bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Payments to Children and Adolescents Enrolled in Research: A Pilot Study
Authors: Iltis Ana S. , DeVader Shannon , Matsuo Hisako 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVES. The goal was to identify current payment practices in research involving children.
METHODS. A 4-page survey was mailed to the first author or corresponding author of pediatric research studies. Questions concerned whether children enrolled in research and/or their parents received any form of payment, values and types of remuneration, federal categories of pediatric research under which studies were approved, institutional policies regarding payments to children and/or their parents, institutional review board review of payment plans, factors that influenced payment decisions, prorating of payments, purposes of payments, perceived effects of payments on recruitment, and investigators' attitudes toward payments and the perceived risks and discomforts of studies.
RESULTS. Payment practices varied, and the reasons for which investigators adopted particular payment practices varied. Approximately one half offered payment. The most popular form of payment was cash. The number of institutions with policies addressing directly payments for children enrolled in research has increased, but still only approximately one half of institutions studied had such policies in place.
CONCLUSIONS. Awareness of the variations in payment practices and policies and additional study of the ethical issues surrounding payments for research participation are essential for building consensus and developing the guidelines the Institute of Medicine has said are necessary. Additional research also is needed to understand why parents enroll their children in research, how payments affect research participation decisions, and what the relationship between a study's risks and discomforts and payment should be.
The Contribution of Preterm Birth to Infant Mortality Rates in the United States
Authors: Callaghan William M. , MacDorman Marian F. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Qin Cheng , Lackritz Eve M. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. Although two thirds of infant deaths in the United States occur among infants born preterm (&lt;37 weeks of gestation), only 17% of infant deaths are classified as being attributable to preterm birth with the standard classification of leading causes of death. To address this apparent discrepancy, we sought to estimate more accurately the contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States.METHODS. We identified the top 20 leading causes of infant death in 2002 in the US linked birth/infant death file. The role of preterm birth for each cause was assessed by determining the proportion of infants who were born preterm for each cause of death and by considering the biological connection between preterm birth and the specific cause of death.RESULTS. Of 27970 records in the linked birth/infant death file for 2002, the 20 leading causes accounted for 22273 deaths (80% of all infant deaths). Among infant deaths attributable to the 20 leading causes, we classified 9596 infant deaths (34.3% of all infant deaths) as attributable to preterm birth. Ninety-five percent of those deaths occurred among infants who were born at &lt;32 weeks of gestation and weighed &lt;1500 g, and two thirds of those deaths occurred during the first 24 hours of life.CONCLUSIONS. On the basis of this evaluation, preterm birth is the most frequent cause of infant death in the United States, accounting for at least one third of infant deaths in 2002. The extreme prematurity of most of the infants and their short survival indicate that reducing infant mortality rates requires a comprehensive agenda to identify, to test, and to implement effective strategies for the prevention of preterm birth.
Follow-up of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Postnatal Dexamethasone: Blood Pressure and Anthropometric Measurements at School Age
Authors: Washburn Lisa K. , Nixon Patricia A. , O'Shea T. Michael 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone on blood pressure and anthropometric measurements in school-age children who were born with very low birth weight.METHODS. Sixty-eight children, who as neonates participated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone (n = 38, dexamethasone; n = 30, placebo) to facilitate weaning from the ventilator, were seen at a median of 9 years of age. Participants underwent measurements of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, height, and weight. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare groups, and Spearman coefficients were used to examine correlations between variables.RESULTS. Comparing dexamethasone- and placebo-treated children, we found no differences in systolic blood pressure, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, height, weight, or body mass index. Twenty-nine percent of all subjects had systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile for age and gender. Thirty percent of all subjects had body mass index ≥85th percentile for age and gender.CONCLUSIONS. In a group of preterm very low birth-weight infants at high risk for chronic lung disease, we found no effects of dexamethasone on blood pressure or anthropometric measurements at 8 to 11 years of age. Of concern is that a high proportion in this sample had blood pressure ≥90th percentile and/or body mass index ≥85th percentile.
Prevention of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Educational Settings
Authors:   Committee on Pediatric Workforce
Published: October 2006

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed May 2009, October 2014, May 2017, and October 2019.
The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to working to ensure that workplaces and educational settings in which pediatricians spend time are free of sexual harassment. The purpose of this statement is to heighten awareness and sensitivity to this important issue, recognizing that institutions, clinics, and office-based practices may have existing policies.
Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intraosseous regional limb perfusion and comparison of results with those obtained after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses
Authors: Rubio-Martínez Luis M. , López-Sanromán Javier , Cruz Antonio M. , Tendillo Francisco , Rioja Eva , Román Fidel San 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma and synovial fluid after intraosseous regional limb perfusion (IORLP) in horses and to compare results with those obtained after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP).
Animals—6 horses.
Procedures—1 forelimb of each horse received vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) via IORLP; the contralateral limb received 60 mL of saline solution (control). Solutions were injected into the medullary cavity of the distal portion of the third metacarpal bone. Synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal (MTCP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints and blood were collected prior to perfusion and 15, 30, 45, 65, and 90 minutes after beginning IORLP, and synovial fluid from the MTCP joint only and blood were collected 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after beginning IORLP. Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and clinical appearance of the MTCP joint region and infusion sites were determined daily for 7 days. Results were compared with those of a separate IVRLP study.
Results—Clinical complications were not observed after IORLP. Mean vancomycin concentration in the MTCP joint was 4 μg/mL for 24 hours after IORLP. Compared with IORLP, higher vancomycin concentrations were detected in the DIP joint after IVRLP. Compared with IVRLP, higher vancomycin concentrations were detected in the MTCP joint for a longer duration after IORLP.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IORLP with 300 mg of vancomycin in a 0.5% solution was safe and may be clinically useful in horses. Intravenous and intraosseous routes may be better indicated for infectious processes in the DIP and MTCP joints, respectively.
Effects of thermal energy on chondrocyte viability
Authors: Voss Jessica R. , Lu Yan , Edwards Ryland B. , Bogdanske John J. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the critical temperature that reduces chondrocyte viability and evaluate the ability of chondrocytes to recover after exposure to the critical temperature.
Sample Population—Cartilage explants obtained from the humeral heads of 30 sheep.
Procedures—In a randomized block design, 318 full-thickness cartilage explants were collected from 30 humeral heads of sheep and cultured for up to 14 days. On the first day of culture (day 0), explants were subjected to temperatures of 37°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, or 65°C for 5 minutes by heating culture tubes in a warming block. The ability for chondrocytes to recover after exposure to the critical temperature was determined by evaluating viability at days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after heating. Images were analyzed by use of confocal laser microscopy.
Results—Analysis of images revealed a significant decrease in live cells and a significant increase in dead cells as temperature increased. Additionally, the deepest layer of cartilage had a significantly lower percentage of live cells, compared with values for the 3 most superficial layers. Chondrocytes did have some ability to recover temporarily after the initial thermal insult.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A strong relationship exists between increasing temperature and cell death, with a sharp increase in chondrocyte death between 50° and 55°C. Chondrocytes in the deepest cartilage layer are most susceptible to thermal injury. The threshold of chondrocyte recovery from thermal injury is much lower than temperatures reached during chondroplasty by use of most radiofrequency energy devices.
Histomorphometric analysis of articular cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from clinically normal dogs and dogs with moderate or severe osteoarthritis
Authors: Daubs Brian M. , Markel Mark D. , Manley Paul A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To quantify and compare the microscopic changes in articular cartilage (AC), zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC), and subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from clinically normal dogs and dogs with moderate or severe osteoarthritis.
Sample Population—Femoral heads from clinically normal dogs (n = 16) and dogs with moderate (24) or severe (14) osteoarthritis.
Procedures—Femoral heads were allocated to 3 categories (normal, moderate, or severe osteoarthritis) on the basis of radiographic findings, macroscopic findings, and histologic grade determined by use of a modified Mankin scale. Equally spaced 2-mm sections were cut in each femoral head in a coronal or transverse plane. Thickness of the AC, ZCC, and subchondral bone plate was recorded.
Results—Mean thickness of AC was significantly greater in samples with moderate and severe osteoarthritis than those considered normal. Mean thickness of the ZCC was significantly greater in samples with moderate and severe osteoarthritis than those considered normal. Mean thickness of the subchondral bone plate in samples with severe osteoarthritis was significantly greater than those with moderate osteoarthritis and those considered normal. A significant decrease in AC thickness was detected in the proximomedial area of femoral heads with severe osteoarthritis, compared with those considered normal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A cause and effect association between thickening of subchondral structures and thinning and loss of the overlying AC was not detected. Changes in AC were associated with changes in the subchondral bone plate, which is compatible with the theory of adaptation in response to altered load distribution.
Effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on cardiovascular function in anesthetized neonatal foals with induced hypotension
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Giguère Steeve , Sanchez L. Chris , Shih Andre , Ryan Clare 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on cardiovascular function and gastric mucosal perfusion in anesthetized foals during isoflurane-induced hypotension.
Animals—6 foals that were 1 to 5 days of age.
Procedures—6 foals received 3 vasoactive drugs with at least 24 hours between treatments. Treatments consisted of dobutamine (4 and 8 μg/kg/min), norepinephrine (0.3 and 1.0 μg/kg/min), and vasopressin (0.3 and 1.0 mU/kg/min) administered IV. Foals were maintained at a steady hypotensive state induced by a deep level of isoflurane anesthesia for 30 minutes, and baseline cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. Vasoactive drugs were administered at the low infusion rate for 15 minutes, and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. Drugs were then administered at the high infusion rate for 15 minutes, and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded a third time. Gastric mucosal perfusion was measured by tonometry at the same time points.
Results—Dobutamine and norepinephrine administration improved cardiac index. Vascular resistance was increased by norepinephrine and vasopressin administration but decreased by dobutamine at the high infusion rate. Blood pressure was increased by all treatments but was significantly higher during the high infusion rate of norepinephrine. Oxygen delivery was significantly increased by norepinephrine and dobutamine administration; O2 consumption decreased with dobutamine. The O2 extraction ratio was decreased following norepinephrine and dobutamine treatments. The gastric to arterial CO2gap was significantly increased during administration of vasopressin at the high infusion rate.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Norepinephrine and dobutamine are better alternatives than vasopressin for restoring cardiovascular function and maintaining splanchnic circulation during isofluraneinduced hypotension in neonatal foals.
Development of a fecal sample collection strategy for extraction and quantification of fecal immunoglobulin A in dogs
Authors: Tress Ursula , Suchodolski Jan S. , Williams David A. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop a fecal sample collection strategy and quantification method for measurement of fecal IgA concentrations in dogs.
Sample Population—Fecal samples from 23 healthy pet dogs of various breeds.
Procedures——Immunoglobulin A was extracted from fecal samples. An ELISA for the measurement of fecal IgA concentrations was established and analytically validated. Intraindividual variation of fecal IgA was determined by calculation of coefficients of variation. A sample collection strategy was developed on the basis of results of intraindividual variation of fecal IgA concentrations. A reference range for fecal IgA concentrations was determined.
Results—The method for extraction and quantification of fecal IgA was determined to be sufficiently sensitive, reproducible, accurate, and precise. On the basis of the intraindividual variability of our results, the determined fecal sample collection strategy required analysis of a total of 4 fecal samples/dog, with each fecal sample collected on 2 consecutive days with 28 days between sample collection periods (ie, days 1 and 2 followed by days 28 and 29). Reference range values for fecal IgA concentration were 0.22 to 3.24 mg/g of feces.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Methods of fecal IgA extraction and quantification used in our study allow for identification of dogs with consistently low fecal IgA concentrations. Use of these techniques will enable future investigations into possible associations between low fecal IgA concentrations and signs of gastrointestinal disease in dogs.
Duration of corneal anesthesia following topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride solution in clinically normal cats
Authors: Binder Daniel R. , Herring Ian P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine duration of corneal anesthesia following topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride solution in domestic shorthair (DSH) cats.
Animals—20 clinically normal DSH cats.
Procedures—Baseline corneal touch threshold (CCT) was established by use of a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Treatment consisted of a single 50-μL topical application of an ophthalmic preparation of 0.5% proparacaine solution to a randomly selected eye of each cat. The corneal touch threshold was assessed 1 and 5 minutes after application to the cornea and at 5- minute intervals thereafter for 60 minutes.
Results—Corneal sensitivity, as determined by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, was significantly reduced from baseline for 25 minutes following topical administration of ophthalmic proparacaine. Maximal anesthetic effect lasted 5 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—As determined by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, duration of anesthetic effects on the cornea induced by a single topical application of an ophthalmic preparation of 0.5% proparacaine solution in DSH cats is considerably shorter than the reported duration of corneal anesthesia in dogs.
In vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of silver sulfadiazine and natamycin on pathogenic fungi isolated from horses with keratomycosis
Authors: Betbeze Caroline M. , Wu Ching Ching , Krohne Sheryl G. , Stiles Jean 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the in vitro antifungal properties of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and natamycin against filamentous fungi isolated from eyes of horses with keratomycosis.
Sample Population—Filamentous fungal isolates obtained from eyes of keratomycosis-affected horses.
Procedures—Fungal culture of ocular samples yielded 6 Fusarium spp; 7 Aspergillus spp; and 1 isolate each of Curvularia, Scopulariopsis, Penicillium, and Chrysosporium. For each fungal isolate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of SSD and natamycin were determined.
Results—For all 17 fungal isolates, SSD MIC distribution ranged from ≤ 1 to > 64 μg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 (MICs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were inhibited) were 4 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. The SSD MFC distribution for all isolates was ≤ 1 to > 64 μg/mL; MFC50 and MFC90 (MFCs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were killed) were 8 and > 64 μg/mL, respectively. For all fungal isolates, natamycin MIC distribution ranged from 256 to > 1,000 μg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 were 512 and > 1,000 μg/mL, respectively. The natamycin MFC distribution for all isolates ranged from 512 to > 1,000 μg/mL; MFC50 and MFC90 were each > 1,000 μg/mL.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These in vitro data suggest that SSD is fungicidal against the fungal isolates that were obtained from eyes of horses with keratomycosis and that natamycin is fungicidal against some of the isolates at the drug concentrations evaluated. Silver sulfadiazine may be a therapeutic option for equine keratomycosis.
Evaluation of ProMED-mail as an electronic early warning system for emerging animal diseases: 1996 to 2004
Authors: Cowen Peter , Garland Tam , Hugh-Jones Martin E. , Shimshony Arnon , Handysides Stuart , Kaye Donald , Madoff Lawrence C. , Pollack Marjorie P. , Woodall Jack 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To identify emerging animal and zoonotic diseases and associated geographic distribution, disease agents, animal hosts, and seasonality of reporting in the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED)-mail electronic early warning system.
Design—Retrospective study.
Sample Population—10,490 disease reports.
Procedures—Descriptive statistics were collated for all animal disease reports appearing on the ProMED-mail system from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2004.
Results—Approximately 30% of reports concerned events in the United States; reports were next most common in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Russia, and China. Rabies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and anthrax were reported consistently over the study period, whereas avian influenza, Ebola virus, and Hantavirus infection were reported frequently in approximately half of the study years. Reports concerning viral agents composed more than half of the postings. Humans affected by zoonotic disease accounted for a third of the subjects. Cattle were affected in 1,080 reports, and wildlife species were affected in 825 reports. For the 10,490 postings studied, there was a retraction rate of 0.01 and a correction rate of 0.02.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ProMED-mail provided global coverage, but gaps in coverage for individual countries were detected. The value of a global electronic reporting system for monitoring emerging diseases over a 9-year period illustrated how new technologies can augment disease surveillance strategies. The number of animal and zoonotic diseases highlights the importance of animals in the study of emerging diseases.
Evaluation of epidural administration of morphine or morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after premedication with an opioid analgesic and orthopedic surgery in dogs
Authors: Kona-Boun Jean-Jacques , Cuvelliez Sophie , Troncy Eric 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of epidural administration of morphine or a morphine-bupivacaine combination administered before orthopedic surgery in dogs that received opioid premedication.
Design—Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.
Animals—36 healthy adult dogs that underwent elective orthopedic surgery on a pelvic limb.
Procedures—Each dog received 1 of 3 epidural treatments before surgery. Anesthetic and supportive care protocols were standardized. Dogs under going different surgical procedures were randomly allocated among the 3 treatment groups. Respiratory and cardiovascular variables, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and requirements for rescue analgesia were monitored. Postsurgical analgesia was evaluated with a multiparametric pain scoring system and by determination of rescue analgesia requirements and cortisolemia.
Results—The morphine-bupivacaine combination was associated with lower values than morphine or a saline solution for intraoperative arterial blood pressure; minimum and maximum isoflurane requirements; and postoperative pain scores, rescue analgesia requirements, and plasma cortisol concentrations. Values obtained after administration of morphine alone were not significantly different from those obtained after administration of saline solution for most variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The preoperative epidurally administered morphine-bupivacaine combination induced better analgesia than morphine alone and should be considered for use in clinical patients. The degree of hemodynamic depression associated with the combination was considered acceptable for healthy patients undergoing elective surgery.
Using rhythms of relationships to understand e‐mail archives
Authors: Perer Adam , Shneiderman Ben , Oard Douglas W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDue to e‐mail's ubiquitous nature, millions of users are intimate with the technology; however, most users are only familiar with managing their own e‐mail, which is an inherently different task from exploring an e‐mail archive. Historians and social scientists believe that e‐mail archives are important artifacts for understanding the individuals and communities they represent. To understand the conversations evidenced in an archive, context is needed. In this article, we present a new way to gain this necessary context: analyzing the temporal rhythms of social relationships. We provide methods for constructing meaningful rhythms from the e‐mail headers by identifying relationships and interpreting their attributes. With these visualization techniques, e‐mail archive explorers can uncover insights that may have been otherwise hidden in the archive. We apply our methods to an individual's 15‐year e‐mail archive, which consists of about 45,000 messages and over 4,000 relationships.