bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tooth Positioner Effects on Occlusal Contacts and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Park Yongjong , Hartsfield James Kennedy , Katona Thomas R. , Eugene Roberts W. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine if an increase in tooth contacts is the principal effect of tooth positioner wear.
Materials and Methods: Patient charts from a consecutive series were reviewed until a sample of 100 cases that used a tooth positioner was obtained. One hundred control cases were randomly selected from patients treated at the same period. Malocclusion severity and finished occlusion were assessed with the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) Discrepancy Index (DI) and Objective Grading System (OGS) score, respectively. Finish casts for each patient were mounted on a Galleti articulator. Occlusal registrations were obtained with silicone-based impression material from casts fabricated from impressions taken at the time of fixed appliance removal (control) or at the end of the tooth positioner treatment (experimental). The number of the perforations and transparent areas on the occlusal registrations were quantified.
Results: There was no significant difference (P = .20) in the number of total occlusal contacts between the two groups. However, the OGS score of the tooth positioner group (16.7) was significantly (P = .0009) better than for the control group (19.9).
Conclusions: Tooth positioners were effective in improving the occlusal finish, but the effects were independent of an increase in occlusal contacts. Positioners primarily improved first order alignment by tipping teeth into an improved intercuspation.
Age-Related Changes of Periodontal Ligament Surface Areas during Force Application
Authors: Ren Yijin , Maltha Jaap C. , Stokroos Lets , Liem Robert S. B. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the age-dependent morphology of the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue and changes in its surface area (SA) during force application provided with a standardized orthodontic setup for a period of 12 weeks in young and adult rats.
Methods: Two groups of 30 rats, age 6 weeks and 9 to 12 months, were used. Orthodontic appliances were placed to move the maxillary molars mesially with the contralateral sides used as controls. At 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, groups of animals were killed. The PDL SA and the PDL SA ratio between pressure and tension regions were determined.
Results: An age-related decrease in the PDL SA was noted at control sides. Significant changes during the experimental period occurred only at experimental sides: The PDL SA was smaller at pressure than at tension regions only at week 1 in young rats; in adult rats, the difference between the two regions was significant at week 8. These changes were confirmed by the morphologic disorganization of the PDL and alterations in the PDL SA ratio.
Conclusions: During force application, the PDL at the pressure regions became disorganized and subsequently was reorganized, as is shown by the histologic changes and SA of the PDL over time. This process occurred earlier and was more prominent in young rats; it occurred later and was more prolonged in adult animals.
Occlusal Hypofunction Induces Atrophic Changes in Rat Gingiva
Authors: Ishida Yuji , Kanno Zuisei , Soma Kunimichi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To clarify the influence of occlusal hypofunction on the integrity of gingival tissue and gingival extracellular matrix biosynthesis.
Materials and Methods: Thirteen-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. To eliminate occlusal forces, all the right maxillary molars were extracted in the hypofunctional group. The control group was anesthetized but not subjected to surgery. The rats were killed at 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure, and the lower right second molars were prepared for histological analysis. To investigate the effect of occlusal hypofunction on collagen biosynthesis, the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) was determined by immunohistochemistry as well as histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Results: Disorientation of the collagen fibers, proliferation of the connective tissue fibroblasts, and enlargement of epithelial intercellular gaps were observed in gingival tissue of rat molars with experimental occlusal hypofunction. Immunohistochemically, the expression of CTGF and LOX was increased significantly (P &lt; .05) in the hypofunctional group.
Conclusion: These results suggest that occlusal hypofunction can affect the structural integrity and the expression of CTGF and LOX in gingival tissue.
Anteroposterior Dental Arch and Jaw-Base Relationships in a Population Sample
Authors: Zhou Lei , Mok Chung-Wai , Hägg Urban , McGrath Colman , Bendeus Margareta , Wu John 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine the association between the anteroposterior relationship of the dental arch and the anteroposterior relationship of the jaw-base in a Chinese population sample.
Materials and Methods: Orthodontic casts and lateral cephalograms were obtained from a random sample of 405 twelve-year-old Chinese children from a population survey in Hong Kong. Angle's classification was used to assess the dental arch relationship from orthodontic casts. The jaw-base relationship was assessed from the lateral cephalograms using angular (ANB angle) and linear (Wits analysis) measurements. The correlation between the anteroposterior dental arch and jaw-base relationships was assessed.
Results: The anteroposterior dental arch did coincide with the jaw-base relationships, as expressed by the ANB angle in 61%, the Wits analysis in 67%, and with both in 53%. The jaw-base relationship assessed with the Wits analysis was more significantly associated with the dental arch relationship (P &lt; .001) than that assessed with the ANB angle (P &lt; .01). The correlation coefficient between the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal was .65 for the combined sample, and .60, .64, and .67 for Class I, II, and III dental arch relationships.
Conclusion: In this population, the anteroposterior relationship of the dental arch and jaw-base fail to match in at least one out of every three individuals. Linear measurement of anteroposterior jaw-base relationships is a more valid reflection of the dental arch relationship than angular measurements.
Microleakage under Metallic and Ceramic Brackets Bonded with Orthodontic Self-Etching Primer Systems
Authors: Uysal Tancan , Ulker Mustafa , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan , Ertas Huseyin 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the in vitro microleakage of orthodontic brackets (metal and ceramic) between enamel-adhesive and adhesive-bracket interfaces at the occlusal and gingival sides produced by self-etching primer system with that of conventional acid etching and bonding.
Materials and Method: Sixty freshly extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were used in this study. The teeth were separated into four groups of 15 teeth each and received the following treatments: Group 1, 37% phosphoric acid gel + Transbond XT liquid primer + stainless steel bracket; Group 2, Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (TSEP) + stainless steel bracket; Group 3, 37% phosphoric acid gel + Transbond XT liquid primer + ceramic bracket; Group 4, TSEP + ceramic bracket. After curing, specimens were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage for the enamel-adhesive and bracket-adhesive interfaces from both occlusal and gingival margins. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Results: The gingival sides in all groups exhibited higher microleakage scores compared with those observed in occlusal sides for both adhesive interfaces. Enamel-adhesive interfaces exhibited more microleakage than did the adhesive-bracket interfaces. Brackets bonded with self-etching primer system showed significantly higher microleakage at the enamel-adhesive interface of the gingival side.
Conclusions: TSEP causes more microleakage between enamel-adhesive interfaces, which may lead to lower bond strength and/or white-spot lesions.
Insertion Angle Impact on Primary Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants
Authors: Wilmes Benedict , Su Yu-Yu , Drescher Dieter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To analyze the impact of the insertion angle on the primary stability of mini-implants.
Materials and Methods: A total of 28 ilium bone segments of pigs were embedded in resin. Two different mini-implant sizes (Dual-Top Screw 1.6 × 8 mm and 2.0 × 10 mm) were inserted at seven different angles (30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90°). The insertion torque was recorded to assess primary stability. In each bone, five Dual-Top Screws were used to compensate for differences in local bone quality.
Results: The angle of mini-implant insertion had a significant impact on primary stability. The highest insertion torque values were measured at angles between 60° and 70° (63.8° for Dual-Top 1.6 mm and 66.7° for Dual-Top 2.0 mm). Very oblique insertion angles (30°) resulted in reduced primary stability.
Conclusions: To achieve the best primary stability, an insertion angle ranging from 60° to 70° is advisable. If the available space between two adjacent roots is small, a more oblique direction of insertion seems to be favorable to minimize the risk of root contact.
Maxillary Molar Distalization with Noncompliance Intramaxillary Appliances in Class II Malocclusion
Authors: Antonarakis Gregory Stylianos , Kiliaridis Stavros 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To use published data to evaluate quantitatively the dental effects of noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in individuals with Class II malocclusion.
Materials and Methods: A literature search was carried out identifing 13 prospective or retrospective clinical studies matching inclusion criteria. Only appliances with conventional anchorage designs were considered for the review. The data provided in these publications were grouped and analyzed in terms of molar distalization, tipping and vertical movements, and incisor and premolar mesialization, tipping, and vertical movements.
Results: Maxillary first molars showed distal crown movement and tipping greater than the mesial crown movement and tipping shown by incisors and premolars. Vertical movements of incisors and premolars were in general extrusive, but molars were intrusive or extrusive, depending on the study and the type of appliance used. Appliances that acted palatally seemed to display a smaller distal tipping movement, as well as smaller incisor and premolar mesial tipping movements, when compared with those that acted buccally. Friction-free appliances, namely the pendulum, produced a large amount of mesiodistal movement and tipping, if no therapeutic uprighting activation was applied.
Conclusions: Noncompliance intramaxillary molar distalization appliances all act by distalizing molars with a concomitant and unavoidable loss of anchorage, as revealed by incisor and premolar mesial movement. Buccal acting and palatal acting appliances demonstrate almost similar results, with palatal acting appliances showing less tipping. Friction-free palatal acting appliances appear to produce better molar distalizing effects, but with a concomitant notable loss of anchorage.
Stability Factors After Double-Jaw Surgery in Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Mucedero Manuela , Coviello Antonella , Baccetti Tiziano , Franchi Lorenzo , Cozza Paola 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To identify the stability factors of skeletal Class III malocclusion after double-jaw surgery by a systematic review of the literature.
Materials and Methods: The survey covered the period from September 1959 to October 2007 and used the MeSH, Medical Subject Headings. The inclusion criteria were stability of bimaxillary surgery of the permanent dentition, adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, a follow-up of at least 12 months, randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials (RCCTs; CCTs), prospective and retrospective studies with and without concurrent untreated as well as normal controls, and clinical trials (CTs) comparing at least two treatment strategies without any untreated or normal control group.
Results: The search strategy resulted in 1783 articles. After selection according to the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, 15 articles qualified for the final review analysis. Quality was low in two studies, medium in twelve, and medium/high in one article, which was represented by a RCT (randomized clinical trial). Most of the studies had sufficient sample size, method error analysis, and adequate statistical methods. Thus, the quality level of the studies was sufficient to draw evidence-based conclusions.
Conclusions: Surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion after combined maxillary and mandibular procedures appears to be stable for maxillary advancements up to 5 mm and for the correction of presurgical sagittal intermaxillary discrepancies smaller than 7 mm.
Perception of Profile among Laypeople, Dental Students and Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Tufekci Eser , Jahangiri Arousha , Lindauer Steven J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether there are differences in self-awareness and perception of an individual's own profile among various groups.
Materials and Methods: Laypeople, orthodontic patients, and first (D1) and third-year dental (D3) students were surveyed (n = 75 each). The participants answered a questionnaire regarding how they felt about their own profile and teeth. They also chose from among various silhouettes the one that most resembled their own profile. Profile photos of participants were analyzed by two orthodontists who matched the individual to the depicted silhouettes. Agreement between participants and experts was evaluated using the Kappa statistic. Differences among groups in identifying their own profiles and differences among profile types in satisfaction with their appearance were compared using χ2.
Results: Overall agreement between the individuals' perceptions of their own profiles and evaluation by orthodontists was 53% (κ = .15). The four groups were different in their ability to recognize their own profile (P &lt; .05). D3s were most accurate (64%, κ = .28), followed by D1s (57%, κ = .10), orthodontic patients (48%, κ = .19), and laypeople (43%, κ = .04). Individuals who considered themselves as having a Class II or III profile were less satisfied with the appearance of their profiles (P &lt; .05). Those who considered themselves as having a Class III profile were also less happy with the appearance of their teeth (P &lt; .05).
Conclusions: This study suggests that about half the population cannot characterize their own profile. However, subjects who perceived their own profiles as being different from average were more likely to be unhappy with their facial appearance.
Moments Generated during Simulated Rotational Correction with Self-Ligating and Conventional Brackets
Authors: Pandis Nikolaos , Eliades Theodore , Partowi Samira , Bourauel Christoph 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To assess comparatively the magnitude of moments generated during rotational correction from different bracket systems during the late leveling and alignment stage of orthodontic treatment.
Materials and Methods: The three types of brackets assessed were Orthos2 (ORMCO, Glendora, CA), Damon2 (ORMCO), and In Ovation-R (GAC, Bohemia, NY). The brackets were bonded on replicas made of resin from models constructed from an aligned patient's mandibular arch, and a 0.014- × 0.025-inch CuNiTi (ORMCO) wire was inserted. Orthodontic rotational correction was simulated on the Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System from −5° to +5° rotation in 0.25° increments on the distal and mesial direction. The moments generated at each increment of rotation throughout the full rotation path were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test at the .05 level of significance.
Results: Both bracket type and direction of rotation showed an effect on moment magnitude. The highest moment (27.2 Nmm) was observed for the Damon2 bracket assigned to its noncompliant slot wall door. Higher moments were found during distal premolar rotation. The In Ovation-R showed a magnitude of moment in the range of 9.0 Nmm in the same direction, whereas conventional brackets presented the lowest moments (5.0 Nmm).
Conclusions: A wide variation in magnitude of moments exerted by self-ligating and conventional brackets is noted in the simulated rotational correction of teeth, which relates to the geometry of the dental arch, the tooth position, and the rigidity of the closing component of the bracket slot.
Orthodontic Treatment Combined with Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis and Changes in Stomatognathic Function
Authors: Maeda Aya , Soejima Kazuhisa , Ogura Mikinori , Ohmure Haruhito , Sugihara Kazumasa , Miyawaki Shouichi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We performed an orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis in a 15-year-old patient who wanted a correction of a chin deficiency and a protruding upper lip. The patient had an Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrusion, a low mandibular plane angle, and scissors bite. First, a quad-helix appliance was applied to the mandibular dentition to correct the scissors bite in the bilateral premolar region. Later, a preadjusted edgewise appliance was applied to the maxillary and mandibular teeth. After 3 days, a mandibular distraction osteogenesis was performed. During and after the distraction, the open bite between the upper and lower dental arches was corrected using up and down elastics. The total treatment time with the edgewise appliance was 14 months. A skeletal Class I apical base relationship, good facial profile, and optimum intercuspation of the teeth were achieved with the treatment. The jaw-movement pattern on the frontal view did not change during gum chewing. However, the maximum gap without pain increased. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles, and maximum occlusal force increased. The present case report suggests that an orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis in a patient with mandibular retrusion in the late growth period might be effective for improving stomatognathic function.
Root Resorption Following Treatment with Aligners
Authors: Brezniak Naphtali , Wasserstein Atalia 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Can orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) be the result of Invisalign treatment? Since OIIRR was first described in the literature, orthodontists have been looking for a treatment procedure where no root shortening will occur. In the past decade, Invisalign orthodontic treatment has become very popular, and there is no description of OIIRR after this treatment. Therefore, it might be incorrectly concluded that the body is immune to this type of orthodontic treatment modality and no OIIRR appears as a result of this treatment. The following case report demonstrates an aspect of the complexity of OIIRR.
A New Premixed Self-Etch Adhesive for Bonding Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Bishara Samir E. , Otsby Adam W. , Ajlouni Raed , Laffoon John , Warren John J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine if a new premixed self-etch adhesive can be used to successfully bond orthodontic brackets to enamel.
Materials and Methods: Forty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, 20 teeth were conditioned using the self-etching primer Transbond Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). In group 2, 20 teeth were conditioned using a new premixed self-etching adhesive, AdheSE One (Ivoclar Vivadent Inc, Amherst, NY). Both groups were bonded using brackets precoated with a composite adhesive. The teeth were debonded within half an hour following initial bonding using a universal testing machine. After debonding, the enamel surface was examined under 10× magnifications to determine the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the tooth. A Student's t-test was used to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of the two groups, and the Chi-square test was used to compare the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores for the two adhesive systems.
Results: The mean SBS of the brackets bonded to the teeth using AdhesSE One was 3.6 ± 1.3 MPa and was significantly lower (t = 2.80, P = .01) than the SBS of the brackets bonded using Transbond Plus (x̄ = 5.9 ± 3.2 MPa). The comparisons of the ARI scores between the two groups (χ2 = 19.26) indicated that bracket failure mode was also significantly different (P &lt; .001), with more adhesive remaining on the teeth bonded using Transbond Plus.
Conclusions: The SBS of the new premixed self-etching adhesive needs to be increased for it to be successfully used for bonding orthodontic brackets.
Impact of Diabetes Susceptibility Loci on Progression From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes in At-Risk Individuals of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1)
Authors: Butty Vincent , Campbell Christopher , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe ,   the DPT-1 Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE—The unfolding of type 1 diabetes involves a number of steps: defective immunological tolerance, priming of anti-islet autoimmunity, and destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. A number of genetic loci contribute to susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, but it is unclear which stages of the disease are influenced by the different loci. Here, we analyzed the frequency of type 1 diabetes–risk alleles among individuals from the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1) clinical trial, which tested a preventive effect of insulin in at-risk relatives of diabetic individuals, all of which presented with autoimmune manifestations but only one-third of which eventually progressed to diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this study, 708 individuals randomized into DPT-1 were genotyped for 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms in diabetes susceptibility loci.
RESULTS—Susceptibility alleles at loci expected to influence immunoregulation (PTPN22, CTLA4, and IL2RA) did not differ between progressors and nonprogressors but were elevated in both groups relative to general population frequencies, as was the INS promoter variant. In contrast, HLA DQB1*0302 and DQB1*0301 differed significantly in progressors versus nonprogressors (DQB*0302, 42.6 vs. 34.7%, P = 0.0047; DQB*0301, 8.6 vs. 14.3%, P = 0.0026). Multivariate analysis of the factors contributing to progression demonstrated that initial titers of anti-insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) could account for some (P = 0.0016) but not all of this effect on progression (P = 0.00038 for the independent effect of the number of DQB*0302 alleles). The INS-23 genotype was most strongly associated with anti-IAAs (median IAA levels in TT individuals, 60 nU/ml; AT, 121; and AA, 192; P = 0.000037) and only suggestively to the outcome of oral insulin administration.
CONCLUSIONS—With the exception of HLA, most susceptibility loci tested condition the risk of autoimmunity rather than the risk of failed immunoregulation that results in islet destruction. Future clinical trials might consider genotyping INS-23 in addition to HLA alleles as disease/treatment response modifier.