bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Matrix Algorithm; Simultaneous Optimization of Structure and Numerical Parameters
Authors: Fujishima Wataru , Nagao Tomoharu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGenetic Algorithm is often used to optimize numerical parameters, and Genetic Programming is used to optimize structure. However, optimizing both structure and numerical parameters simultaneously is quite difficult. Many different algorithms have been developed with the goal of optimizing both structure and numerical parameters simultaneously. However, those algorithms are not satisfactory in the sight of simultaneous optimization. We developed a new algorithm namedGenetic Matrix Algorithm(GMA), which can evolve structure and numerical parameters simultaneously. The new algorithm, GMA, can evolve tree‐structured programs, which include numerical parameters in each of the nonterminal nodes. In this paper, we apply GMA to evolve image processing algorithms. Experimental results show that we can construct new useful image processing algorithms, which cannot be constructed using only fixed thresholds. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pattern Classification of Nevus with Texture Analysis
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Torii Satoru , Kabuta Iukei , Shimizu Kunio , Tanaka Masaru 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMelanoma is a skin tumor with high malignancy. Cases of melanoma have recently been reported from many hospitals around the world. Since melanoma is analogous with benign nevus, discriminating between melanoma and benign nevus is difficult for nonspecialists. A screening system for melanoma and benign nevus is desired. Melanoma is mainly diagnosed by features of specific shape and color. However, texture patterns within the tumor region can be diagnostically important. The purpose of this research was to classify patterns on the tumor surface. Digital images of a tumor were classified into 3 patterns by texture analysis: homogeneous pattern; globular pattern; and reticular pattern. The tumor part in the image was specified first, and the specified tumor part was divided into sub‐images. Texture features of each sub‐image were then calculated. Patterns were classified by discriminant analysis based on the number of texture features. As a result, patterns could be classified correctly into the three categories at a ratio of 94%. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mexico and the United States: Common border, common negotiating orientations
Authors: Metcalf Lynn , Bird Allan , Dewar Dídimo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWith a growing cadre of people conducting business across the U.S.–Mexico border, there is a need for information about the negotiation orientations they are likely to encounter. While information on negotiating orientations is available, it is often anecdotal, stereotyped, and contradictory. Empirical work that systematically compares Mexico and the United States across a range of negotiating dimensions is scarce. We have clarified, refined, and operationalized 12 negotiation dimensions in a comprehensive conceptual framework proposed over 20 years ago by Weiss and Stripp (1985). Our findings suggest that U.S. and Mexican negotiators may have more in common than they think and that negotiation orientations in both countries may run counter to conventional wisdom. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainable development vs. sustainable redevelopment
Authors: Unruh Gregory 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAttentive managers will find that sustainable development presents two distinct challenges depending upon where in the world they are operating. The business of sustainable development is quite different in the industrialized and developing worlds. The industrial north, for example, has a well‐developed and prosperous economic infrastructure that provides its citizens with a level of wealth that was unimaginable a century ago. But those economic gains have come at a high environmental cost. The industrial world's economic system is proving to be ecologically unsustainable and is threatening to undo the planet's biological balance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A conceptual framework for developing‐country transnationals: PROTON Malaysia
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U. , Humphreys John H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, we offer guidance for the potential advance of developing‐country transnational corporations (TNCs), often referred to as third‐world multinational corporations. After reviewing the topical literature and establishing the soundness of the case approach for model construction, we examine the case of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (PROTON), the Malaysian National Car project. We find insights emanating from the experiences of this firm that are applicable to other developing transnationals, particularly those involved in complex manufacturing. Based upon the theoretical foundation of the literature, in conjunction with the real‐world successes, challenges, and failures of PROTON, we offer a conceptual framework for effective developing‐country TNC emergence and, more important, eventual global competitiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hyperechogenic bowel and hydronephrosis in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks
Authors: Dagklis T. , Plasencia W. , Maiz N. , Duarte L. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the potential value of choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel as markers of trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.MethodsWe examined three‐dimensional volumes from 228 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 797 chromosomally normal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. We looked for choroid plexus cysts with a minimum diameter of 1.5 mm, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis with a minimum anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis of 1.5 mm and hyperechogenic bowel.ResultsThe prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel was significantly higher in trisomy 21 than in normal fetuses (9.6% vs. 1.5%, 17.1% vs. 5.3% and 11.4% vs. 2.4%, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of choroid plexus cysts (7.5% vs. 5.0%). There were no significant differences in crown–rump length or nuchal translucency thickness in either chromosomally normal or trisomy 21 fetuses between those with and those without any one of the markers.ConclusionsAt 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks the prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel is higher in trisomy 21 than in chromosomally normal fetuses. As there is no significant association between the presence of these markers and nuchal translucency thickness, they could be included in the assessment of risk to improve accuracy of screening. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application‐driven approach to designing secure wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sabbah Eric , Kang Kyoung‐Don , Abu‐Ghazaleh Nael , Majeed Adnan , Liu Ke 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a lot of interest due to the wide range of applications they enable. Unfortunately, WSNs are exposed to numerous security threats that can adversely affect the success of important applications. Securing WSNs is challenging due to their limited capabilities and the unique nature of the network and applications. In this paper, we argue that the WSN security research generally considers mechanisms that are modeled after and evaluated against abstract applications and WSN organizations. Instead, we propose that the solution for WSN security must be sensitive to the application and infrastructure. Specifically, we formulate a new notion of an application‐specific security context as the combination of a potential attacker's motivation and the WSN vulnerability. The vulnerability is a function of factors such as the sensor field, WSN infrastructure, application, protocols, system software, accessibility, and the observability of the WSN. To reduce the vulnerability, we argue that WSN design must balance security with traditional objectives such as the cost, energy efficiency, and application level performance to a degree proportional to the attacker's motivation. We illustrate this argumentviafour example applications. Overall, our work can be considered a basis to derive more grounded and realistic assumptions for WSN security and develop cost‐effective security solutions to handle application‐specific vulnerabilities in WSNs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From evidence-based medicine to genomic medicine
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe concept of ‘evidence-based medicine’ dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners, politicians and public seek formal ‘evidence’ in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially ‘evidence-based medicine’ aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is in fact the ‘personalised medicine’ in practice. Since the completion of the human genome project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of ‘personalised health care’ based on individual’s genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses the transition from ‘evidence-based medicine’ to the ‘genomic medicine’. The practice of medicine, including health promotion and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine from the ‘evidence-based medicine’ to ‘genomic medicine’.
Sulfonated Styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties
Authors: Ganguly Anirban , Bhowmick Anil K 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Sulfonated styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene triblock copolymer (SSEBS) was synthesized by reaction of acetyl sulfate with SEBS. SSESB-clay nanocomposites were then prepared from hydrophilic Na-montmorillonite (MT) and organically (quaternary amine) modified hydrophobic nanoclay (OMT) at very low loading. SEBS did not show improvement in properties with MT-based nanocomposites. On sulfonation (3 and 6 weight%) of SEBS, hydrophilic MT clay-based nanocomposites exhibited better mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties, and also controlled water–methanol mixture uptake and permeation and AC resistance. Microstructure determined by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy due to better dispersion of MT nanoclay particles and interaction of MT with SSEBS matrix was responsible for this effect. The resulting nanocomposites have potential as proton transfer membranes for Fuel Cell applications.
COLLABORATIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATION: ASSESSING THE UPTAKE OF IMPROVED FALLOWS AND BIOMASS TRANSFER IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: FRANZEL S. , NANOK T. , WANGIA S. , DEWOLF J. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFew references are available on collaborative monitoring and evaluation, that is, how diverse organizations promoting similar innovations can together assess their efforts. We examined the experience of 30 organizations in working together in western Kenya, from 1999 to 2003, assessing their impact in helping farmers to adapt and adopt two soil fertility practices. While the collaborative process improved the flow of information among organizations, it did not reduce monitoring costs, but rather increased them. The process increased participating organizations' awareness of farmer innovations and the number being promoted. The process also contributed to the formation of a consortium among the participating organizations. We viewed the benefits of the collaborative approach as greater than the costs, but recognize that the resources for implementing such exercises may often not be available.
INCREASING THE IMPACTS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
Authors: HELLIN J. , BELLON M. R. , BADSTUE L. , DIXON J. , LA ROVERE R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFarmer participation in agricultural research can improve the efficiency and impact of the research. This functional component of participatory research includes the identification of traits that guide crop breeders' work. Participatory research can also lead to farmer empowerment, although when carried out by research organizations, direct empowerment is often limited to relatively few farmers. Farmer empowerment is, therefore, best carried out by development organizations whose longer-term interaction with farmers is likely to ensure that greater numbers of farmers benefit. Hence, research organizations ought to focus on the functional components of participatory research along with the empowerment of intermediate/partner organizations rather than the direct empowerment of large numbers of farmers.
Frequency of shearing increases growth of fibre and changes objective and subjective attributes of Angora goat fleeces
Authors: McGREGOR B. A. , BUTLER K. L. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe impact of genotype and of frequency and timing of shearing, on mohair attributes and production of modern Angora goats was studied. Goats in the southern hemisphere grazed pastures between February 2004 and 2006. There were seven shearing treatments by three genetic strains with four or eight replicates of individual goats. Treatments were: three different 6-month shearing intervals and two of 12-month shearing intervals with different months of shearing, a 7-month winter shearing interval and a 3-month shearing interval. Genetic strain was based on sire line: 1·0 South African; 1·0 Texan; and Mixed 0·5 South African and 0·5 Texan. Annual greasy mohair production was 5·08 kg, and average clean fleece production was 4·37 kg. The Angora goats produced an annual clean fleece equivalent to 0·122 of their mean fleece-free live weight which was equal to 0·34 g/kg/day. Measurements were analysed over the period of spring 2004 shearing to spring 2005 shearing, excluding the June–December shearing treatment. Increased frequency of shearing increased fleece growth and affected 13 objective and subjective attributes of mohair that were evaluated including clean washing yield, fibre diameter and fibre diameter variation, incidence of medullated fibres, staple length, fibre curvature, crimp frequency, style, staple definition, staple fibre entanglement and staple tip shape. The direction of these effects were generally favourable and for most attributes the magnitude of the response was linear and commercially important. Each additional shearing resulted in an additional 149 g of clean mohair representing 0·034 of the annual clean mohair production. This increase was associated with a 0·6 cm increase in staple length and 0·32 μm increase in mean fibre diameter. In conclusion, Angora goats shorn less frequently grew less mohair that was more likely to be entangled in spring. Managers of Angora goats should take note of these findings.
One-generation Lamarckism: The role of environment in genetic development
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEnvironment can provide information used in development – information that can appear to be genetically given and that was previously assumed to be so. Examples include growth of the eye until it achieves good focus, and structuring of receptive fields in the visual cortex by environmental information. The process can be called one-generation Lamarckism because information acquired from the environment is used to structure the organism and because the capacity to acquire this information is inherited.
Epigenetic and cultural evolution are non-Darwinian
Authors: Gabora Liane 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe argument that heritable epigenetic change plays a distinct role in evolution would be strengthened through recognition that it is what bootstrapped the origin and early evolution of life, and that, like behavioral and symbolic change, it is non-Darwinian. The mathematics of natural selection, a population-level process, is limited to replication with negligible individual-level change that uses a self-assembly code.
Evolution in the symbolic dimension: The devil is in the details
Authors: Lappan Susan , Choe Jae Chun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEvolution in Four Dimensions argues convincingly that non-genetic inheritance systems have the potential to be agents of evolution and that, in some circumstances, acquired information can be heritable. However, we found the authors' four-dimensional approach to evolution problematic, and doubt that symbolic evolution can be adequately modeled as a distinct dimension of organismal evolution.
Innovation in sexual display
Authors: Madden Joah R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMuch attention has been paid to innovative foraging methods, but little to innovative sexual displays. Innovations may be common in behavioural display, such as song or object use, and could occur in both male display form and female preferences. Similar evidence exists for innovation in display as in foraging methods, but in smaller quantities. Ramsey et al.'s methodology permits rigorous data collection in this field.
Context-specific neophilia and its consequences for innovations
Authors: Mettke-Hofmann Claudia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAccording to Ramsey and colleagues the main constituent psychological processes of innovation are response to novelty, exploration, and the ability to recognize a novel solution. I fully support this view but point out that novelty reactions are often context-specific. I will expand on this and discuss the possible consequences of context-specific novelty reactions on the emergence of innovations.
From Resisting to “Embracing?” the One-Child Rule: Understanding New Fertility Trends in a Central China Village
Authors: Zhang Hong 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFrom its initiation in 1979, China's one-child policy has been controversial. Most critiques on the stringent birth control policy in rural China still focus on the resistance framework and there is very little research on whether Chinese peasant families are changing their fertility preferences and behaviours when confronting both the state birth control policy and the rapidly changing social and economic environment. Based on recent ethnographic study in a central China village, this article seeks to explore new fertility trends that indicate the shift from “active resistance against” to “conscious decision for” the one-child limit among rural families. In particular, it discusses the newly emerging social, economic and demographic factors that may have played a role in this fertility shift, and its social implications for the central tenet of son preference in Chinese culture and the norm of child-rearing as a means of securing old age support among rural families.
The Making of Chinese Intellectuals: Representations and Organization in the Thought Reform Campaign
Authors: Eddy U 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThrough analysing the early 1950s Thought Reform campaign, this article suggests a new approach to studying Chinese intellectuals. I highlight the reification of this social category under Communist Party rule. The campaign universalized zhishifenzi (知识分子) as a social classification, absorbed a diversity of people into the category and established within it multiple subject positions. This reification of the Chinese intellectual, which persisted after Thought Reform, had serious impacts on central policies, local organization and individual behaviour. My analytical perspective can further the understanding of CCP rule, state–intellectual relations and the experience of so-called Chinese intellectuals.
A long-term observational study of the impact of badger removal on herd restrictions due to bovine TB in the Irish midlands during 1989–2004
Authors: KELLY G. E. , CONDON J. , MORE S. J. , DOLAN L. , HIGGINS I. , EVES J. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn observational study was carried out, using data collected from four areas in the Irish midlands, between 1989 and 2004, to critically evaluate the long-term effects of proactive badger culling and to provide insights into reactive badger culling tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in cattle. Confirmed cattle herd TB incidence is the outcome measure used throughout. Relative to reactive culling, proactive badger culling was associated with a decrease in incidence in each of the 16 years of observation, which encompassed periods of both intensive and less-intensive badger removal. By 2004, we observed a decrease of 22% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15–29, P<0·001] in the entire proactive and 37% (95% CI 25–47, P<0·001), in the inner proactive removal areas. The size of the decrease increased with time (P=0·055). There was a decrease (constant over time) of at least 14% (95% CI 76–97, P=0·013) in incidence in the inner compared to the outer control area (herds ⩽2 km, >2 km, from proactive removal area boundaries, respectively). Incidence in the outer proactive removal area (herds <1·6 km from the proactive removal boundary) was similar to the inner control area (P=0·890). Incidence in the outer control area and total control area, compared to a neighbouring area some distance away, increased over the course of the study. Differences with the total control area were not statistically significant but the outer control area was 11% higher than the neighbouring area by 2004 (borderline significance P=0·057).
PERMEABILITY OF NORMAL AND INJURED SKIN CAPILLARIES TO LIPOPROTEINS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYLymph was collected from the hind paws of rabbits in different types of lipaemia. Hyper‐cholesterolaemia was induced by adding cholesterol to the diet and hyperlipaemia by the intravenous injection of Triton WR‐1339.In these conditions the lipids in the lymph from the hind paw were present as all the lipoprotein complexes, including lipid particles, of the plasma in average concentrations of about 20 p.c. of the plasma levels.When the skin capillaries were injured by scalding the paw, the lymph became quite milky in appearance when the plasma was milky. After the intravenous infusion of an artificial fat emulsion in which the lipid particles were about 1 μ in diameter, there was only a relatively small increase in these particles in the lymph, which macroscopically remained clear.The possible mechanisms of transfer of these lipids across the capillary endothelium are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE RELEASE OF GASTRIC ACID BY HISTAMINE
Authors: Trethewie ER 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYNo particular increase in the concentration of gastric acid output has been observed even after large doses of cortisone. With large doses of histamine, in animals protected with antihistamine, hydrocortisone is associated with an increase in the volume of juice secreted, but there is no increase in acid concentration secreted. It is suggested that the damage of perforation or bleeding in peptic ulcer patients treated with cortisone may be due to cortisone inhibition of substances associated with healing rather than an effect on acid secretion.