bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgery of the skull base.
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Miller Gale W. , Drake Fred D. , Kanok Montra M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTumors involving the base of the skull are often occult and may become quite large before detection is possible. Symptomology varies depending upon the nature of the tumor and its placement. These neoplasms have frequently been considered inoperable simply because of their location, but in recent years microsurgical technique and high speed air drills have allowed the modern temporal bone surgeon to gain improved access to the skull base.A wide variety of surgical approaches to tumors in this area have been described in the past 20 years: translabyrinthine, middle fossa, transcochlear, retrolabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, transpalatal‐transclival, and through the jugular bulb. The purpose of this paper is to review the indications, complications, and results of each of these procedures in relation to specific tumors involving the skull base. Case reports illustrate the diagnosis and surgical management of a variety of unusual neoplasms, including an extradural meningioma of the temporal bone and clivus, a low grade squamous cell carcinoma on the tegmen in a radical cavity, a large primary cholesteatoma, an osteoblastoma of the temporal and occipital bones, an XIth nerve neuroma in the jugular bulb area, and an osseous hemangioma involving the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion.
Use of plastipore for ossicular chain reconstruction: An evaluation.
Authors: Hicks George W. , Wright J. William , Wright J. William 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the exception of stapes prostheses, previous use of implantable alloplastic materials in reconstructing the sound conducting mechanism in middle ear surgery has been uniformly unsuccessful. A new material composed of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene has been developed as a replacement for middle ear ossicles. This implant, called the Plastipore‡ total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP), and the Plastipore drum to the stapes prosthesis were inserted in 87 patients, all of whom had a long history of extensive middle ear disease and/or surgery. One TORP patient was lost to follow‐up. The overall average hearing gain was 14.8 db. The overall follow‐up was 12.4 months with a range of from 3 to 25 months. Eleven of the 15 patients receiving the drum‐to‐stapes prosthesis had hearing gain; 55 of 71 patients receiving the TORP had hearing gain. Eight prostheses were extruded. Nine patients had no improvement in hearing. Eight patients had subsequent decrease in hearing after initial gains. All ears are now dry and aerated. Early evaluation appears to demonstrate that the Plastipore prosthesis shows promise for use in difficult reconstructive middle ear problems
Lateral rhinotomy.
Authors: Schramm Victor L. , Myers Eugene N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe lateral rhinotomy is a technique which affords excellent exposure of the nasal cavity and lateral nasal wall and creates minimal cosmetic or functional disability. The approach will allow excision of the lateral nasal wall from the anterior tip of the turbinates to the eustachian tube and from the cribriform plate and roof of the ethmoid to the floor of the nose
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Heterogeneity of Single CD34+ Cells After Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Yao Yong-Gang , Childs Richard W. , Kajigaya Sachiko , McCoy J. Philip , Young Neal S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We applied a single-cell method to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations to evaluate the reconstitution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and committed progenitor cells after nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in humans. In a total of 1,958 single CD34+ cells from six human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donor and recipient pairs, individual CD34+ clones were recognized based on the observed donor- or recipient-specific mtDNA sequence somatic alteration. There was no overall reduction of mtDNA heterogeneity among CD34+ cells from the recipient after transplantation. Samples collected from two donors over time showed the persistence of certain CD34+ clones marked by specific mutations. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of distinguishing donor and recipient individual CD34+ clones based on mtDNA mutations during engraftment. HSCs were not limited in number, and similar mtDNA heterogeneity levels suggested representation of the total stem cell compartment during rapid hematopoietic reconstitution in the recipient.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Bilinear Systems
Authors: Elliott David L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article contains necessary background on linear control systems; the definition of bilinear systems and some sources of BLS in engineering; a guide to some useful system theoretic methods; the application of these methods to problems such as stabilization, observability, and controllability; and brief accounts of areas where BLS have made a major contribution to system theory. A few examples and applications are given where appropriate. As much as possible, the notation and terminology are usual in control system work; the state‐space approach will be used, and the articleson Linear algebraand Stability theory,nonlinearmay be helpful. Some suggested textbooks and other recom mendationsare provided in the Reading list at the end of this article.
Missile Guidance
Authors: Rodriguez Armando A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe future of missile guidance depends to a large extent on the ongoing reinterpretation of the ABM treaty between the United States and the former Soviet Union. After 9–11, work was initiated on the development of mini‐nukes for underground bunkers. The need for guided missiles that permit precision strikes with minimal collateral damage was also reaffirmed.A Brief History: From 1944 to the PresentMissile Guidance, Navigation, and Control SubsystemsClassification of Missiles, Targets, Guidance Systems, Navigation Methods, and Target‐Sensing MethodsGuidance AlgorithmsFuture DevelopmentsAcknowledements
A de novo 1.1–1.6 Mb subtelomeric deletion of chromosome 20q13.33 in a patient with learning difficulties but without obvious dysmorphic features
Authors: Béna Frédérique , Bottani Armand , Marcelli Fabienne , Sizonenko Loredana D'Amato , Conrad Bernard , Dahoun Sophie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe report on a de novo submicroscopic deletion of 20q13.33 identified by subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a 4‐year‐old girl with learning difficulties, hyperlaxity and strabismus, but without obvious dysmorphic features. Further investigations by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) and FISH analysis allowed us to delineate the smallest reported subterminal deletion of chromosome 20q, spanning a 1.1–1.6 Mb with a breakpoint localized between BAC RP5‐887L7 and RP11‐261N11. The genes CHRNA4 and KCNQ2 implicated in autosomal dominant epilepsy are included in the deletion interval. Subterminal 20q deletions as found in the present patient have, to our knowledge, only been reported in three patients. We review the clinical and behavioral phenotype of such “pure” subterminal 20q deletions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upper airway obstruction in neonates and infants with CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Naito Yoko , Higuchi Masataka , Koinuma Goro , Aramaki Michihiko , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUpper airway obstruction can be life‐threatening in neonates and infants with CHARGE syndrome, many of whom undergo intratracheal intubation early in life. Although some of these patients are successfully extubated, others require tracheotomy. Deciding whether to complete tracheotomy is challenging since there are no clear criteria upon which to base this decision. We assessed 10 infants with CHARGE syndrome, 5 of whom required tracheotomy. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed that all of these patients shared certain features: anteroposterior flattening of the larynx; short vocal cords; anteriorly positioned, tall and hypertrophic arytenoids obscuring the glottis; uncoordinated movement of the vocal cords, epiglottis and arytenoids; salivary pooling. In addition, we observed only in those requiring tracheotomy an obstructive supraglottis that prevented visualization of the vocal cords throughout respiration. Salivary retention was much more severe in this group. These findings might be helpful for predicting the need for an early tracheotomy in situations where the vocal cords are not visible throughout the entire respiratory cycle. Given the high prevalence of malformed larynx and abnormal cranial nerve function, which are not alleviated by supraglottoplasty, we suggest that a thorough investigation of upper airway obstructive entities other than laryngomalacia be performed before embarking on supraglottoplasty in patients with CHARGE syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum, optic coloboma, intractable seizures, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphisms: An autosomal recessive disorder similar to Temtamy syndrome
Authors: Li Jiang , Shivakumar Shilpa , Wakahiro Mari , Mukherjee Pratik , Barkovich A. James , Slavotinek Anne , Sherr Elliott H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAgenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a common brain anomaly with a birth incidence of at least 1 in 4,000. ACC can occur as an isolated malformation or as a component of a syndrome. Here, we report on an autosomal recessive syndrome with ACC, optic coloboma, craniofacial dysmorphism, skeletal anomalies, and intractable seizures in a brother and sister from a consanguineous family. Homozygosity mapping excluded three genes, VAX1, ASXL2, and ZNF462, which have previously been implicated in ACC with optic coloboma. This case presents many features similar to Temtamy syndrome and will help in establishing the spectrum of this disorder. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic, geographic, and environmental correlates of human temporal bone variation
Authors: Smith Heather F. , Terhune Claire E. , Lockwood Charles A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTemporal bone shape has been shown to reflect molecular phylogenetic relationships among hominoids and offers significant morphological detail for distinguishing taxa. Although it is generally accepted that temporal bone shape, like other aspects of morphology, has an underlying genetic component, the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors is unclear. To determine the impact of genetic differentiation and environmental variation on temporal bone morphology, we used three‐dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to evaluate temporal bone variation in 11 modern human populations. Population differences were investigated by discriminant function analysis, and the strength of the relationships between morphology, neutral molecular distance, geographic distribution, and environmental variables were assessed by matrix correlation comparisons. Significant differences were found in temporal bone shape among all populations, and classification rates using cross‐validation were relatively high. Comparisons of morphological distances to molecular distances based on short tandem repeats (STRs) revealed a significant correlation between temporal bone shape and neutral molecular distance among Old World populations, but not when Native Americans were included. Further analyses suggested a similar pattern for morphological variation and geographic distribution. No significant correlations were found between temporal bone shape and environmental variables: temperature, annual rainfall, latitude, or altitude. Significant correlations were found between temporal bone size and both temperature and latitude, presumably reflecting Bergmann's rule. Thus, temporal bone morphology appears to partially follow an isolation by distance model of evolution among human populations, although levels of correlation show that a substantial component of variation is unexplained by factors considered here. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Infracranial maturation in the skeletal collection from Coimbra, Portugal: New aging standards for epiphyseal union
Authors: Coqueugniot Hélène , Weaver Timothy D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAge at death of a single skeletal individual or a group is essential information in archaeological, paleoanthropological, and forensic contexts. Dental remains are the most commonly used age indicators, but when the dentition is not available, or too few teeth are present for an accurate age assessment, other age indicators such as skeletal maturation must be used. Of particular utility in this regard is the fusion of the epiphyses of the infracranial skeleton. Here we present new aging standards based on the infracranial maturation of individuals from the known age and sex collection from Coimbra, Portugal. We scored infracranial epiphyseal fusion and spheno‐occipital synchondrosis closure (64 loci of ossification in total) on 137 skeletons from individuals between 7 and 29 years old. We further discuss developmental differences between the sexes and similarities and differences between the Coimbra documented collection and other published aging standards. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Which measures of diaphyseal robusticity are robust? A comparison of external methods of quantifying the strength of long bone diaphyses to cross‐sectional geometric properties
Authors: Stock Jay T. , Shaw Colin N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasures of diaphyseal robusticity have commonly been used to investigate differences in bone strength related to body size, behavior, climate, and other factors. The most common methods of quantifying robusticity involve external diameters, or cross‐sectional geometry. The data derived from these different methods are often used to address similar research questions, yet the compatibility of the resulting data has not been thoroughly tested. This study provides the first systematic comparison of externally derived measures of postcranial robusticity, with those based upon cross‐sectional geometry. It includes sections taken throughout the skeleton, comparisons of prediction errors associated with different measurements, and analysis of the implications of different methods of body size standardization on the prediction of relative bone strength. While the results show reasonable correlations between diaphyseal diameters and strengths derived from cross‐sectional geometry, considerable prediction errors are found in many cases. A new approach to externally based quantification of diaphyseal robusticity based upon moulding of sub‐periosteal contours is proposed. This method maximizes correlation with cross‐sectional geometry (r2 = .998) and minimizes prediction errors in all cases. The results underscore the importance of accurate periosteal measurement in the quantification of bone strength, and suggest that, regardless of theoretical scaling predictions, external area based robusticity estimates involving the product of diaphyseal diameters are most directly comparable to cross‐sectional geometric properties when they are standardized using the product of body mass and bone length. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Kolonnen zur Laboratoriumsdestillation. Eine Übersicht über den Entwicklungsstand der Kolonnen zur Destillation im Laboratorium
Authors: Stage F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWährend im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit die konstruktiven Belange der Laboratoriumskolonnen behandelt wurden, befaßt sich der nachfolgende zweite Teil mit den verfahrenstechnischen Erfordernissen und Möglichkeiten, insbesondere dem Destillationsdruck und der Destillationstemperatur; im folgenden letzten Teil werden Destillationsvolumen und ‐verfahren besprochen.
Antioxidant defenses preserve membrane transport activity in Chironomus riparius larvae exposed to anoxia
Authors: Forcella Matilde , Berra Elisa , Giacchini Roberto , Parenti Paolo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChanges in enzyme activities, metabolite concentrations, and membrane transport activity underlying the Chironomus riparius larvae adaptive response to anoxia were investigated. Trehalose, malate, and aspartate degradation and alanine accumulation were recorded. During anoxia exposure, there was a boost of antioxidant defenses as shown by an increase of the specific activity of the enzymes catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione‐synthase, malic enzyme, and NADP‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The ratio, glutathione reduced over glutathione oxidized, decreased. Except for alanine and catalase, the parameters return to their basal value when larvae are transferred to normoxic conditions. To test whether antioxidant defenses had protective effects on membrane functionality, l‐leucine uptake into brush border membrane vesicles and membrane lipid peroxidation was measured. No difference between membranes prepared from larvae exposed to anoxia and control larvae was found. The amino acid alanine, when present inside the vesicles, trans‐stimulated leucine uptake. This effect could represent a mechanism to stimulate amino acid uptake and catabolism in vivo when free alanine concentration increases during hypoxic periods. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:181–194, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cance and luck are not the same
Authors: Wgenaar Willem A. , Kerenm Gideon B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the mind of many people chance and luck act as real but different causes of events. Even in strictly defined situations as casino gambling, people may perceive influences of luck that help to overcome the negative expectancy defined by the rules of chance. Interviews with gamblers in casinos confirmed this idea.In two experiments it was established that the distinction between chance and luck are also made by ordinary subjects in everyday situations. The results revealed that chance is perceived to operate when an event is surprising, an unexpected coincidence. Luck is perceived when an event implies the escape from negative consequences, or the achievement of something that is important and difficult.The distinction between chance and luck can explain why people are trapped by the illusion of control, even when it is clear that they have no influence on the physical causation determining the outcomes of events. They cannot change the outcome of the roulette wheel, but they can employ their luck, which helps them to place their bets on the winning number.
Judgmental forecasting of univariate time series
Authors: Harvey Nigel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo forecast numbers appearing in sequence, do people just take some sort of average of past items or do they use temporal pattern information that they have extracted from the sequence? In an experiment, subjects forecast successive numbers generated by a first‐order auto regressive algorithm. Afterwards, they were asked to generate their own series of numbers to simulate the sequence they had been forecasting. It was found that (1) generation performance was good—subjects acquired an internal representation of the pattern in the sequence while forecasting it; (2) generation and forecasting performance were uncorrelated—this internal representation was not used for forecasting; (3) learnt ability to forecast a sequence did not transfer to another sequence that was of the same type but that subjects believed to come from another source; (4) subjects were good at estimating the probability that their forecasts would be correct but this ability declined with practice.
Back to the future: Temporal perspective in the explanation of events
Authors: Mitchell Deborah J. , Edward Russo J. , Pennington Nancy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProspective hindsight involves generating an explanation for a future event as if it had already happened; i.e., one goes forward in time, and then looks back. In order to examine how shifts in perspective might influence people's perceptions of events, we investigated two possible factors: temporal perspective (whether an event is set in the future or past) and uncertainty (whether the event's occurrence is certain or uncertain). In the first experiment, temporal perspective showed little influence while outcome uncertainty strongly affected the nature of explanations for events. Explanations for sure events tended to be longer, to contain a higher proportion of episodic reasons, and to be expressed in past tense. Evidence from the second experiment supports the view that uncertainty mediates not the amount of time spent explaining, but rather subjects' choice of explanation type. The implications of these findings for the use of temporal perspective in decision aiding are discussed.
Groupthink and the space shuttle challenger accident: Toward a quantitative case analysis
Authors: Esser James K. , Lindoerfer Joanne S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearch on historical cases of policy decisions thought to involve groupthink nearly always has been qualitative, rather than quantitative. We propose that observable antecedents and consequences can be used to code incidents in a group's decision process, thereby providing the basis for more rigorous, quantitative analyses. As a first step toward such a quantitative case analysis, we coded statements from the investigative report on the space shuttle Challenger accident as positive or negative instances of the observable antecedents and consequences of groupthink. Positive instances of groupthink were twice as frequent as negative instances. More importantly, during the 24 hours prior to launch the ratio of positive to negative instances increased, then remained high. These results are consistent with the notion that the decision to launch the Challenger involved groupthink and provide a first step toward more rigorous quantitative analysis of historical or current decision processes.
An elicitation method for multiple linear regression models
Authors: Garthwaite Paul H. , Dickey James M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a method of quantifying subjective opinion about a normal linear regression model. Opinion about the regression coefficients and experimental error is elicited and modeled by a multivariate probability distribution (a Bayesian conjugate prior distribution). The distribution model is richly parameterized and various assessment tasks are used to estimate its parameters. These tasks include the revision of opinion in the light of hypothetical data, the assessment of credible intervals, and a task commonly performed in cue‐weighting experiments. A new assessment task is also introduced. In addition, implementation of the method in an interactive computer program is described and the method is illustrated with a practical example.
Cognitive components in risk perception: Natural versus manmade risks
Authors: Brun Wibecke 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a questionnaire study 106 Norwegian students rated natural and manmade hazards according to risk magnitude and public versus private responsibility for risk management. Another group of 50 subjects judged 36 natural hazards on nine risk dimensions used in previous psychometric studies of ‘manmade risks’. When ratings on nine risk characteristics for natural hazards were factor analyzed a three‐dimensional solution was found, with one active/passive dimension, one potency dimension, and one novelty dimension. This contrasts with the two‐dimensional solution found for manmade hazards. Responsibility for risk management was found to be related to the type of risk in focus, and different risk characteristics seem to play different roles for manmade and natural hazards.