bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algebraic fusion of functions with an accumulating parameter and its improvement
Authors: KATSUMATA SHIN-YA , NISHIMURA SUSUMU 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper develops a new framework for fusion that is designed for eliminating the intermediate data structures involved in the composition of functions that have one accumulating parameter. The new fusion framework comprises two steps:algebraic fusionand its subsequentimprovementprocess. The key idea in our development is to regard functions with an accumulating parameter as functions that operate over the monoid ofdata contexts. Algebraic fusion composes each such function with a monoid homomorphism that is derived from the definition of the consumer function to obtain a higher-order function that computes over the monoid of endofunctions. The transformation result may be further refined by an improvement process, which replaces the operation over the monoid of endofunctions (i.e., function closures) with another monoid operation over a monoid structure other than function closures.Using our framework, one can formulate a particular solution to the fusion problem by devising appropriate monoids and monoid homomorphisms. This provides a unified exposition of a variety of fusion methods that have been developed so far in different formalisms. Furthermore, the cleaner formulation makes it possible to argue about some delicate issues on a firm mathematical basis. We demonstrate that algebraic fusion and improvement in the world of complete pointed partial orders (CPOs) and continuous functions can correctly fuse functions that operate on partial and infinite data structures. We also show that subtle differences in termination behaviours of transformed programmes caused by certain different fusion methods can be cleanly explained by corresponding improvement processes that have different underlying monoid structures.
Coloured Loop-Erased Random Walk on the Complete Graph
Authors: ALAPPATTU JOMY , PITMAN JIM 
Published: September 2008

Starting from a sequence regarded as a walk through some set of values, we consider the associated loop-erased walk as a sequence of directed edges, with an edge from i to j if the loop-erased walk makes a step from i to j. We introduce a colouring of these edges by painting edges with a fixed colour as long as the walk does not loop back on itself, then switching to a new colour whenever a loop is erased, with each new colour distinct from all previous colours. The pattern of colours along the edges of the loop-erased walk then displays stretches of consecutive steps of the walk left untouched by the loop-erasure process. Assuming that the underlying sequence generating the loop-erased walk is a sequence of independent random variables, each uniform on [N] := {1, 2, . . ., N}, we condition the walk to start at N and stop the walk when it first reaches the subset [k], for some 1 ≤ k ≤ N − 1. We relate the distribution of the random length of this loop-erased walk to the distribution of the length of the first loop of the walk, via Cayley's enumerations of trees, and via Wilson's algorithm. For fixed N and k, and i = 1, 2, . . ., let Bi denote the events that the loop-erased walk from N to [k] has i + 1 or more edges, and the ith and (i + 1)th of these edges are coloured differently. We show that, given that the loop-erased random walk has j edges for some 1 ≤ j ≤ N − k, the events Bi for 1 ≤ i ≤ j − 1 are independent, with the probability of Bi equal to 1/(k + i + 1). This determines the distribution of the sequence of random lengths of differently coloured segments of the loop-erased walk, and yields asymptotic descriptions of these random lengths as N → ∞.
Coffee intake and risk of incident diabetes in Puerto Rican men: results from the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program
Authors: Fuhrman BJ , Smit E , Crespo CJ , Garcia-Palmieri MR 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study prospectively the association of coffee intake with incident diabetes in the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program cohort, comprising 9824 middle-aged men (aged 35–79 years).MethodsOf 9824 men, 3869 did not provide a fasting blood sample at baseline, 1095 had prevalent diabetes and 131 were not given fasting glucose tests at any subsequent study visit. Thus, the present analysis includes 4685 participants. Diabetes was ascertained at baseline and at two study visits between 1968 and 1975 using fasting glucose tests and self-reports of physician-diagnosed diabetes or use of insulin or hypoglycaemic medication. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of coffee intake with risk of incident diabetes while adjusting for covariates (age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, education, alcohol intake, family history of diabetes, intakes of milk and sugar).ResultsFive hundred and nineteen participants met the criteria for incident diabetes. Compared with those reporting intake of 1–2 servings of coffee/d, coffee abstainers were at reduced risk (OR = 0·64; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·94). Among coffee drinkers, there was a significant trend of decreasing risk by intake (P= 0·02); intake of ≥4 servings/d was associated with an odds ratio of 0·75 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·97).ConclusionsStudy findings support a protective effect of coffee intake on diabetes risk, while also suggesting that abstainers may be at reduced risk.
Measuring retirement resource adequacy
Authors: BRADY PETER J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo maintain their standard of living during retirement, it is often assumed that individuals need to save enough to replace 75–80% of their final pay. This paper develops a replacement rate measure that better corresponds with a replacement of consumption by properly accounting for savings, taxes, and owner-occupied housing. Savings and investment behavior judged by standard analysis to be inadequate is shown to result in high real consumption during retirement relative to pre-retirement consumption. For example, the simulated savings and investment behavior of single individuals in this study results in retirement income of about 60% of final earnings, well below the typical adequacy threshold of 75–80%. However, this corresponds to replacing about 90% of pre-retirement consumption for renters and over 100% for homeowners who have paid off their mortgage.
SCHEIBE’S MISTAKE: SUBLIME SIMPLICITY AND THE CRITERIA OF CLASSICISM
Authors: CHAPIN KEITH 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIt is as a classicist that Johann Adolph Scheibe has entered the annals of music history, either as a propagator of the principles of French literary classicism, or as a champion of a ‘galant’ style that later critics would view as a foundation for a German musical classicism. But if Scheibe insisted on a quality of striking simplicity, using words clearly indebted to those of Nicolas Boileau, the doyen of seventeenth-century French critics, he was no classicist according to the French model. While all classicists depend to a certain degree on the regulation of their material – for such regulation aids them in their quest for the perfect fit between parts and whole – they will differ in how they choose to balance the codification of technique and the regulation of style, on the one hand, with the evocation of emphatic or ‘sublime’ experiences, on the other. If Boileau sought the ‘marvellous’ quality that strikes like lightening, Scheibe wished for clarity. Drawing on scholarship in the history of literature, this article first examines the origins and point of French classicist literary aesthetics, then traces the fate of these aesthetics as they were transferred from France to Germany and from literature to music.
ONE MORE TIME: J. S. BACH AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TRADITIONS OF RHETORIC
Authors: VARWIG BETTINA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough the question of a connection between Bach’s music and the discipline of rhetoric has been raised repeatedly in the past, the proposed solutions have rarely taken into account the particular kind of rhetorical thinking prevalent in the eighteenth century. In this article, I show that a notion of rhetoric initially developed by Erasmus of Rotterdam and perpetuated in seventeenth-century writings, which focused on argumentative procedures involving variation and amplification, continued to underlie poetic and musical theory in Bach’s time. By articulating fundamental creative patterns that came to underpin a variety of disciplines, this Erasmian model can provide the starting-point for a reassessment of rhetorical techniques in Bach’s music, shifting the focus from isolated moments of affective decoration to the formal-expressive trajectories that shape the layout of whole pieces. Constituted in the interplay of compositional processes and their listening reception, these trajectories emerge as the result of the skilful arrangement of musical phrases into individual and flexible large-scale designs that often leave aside or undercut the supposed structural conventions of concerto or aria forms. The first movement of the third ‘Brandenburg Concerto’, bwv1048, serves as an example of how an awareness of these seventeenth-century rhetorical and musical legacies makes possible a thorough reconsideration of Bach’s compositional strategies.
Effects of the immunomodulator, VGX‐1027, in endotoxin‐induced uveitis in Lewis rats
Authors: Mangano K , Sardesai N Y , Quattrocchi C , Mazzon E , Cuzzocrea S , Bendtzen K , Meroni P L , Kim J J , Nicoletti F 
Published: September 2008

Background and purpose:VGX‐1027 is a novel, low molecular weight, immunomodulatory compound that has shown efficacy against a variety of immuno‐inflammatory disease models in animals including autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, collagen‐induced arthritis and chemically induced inflammatory colitis. Here, we have studied the effects of VGX‐1027 on the development of endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU) in male Lewis rats, as a model of inflammatory ocular diseases in humans.Experimental approach:EIU was induced by a single footpad injection of 200 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Groups of rats were treated with either VGX‐1027 (25 mg kg−1) or its vehicle at different time points (30 min, 6 h or 12 h) after the challenge with LPS or, as positive control, with dexamethasone. The rats were killed within 16 h after LPS challenge, and the eyes and aqueous humor were collected to study serological, immunological and histological signs of EIU.Key results:The rats treated with VGX‐1027 within 6 h after LPS challenge exhibited milder clinical, histological and laboratory signs of EIU than those treated with vehicle.Conclusion and implications:This study provides the first evidence that systemic treatment with VGX‐1027 counteracts the uveitis‐inducing effect of LPS in rats and suggests that this drug may have potential in the treatment of immuno‐inflammatory conditions of the eye in humans.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 722–730; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.315; published online 8 September 2008
trans‐Resveratrol, an extract of red wine, inhibits human eosinophil activation and degranulation
Authors: Tan Y , Lim L H K 
Published: September 2008

Background and purpose:trans‐Resveratrol, a non‐flavonoid polyphenol found abundantly in red wine possesses antiproliferative and anti‐inflammatory activity in various inflammatory disease conditions. However, the effect of trans‐resveratrol on eosinophil activation in relation to allergy has not been investigated.Experimental approach:Human eosinophils were isolated and purified from whole blood and incubated for 16 h with trans‐resveratrol. Eosinophil chemotaxis, activation and degranulation, and apoptosis were investigated. The effect of trans‐resveratrol on the inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 activation was examined.Key results:Treatment of human eosinophils with trans‐resveratrol at concentrations <100 μM for 16 h did not induce eosinophil apoptosis. Similar results were seen after 24 h and 48 h incubations. trans‐Resveratrol (<100 μM) significantly inhibited eosinophil peroxidase release after activation with IL‐5 (IC50=2.9±0.9 μM) or C5a (IC50=3.9±0.5 μM) after 5 min priming with cytochalasin B (CB). Similarly, the production of leukotriene C4 after stimulation with calcium ionophore, and eosinophil chemotaxis in response to eotaxin, as well as CD11b upregulation and CD62 L shedding was also significantly reduced by trans‐resveratrol, at concentrations above 5 μM. All the activators induced p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation maximal at 2 min of activation. trans‐Resveratrol potently inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation after calcium ionophore and CB and C5a activation.Conclusions and implications:trans‐Resveratrol is effective at inhibiting human eosinophil activation and degranulation at concentrations <100 μM, while not inducing apoptosis. This potent anti‐inflammatory activity of trans‐resveratrol and possibly its metabolites on eosinophils may be worth investigating for the treatment of eosinophil‐related allergic diseases.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 995–1004; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.330; published online 8 September 2008
CGRP function‐blocking antibodies inhibit neurogenic vasodilatation without affecting heart rate or arterial blood pressure in the rat
Authors: Zeller J , Poulsen K T , Sutton J E , Abdiche Y N , Collier S , Chopra R , Garcia C A , Pons J , Rosenthal A , Shelton D L 
Published: September 2008

Background and purpose:Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists effectively abort migraine headache and inhibit neurogenic vasodilatation in humans as well as rat models. Monoclonal antibodies typically have long half‐lives, and we investigated whether or not function‐blocking CGRP antibodies would inhibit neurogenic vasodilatation with a long duration of action and therefore be a possible approach to preventive therapy of migraine. During chronic treatment with anti‐CGRP antibodies, we measured cardiovascular function, which might be a safety concern of CGRP inhibition.Experimental approach:We used two rat blood flow models that measure electrically stimulated vasodilatation in the skin or in the middle meningeal artery (MMA). These vasomotor responses are largely dependent on the neurogenic release of CGRP from sensory afferents. To assess cardiovascular function during chronic systemic anti‐CGRP antibody treatment, we measured heart rate and blood pressure in conscious rats.Key results:Treatment with anti‐CGRP antibodies inhibited skin vasodilatation or the increase in MMA diameter to a similar magnitude as treatment with CGRP receptor antagonists. Although CGRP antibody treatment had a slower onset of action than the CGRP receptor antagonists, the inhibition was still evident 1 week after dosing. Chronic treatment with anti‐CGRP antibodies had no detectable effects on heart rate or blood pressure.Conclusions and implications:We showed for the first time that anti‐CGRP antibodies exert a long lasting inhibition of neurogenic vasodilatation in two different rat models of arterial blood flow. We have provided strong preclinical evidence that anti‐CGRP antibody may be a suitable drug candidate for the preventive treatment of migraine.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155, 1093–1103; doi:fn4; published online 8 September 2008
Post‐injury baicalein improves histological and functional outcomes and reduces inflammatory cytokines after experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Chen S‐F , Hsu C‐W , Huang W‐H , Wang J‐Y 
Published: September 2008

Background and purpose:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a complex series of inflammatory responses that contribute to secondary tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein, a flavonoid possessing potent anti‐inflammatory properties, on functional and histological outcomes and inflammatory cytokine expression, following TBI in rats.Experimental approach:Rats subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with baicalein (30 mg kg−1) or vehicle immediately after injury or daily for 4 days. Neurological status was evaluated using the rotarod, adhesive removal, modified neurological severity scores and beam walk tests. Contusion volume and neuronal degeneration were measured using cresyl violet and FluoroJade B (FJB) histochemistry. Levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) mRNA and protein were assessed by real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry.Key results:Single‐dose and multiple‐dose treatment with baicalein significantly improved functional recovery and reduced contusion volumes up to day 28 post‐injury, although multiple‐dose baicalein was the more effective treatment. Single‐dose baicalein also significantly reduced the number of degenerating neurons (31%) on post‐injury day 1 as indicated by FJB staining. These changes were associated with significantly decreased levels, at the contusion site, of TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 mRNA at 6 h, and cytokine protein on day 1 post‐injury.Conclusions and implications:Post‐injury treatment with baicalein improved functional and histological outcomes and reduced induction of proinflammatory cytokines in rat TBI. The neuroprotective effect of baicalein may be related to a decreased inflammatory response following the injury.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 1279–1296; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.345; published online 8 September 2008
CGRP blockers in migraine therapy: where do they act?
Authors: Edvinsson L 
Published: September 2008

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is expressed throughout the CNS and peripheral nervous system, consistent with control of vasodilatation, nociception, motor function, secretion and olfaction. αCGRP is prominently localized in primary afferent C and Aδ fibres of spinal and trigeminal ganglia. Activation of the trigeminal nerve results in antidromic release of CGRP, acting through a CGRP1 receptor. Antagonists of CGRP1 receptors reduce signalling in the trigeminovascular pathway at multiple sites, putatively inside the blood–brain barrier. Other ways of interacting with CGRP mechanisms have appeared limiting the availability of CGRP in the circulation with a specific CGRP antibody or with a CGRP‐binding RNA‐Spiegelmer. Either way reduces neurogenic inflammation and attenuates signalling within the trigeminovascular pathway. Specific CGRP receptor blockade has been shown to reduce the effect of released CGRP and to abort acute migraine attacks. The novel approach of reducing available CGRP is limited by the blood–brain barrier; its usefulness may be more as prophylaxis rather than as acute treatment of migraine.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 967–969; doi:fn1; published online 8 September 2008
Detection of Stomach Cancer by TV-Endoscope Colour Enhancement Image Processing
Authors: Miyamoto Masaki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUsing modern TV-endoscope equipment, we have experimented image processing in several ways. This time, we designed new image processing unit called “Color Subtracted Enhancement image processing unit”. This unit　was made by combining the RGB-Subtraction　image processing device with the color enhancement image processing device. The　RGB-subtraction device is an analogue unit that　enables us to remove the visible red, green and blue peaks from the image. We can subtract the images R-G, R-B, G-R, B-R, B-G simply by changing the switches. The color enhancement device (developed by Olympus optical corporation inc.) is a digital processing unit that lets us reinforce any of these colors. This unit let us enhance any of RGB colors on the image which is processed by RGB-subtraction device. Using this unit, we tried to clarify the border between normal and diseased mucosa. We detected invasion of the lesion and compared　the original image with the processed images. Moreover, we marked the border visualized by this unit and compared the marking point with histological border .
Result:
Based on the R-G image (i.e. that was produced by subtracting green from red) and the R-B image, the processed images are more clearly than those based on the B-G image. The G-B image, the B-R image and the G-R image. The color subtracted enhancement image ocessing enabled us to detect the border between normal and diseased mucosa and showed us the concavity and convexity of early cancer and gastric ulcers.

Conclusions:
Elevations, depressions and color changes of gastric mucosa were clearly visible by using the TV-endoscope color subtracted enhancement image processing unit. This technique will facilitate the treatment of gastric lesions with endoscopic surgery.
The acoustic diversity of the seabed based on the similarity index computed from Chirp seismic data
Authors: Lee Gwang H. , Kim Han J. , Kim Dae C. , Yi Bo Y. , Nam Seong M. , Khim Boo K. , Lim Moon S. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Lee, G. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, D. C., Yi, B. Y., Nam, S. M., Khim, B. K., and Lim, M. S. 2009. The acoustic diversity of the seabed based on the similarity index computed from Chirp seismic data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 227–236. The similarity index (SI), computed from the singular value decomposition of seabed-echo envelopes recorded in Chirp seismic data, was tested in mapping the acoustic diversity of the seabed in Suyong Bay, Busan, Korea. Rocky bottom is characterized by low SI values, indicating acoustic heterogeneity, and sedimentary seabed by high SI values, also indicating acoustic homogeneity. Isolated areas of low SI values, not identified as rocky bottom in Chirp profiles, may suggest a shallow basement. The gradual seaward change of the substratum from coarse-grained to relatively poorly sorted, finer-grained sediments also corresponds to an overall seaward decrease in the SI value. The straightforward and quick computation of the SI makes it possible to assess the gross acoustic diversity of the seabed in almost real time.
Mixtures of Two Argentinean Wheat Cultivars of Different Quality: A Study on Breadmaking Performance
Authors: Ponzio N. R. , Puppo M. C. , Ferrero C. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTCommercial Argentinean wheat flours are commonly composed of at least two wheat cultivars to obtain products of constant quality. Flours from two different wheats (Buck Pronto [BP] and Klein Escudo [KE]) with different protein profiles and breadmaking performance were assayed. Glu‐1 alleles are expressed in BP with 2, 7+8, 5+10 HMW glutenins subunits, while in KE 2, 7+9, 5+10 HMW glutenins subunits are present. Different sample blends (BP and KE) of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 were analyzed to relate composition of blends to the characteristics of dough and breads obtained from them. Physicochemical assays, alveograms, farinograms, and the SDS sedimentation test (SDSS test) were applied to characterize pure flours and blends. Rheological behavior of dough was studied by texture profile analysis (TPA) and dynamic assays. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze dough microstructure. Alveographic W and farinographic stability values of blends with ≤50% KE were higher than expected. The same behavior was observed in SDSS‐test values, hardness (TPA), and rheometric assays. These results indicate that the performance of a cultivar like BP, rendering strong flours, would not be affected when a less strong flour is incorporated up to a certain proportion. However, bread quality of BP was superior to that of KE and BP‐KE blends. The decrease in bread quality was particularly evident in the increase in the shape ratio (W/H). Correlations could be established among some textural parameters of dough (hardness and elasticity) and certain quality attributes of bread (crumb and crust hardness).