bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of telephone counselling and the nicotine patch in a state tobacco quitline
Authors: Hollis Jack F , McAfee Timothy A , Fellows Jeffrey L , Zbikowski Susan M , Stark Michael , Riedlinger Karen 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:State and national tobacco quitlines have expanded rapidly and offer a range of services. We examined the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of offering callers single session versus multisession counselling, with or without free nicotine patches.Methods:This 3×2 randomised trial included 4614 Oregon tobacco quitline callers and compared brief (one 15-minute call), moderate (one 30-minute call and a follow-up call) and intensive (five proactive calls) intervention protocols, with or without offers of free nicotine patches (nicotine replacement therapy, NRT). Blinded staff assessed tobacco use by phone at 12 months.Results:Abstinence odds ratios were significant for moderate (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.01 to 1.48) and intensive (OR = 1.29, CI = 1.07 to 1.56) intervention, and for NRT (OR = 1.58, CI = 1.35 to 1.85). Intent to treat quit rates were as follows: brief no NRT (12%); brief NRT (17%); moderate no NRT (14%); moderate NRT (20%); intensive no NRT (14%); and intensive NRT (21%). Relative to brief no NRT, the added costs for each additional quit was $2467 for brief NRT, $1912 for moderate no NRT, $2109 for moderate NRT, $2641 for intensive no NRT, and $2112 for intensive NRT.Conclusion:Offering free NRT and multisession telephone support within a state tobacco quitline led to higher quit rates, and similar costs per incremental quit, than less intensive protocols.
Cost effectiveness of the Oregon quitline “free patch initiative”
Authors: Fellows Jeffrey L , Bush Terry , McAfee Tim , Dickerson John 
Published: November 2007

Objective:We estimated the cost effectiveness of the Oregon tobacco quitline’s “free patch initiative” compared to the pre-initiative programme.Methods:Using quitline utilisation and cost data from the state, intervention providers and patients, we estimated annual programme use and costs for media promotions and intervention services. We also estimated annual quitline registration calls and the number of quitters and life years saved for the pre-initiative and free patch initiative programmes. Service utilisation and 30-day abstinence at six months were obtained from 959 quitline callers. We compared the cost effectiveness of the free patch initiative (media and intervention costs) to the pre-initiative service offered to insured and uninsured callers. We conducted sensitivity analyses on key programme costs and outcomes by estimating a best case and worst case scenario for each intervention strategy.Results:Compared to the pre-intervention programme, the free patch initiative doubled registered calls, increased quitting fourfold and reduced total costs per quit by $2688. We estimated annual paid media costs were $215 per registered tobacco user for the pre-initiative programme and less than $4 per caller during the free patch initiative. Compared to the pre-initiative programme, incremental quitline promotion and intervention costs for the free patch initiative were $86 (range $22–$353) per life year saved.Conclusions:Compared to the pre-initiative programme, the free patch initiative was a highly cost effective strategy for increasing quitting in the population.
Effects of frequency and duration in telephone counselling for smoking cessation: Table 1
Authors: Rabius V , Pike K J , Hunter J , Wiatrek D , McAlister A L 
Published: November 2007

Objective:This study evaluates alternative protocols in telephone counselling for smoking cessation.Design:The American Cancer Society enrolled 6322 clients in a randomised trial comparing three counselling formats of varying duration and frequency of contact, with or without booster sessions, and mailed self help booklets without telephone counselling.Setting and participants:Participants were drawn from callers to the American Cancer Society’s National Cancer Information Center seeking assistance with smoking cessation who provided informed consent and were adult daily smokers, ready to make a quit attempt within two weeks, and from states not served by an evidence based proactive telephone counselling programme.Outcomes:Six-month cessation rates (30-day point prevalence) were measured in telephone interviews.Results:There was a significant counselling effect. The overall cessation rates that were yielded by a brief protocol including booster sessions were equivalent to those obtained with the American Cancer Society’s standard protocol with boosters.Conclusions:Based on these findings, the abbreviated protocol with five sessions and two boosters is considered to be an option for improving cost efficiency in the delivery of this service.
Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of television, radio and print advertisements in promoting the New York smokers’ quitline: Table 1
Authors: Farrelly Matthew C , Hussin Altijani , Bauer Ursula E 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:This study assessed the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of television, radio and print advertisements to generate calls to the New York smokers’ quitline.Methods:Regression analysis was used to link total county level monthly quitline calls to television, radio and print advertising expenditures. Based on regression results, standardised measures of the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of expenditures were computed.Results:There was a positive and statistically significant relation between call volume and expenditures for television (p<0.01) and radio (p<0.001) advertisements and a marginally significant effect for expenditures on newspaper advertisements (p<0.065). The largest effect was for television advertising. However, because of differences in advertising costs, for every $1000 increase in television, radio and newspaper expenditures, call volume increased by 0.1%, 5.7% and 2.8%, respectively.Conclusions:Television, radio and print media all effectively increased calls to the New York smokers’ quitline. Although increases in expenditures for television were the most effective, their relatively high costs suggest they are not currently the most cost effective means to promote a quitline. This implies that a more efficient mix of media would place greater emphasis on radio than television. However, because the current study does not adequately assess the extent to which radio expenditures would sustain their effectiveness with substantial expenditure increases, it is not feasible to determine a more optimal mix of expenditures.
Expanding access to nicotine replacement therapy through Minnesota’s QUITLINE partnership: Table 1
Authors: Schillo Barbara A , Wendling Ann , Saul Jessie , Luxenberg Michael G , Lachter Randi , Christenson Matthew , An Lawrence C 
Published: November 2007

Background:Partnerships can expand the reach and effectiveness of quitlines while conserving limited tobacco control dollars.Objective:To describe how the addition of free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to the “QUITPLAN Helpline” in Minnesota influenced triage and transfer to health plan quitlines and how efforts taken to re-establish balance in the partnership expanded population based access to NRT.Methods:NRT provision began in September 2002. Call volumes, transfer rates and ClearWay Minnesota dollars spent serving health plan members were examined from May 2001 through November 2005. The process by which health plan quitlines began providing NRT as a result of the addition of NRT to the QUITPLAN Helpline in September 2002 was explored through interviews with health plan representatives.Results:Following the addition of NRT to the QUITPLAN Helpline, the percentage of health plan members transferred to their health plans decreased because callers were resisting transfer to their health plans for telephone counselling that did not include NRT. Transfer rates eventually returned to pre-NRT levels following sequential implementation of scripting changes, transfer requirements and collection of health plan identification numbers. These changes reduced ClearWay Minnesota dollars spent on providing services to insured Minnesotans. Through the partnership, all Minnesotans currently have access to both telephone counselling and NRT either at no or low cost.Conclusions:Minnesota’s partnership has effectively expanded access to NRT through quitlines. The increased use of partnerships for providing quitline services may be effective in broadening population access while conserving limited tobacco control dollars for those without cessation benefits.
Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England: how advocacy won the day: Table 1
Authors: Arnott Deborah , Dockrell Martin , Sandford Amanda , Willmore Ian 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To examine how a government committed to a voluntary approach was forced by an effective advocacy coalition to introduce comprehensive smoke-free legislation.Methods:A diary was kept from the start of the campaign in 2003, backed up by journal and press articles, and information downloaded from the web. Regular public opinion polls were also carried out to supplement government surveys and polls conducted by the media.Results:The 1997 Labour Government was committed to a voluntary approach to deal with the problem of secondhand smoke. By 2003, efforts to persuade government to introduce regulation of workplace secondhand smoke through a health and safety code of practice with exemptions for the hospitality trade, had failed. Despite a lack of support from the government, including the health minister, a new strategy by health advocates focusing on comprehensive workplace legislation was able to succeed.Conclusions:In a democracy it is crucial to develop public knowledge and belief in the extent of the risks of secondhand smoke. Gaining public and media support for the issue can ensure that government has to take action and that the legislation will be enforceable. The interests of the tobacco industry and the hospitality trade differ and this can be used to gain hospitality trade support for comprehensive national legislation in order to ensure a level playing field and protection from litigation.
Tobacco cessation quitlines in North America: a descriptive study
Authors: Cummins Sharon E , Bailey Linda , Campbell Sharon , Koon-Kirby Carrie , Zhu Shu-Hong 
Published: November 2007

Background:Quitlines have become an integral part of tobacco control efforts in the United States and Canada. The demonstrated efficacy and the convenience of telephone based counselling have led to the fast adoption of quitlines, to the point of near universal access in North America. However, information on how these quitlines operate in actual practice is not often readily available.Objectives:This study describes quitline practice in North America and examines commonalities and differences across quitlines. It will serve as a source of reference for practitioners and researchers, with the aim of furthering service quality and promoting continued innovation.Design:A self administered questionnaire survey of large, publicly funded quitlines in the United States and Canada. A total of 52 US quitlines and 10 Canadian quitlines participated. Descriptive statistics are provided regarding quitline operational structures, clinical services, quality assurance procedures, funding sources and utilisation rates.Results:Clinical services for the 62 state/provincial quitlines are supplied by a total of 26 service providers. Nine providers operate multiple quitlines, creating greater consistency in operation than would otherwise be expected. Most quitlines offer services over extended hours (mean 96 hours/week) and have multiple language capabilities. Most (98%) use proactive multisession counselling—a key feature of protocols tested in previous experimental trials. Almost all quitlines have extensive training programmes (>60 hours) for counselling staff, and over 70% conduct regular evaluation of outcomes. About half of quitlines use the internet to provide cessation information. A little over a third of US quitlines distribute free cessation medications to eligible callers. The average utilisation rate of the US state quitlines in the 2004–5 fiscal year was about 1.0% across states, with a strong correlation between the funding level of the quitlines and the smokers’ utilisation of them (r = 0.74, p<0.001).Conclusions:Quitlines in North America display core commonalities: they have adopted the principles of multisession proactive counselling and they conduct regular outcome evaluation. Yet variations, tested and untested, exist. Standardised reporting procedures would be of benefit to the field. Shared discussion of the rationale behind variations can inform future decision making for all North American quitlines.
Smokers’ acceptance of “cold calls” offering quitline services: Table 1
Authors: Van Deusen Amy M , Hyland Andrew , Abrams Sara M , Celestino Paula , Mahoney Martin C , Cummings K Michael 
Published: November 2007

Objective:A random sample of smokers was offered a transfer to the New York State Smokers’ Quitline in order to assess smokers’ acceptance of “cold calls” offering quitline services.Method:A 30-minute survey to assess adult tobacco use was administered to 121 western New York smokers who were originally sampled for a random digit dialled survey in 2005, and then re-interviewed one year later, between April and July 2006. Smokers’ interest in receiving immediate quitline assistance was assessed at the end of the survey, when the smokers could choose to be transferred to the New York State Smokers’ Quitline in order to receive the quitline’s cessation services.Results:41% of smokers accepted the offer for, and subsequently received, New York State Smokers’ Quitline services. After controlling for factors related to cessation, women were more likely to respond to the offer.Conclusions:Although telephone quitline utilisation is low, these data suggest that the demand is high and “cold calls” may be a strategy to extend the use of quitline cessation services.
Ultrafine particle emissions from waterpipes
Authors: Monn Ch , Kindler Ph , Meile A , Brändli O 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:Ultrafine particle emissions from waterpipes and their impact on human health have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to characterise the inhalation pattern of waterpipe smokers, and (a) construct apparatus to simulate waterpipe smoking in the laboratory, and (b) characterise mainstream emissions from waterpipes under different smoking conditions.Methods:Real life waterpipe smoking patterns were first measured with a spirometer. The average smoking pattern was then mechanically simulated in apparatus. Total particle number concentrations were determined with a condensation particle counter (CPC) for particles between 0.02 μm and 1 μm (P-Trak UPC, Model 8525, TSI) and the particle size fraction was determined with a differential mobility analyser (DMA) for particles from 0.01 μm to 0.5 μm. This instrument was coupled with a laser particle spectrometer for particles between 0.35 μm and 10 μm (Wide Range Particle Spectrometer, Model 1000XP, MSC Corp). Carbon monoxide levels were determined with an electrochemical sensor (Q-Trak monitor, Model 8554, TSI).Results:The tidal volume of an average waterpipe breath of 5 seconds was found to be 1 (SD 0.47) litre. The intervals between breaths on average were 25.5 (SD 10.2) seconds. Particle number concentrations of ultrafine particles in mainstream smoke during waterpipe smoking ranged up to 70×109particles per litre. The median diameter of the particles in a full smoking set with charcoal, tobacco and water was 0.04 μm. Smoke from the heated tobacco contributed to particles in the size range between 0.01 μm and 0.2 μm. The glowing piece of charcoal only contributed to particles smaller than 0.05 μm.Conclusions:Waterpipe smoking emits large amounts of ultrafine particles. With regard to particle emissions, smoking waterpipes may carry similar health risks to smoking cigarettes.
Un Grand Dérangement: Dreaming an Indo-Persian Empire in South Asia, 1740-1800
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe essay proposes a counterfactual historical exercise centered around the conquest of the Mughal empire in nothern India in 1739 by Nadir Shah Afshar, ruler of Iran. This episode, which was of enormous significance for contemporaries, has largely been neglected by more recent historians. After a survey of Nadir Shah's career and of the politico-economic conditions of the period, I propose a scenario here wherein the ruler of Iran does not return to his country (as he did), but instead participates in the articulation of a new political system, which would (in my view) have obviously been far more resistant to European ambitions than the Mughal empire turned out to be. A sketch of this counterfactual state system is provided, and the essay concludes by considering the implications of such a view for standard narratives of the 'Rise of the West' in the early modern period.
The Ethical Redemption of African Imaginaire1 : Kä Mana's Theology of Reconstruction
Authors: Dedji Valentin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to introduce the work of the Congolese philosopher and theologian Kä Mana2 to the Anglophone audience. After an explanation of his use of the concept of imaginaire, his approach to the redemption of Africans' imaginaire from its present 'brokenness' will be explored. KM's proposal for a 'theology of reconstruction' will form the third part of the article. The deduction will be that in KM's project the ultimate objective of the theology of reconstruction in Africa consists in training 'anti-crisis human beings' who are equipped with new models of rational, ethical and spiritual convictions. This implies first the re-evangelisation of the institutions and structures that determine the existence of African societies today, and second the re-orientation of the global imaginaire of African people according to the fundamental vision of humankind that the word of God proposes through the revelation of a 'new reality' embodied by Jesus Christ.
Missionaries, the Phenomenology of Religion and 'Re-Presenting' Nineteenth-Century African Religion: a Case Study of Peter McKenzie's Hail Orisha!
Authors: Cox James L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article examines the use of phenomenological typologies as a means for filtering out biases and distortions within nineteenth-century missionary records in order to elucidate the main features of indigenous religions at the time of first extensive contact with Christianity. To explore this, Peter McKenzie's book Hail Orisha! (1997) is used as a case study, first to analyse McKenzie's interpretation of phenomenology as a morphology of religion and then to evaluate his application of phenomenology to missionary records as reliable sources for a knowledge of Yoruba religion between 1840 and 1880. McKenzie's aim to allow the phenomena to speak for themselves is shown to have failed largely because his methodology is based on Christian theological assumptions disguised as academic neutrality. The article suggests that all similar projects likewise are prone to failure because the methods employed ignore historical and social contexts and minimise the role of the scholar in interpreting the data.
Attitudes Towards Human Rights Among South African Youth
Authors: Dreyer Jaco S. , Pieterse Hendrik J.C. , Van Der Ven Johannes A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this article we examine the attitudes towards human rights of a group of 538 Grade 11 students from Anglican and Catholic church-affiliated schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region. A distinction is made between civil, political and judicial ('first generation') human rights, socio-economic ('second generation') rights, and environmental ('third generation') rights. The frame of reference is Ricoeur's theory of human rights. This forms part of his institution theory, which in its turn is embedded in his moral theory of the good life. The students displayed positive attitudes towards socio-economic and environmental rights, ambivalent attitudes towards civil and political rights, and negative attitudes towards judicial rights. The question about where one should look for more positively, more ambivalently and more negatively oriented students, what their characteristics are, and whether religion plays any role in this regard will be explored in the next article.
'Stop Suffering': an Examination of the Concepts of Knowledge and Power With Special Reference To Sacred Practitioners in Harare
Authors: Chitando Ezra 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article examines the concepts of knowledge and power in relation to charismatic preachers, African Initiated Church prophets and traditional healers in Harare. It explores how these practitioners perceive knowledge and power by adopting a phenomenological approach. How patients and 'consumers' regard preachers, prophets and traditional healers as being in possession of knowledge and power is also a central concern of the discussion. It is shown that believers are convinced that these specially endowed people are capable of ameliorating human distress through their esoteric knowledge and power. Through an examination of the prevailing socio-economic environment it is illustrated how most Africans are convinced that human knowledge and power are severely limited. A plea is made for religion to be taken seriously by all policy makers who desire to witness the transformation of African communities.
Before the Eradication of God: the Yoruba Smallpox Deity Shonponna in t m aLuko's One Man, One Wife
Authors: Hale Frederick 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Yoruba deity Shonponna, feared as both the bearer of smallpox and the one to whom one could turn for protection therefrom, has been the subject of sporadic international, scholarly enquiry for more than a century. William Bascom, Anthony D. Buckley and others went well beyond late nineteenth-century British colonial observations in their attempts to understand the enduring appeal of this dreaded deity, the banning of whose worship in Nigeria did not prevent adherents from crossing into Benin to continue it. In his novel of 1959, One man, one wife, Yoruba novelist and public health authority Timothy Mofolorunso Aluko offered an internal perspective by illuminating further dimensions of the place of Shonponna in the rapidly changing religious matrix of western Nigeria. This account features a plot that unfolds in the 1920s and 1930s, when Anglican missionaries were adding an increasingly prominent and influe.tial factor to the scene, and therein exploring the confrontation of traditional religious beliefs and practices with Christianity, partly during a smallpox epidemic which intensifies the clash of these two systems.
Toward Understanding Mystical Consciousness: an Analysis of a Text From Simone Weil
Authors: Evans Jean , Kourie Celia E.T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTextual analysis represents the most viable approach towards gaining a greater understanding of the nature and characteristics of mystical consciousness. An analysis of a text from Simone Weil, the French philosopher and champion of workers' rights, indicates that mystical consciousness is a received moment of heightened awareness. Mystical consciousness is both self-aware and aware of an other. It may be mediated through language such as poems or prayers. It is the nature of mystical consciousness to create an outward or transcendent movement, a transformative ego-shift. Finally, mystical consciousness displays the characteristics proper to ordinary consciousness, but is qualitatively different in terms of intensity, absorption and boundaries.