bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family conditions, parental acceptance, and social competence and aggression in Chinese children
Authors: Chen Xinyin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the relations among family ecological factors including parental educational and occupational status, family income and housing conditions, the quality of the marital relationship and social support, parental acceptance and rejection, and social competence in a sample of Chinese children. Four hundred and seventy‐six primary school children in Shanghai, P.R. China, and their parents participated in the study. Children were administered a peer assessment measure of social behavior and a measure of their perceptions of parental behavior. Parents completed questionnaires concerning family background, parental acceptance and rejection, perceived social support, and marital conflict and satisfaction. Teachers completed a rating scale concerning children's behaviors in school. Information on children's leadership was collected from the school administrative records. Results indicated that parental educational and occupational status was associated with family psychological conditions which, in turn, were predictive of parental acceptance. Family capital resources were negatively related to parental acceptance. Results also indicated that parental acceptance was associated positively with prosocial‐competent behavior in children and negatively with aggressive behavior in children. Parental educational and occupational status was directly associated with children's competent behavior. Finally, it was found that family psychological resources were positively related to competent behavior and negatively related to aggression in children, through the mediation of parental acceptance and rejection. Family capital resources were indirectly and positively associated with child aggression through the mediation of parental acceptance and rejection.
Children's awareness of which peers like them and which peers dislike them
Authors: MacDonald Christine D. , Cohen Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present research examined children's awareness of the specific same‐sex peers who like or dislike them. Awareness was evaluated in relation to children's peer sociometric status. All children in grades one through six provided same‐sex peer sociometric nominations and same‐sex peer sociometric ratings to determine their sociometric status. In addition, each child indicated the nominations and ratings they believed they received from same‐sex peers. Children's sociometric status was associated with their awareness of liking and disliking from peers. Rejected status children were the least accurate in their judgments of who like them and popular status children were the least accurate in their judgments of who disliked them. These findings support and extend prior research documenting that rejected status children a) demonstrate a lack of awareness of their social competence, yet b) report more loneliness than children in other status groups.
Genetic Contributions to Adolescents' Extrafamilial Social Interactions: Teachers, Best Friends, and Peers
Authors: Manke Beth , McGuire Shirley , Reiss David , Hetherington E. Mavis , Plomin Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in adolescents' social interactions outside the family. We investigated sibling resemblance for adolescents' reports of interactions with best friends and teachers, and parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups in 701 same‐sex adolescent sibling pairs aged 10‐18, using a twin, full sibling, and step sibling design. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of sibling resemblance, and to disentangle resemblance due to shared genetic heritage from that due to shared environmental experiences. Substantial genetic influence was found for parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups. Adolescents' reports of positive interactions with teachers and best friends also showed significant genetic influence. In contrast, individual differences in adolescents' reports of negative interactions with teachers and best friends showed no significant genetic influence. In addition, most environmental influences for social interactions with teachers, best friends, and peers were largely of the nonshared variety, suggesting that growing up in the same family does not make adolescents similar in their extrafamilial social interactions.
Patterns of Bully/Victim Problems in Mixed Race Groups of Children
Authors: Boulton Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the extent of bullying within and between British Asian and White girls and boys (n = 156) and some of the reasons why it occurs. There was no significant difference in the percentage of peers that nominated Asian and White children as either bullies or victims. Contrary to our prediction (derived from Tajfel's social judgement theory), both Asian children and White children were significantly more likely to be named as bullies of same‐race classmates than to be named as bullies of other‐race classmates. Again contrary to our prediction, for Asian boys and White boys there were no significant correlations between general racial preferences/attitudes on the one hand, and the extent to which they were named by classmates as bullies of other‐race children on the other hand. In order to investigate the types of bullying directed at own‐race and other‐race pupils, a subset of the sample of children (n = 60) were also asked about the specific types of bullying they had experienced, and who was responsible. Some significant racial differences emerged, most notably that proportionally more Asian children than White children reported that they had been teased about their colour or race by children of the other‐race, and the opposite was the case for non‐racial types of teasing. The implications of these results for children's social development, and for school's attempts to remove bully/victim problems, are discussed. One recommendation was that teasing, and especially racial teasing by racial majority pupils, should be a focus for intervention.
A Review of Adult Attachment Measures: Implications for Theory and Research
Authors: Crowell Judith A. , Treboux Dominique 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere has been increasing interest in adult attachment from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Because the test of a theory is based on our ability to assess theoretical constructs, the review is organized around assessment techniques. Delineating the content, focus, assumptions, and correlates of different attachment measures highlights central issues and problems in conducting research in adult attachment. In this review, we present theoretical issues related to adult attachment, in particular, individual differences, working models, and the role of attachment in adult life. A summary of the measures commonly used in the study of adult attachment follows. The literature review is organized by measure, examining topics such as relations between childhood experiences and adult attachment status, and adult attachment and adult personality and functioning, parenting and partnership behavior. Studies which explore relations between measures are discussed before concluding with thoughts about future directions.
Low‐Income Mothers' Conversations About Emotions and Their Children's Emotional Competence
Authors: Garner Pamela W. , Jones Diane Carlson , Gaddy Gaylyn , Rennie Kimberly M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study examined the linkage between low‐income mothers' conversations about emotions and their children's understanding of emotion. Forty‐five low‐income preschoolers and their mothers were videotaped while viewing a wordless picture book designed to elicit talk about emotions. Three maternal and child emotional language behaviors were coded from the videotapes: (a) unelaborated comments about emotions; (b) explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions; and (c) empathy‐related statements. The children's questions about emotions were also coded. In a separate interview, the preschoolers were administered tasks that assessed emotional expression knowledge, emotional situation knowledge, and emotional role‐taking. The results revealed that emotional situation knowledge was positively predicted by mothers' empathy‐related statements. Mothers' explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions were uniquely related to emotional role‐taking ability. There were very few correlations between the mothers' and children's talk about emotions. Results are discussed in terms of the functional significance of mothers' emotional language for young children's emotional competence.
Adolescent Females' Security with Parents Predicts the Quality of Peer Interaction.
Authors: Black Katherine A. , McCartney Kathleen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study examined the association between security with parents and the quality of interactions between adolescent best friends. Thirty‐six girls and their best friends, between the ages of 15 and 18 years, were recruited to participate in the study. They were videotaped while discussing unresolved problems each adolescent had experienced in her life. Security with parents and peers, self‐esteem, and locus of control were assessed with questionnaires. There were three main findings. Girls high in security with respect to their parents had higher positive interaction scores in the videotaped task, higher self‐esteem, higher internality scores, and less feelings of unknown or powerful others control than those low in security. Dyads in which both girls were high in security with respect to their parents had higher total positive interaction scores than those dyads in which at least one girl was low in security. Best friends were significantly concordant with respect to security with parents and peers as well as their positive interaction scores during their own task and their friend's task. Findings are discussed with respect to attachment theory.
The Social Ecology of Early Childhood: Preschool Social Support Networks and Social Acceptance
Authors: Franco Nathalie , Levitt Mary J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe focus of this study was on the social networks of preschool children and on the interface between network characteristics and the child's acceptance by peers and teachers. Fifty‐six children and their mothers were interviewed about the child's social support network. Social acceptance measures included peer sociometric ratings and teacher ratings of child preference and relationship quality. Frequency of contact with mother‐nominated child network members was a determining factors in the concordance of mother and child reports. From the child's perspective, social acceptance was related to the presence and supportiveness of siblings and extended kin. Mother reports were less predictive, with only one significant association between parental support and teacher preference. In general, the children's perceptions regarding the structure and function of their social networks were found to be reliable and to relate meaningfully to social acceptance in the preschool domain.
Contingency Effects of People and Objects on Subsequent Cognitive Functioning in Three‐month‐old Infants
Authors: Legerstee Maria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree month‐old infants' responses to persons and objects who interacted with the infant at two levels of contingency were contrasted in two experiments. In experiment 1, contingent responding of people and objects was controlled. In experiment 2, the faciallvocal dynamics were controlled as well as contingent responding. In both experiments, contingent interaction had different effects on infants depending on whether the “actor” was a person or an object. In addition, the contingency and personlobject variables influenced infants' states of attention to a nonsocial stimulus on subsequent transfer tasks. Specifically, infants who experienced contingent interactions with people exhibited positive affect and exposed themselves to subsequent higher levels of stimulation than infants who experienced noncontingent interactions with people. These infants exhibited negative affective states and exposed themselves to very low levels of subsequent stimulation. In contrast, infants who experienced contingent and noncontingent interactions with objects did not show such variation in emotional expressions. Instead they produced primarily neutral facial expressions in all conditions and did not show very high nor very low levels of interest for the multi‐modal stimulus on the subsequent transfer tasks. The discussion centers on the mechanism that allow infants to discriminate between contingencies provided by people and objects and that drive the results obtained on the transfer tasks.
Race and Sex as Factors in Children's Sociometric Ratings and Friendship Choices
Authors: Graham James A. , Cohen Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research provides a comprehensive analysis of the association of race and sex to children's peer relationships by assessing: a) the association of both race and sex; b) multiple measures of peer relationships (sociometric ratings and friendships); and c) an entire elementary school (Grades 1 to 6) with nearly an even number of African‐American to European‐American children in each class. Regardless of age, race, or sex, and for both relationship measures, children showed a greater bias favoring same‐sex peers than same‐race peers. Although older African‐American children had more same‐race than cross‐race mutual friends, African‐American children were more accepting of European‐American children than the reverse. Despite some same‐race preferences, cross‐race evaluations were generally quite positive on both measures. The differential impact of sex and race as considerations for peer evaluations is discussed.
Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Emotional Expressiveness: Links with Children's Sibling Relationships
Authors: Stocker Clare , Ahmed Kauser , Stall Mary 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAssociations between marital quality, maternal emotional expressiveness and children's sibling relationships were examined in a sample of 64 seven‐year‐olds and their mothers. Mothers reported on the quality of their marital relationships, and children rated the quality of their sibling relationships. Mothers and children provided data on maternal emotional expressiveness. Results indicated that marital dissatisfaction was associated with hostile and rivalrous sibling relationships and with maternal negative emotional expressiveness. Mothers' negative emotional expressiveness was correlated with hostile and rivalrous sibling relationships, and maternal positive emotional expressiveness was associated with affectionate sibling relationships. Maternal emotional expressiveness mediated the links between the marital relationship and sibling hostility and rivalry.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY MEASUREMENTS USING OXYGEN ELECTRODES AND CARTESIAN‐DIVER MICRORESPIROMETRY
Authors: OWEN J. H. , LAYBOURN‐PARRY J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe dark respiration rates of primary leaf mesophyll protoplasts of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Patty) were measured by a Clark‐type oxygen electrode and Cartesian‐diver microrespirometry, in order to compare the two techniques. Factors found to be important in determinations of respiratory rates of protoplasts were the numbers of protoplasts per unit volume of suspension, the age of protoplast preparations and the stirring speed of the magnetic follower when using the oxygen electrode. Increases in numbers of protoplasts per unit volume caused a marked decrease in respiration using both techniques. Below 2000 protoplasts μl−1 both techniques provided rates of dark respiration within the same range until 1000 protoplasts μl−1, below which a marked increase in respiration occurred. Respiratory rates of protoplasts declined by 32 % from initial values over a 30 h period after isolation in the dark. In addition, an increase in the stirring rate in the reaction vessel of the oxygen electrode had the effect of reducing both the viability of protoplasts and their rates of oxygen uptake. It is suggested that consistent standardization of procedures, especially in terms of numbers of protoplasts per unit volume, is necessary for assay techniques for respiration in protoplasts. The advantages and disadvantages of using Cartesian‐diver microrespirometry compared to oxygen electrodes are also discussed.
SALT LOADING DOES NOT CONTROL CO2 EXCHANGE IN RAMALINA MENZIESII TAYL.
Authors: MATTHES‐SEARS UTA , NASH THOMAS H. , LARSON DOUGLAS W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe effect of intrathallus salt content (measured as [Na+]) on photosynthetic and dark respiratory rates in the coastal lichen Ratnalina menziesii Tayl. was investigated in three independent experiments. The first experiment demonstrated no relationship between rates of CO2 exchange in samples from a given site and distance inland, even though samples from inland sites had consistently lower salt concentrations. The second experiment showed that gas exchange rates and salt concentrations were not correlated when individual trees within one coastal and one inland site were compared. In the third experiment, thallus [Na+] was directly modified, but rates of CO2 exchange remained the same over a 27 d period. These results imply that the large variability in photosynthetic rates that is present in R. menziesii must be due to factors other than salinity.
CHLORINE REQUIREMENT OF KIWIFRUIT (ACTINIDIA DELICIOSA)
Authors: SMITH G. S. , CLARK C. J. , HOLLAND P. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) grown in solution culture have an abnormally high requirement for chlorine. A deficiency of chlorine severely restricted the growth of the shoots and roots and resulted in the development of distinctive leaf symptoms as well as unusual swellings of the tissues near the root apex.A comparatively high concentration of chloride (700 μM) was required in the nutrient solution to achieve maximum growth. The associated chloride concentration in the youngest fully expanded leaves of these plants was in excess of 60 μmol g−1 dry matter. Thus, compared to most other non‐halophytic plants, kiwifruit require over 10 times the concentration of chloride usually needed for healthy growth. The major exceptions are members of the Palmae which require similar concentrations of chloride to that of kiwifruit. Increasing the potassium status of kiwifruit plants resulted in lower chloride concentrations in the leaves. This result was not considered to be a specific physiological effect but rather the consequence of chloride along with other non‐limiting nutrients accumulating in the tissues of the severely potassium‐deficient plants.An analysis of the cation‐anion balance of the leaves suggested that the beneficial effect of chlorine on growth was unlikely to have resulted from chloride acting simply as a balancing anion. Increasing the concentration of chloride in the leaves merely led to an equivalent decrease in the concentration of nitrate‐nitrogen. Thus, the sum of the chloride plus nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations in the leaves remained relatively constant over all treatments.The results are discussed in relation to the chlorine requirements of other non‐halophytic plants.
SEASONAL ACCUMULATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS BY KIWIFRUIT I. LEAVES
Authors: SMITH G. S. , CLARK C. J. , HENDERSON H. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe accumulation of macro and micronutrients by leaves of 30 mature kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa Hayward) from two high‐producing orchards was recorded over a growing season. An assessment was also made of the extent of which mobilization of nutrients stored in the vine from the previous season contributed to the nutrient status of the leaves during the early part of the growing season.The seasonal patterns for the concentrations of the various nutrients in the leaves could be broadly grouped into three types. Concentrations of potassium declined throughout the season, whereas nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc concentrations declined initially but reached values which remained relatively constant by mid‐season. For calcium, magnesium, sulphur, boron, manganese and iron, concentrations in the leaves also declined initially but then increased for the remainder of the season. There was no apparent seasonal pattern for sodium or molybdenum. A strong association was found between soil temperature and the concentration of potassium in the leaf.The period of greatest accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, copper and zinc by the leaves occurred from leaf emergence to fruit set. Magnesium, calcium, boron, iron and manganese differed from the other nutrients in that the rate of accumulation was relatively constant throughout the season. Experiments with excised one‐year‐old extension canes indicated that the mobilization of macro and micronutrients stored in the plant from the previous season could have supported 20 to 40% of the leaves on the vines during the first 30 d of growth.The developing fruit had a marked effect on the potassium and nitrogen status of the leaves, particularly those close to fruit. The substantial losses of potassium (21 to 37%) and nitrogen (16 to 22 %) from the leaves after fruit set were sufficient to satisfy the requirements of at least 40% of the fruit on the vine. The much smaller losses of the other nutrients from the leaves (less than 15 % of the total quantity present) reflected their lower mobility in the plant and the small demand by the developing fruit for these elements.
EFFECT OF pH IN FLOWING NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON THE GROWTH AND PHOSPHATE UPTAKE OF WHITE CLOVER SUPPLIED WITH NITRATE, OR DEPENDENT UPON SYMBIOTICALLY FIXED NITROGEN
Authors: BREEZE V. G. , EDWARDS D. G. , HOPPER M. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe effect of solution pH (at values of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and nitrogen source (plants supplied with nitrate, or dependent upon symbiotically fixed nitrogen) was examined for 56 d old nodulated white clover plants grown in flowing nutrient culture of controlled composition. Sequential harvests were made during the following 20 d period. No statistically significant effect of solution pH or nitrogen source was noted on dry weight, although plants grown at pH 4 were generally slightly smaller than the other plants. Within 5 d of the start of treatments, plants supplied with nitrate had higher fresh weights than those dependent on nitrogen fixation, and plants grown at pH 4 had smaller fresh weights than those grown at pH 5, 6 and 7. The response by fresh and dry weights to solution pH was not affected by nitrogen source. The amount of nitrogen fixed by plants grown at pH 4 was about 20% less than at pH 5, 6 and 7. Both shoots and roots of plants grown at pH 4 had lower phosphorus concentrations for both sources of nitrogen than the plants grown at pH 5 and above. Roots of plants dependent on nitrogen fixation at pH 5, 6 and 7 had much higher phosphorus concentrations than plants supplied with nitrate. Initially, phosphate uptake by plants dependent on nitrogen fixation exceeded that of plants supplied with nitrate at all pH values. Towards the end of the experimental period, uptake was greater by plants supplied with nitrate. For the 20 d experimental period, phosphate uptake was greatest at pH 5, followed by pH 6, 7 and 4 for plants supplied with nitrate, whereas for plants dependent on symbiotically fixed nitrogen, uptake was greatest at pH 7, followed by 6, 5 and 4; there was no difference between phosphate uptake with the two sources of nitrogen at pH 7.