bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for Determining Conservative Fatigue Threshold While Avoiding Crack Closure
Authors: Matsuoka S , Takeuchi E , Kosuge M , Shimodaira M , Ohta A , Nishijima S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe low-rate fatigue properties of a mild steel are obtained on small compact-type (CT) specimens while avoiding crack closure. These properties are similar to those of butt-welded joints obtained at a much lower stress ratio in the range −1 to 0.5. This is a result of the existence of tensile residual stress at the crack tip of the welded joint which prevents crack closure even at low stress ratios. It is concluded that the most conservative fatigue crack propagation properties, including fatigue threshold values, can be easily obtained by confirming that the results are the same for CT specimens tested at different terminal stress ratios using a ΔK decreasing method which avoids crack closure.
A Suggested Role of Combustion Toxicity in Fire Risk Assessment
Authors: Alexeeff GV , Packham SC 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAt least 17 test methods have been developed to examine the acute toxicity of thermal decomposition products produced in fires. However, a consensus has not been reached on a method of integrating this information into a fire risk assessment. This paper suggests a fire risk assessment methodology with the goal of improving risk management and reducing future fire deaths. Following hazard identification, four steps are presented: (1) calculation of the probability that a material will be present in a fire, (2) estimation of smoke concentrations in specific fire scenarios, (3) determination of the qualitative and quantitative nature of toxic effects of smokes, and (4) estimation of the likelihood of the toxic injury resulting to humans based on correlations between animal models and humans. A concentration-time product is used in estimating exposure, since recent reports indicate it is likely to be the most appropriate method for comparing the toxicity of smokes with each other and to pure gases.
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Applied to an Adhesive Spar—Wingskin Joint
Authors: Gradin PA , Nilsson S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
When utilizing adhesive bonding in structures where a failure might have serious consequences, one is generally interested in the possibility of determining the sensitivity of the bond strength to certain types of bond imperfections. It is well known that most adhesive bonds will contain defects such as voids, regions with no or poor bonding, and microcracks. When such defects are located in regions with alternating stresses of sufficiently high amplitude, they might grow to form macrocracks.
To investigate how the static strength of an adhesive spar—wingskin joint is affected by the presence of two straight edge cracks in the interface between the adhesive and the spar flange and located symmetrically with respect to the spar center line, experiments were performed for different crack sizes. Specimens were loaded by a tensile force acting along the spar center line in order to simulate the effect of fuel pressure. To find out whether the usual linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) assumption of a critical elastic energy release rate value at onset of fracture applied in this case also, the elastic energy release rate was calculated analytically by use of a simple beam model and numerically by use of the finite element method (FEM).
The following conclusions were drawn for the specific geometry considered:
1. For crack lengths below 4 mm, the joint was critical with respect to interlaminar separation in the spar flange.
2. For crack lengths above 4 mm, the joint was critical with respect to debonding.
3. The critical energy release rate was approximately constant for crack lengths in the interval of 4 to 15 mm. The influence of the radius in the connection between the spar web and spar flange and the elasticity modulus of the elastic insert in the same region was investigated numerically. From this it was concluded that:
4. For cracks larger than about 10 mm the joint will become more crack sensitive with increasing radius, whereas it will be almost unaffected by changes in the insert elasticity modulus.
A Method for Obtaining Conservative S-N Data for Welded Structures
Authors: Nakamura H , Nishijima S , Ohta A , Maeda Y , Uchino K , Kohno T , Toyomasu K , Soya I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of fatigue testing is proposed to simulate the behavior of large-sized welded structures having high tensile residual stresses by means of ordinary small width specimens containing a low level of residual stresses. The method involves the varying of the stress range from test to test while always maintaining the maximum stress at the yield strength of base metal. The results obtained by the proposed method agreed with those for slit welded joints containing high tensile residual stresses fatigued at constant amplitude at a stress ratio of zero. However, the fatigue strength of small width welded specimens as determined by the proposed method was lower than that obtained by the conventional method at a stress ratio of zero. It is emphasized that the proposed method is effective in obtaining conservative S-N data to be used for design of welded structures, where local fluctuating stresses were considered to pulsate downwards from tensile yield strength regardless of the applied stress ratio. It was also found that in the presence of a high tensile residual stress the grinding of the toe of welds which contain no undercut was not effective in improving the fatigue strength of welded joints.
Effect of Nonmetallic Inclusions on Some Ductility Parameters of Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet
Authors: Pretnar B , Yebuah RAN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Nonmetallic inclusions have detrimental effects on ductility parameters such as elongation and reduction in area obtained in tension testing. Moreover, inclusions elongated in the rolling direction cause distinct anisotropy of these parameters.
This paper gives a demonstration of how this anisotropy can be utilized to assess the effect of elongated inclusions on the ductility of steel sheet. Other factors (e.g., sheet thickness and steel strength) that also influence the ductility are eliminated by taking the difference between the values of the ductility parameters in the longitudinal (rolling) and the transverse directions. Replicate tests and methods of mathematical statistics are employed in estimating the sensitivity of the different ductility parameters to nonmetallic inclusions. Tension specimens with special forms (twice perforated and V-notched specimens) have been devised to increase the sensitivity of the ductility parameters. Reduction in area is found to be a much more discriminating parameter than elongation at fracture.
Impact Testing of Flexible Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Shestopal VO , Chilcott B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Methods of obtaining information on dynamic properties of flexible foams from a limited number of impact tests are considered. The test procedure is based on measuring acceleration and displacement during the entire impact (not only maximum values as required in current standards). Interpretation of the results uses two theoretical approaches: stress-strain relationships and similarity considerations. Each approach has its own advantages. The developed algorithm, applied presently to four commercial packaging foams, allows the plotting of cushioning diagrams and predicts the shape of time-impact dependence for an arbitrary drop height and foam thickness. Properties of composite cushioning structures can be calculated.
Liquid Filtration: Examples of the Effects of Temperature, Viscosity, and Liquid Flow Rate
Authors: Johnston PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
On filtering particles of silica or iron oxide from water with filter paper, or a cartridge built of rayon fibers, the filtration efficiency, E, of 1 to 10 μm particles changed from 0.4 to 0.999 with changes in temperature, viscosity, and liquid flow rate. Variations in temperature and in viscosity changed the Brownian diffusivity, D, of the particles. Correlations are shown between D and log R, where R = 1/(1 - E). The results indicate the importance of specifying these variables in any referenced filtration test.
Granule Embedment on Shingles and Roofing Membranes
Authors: Dutt O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Samples of shingles and modified bituminous membranes covered with stone, slag or slate granules were tested for the amount of granules applied and the coverage provided to the bitumen. The granule embedment in the as-received condition and after wetting was measured by scrubbing the samples with 50 strokes of a steel wire brush. Five representative samples out of the thirteen were also subjected to an extended scrub test, where the number of scrub strokes was increased to 150 (in intervals) to evaluate the retention. The results showed significant variations between samples.
The requirement of a fixed amount of granule loss exists in most standards. Although this is adequate for quality control, the loss should be proportional to the quantity of granules applied, rather than a fixed amount. Proper assessment of granule adhesion requires testing for wet granule loss, for the initial granule coverage and for the tendency for granules to detach under extended scrubbing.
Metal Surface Preparation by Plasma-Polymerized Films
Authors: van Ooij WJ , Sabata A , Zeik DB , Taylor CE , Boerio FJ , Clarson SJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thin films (&lt;1000 Å thickness) were deposited by polymerization in an RF plasma of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) and ethylene on cold-rolled steel (CRS), electrogalvanized steel (EGS) and on polished pure zinc substrates. Prior to deposition the metals were cleaned in a reactive or nonreactive plasma in the same reactor. The films were characterized by various analytical techniques (FTIR, TOF-SIMS, XPS, and AES) for structure, composition, and metal-polymer interfacial composition. All plasma films appeared to be highly polymerized, crosslinked, and virtually insoluble in organic solvents. The ethylene films also showed a high degree of aromaticity and unsaturation. Both types of films afforded excellent resistance of the metal substrate to corrosion in humidity tests at elevated temperatures. The films were stable in air at temperatures up to at least 175°C. Some films provided corrosion resistance even after severe deformation by deep drawing a 5 cm diameter dome in the panel. The corrosion resistance of the film deposited on zinc substrates was usually better than that of the same films on CRS. Analysis by AES indicated that the film-metal interface compositions for these two metals were different. These differences will be related to the surfaces of the substrates.
Assessment of the Corrosion Behavior of SS 304L in Nitric Acid Environments—An Alternative Approach
Authors: Kain V , Prasad RC , De PK , Gadiyar HS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stainless steel (SS) 304L is widely used as a construction material in industries requiring corrosion resistance in nitric acid environments. Representative samples from 20 heats of SS 304L products were subjected to a testing procedure consisting of testing as per the rapid screening test (Practice A) and the Huey test (Practice C) of ASTM A 262, Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels. The presensitization heat treatment of 677°C for 1 h and the modified heat treatment of 677°C for 20 min were used for characterizing the microstructures in Practice A, whereas only the former presensitization heat treatment was used for Practice C. The percent duality after the two heat treatments has been correlated with the corrosion rate obtained in Practice C. A chemical composition based parameter, Cr effective = [% Cr − 0.18 (%Ni) − 100 (%C)], was calculated for all the heats and correlated with the percent duality after the two heat treatments as well as the corrosion rate in Practice C. It is observed that the SS 304L heats with Cr effective &gt;14.0 and &lt;50% grain boundary coverage after the modified heat treatment (Practice A) show low corrosion rates in Practice C. This eliminates the need for carrying out the lengthy Practice C of ASTM. Examples of heats of SS 304L are given to show that the modified presensitization heat treatment has better efficiency in screening materials and also exhibited better correlation with the results obtained in the Practice C. Guide rules for selection of SS 304L heats for nitric acid service are also suggested. Erratum to this paper appears in 23(2).
Effects of Finishing Treatments on Fabric Friction
Authors: Ajayi JO , Elder HM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Simulation of finishing treatments to knitted and woven cotton fabric substrates causes significant changes in their frictional properties. It is found that the smaller the difference between static and kinetic frictional forces, the smoother the fabric surface. The changes in the amplitude of the stick-slip frictional traces appears to be the best indicator for assessing the effectiveness of finishing treatments on the tactile sensation of smoothness.
Two Parameters Characterizing Superficial Mechanical Features
Authors: Li J , Gai X , Kang Z , Wang Z 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two parameters, surface yield strength and surface work hardening exponent, have been newly suggested in this paper to characterize the superficial mechanical features in engineering metallic materials. Emphasis was placed on the method by which the two parameters are determined. X-ray stress determination and strain gage techniques were employed to measure stress and strain. The Mises effective stresses at a sample surface under different loading conditions were then calculated with the measured data; hence, the relationship between stress and strain was available. Consequently, with the data processing procedure for general yield point and work hardening exponent of uniaxially loaded materials, the yield point and work hardening exponent at the sample surface can thereby be obtained. Experimental studies on a shot-peened surface showed satisfactory results when the described method was used.
An Evaluation of Three Methods to Measure the Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Steel
Authors: Wolfenden A , Schwanz WR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The dynamic elastic modulus of 1018 steel was measured with three different instruments: the Grindo-Sonic, the Modul-R, and the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT). In total, 276 tests were made. The overall mean elastic modulus for all the specimens and all three methods was 207.1 GPa with a standard deviation of 2.75 GPa (1.33%). The mean values of elastic modulus and standard deviation measured by the Grindo-Sonic, the Modul-R, and the PUCOT were 208.1 and 0.86 GPa (0.41%), 205.8 and 3.40 GPa (1.65%), and 207.9 and 2.80 GPa (1.35%), respectively. The means of the elastic modulus for the PUCOT, Grindo-Sonic, and Modul-R methods fell within 0.39%, 0.48%, and 0.63%, respectively, of the overall mean elastic modulus of 207.1 GPa. All three instruments yielded comparable values of elastic modulus and comparable standard deviations. However, the Grindo-Sonic and Modul-R instruments were quicker for use than the PUCOT, but the PUCOT was more forgiving on the specimen geometry than the other two instruments.
Influence of Embedded Markers on the Response of the Host Material
Authors: Ochi SCU , Accorsi ML , Jordan EH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of embedded marker particles on global stiffness and strains determined when using these markers as fiducial marks is studied analytically. These effects are important to a recently developed strain measurement method that uses before and after X-ray pictures of the embedded marker particles. Global effect of the markers on the stiffness is studied using micromechanical models available from the literature. The error in the measured strain due to the influence of the markers is assessed by both the finite element method and elasticity theory. It is shown that the global influence is small for marker-volume fractions less than 3%. The induced strain measurement error is small for particles that are five or more marker-diameters apart. A simple formula for the strain measurement error in the case of particles that are five or more marker-diameters apart is derived from elasticity theory.
Relationships between Tensile Stress Relaxation Behavior and Short-Term Elastic Recovery for Linear Low-Density Polyethylenes
Authors: Porzucek K , Lefebvre JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tensile stress relaxation is shown to be an experimental way to quantify the short-term elastic recovery of linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPEs). The evolution of the force decrement ΔF with the logarithm of time is described by two linear equations on both sides of a critical time value tc = 100 s.
The slope p1 of the ΔF − ln(t) plot below tc increases linearly with the percentage of elongation ε up to the critical εc value associated with the onset of the yielding plateau; beyond εc, p1 remains almost constant with ε. This constant plp value is a linear function of the Tensile Residual Deformation (TRD) measured at the end of the relaxation: the lower the plp value, the lower the TRD. The determination of ptp thus appears as a predictive tool of the short-term elastic recovery of a material. Results show that the plp slope is slightly more sensitive to density evolutions than the TRD value. Assessing the elastic recovery capability through a stress relaxation analysis offers the following advantages: operator-independence, time-saving, and possibility of information storage for further data treatment.
Torsional Fatigue Test for Adhesive Bonded Butt Joints
Authors: Prakash V , Chen CM , Engelhard A , Powell G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A torsional fatigue test for adhesive bonded butt joints is presented. The apparatus for the test is a modification of the standard fixture outlined in the ASTM E 229 test for determining the shear strength of adhesive bonds subject to torsion. This apparatus is designed to be used on a universal testing machine and can be used to determine the fatigue life of adhesive butt joints under torsion. The fixture can be further modified to make it suitable for testing adhesive bonded shaft joints under torsion. Sample results from fatigue tests performed on a joint between steel and phenolic resin-cotton fiber laminate adherends are presented to show the viability of the fatigue test apparatus.
Effect of Cold-Bending and Strain-Age-Embrittlement on the Fracture Behavior of CSA G40.21 M 350 WT Steel
Authors: Bhuyan GS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The galvanizing process shifted the scatter band for impact energy values of the CSA 350 WT, category 4, plate material by approximately 10°C. The cold-straining alone produced the most significant shift (30°C) in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. This particular steel was found to be less susceptible to strain-age-embrittlement.
Strength Testing of Brittle Materials in Tubular Form Using Elastomeric Inserts
Authors: Vandeput FR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The tensile strength of a brittle material can be determined by bursting of tubular test specimens. A bursting test in which a tube is partially pressurized by an elastomeric insert is described. The results of the bursting test can be correlated with the transverse rupture strength of the material by using statistical fracture theories that take into account the size, stress distribution, and stress state in the test specimens. Bursting and three-point bending tests were conducted on cemented tungsten carbide specimens. The transverse rupture strength obtained from the three-point bending tests was correlated with the hoop strength of the tubes using the Barnett-Freudenthal and Weibull theory of fracture.
Characterizing Shock Absorbers for Ground Vehicle Simulation
Authors: Whelan AE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new method of ground vehicle shock absorber characterization using lumped acceleration excitation is presented. By using a triangular waveform and lumping the acceleration at the beginning and end of travel, this method produces a 27% larger mapping on the phase plane than traditional harmonic (sinusoidal waveform) excitation characterization. Force response surfaces are created based on the lumped acceleration and on harmonic excitation data. A difference surface is created between the common regions of both force response surfaces. A correlation is made between the response of the lumped acceleration force response surface to harmonic inputs and observed data. Hysteresis effects are noted using the lumped acceleration force response surface at low frequencies. A standard materials testing machine is used to characterize the shock absorber.
Microcracks: The Hazard Function and Reliability Inspection
Authors: Lawson L , Chen EY 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Reliability inspections of structures for fatigue cracks are traditionally conducted at equispaced intervals because, it is assumed, the average slope of the hazard function following an inspection does not change from one inspection to the next. This study examines the common case where fatigue cracks nucleate continually over time. In such cases it is found that the slope of the hazard function after inspection may tend to increase from one inspection to the next, suggesting that inspection intervals should decrease with increasing service life. A formalism is introduced that allows calculation of the hazard function from microcrack data.
Fractographic Examination in the Scanning Electron Microscope as a Tool in Evaluating Through-Thickness Tension Test Results
Authors: McDonald MM , Ludwigson DC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The through-thickness tension test is used to assess resistance to lamellar tearing. Observed through-thickness reduction-of-area (TTRA) values are usually well above the 20% minimum specification level in steels produced for lamellar-tearing-resistant applications. Low TTRA values, when encountered, indicate susceptibility to lamellar tearing but provide little indication of the source of premature fracture. Fractographic examination, especially with the scanning electron microscope, provides information about the origins of low ductility. Sources of premature fracture discussed herein are indigenous inclusions, exogenous inclusions, occluded hydrogen, undissolved alloy additions, and solidification microvoids.
Stressing for Test Purposes of Materials in Tubular Form Using Elastomeric Inserts—Practical Testing Procedures
Authors: Mosley K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes mainly the practical aspects of a simple and rapid method of elastic hoop stressing materials in tubular form using elastomeric inserts. The method can be used for stressing to required limits, for testing to fracture, or for obtaining yield loads. It is extremely suitable for the testing of brittle materials. Stress equations and insert specimen coefficients of friction are given in the appendixes.