bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and TEM study of Ag–In–(Eu, Ce) ternary approximants
Authors: Nishimoto Kazue , Muraki Miki , Tamura Ryuji 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ternary Ag–In–(Eu, Ce) 1/1 approximants are synthesized and their structures are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For both the approximants, superlattice spots are clearly observed at room temperature, and the superstructures of the Ag–In–(Eu, Ce) approximants are found to be similar to those of Cd25Eu4 and Cd37Ce6, respectively. The Ag–In–Eu 1/1 approximant has a double unit cell with space group Fd-3 while the Ag–In–Ce 1/1 approximant has a normal unit cell with space group Pn-3, both at room temperature. The results suggest that the tetrahedron at the center of the icosahedral cluster is ordered in the Ag–In–(Eu, Ce) approximants in the same manner as the corresponding binary approximants Cd6(Eu, Ce). Furthermore, TEM observations at high temperatures reveal that the Ag–In–(Eu, Ce) approximants undergo a phase transition to a bcc lattice at an elevated temperature. The transitions are understood as a consequence of disordering of the tetrahedron located at the center of the icosahedral cluster.
Magnetic behavior of Fe and Tm in Zn–Fe–Sc–Tm icosahedral quasicrystals
Authors: Kashimoto Shiro , Masuda Chihiro , Ishimasa Tsutomu 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The magnetic properties of p-type Zn77Fe7Sc16–x
Tm
x
(x = 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6) icosahedral quasicrystals have been investigated. The magnetic susceptibility of these samples obeys Curie-Weiss paramagnetism in 72–300 K. The estimated Curie constants indicated that 3d Fe magnetic moments also exist besides 4f Tm in these quasicrystals. In the lower temperature region, spin glass-like behavior was observed for all samples with freezing temperature 7.0–9.5 K. For samples with higher concentration of Tm, namely x = 2, 4 and 6, the magnetic susceptibility increase as temperature decrease below the freezing temperature. This behavior indicates weak antiferromagnetic interaction between 4f Tm magnetic moments.
The influence of thermal annealing on structural order in the μ-Al4Mn complex intermetallic
Authors: Jagodic Marko , Jaglicic Zvonko , Grushko Benjamin , Balanetskyy Sergiy , Dolinsek Janez 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The influence of cooling rate on structural order in the complex hexagonal μ-Al4Mn phase was investigated. As higher magnetizations are detected in more disordered samples, the short-scale disorder was studied indirectly by magnetic measurements. The magnetizations of as-grown samples and samples subjected to different thermal treatments were compared. It was found that water-quenching increases the disorder in the crystal structure regardless of previous thermal history. Qualitatively the same results were obtained for the quasicrystalline i-Al—Pd—Mn phase where the changes in magnetic properties and consequently in the degree of structural order for different thermal treatments were even more pronounced.
Evaluation of phason elastic constants from HRTEM image of a dislocation in icosahedral quasicrystal
Authors: Edagawa Keiichi , Kamimura Takahiko , So Yeong-Gi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method is proposed for quantitative evaluation of the ratio of the two phason elastic constants K
2/K
1 in icosahedral quasicrystals from a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image of a dislocation. Here, the Hytch´s method originally proposed for quantitative evaluation of displacement fields in crystals is generalized to quasicrystals. The generalized Hytch´s method gives phason displacement fields around a dislocation in icosahedral quasicrystals, from which K
2/K
1 can be evaluated. This method is demonstrated using a simulated HRTEM image of a dislocation in an icosahedral quasicrystal.
Infantile Hemangiomas and Retinopathy of Prematurity: Possible Association
Authors: Praveen Vijayakumar , Vidavalur Ramesh , Rosenkrantz Ted S. , Hussain Naveed 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to study the clinical association between infantile hemangiomas and retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants.
METHODS. A retrospective study of preterm neonates weighing ≤1250 g at birth who were born during a 5-year period (November 1, 2000, to October 31, 2005) at John Dempsey Hospital was performed by using a prospectively collected, neonatal database. Data were collected on demographic features (gestational age, birth weight, and gender) and prenatal/postnatal steroid use. In the physical examination at discharge, all infants were checked for infantile hemangiomas, and the size and number of lesions were noted. The highest stage of retinopathy of prematurity diagnosed at any time before discharge also was noted. Analyses were performed to identify associated risk factors.
RESULTS. Of 406 neonates admitted with birth weights of ≤1250 g, 351 (86.4%) survived. Of the survivors, 49 (13.9%) had infantile hemangiomas at discharge. Infantile hemangiomas were present for 16.8% of neonates with retinopathy of prematurity, compared with 6.7% of those without retinopathy of prematurity. Multiple infantile hemangiomas were present in 14 (28.5%) of 49 neonates, whereas 18 (42.8%) of 42 neonates had infantile hemangiomas that were ≥1 cm in size. Univariate analyses showed lower gestational age, lower birth weight, and postnatal steroid use to be predictors of retinopathy of prematurity, whereas prenatal steroid use, race, and gender were not significantly related. In multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for gestational age and postnatal steroid use, infantile hemangiomas were found to be independently associated with any stage of retinopathy of prematurity. Neither the number nor the size of infantile hemangiomas showed any association with the severity of retinopathy of prematurity.
CONCLUSIONS. Infantile hemangiomas are associated with the development of retinopathy of prematurity in infants weighing ≤1250 g. The biological significance of this association may yield clues to the management of retinopathy of prematurity.
Leaf chemical and spectral diversity in Australian tropical forests
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Martin Roberta E. , Ford Andrew J. , Metcalfe Daniel J. , Liddell Michael J. 
Published: February 2009

Leaf chemical and spectral properties of 162 canopy species were measured at 11 tropical forest sites along a 6024 mm precipitation/yr and 8.7°C climate gradient in Queensland, Australia. We found that variations in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid concentrations, as well as specific leaf area (SLA), were expressed more strongly among species within a site than along the entire climate gradient. Integrated chemical signatures consisting of all leaf properties did not aggregate well at the genus or family levels. Leaf chemical diversity was maximal in the lowland tropical forest sites with the highest temperatures and moderate precipitation levels. Cooler and wetter montane tropical forests contained species with measurably lower variation in their chemical signatures. Foliar optical properties measured from 400 to 2500 nm were also highly diverse at the species level, and were well correlated with an ensemble of leaf chemical properties and SLA (r2 = 0.54–0.83).A probabilistic diversity model amplified the leaf chemical differences among species, revealing that lowland tropical forests maintain a chemical diversity per unit richness far greater than that of higher elevation forests in Australia. Modeled patterns in spectral diversity and species richness paralleled those of chemical diversity, demonstrating a linkage between the taxonomic and remotely sensed properties of tropical forest canopies. We conclude that species are the taxonomic unit causing chemical variance in Australian tropical forest canopies, and thus ecological and remote sensing studies should consider the role that species play in defining the functional properties of these forests.
Grass strip corridors in agricultural landscapes enhance nest‐site colonization by solitary wasps
Authors: Holzschuh Andrea , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Tscharntke Teja 
Published: February 2009

Corridors that connect otherwise isolated habitats have often been proposed as a management strategy to mitigate negative effects of habitat fragmentation. Non‐crop corridors may have the potential to enhance the connectivity for arthropod predators in cropland landscapes, especially for species that require multiple habitats, such as cavity‐nesting wasps which use wooded habitat for nesting and grassland habitat for foraging. However, the effects of corridors in nonexperimental landscapes have been rarely examined. We studied the species richness and abundance of cavity‐nesting wasps and their parasitoids in standardized trap nests located in three habitat types (forest edge, hedge, grass strip) and in three grass‐strip types (connected to a forest edge, slightly isolated, highly isolated from a forest edge).Species richness and the abundance of wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Eumenidae, Pompilidae) were highest at forest edges, which provide natural nesting sites, and lowest in grass strips, with few natural nesting sites. Wasp abundance in grass strips connected to forest edges was 270% higher than in slightly isolated grass strips and 600% higher than in highly isolated grass strips. The abundance of caterpillar‐hunting eumenid wasps was 600% higher in connected grass strips than in slightly and highly isolated grass strips. Species richness of wasps was enhanced by 180% in connected grass strips compared to highly isolated grass strips. Parasitism rates were not directly influenced by habitat or grass‐strip type, but increased with increasing parasitoid diversity that was higher at forest edges than in grass strips.We conclude that grass‐strip corridors enhance the colonization of nesting sites, presumably by facilitating wasp movements. In agricultural landscapes, where nesting sites are limited and food availability changes frequently, rapid colonization of nests may enhance population viability. Higher wasp abundance in connected nesting sites may be directly linked to higher biocontrol of pest caterpillars within the foraging range around nests. Although grass strips can reduce the negative effects of habitat fragmentation, non‐crop habitats such as forest habitats and hedges providing nesting sites are required within the home range of wasps to allow reproduction in agricultural landscapes.
The Perception of Smile Attractiveness
Authors: de Deus Tupinambá Rodrigues Caroline , Magnani Romeu , Machado Maria Salete Candido , Oliveira Osmir Batista 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the attractiveness of a smile according to variations from esthetic norms, photographic framing, and the order of the presentation of photographs.
Materials and Methods: A photograph of an individual was selected and digitally manipulated to create the following smiles: an ideal control smile (I), a smile with diastema (D1), a smile with midline deviation (LM3), a smile with deviation from the long axes of the lateral incisors (10D), and a smile with an inverted smile arc (LSRV). The manipulated photographs were developed in framings of the face and of the mouth and evaluated by 20 laypeople. For half the evaluators, the presentation started with facial photographs and, for the other half, the presentation began with the mouth shots. Evaluators were asked to rank the photographs from the least to the most attractive; then, each photograph was awarded a mark (scale of 0.0 to 10.0).
Results: In both presentations, the smiles I, LM3, 10D, and LSRV received favorable ratings, whereas the D1 smile got poor ratings. The photographic framings used (face vs mouth) and the order of presentation of the photographs did not influence the rankings.
Conclusion: The absence of variations from beauty norms of a smile has a positive impact on its esthetic perception, but variations from the norms do not necessarily result in reduced attractiveness.
Alveolar Bone Loss around Incisors in Surgical Skeletal Class III Patients
Authors: Kim Yoonji , Park Je Uk , Kook Yoon-Ah 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the vertical alveolar bone levels and alveolar bone thickness around the maxillary and mandibular central incisors in surgically treated skeletal Class III malocclusion patients.
Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised 20 Korean patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and openbite (9 male, 11 female, mean ages 24.1). Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images were taken at least 1 month before the orthognathic surgery, and sagittal slices chosen at the labio-lingually widest point of the maxillary and mandibular right central incisor were evaluated. Measurement of the amount of vertical alveolar bone levels and alveolar bone thickness of the labial and lingual plate at the root apex was made using the SimPlant Pro 12.0 program.
Results: The mandibular incisors showed reduced vertical alveolar bone levels than the maxillary incisors, especially on the lingual side. The alveolar bone thickness was significantly greater on the lingual side in the maxillary incisors, whereas the mandibular incisors exhibited an opposite result (P &lt; .05). The percentage of vertical bone loss to root length showed a statistically significant difference between the upper labial and lower labial alveolar bone and also between the upper lingual and lower lingual alveolar bone, showing more bone loss in the lower incisors (P &lt; .001).
Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. For the skeletal Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery, special care should be taken to prevent or not aggravate preexisting alveolar bone loss in the anterior teeth, especially in the mandible.
An In Vivo 3D Micro-CT Evaluation of Tooth Movement After the Application of Different Force Magnitudes in Rat Molar
Authors: Gonzales Carmen , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Arai Yoshinori , Ninomiya Tadashi , Tominaga Junya , Jang Insan , Hotokezaka Yuka , Tanaka Motohiro , Yoshida Noriaki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the precise longitudinal change in the periodontal ligament (PDL) space width and three-dimensional tooth movement with continuous-force magnitudes in living rats.
Materials and Methods: Using nickel-titanium closed-coil springs for 28 days, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-g mesial force was applied to the maxillary left first molars. Micro-CT was taken in the same rat at 0, 1, 2, 3, 10, 14, and 28 days. The width of the PDL was measured in the pressure and tension sides from 0 to 3 days. Angular and linear measurements were used to evaluate molar position at day 0, 10, 14, and 28. The finite element model (FEM) was constructed to evaluate the initial stress distribution, molar displacement, and center of rotation of the molar.
Results: The initial evaluation of PDL width showed no statistical differences among different force magnitudes. Tooth movement was registered 1 hour after force application and gradually increased with time. From day 10, greater tooth movement was observed when 10 g of force was applied. The FEM showed that the center of rotation in the molar is located in the center of five roots at the apical third of the molar roots.
Conclusion: The rat's molar movement mainly consists of mesial tipping, extrusion of distal roots, intrusion of mesial root, palatal inclination, and mesial rotation. Although the initial tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes until day 3 was not remarkably different, 10 g of force produced more tooth movement compared with heavier forces at day 28.
Impact of Insertion Depth and Predrilling Diameter on Primary Stability of Orthodontic Mini-implants
Authors: Wilmes Benedict , Drescher Dieter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that the impact of the insertion depth and predrilling diameter have no effect on the primary stability of mini-implants.
Materials and Methods: Twelve ilium bone segments of pigs were embedded in resin. After implant site preparation with different predrilling diameters (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 mm), Dual Top Screws 1.6 × 10 mm (Jeil, Korea) were inserted with three different insertion depths (7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 mm). The insertion torque was recorded to assess primary stability. In each bone, five Dual Top Screws were used as a reference to compensate for the differences of local bone quality.
Results: Both insertion depth and predrilling diameter influenced the measured insertion torques distinctively: the mean insertion torque for the insertion depth of 7.5 mm was 51.62 Nmm (±25.22); for insertion depth of 8.5 mm, 65.53 Nmm (±29.99); and for the insertion depth of 9.5 mm, 94.38 Nmm (±27.61). The mean insertion torque employing the predrill 1.0 mm was 83.50 Nmm (±33.56); for predrill 1.1 mm, 77.50 Nmm (±27.54); for the predrill 1.2 mm, 61.70 Nmm (±28.46); and for the predrill 1.3 mm, 53.10 (±32.18). All differences were highly statistically significant (P &lt; .001).
Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Higher insertion depths result in higher insertion torques and thus primary stability. Larger predrilling diameters result in lower insertion torques.
Functional Lateral Shift of the Mandible Effects on the Expression of ECM in Rat Temporomandibular Cartilage
Authors: Wattanachai Tanapan , Yonemitsu Ikuo , Kaneko Sawa , Soma Kunimichi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that the effects of mechanical stress from a functional lateral shift of the mandible have no effect on the expression of two main condylar cartilage extracellular matrix components, type II collagen and aggrecan, in rats from early puberty to young adulthood.
Materials and Methods: Functional lateral shift of the mandible was induced in experimental groups of 5-week-old male Wistar rats, using guiding appliances. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post appliance attachment. The condyles were immunohistochemically evaluated for type II collagen and aggrecan (the immunoreactive areas were quantified).
Results: As compared with the control group, on the contralateral condyles, the immunoreactivity of the experimental groups was significantly increased from 7 to 14 days. While on the ipsilateral condyles, the immunoreactive areas were significantly decreased throughout the experimental period.
Conclusion: A functional lateral shift of the mandible modulated the condylar cartilage extracellular matrix differently on each side of the condyle, which affected condylar morphology, growth, biomechanical properties, and even the susceptibility of the condylar cartilage to pathogenesis.
Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging
Authors: Bozic Marko , Kau Chung How , Richmond Stephen , Ihan Hren Nataša , Zhurov Alexei , Udovič Marjana , Melink Staša , Ovsenik Maja 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: To use 3-dimensional (3D) facial averages to test the hypothesis that the facial morphologies of 2 European white groups (Slovenia and Wales) have no differences.
Methods: Fifty males and 50 females from Wales and 43 males and 44 females from Slovenia were included in the study. Subjects ranged from 18 to 30 years of age. Four subgroups were formed: Slovenian males (SM), Slovenian females (SF), Welsh males (WM), and Welsh females (WF). 3D data were acquired using a laser scanning system. An average face for each subgroup was obtained using a previously validated mathematical algorithm. Facial differences were quantified after average faces had been superimposed using a previously validated method.
Results: A total of 187 subjects from Slovenia and Wales formed 4 gender-specific subgroups. Absolute differences between subgroups ranged from 0.36 mm to 1.51 mm. The mean linear facial difference between SF and WF was 0.64 ± 0.51 mm, and between SM and WM was 0.36 ± 0.41 mm. Similarities between subgroups ranged from 13.43% (SF, WF) to 70.23% (SM, WM). Slovenian males and females tend to express Class III facial morphology when compared with the Welsh gender–specific subgroups. Male faces, in general, have more pronounced nasal, brow, and frontal regions and mandibles when compared with females. Female faces have more prominent malar and periocular areas.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Morphologic differences exist between Slovenian and Welsh faces.
Accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in dogs
Authors: Seyrek-Intas Deniz , Michele Ursula , Tacke Sabine , Kramer Martin , Gerwing Martin 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FMCP) in dogs.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—102 dogs (112 elbow joints) suspected to have FMCP.
Procedures—Elbows were examined ultrasonographically prior to surgery for evidence of fragmentation, fissuring, or deformation of the medial coronoid process; thickening of the joint capsule; joint effusion; and secondary new bone formation. Results were compared with intraoperative findings.
Results—At surgery, 51 (46%) joints had free fragments, 55 (49%) had nondisplaced fragments, and 6 (5%) did not have any fragments or fissures. Fragments were not seen ultrasonographically in 23 of the 51 (45%) joints in which a free fragment was found during surgery or in 50 of the 55 (91%) joints in which a nondisplaced fragment was found during surgery. Accuracy of using ultrasonographic evidence of any medial coronoid process abnormality (ie, a medial coronoid process fragment, deformation of the medial coronoid process, or both) for diagnosis of medial coronoid process fragmentation was 77%. The kappa coefficient for the level of agreement between ultrasonographic (ie, any medial coro-noid process abnormality) and surgical findings was −0.014, indicating that there was no agreement.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ultrasonography was of limited diagnostic value in detecting FMCP in dogs.
Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Glickman Nita W. , Moore George E. , Goldstein Gary S. , Lewis Hugh B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective—To test the hypothesis that increased severity of periodontal disease in dogs is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular-related events, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, as well as markers of inflammation.
Design—Historical cohort observational study.
Sample Population—59,296 dogs with a history of periodontal disease (periodontal cohort), of which 23,043 had stage 1 disease, 20,732 had stage 2 disease, and 15,521 had stage 3 disease; and an age-matched comparison group of 59,296 dogs with no history of periodontal disease (nonperiodontal cohort).
Procedures—Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular-related diagnoses and examination findings in dogs as a function of the stage of periodontal disease (1, 2, or 3 or no periodontal disease) over time while controlling for the effect of potential confounding factors.
Results—Significant associations were detected between the severity of periodontal disease and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, but not between the severity of periodontal disease and the risk of a variety of other common noncardiovascular-related conditions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The findings of this observational study, similar to epidemiologic studies in humans, suggested that periodontal disease was associated with cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Chronic inflammation is probably an important mechanism connecting bacterial flora in the oral cavity of dogs with systemic disease. Canine health may be improved if veterinarians and pet owners place a higher priority on routine dental care.