone, beta‐asarone, 1‐methyl‐4‐(2‐propenyl)‐benzene and diethenyl‐benzene, whereas only 18 compounds were separated and identified by conventional SD followed by GC‐MS. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values of less than 10 % show that the proposed method has good reproducibility. The results show that MD‐SPME/GC‐MS is a simple, rapid, effective method for the analysis of volatile oil components in safflower.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Macroporous Epoxy Resin‐Triethylenetetramine Polymer Modified by Sodium Chloroacetate for Copper Chelation in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Hou Linxi , Jiang Feng , Wang Sui 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA novel macroporous resin was prepared from an epoxy resin and triethylenetetramine (TETA) via a polymerization using micro‐phase separation. In this novel method the polyethylene glycol (PEG‐400) was used as solvent in the initial stage and a phase‐separation reagent at later stage of the polymerization was firstly adopted. The resin was modified by sodium chloroacetate and the carboxyl groups were introduced. Its structure was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The adsorption‐desorption characteristics of the resin for Cu(II) in aqueous solution were investigated in detail using ICP‐AES. The interaction between the metal ion and the resin was found to be depended upon the acidity of the medium. The prepared resin is strongly chelating and exhibits a chelating ability that can remove cupric ion in waste water treatment.
Method Validation for the Determination of Lead in Raw Cow's Milk Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Yurtsever Sarica Deniz , Türker Ali Rehber 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this study, lead in raw cow's milk has been determined by validated electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with Zeeman‐effect background correction. Maximum pyrolysis and optimum atomization temperatures of lead were determined in the presence of modifiers. Pd + Mg(NO3)2 has been found a powerful modifier mixture for the determination of lead. The analytical parameters of the method such as limit of detection, limit of quantification and the effect of interfering ions have been investigated. The detection limit (3σ) achieved by the method was calculated to be 0.62 ng/mL for Pb. Repeatability of the method evaluated as the relative standard deviation of 16‐17 replicates using 5 ng/mL, under optimum experimental conditions were about 1.5 % for synthetic sample solution and about 3 % for real sample (N=5). The described method has been validated by analyzing certified reference material (BCR‐CRM 150) and by comparing the results with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The validated method was applied to raw cow's milk samples produced in 7 different regions of Turkey in 2003‐2004. Raw cow's milk contained a mean (range) of 31.4 (2.5 – 313) μg kg‐1 lead with a relative error below 2%.
Moderate anxiety, whether acute or chronic, is not associated with ovarian suppression in healthy, well‐nourished, Western women
Authors: Ellison Peter T. , Lipson Susan F. , Jasienska Gazyna , Ellison Pippi L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe relationship between psychological stress and reduced fecundity has been a matter of speculation and investigation for decades. Most previous studies have been compromised, however, by a number of problems including ambiguous direction of causation, poorly operationalized variables, and the confounding of psychological with energetic stress. We present a two‐part study of the relationship between moderate anxiety, both acute and chronic, and daily measures of ovarian steroid and corticosteroid levels in saliva. Anxiety, as a particular form of psychosocial stress, was measured by the Spielberger Stait‐Trait Anxiety Inventory as well as by a self‐reported daily stress score. In the first part, 23 college juniors taking the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) were studied the month before and the month after the test, and again several months later, and compared at the same time points with 27 controls. In the second part, chronic anxiety levels were assessed in 95 women between 27 and 41 years of age and analyzed in relation to daily levels of salivary ovarian and corticosteroids over one menstrual cycle. The sample sizes are sufficient to allow for confidence in negative results. No statistically significant differences in ovarian or corticosteroid levels were observed whether between the MCAT and control subjects in part one, between the MCAT subjects before and after the MCAT test in part one, or between high and low anxiety subjects in part two. The results indicate that moderate levels of anxiety, whether acute or chronic, are not associated with suppressed ovarian function in healthy women. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gait parameter adjustments of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus, Callitrichidae) to locomotion on inclined arboreal substrates
Authors: Nyakatura John A. , Fischer Martin S. , Schmidt Manuela 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe influence of different substrate inclinations on gaits and metric gait parameters (relative forelimb and hind limb protraction, relative forelimb, and hind limb retraction, stride length, stance, and swing phase duration) of cotton‐top tamarin locomotion was studied using high‐speed video films and evaluated by descriptive and analytical statistical methods. As previously shown, lateral sequence gaits predominantly occurred on descending arboreal substrates (branchlike pole with a smaller diameter than the animal's body). Gait sequence patterns display significant dependency on substrate inclination. Cotton‐top tamarins utilize lower diagonality values the more the substrate declines. This tendency leads to a greater use of lateral sequence gaits on steeply declined substrates. Conversely, these primates display the tendency to utilize higher diagonality values the more the substrate inclines leading to the predominant occurrence of diagonal sequence (DS) gaits. Duty factor index, extent of relative protraction, and relative retraction of both limb pairs as well as the relation of forelimb stance phase duration to hind limb stance phase duration is also correlated to the inclination of the substrate. Stride length and swing phase duration display no significant dependence on inclination, but are determined by the speed of the moving animal. The relevant duty factor is approximately constant at all inclinations. Integrating our results with results of other authors we propose a hypothesis for the functional relevance of a utilization of lateral sequence gaits in downward locomotion and DS gaits in upward locomotion. Our data support the notion of a wide ranging behavioral plasticity as a general primate locomotor characteristic. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐component terpolymers of glycidyl methacrylate with good swelling characteristics
Authors: Bukowska Agnieszka , Bukowski Wiktor , Noworól Jarosław 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHighly swellable glycidyl methacrylate terpolymers with styrene and a series of crosslinkers (divinyl benzene and ethylene, diethylene, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylates) were obtained by suspension polymerization. The loading capacities of the resins, their glass‐transition temperatures, and their swelling characteristics in 20 solvents were examined with respect to the monomer composition. A selected resin was modified for a cobalt–imine complex and tested as a catalyst in a model ring‐opening reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation and drug release behaviors of 5‐fluorouracil loaded poly(glycolide‐co‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Hanwei , Bei Jianzhong , Wang Shenguo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract5‐Fluorouracil (5‐Fu) loaded poly(glycolide‐co‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) (PGLC) nanoparticles were prepared by modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method (modified‐SESD method) and characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and 1H NMR determination. It was found that the obtained nanoparticles showed near spherical shape and was controllable with the radius range of 30–100 nm. Compared with the nanoparticles prepared by polylactide and poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) under the similar preparation condition, yield of PGLC nanoparticles was the highest, which reached to about 100%. On the other hand, drug entrapment efficiency of PGLC nanoparticles was also higher than that of PLGA and PLLA nanoparticles. 5‐Fu release behavior of PGLC nanoparticles in vitro showed that 5‐Fu release of PGLC nanoparticles showed a near zero‐order release profile, and 5‐Fu release rate of PGLC nanoparticles was faster than that of PLLA and PLGA nanoparticles. According to degradation behavior of PGLC nanoparticles, it could be proposed that the kinetic of degradation controlled release played an important role in the release process of PGLC nanoparticles. It revealed that the PGLC nanoparticles could be a promising drug carrier. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
The synthesis of 9–10 Dibromo stearic acid glycidyl methacrylate and its use in vinyl ester resins
Authors: Can E. , La Scala J. J. , Sands J. M. , Palmese G. R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this study, 9–10 dibromo stearic acid glycidyl methacrylate (Di‐BrSAGMA) was synthesized from oleic acid and used as a replacement for styrene in vinyl ester (bisphenol A type VE (VE 828) and Novalac type VE (VE160)) to introduce fire retardance to these systems and to decrease the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions caused by styrene. When the Di‐BrSAGMA was used as the comonomer, these resins exhibited too high viscosities, reduced modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) values compared to those of the styrene based systems. Thus, the Di‐BrSAGMA was used in the presence of styrene in these resins. The viscosities of the resins with various Di‐BrSAGMA contents were determined and the modulus and the Tg values of the resulting polymers were measured via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to determine the ideal formulations for each resin system. Similar analysis was performed, with similar oleic acid glycidyl methacrylate (OAGMA) contents, to determine the effect of the introduction of the bromine groups onto the network. Reactive diluent blends of the fatty acid based monomers with styrene, at styrene contents as low as 15–20 wt % at 35–45 wt % total comonomer content, in VE formulations were shown to have processable viscosities for liquid molding processes, and modulus and Tg values that are comparable to those of the commercial VE‐styrene systems. The effect of the replacement of styrene by the Di‐BrSAGMA monomer on the thermal degradation behavior of the VE 828 and VE 160 networks was also explored by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Electrospun three‐dimensional silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold
Authors: Ki Chang Seok , Kim Jong Wook , Hyun Jin Ho , Lee Ki Hoon , Hattori Masahiro , Rah Dong Kyun , Park Young Hwan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPractical application to three‐dimensional (3‐D) tissue culture has been limited by the structural restriction of two‐dimensional (2‐D) nature of electrospun nanofiber mat. In this study, for constructing 3‐D nanofibrous structure as real 3‐D tissue engineering scaffold, we developed new fabrication process with silk fibroin (SF) by electrospinning and evaluated the features of this SF nanofiber scaffold (SFNS) through morphological and cell‐culture analyses. Foam type of the SFNS exhibited high porosity as well as large pores and its cell proliferation well occurred inside (inner spaces of pores), which makes this suitable for 3‐D cell‐culture scaffold. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Novel Ni/polypyrrole and Cu/polypyrrole composites prepared in the presence of different acids: Synthesis and investigation of thermal stability
Authors: Şen Songül , Gök Ayşegül , Gülce Handan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report the synthesis and characterization of new organic/inorganic hybrid materials constituted of Ni(0) and Cu(0) nanoparticles and polypyrrole (PPy). Copper and nickel nanoclusters were synthesized by a chemical reduction of aqueous metal salt solutions by sodium borohydride. PPy/Ni(0) and PPy/Cu(0) composites were obtained in the presence of two different acids (H3BO3, CH3COOH), by polymerizing pyrrole‐Ni and pyrrole‐Cu particles by using iron (III) chloride. The composites have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and magnetic susceptibility techniques. Conductivity measurements of samples were taken using four‐probe devices. The PPy/Ni(0) and PPy/Cu(0) nanocomposites doped with different acids exhibited higher conductivity values than those of homopolymers. Among all samples, Ni/PPy‐H3BO3 has the highest conductivity (1.42 S cm−1). Homopolymers and composites showed a stable and increasing conductivity with increasing temperature, except Ni(0). We observed that from TGA analysis of polymers, metal composites of PPy synthesized in two different media are more stable than those of PPy‐CH3COOH and PPy‐H3BO3. The magnetic susceptibility values of homopolymers and Cu are negative, whereas the other samples are positive. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007