bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method of high accuracy for the calibration of reference standard hydrometers
Authors: Cuckow F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this method, standard hydrometers are weighed first in air and then when immersed to the level of the graduation mark in question in xylene of determined density. The density of a liquid which would cause the hydrometer to float with this mark in the plane of the level surface of the liquid is calculated, essentially by linear extrapolation, from these weights and the associated densities of air and xylene. Further weighings with different degrees of immersion enable calibrations to be made at a number of points on the hydrometer scale in quick succession, the working liquid remaining nominally unchanged in density and temperature throughout. By comparison, the basic method of working, employing a freely floating hydrometer, calls for a liquid of different density for each point to be calibrated. Calibrations are made exactly at graduation marks.The rate of working of the present method is at least four times higher than that of the basic method and an intercomparison of calibrations effected by the two methods shows that there is no detectable loss of accuracy. An open scale hydrometer, which can be read to 0·00000I g./ml., is described for observing the density of the xylene. A nomogram is described for computing the surface tension factors of hydrometers in terms of their weight.
The determination of combined carbon in cast iron by means of the spekker photo‐electric absorptiometer
Authors: Harrison T. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe determination of combined carbon in cast iron may be completed absorptiometrically since Beer's Law is obeyed. As the intensity of colour produced by a given sample varies with conditions, e.g., acid concentration and time of heating the solution, a standard must be included in each batch of determinations. The optimum conditions for colour development are noted. Colour stability is good.
The component fatty acids and glycerides of dhupa fat
Authors: Balxca M. N. , Meara M. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Component fatty acids and glycerides of Dhupa fat have been determined by a combination of the low‐temperature crystallization, lead salt separation, and spectrophotometric techniques. The major Component fatty acids of a number of specimens range from palmitic 10‐13, steam 39‐45, oleic 37‐48% (wt.) with minor amounts of myristic, arachidic, hexadecenoic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Comparison of Dhupa fatty acids with those of the seed fats of other members of the same botanical family indicates a general similarity in stearic and oleic acid contents, palmitic acid being more variable. Component glycerides arc similar with respect to the total amounts of mono‐unsaturated and di‐unsaturated glycerides present, but differences arc observed in some of the individual mixed glycerides, notably oleopalmitostearin and oleudipalmitins in the palmito‐glyceride contents. Dhupa fat, like other seed fats of the Dipterocarpaceae conforms very closely to the rule of even distribution.
The chemist in the flour mill
Authors: Herd Dr. C. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA lecture given to students explaining the position of a Chemist in a Flour Mill, his relationship with the managerial and operating staff, purchasing departments and sales departments. In addition to the laboratory work, first hand experience must be obtaincd of the milling processes and of the consumer trades. In addition to the normal chemical examination of products, physical (rheological) methods are used for measuring dough characteristics. Vitamins and trace elements become routine practice in a flour mill laboratory, and the routine running of the mill flow can be checked by laboratory tests and experimental milling. Thorough research into the milling processes is advocated.
Sodium nitrite as an inhibitor against the attack of sea water on steel. Part I. The influence of sodium nitrite on the area and intensity of attack
Authors: Wyllie By D. , Cheesman G. C. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe prevention by sodium nitrite of the attack of sea water on steel has been studied in two ways.(a) Observation of the extent and nature of corrosion of mild steel specimens partially immersed in sea water containing nitrite.(b) Measurement of the corrosion currents using a divided cell.The appearance of a widespread brown discolouration on the steel at the higher nitrate concentrations is discussed and a catalytic mechanism is suggested for the inhibiting action of nitrite.The effect of mixing phosphates and nitrite is reported.
Determination of coating weights on electrolytic tinplate
Authors: Liebmann H. , Price J. W. , Thompson S. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCommercial electrolytic flow‐brightened tinplate of nominal 8 oz. per basis box coating weight is shown to contain a tin‐iron alloy at the interface of the tin and the steel base. The extent of this alloy layer has been determined and a suitable correction is suggested for coating weight determinations on this material by loss of weight in antimony chloride‐hydrochloric acid.This correction is an approximate one, and its value may be influenced by the nature ot the coating process.
Seasonal variation in chemical composition of some of the littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part II. Fucus serratus. Fucus Vesiculosus. Fucus spiralis and pelvetia canaliculata
Authors: Black W. A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn previous communications,1,2,3 the seasonal variation over a period of two years in the ash, iodine, crude protein, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid contents of the Laminariaceae common to Scotland, has been reported, while in. a later paper,4 the variations in the above constituents were given for the common littoral seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. The work has now been extended to include the other common littoral algae, namely, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus spiralis and Pelvetia canaliculata and the results have been correlated with the depth of immersion of these algae.
Some data on palestine olives and olive oil
Authors: Puffeles M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract(1) Field experiments have shown that varying manurial treatment combined with proper irrigation does not increase the oil and protein content of Palestine olives up to the standard of other Mediterranean brands.(2) Careful picking, selecting, washing and pressing of the olives under hygienic conditions produces an oil of low acidity.(3) Dark colouring may be avoided by employing a suitable pressing process whereby the crushing of olives and maceration of cells containing the colouring matter is prevented. A lower yield is thus obtained, which may, however, be increased by employing a corresponding higher pressure.(4) Rancidity can be avoided by storage of the oil in air‐tight containers filled to capacity and kept in a dark, cool place.
The preparation of diphenylchloroarsine and diphenylcyan oarsine from phenylhydrazine
Authors: Barker R. L. , Booth E. , Jones W. E. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDiphenylchloroarsine is readily obtainable in good yield, together with small quantities of phyenyldichloroarsine and triphenylarsine, by oxidation of phenylhydrazine with arsenic acid in presence of a suitable catalyst, followed by treatment with hydrochloric acid. Diphenylcyanoarsine can be prepared in excellent yield either by treatment of the chloro‐compound with potassium cyanide or the intermediate diphenylarsenoxide with hydrocyanic acid.
The preparation of n‐methyldiethanolamine and Nmethyl‐2:2′‐ dichlorodiethylamine
Authors: Abrams J. T. , Barker R. L. , Jones W. E. , Val‐Lender H. W. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOptimum conditions have been determined for the preparation of N‐methyldiethanolamine, without serious contamination by higher homologues, by condensation of ethylene oxide with aqueous methylamine: 1The conversion of the diol into N‐methyl‐2: 2′‐dichlorodiethylamine has also been investigated.
The chemistry of bacterial cell division
Authors: Webb M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA brief review of cytological studies of bacterial cell division is followed by a description of preliminary investigations of the chemical nature of factors which, in complex media, influence the division process. In these, magnesium is shown to be essential for the normal cell division of both Gram positive and Gram negative rod‐shaped eubacteria, but in significantly different amounts.In simple synthetic media, magnesium is also essential for the synthesis of bacterial protoplasm, and in the complete absence of this ion, eubacteria fail to grow. The magnesium requirements of Gram positive organisms are about ten times as great as the requirements of Gram negatives. This difference is attributed to the fact that the former also incorporate magnesium into their structure.The significance of these findings and the observed differences in cell division of the cocci and rod‐shaped organisms arc discussed.
The weissenberg effect in sweetened condensed milk
Authors: Reiner M. , Blair G. W. Scott , Hawley H. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen a vertical rod is rotated in certain over‐aged samples of sweetened condensed milk, the milk climbs up the rod. When a disc is rotated near the bottom of the beaker containing the sample, the liquid is drawn radially towards the centre.It is suggested that these phenomena, commonly called “Weissen‐berg Effects,” are caused, in the case of condensed milk, by an uncoiling of globular protein molecules as a result of denaturation.Samples showing Weissenberg effects arc sometimes also thixotropic.
Water‐soluble cellulose ethers as emulsifying agents
Authors: Morrison R. I. , Campbell B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe emulsifying powers of various water‐soluble cellulose ethers for mineral and vegetable oils are compared. The advantages of mixtures of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with other water‐soluble cellulose ethers in producing improved emulsions with reduced foam are shown. Consideration is given to the relative interfacial tensions of methyl ethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and to the effects of temperature and hydrogen ion concentration on emulsions prepared from them.
The propagation of exothermic reactions in solid systems, part II. Heats of reaction and rates of burning
Authors: Spice J. E. , Staveley L. A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the linear rate of the self‐propagating reaction and of the heat of this reaction in compressed binary solid mixtures of an oxidizing and a reducing agent. The thermochemical results have been used to draw conclusions about the chemistry of the reactions involved and about the maximum temperatures reached during burning. The dependence of the rate of reaction on the heat it evolves is discussed, and an explanation given of the fact that the rate usually reaches its maximum at a higher (and never at a lower) percentage of reducing agent than that at which the heat of burning has its greatest value.
African drying oils. III. Component acids of some linoleic‐rich oils. Safflower seed oil
Authors: Barker C. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLike Niger seed oils (Part II) and sunflower seed oils (Part IV), safflower seed oils may vary somewhat widely in their content of Iinoleic acid; oils from Asiatic and some other sources contain 60%, or less, but other seeds grown in America or Australia furnish oils in which linoleic acid forms up to about 77% of the total fatty acids. Such oils contain negligible proportions of linolenic acid, and are excellent non‐yellowing drying oils. Safflower seed grown in Kenya has been examined and found to give oil practically identical with a recently described Australian oil, its component acids being palmitic 6·4, stearic 3·1, arachidic 0·2, oleic 13·4, and linoleic 76·9% by wt.
Studies in acetylene flames. Part II. Formation of carbon monoxide
Authors: Campbell J. R. , Cumming A. P. C. , Horn J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe formation of CO from acetylene during combustion was studied by burning vertical acetylene flames in atmospheres consisting of O2 and N2 in known proportions. This has been found to be governed mainly by the percentage oxygen in the inlet gas and its rate of supply to the combustion chamber. Carbon monoxide is produced from a vertical acetylene flame over the whole range of inlet gas compositions containing from 21% O2 downwards to the extinction point. When the percentage O2, in the inlet gas is reduced to a value approaching that of the extinction point, CO is produced in quantities exceeding 0·1. The effect of the addition of CO2 to the inlet gas is to increase the quantity of CO formed.
The electrification of metal dusts
Authors: Boyle A. R. , Llewellyn F. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe static electrification of a number of metal dusts has been measured in two standard experiments; these results, together with the electrostatic energy required for the ignition of dust clouds of metal powders, provide a basis for the estimation of the electrostatic hazard likely to be encountered in handling quantities of materials.
The alkali refining of oils containing vitamin A
Authors: Hawtman L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContrary to the previous opinion that alkali refining reduces considerably the vitamin A potency of fish liver oils, it has been found that under usual refining conditions the neutralization with alkalis results in increased potency. The increase is approximately proportional to the free fatty acid content of the original oil. The amount of vitamin A carried away by free fatty acids and “impurities” during the refining process has been determined.
The relative efficiency of “saturant” bitumen as a textile rotproofing agent
Authors: Atkins W. G. , Gupta S. R. Sen , Macmillan W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of laboratory tests designed to estimate the relative efficiency of bitumen and other materials used as textile rotproofing agents has been carried out, using a new form of testing apparatus for the purpose. Pre‐treatment with cuprammonium followed by bitumen saturation, or a single treatment with a mixture of bitumen and cresylic acid, provides better rot‐protection than bitumen alone.
The synthesis of vinyl chloride from acetylene and hydrogen chloride
Authors: Barton D. H. R. , Mugdan M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of solid catalysts in the synthesis of vinyl chloride from hydrogen chloride and acetylene has been investigated. The advantages of employing catalysts in the finely powdered form has been demonstrated, and the value of granular pumice as support indicated. Alumina gel and silica gel have been tried as altematives to active charcoal; alumina gel proved successful.A brief account of the study of the mechanism of the vinyl chloride reaction, made by the late Dr. Mugdan, has been included.
Routine measurement of surface of paint pigments and other fine powders. I
Authors: Carman P. C. , Malherbe P. Le R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe surface of paint pigments can be determined by the air‐permeability method, using a simple technique, which is excellently suited for routine control. Calculation of the surface is not straightforward, owing to the large pan played by slip flow, but such calculations can be simplified for routine work.Permeability surfaces were found to vary with porosity, and reasons are given for preferring porosities in the range σ = 0.4‐0–0.5. Permeability surfaces are compared with those obtained by low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption; this method is more accurate but is not adapted to routine.
Effect of temperature and presence of hypochlorite on the rate of hydrolysis of cyanogen chloride in alkaline solution
Authors: Eden G. E. , Wheatland A. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring an investigation on the destruction of cyanide in waste waters by chlorination it was observed that, even in strongly alkaline solution, the first product of the reaction of a cyanide with a hypo‐chlorite is cyanogen chloride; this then undergoes hydrolysis, possibly with formation of a cyanate. The rate of formation of cyanogen chloride is extremely rapid, but hydrolysis, as has been shown by Price et al.,1 proceeds at a measurable rate, given by the equation: magnified imageThe value of k1 was estimated by Price to be 600 l./mol. min. at 25°c.In treatment of waste waters containing cyanide the object is to convert the cyanide to relatively non‐toxic substances; cyanogen chloride, which is toxic, is therefore an undesirable intermediate product and it is important to know how quickly it will disappear from solutions undergoing treatment. The rates of hydrolysis of cyanogen chloride at temperatures ranging from 0° to 30° c. were therefore determined in solutions buffered at the pH value of 11, which has been found most suitable for chlorination of waste waters containing cyanide; the effect of the presence of small concentrations of hypochlorite was also investigated, since it had been noted in preliminary experiments that a slight excess of chlorinating agent appeared to accelerate hydrolysis.
The action of boiling distilled water on aluminium
Authors: Bryan J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAluminium and aluminium alloys react initially with boiling water with the evolution of hydrogen, but the action is quickly arrested through the formation of a highly resistant film of alumina monohydrate. Impurities and alloying elements in the metal and emery treatment of the surface have some influence on the reaction, but the most important factor in preventing the corrosion from continuing indefinitely appears to be the presence of a certain minimum quantity of silicon in the metal.
Tachometric titration: A method for the detection of phase changes which are accompanied by changes in viscosity
Authors: Edwards L. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described whereby viscosity changes in a system may be followed tachometrically. Changes of phase, gelling points and similar phenomena accompanied by sudden large changes in viscosity may be rapidly located. The technique is of wide application, especially in the field of colloid science; although it is empirical in nature, approximate values for absolute viscosities may be obtained, if desired, by calibration against standard liquids.
High‐efficiency laboratory fractionation. V. an automatic laboratory still
Authors: Dixon O. C. , Rosnebeck H. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is important that accurate control of operating variables should be maintained throughout a long batch fractionation. This can best be achieved in many distillations by automatic control. In the laboratory still and acccssorics hcrc described, automatic control is provided for the maintcnancc of adiabatic cons in the fractionating column, the adjustment of reflux ratiofto give optimun: fractionation cfficicncy )and the :hourly) changing of rcccivcrs in which distillate is collected! All :hourly)thcsc operations are controllcd by a modified Multclec.' Tempcnture Recorder. This instrument also provides a rccord of the important temperatures and opcntions throughout the distillaiion. An cxamplc is givcn of the use of this still in the fnctionation of a commcrcial iso‐octanc.
Precise laboratory fractionation an automatically controlled column
Authors: Highet H. C. , Godin G. W. , Philpotts A. R. , Twigg G. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses a method of reducing heat losses from laboratory fractionating columns. A differential thermocouple in the lagging detects radial heat flow and controls the current passing through an electrical heater winding in the lagging, by means of a galvanometer, lamp and photocell relay system. Thermal and electrical characteristics are calculated for equipment required to maintain a number of columns adiabatic by intermittent inspection and control. In the second part of the paper construction and operation of a column lagging jacket, controller and inspection unit arc described. Heat losses are reduced to negligible dimensions and up to six jackets have been controlled simultaneously at temperatures up to 265° c. The equipment has been in use for three years with little attention.
Powder‐size measurement by a combination of the methods of nephelometry and photo‐extinction
Authors: Rose H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the present paper it is shown that a combination of the methods of nephelometry and photo‐extinction offers a means for the determination of the size‐frequency of a fine powder, dependent upon two curves—one of scatter index against particle size as well as the curve of extinction coefficient versus particle size, as required by the conventional photo‐extinction method.Should these two curves, as appears possible, be more easily defined in terms of the physical characteristics of the powder and suspension fluid than is the curve of extinction coefficient, then the combined technique might prove a more convenient and accurate method of powder size analysis than the photo‐extinction method.Certain relationships have been derived and, on the basis of a limited number of tests, are shown to be in agreement with experiment.From the results of scattered‐light tests the extinction‐coefficient/particle‐size relationship has been computed and reproduces in detail a significant feature of the curve as determined by direct measurement.Although it is not claimed that the present tests, which are largely preliminary to a more detailed investigation, are conclusive, it is felt that they lead to conclusions of such interest as to justify publication in the present form.
The determination of carbon dioxide in coal
Authors: Thomas W. C. , Wilkinson H. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the present British Standard method for the determination of carbon dioxide in coals, the carbon dioxide evolved by reaction of the coal with dilute hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid is absorbed in barium hydroxide, and the excess barium hydroxide is titrated with hydrochloric acid. In Fuel Research Survey Paper No. 44, a method is described in which the carbon dioxide liberated is absorbed in soda‐lime and determined gravimetically. In this paper a third method based on the pressometric principle is described. The amount of carbon dioxide is determined by measuring the pressure developed in an apparatus of constant volume, the pressure and volume relationship having previously been determined using a known amount of sodium carbonate.
Investigations on the passage of light through suspensions
Authors: Andreasen A. H. M. , Krebs K. , Dalsgaard‐Pedersen N. Aa. , Camradt‐Petersen E. , Kjer B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn examination has been made of the manner in which light passing through suspensions of solid materials in water, and the light scattered from such illuminated suspensions, depends upon the particle size of the suspension. The following conceptions are introduced: the specific extinction coefficient of a suspension (ē) and the specific nephelo‐value of a suspension (v̄)The examination has been made in order to find out how these two quantities vary with the grain size of white as well as of some coloured suspensions. For white suspensions, monodisperse preparations of barium sulphate produced by condensation and fractions of ground barytes produced by elutriation are used; for coloured suspensions, elutriated fractions of chromic oxide and of pyrolusite are used. Special care has been devoted to the production or suspensions with a very high grade of monodispersity.It is found that ē as well as v̄ for the white suspensions have a distinct maximum at grain sizes of the same order as the wavelength of the transmitted light, whereas ē by the coloured suspensions shows a maximum at grain sizes which are several times smaller than the corresponding grain sizes in the white suspensions.