bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Roof of the Earth” Offers clues about how our planet was shaped
Authors: Sorkhabi Rasoul , Macfarlane Allison , Quade Jay 
Published: October 2006

The Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountains—the Himalaya on the south, the Kun Lun on the north, and the Pamir and Karakoram on the west—comprise the largest, loftiest, and youngest highland on the Earth (Figure 1). All of the world's peaks higher than 7000 m (with the lone exception of Anchomuma in the Bolivian Andes) as well as the largest concentration of alpine glaciers are found in this vast region that geographers have dubbed “the Roof of the World.”The Himalaya‐Tibet region is virtually the “water tower” of Asia: it supplies freshwater for more than one‐fifth of the world's population, and it accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentation budget. Since 1985, a series of international workshops have been held to discuss the latest geoscientific research in the Himalaya‐Karakoram‐Tibet region. The eleventh workshop was held in Flagstaff, Ariz., from April 29 to May 1, 1996. It was the first to be held in North America. Nearly 120 people from 12 different countries attended.
Space making
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

With discoveries from Mars, the Hubble Deep Field, and Ganymede reawakening Washington's interest in space, the U.S. federal government has started fine‐tuning its stance on space flight and exploration. The attention comes as prelude to a proposed November meeting to discuss astronomical and planetary discoveries, and to a rumored space summit in December between Vice President Al Gore and congressional leaders.On September 17, the House of Representatives passed by voice vote H.R. 3936, the Space Commercialization Promotion Act. A measure with strong bipartisan support, the bill officially encourages private companies to participate in the space industry and requires NASA to find more ways to work with the private sector. Updating and amending several existing U.S. policies about commerce in space, H.R. 3936 gives the Department of Transportation the authority to provide and administer licenses for commercial spacecraft to reenter American airspace from orbit and outer space. It also prods NASA to purchase scientific data about the Earth and the solar system from the private sector, whenever possible.
U.S. Congress playing budgetary endgame
Authors: Carlowicz Mike 
Published: October 2006

With fiscal year 1997 (FY '97) set to begin on October 1, the U.S. Congress was poised to fund most American science programs and agencies at or above the levels of funding appropriated in the tumultuous FY '96. Seeking to avert a drawn‐out budget debate during an election year, congressional leaders were working feverishly in the last week of September to write appropriations bills that would be acceptable—though not necessarily satisfying—to both Congress and the Clinton Administration.On September 24, the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate approved the conference report of H.R. 3666, the appropriations bill that provides funding for the departments of Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development, and the Independent Agencies. The conference report of this VA‐HUD bill provides $84.7 billion in spending for the affected agencies, including NASA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). The conference report was weighted heavily toward the preferences of the Senate, where moderates and pragmatists were stressing compromise and pushing for appropriations bills that President Clinton would be likely to sign.
Citizen Scientists
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

A year ago, when many national science budgets were coming under intense scrutiny—particularly in the United States—many scientists began exhorting their colleagues to be more vocal in the public debate. Such outreach was touted as a matter of survival for scientists.Neal Lane, however, asserts that scientists must have a higher goal than self‐preservation. In several recent speeches, the director of the National Science Foundation has prodded scientists to assume a “new, additional role that scientists must play in society.” Lane has declared a need for “civic scientists,” researchers who are not just aware of but responsive to the needs of the society around them.
Earthquake swarm heats up Loihi
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

If Fred Dunnebier and his colleagues had completed their work when they wanted to, they'd be out of business by now.Dunnebier and his colleagues at the University of Hawaii had planned to have their Hawaii Undersea Geo‐Observatory (HUGO) set atop the flattened summit of the Loihi seamount, near Pele's Vents, in February. The automated underwater volcano observatory—now funded by a $900,000 grant from the National Science Foundation and aided by the donation from AT&T of time on a cable‐laying ship and of fiber optic cable—was designed for the study of midplate volcanism and hydrothermal venting at the only active, midplate seamount volcano readily accessible from the United States. HUGO includes seismometers, tilt meters, bottom pressure sensors, cameras, and thermal and chemical sensors that would deliver real‐time observations via the cable to researchers 45 km away at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory on Kilauea.
Wired
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Every American grade school and library ought to have free access to the Internet, and universities and institutions ought to have better access, according to the Clinton Administration.In an October 10 speech in Knoxville, Tennessee, President Clinton proposed that all of the nation's 100,000 public schools and 9,000 libraries receive a two‐tiered E‐rate (education rate) for access to Internet services. All schools and libraries should receive basic connections for free, as well as deep discounts on video conferencing and highspeed connections (with prices influenced by how much the school can afford to pay). The basic connections (and part of the cost of the more sophisticated connections) would be paid from a special federal fund that currently provides below‐cost phone service to households in poor and rural areas. That fund is currently drawn from fees assessed on local and long‐distance telephone providers; the Clinton Administration would have cable operators and cellular service providers contribute as well. Companies that provide Internet services would be paid at the best available commercial rate.
Kolb accepts Editorship of GRL
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Charles E. Kolb began his 3‐year tenure as atmospheric sciences editor of Geophysical Research Letters in March. Kolb has served as president and chief executive officer of Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI) since 1985, and he was recently selected to receive the American Chemical Society's 1997 Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology.Kolb's research focus at ARI includes atmospheric and environmental chemistry, combustion chemistry, materials chemistry, and the chemical physics of rocket and aircraft exhaust plumes. During his career at ARI, Kolb initiated programs to identify and measure sources and sinks for trace atmospheric species involved in global and regional pollution problems, as well as programs that apply advanced spectroscopic techniques to improve the detection of soil and groundwater contaminants through the use of cone penetrometer technology.
Scientists unite to improve models coupling atmosphere and hydrology
Authors: Shuttleworth W. James 
Published: October 2006

It was right down to business at a workshop organized by the Global Energy and Water‐cycle Experiment Continental‐scale International Project (GCIP) in Silver Spring, Md., from May 9 to 10, 1996. More than 40 atmospheric and hydrological scientists from government and academia met to review past progress and guide scientific priorities within NOAA's and NASA's research programs into coupled hydrologic‐atmospheric modeling.Given GCIP's dual goals of improving weather and climate prediction for North America at timescales up to interannual, and of providing hydrological interpretation of these predictions, the workshop focused on research that addresses three questions: To what extent is meteorological prediction at daily to seasonal timescales sensitive to hydrologic‐atmospheric coupling processes? To what extent can meteorological predictions be hydrologically interpreted? And how can models of relevant hydrologic‐atmospheric coupling processes be improved to enhance meteorological and hydrological prediction?
Mission to Mars to collect a storehouse of scientific data
Authors: Albee Arden 
Published: October 2006

Just after Election Day, the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft (Figure 1) will embark on a journey to Mars to examine the surface and the seasonal variations of the atmosphere over an entire Mars year. Mars is an extremely rich mission target because the scientific questions it poses touch on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheric physics, climatology, biology, and—most of all—comparative planetology.Researchers will use data collected from this mission to compare the planet's formation and evolution with that of Earth, to understand the evolution of climate and water on Mars, and to determine if life has ever existed on Mars. Mars Global Surveyor will acquire a basic global understanding of the planet as it exists today, provide a framework for understanding its past, and help shape a series of small missions to Mars that are being planned for the next 10 years.
Older than old
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

First it was Martians, now it's Earthlings. Researchers believe they have found circumstantial evidence in ancient rocks to suggest moving back the birthday of life on Earth by 400 million years.The evidence comes from a 3.85 billion‐year‐old rock formation on Akilia Island in southwest Greenland. Researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the Australian National University, and the U.K.'s Oxford Brookes University have found a chemical signature of simple microorganisms in the ancient rock. Several years ago, UCLA paleobiologist J. William Schopf presented evidence and analyses of bacterialike fossils that suggested life began about 3.46 billion years ago.
Lava pillars used to reconstruct seafloor eruptions
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Like the ancient columns of Athens and Rome, submarine lava pillars rise in memorial to structures now crumbled. New research suggests that these peculiar formations may hold the key to understanding the dynamics of some deep‐sea volcanic eruptions.“Because of the way the lava freezes [into pillars] and preserves—in a series of snap‐shots—the events of a submarine eruption, we can put together the sequence of what happened on the seafloor,” asserts Tracy Gregg, a volcanologist from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) who has studied lava pillars from the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
Comment on “Policy offers protection from harassment” [by Marcia McNutt]
Authors: Hickman Martha H. 
Published: October 2006

Regarding “Policy Offers Protection From Harassment” (Eos, October 15, 1996), I am disturbed that the AGU has extended its harassment policy to its membership at “events that combine work and social interaction, such as the meetings, conferences, and seminars that AGU members attend.” As a woman, I have always found the so‐called protections extended to females and other supposedly vulnerable groups to be intrusive and patronizing, but this policy in particular goes too far by trying to sponsor aspects of members' social behavior.I am old enough to remember the days when one responded to uncomfortable situations by drawing on one's own resources. A sense of one's inviolable self developed over time, and meaningful self‐esteem derived from an ability to cope with the world. Now, cowering from jokes and recoiling from eye contact, the modern geoscientist apparently requires a patron for protection—a shining knight in the form of this new policy.
Review of TOGA finds new culture, new puzzles
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

In a report released on December 17 at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, a panel of the National Research Council (NRC) reviewed the successes and failures of the recently completed Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program (TOGA). Some of the most important results, the panel noted, have as much to do with mind‐sets as with data sets.“El Niño has become a household word,” the panel said in its report entitled Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program. “[TOGA] contributed to an awareness, in both the scientific community and the public at large, that there are aspects of seasonal‐to‐interannual climate variability that can be monitored, understood, and predicted.”
Seeing the invisible
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Alas, scientists can finally see with their eyes what they have only seen in their heads. Researchers from Boston University's Center for Space Physics, The Aerospace Corporation, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory have produced the first movies of particle activity in the near‐Earth space environment. Looking down on much of Earth's magnetosphere from the polar orbit of NASA's POLAR spacecraft, the researchers have compiled high‐resolution, sequential images of space weather.Relying primarily on POLAR's imaging proton spectrometer (IPS), the research team amassed data on energetic neutral atoms (ENAs). These atoms are created when cold, neutral gases of the atmosphere interact with the energetic, charged particles trapped in Earth's radiation belts. From analyses of ENAs, the team was able to generate images of geomagnetic activity in the shell around Earth.
Outstanding student paper
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

One presentation in the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section was named an Outstanding Student Paper at the 1996 Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Michael J. Harris was honored for his presentation of “Geotectonic Displacement of the Stikinia Terrane: Evidence From Paleomagnetic Measurements on the Whitehorse Pluton, Yukon Territory.” A native of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, he received his B.Sc. from the University of Windsor (Windsor, Ontario) in 1991. His research then focused on petrology, geochemistry and field studies on the Skootamatta Pluton in the Grenville Province, Eastern Ontario. In 1994, he earned an M.Sc. also from the University of Windsor.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Three presentations in the Tectonophysics Section were named Outstanding Student Papers at the 1996 Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Michael L. Begnaud presented “Structure of a “Magma‐Starved” Segment on a Fast Spreading Ridge.” He obtained his B.S. degree in geology from the University of California, Davis, and has been working toward a Ph.D. at the same institution. He expects to complete his dissertation by January 1997. His thesis research used three‐dimensional tomography to examine the structure of the Clipperton Fracture Zone, East Pacific Rise. Other research interests include microseismicity along mid‐ocean ridges and fracture zones.
[Comment on “Will AGU survive?” by William H. Prescott] journal production needs modernization
Authors: Milsom John 
Published: October 2006

Predictions about the imminent arrival of electronic journals are always thought‐provoking. A recent Forum (Eos, October 15, 1996) served rather to remind me that here and now we are faced with problems in preparing work for publication in more conventional forms.About this time last year I was notified by Tectonics of their acceptance of a paper. With that acceptance came a sheaf of instructions on how to prepare the camera‐ready copy. Keystroke by keystroke, pages of instructions led me through the use of both Word and WordPerfect, but unfortunately in versions predating those I currently use, adding to the confusion. It was with quite a feeling of triumph that, after about two days of agony, I finally had the whole thing in the form required. In fact, it was a pity I hadn't a few more accepted papers on hand, because with my hard won (and since forgotten) experience, I could have dealt with them in a fraction of the time.
Satellites, scientists track storm from Sun to surface
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

On January 6, the Sun spat a coronal mass ejection (CME) into the solar wind and toward Earth; by January 10, a cloud of charged particles buffeted the face of the planet. It was, by several accounts, a run‐of‐the‐mill space weather event. But the scientific work surrounding the storm was anything but run‐of‐the‐mill.For the first time, space physicists observed and recorded a space weather event from start to finish, from solar surface to earthly impact. Researchers are calling it the first true success story of the four‐year‐old International Solar Terrestrial Physics program (ISTP), which includes NASA's WIND and POLAR spacecraft; the joint Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission of NASA and the European Space Agency; the joint Geotail mission of NASA and Japan's Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science; and Russia's Interball satellites.
Did space weather knock out telstar, seismic network?
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

On January 11, AT&T lost contact with its $200 million communications satellite, Telstar 401, right in the middle of a magnetic storm at Earth. Though AT&T officials have not yet announced a cause for the failure of the geostationary satellite, many scientists believe Telstar was a victim of space weather.Telstar 401 relayed signals for local and national broadcast television networks, as well as telephone calls and computer data. To date, AT&T and the manufacturer of the satellite, Lockheed‐Martin, have been unable to reestablish contact with Telstar or determine what caused the malfunction.
Information Technology Committee explores future needs
Authors: Wallis James R. 
Published: October 2006

The newly formed Information Technology Committee met October 18–19, 1996, to review its charge and examine AGU's current systems, network, systems strategy, and Information Services staffing.There are currently three positions open in the Information Services group that are proving hard to fill on a permanent basis. The committee recommended that staff develop a relationship with local universities and intensively canvass the membership for people who have acquired computer skills during their geoscience training and who might consider attractive 1–3 years of information services experience at AGU.
Magnetic surveys help reassess volcanic hazards at Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Authors: Connor Charles B. , Lane‐Magsino Sammantha , Stamatakos John A. , Martin Ronald H. , LaFemina Peter C. , Hill Brittain E. , Lieber Steve 
Published: October 2006

Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions occur infrequently, but if they occur near nuclear power plants or high‐level radioactive waste repositories, local and global communities can be threatened. Ideally, such facilities should be constructed only where geologic risk is very low.Estimating the probabilities of such events requires a comprehensive understanding of site geology and the geologic processes operating in the site region on timescales of 104 to 107 years. In light of these requirements, geologists and geophysicists must continually improve techniques for site characterization.
New data from cold war treasure trove
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

For half a century, the Russian and United States navies competed for tactical advantage in the Arctic Ocean, mapping seafloor and floating ice sheets, measuring temperatures and reckoning chemistry. But with old enemies becoming new friends, data once collected for the sake of war now are being shared in the name of scientific cooperation.In mid‐January, the U.S. and Russian governments announced the release of the first of four volumes of a new atlas of the Arctic Ocean. The previously classified data it contains will effectively double the amount of Arctic data that is available to the scientific community. The set includes more than 1.3 million temperature and salinity observations collected from 1948 to 1993 by drifting ice camps and stations, icebreaking ships, land—and airborne expeditions, and buoys. Approximately 70% of the observations for the Arctic Ocean and shelf seas were derived from Russian archives of formerly restricted data, with the other 30% coming from comparable sources in the U.S., Canada, and other Western nations.
Council approves statement on natural hazards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

As a scientific society, AGU may adopt positions of advocacy on geophysical science isues based on their intrinsic merits and needs. On December 18, 1996, the AGU Council approved a Union position statement regarding scientific research and education in natural hazards. The complete position statement follows and also is posted at the Union Web Site, http://www.agu.org. Other Union position statements and information about proposing a position statement are in the AGU Handbook and at the Union Web Site.Few locations on Earth are immune from droughts, storms, floods, fires, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, sea level changes, water course changes, atmospheric electrical storms, and impacts from comets and asteroids. Humans and technological systems are also threatened by natural hazards that occur in space. The effects of space weather, for example, can wreak havoc with the satellites we use to provide communications, weather forecasts, and defense and positioning information.
DeBeers unchallenged
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

According to a group of Italian physicists, the planet Neptune may be a factory for ethane, not diamonds. Their theory offers a new answer to the question: what happens to all the methane at Neptune.The planet's atmosphere has significantly more methane than those of fellow gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. Researchers believe that below that atmosphere lies a dense liquid ocean of ammonia, water, and methane— known as the “ices” region—in proportions similar to those on the Sun. The temperature of that ocean of “ices” is thought to be half that of the Sun and believed to be the result of primordial heat leftover from planetary formation.
Scientists, stargazers welcome Hale‐Bopp
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Visible to the naked eye in the northern hemisphere—and soon in the southern hemisphere as well—Comet Hale‐Bopp has been dubbed the “comet of the century” by many folks who watch the night skies. The farthest comet ever discovered by amateurs, Hale‐Bopp was 1000 times brighter than the legendary Halley's Comet was at the same point beyond the orbit of Jupiter.As Hale‐Bopp made its closest approach to Earth on March 22 and to the Sun on April 1, it generated a tail that stretched 10° across the sky in urban areas and as much as 30° at the darkest sites. The comet's nucleus is estimated to be about 30–40 km across, compared to the 5 km or smaller nuclei of most other comets.