bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Assessment of Produced Water Treatment and Disposal Practices and Research Needs
Authors: Lawrence Alonzo Wm. , Miller Jeffrey A. , Miller Daniel L. , Hayes Thomas D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Produced water accounts for greater than 80 percent by volume of the residual material generated in the natural gas industry. Cost-effective and environmentally acceptable disposal of these waters is critical to the continued economic production of natural gas. The Gas Research Institute (GRI) has recently completed a comprehensive assessment of the demographics of produced water characterized according to volumes and geographic location of the gas producing geologic provinces of the United States. This information in association with both the federal and state environmental regulations has been used to identify potential cost-effective produced water treatment research opportunities which are described in this paper.
The study involved the use of a computer-based engineering-economic model, Produced Water Management Options Model (PWMOM), which combines engineering process models with a cost performance data base to predict the economics of a spectrum of unit water treatment processes and treatment trains. Various produced water scenarios, i.e., volumes, qualities and regulatory requirements, were evaluated and categorized to focus on the natural gas producing regions of the U.S. where produced waters could be surface discharged under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Residual brines from produced water treatment would continue to be injected. Unit process technologies evaluated include deoiling (removal of free oil & grease), iron removal, dissolved organic removal (soluble organic treatment) and partial demineralization. Federal and state regulations were reviewed to identify where surface discharge could be or has been practiced to determine where cost-effective treatment could increase the opportunity for non-injection disposal alternatives.
To complete this analysis, surface treatment costs were generated with PWMOM and compared to deep well injection costs. Costs for deep well injection were generated using Salt Water Injection Model (SWIM), a model developed by GRI earlier in this research project. Promising technologies that have been identified include aerobic biological oxidation using fluidized beds, partial demineralization using electrodialysis and reverse osmosis, and a natural freeze-thaw evaporation process for cold climates. Laboratory and pilot studies that have been initiated to evaluate these processes are described here. Additional surface water discharge opportunities may exist where beneficial use such as irrigation or watering livestock is possible and where treatment will ensure that the release to surface waters will not violate water quality standards.
The EPA Risk Management Program Regulations and Their Applicability to Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Freedman Edward L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil and gas operations will be impacted by the risk management program regulations to be promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990 (CAA). In part, the CAA requires facilities with certain hazardous substances above threshold quantities to conduct hazard assessments, implement accident prevention and emergency response programs and prepare risk management plans. The EPA has published final lists of toxic and flammable substances; hydrogen sulfide and several hydrocarbons were listed. The risk management program regulations have been proposed.
This paper provides an overview of the statutory requirements for accidental release prevention in section 112(r) of the CAA. The applicability of the final lists to the oil and gas industry is described and the proposed risk management program regulations are summarized. Examples of analyses illustrating potential effects of accidental releases of "sour" gas, methane, propane and pentane are presented. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some major issues raised in public comments to the proposed rule.
Oilfield Pollution: Can There Be Settlement Without Remediation
Authors: Spiegelberg Frank D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1964, an oil well blew out. Over the years, oil continued to seep from the location. Suit was filed in 1985 for $31 Million for loss of value of the land, costs of remediation and costs to plug the well properly. An action was also filed in the state conservation commission by the operator. In 1987, the trial court held that the operator owed $4.512 Million in damages including $2.1 Million for proper plugging of the well and another $2.1 Million for remediation costs. Also in 1987, the state conservation commission ruled that the well was properly plugged and abandoned and ordered the operator to complete an approved remediation plan. The case was appealed and was eventually settled after rulings by the state Court of Appeals and Supreme Court.
This paper discusses: (1) case study of the above facts and circumstances and the resulting inconsistencies between the administrative agency rulings and the civil court's rulings and how they affect remediation as well as settlement of claims; (2) another case study where a court ruled that regard-less of a settlement that included the payment of remediation costs to the surface owner, the operator was primarily liable for clean-up costs to the administrative agency and the operator's bond was forfeited to cover the costs of clean-up; (3) the most recent state Supreme Court ruling to affect this issue; (4) the legal ramifications of settlement without remediation of an oil field pollution site.
A Cost-Effective Statistical Screening Method to Detect Oilfield Brine Contamination
Authors: Alyanak Nancy , Grace James T. , Campbell Michael D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A statistical screening method has been developed using Tolerance Limits for barium (Ba+2) to identify contamination of a fresh-water aquifer by oilfield brines. The method requires an understanding of the local hydrochemistry of oilfield brines, inexpensive, publicly available hydrochemical data, a single sample analysis from the suspect well and the application of a simple statistical procedure. While this method may not provide absolute evidence of oilfield brine contamination of a fresh-water aquifer, it does identify conditions where brine contamination is a strong probability over other possible sources of chlorides.
A Cost Effective Bioremediation Strategy Using Low Technology Resources For Reclamation Of Dry Land Hydrocarbon Contamination: A Case Study
Authors: Robb A. J. , Hoggatt P. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Hydrocarbon containing soil was bioremediated at a combination wastewater and slop oil skim evaporation pond utilizing cost effective low technology resources. Fluids and sludge from the football field-sized pond were extraction procedure toxicity and purgeable organics tested, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations determined. An impact risk analysis was performed, and a corrective action plan developed and implemented. The three year project was closely coordinated with the Kansas Corporation Commission (KCC) and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) who established the closure level. The impacted soils at the pond were completely excavated and closure was immediately granted by KDHE for the excavated area. The 24,000 cubic yards of excavated soil were then surface spread on adjacent Mobil property. A nutrient and microbial base was applied to bioaugment the soil. The preapplication land surface and the subsequently land farmed soil was periodically disced and chiseled.
A job safety plan including industrial hygiene measures to eliminate workforce exposure was developed and implemented. The final remediation cost analysis amounts to $1.48 per cubic yard compared to the $30 to $150 per cubic yard industry estimates for similar projects. Several factors were critical in allowing costs to remain so low: 1) assessment and implementation by local in-house staff; 2) conservative remedial action plan and sampling strategy; 3) local contractors; 4) locally available soil amendment; and 5) effective regulatory coordination. The methods described can be used to cost effectively characterize and bioremediate other sites where hydrocarbon-impacted soils exist in similar dry-land environments.
Soil Gas Surveys: A Cost-Effective Site Assessment Technique
Authors: Barker G. W. , Brown D. R. , Corgan J. M. , Fisher J. B. , Raterman K. T. , Trent G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate delineation of the extent of subsurface hydrocarbon contamination in soils and ground water is important when initiating a monitoring plan or considering remediation options at E&P sites. Traditional site-assessment techniques used to delineate subsurface hydrocarbon contaminants (e.g., soil boreholes, excavation, monitor well installation, etc.) can be expensive, time-consuming, and disruptive to local land use or production operations. Soil gas surveys can provide a rapid, cost-effective, nonobtrusive alternative to traditional site-assessment techniques.
A Protocol for Assessing the Biotreatability of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Exploration and Production Site Soils
Authors: Tezak James , Miller Jeffrey A. , Lawrence Alonzo Wm. , Keffer Ronald E. , Weightman Robin , Hayes Thomas D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is estimated that there are over 260,000 natural gas production wells in the continental United States. At many of these locations, production or reserve pits exist which may require remediation depending on several conditions such as: the manner in which they were initially closed; whether or not they were lined; and the local climate, soil type, and depth to groundwater.
As part of the Gas Research Institute (GRI) research program on exploration and production (E&P) site remediation, a treatability protocol is being developed to facilitate the rapid assessment of the amenability of the contaminated soils to remediation by biological processes. This paper describes the treatability protocol and the results of a series of treatability tests on a spectrum of hydrocarbon contaminated E&P soils collected from various operating locations throughout the United States.
The soils are subjected to physical and chemical characterization prior to treatability testing. Potential biotoxic characteristics of the soils are determined by a respirometry screening technique. Presuming that the soils are not toxic to aerobic soil microorganisms, 20 percent by weight aqueous slurries of the soils are prepared and subjected to continuous batch aeration for a six week period. Conditions favorable to microbial growth are maintained in the reactors by monitoring and augmentation as needed of pH, microbial nutrients and oxygen for microbial respiration. The extent of microbial degradation of the contaminant hydrocarbons is monitored by periodic measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), oil and grease, and individual hydrocarbon compounds as determined by gas chromatography. Microbial plate counts are prepared to document the biological viability of the treatment process.
This paper includes the treatability results obtained from subjecting a number of E&P pit soils to the treatability protocol. The factors influencing the amenability of these soils to bioremediation as determined from the test results are discussed.
The Evaluation Of Surface-Active Agents For Use In The Prevention Of Differential-Pressure Sticking Of Drill Pipe
Authors: Albers Daniel C. , Wieland Denton R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years differential-pressure sticking of drill pipe has become a very serious problem in the drilling industry. Surface-active agents are being used to a certain extent to aid in the elimination of this problem. In order to obtain a better understanding of the effect of surfactants, a laboratory investigation was performed to evaluate the efficiency of twenty various surfactant agents as to their ability to release differential-pressure stuck pipe. The surfactants tested included cationic, nonionic, ionic, and blended agents.
A number of surface-active agents were found to have very favorable properties for use in this type of pipe-sticking problem. Results indicated that the proper use of surface-active agents in the drilling fluid and spotting oil would definitely aid in the prevention and release of differential-pressure stuck pipe.

Introduction
Drill stem differential-pressure sticking is the result of drill collars laying against the mud filter cake on the wall of the drilled hole where the existing pressure differential acting against the isolated area of the drill collars in contact with the mud cake and the friction between the pipe and the cake are too large for a direct pull to effect a release. The problem of stuck drill pipe increases as deeper wells are drilled. This is due to the use of longer lengths of drill collars, oversize drill collars, high density drilling fluids, and abnormal formation pressures which are sometimes encountered A highly permeable low-pressure zone is more susceptible for this type of phenomenon due to the mud cake deposition and pressure differential being greater in these areas.
Normally, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid column is uniformly distributed over the entire surface area of the drill pipe. Any restriction of uniform pressure distribution, such as that caused when the drill pipe movement ceases and the drill collars rest against the wall, creates an unbalanced hydrostatic pressure or a pressure differential, which results in a force that retains the collars against the wall of the hole and restricts pipe movement.
Review of Horizontal Drilling
Authors: Ishak I. B. , Steele R. P. , Macaulay R. C. , Stephenson P. M. , Al Mantheri S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has drilled 350 horizontal wells in the past 8 years in 33 different oil and gas fields. Since the first wells were drilled the technology and its applications have evolved considerably. The paper describes that rapid evolution using four fields as examples. There has been a diversification of well designs as we have learnt how to tailor horizontal drilling most effectively to different situations. In many cases wells can be drilled faster and Cheaper than 5 years ago, but there are also examples where more elaborate designs have been applied. The geological targeting and evaluation of the wells has also improved. Further evolution is planned with the next step likely to be the wider use of multi-wellbore horizontals.
Application of Carbonate Environmental Concepts to Secondary Recovery Projects
Authors: Dowling Paul L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Carbonate environmental concepts have been applied to a typical Permian dolomite reservoir. The Monohans Clearfork field, Ward and Winkler Counties, Texas, was selected because the initial development was completed and the secondary recovery project was installed prior to the development of the carbonate environmental concept as an operational tool. The problem in the Monohans Clearfork Secondary Recovery Project is twofold. First, oil response to water injection has been less than originally anticipated with twenty million barrels of water that cannot be accounted for. Secondly, as a result of early evaluation techniques, some productive zones were either cased off or not penetrated.
The Clearfork reservoir was divided into five zones. The environmental dolomite types within each of the five zones ranged from supratidal to marine both vertically and laterally. Several marine dolomite types were found to be productive while the intertidal and supratidal were nonproductive in most cases. when leached, however, the supratidal becomes an effective limited reservoir. Net pay isopachs for each zone were constructed and serve to define field limits, quality and continuity. The isopachs indicate the anticipated waterflood performance of each zone, the distribution of suspected thief zones, and wells and/or areas with additional hydrocarbon potential. An exploitation program currently underway potential. An exploitation program currently underway should complete the evaluation of the Monohans Clearfork reservoir. If successful, the program should result in a significant improvement in supplemental recovery performance as well as an increase in field reserves.
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the advantages of applying carbonate environmental concepts to the re-evaluation of existing secondary recovery projects. The environmental approach results in a more accurate representation of reservoir distribution and quality. This provides a basis for plans to optimize the secondary recovery project and indicates potential field extensions and recompletions.
The Monohans Clearfork field was selected because the initial development was completed and the secondary recovery project was installed prior to the development of the carbonate prior to the development of the carbonate environmental concept as an operational tool.
Horizontal Well Applications in Complex Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Rahman Mahmood , Al-Awami Haider 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Over the past four years, Saudi Aramco has drilled over eighty horizontal wells, onshore and offshore. It has successfully applied this technology to develop new reservoirs as well as enhance recovery from its mature fields.
This paper presents the reservoir engineering aspects of ‘horizontal’ and ‘high angle’ wells drilled in a major offshore field in Saudi Arabia. It shows how horizontal wells have a) increased the recovery of bypassed oil, b) improved well productivity in tight reservoirs, c) increased production from thin oil zones underlain by water, and d) improved peripheral injection.
The paper discusses the actual performance of the horizontal wells and compares them with offset conventional wells. It presents the results of logging and testing of these wells, and highlights actual field data on a) relationship between productivity gain and horizontal length, b) pressure loss along the horizontal wellbore, and c) effect of heterogeneity on coning and inflow performance.
Relative Productivities and Pressure Transient Modeling of Horizontal Wells with Multiple Fractures
Authors: Horne R. N. , Temeng K. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An analytical model has been developed to describe the inflow performance and transient pressure behavior of a horizontal well with multiple hydraulic fractures. The model has been used to compare the relative productivities of multiple fractures, the objective being to determine the conditions under which multiple fractures provide significant improvement over a single fracture.
The approach used was to approximate the series of fractures as fully penetrating, uniform flux, vertical fractures in a box-shaped reservoir of closed boundaries. Interference between the multiple fractures was accounted for by the superposition of influence functions. The effect of wellbore storage and skin was incorporated by numerically converting the solution into the Laplace space.
Numerical Simulation of Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding
Authors: Shiyi Yuan , Puhua Yang , Zhongqiu Dai , Kuiyou Shen 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a 3-D compositional numerical simulator of alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding. It takes into consideration 5 major mass-transfer processes (convection, diffusion-dispersion, liquid-liquid transfer, liquid-solid transfer and chemical reactions) and all important phenomena such as decrease of interfacial tension with synergism, variation of each phase residual saturation and relative permeability, polymer solution behavior (viscosity, rheology, residual resistance factor, in-situ gelation, etc.) and mobility control, fast and long-term alkali losses by different factors (ion exchanges, acid oil, CO2, polymer and rock), chemical adsorptions in presence of alkali, fluid and rock compressibihties, capillary pressure, gravity, etc. All phenomenological parameters in this simulator have definite physical senses and are obtainable from experimental data without extra assumption so that it is more capable to simulate real problems. This simulator can be applied to simulate different chemical flooding processes using polymer, alkali and/or surfactant agents with any combination. It has been verified by comparing the results of calculation with experimental data and it is a reliable tool for simulating and forecasting ASP flooding processes. A complete series of runs presented in this paper make understanding various mechanisms and parameter effects such as ASP synergistic actions, dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions, fluid viscosities, alkali consumption and other chemical losses, injection strategy, etc. The studies are very useful to guide ASP field application. The forecasting results of a real AP flooding pilot by using this simulator are presented in the paper.
Pitfalls in Interpreting Pilot Steamflood Performance
Authors: Hong K. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Because of the unconfined nature of a steamflood pilot, its results cannot be extrapolated directly to a fieldwide project. Careful analyses of the pilot performance with consideration for fluid migration across the pilot boundary are needed for design and implementation of a successful fieldwide project. Large-scale simulation models that include both the pilot and surrounding patterns should be used for history matching the pilot performance, and the history-matched models used for design and implementation of a fieldwide project. As an approximation, a weighted average of confined and unconfined patterns in a project area as predicted from simulation or observed in the field can be used for designing a fieldwide project.
Husky's Long-Range Planning Model
Authors: Ensign M. Dale , Wasmuth J.F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the long range planning process in Husky and its use of planning process in Husky and its use of computers and especially a computer simulation model which compiles forecast data from multiple departments/subsidiaries into a finished long range plan. The model performs all the arithmetic calculations involved performs all the arithmetic calculations involved in consolidating basic input data to furnish consolidated cash flow, earnings, earnings per share, capital requirements, debt and per share, capital requirements, debt and interest schedules as well as certain operating data for a six year period. It permits easy insertion of new variables, which may represent a proposed acquisition or simply an alternate method of operating, and quickly determines the net effect of the variables.
Introduction
As one Husky executive put it, "Planning is making things happen." And, around Husky this concept of planning has been taken very seriously since 1961 when the first formal written plan was prepared. It consisted of a dozen pages of charts and other data in summarized form. Today's plan contains over 60 tables, covering all major financial and operating aspects of each department as well as consolidated totals. The Planning and Economics Department, who is Planning and Economics Department, who is responsible for developing plans, is made up of a Manager, who has direct access to the President, one Planning Coordinator, who President, one Planning Coordinator, who assembles and formulates various data into the Long Range Plan model, and a Coordinator of Operations Research, who applies computer techniques to solve complex planning and economic problems. Because of planning and economic problems. Because of computer usage, the equivalent of one-half manpower unit is devoted to the mechanics of plan preparation at the corporate level. plan preparation at the corporate level. Planning in Husky consists of a budget year plus five years of the long range plan. This process consists of three major activities:
Top management defines the overallgoals and objectives of the company, including earnings and earnings pershare growth.