bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
γδT Cells Initiate Acute Inflammation and Injury in Adenovirus-Infected Liver via Cytokine-Chemokine Cross Talk
Authors: Ajuebor Maureen N. , Jin Yijun , Gremillion Griffin L. , Strieter Robert M. , Chen Qingling , Adegboyega Patrick A. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTEmerging studies suggest an important role for the innate immune response in replication-defective adenovirus (Ad)-mediated acute liver toxicity. Specifically, classical innate immune cells (including NK cells, neutrophils, and Kupffer cells) have all been implicated in the development of Ad-mediated acute liver toxicity. The nonclassical innate immune T cell, the γδT cell, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several viral infections that predominantly affect the mucosa and brain, but the specific role in the pathology of AdLacZ-mediated acute liver inflammation and injury as well as accompanying vector clearance is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that a CXCL9-CXCR3-dependent mechanism governed the accumulation of γδT cells in the livers of mice infected with Ad expressing theEscherichia coliLacZ gene (AdLacZ). We also showed a critical role for γδT cells in initiating acute liver toxicity after AdLacZ administration, driven in part by the ability of γδT cells to promote the recruitment of the conventional T cell, the CD8+T cell, into the liver. Furthermore, reduced hepatic injury in AdLacZ-infected γδT-cell-deficient mice was associated with lower hepatic levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CXCL9, an IFN-γ-inducible chemokine. Finally, our study highlighted a key role for IFN-γ and CXCL9 cross talk acting in a feedback loop to drive the proinflammatory effects of γδT cells during AdLacZ-mediated acute liver toxicity. Specifically, intracellular IFN-γ produced by activated hepatic γδT cells interacts with hepatocytes to mediate hepatic CXCL9 production, with the consequent accumulation of CXCR3-bearing γδT cells in the liver to cause acute liver damage without vector clearance.
A two-year sonographic follow-up after intratendinous injection therapy in patients with tennis elbow: Figure 1a–e
Authors: Zeisig E , Fahlström M , Öhberg L , Alfredson H 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundTennis elbow is a tendinopathy affecting the upper extremity. Recent studies have shown high sensitivity for ultrasound (US) examination and high specificity for colour Doppler (CD) examination. There are no mid- or long-term follow-up investigations of the tendon structure and blood flow using these techniques.ObjectiveTo use US and CD to study structure and blood flow in the extensor origin in patients with tennis elbow treated with intratendinous injections.DesignFollow-up studySettingSports Medicine Unit, Umeå University.Patients25 patients (28 elbows), mean age 46 years (range 27–66), treated with intratendinous injections due to chronic pain from tennis elbow.MethodUS and CD examination of the extensor origin was carried out at inclusion and at follow-up two years after intratendinous injection treatment with polidocanol and/or a local anaesthetic.Main outcome measurementsUS (structure) and CD (blood flow) findings.ResultsAll patients had structural tendon changes and high blood flow at inclusion when given the injection treatment. At the two-year follow-up, structural tendon changes were seen in 20/28 elbows and high blood flow was seen in 4/28 elbows. The majority of patients with a good clinical result after treatment had no visible blood flow (17/20), but the structural changes showed no relation to a good result (13/20 remaining changes).ConclusionsDoppler findings, but not structure, might be related to the clinical result after intratendinous injection treatment of tennis elbow.
Ethical dilemmas in palliative care in traditional developing societies, with special reference to the Indian setting
Authors: Chaturvedi S K 
Published: July 2008

Background:There are intriguing and challenging ethical dilemmas in the practice of palliative care in a traditional developing society.Objective:To review the different ethical issues involved in cancer and palliative care in developing countries, with special reference to India.Methods:Published literature on pain relief and palliative care in the developing countries was reviewed to identify ethical issues and dilemmas related to these, and ways in which ethical principles could be observed in delivery of palliative care in such countries are discussed.Results:The literature review revealed a number of ethical dilemmas and challenges that professionals, cancer patients and their families encountered during palliative care. It was noted that patients’ preferences and decisions are influenced by family members. Dilemmas leave the professionals and families confused about how ethical their actions have been. Specific ethical issues were noted in relation to the availability and use of oral morphine for pain relief, spiritual care, lack of adequate palliative care services, and palliative care education.Conclusions:The four principles of ethics posed difficulties in understanding the complex ethical issues in a developing country with a traditional background. Ethical issues need to be handled delicately and sensitively in palliative care settings, within the framework of the traditions and culture of the society and financial constraints. The possible role of ethics committees in palliative care settings to help decision-making needs to be studied and discussed.
Moral–psychological development related to the capacity of adolescents and elderly patients to consent
Authors: Raymundo M M , Goldim J R 
Published: July 2008

Objective:To evaluate moral development as an indicator of the capacity to consent among two groups of patients from the Hospital de Clínicas in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Method:Fifty-nine adolescents and 60 patients over 60 years of age participated in a cross-sectional study to assess moral development using Loevinger’s model of ego stages.Results:Age and moral development showed no association, with most participants in the two groups being in the conscientious phase.Conclusions:Age is probably not an adequate variable to measure decision-making capacity, because questions of medical consent relate to participants’ own personal health. Decision-making capacity should be viewed as a continuous function. While the age of the person whose consent is needed should be considered, age alone, from a moral perspective, is not the main determinant of this capacity.
Evaluating ethics consultation: randomised controlled trial is not the right tool
Authors: Chen Y-Y , Chen Y-C 
Published: July 2008

Background:Although ethics consultation has been introduced to clinical practice for many years, the results of empirical studies to evaluate the effectiveness of ethics consultation are still controversial. The design of randomised controlled trials is considered the best research design to evaluate the effect of a clinical practice on the outcomes of interests. In order to understand the effects of ethics consultation, we conducted this search for studies with the design of randomised controlled trials to evaluate ethics consultation.Objective:To provide an integrated review of studies with the design of randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of ethics consultation.Methods:PubMed was used to search for studies using the randomised controlled trial design to evaluate the effectiveness of ethics consultation. The search term used was “ethics consultation”. The selection criterion was limited to “randomised controlled trial”.Results:Four articles that met both search criteria were retrieved. One of these articles reported a study that did not actually use the design of a randomised controlled trial and is excluded from the following discussion.Conclusions:To apply randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of ethics consultation is extremely difficult as long as two issues are not resolved: the standardisation of ethics consultation and a placebo for ethics consultation to eliminate the placebo effect. Thus, the results generated by the design of randomised controlled trials are always problematic. Furthermore, as long as the two issues exist, the results generated by the design of quantitative research methods always pose problems.
Should research ethics committees meet in public?
Authors: Sheehan M 
Published: July 2008

Currently, research ethics committees (RECs) in the UK meet behind closed doors—their workings and most of the content of their decisions are unavailable to the general public. There is a significant tension between this current practice and a broader societal presumption of openness. As a form of public institution, the REC system exists to oversee research from the perspective of society generally.An important part of this tension turns on the kind of justification that might be offered for the REC system. In this paper I adapt Daniels and Sabin’s accountability for reasonableness model for just resource allocation to the research ethics context to provide some structural legitimacy and to enable progress on the question of openness. After considering the consequences of adopting this model for open REC meetings, I then examine some reasons that might be offered against open meetings. These arguments do not overwhelm the core intuitions behind the presumption of openness but they do, I suggest, give us reason to retreat from fully public meetings. I conclude that there should be important adjustments to the system towards public accountability and that there are grounds for stopping short of fully public meetings.
It's About Time An Undergraduate Honors Course on the Topic of Time
Authors:   Hancock,   Saunders
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper presents information concerning a specific undergraduate honors course on the interdisciplinary topic of time. True to the cross-cutting nature of time, the course was both led by and primarily taught by two professors from the distinctly different disciplines of information systems and psychology, respectively. It was offered as a special topic honors course in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida whose rubric ensured that enrollment was limited to a maximum of twenty undergraduate, honors students only. Additionally, selected auditors were allowed to attend specific, special events. The ceiling on enrollment proved critical since it allowed for a broad, discussion-based exploration of time, led on a number of occasions by specialist guest lecturers drawn from the arts, the sciences, and other speakers from well beyond the traditional confines of academe. There was a high demand for, and an excellent reception of, the course as offered. Due to the external constraints of the two professors involved, it proved to be a unique offering. However, the following description is provided for use by other teachers and professors who might wish to peruse and adopt the basic structure and/or some of the content that was collected and created.
The Queen's Bishop: A Convert's Memoir of John W. Colenso
Authors: Mokoena Hlonipha 
Published: July 2008

AbstractJohn William Colenso, the Bishop of Natal, became a notorious theological and colonial figure. His life and career are well documented, but his converts' views have hardly featured in these commentaries and biographies. Magema M. Fuze's published series 'Ukutunywa kukaSobantu' provides an alternative account of Colenso's career as a missionary bishop. In a series of articles published in the Zulu-English newspaper Ilanga lase Natal, Fuze sketched a portrait of Colenso that reflected his personal history as Colenso's convert, an Ekukhanyeni resident and also his aspiration to be a kholwa intellectual and a historian.
A Simple Dynamical Model with Features of Convective Momentum Transport
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Stechmann Samuel N. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Convective momentum transport (CMT) plays a central role in interactions across multiple space and time scales. However, because of the multiscale nature of CMT, quantifying and parameterizing its effects is often a challenge. Here a simple dynamic model with features of CMT is systematically derived and studied. The model includes interactions between a large-scale zonal mean flow and convectively coupled gravity waves, and convection is parameterized using a multicloud model.
The moist convective wave–mean flow interactions shown here have several interesting features that distinguish them from other classical wave–mean flow settings. First an intraseasonal oscillation of the mean flow and convectively coupled waves (CCWs) is described. The mean flow oscillates due to both upscale and downscale CMT, and the CCWs weaken, change their propagation direction, and strengthen as the mean flow oscillates. The basic mechanisms of this oscillation are corroborated by linear stability theory with different mean flow background states.
Another case is set up to imitate the westerly wind burst phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in the simplified dynamic model. In this case, CMT first accelerates the zonal jet with the strongest westerly wind aloft, and then there is deceleration of the winds due to CMT; this occurs on an intraseasonal time scale and is in qualitative agreement with actual observations of the MJO. Also, in this case, a multiscale envelope of convection propagates westward with smaller-scale convection propagating eastward within the envelope. The simplified dynamic model is able to produce this variety of behavior even though it has only a single horizontal direction and no Coriolis effect.
Tilted Baroclinic Tidal Vortices
Authors: Canals Miguel , Pawlak Geno , MacCready Parker 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The structure of baroclinic vortices generated by horizontal flow separation past a sloping headland in deep, stably stratified waters is investigated. The most distinctive feature of these eddies is that their cores are strongly tilted with respect to the stratification, yet their velocity field remains quasi-horizontal. Field observations and numerical simulations are used to explore the consequences of the strong tilt on the eddy baroclinic structure. It is found that the background density field is altered in such a way as to maintain a pressure minimum in the tilted vortex cores. This adjustment results in a fundamental asymmetry of the density field. Isopycnals are deflected upward on the shoreward side and downward on the opposite side of the eddy center. The resulting pattern closely resembles the asymmetries of azimuthal wavenumber one that develop when tropical cyclones become tilted by an environmental shear. The authors provide a simple analytical model that suggests this structure is obtained via a balance between the centrifugal force and the horizontal pressure gradient. As the eddies release from the boundary, adjust, and decay, their tilt as well as the associated density perturbation decrease and lose coherence. It is suggested that this may lead to a conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy.
On the Climatic Impact of Wind Stress
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A climate model is used to study the climatic impact of the stress exerted on the ocean by the atmosphere. When this stress is set to zero everywhere, the climate becomes much colder, with global-mean near-surface air temperature dropping from 14.8° to 6.1°C. The largest temperature decrease occurs in high latitudes, where sea ice advances equatorward to 40° of latitude. Many of these changes are induced by the changes in the oceanic circulation. In particular, with momentum flux set to zero, the meridional transport of buoyancy in the ocean, including that fraction often associated with the buoyancy-driven circulation, essentially vanishes and, hence, so does much of the surface heat flux. Vertical transport of buoyancy in the ocean is also strongly affected. In addition, the model suggests that the flux of momentum to the ocean has a profound indirect influence on the transport of latent heat. However, the total radiative flux entering the planet at low and midlatitudes does not change much. Instead, the net energy transport across 40°S increases, whereas that across 40°N decreases. The poleward energy transport in the atmosphere increases at midlatitudes in both hemispheres, whereas the oceanic heat transport decreases most strongly in the Northern Hemisphere. The climate becomes colder in both hemispheres, which is not easy to infer from the meridional transport of energy either by the climate system as a whole or by its individual components. Furthermore, the model suggests that it is the wind stress driving the midlatitude oceans—that is, where the oceanic heat transport accounts for only a very tiny fraction of the total poleward energy transport by the climate system, which is of more importance for maintaining the mean position of sea ice edge and, hence, much of the global climate.
Onboard Real-Time Absolute Radiometric Calibration for Thermal Infrared Channels of Chinese Geostationary Meteorological Satellites
Authors: Tong Jinjun , Déry Stephen J. , Hu Bo , Chen Yun , Yang Changjun , Rong Zhiguo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Forty-one cloud-free images of Qinghai Lake (QHL) in China and the corresponding digital numbers (DNs) of FengYun-2C (FY-2C) at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC from 1 July to 30 September 2005 are analyzed. The corresponding surface water temperatures of QHL measured by the automated hydrometeorological buoy (AHMB) system and the atmospheric profiles over QHL from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data are inputted into the atmospheric transfer model MODTRAN3.7 to calculate the entrance pupil radiance and brightness temperatures for thermal infrared (TIR) channels of FY-2C. Then, the absolute radiometric calibration coefficients of FY-2C, which are used to calculate the equivalent blackbody (EBB) temperatures TEBB, are calculated by comparing the entrance pupil radiance and brightness temperatures with the corresponding DNs. In addition, the temperatures of onboard blackbody (OBB) TOBB, primary, secondary, refraction, and calibration mirrors on the multichannel scanning radiometer (MSR) of FY-2C are detected remotely. Based on the linear correlation between TEBB − TOBB and temperatures of various mirrors, the transform equations from TOBB to TEBB are developed. Finally, the onboard real-time absolute radiometric calibration for TIR channels of geostationary meteorological satellite FY-2C is implemented with an uncertainty of about 1.5 and 2.1 K for TIR 1 and TIR 2 of FY-2C, respectively.
Continuum Damage Mechanics, Anisotropy and Damage Deactivation for Brittle Materials Like Concrete and Ceramic Composites
Authors: Chaboche J. L. , Lesne P. M. , Maire J. F. 
Published: July 2008

The main lines of a Continuum Damage Mechanics Modelling are reviewed, for applications to brittle materials treated as elastic damageable ones. The proposed damage models consider in the same framework the cases of initially isotropic materials like concrete and anisotropic composites. Attention is focused on the damage deactivation effects and on the possibility to describe irreversible strains directly associated to the damaging processes without any additional dissipation. Finally, the model is applied to two particular SiC/SiC and C/SiC composites.
On Thermomechanics of Martensite Transitions
Authors: Vakulenko A. A. 
Published: July 2008

In the last ten to fifteen years, a number of works appeared in which solid-state phase transitions were considered in the framework of mechanics of continua. For example, Grinfeld [2] constructed the equilibrium phase conditions by variational principles formulated in the classical work of Gibbs [1]; note, also, works [3-5] and others. These works, typically, deal with the phase equilibrium conditions only. This paper addresses, mainly, the diffusionless (martensite) transitions and outlines the thermodynamics of such transitions. The suggested approach allows one to analyze the transition kinetics, and, in particular, the phase equilibrium conditions.
Equilibrium Paths of Polygonally Damaging Structures Part Two: One-Dimensional Example for Nonsmooth Damage and Localization
Authors: Kurutz Maria 
Published: July 2008

In the first part of the paper, stability analysis of nonlinearly inelastic damaging structures is shown by applying polygonal approximation for the nonlinear material functions. The basis of the nonsmooth stability analysis together with a lot of numerical illustrations has originally been laid down in the papers of M. Kurutz (1989, 1993a, 1993b, 1995). In the first part of this paper, the theoretical bases of the nonsmooth damage and localization instabilities of structures having polygonal stress-strain diagrams are presented. In the second part, the numerical illustrations are shown. The presented example aims to follow the famous historical example of Shanley (1947), related to the elasto-plastic behaviour of the Euler-column. By using a very simple mechanical model of the problem, the damage behaviour of the plastic hinges of the buckled state can be analysed.
Sensitivity of Material Parameters in the Finite Element Computation of Microvoid Nucleation and Growth
Authors: Lazzarotto L. , Picart P. , Oudin J. 
Published: July 2008

A suitable range of microvoided material parameters is defined to perform a set of finite element computations. The sensitivity analysis is focussed on nucleation and growth of microvoids; the related modifications on microvoid volume fraction, effective plastic strain, hydrostatic stress, dimensions, and load are given through two reference models, the tensile test of a single axisymmetric Q4 element and the upset of a clamped cylinder. It is shown that refined analysis requires the determination of four supplementary material parameters, the initial microvoid volume fraction, the effective plastic strain at incipient nucleation, the potential nucleated microvoid volume fraction consistent with the inclusion volume fraction and the Gaussian standard deviation of inclusions distribution. Nevertheless, for large plastic strain occurrences, an accurate identification of the effective plastic strain at incipient nucleation and the standard deviation of inclusions distribution parameters is not necessary.