bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum on fermentation in laboratory silos of herbage low in water‐soluble carbohydrate
Authors: ROOKE J. A. , BORMAN ALISON J. , ARMSTRONG D. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn experiment 1, a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover (176 g DM kg−1) was ensiled with no addition, or with the application of Lactobacillus plantarum, 3 × 106(g fresh weight of herbage)−1 or enterobacteria, 3 × 106 (g fresh weight of herbage)−1 or both of these inoculants. Silos were incubated at either 18°C or 26°C for 7 d and sealing of half of the silos was delayed for 48 h. In experiment 2, cocksfoot (247 g DM kg−1) was ensiled with no additive, with the application of L. plantarum, 4 × 106 (g fresh weight of herbage)−1 enterobacteria, 4 × 106 (g fresh weight of herbage)−1 or ammonium nitrate, 5 g (kg herbage)−1. Silos were incubated at 18°C and sealing was delayed for 48 h.In neither experiment were the untreated silages of satisfactory quality after 35 d ensilage, having pH's of 4·3 and 6·4. and ammonia‐N concentrations of 139 and 209 g N (kg total N)−1 in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. The poorer fermentation in experiment 2 reflected the lower water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of the ensiled herbage (136 and 53 g WSC (kg DM)−1 in experiments 1 and 2 respectively). Inoculation with L. plantarum significantly reduced silage pH and the concentrations of ammonia‐N (experiment 1 only) and ethanol and increased lactic acid concentrations. Inoculation with enterobacteria had only minor effects in each experiment.In experiment 1, incubation at 26°C increased the rate of fermentation in the silos as pH was significantly lower after 7d incubation at 26°C than at 18°C, but this effect had largely disappeared after 35 d incubation. When sealing of the silos was delayed for 48 h, the resulting silages had significantly higher pH and ammonia‐N contents than silages from silos that had been sealed immediately after filling.In experiment 2, addition of ammonium nitrate significantly reduced the concentrations of ethanol and acetic acid in silages opened after 7 d. After 35 d the concentrations of ethanol were significantly reduced and those of ammonia‐N increased by the addition of ammonium nitrate. There were marked increases in silage pH between 7 and 35 d ensilage and in the concentrations of ammonia‐N and acetic acid in the silages that had been inoculated with ammonium nitrate at ensilage.
Dry matter yield and response to nitrogen of an Agrostis stolonifera‐dominant sward
Authors: SHELDRICK R. D. , LAVENDER R. H. , MARTYN T. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA small‐plot cutting trial was carried out 1983‐85 at North Wyke Research Station, Devon to compare the dry matter (DM) production and response to nitrogen (N) of a naturally occurring Agrostis stolonifera‐dominant sward, developed under low fertility conditions on a poorly structured soil. and a sward of Lotium perenne cv. Melle, direct‐drilled in 1982 at the same site. All plots received standard inputs of P. and graded inputs of K, related to the four annual N treatments (0, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha−1, in seven equal applications). All plots were cut six times each year, except in 1983; DM yield, herbage digestibility, herbage N concentration, response to applied N, apparent recovery of applied N. and botanical composition of the swards were recorded.On average, A. stolonifera gave 69% of the DM yield of L. perenne. A. stolonifera did not out‐yield L. perenne at the low N levels (0 or 200 kg N ha−1 a−1), or in mid‐season. and yielded significantly (P<0‐001) less in drought conditions in 1984 (4‐4 t DM ha−1 and 6‐9 t DM ha−1, s.e.d.±0‐22). Average digestibility of A. stolonifera was 3 units of D‐value lower (P<0‐001) than L. perenne, but N concentrations were higher (3‐01% and 2‐53%, s.e.d. ±0‐074). However, total yields of N from A. stolonifera were lower. Responses in DM production per kg N applied were lower in A. Stolonifera than in L. perenne for all N increments, except the highest, (400‐800 kg N ha−1). Fitted response curves allowed interpolation of the values of DM yield (Y10) and N input (N10) where the response was 10 kg DM (kg N)−1. Values of Y10 for A. stolonifera and L. perenne averaged 7‐1 t DM ha−1 and 12‐9 t DM ha−1respectively. and values of Mo averaged 460 kg N ha−1 and 570 kg N ha−1, which further indicated the lower responsiveness of A. stolonifera to applied N. Apparent recovery of applied N was generally low, with significantly higher values (P<0‐001) for L. perenne in 1983 and 1984, but not in 1985. The botanical composition of L. perenne swards with no applied N showed a steady and rapid decline in ground cover by the sown species. AH L. perenne swards showed an abrupt decrease of L. perenne cover in late 1985, with invasion by A. stolonifera at all but the highest N level (800 kg N ha−1). A. stolonifera treatments receiving 400 or 800 kg N ha−1 showed initial expansion of their native L. perenne populations; however, these declined after the drought in 1984. Only low levels of L. perenne cover remained in the A. stolonifera swards at the end of the trial; these were unaffected by N level. It was concluded that under the conditions of this trial, A. stolonifera had lower DM productivity and efficiency of N use than L. perenne.
Enzymes as silage additives. 1. Silage quality, digestion, digestibility and performance in growing cattle
Authors: JACOBS J. L. , McALLAN A. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour grass silages were made from perennial ryegrass ensiled after a 1h wilt in 2‐t silos without additive application, with application of formic acid or with one of two enzyme mixtures of hemicellulases and cellulases (enzyme 1 and enzyme 2). Effluent losses were monitored over the ensiling period (130 d).Analyses of the silage showed that formic acid‐treated silage had lower concentrations of lactic acid than the other silages. Both enzyme‐treated silages had lower levels of cellulose, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) than the untreated and formic acid treated silages. Effluent production was highest with enzyme‐treated silages.The silages were subsequently fed to growing steers equipped with rumen cannulae and T‐piece duodenal cannulae. Apparent whole‐tract digestibilities of organic matter constituents were significantly lower (P < 0·05) with both enzyme‐treated silages (untreated; 0·736, formic acid; 0·722, enzyme 1; 0·694, enzyme 2; 0·703). Both untreated and enzyme 2‐treated silages sustained higher nitrogen digestibilities (g g−1 intake) (untreated; 0·675, formic acid; 0·636, enzyme 1; 0·630, enzyme 2; 0·662) and N retentions (g d−1) untreated; 16·0, formic acid; 14·0, enzyme 1; 11·6, enzyme 2; 16·6), but none of these differences was significant. When formic acid‐treated silage was offered, there was a greater amount of organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (ADOMR). Non‐ammonia nitrogen and microbial nitrogen flows at the duodenum were similar on all diets. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was highest with enzyme 2‐treated silage and lowest with formic acid‐treated silage (untreated, 35·4; formic acid, 25·2; enzyme 1, 30·4; enzyme 2, 39·4), but none of these differences were significant.
The effect of a chemical hybridizing agent on the morphology and chemical composition of annual ryegrass
Authors: McGUINNESS S. F. , PEARCE G. R. , DALLING M. J. , SIMPSON R. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA chemical hybridizing agent (CHA: WL 84811, azetidine‐carboxylic acid. Shell Chemical) was applied to annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. cv. Wimmera) at four levels: 0, 1·6, 2·4 and 3·2 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1, at booting and at anthesis with a view to reducing seed set and increasing the proportion of cell solubles in the senescing and dead plants. The CHA treatments reduced stem elongation by up to 40% and reduced the proportion of pollinated florets progressively according to the concentration of CHA. At 3·2 kg (a.i.) ha−1 only 14% of florets were fertilized compared with 86% on the zero (control) treatment.The CHA treatments also resulted in progressive increases in the number of secondary tillers. Since there was no increase in the amount of neutral‐detergent solubles associated with increased CHA application, it was concluded that storage carbohydrates, which might otherwise have been directed towards seed development, were partitioned towards increased tillering. There was no effect, therefore, on the proportion of neutral‐detergent soluble material in senescing and dead plants.
The effect of stolon burial and defoliation early in the growing season on white clover performance
Authors: GRANT S. A. , TORVELL L. , SIM E. M. , SMALL J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA factorial pot‐experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of burial of stolons (stolons unburied or buried to a depth of 0·5–1 cm at day 0), with and without defoliation (plants uncut or all unfolded laminae removed at weekly intervals) on the growth of two varieties of white clover (cv. Kent or cv. Milkanova) harvested on three dates (14 d, 28 d and 42 d after burial). The soil used was a 3:2:1 mixture of clay loam:peat:sand, and there were three replicates of each variety for each treatment at each harvest date.Burial of stolons in the absence of defoliation had no effect on stolon extension, leaf appearance, or the concentration of water‐soluble carbohydrate in the stolons. The number of axillary buds developing (new branches plus flowers) was increased on the new surface‐growing tips of primary stolons but was reduced on branch (i.e. secondary) stolons. The proportion of branches to flowers was largely unaffected by burial.Defoliation caused substantial reductions in the concentration of water‐soluble carbohydrates in stolons and stolon extension growth, a reduction in number of axillary buds developing, and in the proportion of buds which were floral, but had only a small effect in reducing leaf appearance.The combination of stolon burial and defoliation resulted in the death of secondary stolons; 42% of all secondary stolons had died by day 42, and stolon extension, leaf appearance and numbers of axillary buds developing on secondary stolons were severely reduced. The numbers of axillary buds developing on primary stolons was increased owing to more buds developing on the resurfaced stolon tips, but the increase was inadequate to compensate for the reduced growth, and death of secondary stolons.Differences between clover varieties in response to treatments were small. In general, the smaller variety, cv. Kent, was more adversely affected by burial than the larger variety, cv. Milkanova. A variety x defoliation interaction occurred for senescence of leaves; petiole senescence of cut leaves was reduced or similar to that of intact leaves for cv. Kent, but was increased for cv. Milkanova.The results are discussed in relation to treatment effects on carbon sources and sinks, and in relation to climate‐soil interactions.
Effect of regrowth interval on the productivity of swards defoliated by cutting and grazing
Authors: Binnie R. C. , Chestnutt D. M. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOver three grazing seasons (1984‐1986) a sward of perennial ryegrass, cv. Talbot, which received a total of 336 kg N ha‐1 each season, was cut or grazed with ewes at 3‐ or 4‐week intervals on a rotational basis.Sward productivity was higher under cutting than under grazing irrespective of the interval between defoliations. Under cutting, mean herbage organic matter (OM) yields over both intervals were 8·66, 9·62 and 8·17 t ha‐1 in 1984, 1985 and 1986 respectively while under grazing the corresponding yields were 7·65, 8·63 and 7·50 t ha‐1. The mean annual yield of herbage defoliated at 3‐week intervals was 7·50, 8·64 and 7 ·20 t OM ha‐1 compared with 8·80, 9·60 and 8·46 t OM ha‐1 for swards defoliated at 4‐week intervals in the three years respectively.The nitrogen (N) content of both the available and the residual herbage was consistently higher under grazing than under cutting. Available herbage contained 31·3 and 27·7 g N kg OM‐1 and residual herbage 26·1 and 22·7 g N kg OM‐1 under grazing and cutting respectively.The mean yield of N under cutting was 284 kg ha‐1 compared with 304 kg ha‐1 under grazing. Defoliation interval had no effect on N yield, the overall mean yield being 294 kg ha‐1 under both 3‐ and 4‐week defoliation intervals. The effect of the treatments on tiller population was slight and inconclusive.The process of grazing reduced yield probably as a result of damage to the sward through trampling; the positive effect of excretal N on yield was minimal on account of the short grazing periods.
Effects of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on the botanical composition of mixed swards
Authors: SUGIYAMA S. , NAKASHIMA H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of five cultivars of Festuca arundinacea on the botanical composition of mixed swards (with Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium repens singly and combined) at two soil fertility levels (moderate fertilizer application and no application) were examined. Shoot and root morphological characteristics of seedlings in each cultivar were also examined under pot conditions.Although there was little difference in the total biomass of the three mixed swards between cultivars, the cultivars showed significant differences in their relative contribution to total biomass. The relative order of competitive ability between cultivars was maintained over the different soil fertility levels and different species associations.Of the two yield components of a grass sward, tiller number and tiller size, number of tillers showed a larger response to the presence of neighbour species than mean tiller size, and thus success of F. arundinacea cultivars in mixed swards depended on the extent of reduction of number of tillers caused by the neighbour species of mixtures. The least competitive cultivar had the smallest seeds and shortest roots.
Growth and water relations of simulated swards ofLolium perenneL. selection lines with contrasting leaf osmotic potentials
Authors: THOMAS H. , EVANS C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo selection lines ofLolium perenne, which had different leaf lamina osmotic potential (Ψs) when droughted in controlled environments, were grown as vegetative simulated swards in containers of soil 1·0 × 1·3 × 0·9 m deep in the glasshouse. Water was withheld during July, August and September.Under irrigation the low‐ψsline had leaf lamina and leaf base ψs0·06 MPa lower than the high‐ψsline. Under drought, the two lines did not differ significantly in lamina ψsbut leaf base ψswas 0·16 MPa lower in the low line than in the high line. Upon rewatering, most of the osmotic adjustment in the leaf bases was lost within 2 d, but that in the laminae was more stable.Herbage growth under irrigation was similar in the two lines until September, when it was greater in the highψsline. Drought reduced herbage growth, and also regrowth rates following rewatering, but the two lines did not differ in their sensitivity to drought.Selection for low ψsalso increased leaf extension rates, and reduced tillering and leaf water conductance of irrigated plants.The results are discussed in relation to selecting for improved drought resistance on the basis of physiological characters.
Comparison of white clover varieties under cutting and grazing
Authors: SWIFT G. , MORRISON M. W. , CLELAND A. T. , SMITH‐TAYLOR C. A. B. , DICKSON J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeven varieties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), of varying leaf size from large to small, were sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in 1985, at an upland site, and compared over three harvest years under a cutting management (5‐6 cuts), and under continuous grazing by sheep. Fertilizer N input totalled 80 kg ha−1 in both the cutting and the grazing trial. The same varieties were included in two official National List (NL) trials sown the same year at a nearby site; these comprised a yield trial with 6‐7 cuts and a persistency trial mown very frequently (17 cuts) to simulate intensive grazing.At the upland site the large‐leaved varieties, Milkanova and Blanca, were the highest yielding under cutting (mean 3·3 t DM ha−1), and the small‐leaved S184 and Kent the lowest yielding (mean 2·3 t DM ha−1). The rankings were reversed under grazing (corresponding yields 1·1 and 2·1 t DM ha−1). The medium‐leaved varieties Donna, Menna and Grasslands Huia behaved similarly to the large‐leaved varieties. Ranking order in the cutting trial was similar to that in the NL trial.Ground covers after three harvest years differed significantly only under grazing, when the small‐leaved varieties had a 2‐3 times greater cover than the larger‐leaved varieties. A poor separation of the varieties in the NL persistency trial suggests that defoliation was not sufficiently severe to simulate intensive grazing.These comparisons indicate that the performance of clover varieties under the cutting regimes used should not be extrapolated to continuous sheep grazing.
Effect of virginiamycin supplementation on the performance of young grazing cattle
Authors: FIEMS L. O. , BOUCQUÉ Ch. V. , COTTYN B. G. , MOERMANS R. J. , DE BRABANDER D. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree experiments have been conducted to study the effect of virginiamycin in young grazing‐bulls (Experiment 1) and heifers (Experiments 2 and 3). Rotational grazing on permanent grassland was practised and animals were supplemented with 1 kg dried sugarbeet pulp per head daily. Control groups did not receive virginiamycin via the supplement, while it was incorporated at 120, 300 and 200 mg kg−1 for the treatment groups in Experiments 1 to 3 respectively.Average daily liveweight gain was significantly increased from 0·59 to 0·72 kg in Experiment 1 and from 0·73 to 0·81 kg in Experiment 3, but was not affected in Experiment 2 (0·51 vs 0·55 kg). Virginiamycin also increased liveweight gain per ha by 12, 7 and 13%, respectively, for the three experiments. Grazed area per animal was not enlarged to the same extent as the calculated daily energy allowances, which may suggest an improved digestibility and/or rumen fermentation.
The effects of different protein supplements on the utilization of untreated, formic acid‐treated or enzyme‐treated silages by growing steers
Authors: JACOBS J. L. , HAINES M. J. , McALLAN A. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree grass silages were made from perennial ryegrass ensiled without additive application (U) or with the application of formic acid (F) or an enzyme mixture of hemicellulases and cellulases (E).Analysis of silages showed that both untreated and enzyme‐treated silages had higher lactic acid concentrations than formic acid‐treated silage. Enzyme‐treated silage had lower levels of ADF and NDF but higher concentrations of residual WSC than other silages.The silages were fed to growing steers supplemented with either rapeseed meal (RSM) (60 g kg−1 silage DM) or fishmeal (FM) at a level isonitrogenous with RSM diets, so providing six diets (UR, UF, ER, EF, FR, FF). Organic matter intakes were similar, but ADF intakes were significantly (P < 0·001) lower with enzyme‐treated silage diets (UR, 1163; UF, 1160; ER, 1104; EF, 1035; FR, 1216; FF, 1213), as were intakes of NDF (P < 0·01) (UR, 1946; UF, 1955; ER, 1877; 1772; FR, 2031; FF, 2041). Apparent whole tract digestibilities of organic matter were significantly (P < 0·001) higher with enzyme‐treated silages (UR, 0·644, UF, 0·644; ER, 0·668; EF, 0·678; FR, 0·633; FF, 0·633). Liveweight gains were generally higher with treated silage diets and RSM supported a greater response than FM (UR, 0·496; UF, 0·498; ER, 0·567; EF, 0·489; FR, 0·543; FF, 0·506) with both enzyme and formic acid‐treated silages, although none of these differences were significant.
Effects of conservation method and access time on silage intake and milk production in dairy cows
Authors: MARTINSSON K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of the time of access to feed (8 h or 24 h) with silage‐based rations (unwilted or wilted silage) were studied for two years. In each year the experiment comprised 52 individually fed cows in a 2 × 2 factorial design and covered weeks 1‐20 of the lactation. The cows were offered silage ad libitum, 1 kg of hay per day, and concentrate according to the predicted energy‐corrected milk (ECM) yield.Increasing the access time from 8 h to 24 h increased the total intake of dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) by 6%. This resulted in increased yield of ECM by 5%. The eating rate of forage was significantly increased by restricted time of access. Wilting had no significant effect on total feed intake or milk yield. The importance of providing a sufficient length of time during which the cows have access to feed was confirmed. It was concluded that 8 h d−1 of access to silage‐based rations is not enough in early lactation.
A study of the efficacy of a bacterial inoculant and formic acid as additives for grass silage in terms of milk production
Authors: MARTINSSON K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a two‐year experiment, three silages were prepared from herbage treated either with an inoculant at 1·25 × 105 organisms (g fresh material (FM))−1. formic acid (850 g kg−1) at 4 1 (t FM)−1, or no additive (untreated). In Experiment 1, unwilted and in Experiment 2, wilted silages were investigated and had mean dry matter (DM) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations at ensiling of 171 g kg−1 and 17·6 g (kg FM)−1 and 263 g kg−1 and 25·1 g (kg FM)−1, respectively. In Experiment 1, 45 and in Experiment 2, 54 individually fed cows were used to evaluate the silages in three‐treatment, randomized‐block design experiments. During weeks 4‐12 of lactation the cows were offered silages ad libitum and during weeks 15‐26 a constant amount of silage was fed. There were few major differences in chemical composition of the resulting silages. Formic acid had no effect on silage digestibility. Inoculant treatment increased digestibility when the grass had been wilted. The use of formic acid resulted in increased silage DM intake of 9% during weeks 4‐12 of lactation in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. The inoculant gave no increase in silage DM intake over the control in Experiment 1 but increased silage DM intake by 7% in Experiment 2. There was no significant response in milk yield to formic acid. In Experiment 2 the response in milk yield to inoculant treatment was significant both in weeks 4‐12 of lactation (4%) and in weeks 15‐26 of lactation (5%). It is concluded that the response in milk yield to the use of a specific inoculant appears to be mediated through increased intake of metabolizable energy (ME).