bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression atlas of the mouse central nervous system: impact and interactions of age, energy intake and gender
Authors: Xu Xiangru , Zhan Ming , Duan Wenzhen , Prabhu Vinayakumar , Brenneman Randall , Wood William , Firman Jeff , Li Huai , Zhang Peisu , Ibe Carol , Zonderman Alan B , Longo Dan L , Poosala Suresh , Becker Kevin G , Mattson Mark P 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe structural and functional complexity of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is organized and modified by complicated molecular signaling processes that are poorly understood.ResultsWe measured transcripts of 16,896 genes in 5 CNS regions from cohorts of young, middle-aged and old male and female mice that had been maintained on either a control diet or a low energy diet known to retard aging. Each CNS region (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum and spinal cord) possessed its own unique transcriptome fingerprint that was independent of age, gender and energy intake. Less than 10% of genes were significantly affected by age, diet or gender, with most of these changes occurring between middle and old age. The transcriptome of the spinal cord was the most responsive to age, diet and gender, while the striatal transcriptome was the least responsive. Gender and energy restriction had particularly robust influences on the hippocampal transcriptome of middle-aged mice. Prominent functional groups of age- and energy-sensitive genes were those encoding proteins involved in DNA damage responses (Werner and telomere-associated proteins), mitochondrial and proteasome functions, cell fate determination (Wnt and Notch signaling) and synaptic vesicle trafficking.ConclusionMouse CNS transcriptomes responded to age, energy intake and gender in a regionally distinctive manner. The systematic transcriptome dataset also provides a window into mechanisms of age-, diet- and sex-related CNS plasticity and vulnerability.
Clinical effectiveness of treatments for anorexia nervosa in adolescents
Authors: Gowers Simon G. , Clark Andrew , Roberts Chris , Griffiths Alison , Edwards Vanessa , Bryan Claudine , Smethurst Nicola , Byford Sarah , Barrett Barbara 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundTreatment guidelines identify few adequately powered trials to guide recommendations for anorexia nervosa.AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of three readily available National Health Service treatments for adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with anorexia nervosa.MethodMulticentre randomised controlled trial of 167 young people comparing in-patient, specialist out-patient and general child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) treatment.ResultsEach group made considerable progress at 1 year, with further improvement by 2 years. Full recovery rates were poor (33% at 2 years, 27% still with anorexia nervosa). Adherence to in-patient treatment was only 50%. Neither in-patient nor specialist out-patient therapy demonstrated advantages over general CAMHS treatment by intention to treat, although some CAMHS out-patients were subsequently admitted on clinical grounds. In-patient treatment (randomised or after out-patient transfer) predicted poor outcomes.ConclusionsFirst-line in-patient psychiatric treatment does not provide advantages over out-patient management. Out-patient treatment failures do very poorly on transfer to in-patient facilities.
Delays in mental health services and duration of untreated psychosis
Authors: Brunet Kat , Birchwood Max , Lester Helen , Thornhill Kate 
Published: October 2007

AIMS AND METHODTo dissect duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) into three components: help-seeking delay, referral delay and delay in mental health services, all mental health services in a defined geographical region were screened over a period of 1 year. All cases of first-episode psychosis without a primary mood disorder were identified (n=55).RESULTSThe median delay within secondary services was over seven times the delay in the referral pathway. The mean delay in mental health services accounted for 35% of overall DUP.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSIntervention is required in secondary as well as primary care services if DUP is to be reduced.
Modulation of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11βHSD) Activity Biomarkers and Pharmacokinetics of PF-00915275, a Selective 11βHSD1 Inhibitor
Authors: Courtney Rachel , Stewart Paul M. , Toh Melvin , Ndongo Marie-Noella , Calle Roberto A. , Hirshberg Boaz 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 11βHSD1 catalyzes the intracrine conversion of inactive cortisone to the active glucocorticoid cortisol.
Objective: Demonstrating inhibition of 11βHSD1 is challenging because there is no accessible way to directly assess the enzyme activity in vivo. Thus, it was proposed to assess the enzyme activity, in an indirect fashion, using two biomarker methods: the prednisolone generation study (conversion of oral prednisone to prednisolone in plasma) and the ratio of cortisol and cortisone metabolites in urine.
Design: This was a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multiple-dose study.
Setting: The study was conducted in a clinical research unit.
Participants: Sixty healthy adult volunteers participated in the study.
Intervention: Oral doses of PF-00915275 (0.3–15 mg) and prednisone (10 mg) were administered during the study.
Main Outcome Measures: Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PF-00915275, a selective 11βHSD1 inhibitor, were measured.
Results: Overall, multiple oral doses of PF-00915275 were safe and well tolerated. After oral administration, PF-00915275 was rapidly absorbed, slowly eliminated, and generally displayed dose-proportional increases in exposure. At the 15-mg dose, mean exposure to prednisolone was reduced by 37%, and there was a dose-dependent fall in the 5α-tetrahydrocortisol + 5β-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone ratio with maximum inhibition of 26% after 14 d. The urinary free cortisol to urinary free cortisone ratio, an indicator of 11βHSD2 inhibition, did not change.
Conclusion: PF-00915275 was safe at all doses tested. The results of the prednisolone generation test and the urinary metabolite ratios confirm that PF-00915275 is a selective 11βHSD1 inhibitor.
Prevalence of Potential Medication Problems Among Dually Eligible Older Adults in Medicaid Waiver Services
Authors: Alkema Gretchen E , Wilber Kathleen H , Simmons W June , Enguidanos Susan M , Frey Dennee 
Published: November 2007

Background: Methods for identifying potential medication problems among older adults at risk for nursing home placement have generally not included clinical risk factors in addition to medication lists. Objective: To assess the prevalence of potential medication problems for older adults enrolled in a Medicaid waiver service using tested Home Health Criteria that combine medication use and clinical risk factors for screening drug regimens. Methods: A cross-sectional survey screened 615 community-dwelling, dually eligible, functionally impaired adults aged 65 years and older enrolled in a Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid) waiver care management program, California's Multipurpose Senior Services Program (MSSP). Measures included prevalence and predictors of having 1 of 4 potential medication problems: unnecessary therapeutic duplication, use of psychotropic drugs with concurrent falls or confusion, cardiovascular medication problems, and use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with risk of peptic ulcer complications. Results: Forty-nine percent of the sample had a potential medication problem, with unnecessary therapeutic duplication being most prevalent (24%). Nearly 20% of patients screened had 2 or more potential problems. Independent predictors of any potential medication problem were age (OR 1.029; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05), new MSSP enrollment (OR 1.634; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.35), and number of medications (OR 1.183; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.24). Conclusions: Prevalence of potential medication problems in MSSP was markedly higher than reported in the original home healthcare sample used to test the Home Health Criteria. The prevalence rate for older adults at risk for nursing home placement necessitates expanded screening and medication therapy management interventions, especially upon initial enrollment and for those taking multiple medications. Interventions are needed to increase medication problem identification and resolution while promoting collaboration among physicians, consultant pharmacists, and waiver service providers.
‘Secularisation’ and ‘Religion’ as Zombie Categories?
Authors: Possamai Adam M. 
Published: November 2007

David Martin, On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 2005, 206pp.

Régis Debray, Les communions humaines. Pour en finir avec la ‘religion’ [Human communion. For an ending to ‘Religion’]. Fayard, Paris, 2005, 159pp.

Kim Knott, The Location of Religion: A Spatial Analysis. Equinox, London, 2005, 264pp.
Curvature Versus V-Bends in a Group B Titanium T-Loop Spring
Authors: Martins Renato Parsekian , Buschang Peter H. , Viecilli Rodrigo , dos Santos-Pinto Ary 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective: To compare the system of forces acting on curvature and preactivated V-bends in titanium T-loop springs (TTLSs) made of 0.017- × 0.025-inch TMA (titanium molibdenium alloy) wire.
Materials and Methods: Pictures of TTLSs preactivated by curvature and V-bends were inserted in the LOOP software program to design both TTLSs. Symmetry was assured using the program. Both TTLSs used the same amount (length) of wire and had the same angulation between their anterior and posterior extremities when passive. The loops were activated 7 mm, and forces and moments were registered after each 0.5 mm of deactivation. The brackets were at the same height, separated by 23 mm and angulated 0°.
Results: The preactivated curvature TTLS delivered horizontal forces ranging from 34 gF to 456 gF, while the TTLS preactivated by V-bends delivered forces ranging from 54 gF to 517 gF. The forces decreased more (30 gF vs 33 gF) with every 0.5 mm of activation on the preactivated V-bend TTLS than on the preactivated curvature TTLS. Vertical forces were low and clinically insignificant for both TTLSs. The moment to force (MF) ratios were systematically higher on the preactivated curvature than on the preactivated V-bend TTLS (from 5.8 mm to 38.8 mm vs 4.7 mm to 28.3 mm).
Conclusions: Although both loops show symmetrical moments in their anterior and posterior extremities and can be used for group B anchorage, the curvature preactivated TTLS delivers lower horizontal forces and higher MF ratios than the acute preactivated V-bend TTLS.
Impacts on Daily Performances Related to Wearing Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Sheiham Aubrey , de Oliveira Cesar Messias 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective: To assess the prevalence, intensity, and extent of the impacts on daily performances related to wearing different types of orthodontic appliances.
Materials and Methods: A total of 1657 students, 15 to 16 years old, were randomly selected from those attending all secondary schools in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Only those wearing orthodontic appliances at the time of the survey were included. Face-to-face structured interviews were done to collect information about impacts on quality of life related to wearing orthodontic appliances, using the Oral Impact on Daily Performances (OIDP). Adolescents were also clinically examined to assess the type of orthodontic appliance they were wearing. Comparisons, by type of orthodontic appliance and covariables, were performed using nonparametric statistical tests.
Results: Three hundred fifty-seven adolescents (36.1% boys and 63.9% girls) undergoing orthodontic treatment participated in the study. The prevalence of condition-specific impacts related to wearing orthodontic appliances was 22.7%. Among adolescents with impacts related to wearing orthodontic appliances, 35.8% reported impacts of severe or very severe intensity and 90.1% reported impacts on only one daily performance, commonly eating or speaking. The prevalence, but not the intensity or the extent, of condition-specific impacts differed by type of orthodontic appliance (P = .001).
Conclusions: One in four Brazilian adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment reported side effects, specific impacts on daily living, related to wearing orthodontic appliances. Such impacts were higher among adolescents wearing fixed rather than removable or a combination of fixed and removable orthodontic appliances. This information could help to inform patients about the frequency and intensity of sociodental impacts during the course of their treatment.
Force Magnitude and Duration Effects on Amount of Tooth Movement and Root Resorption in the Rat Molar
Authors: Gonzales Carmen , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Yoshimatsu Masako , Yozgatian Joseph H. , Darendeliler M. Ali , Yoshida Noriaki 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the effect of different continuous moderate to very heavy forces on root resorption or amount of tooth movement.
Materials and Methods: In the study, 10, 25, 50 and 100 g mesial force were applied to the maxillary first molars of rat using nickel titanium closed-coil springs for 3 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The molars were extracted and the surface areas of the root resorption craters were measured using scanning electron microscope. The depths of the root resorption craters were measured using a three-dimensional laser scanning microscope. Tooth movement of the maxillary first molar was measured in relation to the maxillary second molar on digitized lateral cephalometric radiographs.
Results: Three days after force application, the tooth movement was not proportionally related to force magnitude. However, 14 days of force application resulted in significantly more tooth movement in the 10, 25, and 50 g force groups than in the 100 g force group. A force application of 10 g produced significantly more tooth movement at 28 days than all the other three force applications. The largest and deepest resorption craters were observed in the disto-buccal root followed by disto-palatal, middle-buccal, middle-palatal, and mesial root. Root resorption and tooth movement increased over time from 3 to 28 days. As heavier forces were applied, greater root resorption occurred.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The light mesially oriented forces, as applied in this study, produced more tooth movement and less root resorption compared with heavier forces.
Results of the veterinary enalapril trial to prove reduction in onset of heart failure in dogs chronically treated with enalapril alone for compensated, naturally occurring mitral valve insufficiency
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Keene Bruce W. , Brown William A. , Coats Julie R. , Crawford Mary Ann , DeFrancesco Teresa C. , Edwards N. Joel , Fox Phillip R. , Lehmkuhl Linda B. , Luethy Michael W. , Meurs Kathryn M. , Petrie Jean-Paul , Pipers Frank S. , Rosenthal Steven L. , Sidley Jennifer A. , Straus Justin H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the efficacy of long-term enalapril administration in delaying the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF).
Design—Placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial.
Animals—124 dogs with compensated mitral valve regurgitation (MR).
Procedures—Dogs randomly assigned to receive enalapril or placebo were monitored for the primary endpoint of onset of CHF for ≤ 58 months. Secondary endpoints included time from study entry to the combined endpoint of CHF-all-cause death; number of dogs free of CHF at 500, 1,000, and 1,500 days; and mean number of CHF-free days.
Results—Kaplan-Meier estimates of the effect of enalapril on the primary endpoint did not reveal a significant treatment benefit. Chronic enalapril administration did have a significant benefit on the combined endpoint of CHF-all-cause death (benefit was 317 days [10.6 months]). Dogs receiving enalapril remained free of CHF for a significantly longer time than those receiving placebo and were significantly more likely to be free of CHF at day 500 and at study end.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chronic enalapril treatment of dogs with naturally occurring, moderate to severe MR significantly delayed onset of CHF, compared with placebo, on the basis of number of CHF-free days, number of dogs free of CHF at days 500 and study end, and increased time to a combined secondary endpoint of CHF-all-cause death. Improvement in the primary endpoint, CHF-free survival, was not significant. Results suggest that enalapril modestly delays the onset of CHF in dogs with moderate to severe MR.
Long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy for treatment of combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation: 12 cases (1999–2004)
Authors: Swiderski Jennifer K. , Palmer Ross H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine long-term outcome of distal femoral osteotomy as a component of treatment for distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation in large-breed dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—12 dogs (16 stifle joints).
Procedures—Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to identify large-breed dogs with medial patellar luxation (grade ≥ 2) and femoral varus angle ≥ 12° treated with distal femoral osteotomy, with a minimum follow-up (by a veterinarian) of 18 months. Signalment, weight, medial patellar luxation and lameness grade, pre- and postoperative femoral varus angle, surgical technique, time to radiographic bone union, and complications were recorded. Follow-up with owners via questionnaire was performed > 18 months after surgery.
Results—16 corrective distal femoral osteotomies were performed with ancillary medial patellar luxation procedures in 12 dogs; 4 dogs had staged bilateral procedures. Mean ± SD preoperative and postoperative femoral varus angles were 16.3 ± 4.3° and 3.9 ± 2.5°, respectively. Mean ± SD time to radiographic union of the distal femoral osteotomy was 52.6 ± 13 days. One dog had Kirschner wire migration from the tibial tuberosity. Patellar luxation was not detected after surgery in any dog. Mean ± SD follow-up by a veterinarian was 1,335 ± 410 days and by use of an owner questionnaire was 1,497 ± 464 days. All 10 variables of owner-observed patient comfort and function were significantly improved.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Distal femoral osteotomy in combination with traditional treatment provided predictable osteotomy healing, patellar stabilization, and long-term improvement in patient comfort and function when used to treat combined distal femoral varus and medial patellar luxation in large-breed dogs.
See no lies, hear no lies: differences in discrimination accuracy and response bias when watching or listening to police suspect interviews
Authors: Mann Samantha Ann , Vrij Aldert , Fisher Ronald P. , Robinson Mark 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the present experiment, police officers attempted to detect truths and lies told by suspects in their police interviews in three different ways: They either saw the suspects (visual condition), only heard the suspects (audio condition) or both saw and heard the suspects (control condition). Research has demonstrated that vocal and speech‐related cues are better diagnostic cues to deceit than visual cues. Therefore, we predicted that participants in the visual condition would perform worst in the lie detection task. Having access only to visual cues may encourage observers to be more reliant on stereotypical beliefs when attempting to detect truths and lies. Since these stereotypes are related to the behaviour of liars, rather than to the behaviour of truth tellers, we further predicted that being exposed only to visual cues may result in a lie bias. The findings supported these hypotheses, and the implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid Supramolecular Naphthalene Diimide‐thiophene Structures and their Application in Polymer Electronics
Authors: Krüger H. , Janietz S. , Sainova D. , Dobreva D. , Koch N. , Vollmer A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSolution‐processable molecules based on 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NTCDI, 1), which constitutes the central unit, have been synthesized with thiophene substituents of varying chain length attached to the naphthalene core. In this paper, the synthetic route to this new class of star‐shaped NTCDI derivatives are given. Cyclovoltammetric, UV spectroscopic, photoelectron spectroscopy, and field effect transistor measurements are performed to characterize the electronic and optical properties of the new materials. The relationship between the donor–acceptor structure and the electronic and optical properties is thus shown in detail. Organic field‐effect transistor devices have been built from this series of molecules and the results clearly describe the transfer from n‐type to an ambipolar character depending on the structural components, i.e., naphthalene, diimide, and thiophene, of the molecules.
Kinetics of carbon dioxide absorption into aqueous glucosamine solutions
Authors: Gómez‐Díaz Diego , Navaza José M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChemical reaction kinetics of carbon dioxide with aqueous solutions of D (+) glucosamine hydrochloride (2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose hydrochloride) has been studied using a stirred tank reactor with a planar interfacial area. The operational variables considered in this work have been the glucosamine concentration and the reaction temperature. Specific absorption rates have been obtained and different correlations have been employed to estimate physicochemical properties of carbon dioxide in glucosamine aqueous solutions. Results indicate that the absorption process occurs in a moderately fast reaction regime with a first‐order kinetic for amine and carbon dioxide. The reaction rate constant was calculated and correlated as a function of temperature. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Generalized self‐efficacy and performance on the 20‐metre shuttle run in children
Authors: Cairney John , Hay John A. , Faught Brent E. , Léger Luc , Mathers Brittany 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has been argued that motivation significantly affects the measurement of aerobic capacity when using field tests with children. In this study, the impact of generalized self‐efficacy on performance (Stage Completed) in the Léger shuttle run is examined in a cohort of children (N = 2,245, 9.38 ± 0.52 years old) in Grade 4 from 75 elementary schools. Children completed the Children's Self‐perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity scale (CSAPPA) to establish levels of generalized self‐efficacy toward physical activity, were measured for height and weight, and then completed the Léger Shuttle run to predict aerobic capacity. Regression analysis was used to study the impact of self‐efficacy on test performance. After adjusting for age, gender, and BMI, two of the three CSAPPA factor subscales, higher perceived adequacy regarding physical activity (β = 0.196, P < 0.001) and greater predilection to select physical over sedentary activities (β = 0.123, P < 0.001), were independently associated with better test performance as indicated by stage completed. Together, self‐efficacy accounted for 9% of the total variation in Léger shuttle run performance. A significant interaction between BMI and perceived adequacy was found (β = −0.106, P < 0.005). Children with both high BMI scores and below average perceived adequacy had the poorest performance results. Generalized self‐efficacy, as measured by the CSAPPA, is significantly related to Léger shuttle run performance. Moreover, self‐efficacy influences the relationship between other known factors affecting test performance (BMI), suggesting that self‐perception of ability/competence has a complex effect on test performance. These results illustrate the importance of considering psychological factors when interpreting physiologic assessments in children. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.