bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteorological controls on sand transport and dune morphology in a polar‐desert: Victoria Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Speirs Johanna C. , McGowan Hamish A. , Neil David T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe hyperarid polar desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys contains an abundance of aeolian sedimentary deposits, the largest in Antarctica, providing a unique setting for studying cold climate aeolian processes and dune morphology. Meteorological controls on sand transport and changes in dune morphology were monitored for 11 days in November–December 2004 on a barchan dune in the Victoria Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys. Sand transport in this environment was found to be influenced by, (1) interparticle cohesion (ice‐bonding); (2) diurnal variations in the speed of thermally driven easterly valley winds due to reduced solar heating by ‘night’; and (3) topographically modified foehn southwesterly winds. The threshold entrainment velocity during easterly valleys winds was 5·3 m s−1 (at 0·4 m) ± 0·21 m s−1. Warm, dry and gusty foehn southwesterly winds were found to promote aeolian processes by dislodging surface sediments, with dune morphology responding rapidly. Importantly, no diurnal signal in sand transport was observed under these conditions when wind speed and sand transport occurred independently of solar heating. Measured changes in dune morphology indicate that the dune field of the Victoria Valley under current environmental conditions is in dynamic equilibrium, with frequent up‐valley sand transport by thermally generated valley winds balanced by less frequent but greater magnitude down‐valley sand transport by moderate to strong foehn southwesterlies. This results in little net movement of dunes and subsequent change in the position of the dune field. Accordingly, we believe that regional‐scale shifts in climate that cause change in the synoptic circulation patterns of the Ross Sea region that affect the frequency of either the up‐valley easterlies or down‐valley foehn winds will result in a net change in the morphology of the Victoria Valley's dune field. Such change in circulation may become apparent early as change in the morphology of the Victoria Valley sand dunes. We therefore suggest this site should be monitored as an indicator site for identifying change in regional weather and climate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of an inviscid incompressible flow through a channel of finite length
Authors: Govorukhin Vasily N. , Il'in Konstantin I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA two‐dimensional inviscid incompressible flow in a rectilinear channel of finite length is studied numerically. Both the normal velocity and the vorticity are given at the inlet, and only the normal velocity is specified at the outlet. The flow is described in terms of the stream function and vorticity. To solve the unsteady problem numerically, we propose a version of the vortex particle method. The vorticity field is approximated using its values at a set of fluid particles. A pseudo‐symplectic integrator is employed to solve the system of ordinary differential equations governing the motion of fluid particles. The stream function is computed using the Galerkin method. Unsteady flows developing from an initial perturbation in the form of an elliptical patch of vorticity are calculated for various values of the volume flux of fluid through the channel. It is shown that if the flux of fluid is large, the initial vortex patch is washed out of the channel, and when the flux is reduced, the initial perturbation evolves to a steady flow with stagnation regions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthrosols in Iron Age Shetland: Implications for arable and economic activity
Authors: Guttmann Erika B. , Simpson Ian A. , Nielsen Nina , Dockrill Stephen J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe soils surrounding three Iron Age settlements on South Mainland, Shetland, were sampled and compared for indicators of soil amendment. Two of the sites (Old Scatness and Jarlshof) were on lower‐lying, better‐drained, sheltered land; the third (Clevigarth) was in an acid, exposed environment at a higher elevation. The hypothesis, based on previous regional assessments, soil thicknesses, and excavations at Old Scatness, was that the lowland sites would have heavily fertilized soils and that the thin upland soil would show little if any amendment. Our findings indicate that the Middle Iron Age soils at Old Scatness had extremely high phosphorus levels, while the soil at Jarlshof had lower levels of enhancement. At Clevigarth, where charcoal from the buried soil was 14C dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, there was no evidence of arable activity or soil amendment associated with the Iron Age phases of settlement. These observations indicate that not all sites put the same amount of effort into creating rich arable soils. The three sites had very different agricultural capacities, which suggests the emergence of local trade in agricultural commodities in Iron Age Shetland. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A geophysical investigation of the Late Roman underground settlement at Aydintepe, Northeast Turkey
Authors: Seren Aysel , Gelisli Kenan , Catakli Aycan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Aydintepe underground settlement in northeastern Turkey is a series of subsurface galleries carved in Eocene‐aged volcanic tuff. Rescue excavations conducted by the Local Archaeological Museum of Erzurum in 1996 and 1997 uncovered a large settlement with several underground rooms linked by passages. According to the excavators, it may have been built as a hideout and shelter by the first Christians who were banished by the Romans during the 3rd century A.D. Despite its historical and touristic value, parts of the underground settlement at Aydintepe have been destroyed to make room for the construction of new buildings in the modern town. As part of a conservation strategy for this important archaeological resource, a series of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity measurements were conducted along eight profiles between 2003 and 2005. GPR soundings with a 100‐MHz unshielded antenna yielded reflected hyperbolic signals with high amplitude from tunnel structures. These highamplitude signals corresponded to areas of high electrical resistivity. These anomalies allow us to determine the probable locations of tunnels within the underground settlement and they provide important data that can be used to prevent future damage from modern construction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dating intercomparison study on Late Stone Age coastal midden deposits, South Africa
Authors: Bateman Mark D. , Carr Andrew S. , Murray‐Wallace Colin V. , Roberts David L. , Holmes Peter J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe southern and western coastlines of South Africa have an extensive archaeological record with many sites associated with widespread eolian deposits. While much of this rich archaeological record is based on cave sites, evidence of Late Stone Age occupation is additionally preserved in the form of open‐site shell middens. We present here a comparative study of the application of amino acid racemization (AAR), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and radiocarbon analyses to three Late Stone Age (LSA) midden sites found within dunes on the southern coastline of South Africa. Preliminary geochronological analyses suggest that middens offer opportunity to fill in gaps in what is still a fragmentary archaeological record. Results show OSL and radiocarbon ages in good agreement, illustrating the potential to date not only the middens but also the surrounding dunes that constituted the dwelling sites. AAR results show increasing ratios with age and also that the application of paired shell and “whole rock” AAR can provide insights into the degree of biogenic sediment recycling at buried midden sites. However, the work also highlights that caution is required when OSL sampling sediment associated with middens which may have undergone human disturbance and that further work is required to improve the regional marine reservoir correction for radiocarbon dating in this part of South Africa. The study also illustrates that AAR will only provide useful data provided that middens have been sufficiently deeply buried to overcome fluctuations in environmental variables that affect the racemization rate and that inter‐genus comparisons should be avoided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of an oncofetal antigen (DU‐PAN‐2) in sera of patients with non‐malignant hepatobiliary diseases and hepatomas
Authors: Haviland Ann E. , Borowitz Michael J. , Killenberg Paul G. , Lan Michael S. , Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDU‐PAN‐2 is a high‐molecular‐weight glycoprotein defined by a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) elicited against a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. This MAb recogonizes an oncofetal antigen present on the surface of normal pancreatic and bile‐duct epithelium, normal bronchus epithelium, and some adenocarcinomas. Elevated levels of the antigen (> 400 U/ml) have been detected in the serum of 79% of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and in a small percentage of patients with other adenocarcinomas, by means of a competition radioimmunoassay. Here, we have studied DU‐PAN‐2 antigen levels in sera of patients with a spectrum of hepatobiliary diseases and controls. Serum DU‐PAN‐2 antigen was elevated in 59% of 112 patients with non‐malignant hepatobiliary diseases and in 50% of hepatoma patients. None of 50 healthy controls had elevated serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels. Patients in every category of hepatobiliary disease studied had elevated median serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels; the highest median levels were seen in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (1,296 U/ml) and the lowest in stable cirrhosis (300 U/ml). Elevated serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels in one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and in one patient with hepatoma returned to normal following liver transplantation. Serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels did not correlate well with alkaline phosphatase, 5′‐nucleotidase, bilirubin, or α‐fetoprotein. Using an immunoperoxidase technique on formalin‐fixed, deparaffinized liver sections, we showed that DU‐PAN‐2 MAb reacted heterogeneously with bile‐duct epithelium but never stained hepatocytes or hepatoma cells. While serum DU‐PAN‐2 levels may be useful in detecting and monitoring pancreatic adenocarcinoma, they are not specific for this disease.
Human ovarian tumors in primary culture: Growth, characterization and initial evaluation of the response to cis platinum treatment in vitro
Authors: Balconi G. , Brogcini M. , Erba E. , D'Incalci M. , Colombo N. , Mangioni C. , Bertolero F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA novel cell culture system is reported for the growth of ovarian tumors. Two approaches were developed to isolate tumor cells, one for ovarian carcinomas and the other for benign cystomas or borderline cystadenomas, which yield virtually pore tumor‐cell clusters. The plating efficiency exceeded 10% in approximately 80% of the processed surgical specimens. Cells grown in a newly developed KOV medium (a modification of MCDB 151 supplemented with 6 defined growth factors and a moderate amount of FBS) had an average growth rate of 0.23 population doublings/day. Primary tumor‐derived cultures, including those derived from cystomas, were analyzed by flow cytometry demonstrating a DNA heteroploid content in 55% of the cases. The neoplastic origin of the cells in culture was further confirmed by 3 monoclonal antibodies (OC125; MOv2; MOvl9) with high specificity against epithelial ovarian malignancies. Cultures were tested with cis‐DDP to determine their suitability for pharmacological studies. Exposure to the drug (from 10 to 80 μm for 1 hr) resulted in variable cell‐killing responses, and the prominent effect on cell‐cycle progression in primary cultures was a prolonged arrest in S phase. The formation and persistence of ONA‐ISC caused by an exposure to 40 μm cis‐ODP for 1 hr was studied by alkaline elution in 6 different tumor‐derived cultures. DNA‐ISC equivalents were highest between 9 and 24 hr after treatment and were repaired only to a limited extent within 48 hr of recovery time. The present study confirms the usefulness of this culture system for pharmacological studies of active chemotherapeutic agents against human ovarian tumors.
Metastasizing potentials of mouse mammary tumors and their metastases
Authors: Vaage Jan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis in vivo investigation determined the relative potentials of 7 C3H/He and C3Hf/He mammary tumors and their metastases to metastasize spontaneously from intramammary implants. The purpose of the studies was to examine the hypothesis that metastases derive from distinct sub‐populations of cells in primary tumors which have specific inheritable characteristics that predispose the cells to form metastases. By serially transplanting, in parallel tests, tissue from autochthonous metastases and tissue from autochthonous primary tumors, the distinction of tumor‐cell populations with different metastatic potentials was anticipated. However, the results of the experiments showed that primary tumors and metastases in autochthonous hosts had similar potentials for spontaneous metastasis. Moreover, the primary tumors and the metastases, transplanted as parallel lines through consecutive generations, maintained similar average metastasizing potentials. Changes in metastatic potential which occurred in 3 of the 7 tumors during serial passage appeared in nearly equal transplant generations in the parallel lines of the primary tumor and the metastases. The data suggest that the spontaneous metastases were not derived from a sub‐population of cells with inheritable high metastasizing potential, but developed through stochastic events from the average tumor cells that entered the circulation.
Phorbol ester‐induced podosomes in normal human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Xiao Helan , Eves Rob , Yeh Christina , Kan Wayne , Xu Feng , Mak Alan S. , Liu Mingyao 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSpreading and migration of the basal cells neighboring a wound is essential for airway epithelial repair. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern these cellular processes, we asked whether normal human airway epithelial cells can form podosomes, a cellular structure discovered from cancer and mesenchymal cells that controls migration and invasion. Herein, we report that phorbol‐12, 13‐dibutyrate (PDBu), a protein kinase C activator, induced reorganization of cytoskeletal structure in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and in normal human airway epithelial BEAS2B cells. Z‐stack scanning confocal microscopy showed that PDBu‐induced podosome‐like structures contain actin‐rich columns that arise from the ventral surface of the cell, and also revealed the presence of circular ruffles/waves at the dorsal cell surface. The molecular components of these cytoskeletal structures were determined with immunofluorescent staining. Using in situ zymography, we demonstrated that PDBu‐induced podosomes were capable of degrading fibronectin‐gelatin‐sucrose matrix. PDBu also increased epithelial cell invasion across Transwell chamber. Podosomes and circular dorsal ruffles may be important for epithelial cell migration and invasion, thus contributing to respiratory epithelial repair and regeneration. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 366–375, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence of wet and dry spells at uccle (Belgium)
Authors: Berger A. , Goossens Chr. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe rainfall persistence at Uccle (Belgium) is examined statistically using 75 years of daily observations. Different kinds of distributions expressing this persistence have been fitted to the sequences of dry and wet days: the geometric series, the logarithmic series, the Eggenberger‐Polya distribution, the simple Markov Chain and the Markov Chain of order higher than one.Wet and dry spells are best described by a Markov Chain model of order four. Nevertheless for wet days, the Eggenberger‐Polya distribution provides a good fit to the observed data. For Uccle, the rainfall persistence seems to remain constant after four consecutive days of precipitation.
Effect of rhBMP‐2 on tibial plateau fractures in a canine model
Authors: Schaefer Susan L. , Lu Yan , Seeherman Howard , Li X. Jian , Lopez Mandi J. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study was to determine the efficacy of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protien‐2 (rhBMP‐2)/calcium phosphate matrix (CPX) paste to accelerate healing in a canine articular fracture model with associated subchondral defect. rhBMP‐2/CPX (BMP), CPX alone (CPX) or autogenous bone graft (ABG) was administered to a canine articular tibial plateau osteotomy with a subchondral defect in each of 21 female dogs. The unoperated contralateral limbs served as controls. Ground reaction forces, synovial fluid, radiographic changes, mechanical testing, bone density, and histology of bone and synovium were analyzed at 6 weeks after surgery. Radiographic analysis demonstrated that the BMP and CPX groups showed improved bony healing compared to the ABG group at week 6. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the BMP group had significantly increased trabecular bone volume compared to the CPX and ABG groups. Mechanical testing revealed that the BMP group had significantly greater maximum failure loads than the ABG group. Histological analysis demonstrated that the BMP group had significantly less sub‐synovial inflammation than CPX group. This study demonstrated that rhBMP‐2/CPX accelerated healing of articular fractures with subchondral defect compared to ABG in most of the parameters evaluated, and had less subsynovial inflammation than the CPX alone in a canine model. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 466–471, 2009
Adipogenic and myogenic gene expression in rotator cuff muscle of the sheep after tendon tear
Authors: Frey Eric , Regenfelder Felix , Sussmann Patrick , Zumstein Matthias , Gerber Christian , Born Walter , Fuchs Bruno 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChronic rotator cuff tendon tears lead to fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy with impaired physiological functions of the affected muscles. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of corresponding pathophysiological processes remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression pattern of adipogenic (PPARγ, C/EBPβ) and myogenic (myostatin, myogenin, Myf‐5) transcription factors in infraspinatus muscle of sheep after tenotomy, implantation of a tension device, refixation of the tendon, and rehabilitation, reflecting a model of chronic rotator cuff tears. In contrast to human patients, the presented sheep model allows a temporal evaluation of the expression of a given marker in the same individual over time. Semiquantitative RT/PCR analysis of PPARγã, myostatin, myogenin, Myf‐5, and C/EBPβ transcript levels was carried out with sheep muscle biopsy‐derived total RNA. We found a significantly increased expression of Myf‐5 and PPARγ after tenotomy and a significant change for Myf‐5 and C/EBPβ after continuous traction and refixation. This experimental sheep model allows the molecular analysis of pathomechanisms of muscular changes after rotator cuff tear. The results point to a crucial role of the transcription factors PPARγ, C/EBPβ, and Myf‐5 in impairment and regeneration of rotator cuff muscles after tendon tears in sheep. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 504–509, 2009
Characteristic wavenumber shifts of the stimulated Raman scattering from interfacial water molecules induced by laser‐induced plasma generation at air–water and water–silver interfaces
Authors: Yui Hiroharu , Kato Hisaya , Someya Yuu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStimulated Raman scattering (SRS) from water molecules in the air–water and water–silver interfacial regions is measured when laser‐induced plasma are generated at these interfaces. In both cases, characteristic lower wavenumber shifts of the OH stretching vibrational modes of the interfacial water molecules are observed. The mechanisms of the characteristic lower wavenumber shifts are considered from two viewpoints. One is the electrostatic interactions between the interfacial water molecules and the excess electrons induced by the plasma generation at the interfacial area. The other is the coupling of the SRS with Brillouin scattering induced by a shock wave generation by abrupt volume expansion due to the phase transition from liquid to plasma. Differences between the obtained SRS spectra and vibrational spectra previously measured by a sum‐frequency generation technique are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of fertiliser and herbicide use in UK tree crop systems
Authors: Moffat Andrew J , Williamson David R 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAt a time when agricultural surpluses and reduced farm subsidies are encouraging a reappraisal of the intensity of agricultural production, the role of free crops in reducing the load of fertilisers and herbicides on the soil is reviewed. Compared with agricultural systems, the use of chemical inputs in existing UK high‐forest systems is small. Trees are very efficient in their use of nutrients, and benefit from atmospheric additions. Losses through denitrification, ammonia volatilisation and leaching are small. Herbicide use is restricted to the first two or three years after tree planting, and usually to specific areas around each tree rather than over the site as a whole.The existing pattern of fertiliser use in forestry suggests that new tree crop systems on agricultural land will need small, if any, fertiliser inputs; herbicide use will be similar to current practice. The short‐rotation coppice system is the most demanding for both fertiliser and herbicide inputs, though its use is limited at present in the UK.
Clinical significance of low expression of Prostasin mRNA in human gastric cancer
Authors: Sakashita Katsuya , Mimori Koshi , Tanaka Fumiaki , Tahara Kouichirou , Inoue Hiroshi , Sawada Tetsuji , Ohira Masaichi , Hirakawa Kosei , Mori Masaki 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundProstasin is considered to have suppressive activities against tumor progression. The aim of this study was to clarify its clinical significance in gastric cancer.MethodsTumor and the corresponding normal samples were prepared from a total of 108 gastric cancer patients. Prostasin expression was assayed by real time reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by immunohistochemistry. Epigenetic silencing of the expression was examined by demethylation treatment. Survival was examined in Kaplan–Meier plots, and the relationship between its expression and clinicopathologic factors was statistically analyzed.ResultsProstasin mRNA expression was significantly down‐regulated in tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry confirmed loss of Prostasin expression in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer cell lines that did not express Prostasin mRNA retrieved its expression following demethylation treatment. In those patients whose tumor expressed Prostasin mRNA at reduced levels, we observed shorter survival (P = 0.0110), due to a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0087), lymphatic permeation (P = 0.0542) and venous permeation (P = 0.0492).ConclusionsProstasin mRNA expression was frequently down‐regulated in gastric cancer. Loss of expression might be regulated by epigenetic factors, contributing to the shorter survival. Reduced Prostasin mRNA expression might be a novel indicator for biological aggressiveness in gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:559–564. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.