bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probe Systems for W7‐X
Authors: Laux M. , Grigull P. , Greve H. , Reichert A. , Sachtleben J. , Ye M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe new large stellarator W7‐X equipped with a divertor is currently under construction in the Greifswald branch of the Max‐Planck‐Institute for Plasma Physics. It is planned to begin the plasma operation with a variety of diagnostics to analyse the expected properties of the concept and explore the capabilities of the new machine. In the framework of divertor and edge plasma diagnostics a number of electrical probes will be exposed to monitor particle fluxes, electron temperatures and potentials in the vicinity of the divertor targets as well as up‐stream. W7‐X is intended to operate in quasi‐stationary regime with a large power input. The open island divertor has to handle the high particle fluxes and the peak power flux to the targets. Consequently, fast movable mechanisms are designed to cyclically expose and retract the probes. Four pneumatically driven arrays of single probe tips are planned for the horizontal and vertical parts of one upper and lower divertor module, respectively. The probe tips are designed to avoid the problem of shallow angles with the magnetic field, to tolerate the impinging power, to be adjustable in their radial position and exchangeable without dismounting the targets. Additionally, a small number of basically identical linear manipulators are planned for different locations around the stellarator with exchangeable diagnostic heads (fast moving probe, Mach probes, emissive probes, retarding field analysers, collector probes, etc). The main design problems of the probe systems and results from prototype tests are reported. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐Situ Method of Monitoring Argon Plasma Density Variation Using Current and Voltage of Flat Antenna in Inductively Coupled Plasma Source
Authors: Lee S.‐H. , Cho J.‐H. , Kim G.‐H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe in‐situ monitoring method of plasma density variation in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source was developed with the air‐core transformer model using the current and voltage of antenna. The model was modified for the ICP generated by the flat antenna. The collision effect was also considered to obtain the skin depth and plasma impedance. Monitored plasma density was compared to the probe data taken at the center of chamber, showing the good agreement in the density variation with various powers of 100 to 1500 W and the argon operating pressures of 7 to 100 mTorr, respectively. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Langmuir Probe and Laser Thomson Scattering Methods in the Electron Temperature Measurement in Divertor Simulator MAP‐II
Authors: Okamoto A. , Kado S. , Iida Y. , Tanaka S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn order to investigate details of anomaly in the Langmuir probe current (I)‐voltage (V) characteristics, electron temperatures and densities are measured by both Langmuir probe and laser Thomson scattering methods. The electron densities measured with both methods show good agreement in hydrogen‐molecular assisted recombination (H2‐MAR) plasmas. On the other hand, the electron temperatures measured with Langmuir probe are overestimated compared with that obtained from the Thomson scattering spectrum in the H2‐MAR plasmas. Histogram of electron current deviated from its average shows that fluctuation appeared in the electron current becomes large and the histogram distorted in temperature‐overestimated condition, especially when the probe voltage is negatively biased. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurements of Directional Flow Using a Directional Langmuir Probe in Weakly Magnetized Plasmas
Authors: Shikama T. , Kado S. , Okamoto A. , Tanaka S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMeasurement of flow directed with respect to the magnetic field is performed using a directional Langmuir probe (DLP). A previously proposed practical formula for measurement of the Mach number under a weakly magnetized condition is modified for application to the directional flow field which consists of parallel and azimuthal flow components. The effect of density gradient caused by the rotational DLP measurement in the measurement of the radial profile of ion current angular distribution is modified. For the verification of the DLP measurement, parallel flow velocity is measured from the Doppler shift of HeII emission, while azimuthal flow velocity is calculated from E × B and diamagnetic drifts. It is revealed that this method provides plausible Mach numbers in the parallel and azimuthal directions with inclusion of the effect of density gradient. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of Reynolds Stress and Zonal Flows in a Tokamak Using Langmuir Probe Array
Authors: Xu G. S. , Wan B. N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Reynolds stress and zonal flows have been measured with several novel Langmuir probe array on the HT‐7 tokamak since the year 2002. Based on the original idea of the Reynolds stress triple tips array, we designed the forked probe and its improved generation, the farmer fork probe. And in order to measure the radial shearing rate of zonal flows, we designed the pyramid probe in 2003. Besides, an insert‐able magnetic probe was elaborated to measure the Maxwell stress in 2003. This paper addresses the technique aspects regarding this new application. Since the zonal flows dynamics is now widely believed crucial to plasma confinement physics, this opened up an important application field of Langmuir probe. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of Plasma Density and Temperature from Intensity Ratios of He I Emission Lines in Diversified Plasma Simulator (DiPS)
Authors: Jung Y. H. , Yoon J.‐S. , Yoo S. J. , Kim Y.‐W. , Lho T. , Lee B. , Do J.‐J. , Woo H.‐J. , Chung K.‐S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe intensity ratios of He I emission lines are used to determine electron density and temperature in Diversified Plasma Simulator (DiPS). The HeI line ratios are measured by optical emission spectroscopy and are calculated using the collisional‐radiative equilibrium (CRE) model. The measured He I line ratios are 706.52 nm / 728.13 nm for electron temperature and 728.13 nm / 667.82 nm for electron density determination, respectively. The results obtained from the collisional‐radiative equilibrium model are crosschecked with those of electrical probe measurement. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Cationic (N‐Heterocyclic carbene)silver Complex as Catalyst for Bulk Ring‐Opening Polymerization ofL‐Lactides
Authors: Samantaray Manoja K. , Katiyar Vimal , Roy Dipankar , Pang Keliang , Nanavati Hemant , Stephen Raji , Sunoj Raghavan B. , Ghosh Prasenjit 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSynthetic, theoretical, and catalysis studies of a cationic functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbene complex of silver, namely[{1‐isopropyl‐3‐(N‐phenylacetamido)imidazol‐2‐ylidene}2Ag]+Cl–(1b), is reported. Specifically,1bwas synthesized by the reaction of 1‐isopropyl‐3‐(N‐phenylacetamido)imidazolium chloride (1a) with Ag2O in 64 % yield;1awas synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 1‐isopropylimidazole withN‐phenyl chloroacetamide in 90 % yield. The molecular structure of1bwas determined by X‐ray diffraction studies and was found to be active for polymerization ofL‐lactide at elevated temperatures under solvent‐free melt conditions to give polylactide of moderate molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution. Density functional theory studies of the cationic species2b, derived from NHC silver complex1b, were employed to obtain an understanding of the structure, bonding, and electronic features of the molecule. Bonding in complex2bhas been probed with the help of charge decomposition analysis (CDA), the atoms in molecules (AIM) approach as well as natural bond orbital (NBO) methods. The Ag–NHC bond has been found to be more covalent with NHC acting as an effective σ‐donor. The π‐back‐bonding from the metal atom to the ligand was found to be negligible. It has been noticed that the imidazole rings remain nearly orthogonal with respect to each other, in contrast to the experimental geometry. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds as well as Ag···O interaction involving the carbonyl oxygen atoms have been identified as additional stabilizing factors contributing towards the lower energy conformer of2bcompared to the corresponding planar geometry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Functionalized SBA‐15 Mesoporous Materials as Heterogeneous Catalyst toward Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Liu Yong , Peng Jiajian , Zhai Shangru , Li Jiayun , Mao Jianjiang , Li Meijiang , Qiu Huayu , Lai Guoqiao 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1‐Methyl‐3‐propylimidazolium chloride (MPImCl) and 1‐propylpyridinium chloride (PPyCl) ionic liquid functionalized SBA‐15 mesoporous materials were synthesized and used as heterogeneous catalysts in Knoevenagel reactions with excellent yields and reusability. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
6‐Deoxy‐α‐L‐talopyranosides from Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Bitzer Jens , Zeeck Axel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStreptomyces sp. strain GöM1 was found to produce seven novel glycosides (2–8) containing the rare deoxysugar 6‐deoxy‐α‐L‐talose. The aglycones are small phenols, isovaleric acid or aromatic carboxylic acids. By precursor‐directed biosynthesis, the yields of the compounds could be increased significantly. Feeding of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid led to the production of both acyl and aryl glycosides, and of compound 9 with both structural elements. Pyrrol‐2‐ylcarbonyl 6‐deoxy‐α‐L‐talopyranoside (6) shows remarkable growth inhibition of some parasites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New Way to Methylene‐2H‐azirines and Their Use as Powerful Intermediates for the Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Compounds with Vinylamine Substructure
Authors: Fotsing Joseph Rodolph , Banert Klaus 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNew and relatively stable methylene‐2H‐azirines 1 have been prepared by photolysis of allenyl azides or from 2‐halo‐2H‐azirines by elimination of HX (X = halogen). The reaction of these methylene‐2H‐azirines with nucleophiles led to the highly stereo‐ and regio‐selective formation of novel 1‐aminovinyl derivatives with good to excellent yields. The trapping reactions of the less stable methylene‐2H‐azirines gave rise to similar results. Moreover, we were able to prove that the previous report on 2‐(phenylsulfonyl)acrylonitrile (9) was based on incorrect data. For this reason, the latter compound can be supposed to be firstly described in this paper. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐1‐beta‐4‐ribofuranoside attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of endothelial–monocyte interaction
Authors: Prasad Ratna , Giri Shailendra , Nath Narender , Singh Inderjit , Singh Avtar K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disorder of the CNS. 5‐Aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), an activator of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), has been reported to show antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in various models of inflammation. Recently, we have reported AICAR‐mediated attenuation of active and passive EAE in mouse model [Nath et al. (2005) J. Immunol. 175:566–574]. Here we used a rat model of acute EAE to show antiinflammatory effects of AICAR after daily treatment starting at onset of the disease. By maintaining the blood–brain barrier (BBB), AICAR‐administered animals showed lower clinical scores compared with untreated EAE animals. AICAR inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells across the BBB, resulting in lowered expression of proinflammatory mediators in the CNS and protection from severe demyelination. By using in vitro model of endothelial–leukocyte interaction, we showed that AICAR inhibited adhesion of monocytes to tumor necrosis factor‐α‐activated endothelial cells. One of the mechanisms of this action is through down‐regulation of expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules via modulation of nuclear factor κB activation. The data suggest that AICAR attenuates EAE progression by limiting infiltration of leukocytes across the BBB, thereby controlling the consequent inflammatory reaction in the CNS. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in BDNF+/− mice is associated with enhanced recovery of motor performance and increased neuroblast number following experimental stroke
Authors: Nygren Josefine , Kokaia Merab , Wieloch Tadeusz 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in brain plasticity and neuronal survival. Generally, BDNF enhances synaptic activity and neurite growth, although the effect of BDNF on neuronal survival and brain plasticity following injury is equivocal. Housing rats in an enriched environment after experimental stroke enhances recovery of sensory‐motor function, which is associated with a decrease in the BDNF mRNA and protein levels. We used BDNF+/− mice and wild‐type littermate mice to investigate whether the decrease in the brain levels of BDNF affected motor function or infarct volume following transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 40 min. We found that the BDNF+/− mice had a significantly improved motor function on the rotating pole test 2 weeks after tMCAO compared with wild‐type mice. When intermittently exposed to an enriched environment following tMCAO, the wild‐type mice improved motor function to the same degree as BDNF+/− mice. There was no effect of BDNF reduction on infarct volume. Neurogenesis is induced following experimental stroke, and in the striatum of BDNF+/− mice significantly increased numbers of neuroblasts compared with wild‐type mice were seen, both in standard and in enriched conditions. We conclude that decreasing brain levels of BDNF enhances the recovery of function following experimental stroke. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethanol exposure during embryogenesis decreases the radial glial progenitorpool and affects the generation of neurons and astrocytes
Authors: Rubert Gemma , Miñana Rosa , Pascual Maria , Guerri Consuelo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPrenatal ethanol exposure induces functional abnormalities during brain development affecting neurogenesis and gliogenesis. We have previously reported that alcohol exposure during embryogenesis disrupts radial glia (RG) and gliogenesis. Taking into account the new role of RG as neural progenitors, we have investigated whether ethanol affects RG as a neural stem cell. We found that in utero ethanol exposure impairs cell proliferation and decreases neurons and astrocytes generated in cultured RG and in embryonic cerebral cortex. Telencephalic cultures obtained at E12 from ethanol‐treated rats displayed a reduction in the proportion of actively dividing RG progenitors, as demonstrated by 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation, and in the percentage of brain lipid binding protein‐positive RG. Consistently, neurosphere formation assay from E12 telencephalon showed a reduced number of multipotent progenitor cells in cultures isolated from ethanol‐treated rats in comparison with pair‐fed control group. Moreover, levels of activated Notch1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, which regulate the maintenance of the progenitor state of RG, are decreased by prenatal ethanol exposure. These findings demonstrate that ethanol reduces the telencephalic RG progenitor pool and its transformation into neurons and astrocytes, which may contribute to an explanation of the defects in brain function often observed in fetal alcohol syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraoperative passive kinematics of osteoarthritic knees before and after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Siston Robert A. , Giori Nicholas J. , Goodman Stuart B. , Delp Scott L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTotal knee arthroplasty is a successful procedure to treat pain and functional disability due to osteoarthritis. However, precisely how a total knee arthroplasty changes the kinematics of an osteoarthritic knee is unknown. We used a surgical navigation system to measure normal passive kinematics from 7 embalmed cadaver lower extremities and in vivo intraoperative passive kinematics on 17 patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty to address two questions: How do the kinematics of knees with advanced osteoarthritis differ from normal knees?; and, Does posterior substituting total knee arthroplasty restore kinematics towards normal? Osteoarthritic knees displayed a decreased screw‐home motion and abnormal varus/valgus rotations between 10° and 90° of knee flexion when compared to normal knees. The anterior–posterior motion of the femur in osteoarthritic knees was not different than in normal knees. Following total knee arthroplasty, we found abnormal varus/valgus rotations in early flexion, a reduced screw‐home motion when compared to the osteoarthritic knees, and an abnormal anterior translation of the femur during the first 60° of flexion. Posterior substituting total knee arthroplasty does not appear to restore normal passive varus/valgus rotations or the screw motion and introduces an abnormal anterior translation of the femur during intraoperative evaluation. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1607–1614, 2006
Histological comparison of the dorsal ordinary muscles of wild and full‐cycle cultured Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis)
Authors: Nakamura Yoshi‐Nori , Ando Masashi , Seoka Manabu , Kawasaki Ken‐ichi , Tsukamasa Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe histological properties of the cephalad parts of the dorsal ordinary muscles (CD‐OMs) of wild (body weight 33.3 ± 0.9 kg, n = 3) and full‐cycle cultured (body weights 13.1 ± 2.6 (FC 1), 20.2 ± 1.0 (FC 2) and 28.5 ± 3.6 (FC 3) kg, n = 3 respectively) Pacific bluefin tuna were investigated. The CD‐OMs of FC 1–3 tuna showed low moisture content (P < 0.05) and high fat content (about six times more, P < 0.05) in comparison with wild fish. A large quantity of adipose tissue was observed in the wide spaces between muscle fibres in the CD‐OMs of FC 1‐3 tuna. The muscle fibre diameter of the CD‐OM of FC 3 tuna was significantly lower than that of wild fish (P < 0.05). Myofibrils in the CD‐OM of wild tuna were surrounded by a developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; however, there were many glycogen granules among the myofibrils and a large quantity of fat in the CD‐OM of full‐cycle cultured fish. In particular, the glycogen content of the CD‐OM of FC 3 tuna was significantly higher (about 50 times) than that of wild fish. These results indicate that feeding and exercise conditions affect the histological structure and metabolism of the bluefin tuna muscle. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Starch but not protein digestibility is altered in pigs fed transgenic peas containing α‐amylase inhibitor
Authors: Collins Cherie L , Eason Paul J , Dunshea Frank R , Higgins Thomas JV , King Ray H 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEighteen individually housed boars were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments, an experimental wheat diet containing 989.4 g kg−1of a basal wheat diet, or this experimental wheat diet with 500 g kg−1of the basal wheat diet replaced with 500 g kg−1of either transgenic or non‐transgenic peas. The transgenic peas expressed the bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) α‐amylase inhibitor 1 gene. Diets containedn‐hexatriacontane (0.2 g kg−1) as an indigestible marker to allow the determination of nutrient digestibility at the terminal ileum. Pigs were offered 1.6 kg day−1for 15 days, after which they were anaesthetised, the ileal and faecal digesta collected and the pigs subsequently euthanased. The ileal dry matter and starch digestibilities of the experimental wheat, non‐transgenic and transgenic pea diets were 78.3, 74.2 and 45.8% and 95.9, 95.2 and 42.4%, respectively. The apparent nutrient digestibilities of the non‐transgenic and transgenic peas were determined by difference. The ileal dry matter digestibility was significantly reduced in the transgenic peas compared with the non‐transgenic peas (12.7 and 69.9%, respectively;P= 0.006), which was largely due to a reduced starch digestibility. The apparent crude protein digestibilities of the transgenic peas were similar to the non‐transgenic, being 79.7 and 78.5%, respectively. The amino acid digestibilities of the transgenic and non‐transgenic peas were also similar. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Behaviors of LLDPE/PEMA/Clay Nanocomposites: Effect of Interaction Between Polymer, Compatibilizer, and Nanofiller
Authors: Zhang Mingqian , Sundararaj Uttandaraman 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Linear low density polyethylene/maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene/montmorillonite clay (LLDPE/PEMA/clay) nanocomposites prepared using a co‐rotating twin screw extruder exhibit unique thermal, rheological, and mechanical behaviors. All the mechanical properties including ductility increase with clay loading. X‐ray diffraction analysis and TEM images reveal an intercalated clay structure for the LLDPE/PEMA/clay composite with 5% clay and an exfoliated structure for that with 2% clay. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the addition of PEMA does not influence the melting temperature but favors the formation of more thin lamellas. Rheological characterization indicates that the LLDPE‐PEMA blend has similar rheological behavior to neat LLDPE, implying the two polymers are completely miscible. The composites exhibit significantly higher storage and loss modulus and complex viscosity at low frequencies, and the magnitude of all these properties increases with clay loading. Furthermore, the slopes of G′, G″, and complex viscosity versus frequency are similar for the composites of different phase morphologies, suggesting that the rheological behaviors of the composites depends more on clay loading than phase morphology. The enhanced miscibility between LLDPE and PEMA, and more importantly, interfacial interaction between clay, PEMA, and LLDPE, are responsible for the distinct improvement in all the mechanical properties of the composite, and in particular for the marked improvement in ductility.Stress‐strain diagram for LLDPE, LLDPE/PEMA, and LLDPE/PEME‐clay nanocomposites.magnified imageStress‐strain diagram for LLDPE, LLDPE/PEMA, and LLDPE/PEME‐clay nanocomposites.
Use of Thermoplastic Starch in Continuous Pharmaceutical Process
Authors: Keszei Sándor , Szabó András , Marosi Gyürgy , Anna Péter , Nagy Sándor 
Published: June 2006

AbstractControlled release formulations of thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix were prepared by extrusion granulation and injection molding of tablets. The compositions contained glycerol, water and on occasion urea plasticizers, glycerol‐monostearate; Ca‐stearate lubricants and Na‐benzoate drug representing component, in addition to the starch. The lubricants and especially the urea reduce the complex viscosity of the TPS considerably facilitating the injection molding process‐ability. DSC thermal analysis demonstrated, the urea is in a molecular dispersed form in the extruded granules and Raman microscopic mapping showed an under micron sized dispersion of Na‐benzoate in injection molded tablets. Both the extrusion and the injection molding processing resulted retard release character of the active component.