bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous deglycerination of monoglycerides
Authors: Monick J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA relationship was established between the smoke point of a superglycerinated shortening and free glycerol content. A maximum free glycerol content of 0.02% was established for smoke points of 340F or better.Based on a 6% usage in emulsifier type shortening, commercial monoglycerides should have 0.30% glycerol or less to meet a desirable smoke point. A 2‐stage extraction with 5% NaCl solution reduced free glycerol from 5.51% to 0.14%.A continuous process was developed for removing glycerol from commerical monoglyceride preparations with a thin‐film, evaporator. Operation at 340F and 6 mm Hg absolute pressure with stripping steam reduced glycerol content to 0.3%. Analysis showed substantially no monoglyceride reversion under process conditions, and considerable improvement in flavor and odor was obtained.
Manufacture of soap from fatty acids
Authors: Herrick A. B. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: May 2007

SummarySoap manufacture from fatty acids is a well established precess with some advantages over continuous saponification of neutral fats. These include:

Ability to use cheaper fats.
Easier glycerol recovery.
Better control over by‐products.
Versatility‐fatty acids can be used to make other derivatives than soaps.
Anionic phosphate surfactants
Authors: Cooper R. S. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsA study of the sodium monoalkyl phosphates and sodium dialkyl phosphates has shown that the dialkyl esters, in general, possess markedly superior surfactant and detergent properties compared to the monoalkyl esters. This is true whether we are comparing equivalent mol wt mono‐ and diesters or when comparing those made from the same alcohols.The branched chain didecyl ester, in addition to giving aqueous solutions of exceptionally low surface tensions and possessing a very low critical micelle concentration, also performs exceptionally well in built detergents. In fact, our data indicate that its performance characteristics are considerably better than commercial surfactants used today in these types of products.
Studies of the chick edema factor. II. Isolation of a toxic substance
Authors: Yartzoff Andrew , Firestone David , Banes Daniel , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Nesheim Stanley 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA crystalline halogen containing material producing chick edema symptoms at 0.1 part per million in the diet has been isolated from a sample of triolein which was toxic to monkeys. This material is similar to that reported by Harmanet al. (4) but differs somewhat in ultraviolet speetral properties.
Validation of computational methods for triglyceride composition of fats and oils by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Kayser S. G. , Halliday J. W. , Bazinet M. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA computer method for predicting triglyceride composition of fats and oils from fatty acid composition is described. The results of the method are compared with results of analyses performed by liquid chromatography (LC) and desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. An LC column technology is also described which provides a simple separation of triglycerides according to the equivalent carbon number of the triglyceride.
The use of inorganic sacrificial agents in combination with surfactants in enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Falcone J. S. , Krumrine P. H. , Schweiker G. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrent literature on optimization of surfactants in enhanced oil recovery is summarized. Effectiveness of the use of surfactants in chemical EOR processes is dependent on many factors. Uncontrollable factors such as reservoir parameters, minerology, and the nature of the crude oil influence the choice of a chemical process. Each reservoir offers a different set of problems to be solved. When the use of a surfactant is warranted, one attempts to optimize further the activity of this surfactant by modifying the chemistry of the reservoir system. Cost aside, maintenance of optimal surfactant activity is essential to minimize the oil/water interfacial tension. Also, loss of surfactant activity due to adsorption on substrate material is particularly disadvantageous because the water wet nature of the rock may be decreased. The use of alkaline, weak acid anions, such as sodium silicate, phosphate and carbonate to enhance surfactant effectiveness has been studied. These sacrificial agents can reduce the hardness (divalent cation) activity of the solution and compete with surfactant for active sites on the reservoir rock surface. Core flood results show that there is an inverse correlation between surfactant retention in the core and residual oil recovery. They also suggest that surfactants may be recovered for reinjection by the optimal use of sacrifical agents‐in particular, the sodium silicates.
Enhanced oil recovery chemical needs
Authors: O’Brien B. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA large fraction of known petroleum resources will not be recoverable by conventional methods. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is costly, but a significant amount of production is possible at current world oil prices, and additional production is possible at prices equivalent to synthetic alternates. Many opportunities exist for uses of chemicals in EOR. In particular, polymers and surfactants that are effective and stable at high temperatures and high salinities are needed for surfactant flooding to achieve its potential. Potential markets can be large in the 1990s and beyond. Many factors other than improved chemicals will impact on the future development of EOR. Risks to the chemical industry in new product development would appear to be reasonable, as long as oil producers continue a major effort to develop EOR processes.
Materials balance in a tung oil mill
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Hoffpauir C. L. , McKinney R. S. , Freeman A. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWeights were determined and analyses made of tung fruit milled and of all products leaving the mill for two runs of about 90 tons each in a commercial mill under normal operating conditions. Dry matter, oil, and nitrogen in the fruit were satisfactorily accounted for in products leaving the mill, 101% of the oil being accounted for in each run. This showed that the methods of analysis and sampling were accurate.Losses occurred principally in particles of kernels occluded with the hulls and in the screw‐press cake. Seventy‐eight and 82% of the oil in the fruit was recovered as filtered oil.Repressing the filter‐press cake by adding it back to the stream of ground nuts just before they entered the screw‐presses was not proven to be economical as at the end of the run just as much cake was on hand, and it had as high an oil content as if no filter cake had been fed back through the screw presses. Only about half as much oil could be filtered per filtration cycle, resulting in an increase in cost of labor and a decrease in filtering capacity.The apparent oil content of the screw‐press cake decreases by about 2% after four to eight days as compared to its apparent oil content at the time of pressing because of polymerization. Thus, screw‐press cake samples should be analyzed for oil as soon as possible after extrusion.
Unsaturated fatty acids. I. Low temperature urea complexes of polyunsaturated acids from bovine tissue
Authors: McElroy Olive E. , Jordan William , McLaughlin Joseph , Freeman Monroe E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA mixture of fatty acids obtained from autolyzed saline extracts of beef testicular tissue was fractionated by crystallization of the urea complexes at 5°, −20°, and −75°C. Fractions rich in docosahexaenoic and in arachidonic acids were obtained as solid complexes. The filtrate remaining after precipitation of the solid urea complexes contained a high percentage of hexaenoic acid of shorter chain length than docosahexaenoic, probably eicosahexaenoic acid.
Determination of free gossypol in chemically treated cottonseed meals containing dianilinogossypol
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method is proposed for the determination of free gossypol in chemically treated cottonseed meals containing dianilinogossypol. The procedure includes a rapid qualitative test for detecting the presence of dianilinogossypol in cottonseed meals.Investigation of the properties of dianilinogossypol showed that it was appreciably soluble in water‐free solvents, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or chloroform, but only slightly soluble in 70% acetone, an efficient solvent for the extraction of free gossypol.Both 70% acetone extracts of chemically treated meals and pure dianilinogossypol in the same solvent exhibited significant changes in optical density due to slow hydrolysis of dianilinogossypol. Dilution of aqueous acetone extracts with 80% isopropyl alcohol produced changes in optical density even greater than those occurring in undiluted extracts, introducing serious errors in the free gossypol determination.The addition of a small amount of aniline to the aqueous acetone for extraction stabilized the extract against changes in optical density and yielded constant values for free gossypol over a period of several hours. Use of aqueous acetone without aniline gave values which increased with the time interval between extraction and analysis. Extrapolation of these values to zero time gave results in good agreement with those obtained by the use of aqueous acetone containing aniline.The intense background color in extracts of chemically treated meals introduces a source of error when photoelectric colorimeters yielding non‐linear calibration curves are used for analysis. A modification in the customary method of calculation eliminates this source of error.
The component glycerides of an Indian sheep body fat
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Shrivastava R. K. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe component glycerides of an Indian sheep body fat have been investigated, employing the most recently developed experimental techniques, notably crystallization from solvents at low temperature.The chief components of the fatty acids were palmitic (27.8), stearic (27.7), and oleic (33.0), accompanied by small proportions or traces of myristic (2.9), arachidic (1.5), tetradecenoic (0.4), hexadecenoic (2.7), octadecadienoic (3.4), and unsaturated C20–22 acids (0.6) (percentages by weight).The chief constituent glycerides of the fat may be summarized as follows:Fully saturated glycerides form 28% of the whole fat and consist largely of dipalmitostearins (16%) and palmitodisterins (11%); very small proportions of triplamitin and possibly tristearin may also be present.The monounsaturated glycerides (28.6%) consist largely of oleopalmito‐stearins; small proportions of oleodipalmitin and perhaps also of hexadeceno‐dipalmitins or‐palmitostearins are also probably present.Diunsaturated glycerides (40.5%) are the most prominent category of mixed glycerides in the sheep fat, with about 26% of palmitodiunsaturated and 14% of stearodiunsaturated glycerides. Probably nearly two‐thirds of these are respectively palmitodiolein and stearodiolein, but in the remainder one of the minor component unsaturated acids takes the place of one (or in rare instances both) of the oleo‐groups.Finally, there are present about 3% oftriunsaturated glycerides, which are made up of two (or one) oleic groups in association with one (or two) acyl groups of one or the other of the minor component unsaturated acids.The Indian sheep body fat appears to differ some‐what from the English sheep body fats examined previously (4) in contaiming (in relation to its total saturated acid content) somewhat more trisaturated glycerides, definitely more of the diunsaturated glyceride group, and considerably less of the monounsaturated glyceride group.
Electron‐impact mass spectrometry for location of epoxide position in long chainvic‐dialkyl and trialkyl epoxides
Authors: Bierl B. A. , Beroza Morton 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPlots of percent abundance vs m/e for selected series of ions (differing by 14 mass units) obtained by low resolution mass spectrometry allowed the epoxide position to be located in 30 C17−C21vic‐dialkyl and trialkyl epoxides. Major diagnostic fragmentations are as follows. In thevic‐dialkyl epoxides of the study, fragments useful for determining epoxide position result from α‐cleavage, and epoxide position may be recognized by the maxima obtained in a plot of percent abundance vs m/e values in the CnH2n−1O series (113, 127, 141 ….); a similar plot of percent abundances vs m/e values in the CnH2n−2 series (110, 124, 138 ….) also shows maxima for ions corresponding to those obtained by transannular cleavage plus water elimination. In the trialkyl epoxides, fragments most useful for locating epoxide position are those obtained from ions corresponding to α‐cleavage plus H‐transfer; epoxide position may, thus, be recognized by the maxima obtained in a plot of percent abundance vs m/e values in the CnH2nO series (72, 86, 100 ….). Transannular cleavage with H‐transfer produces CnH2n+1O products (m/e 115, 129, 143….), with the fragment containing the methyl substituent being much more abundant.
Aqueous processing of full‐fat sunflower seeds: Yields of oil and protein
Authors: Hagenmaier Fobert D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUndehulled sunflower seeds were comminuted and extracted with water containing 0.2% Na2SO3 at pH 10, which extracted from the fiber 86% of the oil and 85% of the protein. Isolate was prepared by addition of acid, with best yield achieved from pH 5 precipitation.
Applications of pulsed NMR to fatty emulsions
Authors: Trumbetas J. , Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPulsed NMR was used to measure solid fat content in oil‐in‐water type emulsions. The data obtained were useful in selection of optimum types and levels of emulsifiers for each system. By using a flow‐through cell in the NMR magnet, the rate and extent of phase separation could be measured accurately. This approach provides a new, quantitative method to measure emulsion stability.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XX. The physical and chemical nature of lime soap dispersions
Authors: Weil J. K. , Pierce C. J. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBlends of soap and surfactants that possess good lime soap dispersing properties were dispersed in hard water. The turbidity of such dispersions varied depending on the type of dispersant used and also on the soap:dispersant ratio. Differences in coarseness of various dispersions could be measured empirically by filtration through a membrane of intermediate (1.2 µm) porosity. For determinations of the chemical composition of the dispersions a somewhat finer membrane (0.8 µm or less) was chosen, which retained most of the dispersed solids. Filter residues and filtrates were analyzed for sodium, calcium, magnesium and lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA). All of the calcium remained on the filter, whereas sodium was found primarily in the filtrate. Magnesium was held completely on the filter only if sufficient soap was present to tie up all Ca++ and Mg++. Analysis of the organic portion of the residues indicated that the soap:LSDA ratio found was the same as that used in the preparation of the original dispersion. On filtration through a fine membrane (0.05 µm) virtually all dispersed material was retained on the membrane. The filtrate possessed only slight activity in terms of surface tension and detergency, whereas the resuspended solids possessed high surface activity similar to the unfiltered dispersion. This indicates that the dispersed solids are the major source of surface activity.
Fatty acid compositions of human brain lecithin and sphingomyelin in normal individuals, senile cerebral cortical atrophy, alzheimer舗s disease, metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs and Niemann‐Pick diseases
Authors: Rouser George , Feldman Gerald , Galli Claudio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid compositions of whole brain lecithin and sphingomyelin were determined. Brain specimens from normal adults, a normal infant, and several disease states were examined. Normal adult brain lecithin has a very simple fatty acid composition (palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids) and infant brain lecithin contains more palmitic acid and less oleic acid than adult brain. The whole brain lecithin fatty acid compositions from metachromatic leucodystrophy, and Tay‐Sachs and Niemann‐Pick diseases are intermediate between that of normal infant and normal adult brain and no characteristic features attributable to specific disease states were detected. The fatty acids of whole brain lecithin from senile cerebral cortical atrophy and Alzheimer舗s disease were similar to normal adult brain except that a greater variety of fatty acids was seen in both pathological states. No characteristic features attributable specifically to either pathological state were detected. The fatty acid composition of normal adult brain sphingomyelin differs from that of the normal infant in that longer chain fatty acids are more abundant in adult brain. The fatty acid compositions of whole brain sphingomyelins from Niemann‐Pick disease and metachromatic leucodystrophy differed from that of normal infant and adult brain in that C24 acids were not detected. No characteristic features attributable to a specific disease were detected. Fatty acid compositions of whole brain sphingomyelins in senile cerebral cortical atrophy and Alzheimer舗s disease were found to be very similar to those of the normal adult.
Fat content and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of chocolate by wide line nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Oref Izhack 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWide line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for fast and accurate determination of the fat content and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of chocolate. The transition range of solid to liquid was found to be extremely narrow. The temp effect on the NMR signal is discussed and erratum methods are suggested to that effect. A method was developed for the separate determination of butter fat and cocoa fat in addition to the total fat content determination in milk chocolate.
Glyceride distribution in adipose and liver glycerides of animals
Authors: Barford R. A. , Luddy F. E. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe glyceride distribution in depot fats from a series of animals was determined by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, isolation of hydrolytic products by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and fatty acid analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).Distribution of the principal types of glycerides (S3, S2U, SU2 U3) in the internal and external adipose tissue fats from the same pig was nonrandom. The percentages of palmitic acid at the 2‐position in these adipose fats were comparable. However, liver glycerides from this same animal differed strikingly from adipose glycerides, having, for example, only ca. 15% of its palmitic acid in the 2‐position compared with > 80% for adipose fats. The liver glycerides of lamb, rabbit, and dog also differed considerably from adipose glycerides in glyceride distribution and in percentages of individual fatty acids in 2‐position.The composition of adipose glycerides from Lamb, beef, deer, rabbit, chicken, and dog in terms of the four principal glyceride types approached closely the values calculated for random. When positional isomers were considered, however, only the adipose glycerides of the dog conformed to random distribution.
The application of a capillary extrusion rheometer to the determination of the flow characteristics of lard
Authors: Scherr H. J. , Witnauer L. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA capillary extrusion rheometer was designed, and techniques were developed to obtain basic information on the flow behavior of lard. Since constant and adjustable shearing rates are a necessary feature for the study of the basic rheological behavior of a material, the rheometer was designed for use in conjunction with a tensile tester having a wide selection of crosshead rates. Techniques were developed for accurately measuring the flow variables and for treating the data. A comparison study on a Newtonian liquid sample proved the validity of the approach. Lard at 23.4C was tested, and its flow parameters (fluid‐consistency index and flow‐behavior index or degree of non‐Newtonian behavior) were obtained.
Chromatography of polar triglycerides on silicic Acid Columns
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Hoffmann R. L. , Peters Helen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTriglycerides containing polar fatty acids are resolved by silicic acid chromatography into molecular species containing increased amounts of the polar acids. Natural fats like isano, oiticica, castor, or kamala seed oils with both nonpolar fatty acids and polar hydroxy or keto acids have been resolved into component glycerides according to the degree of polarity. Silicic acid chromatography offers a means of obtaining specific glycerides from fats for detailed studies on glyceride composition and structure.
A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Roddewig J. , Shebs W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe comparative detergency of a series of built detergents of commercial interest has been measured via the use of a doubly labeled multicomponent synthetic soil. Four test fabrics: cotton, nylon, Dacron, and Dacron/cotton were soiled with the seven‐component soil, which was in turn almost completely and then individually labeled. The fabrics were washed in a conventional Tergotometer under cold‐water and hot‐water conditions. Analyses of the fabrics before and after washing were made by liquid scintillation counting.Two sets of experiments were run, the first based on cold‐water detergent formulation (heavy‐duty liquid), the second based on hot‐water detergent formulation (heavy‐duty powder). A number of nonionic surfactants were compared with linear alkyl aryl sulfonate in the first set, and two anionics were compared with two nonionics in the second set.Expressing results as total detergency, i.e., amount of soil removed from all four fabrics, it was found that, under cold‐water conditions, LAS (average side chain C13) is significantly less effective than the nonionics investigated. The linear primary alcohol (C12‐C15 and C14‐C15) ethoxylates removed slightly more soil than the ethoxylates of a Ziegler alcohol (C14, C16, C18) and random secondary alcohols (C11‐C15).The same tabulation for the heavy‐duty powder formulations under hot‐water conditions showed LAS to be least effective over‐all, sulfated linear primary alcohol somewhat more effective, and ethoxylated linear, primary alcohol slightly more effective still.Redeposition of the various soil components onto unsoiled cotton was found to be slight, ranging from 0.2% to 1.7% of the amount in the wash water.