bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melanoma
Authors: Kashani‐Sabet Mohammed 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Melanoma is an increasingly common clinical problem, with few effective therapies available for advanced disease. The recent inroads into the molecular biology of melanoma have provided an important understanding of the molecular events that underlie melanoma progression, and will form the basis for the development of novel biomarkers as well as targeted therapies for this disease. In this chapter, we will review the current state of the art with respect to cutaneous melanoma epidemiology and molecular biology, and discuss recent advances in the prognostic assessment and therapy of melanoma.
Skin
Authors: Young Alison Z. , Murphy George F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe skin is a large and complex organ composed of multiple cell types. From these various cell lineages a multiplicity of neoplasms may originate. There are numerous aetologic factors responsible for the genesis of malignant skin tumours, and these include exogenous (environmental) as well as endogenous (inborn and acquired) agents and mechanisms. Many cutaneous malignancies develop in the context of precursor lesions associated with cellular dysplasia. Specific examples of dysplasia/malignancy associations include actinickeratosis/squamous cell carcinoma and dysplastic melanocytic naevi/malignant melanoma. Examples of other representative cutaneous malignancies include basal cell carcinoma, mycosis fungoides, Kaposi's sarcoma, and angiosarcoma. These examples of cutaneous malignancy are discussed in detail in the context of aetiology, clinical features, correlative histopathology, prognosis, and clinical management.
Models for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jain Anjali , Vashistha Surabhi , Gross Mitchell E. , Agus David B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTranslational research examining the progression and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is benefited significantly from the availability of models that faithfully mimic thein vivodisease. It is advantageous if the model system maximally recapitulates the myriad complex relationships that contribute towards prostate carcinogenesis. These include hormonal and genetic status of the host, immune response to the tumour, environmental and dietary influences, tumour epithelial and stromal interactions, local and systemic influences in the host including, the tumour tissue type, adjacent tissues, and metastatic preferences. The currently available models of prostate cancer have been divided as those that are influenced by, or are independent of, the immune systems of the hosts. The final section describes models that have specifically attempted to address bone metastasis in prostate cancer. These model systems are of paramount importance in the study of the biology of prostate cancer and to help develop new therapeutic strategies to fight the various “biologic states” of prostate cancer.
Endocrine Organs
Authors: Asa Sylvia L. , Ezzat Shereen 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The endocrine organs represent groups of cells that have, as their primary function, the production and secretion of hormones into circulation. Tumours of these organs are characterized by widely ranging aberrant growth, hormone secretion, or both. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these distinct entities are now being utilized for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes with implications for non‐hormone‐producing cancers.
Male Genital Tract
Authors: Henley John D. , Ulbright Thomas M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTumours of the male genital tract, including those of the prostate gland, testis, and penis, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In western culture, aside from skin tumours, prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in men. In male adolescents and young adults germ cell tumours of the testis are the most common type of solid tumour cancer. Carcinoma of the penis, although uncommon in the industrialized world, accounts for up to 20% of male malignancies in less developed parts of the world. The epidemiology and pathology of these diseases have become well characterized. Applied immunohistochemical andin situhybridization techniques continue to refine pathologic classification and diagnosis. Aetiologies, unfortunately, remain elusive. Undoubtedly, the accumulating wealth of data on genes and proteins will eventually unravel the molecular pathogenesis of these tumours. Continued progress will see application of these data to aid prevention, assessment of prognosis, and treatment.
Soft Tissues
Authors: Oliveira Andre M. , Nascimento Antonio G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Soft tissue tumours comprise a group of rather distinct neoplasms of predominant mesenchymal differentiation. They are classified according to their line of differentiation and clinical behaviour. Specific cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities have been identified in several of them, and the discovery of these abnormalities has not only allowed their better classification but also has opened avenues for the development of novel therapies. Soft tissue tumours are mainly treated with surgical procedures but radiotherapy and chemotherapy play a major role in the treatment of malignant tumours. Their prognosis vary widely and depend mainly on the line of differentiation, histologic grade and clinical stage.
Pleura and Peritoneum
Authors: Sheaff Michael T. , Steele Jeremy P. C. , Klabatsa Astero 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe pleura and peritoneum are both lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells which provide a supportive function for the enclosed organs. Most tumours involving these structures are metastses from visceral malignancies. In the pleura, this is most frequently the lung and in the peritoneum, this is usually the female genital tract or colorectum. Primary tumours do occur, however, and the most common is the malignant mesothelioma. The majority of mesotheliomas are associted with previous asbestos exposure. Diagnosis can be difficult owing to limitations of tissue samples or owing to mimickry of other lesions. Once a diagnosis of mesothelioma is established there is a range of therapeutic options available for treatment but this tumour has a generally poor prognosis.Other tumours involving the serosal surfaces are outlined in this chapter with a focus on pathological and oncological features.
Basic Tissue and Cell Culture in Cancer Research
Authors: Cavanaugh Philip , Haier Jörg 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Cell culture techniques are the vital basis for the large majority of experimental cancer research. During the last 50 years, a long list of standard procedures and formulas have been developed for cell cultures. Almost all malignant tumour entities were established as immortal cell lines, and many of them are available commercially. The reproducibility and reliability of these cellular systems, however, is highly influenced by cell and tissue culture conditions, and many cellular functions can be modulated purely by altering the conditions of the culture. This chapter provides an introduction into basic principles of tissue and cell culture, which are very important but not limited to cancer research.
Human Tumours in Animal Hosts
Authors: Clarke Robert , Haier Jörg 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe allogenic or xenogenic transfer of tumour into animals is one of the most widely used models in cancer research. Ethical, scientific, and legal requirements are of special importance to maintain the welfare of the animals and to minimize the numbers used with an optimal output. For allin vivostudies, careful experimental design including statistical approaches, choice of animal model, and data analysis has to be performed before starting animal work. In this chapter, factors influencing the statistical power ofin vivostudies and the characteristics of immunodeficient animals are discussed in more detail.
Mathematical Models of Cancer Growth and Development
Authors: Chaplain Mark A. J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe growth of solid tumours takes place in two phases—the initial avascular phase, in the absence of blood supply, and then the subsequent vascular growth phase. During the avascular growth phase, a solid tumour is limited in its growth mainly because of a lack of nutrients (such as oxygen, glucose). During this part of its growth there may be an immune response involving effector cells, such as T lymphocytes, which can recognize the cancer cells as “foreign” and mount an immune response. In some cases, this immune response may by sufficient to eradicate the cancer altogether, while in other cases, the immune system may suppress the cancer cells at a low level (cf “tumour dormancy”). Angiogenesis is the key process which links the two different phases. Endothelial cells are stimulated into forming new blood vessels through the secretion of enzymes (angiogenic factors) released by hypoxic cancer cells. The formation of the new vasculature is essential if the tumour has to grow beyond its diffusion‐limited growth size of a few millimetres. The new vasculature is also very important for the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. During the vascular growth phase, cancer cells secrete various enzymes (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase plasminogen activators), which degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix locally and facilitate invasion and spread. In this chapter, we present mathematical models of the immune response to cancer, angiogenesis, and tissue invasion, and discuss how recent advances in modelling techniques are beginning to have an impact on the understanding of a highly complex non‐linear phenomenon.
Carbonylative Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Terminal Alkynes: A New Catalytic Access to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Dheur Julien , Sauthier Mathieu , Castanet Yves , Mortreux André 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe carbonylative addition of arylboronic acids to terminal alkynes under mild conditions affords (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones with good yields. The reaction was achieved with chloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) dimer or chlorodicarbonylrhodium(I) dimer as catalytic precursor without additional phosphine as their use inhibits the reaction. Experiments using deuterated 1‐hexyne discarded the possibility of a rhodium‐vinylidene intermediate, thus a catalytic cycle involving a 1,2‐insertion of the terminal alkyne in a rhodium‐acyl bond is proposed. This new reaction represents the first example of the hydroacylation of terminal alkynes involving rhodium‐acyl reagents generated under CO pressure and promises a wide field of interest.
Gold‐Catalyzed Tandem Cycloisomerization of Alkynyloxiranes with Nucleophiles: An Efficient Approach to 2,5‐Disubstituted Furans
Authors: Shu Xing‐Zhong , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Xiao Hui‐Quan , Ji Ke‐Gong , Guo Li‐Na , Qi Chen‐Ze , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn efficient approach to 2,5‐disubstituted furans has been developed by utilizing gold‐catalyzed sequential nucleophilic attack onto metal‐complexed alkynes with complete regioselectivity. The reaction proceeds efficiently under mild conditions with commercially available catalysts to afford furans in moderate to excellent yields (up to 96 %) with high diversity.
Kinetic study of the thermal degradation of poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing 2,7‐naphthalene moieties
Authors: Liu Si‐Jie , Hou Xiang , Fang Chi‐Guang , Ma Rong‐Tang , Jiang Zhen‐Hua 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe degradation of poly(aryl ether ketone) containing 2,7‐naphthalene moieties was subjected to dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetry in nitrogen and air. The dynamic experiments showed that the initial degradation temperature, temperature for 5% weight loss, and temperature corresponding to the maximum degradation rate of poly(aryl ether ketone) containing 2,7‐naphthalene moieties were a little higher than those of poly(ether ether ketone) and almost independent of the 2,7‐naphthalene moiety content. The thermal stability of poly(aryl ether ketone) containing 2,7‐naphthalene moieties in air was substantially less than that in nitrogen, and the degradation mechanism was more complex. The results obtained under the isothermal conditions were in agreement with the corresponding results obtained in nitrogen and air under the dynamic conditions. In the dynamic experiments, the apparent activation energies for the degradation processes were 240 and 218 kJ/mol in nitrogen and air for the second reaction stage as the heating rate was higher than 5°C/min. In the isothermal experiments, the apparent activation energies for the degradation processes were 222 and 190 kJ/mol in nitrogen and air, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterizations of direct methanol fuel cell membrane from sulfonated polystyrene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend compatibilized with poly(styrene)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrytlate) block copolymer
Authors: Piboonsatsanasakul P. , Wootthikanokkhan J. , Thanawan S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis work concerned a development of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend membrane for use as an electrolyte in a direct methanol fuel cell. The aim of this work was to investigate effects of the blend ratio on properties of the blend membranes. The partially SPS with various degrees of substitution were prepared by using propionyl sulfate as a sulfonating agent. After that, the optimum SPS was selected for further blending with PVDF, at various blend ratios. Poly(styrene)–poly(methyl methacrytlate) block copolymer (PS‐b‐PMMA), used as a compatibilizer, was synthesized via a controlled radical polymerization through the use of an iniferter. Thermal behaviors, water uptake, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of various blend membranes were determine by using TGA, gravimetry, impedance analyzer, and gas chromatography, respectively. From the results, it was found that, water uptake and methanol permeability of the blend membranes tended to increase with the weight ratio of SPS. It was also found that the blend membranes were incompatible, especially those containing more than 40 wt % of the SPS. However, by adding 5 wt % of the block copolymer, the blend became more compatible. Mechanical strength, proton conductivity, and resistance to methanol crossover of the blend membrane remarkably increased after the compatibilization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Adhesion and corrosion resistance properties of modified polystyrenes
Authors: Ahmetli Gulnare , Kaya Ayse , Ozkececi Ayse 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this study, chemical modification of different molecular weight polystyrenes (PS) was researched with various functional group modificators: epichlorohydrin, maleic, and acetic anhydrides, in one stage and in the medium of BF3O(C2H5)2 cationic catalyst. It was determined that the amounts of the functional groups, bound to the structure of the polymer, have been changed depending on the molecular weight of the PS used and more functional groups have been bonded to the lower molecular weight PS. It is stated that the adhesion properties and corrosion resistance of the modified PS on metal surface have been changed depending on the molecular weight of PS and the amount of the functional groups bound to the aromatic ring of the polymer. Various functional groups bound to the aromatic ring of the PS and their amounts were determined by spectral and chemical analysis methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polarized Ovaries of the Long‐tongued Bat, Glossophaga soricina: A Novel Model for Studying Ovarian Development, Folliculogenesis, and Ovulation
Authors: Komar Carolyn M. , Zacharachis‐jutz Frances , Cretekos Chris J. , Behringer Richard R. , Rasweiler John J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGlossophaga soricina is a spontaneously ovulating, monovular, polyestrous bat with a simplex uterus, exhibiting true menstruation. Studies conducted on reproductively active, captive‐maintained animals established that G. soricina also has polarized ovaries, with the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) restricted to the medial side of the ovary, and primordial follicles limited to an immediately adjacent zone. Follicles selected for further development are recruited from the medullary side of this zone, and ovulation is restricted to the portion of the ovary covered by the OSE. To further develop G. soricina as a model for studying ovarian development and physiology, ovaries were collected from fetal, neonatal, and adult females and processed for morphological and immunohistochemical analyses. The latter included staining for factor VIII‐related antigen (von Willebrand factor) to assess regional differences in ovarian vascularity. The ovarian structure in fetal and neonatal animals was very similar to that in other species that do not have polarized ovaries at comparable stages of development. This indicated that polarization of the ovary does not occur during fetal development, but rather sometime between the neonatal period and adulthood. Vascular elements were abundant in areas of the ovary surrounding early growing follicles, but sparse in the zone of the ovary containing primordial follicles. The polarized nature of the ovaries in G. soricina suggests that this species might be used as a model to investigate the formation, long‐term maintenance, and activation of primordial follicles, and the role of the OSE in ovulation and folliculogenesis. Anat Rec, 290:1439–1448, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Functional Features of Choroid Epithelium from Buffalo Brain
Authors: Scala Gaetano , Corona Marco , Pavone Luigi michele , Pelagalli Alessandra , De girolamo Paolo , Staiano Norma 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChoroid plexuses (CPs) play pivotal roles in many processes that establish, survey, and maintain the biochemical and cellular status of the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in the anatomy and physiology of CPs have been linked to several CNS diseases. However, CP structure and function are not definitely known. Here, we report structural and functional features of choroid epithelium from buffalo brain never described before. Mixed with common epithelial cells, two novel cell types were identified by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The first peculiar cells showed a globular apical portion projecting into the ventricular cavities, and a basal peduncle in direct contact with blood capillaries underlying the epithelium. The second type of cells resulted to be formed by a globular body from which depart numerous processes; these cells, localized deeply in the choroid epithelium, strictly contact neighboring epithelial cells. No synaptic contacts were detected between these cell populations and common epithelial cells. To gain some insight into the functional properties of choroid cells, NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activities were evaluated. Of interest, whereas a strong NADPHd activity was detected in all cell types of choroid epithelium, nNOS was only detected in the first type of peculiar cells. The presence of nNOS in the CPs was confirmed by Western blotting. These results suggest that nitric oxide may serve as a signal for the regulation of CP multiple functions. Anat Rec, 290:1399–1412, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on the Structure of the Lingual Papillae of the Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmeus, Burramyidae, Marsupialia)
Authors: Jackowiak Hanna , Godynicki Szymon 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe structure of the tongue of the marsupial feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmeus) was observed under a light and scanning electron microscope. The elongated tongue with a sharpened apex is ca. 10 mm in length. Only the posterior half of the tongue is attached to the bottom of the oral cavity by the frenulum, which facilitates considerable mobility of the anterior free part of the tongue. On the dorsal surface of the tongue, three types of lingual papillae were distinguished, that is, mechanical filiform papillae and gustatory fungiform and vallate papillae. The arrangement, shape, and size of filiform papillae and the direction of their keratinized processes change depending on the part of the tongue, so that the surface of the apex and the body of the tongue resembles a brush adapted to effective holding of semiliquid food and collection of pollen. The fungiform papillae have a single taste bud and are uniformly scattered between filiform papillae only on the anterior half of the tongue. On the smooth root of the tongue, three oval vallate papillae are arranged in the form of a triangle, similarly as it is the case in other marsupials. The posterior biggest vallate papilla is oriented perpendicularly to the smaller anterior papillae. The results of the study on the feathertail glider show that the special arrangement of lingual papillae is strongly adapted to feeding behavior of this nectar‐eating and frugivorous animal. Anat Rec, 290:1355–1365, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approximate personal name‐matching through finite‐state graphs
Authors: Galvez Carmen , Moya‐Anegón Félix 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article shows how finite‐state methods can be employed in a new and different task: the conflation of personal name variants in standard forms. In bibliographic databases and citation index systems, variant forms create problems of inaccuracy that affect information retrieval, the quality of information from databases, and the citation statistics used for the evaluation of scientists' work. A number of approximate string matching techniques have been developed to validate variant forms, based on similarity and equivalence relations. We classify the personal name variants as nonvalid and valid forms. In establishing an equivalence relation between valid variants and the standard form of its equivalence class, we defend the application of finite‐state transducers. The process of variant identification requires the elaboration of: (a) binary matrices and (b) finite‐state graphs. This procedure was tested on samples of author names from bibliographic records, selected from theLibrary and Information Science AbstractsandScience Citation Index Expandeddatabases. The evaluation involved calculating the measures of precision and recall, based on completeness and accuracy. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, although it should be complemented with methods based on similarity relations for the recognition of spelling variants and misspellings.
Processing queries with metrical constraints in XML‐based IR systems
Authors: Klein Shmuel T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractXML documents combine features from classical IR systems allowing free text, with explicit structures as in databases. Many query languages have been specially designed for IR applications on XML documents. This work concentrates on a special type of language for which the problem of processing queries including metrical constraints is investigated. The main question is how to define the distance between terms in different locations of the XML tree in an intuitively justifiable way, without jeopardizing the ability to get good retrieval results in terms of recall and precision. A new definition is given and its usefulness is shown on several examples from the INEX collection.