bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The psychology of linking crimes: A review of the evidence
Authors: Woodhams Jessica , Hollin Clive R. , Bull Ray 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This paper is concerned with case linkage, a form of behavioural analysis used to identify crimes committed by the same offender, through their behavioural similarity. Whilst widely practised, relatively little has been published on the process of linking crimes. This review aims to draw together diverse published studies by outlining what the process involves, critically examining its underlying psychological assumptions and reviewing the empirical research conducted on its viability.Methods. Literature searches were completed on the electronic databases, PsychInfo and Criminal Justice Abstracts, to identify theoretical and empirical papers relating to the practice of linking crimes and to behavioural consistency.Results. The available research gives some support to the assumption of consistency in criminals' behaviour. It also suggests that in comparison with intra‐individual variation in behaviour, inter‐individual variation is sufficient for the offences of one offender to be distinguished from those of other offenders. Thus, the two fundamental assumptions underlying the practice of linking crimes, behavioural consistency and inter‐individual variation, are supported. However, not all behaviours show the same degree of consistency, with behaviours that are less situation‐dependent, and hence more offender‐initiated, showing greater consistency.Conclusions. The limited research regarding linking offenders' crimes appears promising at both a theoretical and an empirical level. There is a clear need, however, for replication studies and for research with various types of crime.
Information does not affect the validity of a comparison question test
Authors: Honts Charles R. , Alloway Wendy R. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Detailed information about the comparison question test (CQT) and possible countermeasures are now available on the Internet. This study examined whether the provision of such information would affect the validity of the Test for Espionage and Sabotage, a directed lie variant of the CQT.Method. Forty participants were divided into four equal groups: guilty, guilty informed, innocent, and innocent informed. During a first appointment, participants either did or did not commit a mock crime: then some were provided with a book containing detailed information on the CQT, including possible countermeasures. After 1 week with the book, all participants were administered a CQT during their second appointment. Following the polygraph, participants responded to a questionnaire that asked them about their behaviour and perceptions during their examination.Results. There were no significant effects of providing information on the validity of the CQT. However, the reported use of countermeasures was associated with a lower probability of truthfulness. Results of the debriefing questionnaire were found to support predictions made by the theory of the CQT.Conclusions. Concerns that readily available information will enable guilty individuals to produce false‐negative errors seem unfounded. Moreover, the results actually indicate that the use of countermeasures was associated with a lower probability of truthfulness, which was exactly the opposite outcome predicted by the CQT critics.
Examining the relationship between low empathy and self‐reported offending
Authors: Jolliffe Darrick , Farrington David P. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This paper reports the results of a study comparing measures of cognitive and affective empathy to self‐reported offending in a group of adolescents.Methods. Data on self‐reported offending and empathy were collected from 720 UK adolescents (376 males, 344 females) in Year 10 (mean age = 14.8) using anonymous questionnaires administered in a classroom setting. The prevalence of self‐reported offending was found to be consistent with results of a national level study that employed a similar methodology. The empathy scale, which was developed and validated using this sample, assessed levels of cognitive and affective empathy.Results. Males who had committed any offence had lower empathy (especially affective) than those who had not. Females who had committed any offence did not have low empathy compared to those who had not. Both males and females who had committed violence had lower empathy than males and females who had not. High‐rate male offenders had lower empathy (especially affective) than low‐rate male offenders, and high‐rate female offenders had lower empathy (especially affective) than low‐rate female offenders. For males (but not for females), the relationship between low affective empathy and violence was accounted for by the relationship between low affective empathy and a high rate of offending.Conclusions. More research comparing the empathy of males and females with their self‐reports of offending is needed, especially in prospective longitudinal studies, so that the time ordering of the effects can be established. Also, more research is needed to investigate whether the relationship between low empathy and self‐reported offending holds independent of other factors previously found to be associated with offending (e.g. low intelligence, low socio‐economic status).
Therapist attitudes and patient outcomes. III. A latent class analysis of therapists
Authors: Sandell Rolf , Lazar Anna , Grant Johan , Carlsson Jan , Schubert Johan , Broberg Jeanette 
Published: September 2006

Background. Previous research has reported large differences in treatment results between individual therapists practising the same type of psychotherapy, but little is as yet known about the factors explaining this variation. In previous studies the authors have found associations with therapeutic attitudes as measured by the TASC 2 scales.Methods. A sample of 160 therapists were clustered in a non‐parametric latent class (LC) regression modelling of their patients' repeated self‐ratings on the SCL‐90 across stages in psychotherapeutic treatment. This classification was then explored in relation to the therapists' TASC 2 scores.Results. Five classes were identified differing widely in terms of the patients' outcome trajectories. Membership in these classes was significantly influenced by the therapists' scores on the TASC 2 scales. The adjustment, neutrality and artistry scales of the TASC 2 were found specifically discriminative. A discriminant analysis confirmed the findings in general. Collectively, the TASC 2 scales were able to assign 56% of the therapists to their correct latent class, in comparison with 20% by chance.Conclusions. Therapists with a psychoanalytic or eclectic orientation are systematically different in terms of the outcomes they tend to contribute to with their patients. This variation is partly accounted for by differences in their therapeutic attitudes.
Befriending patients with medication‐resistant schizophrenia: Can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response?
Authors: Samarasekera N. , Kingdon D. , Siddle R. , O'Carroll M. , Scott J. L. , Sensky T. , Barnes T. R. E. , Turkington D. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. Supportive interventions are used in schizophrenia, but little research has been conducted into whether any baseline variable predicts treatment response. The aim of this study was to establish if baseline delusions or hallucinations are associated with changes in overall symptoms in patients who received a befriending intervention.Design. The sample consisted of 44 patients with schizophrenia. These patients comprised the befriending arm of a multicentre randomized controlled trial which compared the efficacy of using CBT against befriending as an adjunct to routine care for patients with medication‐resistant schizophrenia.Methods. Scores for auditory hallucinations and delusions relating to persecution or control were entered into two regression models. The dependent variables were change in overall symptoms (1) between baseline and end of the intervention, and (2) between baseline and 9 months post‐intervention.Results. Baseline delusions predicted a good response and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor response at 9 months.Conclusions. Baseline psychotic symptoms strongly predicted outcome in this sample. The finding that hallucinations predicted a poor outcome is consistent with previous research. These results may help to determine which patients would benefit from supportive interventions.
How do experiences of psychiatric care affect the perceived credibility of different forms of psychotherapy?
Authors: Frövenholt Josefin , Bragesjö Maria , Clinton David , Sandell Rolf 
Published: September 2006

Background. The study examined the influence of experience with psychiatric treatment on the perceived credibility of psychodynamic (PDT), cognitive (CT) and cognitive‐behavioural psychotherapy (CBT).Methods. Written descriptions of the three forms of psychotherapy were rated by three groups of subjects with different levels of experience of psychiatric treatment, a random community sample with the normal level of psychiatric treatment (N=121), psychiatric out‐patients with limited previous experience of psychiatric care (N=118), and a group of psychiatric veterans with long experience of psychiatric care (N=48).Results. Besides a significant main effect of psychotherapy form on credibility, the interaction between psychotherapy form and level of previous experience of psychiatric care was highly significant. When respondents ranked the three forms of psychotherapy, there was an overrepresentation of preferences for CBT (and ‘don't know’ responses) among the general public, whereas the two patient samples were less indecisive and more often preferred PDT and, in particular, CT.Conclusions. Different forms of psychotherapy appear to have their own market segments, the size of which varies depending on previous experiences of psychological distress and psychiatric treatment.
Ideas of cure as a predictor of premature termination, early alliance and outcome in psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Authors: Philips Björn , Wennberg Peter , Werbart Andrzej 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. This study examines how young adult patients' ideas of cure prior to psychoanalytic psychotherapy are associated with premature termination, early alliance and therapy outcome. The hypotheses were that ideas about approaching one's problems would be related to fewer premature terminations, higher early alliance and better outcome, than would ideas about distancing oneself from one's problems.Design. Young adult patients (N=46) were interviewed prior to therapy regarding their ideas of cure. Outcome measures were administered pre‐ and post‐therapy. Alliance measures were administered early in treatment.Methods. A typology of the patients based on their ideas of cure was performed using ideal type analysis. Clusters of patients were then rank ordered in accordance to the theoretical dimension ‘approaching‐distancing’. The relation between rank ordered ideas of cure and premature termination was analysed using Mann‐Whitney's U‐test. These ideas' associations with early alliance and therapy outcome were analysed using Spearman's rho.Results. Patients who terminated therapy prematurely were significantly closer to the ‘distancing’ pole regarding ideas of cure, while the therapy completers were more often found near the ‘approaching’ pole. No associations were found between ideas of cure and early alliance or therapy outcome. In addition, patients with attrition due to failure to participate in interviews and complete interviews were significantly closer to the ‘distancing’ pole than those who had completed their research commitments.Conclusions. The positive finding regarding premature termination indicates the importance of negotiating ideas of cure as a part of the initial assessment process. Possible explanations for the negative findings are discussed.
Correlates of self‐harm behaviour in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Simms Jane , McCormack Vinny , Anderson Richard , Mulholland Ciaran 
Published: September 2006

Objective. This study compared acutely ill patients with schizophrenia with a history of self‐harm (N=17) to those without a history of self‐harm (N=16) on measures of depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and demographic and psychiatric variables. A subgroup of these patients who experience auditory hallucinations, with and without a history of self‐harm, were selected and compared on measures of depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation and beliefs about voices.Design. Employing a cross‐sectional design, in‐patients of two local psychiatric hospital, who met DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for schizophrenia and who were in an acute phase of the illness, were selected.Method. Each patient was assessed using the Beck Depressions Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Beck Suicide Scale (BSS). Patients who experienced auditory verbal hallucinations completed the Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire Revised (BAVQ‐R). Patients with a history of self‐harm completed the Beck Suicide Intent Scale (BSI).Results. Patients with a history of self‐harm (N=17) had significantly greater symptoms of depression, greater suicidal thoughts, increased number of hospital admissions, greater duration of illness and were more likely to be married, compared to patients without a history of self‐harm (N=16). Among the subgroup of patients who experience auditory hallucinations, those with a history of self‐harm (N=9), believed their voice to be more malevolent, had a tendency to resist their voice and experienced significantly greater symptoms of depression and hopelessness compared to those without a history of self‐harm (N=6).Conclusions. These findings highlight the importance for screening by clinicians during inpatient hospital stays and for monitoring to be ongoing following discharge. For the subgroup of patients who experience auditory hallucinations, future research should seek to explore the relationship between self‐harm and beliefs about voices.
Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures for Development of Korean Pavement Design Guide
Authors: Lee K , Kim H , Kim N , Kim Y 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures with granite aggregate which are highly common in Korea. Dynamic modulus was determined by the simplified master curve using test data covering a large range of temperatures from −10°C to 55°C. Four different asphalt mixtures were evaluated in this paper. Four specimens were chosen to evaluate mixtures with two different aggregates (13 mm, 19 mm) except for two different asphalt binders (PG 58-22, PG 64-16). In addition, the mixture was controlled air void (2, 4, 6%) and asphalt content based on optimum asphalt binder by a Superpave gyratory compactor. It adopts sigmoidal function and compressive dynamic modulus test data obtained at a matrix combination of different frequencies and test temperatures. The experimental dynamic modulus values were compared against modulus values obtained from the predictive equations proposed by NCHRP 1-37A MEPDG.
“Affixoidhungrig? Skitbra!” Comparing affixoids in German and Swedish
Authors: Ascoop Kristin , Leuschner Torsten 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this article we offer a comparative survey of word-forming elements in German and Swedish known as “affixoids”. A highly controversial topic in German linguistics, the notion of affixoid does remain useful given the position of the elements in question midway along the cline between compounding and derivation – so useful in fact that we feel it ought to be adopted into Swedish linguistics, where it is as yet unknown. After an overview of the main positions and issues in the debate over affixoids in German, we survey the corresponding elements in Swedish, point out some convergent and divergent tendencies in the two languages, and then compare a few selected affixoids in more detail. We end with some wider issues, focusing mainly on the advantages of the crosslinguistic perspective and on the idea that the relationship of affixoids with their respective “parent morphs” can be described in terms of grammaticalization.
”Some like it hot”: On the semantics of temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish
Authors: Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria , Rakhilina Ekaterina V. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The paper focuses on the main temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish, which are analysed and compared to each other on the basis of their combinability with nouns. Each of the two linguistic systems is strongly rooted in human experience of temperature. First, temperature attributes are chosen relatively to several temperature values or parameters, that are important and salient for humans and have only very approximate physical correlates. Second, physical objects differ considerably as to whether their temperature properties are ever registered by humans, or considered as important and worth mentioning, primarily depending on their function in the human life.
Capecitabine: Expanding Options for the Treatment of Patients with Early or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Wardley Andrew 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Capecitabine has proven efficacy in metastatic breast cancer, extending survival in combination with docetaxel and offering a favorable safety profile, including minimal myelosuppression and alopecia, as a single agent. It is therefore logical that capecitabine could build on the improved out come sachieved with taxanes in early breast cancer. In the neoadjuvant setting, a phase III trial of capecitabine and docetaxel (XT) versus doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) showed that XT was more effective than AC in terms of clinical response rate and pathologic complete response rate, with a manageable safety profile. Other studies, including a phase III trial of capecitabine, epirubicin, and docetaxel, a phase III trial of capecitabine and vinorelbine, and several phase II studies of different regimens with capecitabine, have confirmed the high activity of neoadjuvant capecitabine, with acceptable safety. In the adjuvant setting, a Finnish phase III study (FinXX) of sequential XT followed by cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and capecitabine versus docetaxel followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide has shown favorable safety with lower doses of both capecitabine and docetaxel in the XT combination. Efficacy results from that trial are eagerly awaited. A large, ongoing trial program is continuing to explore the potential for capecitabine in the treatment of early breast cancer, looking at capecitabine–taxane combinations, capecitabine maintenance therapy, capecitabine for elderly patients, and sequential versus combination therapy, involving &gt;20,000 patients.
HER-2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Optimizing Trastuzumab-Based Therapy
Authors: Jackisch Christian 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Trastuzumab with a taxane as first-line therapy is now the standard of care for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The search for additional and more effective trastuzumab-based therapies continues. Novel combinations of trastuzumab with chemotherapeutic agents, including vinorelbine, gemcitabine, and capecitabine, and hormonal therapy agents, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Available data suggest these combinations will provide additional treatment options that may ultimately lead to better outcomes for patients with HER-2-positive MBC. Evidence is growing for the use of trastuzumab treatment beyond disease progression and retreatment after (neo)adjuvant relapse is being explored to assist in clinical decision making. Already, the use of trastuzumab in the metastatic setting has changed HER-2-positive status from a marker of poor prognosis to one of better overall outcome, and ongoing studies should expand further the treatment options for patients with HER-2-positive MBC.
Dynamic modeling of food-chain accumulation of brominated flame retardants in fish from the Ebro River Basin, Spain
Authors: van Beusekom Otto C. , Eljarrat Ethel , Barceló Darnià , Koelmans Albert A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSince the 1980s, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in air, sewage sludge, sediment, fish, shellfish, birds, and mammals, including humans. However, model studies regarding BFR food-chain accumulation are scarce. In the present study, the accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) 47, 153, 154, and 183 in benthivorous barbel (Barbus graellsii) and pelagic bleak (Alburnus alburnus) from four locations in the Ebro river basin in Spain was modeled using a first-order, one-compartment model with sediment interaction. The model accounted for BFR uptake from water, ingested sediment, and food; release via water and feces; growth; and in situ binding of BFRs to black carbon. Rate constants were derived from allometric regressions. For most BFRs, dynamically modeled biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were close to measured values, whereas steady-state model BSAFs were too high, especially for BDEs 153, 154, and 183. Differences between BSAFs for individual fish were explained by differences in age, growth, and feeding behavior. On average, modeled BSAFs for barbel were 50% higher than those for bleak because of extra BFR uptake through sediment ingestion and older age of barbel specimens.
Evaluation of potential toxicity and bioavailability of chromium in sediments associated with chromite ore processing residue
Authors: Becker D. Scott , Long Edward R. , Proctor Deborah M. , Ginn Thomas C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Recent studies byresearchers at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Geological Survey have evaluated the toxicity of Cr in freshwater and marine sediments, primarily during laboratory studies in which clean sediments were spiked with Cr. Results of those studies showed that Cr is relatively insoluble and nontoxic when present in the trivalent form, Cr(III), rather than in the more soluble and more toxic hexavalent form, Cr(VI). The studies concluded that Cr toxicity should be low in sediments with measurable concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), because AVS is formed only in anoxic sediments and Cr(VI) is thermodynamically unstable under such conditions. The present study evaluates the toxicity and bioavailability of Cr in sediments associated with chromite ore processing residue (COPR). Ten stations were sampled in the Hackensack River (NJ, USA) to represent a wide range of total Cr concentrations (199–3,970 mg/kg) with minimal interference from potentially toxic, cooccurring chemicals. Sediment toxicity was evaluated using two amphipod tests: The 10-d Ampelisca abdita test (survival as endpoint), and the 28-d Leptocheirus plumulosus test (survival and biomass as endpoints). Measurable concentrations of AVS were present at eight stations, and nearly all Cr was present as Cr(III). In addition, results of electron-microprobe analyses showed that most Cr was associated with phases in which Cr has limited bioavailability (i.e., chromite and iron oxide). Sediment toxicity showed no correlation with concentrations of total Cr, and the maximum no-effect concentration for total Cr was estimated as 1,310 mg/kg. These results indicate that Cr can be present in sediments associated with COPR at highly elevated concentrations without causing sediment toxicity.