bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequent overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in mammary high grade ductal carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation
Authors: Shien T , Tashiro T , Omatsu M , Masuda T , Furuta K , Sato N , Akashi-Tanaka S , Uehara M , Iwamoto E , Kinoshita T , Fukutomi T , Tsuda H , Hasegawa T 
Published: November 2005

Aims:To evaluate the expression of common biological markers and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in mammary high grade ductal carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation (DCMDs).Materials/methods:Thirty DCMDs were clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically analysed and compared with 36 control cases of high grade conventional invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).Results:EGFR, HER2/neu, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and p53 expression was seen in 21, one, three, four, and 20 of the 30 DCMDs, compared with eight, nine, 18, 17, and five of the 36 conventional IDCs (p < 0.05), respectively. In 16 of the 30 DCMDs, metastases were found in the brain, lung, bone, and liver, within a maximum of 47 months (mean, 13.9) after initial surgery, whereas only four of the 36 conventional IDCs metastasised to the lung and bone within a maximum of 27 months (mean, 18.0) after initial surgery (p  =  0.0001). There was a significant difference in disease free survival between DCMD and conventional IDC (p  =  0.001). EGFR was frequently overexpressed in DCMD compared with conventional IDC, whereas the expression of HER2/neu and hormone receptors was lower in DCMD. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation revealed that the mean EGFR to chromosome 7 centromere (CEP7) ratio of the 24 DCMD cases available for evaluation was 1.03, and EGFR gene amplification was not detected in the 21 DCMD cases with EGFR overexpression.Conclusion:Immunohistochemistry for myoepithelial markers and EGFR is useful for the accurate diagnosis and molecular target treatment of high grade DCMD.
mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid efflux and matrix degradation in occlusive and ectatic atherosclerotic disease
Authors: Soumian S , Gibbs R , Davies A , Albrecht C 
Published: November 2005

Background:Atherosclerotic plaque behaviour is influenced by intraplaque inflammation, matrix turnover, and the lipid core volume. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulates atherosclerosis by its anti-inflammatory and anti-protease activity. PPARγ promotes lipid efflux through the liver X receptor α (LXRα) and the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) are implicated in plaque instability.Aims:To assess the expression of these genes in occlusive and ectatic atherosclerotic disease to determine the relation between genes involved in lipid efflux and matrix degradation.Methods:Carotid endarterectomy specimens from 16 patients and aneurysm tissue from 16 patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were used. Inferior mesenteric arteries from colectomy specimens from 12 patients served as controls. Total RNA was extracted from pulverised tissue and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using fluorescently labelled probes forABCA1,LXRα,PPARγ,COX-2, andMMP-9.Results:PPARγexpression was significantly lower in both occlusive and ecstatic atherosclerotic disease (p<0.001), whereasLXRαandABCA1expression was significantly increased (p<0.01).MMP-9expression was significantly increased in diseased tissues (p<0.0001), and values were highest in occlusive disease (p<0.01). The increases inABCA1andMMP-9mRNA were significantly correlated in diseased tissues (p<0.01,r = 0.71 andr = 0.78).COX-2expression was increased in ectatic but low in occlusive disease (p<0.01).Conclusion:This observational study suggests a role for therapeutic upregulation of PPARγ, which could potentially upregulate lipid efflux through ABCA1 and inhibit matrix degradation through inhibition of MMP-9.
FAT, E-cadherin, β catenin, HER 2/neu, Ki67 immunoexpression, and histological grade in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Settakorn J , Kaewpila N , Burns G F , Leong A S-Y 
Published: November 2005

Aim:To identify surrogate prognostic markers in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC).Methods:Thirty one cases of IHCC were graded and immunostained for FAT, Ki67, E-cadherin, β catenin, and HER 2/neu.Results:Twenty two cases were high grade and 27 had high Ki67 counts. Strong membranous staining of HER 2/neu was found in 10 tumours and reduced membranous E-cadherin and β catenin in 19 and 18 tumours, respectively. Nuclear localisation of β catenin was identified in five tumours and 22 showed weak cytoplasmic staining of FAT. Strong HER 2/neu and weak FAT immunoexpression were significantly correlated with high histological grade (p  =  0.01) and high Ki67 index (p  =  0.03). Upregulation of HER 2/neu was also significantly associated with nuclear localisation of β catenin (p  =  0.01). Reduced membranous β catenin was significantly related to reduced membranous E-cadherin (p  =  0.03), weak staining for FAT (p  =  0.01), and nuclear translocation of β catenin (p  =  0.04).Conclusions:Reduced immunoexpression of E-cadherin and FAT at their normal membranous location may be potential prognostic markers, and the overexpression of HER 2/neu and β catenin nuclear translocation may have a role in cholangiocarcinogenesis.
Blood film examination for vacuolated lymphocytes in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders; retrospective experience of more than 2500 cases from a single centre
Authors: Anderson G , Smith V V , Malone M , Sebire N J 
Published: November 2005

Background:A range of metabolic diseases can result in abnormal accumulation of metabolic byproducts, resulting in abnormal lymphocyte cytoplasmic vacuolation, identifiable on routine blood film examination.Aims:This study retrospectively examines the usefulness of blood film examination for vacuolated lymphocytes in a specialist paediatric pathology department in relation to patient’s age and presentation. It also describes specific diagnostic features in relation to specific classes of metabolic disease.Methods:Retrospective review of a histopathology database to identify all blood films examined for the detection of vacuolated lymphocytes during a 15 year period (1989–2004).Results:In total, 2550 blood films were investigated. The median age at submission was 2 years (range, birth to 88), and > 90% of samples were from children < 18 years. The most common indications were developmental delay/regression, ataxia, seizures, and cardiomyopathy. Vacuolated lymphocytes were identified in 156 films (6.1%). The frequency of vacuolated lymphocytes varied with clinical presentation, with ophthalmic indications having the highest positive rate (40%). In cases with vacuolated lymphocytes, a wide range of underlying metabolic diagnoses was apparent, the most common being juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and acid maltase deficiency, which accounted for more than half of the diagnoses.Conclusions:The examination of blood films for lymphocyte vacuolation is clinically useful in patients with a history suggestive of metabolic disease. The test is cheap, rapid, minimally invasive, and provides first line screening, with some findings indicating clues to a specific underlying diagnosis.
Expression of CD1d in human scalp skin and hair follicles: hair cycle related alterations
Authors: Adley M A , Assaf H A , Hussein M 
Published: November 2005

Background:CD1d belongs to a family of antigen presenting molecules that are structurally and distantly related to the classic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) proteins. However, unlike MHC I molecules, which bind protein antigens, CD1d binds to lipid and glycolipid antigens. CD1d is expressed by cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin, and by cells outside of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages, such as human keratinocytes of psoriatic skin.Aims:To investigate whether CD1d is also expressed in sun exposed skin and in the immunoprivileged anagen hair follicle.Materials/Methods:CD1d immunoreactivity was studied in human scalp skin and hair follicles of healthy women in situ by immunofluorescent and light microscopic immunohistology. Skin biopsies were obtained from normal human scalp containing mainly anagen VI hair follicles from women (age, 53–57 years) undergoing elective plastic surgery.Results:CD1d showed strong immunostaining in human scalp skin epidermis, pilosebaceous units, and eccrine glands. In the epidermis, CD1d was strongly expressed by basal and granular keratinocytes. In hair follicles, CD1d was expressed in the epithelial compartment and showed hair cycle related alterations, with an increase in the anagen and a reduction in the catagen and telogen phases.Conclusions:These results suggest that CD1d plays a role in human scalp skin immunology and protection against lipid antigen rich infectious microbes. They also raise the question of whether keratinocytes of the immunoprivileged anagen hair follicle can present lipid antigens to natural killer T cells. These data could help provide new strategies for the manipulation of hair related disorders.
Light microscopic examination of scalp hair samples as an aid in the diagnosis of paediatric disorders: retrospective review of more than 300 cases from a single centre
Authors: Smith V V , Anderson G , Malone M , Sebire N J 
Published: November 2005

Background:Microscopic examination of scalp hair can provide important diagnostic information in a range of paediatric conditions. It is a non-invasive and cost effective investigation, which is not widely performed.Aims:To examine retrospectively the value of hair examination by light microscopy, including polarising microscopy, in a specialist paediatric pathology department during a 15 year period (1989–2004) and to describe the morphological abnormalities indicative of specific paediatric conditions.Methods:Three hundred and twenty two hair samples were submitted. Microscopic changes were analysed in the light of clinical information categorised as: (1) erythroderma, (2) neurological impairment, (3) immunological/haematological defect, (4) ectodermal dysplasia, (5) abnormal hair only, and (6) non-specific/absent clinical details.Results:Abnormalities were evident in 49% of the samples. In 25%, the changes were compatible with specific diagnoses including Menkes disease, Netherton’s syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, Griscelli and Chediak-Higashi syndromes, monilethrix, uncombable hair, and loose anagen syndromes. In respect of the clinical presentation groups noted above, diagnostic changes were seen in 41%, 32%, 33%, 0%, 29%, and 0%, respectively.Conclusions:Morphological light microscopic examination of scalp hair is an inexpensive, rapid, and non-invasive investigation, which can provide valuable diagnostic information in a range of paediatric conditions.
Survey of clinical allergy services provided by clinical immunologists in the UK
Authors: El-Shanawany T M , Arnold H , Carne E , Misbah S A , Egner W , Wallington T B , Herriot R , Williams P E 
Published: November 2005

Background:The UK National Health Service is failing to meet the need for diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders, which are common and increasing in prevalence. The House of Commons select committee report on allergy services highlighted the inequalities and urgent need for investment.Aim:To survey the allergy workload provided by clinical immunologists to inform service planning and resource allocation.Methods:The allergy services performed by clinical immunologists during a 12 month period from 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2004 were surveyed by means of a questionnaire via supraregional audit groups.Results:The immunology centres surveyed serve 32 million people and offer almost the complete repertoire of a specialised allergy service. There were large variations in clinic capacity, new referrals, appointment duration, and service configuration. Services were largely consultant delivered, but availability of joint clinics with paediatricians and anaesthetists was locally variable. Novel service delivery models utilising nurses and clinical assistants have been developed and merit further investigation.Conclusion:Consultant immunologists and trainees currently make a major contribution to the development and provision of specialised allergy services. Consultant immunologists will probably remain key providers of tertiary level allergy care in the UK in the long term (in line with other countries) and will be pivotal in supporting and developing the provision of equitable national access to specialist allergy services in a timely manner. Rapid progress in developing the new specialty of allergy and securing better access to services for patients in the short term will be best served by strengthening the collaborative relationship between allergists and clinical immunologists.
Histological examination has a major impact on macroscopic necropsy diagnoses
Authors: Bernardi F D C , Saldiva P H N , Mauad T 
Published: November 2005

Background:Necropsy is the gold standard for clinicopathological discrepancy studies and epidemiological surveys. Inadequate sampling or lack of tissue may hamper the final interpretation and quality of the necropsy.Aim:To compare the histological and gross necropsy diagnoses of different organs.Methods:A retrospective comparison of the provisional reports (gross findings only) and the final reports (after histological examination) of the necropsies performed at the department of pathology of the Hospital das Clínicas, Sao Paulo University, Brazil, a large tertiary care complex, in 2001. The total number of diagnoses listed for the lungs, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and spleen were calculated. Findings were categorised into concordant/refined diagnosis, discordant/additional diagnosis, histology needed, and inconclusive.Results:Three hundred and seventy one postmortem reports were analysed. There were 214 men and 157 women, with a mean age of 50.3 years, ranging from 1 to 92. The lung received the highest number (954) and the pancreas the lowest number (390) of diagnoses. The highest frequencies of discrepancies between the gross and microscopic findings were found in the lung and the liver: 38.7% and 35.1%, respectively. The brain had the lowest frequency of discrepancies. In a small number of cases, the final diagnosis could only be achieved through microscopic analysis, with the highest frequency being found in the kidneys (8.5%).Conclusions:Histological analysis has a major impact on previously performed gross diagnosis at necropsy, especially in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Adequate sampling and histological analysis are important for necropsy quality.
Extensive intestinal metaplasia in gastric carcinoma and in other lesions requiring surgery. A study of 3421 gastrectomy specimens from dwellers of the Atlantic and Pacific basins
Authors: Rubio C A , Jónasson J , Nesi G , Mandai K , Pisano R , King A , Owen D 
Published: November 2005

Background:Extensive intestinal metaplasia (EIM) has been reported in gastrectomies from patients dwelling in the Pacific and Atlantic basins.Aims:To compare all the results in an attempt to explain the findings.Method:All sections from 3421 gastrectomies were reviewed at various hospitals: 1946 in the Atlantic and 1475 in the Pacific basin. Sections with EIM showed IM encompassing one or more entire low power field (⩾5 mm in length/section) in one or more section.Results:In the Atlantic basin, EIM was present in 18.8% (153 of 814) of specimens with intestinal carcinoma (IC) and in 10.3% (65 of 630) of those with diffuse carcinoma (DC). In the Pacific basin, EIM was found in 62.9% (412 of 655) of gastrectomies with IC and in 33.3% (160 of 481) of those with DC. The numbers of specimens with EIM were significantly higher in the Pacific than in the Atlantic basin for both carcinoma phenotypes, particularly among elderly patients (⩾60 years).Conclusions:The proportion of gastrectomies with EIM was higher among populations at a higher gastric cancer risk than in those with a lower cancer risk. EIM was mostly associated with IC rather than DC or with miscellaneous gastric diseases (841 control gastrectomies) in both basins. The proportion of gastrectomies with EIM was significantly higher in Vancouver than in New York and in Santiago de Chile than in Buenos Aires, even though these populations reside at approximately the same geographical latitude, but in different basins. Environmental factors seem to accelerate the evolution of EIM.
Successes and Failures in Co-Present Situations
Authors: Heldal Ilona , Steed Anthony , Spante Maria , Schroeder Ralph , Bengtsson Sophia , Partanen Marja 
Published: November 2005

Virtual environments systems based on immersive projection technologies (IPTs) offer users the possibility of collaborating intuitively in a 3D environment. While considerable work has been done to examine interaction in desktop-based collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), there are currently no studies for collaborative interaction using IPTs. The aim of this paper is to examine how immersive technologies support interaction and to compare this to the experience with desktop systems. A study of collaboration is presented where two partners worked together using networked IPT environments. The data collected included observations, analysis of video and audio recordings, questionnaires and debriefing interviews from both IPT sites. This paper focuses on the successes and failures in collaboration through detailed examination of particular incidents during the interaction. We compare these successes and failures with the findings of a study by Hindmarsh, Fraser, Heath, & Benford (Computer Supported Collaborative Work, CSCW'98, 1998, pp. 217–226) that examined object-focused interaction on a desktop-based CVE system. Our findings identify situations where interaction is better supported with the IPT system than the desktop system, and situations where interaction is not as well supported. We also present examples of how social interaction is critical to seamless collaboration.
Rapidly Deployable Multiprojector Immersive Displays
Authors: Jaynes Christopher , Steele R. Matt , Webb Stephen 
Published: November 2005

Immersive, multiprojector systems are a compelling alternative to traditional head-mounted displays and have been growing steadily in popularity. However, the vast majority of these systems have been confined to laboratories or other special purpose facilities and have had little impact on general human—computer and human—human communication models. Cost, infrastructure requirements, and maintenance are all obstacles to the widespread deployment of immersive displays. We address these issues in the design and implementation of the Metaverse. The Metaverse system focuses on a multiprojector scalable display framework that supports automatic detection of devices as they are added/removed from the display environment. Multiple cameras support calibration over wide fields of view for immersive applications with little or no input from the user. The approach is demonstrated on a 24-projector display environment that can be scaled on the fly, reconfigured, and redeployed according to user needs. Using our method, subpixel calibration is possible with little or no user input. Because little effort is required by the user to either install or reconfigure the projectors, rapid deployment of large, immersive displays in somewhat unconstrained environments is feasible.
Evaluating Effectiveness of Interaction Techniques across Immersive Virtual Environmental Systems
Authors: Steed Anthony , Parker Chris 
Published: November 2005

This paper presents the results of a formal experiment to compare different interaction techniques across two types of immersive display: an immersive projection technology (IPT) and a head-mounted display (HMD). Our aim is to investigate the effectiveness of two widely used interaction metaphors, virtual hand and ray casting, on these two display technologies. Our motivation is that design and evaluation of interaction techniques for immersive egocentric display systems has been undertaken almost exclusively on HMDs. We argue that basing interaction for IPTs on techniques developed for other types of immersive systems is a flawed approach, as there are some categorical differences between the experience given by an IPT and an HMD. For example, an IPT user has a much wider field of view than an HMD user. We have chosen two types of interaction tasks to study: simple selection of objects both near to and at some distance from the user, and manipulation of objects involving a change of both position and orientation. As previous studies have found, we find that ray casting is preferable for selection and virtual hand is preferable for manipulation for a HMD. We show that this is also the case for the IPT. More interestingly, while we find performance on selection tasks is much better on the IPT, for manipulation tasks there is little difference between the two display technologies.
Land-Tenure in Mycenaean Greece and the Hittite Empire: Linear B Land-surveys from Pylos and Middle Hittite Land-Donations
Authors: Uchitel Alexander 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article is a comparative study of Mycenaean Greek and Hittite land-tenure systems. It is based upon a systematic comparison of two groups of documents: land-registers (the so-called E-series) from Pylos and Middle Hittite land-donations. The traditional interpretation of both Mycenaean Greek and Hittite documents is challenged and alternative interpretations are offered. Thus, on the Mycenaean side, the construction with the preposition pa-ro is reinterpreted, and on the Hittite side an entirely new interpretation of a Hittite expression pir-sahhanas is offered. Both land-tenure systems are interpreted as two manifestations of compulsory labour service of small landholders attached to large agricultural estates. Cet article est une étude comparative des systèmes de tenue de la terre dans la Grèce mycénienne et l'empire hittite. Elle est fondée sur une comparaison systématique de deux groupes de documents : les registres de la terre (appelés la série E) de Pylos et les donations de terre moyenne hittite. L'interprétation traditionnelle des documents mycénien et hittite est ici remise en question et une nouvelle explication est offerte. Ainsi, du côté mycénien, la construction avec la préposition pa-ro est réinterprétée, et du côté hittite une interprétation entièrement nouvelle de l'expression pir-sahhanas est proposée. Les deux systèmes de tenue de la terre sont interprétés comme deux manifestations d'un service de travail obligatoire dus par des petits propriétaires attachés à des grandes propriétés agricoles.