bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of three‐ vowel sequences on the basis of perceptual phoneme boundary lines defined by a flexible model
Authors: Ohtomo Teruhiko , Kaneko Masato , Ohuchi Takao , Hara Ken‐Ichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors are attempting to clarify the emphasizing mechanism of phoneme perception in co‐articulation. Psychoacoustic experiments were made on the symmetrical and asymmetrical three‐vowel sequences, and the effect of the preceding or succeeding vowels on the central vowel is examined.Based on the examined effect, a model is proposed wherein the perceptual phoneme boundary lines of the central vowel are set, considering the three‐vowel sequence as a unit. Using this model, the perceptual phoneme boundary line of the central vowel of the three‐vowel sequence can be defined by adjusting the 50 percent phoneme boundary line in the perceptual phoneme distribution of the steady vowel on F1‐F2 logarithmic plane, according to the positions of the formant frequencies of the preceding and succeeding vowels.A model is presented here which defines the phoneme boundary lines of the central vowel in the three‐vowel sequence with co‐articulation, by adjusting the 50 percent perceptual phoneme boundary lines of the steady vowel. It is then applied to the real spoken vowels, and its effectiveness is evaluated. Then an automatic recognition system for the three‐vowel sequence is proposed, which is based on the trajectory of the three‐vowel formant frequency and the perceptual phoneme boundary lines set by the flexible model. A recognition experiment is conducted for the three‐vowel sequences using the system, and the usefulness of the system is demonstrated.
Evaluation of range‐checking addressing modes and the architecture of FLATS2
Authors: Ichikawa Shuichi , Sato Mitsuhisa , Goto Eiichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFLATS2 is a cyclic pipeline computer, i.e., a kind of resource‐shared MIMD computer. This paper presents the instruction set design and its realization. It is shown that efficient processings can be realized for the processings such as array processing. The result of evaluation for FLATS2 is shown and discussed. The instruction set of FLATS2 is an extension of the existing scalar instruction set. The addressing mode of FLATS2 includes the range‐checking function, as well as the function to branch according to the result of check. When the access address is within the specified range, the operation is actually executed on the memory operand and the operation branches to the specified address. If the address is outside the range, the operation does not branch but proceeds to the next instruction. If all of those operations are executed by one instruction, the array processing in the numerical calculation and symbolic processing can be made efficient.In the iterative processing by a loop, for example, the time for the loop control can be combined and concealed by superposing the loop control on the memory access and execution of operation. As a result, data are supplied continuously to the arithmetic operator and a high numerical operation performance is realized. Furthermore, it is permitted in FLATS2 to execute more than one operation by an instruction using the composite instruction, which further improves the operation performance.
Four‐variable AND‐EXOR minimum expressions and their properties
Authors: Koda Norio , Sasao Tsutomu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn AND‐EXOR expression (exclusive‐or sum‐of‐products expression: ESOP) is obtained by EXORing arbitrary product terms. First, some properties are shown of minimum ESOPs which are useful for the minimization of ESOPs. Second, a catalog of minimum ESOPs for the representative functions of 4‐variable NP‐equivalence classes is presented. Minimality is defined as first minimizing the number of the product terms and then the number of the literals in the ESOP. Minimum ESOPs are obtained by an exhaustive method. The average number of products to realize the 4‐variable functions by AND‐OR sum‐of‐products expressions is 4.13 and 3.66 by ESOPs.Minimum ESOPs with four variables or less are obtained easily by the table look‐up of the catalog. The catalog is useful for the minimization and the complexity analysis of ESOPs with five or more variables.
Reviews
Authors: Hennessey Jeannemarie , Freeman Karen C. , Hamilton Phyllis A. , Heacock Maria G. 
Published: July 2007

Drug Information Handbook for Perioperative Nursing, AORN and Lexi‐Comp, Inc, 2006; 2,002 pages, $39.95 softcover, or $79.95 softcover with PDA downloadThe Art of Connecting: How to Overcome Differences, Build Rapport, and Communicate Effectively with Anyone, Claire Raines and Lara Ewing, 2006, 230 pages, $24.95 hardcoverBuilding on the Promise of Diversity: How We Can Move to the Next Level in Our Workplaces, Our Communities, and Our Society, R. Roosevelt Thomas, Jr., 2006, 256 pages, $27.95 hardcoverOne Hundred Orthopedic Conditions Every Doctor Should Understand, Second edition, Roy A. Meals and Scott A. Mitchell, 2006, 400 pages, $65 softcover
CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Marshall J.R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome of the problems facing the concept of continuing medical education are discussed. It is argued that an educational program is essential if any continuing medical education is to be successful. Some basic issues in the development of print programs are mentioned. Discussion then takes place on practical ways of developing valid programs, and the continuing education program of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (check program) is used as an illustration.Brief mention is made of special issues involving the provision of self‐assessment materials. While still restricted by cost and accessibility, the future concept of computerized video programs is examined. The potential for using continuing medical education in the areas of peer review and recertification is discussed.As the Paper attempts to deal with continuing medical education for the medical profession, the vital issue of patient education is not addressed here.
STRATEGIES FOR CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Authors: Ewan Christine 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDeveloping methods to motivate practitioners to undertake continuing education is a general problem.Successful continuing education programs should be based on principles of adult learning — they should provide a means for doctors to recognize and assess their own learning needs, emphasize practical and behavioural aspects of the topics, provide a range of options for learning and provide continuing support to sustain behavioural change.
EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES IN DRUG EDUCATION: A FOCUS FOR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS IN THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE
Authors: Irwin R.P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe medical practitioner, as an adult learner, has a part to play in drug education, which extends beyond the confines of medical practice. General practice is changing to meet the pressure for health promotion, which is implicit in the philosophy of the National Drug Education Program. A comprehensive approach is required from the adult learner in this context.Drug education is an important part of education and an integral part of health education. The scenario for health education seeks the development of personal health behaviour which will affect the lifestyle of the community.Learning objectives and educational approaches are to be set at various levels. General practitioners, as self‐directed learners, have a wider range of educational strategies available to them to support educational interventions which assist with the problems associated with alcohol and drug use.
INITIATION INTO POST‐GRADUATE EDUCATION: A PERSONAL IN‐SERVICE APPRAISAL
Authors: Whyte Malcolm 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor most of us working in this field, appropriate education has had to be gained almost entirely through learning on‐the‐job. It is rather like parachuting ill‐prepared and ill‐equipped into an unfamiliar, neglected, confusing territory to tackle tasks which are complex, poorly understood and looked upon with disdain and despair by many people.With this picture in mind, I have reviewed my own experiences since taking the leap five years ago, to crystallize out of them what seems to have been of most value and to be pertinent to a discussion on education in this field: recognizing that learning on‐the‐job, as a form of in‐service training, is desirable, necessary and inevitable, but when, how and the extent to which it is relied upon in a program of training, are critical questions for planners. I deal first with the bewildering array of items which confronts the initiate, all clamouring for immediate new knowledge, understanding, skills and action. These have to be sorted out into manageable categories, given an order of priority, and tackled as efficiently as possible by selective reading, consulting, visiting, recording, doing and, most importantly, thinking. Finally, I expose several ways of looking at aspects of this territory which I regard as helpful, even essential, for getting the complexities into perspective and having a framework for continuing education.
AN APPRAISAL OF THE LEDERMANN THEORY
Authors: de Burgh S.P.H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Ledermann approach to alcohol prevention has revived public health thinking on the subject by emphasizing the importance of total consumption in populations. This importance has been overstated, however, for the proposal that there is a fixed relationship between mean consumption and the prevalence of heavy drinking cannot be supported. There is a general relationship between mean consumption and heavy drinking, and between heavy drinking and alcohol problems, so it seems prudent to support measures such as price manipulation which restrain overall consumption. However, any such measures have to be evaluated according to their effects and not according to their theoretical background. Nor should they be emphasized at the expense of measures which attempt to prevent alcohol problems rather than reduce total consumption. The Ledermann theory has no further contribution to make to alcohol prevention and continuing debate over its validity has little point.
RESPONDING TO ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS
Authors: WODAK A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespondency about the efficacy of both diagnosis and treatment for alcohol‐related problems is common. Several major causes of morbidity and mortality in our community are characterised by under‐diagnosis in the community, under‐diagnosis on presentation, lack of highly effective treatment or poor delivery of treatment to those most in need. Similar problems are encountered in the delivery of treatment to individuals with alcohol‐related problems in the community. Most alcohol‐related problems in the community are associated with only moderately elevated alcohol consumption, although the small number of individuals with exceptionally high intake have a higher relative risk of developing problems. The number of individuals exposed to a low risk of problems will be disproportionately influenced by changes in mean alcohol consumption. Approaches to prevention follow socio‐cultural, public health, or consumption models. Compelling evidence closely links indices reflecting harm to changes in alcohol consumption. The challenge of prevention of alcohol‐related problems is to devise measures which are acceptable to the entire population, yet also deal with problems associated with a small minority.
USING COMMUNITY RESOURCES
Authors: WIDMER BLAIR 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the outer Eastern Suburbs of Melbourne there are significant community projects. The Maroondah Social Health Centre looks at the social and emotional needs of the community, helping to reduce the loneliness and lack of self‐esteem which can lead to alcoholism and addictive behaviour. Maroondah Alcohol Recovery Project with its two half‐way houses for dry alcoholic men and women, besides helping the long term rehabilitation of its residents, is helping the community to understand the problems of alcoholism and addictive behaviour.
HEROIN DEPENDENCE: INPATIENT DETOXIFICATION WITH CLONIDINE
Authors: STANHOPE JOHN M. , CURRY KENNETH H. , NAYER RAVI 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe traditional regime for detoxification of heroin dependence at this Clinic has been based on sedation with chlormethiazole or chlordiazepoxide, supplemented with chlorpromazine. A new regime based on clonidine has been compared with this and found superior in that fewer patients on clonidine were discharged for misbehaviour and fewer patients on clonidine required supplementary medication. Clonidine was as effective as the sedative regime in relieving most withdrawal symptoms, with the additional advantage that clients who were less sedated were more responsive to supportive counselling.
The Detection and Management of Patients with Excessive Alcohol Consumption in General Practice
Authors: Haines A. P. , Wallace P. G. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Several studies have suggested that only a minority of excessive drinkers in the population are known to their general practitioners. We have compared several methods for the detection of excessive alcohol consumption in patients in primary care. In addition we are evaluating the impact of general practitioner intervention on these patients.A self administered questionnaire, the Health Survey Questionnaire (HSQ) was mailed to 3,997 patients registered with two general practices in North West London. Replies were received from 75% of the patients. Of the respondents, 11% males, and 5% females were identified as excessive drinkers (using the limits of 42 units per week or greater for males, and 21 units per week or greater for females). In the practice where a disease register was kept, use of the HSQ resulted in more than four‐fold increase in the number of patients known to be excessive drinkers. Around 45% of the excessive drinkers expressed concern about their drinking. The HSQ compared favourably with a standard drinking interview, breath alcohol measurement and laboratory tests of excessive consumption in the detection of excessive alcohol consumption. This flexible and low cost instrument could be used to increase the detection of excessive drinkers in primary care.We are currently undertaking a pilot randomised trial of the effects of GP intervention in patients with excessive alcohol consumption involving follow up of 60 such patients over one year. A multi centre trial including around 1,000 patients from 10 group practices is planned for 1985.
Controlled Drinking — an Approach to Management
Authors: Robertson Ian H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to give an account of controlled drinking ‐ its origins, its clinical and experimental basis, its role in treatment, education and public health policy. There follows a discussion of the practicalities of implementing controlled drinking treatment regimes.The origins of the disease model of alcohol problems in the AA movement of the 30's and 40's which had close links with the Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, are covered briefly. The explosive response in the USA to the publication of D. L. Davies' paper and to the release of the Rand Report are discussed in the context of the recent history of the disease model movement. The most recent controversy, that surrounding the Sobells' studies, is briefly discussed.A number of experimental drinking studies which throw light on such mechanisms as loss of control and craving are reviewed and the arguments for an alternative theoretical framework for alcohol use, grounded in social learning theory, are presented. The work of Mello, Mendelson, Bigelow, Hodgson, Rankin and several others are figured in this overview. The first controlled drinking studies in Australia and the USA are described in the context of this behavioural research, and subsequent clinical research on controlled drinking, including some recent unpublished Scottish work, is outlined.The advantages of including controlled drinking as a therapeutic and health education option are discussed. In particular, the possibilities for recruiting less severely dependent problem drinkers, for breaking down theoretical and practical boundaries between health education and treatment services and for improving treatment outcome results are considered.Finally, some of the practicalities of carrying out controlled drinking treatement and advice are reviewed. A study of the effects of a controlled drinking self‐help manual is briefly described. Some recommendations about future directions for policy and research are then made.
The use of carbamazepine in chlormethiazole‐modified withdrawal from alcohol
Authors: Stanhope John M. , Curry Kenneth H. 
Published: July 2007

Summary: The effect on seizure frequency and other withdrawal symptoms of the addition of carbamazepine or placebo was compared in 304 patients being managed during alcohol withdrawal. Patients were studied for a minimum of four days, unless terminated earlier by self‐discharge.The incidence of seizures was 2 % in both test and placebo groups. The addition of carbamazepine was not found useful in the management of alcohol withdrawal, but the low frequency of fits may have masked an effect. Such a low frequency had not been anticipated when the study was planned.
Investigation of the effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine on turnover kinetics of camel (Camelus dromedarius) retina acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Al‐Jafari Abdulaziz A. , Kamal Mohammad A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) on turnover kinetics of camel retina acetylcholinesterase has been investigated. The turnover number (Kcat) and specificity constant (Ksp) were 62.1 min‐1 and 9.92 × 105 (M. min)‐1 in the control system while the values for both parameters were lowered by 25‐68% and 48‐87% in the THA (0.05‐0.4 µM) treated systems respectively. Therefore, THA's effect on turnover number must be considered at the time of therapy to the Alzheimer's disease patients.
Superoxide production by mitochondria in the presence of nitric oxide forms peroxynitrite
Authors: Packer Michael A. , Porteous Carolyn M. , Murphy Michael P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mitochondrial respiratory chain continually produces superoxide leading to high levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress. This oxidative damage has been attributed to the formation of hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide from superoxide. Alternatively, mitochondrial superoxide may react with nitric oxide forming the potent oxidant peroxynitrite, thus damaging mitochondrial protein, lipid and DNA. To test this hypothesis we induced mitochondrial superoxide formation in the presence of nitric oxide. Here we demonstrate that mitochondrial superoxide reacts with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, suggesting that mitochondria may be a significant intracellular source of peroxynitrite.
Reduction by streptozocin of blood glucose utilization during the appearance of the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia in fasting rats
Authors: Wong Kai K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the fasting state, in which the hepatic glycogen storage is almost depleted, streptozocin administration (60 mg/kg, iv) also induces an early hyperglycaemia. It was found that the blood glucose concentration in the hepatic vein was significantly higher than that in the tail vein before and at 4 hours after the injection of the vehicle without streptozocin. However, the blood glucose concentration in the hepatic vein was insignificantly different from that in the tail vein 4 hours after streptozocin administration. The data are interpreted as showing that streptozocin may reduce blood glucose utilization during the period of early hyperglycaemia induced by streptozocin.
Distribution of and age‐related changes in ciliary neurotrophic factor protein in rat tissues
Authors: Ohta Mitsuhiro , Ohi Takekazu , Nishimura Masataka , Itoh Nobuyuki , Hayashi Kyozo , Ohta Kiyoe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe developed a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosolvent assay for measuring ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and examined age‐related changes in the CNTF contents of a variety of rat tissues during postnatal development. CNTF contents were substantially higher in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord than in the other tissues tested, the kidney coming third. In all the tissues except the sciatic nerve (90 ng/g), the CNTF content was less than 1 ng/g at 1 week of age, then gradually increased. It was highest at 5 weeks of age in the sciatic nerve (3171 ng/g), spinal cord (118 ng/g), and kidney (36.8 ng/g), after which it slowly decreased. In contrast, the maximum in the brain stem (9 ng/g) and cerebellum (3.6 ng/g) was at 8 weeks of age, whereas in skeletal muscle it was at 2 weeks of age (14.6 ng/g). These findings indicate that CNTF functions in the postnatal development of the rat.
Sle autoantibodies recognize spermine induced Z‐conformation of native calf thymus DNA
Authors: Moinuddin  , Ali Asif 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe binding specificity of naturally occurring anti‐DNA antibodies with spermine modified DNA was analyzed by direct binding and competition ELISA. The binding was visualised by band shift assay. The SLE anti‐DNA antibodies appreciably recognized the spermine induced Z‐conformation of native DNA. The degree of binding of these antibodies to the Z‐conformer was almost similar to their binding with native DNA. The spermine‐ DNA complex was found to be thermodynamically more stable than native DNA.
Immobilization and stabilization of horseradish peroxidase isoforms
Authors: Husain Shahid , Jafri Farahdiba , Saleemuddin M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurified anionic and cationic isoforms of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized by coupling the amino acid side‐chain amino groups and/or carbohydrate moieties to Sepharose have been studied for their resistance to denaturation. The isoforms were treated with periodate followed by ethylenediamine to generate additional amino groups in the glycosyl residues. The immobilized preparations were: Preparation I (Sp‐aHRP, Sp‐cHRP), in which HRP was covalently immobilized via side‐chain amino groups exclusively; Preparation II (Sp‐NHaHRP, Sp‐NHcHRP), in which periodate and ethylenediamine‐treated HRP was covalently immobilized via side‐chain amino groups and amino groups incorporated into glycosyl residues. HRP isoforms in preparation II lacked about 33‐55 % carbohydrate. Both strategies of immobilization induced significant stabilization against denaturation. Inclusion of 2 mM calcium enhanced isoenzyme stability significantly.
Adenosine‐AMP exchange activity is an integral part of the mammalian adenosine kinase
Authors: Gupta Radhey S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPurified adenosine kinase (AK) from Syrian hamster and bovine liver was examined for the presence of adenosine (Ad)‐AMP exchange activity. The enzyme from both sources, in addition to catalyzing the conventional ATP‐dependent phosphorylation of adenosine, supported an Ad‐AMP exchange reaction that required ADP. Under optimal conditions both these reactions were found to occur at comparable rates. Several observations strongly indicate that the Ad‐AMP exchange activity is an integral part of AK and it is likely associated with its catalytic mechanism. These observations include: (i) Both AK and Ad‐AMP exchange activities show a nearly complete dependence upon the presence of pentavalent ions such as phosphate, arsenate or vanadate for catalysis; (ii) Both activities show similar heat‐lability and inhibition by 5‐iodotubercidin (5‐ITu); (iii) In a Chinese hamster cell mutant resistant to adenosine analogs that lacked AK activity, the Ad‐AMP activity was also found to be absent. The presence of a phosphoryl‐enzyme intermediate, or any exchange between free 32Pi and any of the reactants, however, was not detected under the reaction conditions. Some implications of these observations regarding the catalytic mechanism of AK are discussed.