bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability and band gaps of InGaAs, BGaAs, and BInGaAs alloys: Density‐functional supercell calculations
Authors: Jenichen Arndt , Engler Cornelia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe influence of arrangement and content of substituents (B, In) in BGaAs, InGaAs, and BInGaAs alloys on the stabilities and band gaps is investigated using density‐functional supercell calculations. The stability of ternary alloys decreases from InGaAs over BGaAs to GaAsN. Typical substituent structures show the following stability order: isolated substituents – [110] chains – clusters – twisted [111] chains – (200/211) arrangements (most stable). This is valid for both the In‐ and B‐poor as well as the In‐ and B‐rich alloys. From the fact that grown InGaAs provides a different gap than the most stable arrangement one can conclude that other structures (isolated indium atoms or Inm As clusters) are formed during the growth. Simultaneous substitutions (BInGaAs) of larger (In) and smaller (B) atoms prefer arrangements in larger distances (220) for isovalent boron substitution and in In–B bonds for antisite boron substitution. The high degree boron antisite substitution induces partially occupied acceptor bands which lead to a strong reduction of the band gap in comparison to the isovalent substitution. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A single law for the activation energies of self‐diffusion of various cubic metals, intermetallic compounds, ionic crystals and oxides
Authors: Siethoff Hans 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn previous publications the author put forward a relation which, for face‐centred cubic metals and intermetallic compounds with B2 and L12 structures, connected the activation energy of self‐diffusion with lattice constant and shear modulus. It is one aim of the present study to show that this formalism can be extended to intermetallic compounds with C1, D03 and C15 crystal structures. Since the covalently bonded cubic semiconductors and ceramics obey a different law, the question concerning the influence of the chemical bond was additionally investigated. Therefore ionic crystals and oxides with B1, B2 and C1 structures were analysed. It is demonstrated that these materials obey the same law as the metals and intermetallic compounds, for the B1 structure, however, the prefactor of the common rule is different. To be able to evaluate such differences, the proposed relation had to be more quantitatively derived than it was done before. Some cubic transition metals do not fit in the general picture. The deviations are traced back to the binding properties of the electronic d‐bands. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe3C with 3d and 4d impurities
Authors: Shein I. R. , Medvedeva N. I. , Ivanovskii A. L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe study the electronic structure, formation energies, and magnetic properties of cementite Fe3C doped by 3d and 4d transition metals (TM) by means of first‐principles calculations. All TM elements demonstrate a preference for the substitution of the general iron position in Fe3C. We predict that early elements (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, and Nb) stabilize the cementite, while the end elements (Ni, Cu, Pd, and Ag) in the TM series sharply destabilize it. The magnetic properties of impurity atoms are found to depend strongly on their atomic numbers and the trends to ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling of impurities with Fe atoms in Fe3C coincide with the magnetic behavior of these impurities in Fe. The physical reason is a similar location of the Fermi level in the pseudogap of spin‐down and almost filled spin‐up Fed states in both Fe3C and Fe. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman study of nano‐crystalline Ge under high pressure
Authors: Sapelkin Andrei V. , Karavanskii Vladimir A. , Kartopu Giray , Es‐Souni Mohammed , Luklinska Zofia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated high pressure behaviour of nano‐crystalline Ge that is free of substrate up to 17 GPa using Raman scattering. Nano‐crystalline Ge has been prepared by stain‐etching of 100 oriented Ge wafer and then lifted off. Electron diffraction measurements revealed that after etching particles retain diamond structure of original mono‐crystalline wafer. The Raman peak corresponding to zone‐center optical phonons mode was found to be shifted at ambient conditions from 300 cm–1 found in c‐Ge to around 280(1) cm–1 in nano‐crystalline Ge. Particle size was estimated from Raman and TEM measurements to be ∼5 nm. We observed no pressure transformation from the diamond to a high pressure phase as expected for bulk Ge (at around 10 GPa) in our Raman measurements. The pressure dependence of the Raman peak position was found to be highly nonlinear with dω /dP = 3.9(1) cm–1/GPa and d2ω /dP2 = –0.14(2) cm–1/GPa2. We discuss the microscopic origins of observed high pressure behavior of nano‐crystalline Ge. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaS and InSe equations of state from single crystal diffraction
Authors: Pellicer‐Porres J. , Machado‐Charry E. , Segura A. , Gilliland S. , Canadell E. , Ordejón P. , Polian A. , Munsch P. , Chevy A. , Guignot N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have performed single crystal angle dispersive X‐ray diffraction at high pressure in order to investigate the GaS and InSe equations of state. We situate the transition from β‐GaS to GaS‐II at 2.7 ± 0.3 GPa. In the InSe experiment we locate the beginning of the phase transition at 7.6 ± 0.6 GPa. The equations of state of β‐GaS (V 0 = 43.27 ± 0.06 Å3, B = 37 ± 2 GPa, B ′ = 5.2), GaS‐II (V 0 = 42.4 ± 0.2 Å3, B = 50 ± 3 GPa and B ′ = 4.3 ± 0.3) and γ‐InSe (V 0 = 58.4 ± 0.2 Å3, B = 24 ± 3 GPa and B ′ = 8.6 ± 0.8) are discussed and compared with the results of an ab‐initio calculation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced phytoremediation: A study of mycorrhizoremediation of heavy metal–contaminated soil
Authors: Giasson Philippe , Jaouich Alfred , Cayer Pierre , Gagné Serge , Moutoglis Peter , Massicotte Luc 
Published: December 2006

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microscopic fungi that occur naturally in soil and form a symbiosis with plant roots. By colonizing the roots, the fungus increases plant growth by making soil essential elements like zinc and phosphorus more accessible. AMF can play a role in the phytoremediation of heavy metal–contaminated soil (mycorrhizoremediation). Two research experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of AMF on the extraction of different heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium, and zinc) in contaminated soil. A grass mixture composed of Festuca rubra, Festuca eliator, Agropyron repens, and Trifolium repens was used in the experiments, and four different types of AMF were investigated: Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Gigaspora gigantea. The results of the study showed that heavy metal extraction by Glomus intraradices colonized plants was the highest of all four AMF tested and was generally higher than nonmycorrhizal plants, depending on the heavy metal concentration in soil and whether it interacted with other metals in soil. However, metal extraction by AMF colonized grasses reached a plateau after an approximately two‐month period showing no further phytoaccumulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of health‐related quality of life in heart failure patients with preserved versus low ejection fraction in CHARM
Authors: Lewis Eldrin F. , Lamas Gervasio A. , O'Meara Eileen , Granger Christopher B. , Dunlap Mark E. , McKelvie Robert S. , Probstfield Jeffrey L. , Young James B. , Michelson Eric L. , Halling Katarina , Carlsson Jonas , Olofsson Bertil , McMurray John J.V. , Yusuf Salim , Swedberg Karl , Pfeffer Marc A. ,   for the CHARM Investigators
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground:Limited comparative studies assessing the health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in heart failure (HF) patients with preserved vs. low ejection fraction (LVEF) have been disparate.Aims:The aims of this study were a) to characterize HRQL in a large population of HF patients with preserved and low LVEF and b) to determine the factors associated with worse HRQL.Methods:Patients with symptomatic HF (NYHA Class II—IV) enrolled in the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) HRQL study completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire at randomization. Patients were stratified into 2 HF cohorts: preserved LVEF (>40%) and low LVEF (≤40%).Results:In 2709 of the eligible 2744 (98.6%) patients, the summary scores ranged from 0 to 105 (mean 40.9). There were no differences in overall responses of HF patients with preserved vs. low LVEF (41.1 vs. 40.8). Independent factors associated with worse HRQL in both populations included female gender, younger age, higher body mass index, lower systolic blood pressure, greater symptom burden, and worse functional status.Conclusions:In symptomatic HF patients, HRQL is equally impaired in both preserved and low LVEF populations. Targeting improvement in symptoms and HRQL is an important treatment objective in all HF patients.
Nurses' attitudes towards a patient who has a psychiatric history
Authors: Brady Madeleine M. 
Published: December 2006

This study was carried out in a large Metropolitan General Hospital in New York, USA. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in nurses' attitudes towards a general hospital patient who had, or had not, a previous psychiatric illness. One hundred and twenty‐eight graduate (trained) nurses were asked to read the patient's case notes, to view videotapes and to answer questionnaires as part of the research method. Analysis of the data obtained demonstrates the statistically significant finding below the 0·02 level that the nurses' attitudes were generally more negative towards the former psychiatric patient. In several instances, the disturbed behaviour of the patient was more significant than the patient's previous hospitalization: the findings also suggest that the graduate nurses equate mental illness with organic causes.The study poses many questions for nurse educators, but particularly for those responsible for psychiatric nursing education.
Integrating theory and practice in modular schemes for basic nurse education
Authors: Harrison Janet , Saunders Margaret E. , Sims Alan 
Published: December 2006

The report describes factors influencing integration of theory and practice in modular schemes of nurse education. It examines the possibility of identifying learners who are more able to see relationships between classroom teaching and a practical experience, the types of experience where integration is more easily achieved, and the ability of hospitals to create and maintain an integrated system whilst still meeting patient demands.Evidence suggested that some students were more able to identify and follow basic principles when working in the practical situation and that tutors were able to identify these students early in their training (after two practical experiences). As might be expected, both students and teachers reacted more favourably to ‘special’ wards when asked how far integration could be and had been achieved. Interviews with ward staff and studies of ward staffing levels and structures again showed how the need to move trained staff, to create stable numbers on wards, militated against the formation of a stable relationship between a learner and a given trained member of staff. Some suggestions for improving integration are made and the need to prepare detailed plans before introducing a modular scheme is stressed.
Some structural considerations in moduiar education for basic nursing students
Authors: Harrison Janet , Saunders Margaret E. , Sims Alan 
Published: December 2006

The report is concerned with some of the structural factors influencing modular schemes of nurse education. Based on interviews with students, teachers and ward staff, in addition to examination of ward staffing levels and structures, the report describes streaming of students, the possible effects of modular education on staffing and some changes introduced or proposed by four hospitals running such schemes.For the most part streaming was seen as being feasible but without any real advantages. Small drawbacks associated with streaming were, however, evident. The research suggested that many of the staffing difficulties associated with modular education were not created by the scheme of training but perhaps highlighted by it. Improvements which would both increase the effectiveness of the schemes and reduce some of these difficulties included movement towards more frequent intakes, a reduction in the length of classroom based element of the introductory course and abandonment of streaming and changes in the length/location of certain modules.
A systems approach to the nursing process
Authors: AItschul Annie T. 
Published: December 2006

This paper makes the point that for psychiatric patients the nursing process based on a systems approach may be more useful than that based on problem‐solving or activities of daily living.Some of the key concepts used in this approach are (i) listing component parts of a system(2) defming the inside and outside of systems, the outside being described as environment(3) changing the boundaries or the interface of various systems, as appropriate, (4) observing the impact of the environment and especially of the nurse herself as a part of the system or the environment, (5) tracing input, output and throughput, and (6) drawing distinctions between open and closed systems and accounting for a steady state in the system.
The need for a comprehensive counselling service for nursing students
Authors: Jones David 
Published: December 2006

The responses to ‘given situations’ in a questionnaire administered to 50 nursing students indicate that they are conscious of high stress factors in nursing. Role conflict is created when they are given instructions in the wards contrary to what they are taught in the schools of nursing. Some of the responses also indicated that learners may be developing attitudes which are contrary to good nursing practice as a protection from external pressures.The majority of the respondents had opportunities for discussion of their problems, but 28% were unsure about available facilities. The author argues that the counselling needs of nursing students must be met by the provision of a comprehensive counselling service.
Perspectives and problems on quality of nursing care: an overview of contributions from North America and recent developments in Europe
Authors: van Maanen Hanneke M. Th. 
Published: December 2006

The author focuses on the quality of nursing care and discusses the major problems inherent in control of the quality of nursing care.The concept of quality is analysed and the approaches of health care professionals to the concept are discussed. An overview of the American contribution to the relevant research is presented together with ongoing developments in Europe.
Reality and expectation of the British National Health Service Consumer*
Authors: Rayner Claire 
Published: December 2006

On the analysis of some 40 000 letters received each year, the author, a medical journalist, has identified nine main categories of queries about health care problems which are not adequately dealt with by the British National Health Services.The problems are concerned with anatomy and physiology, illness, pregnancy and childbirth, contraception, child care, mental health, the old and plastic surgery.By focusing on these unmet needs, a plea is made to rectify the matter.
Criteria to be used in the selection of clinical areas for basic nurse training
Authors: Skeath W. Alan , Deadman M. E. , Gousy S. , Harvey M. , Tyrrel S. , Yorston S. 
Published: December 2006

The problem of establishing criteria to be considered when selecting clinical areas for basic nurse training was investigated by the Teaching team from Bexley Hospital Nurse Education Centre, Kent.Establishments involved in training personnel in occupations other than nursing were examined and evaluated in order to see if comparisons could be made. Unfortunately the establishments chosen provided little information in respect of learner placement in nursing. Contributions to the nursing literature in respect of the subject being considered were sparse, but articles by Martin (1976), Roper (1976), Schröck (1973) and Strohmann (1977) were interesting and of considerable value.Whilst the project at Bexley involved examination of the more obvious criteria used in the selection of training areas, considerable attention was paid to the attitudes of clinical nursing personnel towards nurse education and training.Replies to an educational questionnaire devised by the team revealed many significant differences between the attitudes of those nurses involved in basic nurse training in the hospital's wards and departments when compared with those of other teaching and service personnel. A checklist of criteria was ultimately compiled and it was suggested that a further comparative study emphasizing the attitude component of this project should be made in 12 months time.
The role of the nurse in support of breast feeding
Authors: Auerbach Kathleen G. 
Published: December 2006

The nurse can provide information about, and support of, breast feeding. The prenatal nurse can inform the mother of the advantages of breast feeding to herself and her baby. The labour and delivery nurse can aid the mother in her first contact with the baby and reassure the mother who has a Caesarean birth, or a premature or sick infant, that she too can nurse. The postpartum nurse can help breast feeding to continue by providing frequent maternal‐infant contact during the mother's hospital stay. The nursery nurse supports breast feeding by refraining from giving the baby other fluids. The paediatric nurse continues the helping pattern by reinforcing the statements and actions of others which will further impress the mother with the appropriateness of her infant feeding method.Mothers need to be informed about infant feeding options in order to make a knowledgeable choice based on awareness of alternatives. The nurse's role in support of breast feeding varies with the time and place where patient care is provided. In each setting, however, the nurse plays a significant role in helping the mother to begin breast feeding and to enjoy it, at the same time providing her infant with optimum nutrition for his early growth and development.
Assessing the outcomes of a home nursing programme: previousiy hospitalized versus non‐hospitalized patients
Authors: Legge Jerome S. , Reilly Bernard J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis study utilizes four outcome measures to compare the success of a home nursing programme on a group of patients previously hospitalized and a non‐hospitalized group. The outcome measures are: mortality, stabilization, hospitalization and nursing home confinement at discharge from the programme. No significant differences were found between the groups, except for nursing home confinement which was higher for the non‐hospitalized group. The relationships remained the same even when age and functional status were considered as alternative hypotheses. Implications of this study suggest that home nursing programmes are likely to be as successful with previously hospitalized, as they are with non‐hospitalized, patients. Secondly, in evaluating the impact of home nursing programmes on patients, the potential stabilizing influence of the hospital must be taken into account before examining the programme in isolation.
Objectively toward curriculum improvement in nursing education in England and Wales
Authors: Greaves Fred 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe General Nursing Council (G.N.C.) for England and Wales (circular 77/I9/4) is currently influencing schools of nursing to use behavioural objectives, which means immediate implications for the basic training of nurses. As the majority of nurse teachers seek to influence their students' behaviour, there appears to be good grounds for stating clearly what it is they hope their students will achieve. Operationalizing objectives in realistic learning environments will rest on two fundamental assumptions. First, there must be a clear foundation of integrated theory and practice. Secondly, nurse teachers must be using objectives in the light of clear understanding of objective approaches which are based in a conceptual framework of curriculum theory.
The process of ageing
Authors: Barrowclough Fred , Pinel Carl 
Published: December 2006

An increasing elderly population involves nurses with older people in a wide sphere of activities. It is essential that an understanding of ageing and its effects is included as part of the knowledge which is common to all nurses. The study of gerontology has intensified in recent years but an interest in the phenomenon of ageing can be traced back through the centuries. A number of theories about the causes of ageing have been put forward but the evidence in support of these is still inconclusive. Control of the ageing process remains beyond mankind, but it is known that environmental and hereditary factors contribute to the rate of ageing.Knowledge about the effects of ageing is accumulating. The influence of ageing on the functions of the body can be measured. Most functions are reduced in efficiency and the lowered levels of performance have to be considered in their relation to the medical and nursing care of older people.Ageing also has psychological and social implications. Changes in behaviour patterns can occur as a result of the influence of ageing on personality, intellect and memory. There are also changes in the social circumstances of older people resulting from such factors as retirement and bereavement.The growing problem of an elderly population is stimulating increasing research into the causes and effects of ageing.
Developing effective management for the general nursing service
Authors: Blake Jenny , Towell David 
Published: December 2006

Directors of nursing services and their colleagues in the new units created by NHS restructuring face major challenges in developing effective management for the general nursing service. Emerging ideas within the profession on the organization of nursing work, severe pressures arising from financial constraints at a time of growing health care needs, and restructuring itself each demand a carefully planned response. Beginning from the basic management cycle involved in implementing the nursing process, this paper offers a redefinition of the main functions of nursing management as a whole in meeting these challenges and provides a check‐list for reviewing existing management practice.The use of this check‐list is then illustrated by a case study in one health district. In this example, managers sought external assistance in planning a programme of action to strengthen nursing leadership. Similar efforts elsewhere are likely to rely mainly on a range of self‐help methods. This paper is intended to provide a tool for designing and implementing these local strategies of management development.