bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF FOETAL GENOTYPE ON EQUINE GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION
Authors: CLEGG M. T. , COLE H. H. , HOWARD C. B. , PIGON H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The serum concentration of gonadotrophin during several stages of pregnancy was determined in seven mares bred to a stallion and in four mares bred to a jack. To eliminate individual differences, two mares were bred successively to a stallion and to a jack. When the mare is carrying a mule foetus the hormone concentration is approximately one-tenth that associated with a horse foetus. One mare carrying a mule foetus was killed on the 69th day of pregnancy. Though the endometrial cups appeared normal histologically, the endometrial cup secretion was scanty and low in potency. The amount of hormone in the cups themselves was also low.
The genotype of the foetus, we conclude, influences the secretory activity of the endometrial cups.
THE EFFECT OF SEX AND OF TESTOSTERONE ON TOXIC LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: BENGMARK S. , OLSSON R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase and fat content of the liver in male and female rats were determined at intervals after a single injection of carbon tetrachloride.
2. The female rats were more susceptible to the toxic agent in both the degenerative and regenerative phases.
3. Pretreatment of the female rats with testosterone propionate reduced the greater susceptibility and stimulated regeneration.
THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE MARSUPIAL, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: SHARMAN G. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mammary glands of the marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula (the brush possum) showed a cycle of development and regression correlated with the oestrous cycle. Mammary glands of pregnant females were not significantly heavier than those of non-pregnant females at comparable times after oestrus. There were no clear differences in histology between mammary glands of mated and non-mated females at the same number of days after oestrus until the 17th day. At this time the mammary glands of three non-mated females were clearly different from the glands of three post-partum females.
Lactation was initiated in six out of eight non-mated females, including one virgin female, by transferring newborn young, which attached themselves to teats, to their pouches. Of the six transferred young which attached all, except one, lived and showed normal growth.
The rate of regression of previously suckled mammary glands was slower in lactating than in non-lactating females. No clear evidence was obtained of hypertrophy of the non-suckled mammary gland following the attachment of a single young to the teat of the alternate mammary gland. However, the micro-anatomy of the non-suckled gland at 8 days after the onset of lactation suggested that milk may have distended the alveoli.
These observations are discussed in relation to the control of lactation in the female marsupial. It is suggested that, in marsupials, the hormones circulating during the oestrous cycle cause full mammary development and that the suckling stimulus of the newborn young is sufficient to initiate lactation. The yolk-sac placenta of the brush possum apparently plays no essential part in mammary gland development. Otherwise the pattern of lactation in the brush possum does not appear to differ from that of eutherian mammals.
THE ANTIDIURETIC PHASE OF WATER METABOLISM IN RATS AFTER LESIONS OF THE PITUITARY STALK. I
Authors: KOVÁCS K. , LÁSZLÓ F. A. , DÁVID MARGIT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lesions were made in the pituitary stalk of rats using a Horsley-Clarke apparatus, and the water metabolism of these rats was investigated after oral administration of tap water or 0·9% NaCl. Diuresis increased temporarily after destruction of the stalk, then an oliguric phase lasting 1 or 2 days developed. Water retention was followed by a more permanent polyuria.
During the oliguric phase no diuretic reaction could be induced by oral administration of tap water or physiological saline solution. In that phase water consumption decreased, urine volume diminished with virtually unchanged creatinine excretion, and the specific gravity, sodium, potassium and chloride concentration of the urine increased. Treatment with cortisone, or oral administration of physiological saline or ethanol did not prevent water retention. The oliguric phase was observed only after stalk lesion; hypothalamic lesions distant from the stalk or subcortical lesions had no significant influence on the diuretic reaction.
It is suggested that in the development of the oliguric phase, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the hypothalamo-hypophysial system damaged by destruction of the stalk may play a role.
BIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN PITUITARY FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE OBTAINED BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: BUTT W. R. , CROOKE A. C. , CUNNINGHAM F. J. , WOLF ANNELIESE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A highly potent preparation of human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was submitted to electrophoresis in starch gel. A fraction containing luteinizing hormone activity was separated from the main fraction of FSH. The latter showed no luteinizing activity by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method with 125 times the minimum effective dose in the assay for FSH. Synergistic joint action (see p. 544) was shown between the two fractions.
An antiserum raised to the follicle stimulating component was investigated by red cell haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Its titre was only slightly reduced after absorption with chorionic gonadotrophin and haemagglutination was inhibited by preparations of FSH containing 0·5 μg./ml. (1·5 mg. HMG 24/ml.), but not by solutions of chorionic gonadotrophin containing up to 100 i.u./ml. This is regarded as evidence that the antiserum is fairly specific for FSH.
THE USE OF 132I IN THE STUDY OF THYROID FUNCTION SHORTLY AFTER 131I TREATMENT
Authors: BINOPOULOS D. E. , KOSTAMIS P. , KOUTRAS D. A. , SFONTOURIS J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The 2 hr. uptake of 132I was measured with a multi-channel analyser in thirty-four thyrotoxic patients, 3, 6 and 9 weeks after treatment with 131I, and the results were correlated with the clinical outcome assessed 3 months after treatment. Patients becoming euthyroid showed a lower mean uptake of 132I than those requiring further treatment. The difference was statistically significant at all three intervals, but there was a wide overlap of individual cases. It is concluded that radio-iodine tests shortly after treatment are of little value in predicting the eventual clinical outcome and in deciding whether additional treatment is required.
EFFECTS OF CEREBRAL LESIONS, BLINDING, AND DOMESTICATION ON GONADAL FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE FERRET
Authors: VAN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH J. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lesions in the anterior part of the hypothalamus may hasten the onset of the annual breeding season of the female ferret, without affecting fertility. An early onset of oestrus was also noted in one ferret with a lesion that had been blinded by removal of the eyes. Four other doubly-operated ferrets remained anoestrous during the observation period; they had become markedly obese and displayed hyperphagia.
Removal of the frontal parts of the brain was not followed by early onset of oestrus, and did not interfere with fertility or with normal thyroid gland activity.
Ferrets kept in the laboratory (illuminated by artificial light only, and for 8 hr. per day) for more than 1 year—here designated as domesticated ferrets—develop an abnormal pattern of oestrous rhythm. Second and subsequent oestrous periods usually begin in the late autumn or early winter, and occurred with an interval of nearly 2 years in two ferrets followed for 3½ years. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of such ferrets in an experiment designed to note effects of an experimental procedure upon the time of onset of oestrus is not justified.
THE EXTERIORIZATION OF THE THYROID GLAND AND MEASUREMENT OF ITS FUNCTION
Authors: FALCONER I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A new method for obtaining thyroid venous blood from an essentially undisturbed ewe has been developed. A lobe of the thyroid gland is transferred to the outside of the neck, in a carotid artery—jugular vein loop. The remaining lobe is removed.
The secretory function of the exteriorized lobe has been shown to be normal by 131I studies, measurement of protein bound iodine, response to T.S.H. and histological examination.
Cannulation of the jugular vein near the thyroid vein allows continuous or interrupted sampling of thyroid venous blood, the jugular flow being occluded by pressure.
DISSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CONTENT OF VASOPRESSIN AND NEUROSECRETORY MATERIAL IN THE RAT NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: MOSES A. M. , LEVEQUE T. F. , GIAMBATTISTA MARY , LLOYD C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Vasopressin content and the staining of neurosecretory material with chrome-alum-haematoxylin-phloxin were observed in the neurohypophysis of rats following injection of formalin. The amount of neurosecretory material was reduced during the period up to 90 min. after formalin injection while no change in the vasopressin content was observed. These observations support the concept that the neurosecretory material is distinct from vasopressin and may be acting as a carrier or precursor for the hormones of the neurohypophysis.
THE EFFECT OF AUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE ONSET OF OESTRUS IN FERRETS
Authors: MARSHALL W. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In nine adult female ferrets the thyroid gland was autotransplanted to the deep surface of the rectus abdominis muscle. Six animals were subjected to sham operations in which both the thyroid gland and the deep surface of the rectus abdominis muscle were exposed, but the thyroid was not actually transplanted.
In the spring of 1961 the dates when signs of oestrus appeared in these two groups of animals were compared. There was no significant difference between the two groups; nineteen normal animals which were also kept under observation became oestrous at the same time.
From 17 November 1961 onwards, the animals were exposed to artificial light from 4.30 to 10.30 p.m. daily in addition to ordinary daylight. In this part of the experiment sixteen normal animals were kept under observation together with the two groups of animals which had been treated surgically. Again, there was no significant difference between the dates on which signs of oestrus appeared in the three groups.
THE EFFECT OF THYROID DEFICIENCY ON THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND CONCEPTION IN THE EWE
Authors: FALCONER I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
One half of a flock of twenty-four 3- to 4-year-old Merino ewes were thyroidectomized and the other half subjected to a sham-operation, oestrous cycles being recorded before and after surgery in both groups. A year later a record was again kept of oestrous cycles, and in both series of observations there were no apparent changes due to thyroidectomy.
An intact ram was run with the flock on two occasions, at 3 and 14 months, after thyroidectomy. As judged by lambing in the first instance, and dissection in the second, there were no effects of thyroidectomy on conception.
It was concluded that thyroidectomy has no apparent influence on the oestrous cycle and conception in the ewe.
THE ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE TO INSULIN-INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: LANDON J. , WYNN V. , JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenocortical response to stress as shown by an increase of the plasma cortisol concentration during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia has been studied. The response was found to depend upon the degree and duration of the hypoglycaemia and upon the integrity of the entire hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Thus, there was no response in subjects in whom the blood sugar did not fall below 40 mg./100 ml., nor in patients with severe hypothalamic or pituitary disorders.
The test was quick and simple to perform and did not require admission to hospital; it would seem to be of considerable value in the investigation of patients with suspected endocrine disease.
THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED OESTROGENS BY VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION
Authors: STONE G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After subcutaneous injection in oil or saline the incorporation patterns of tritiated oestradiol and oestrone were studied in tissues classically regarded as reactive and non-reactive to oestrogens. The former incorporate far more activity than the non-reactive tissues. Incorporation of oestradiol and oestrone after injection in oil showed a similar pattern, although the uterus and vagina incorporated four times as much oestradiol as oestrone. Uptake from saline was more rapid with both compounds. The pattern with oestradiol injected in saline was similar to that with injection in oil, whereas with oestrone levels were high and declined from the earliest time studied.
THE URINARY METABOLITES OF PROGESTERONE LABELLED WITH TRITIUM AND CARBON-14 IN THE RABBIT
Authors: COOKE ALMA M. , ROGERS A. W. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A study is presented of the pattern of metabolites in the urine of the rabbit following the injection of progesterone labelled with tritium and with carbon-14.
2. It is shown that, in the conditions of this experiment, no significant loss of tritium occurs by exchange when progesterone, generally labelled with tritium, is injected.
3. In the rabbit, the great majority of urinary metabolites of progesterone are in the conjugated form.
4. The distribution of radioactive metabolites in the acid, neutral, water and phenolic fractions (see p. 301) of the urine shows a consistent pattern in pregnant and non-pregnant females, and in males, over a wide range of doses. The acid fraction contains the most radioactive material.
5. Following the injection of a mixture of progesterone-16α-3H and progesterone-4-14C, no evidence could be found for the presence of 16α-hydroxy-metabolites in any of the urine fractions.
6. The presence of 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one as a metabolite of administered progesterone is confirmed. Evidence is presented to show that it is an intermediate product in the conversion of progesterone to pregnanediol in the rabbit.
7. The metabolism of progesterone in the rabbit is compared with that in man, and the significance of the differences found is discussed.
PROGESTERONE IN THE UTERINE VENOUS BLOOD OF WOMEN DURING THE FIRST HALF OF GESTATION
Authors: FUCHS F. , FUCHS ANNA-RIITTA , SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone determinations were carried out in twenty-eight samples of uterine venous blood collected from women between the 9th and 22nd weeks of pregnancy. The mean progesterone concentration was 35·4 μg./100 ml. plasma (range 8–97), which is ten times as high as the concentration in the peripheral blood.
COMPARISON OF THE APPARENT RATE OF CORTISOL TURNOVER DETERMINED BY ISOTOPE DILUTION AND CORTISOL SECRETION RATE
Authors: HARRISON F. A. , McDONALD I. R. , PATERSON J. Y. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The apparent rate of cortisol turnover was determined in conscious and anaesthetized sheep by injection of tritium-labelled cortisol. Simultaneously, the rate of cortisol secretion was determined by collection of adrenal venous blood. The apparent rate of cortisol turnover was found to be two to three times the rate of cortisol secretion.
LACTATION IN THE GOAT AFTER SECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: COWIE A. T. , DANIEL P. M. , KNAGGS G. S. , PRICHARD MARJORIE M. L. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pituitary stalk was sectioned in a series of goats, some of which were pregnant and others lactating. At operation a plate was inserted to form a barrier between the cut ends of the stalk. Some of the goats operated on during pregnancy came into lactation a few days after aborting (9–17 days after operation). In the goats operated on during lactation there was an immediate marked fall in the milk yield, but it was found that lactation might continue at a reduced level for some considerable time.
Restoration of a substantial degree of lactation was obtained by giving a combination of somatotrophin, triiodo-l-thyronine, insulin and corticosteroids, without prolactin. Since lactation can only be restored in the hypophysectomized goat by giving prolactin in addition to these four hormones it seems probable that in the stalk-sectioned goat some prolactin is secreted by the relatively few surviving cells of the anterior lobe, although they are deprived of direct hypothalamic stimuli.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF 17-OXOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN PLASMA FROM NORMAL WOMEN
Authors: DESHPANDE N. , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The method of Deshpande & Bulbrook (1964) for the determination of total 17-oxosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in blood has been employed in a study of fifty-two normal women of different ages. The results show that there is a significant correlation between age and the plasma levels of 17-oxosteroids and 17-OHCS. Contrary to similar studies on urines, no other parameter gave a significant correlation. Factors which might control the relative amounts of plasma 17-oxosteroids and 17-OHCS are discussed.
3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE LEYDIG CELL
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
One hundred and thirty-two male Swiss white mice were killed in batches of twelve, between birth and the end of the 10th week of postnatal life inclusive, a total of eleven groups. Sections of testis from every animal were incubated with three steroid substrates to demonstrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase histochemically. The substrates were (1) 3β: 17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone), (2) 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone) and (3) 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA). When 17α-hydroxypregnenolone was used as a substrate no 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrable in the testis until the end of the 10th week of postnatal life. With pregnenolone as a substrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrable throughout the age groups studied. It was present at birth and increased progressively until the end of the 6th week of postnatal life. Thereafter the activity decreased progressively during the ensuing 4 weeks. With DHA as substrate activity was again demonstrable in all age groups studied and increased progressively from birth until the end of the 7th week of postnatal life after which a relatively constant high level was maintained. On the basis of these findings the existence of more than one 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme is postulated, each enzyme being substrate specific.
THE EFFECT OF THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE GOAT WITH PARTICULAR RESPECT TO CLINICAL EFFECTS AND CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF PLASMA CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM
Authors: PAYNE J. M. , CHAMINGS JEAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thyro-parathyroidectomy was performed on thirty-two goats. Hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia set in rapidly, but after a few days the plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations tended to stabilize. Thereafter they remained low and more than twice as variable as normal. The plasma magnesium concentration also fell initially but slowly returned to normal limits. These changes were not due to the loss of thyroid glands because thyroidectomy did not induce the same changes and the effects were not reduced by supplementation with thyroid hormone.
Other changes were probably due to the low concentrations of plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium. Young goats failed to grow normally and the density of the bones was reduced. Some goats developed cataracts. Although tetany occurred rarely there was a high incidence of a 'drowsiness syndrome' in which goats failed to eat, became debilitated and had to be slaughtered. Female goats failed to conceive, and abnormalities of gestation and lactation were observed.
THE USE OF THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR MEASURING LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: HUTCHINSON J. S. M. , WORDEN J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The possibility of applying the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay or its variants to the measurement of luteinizing hormone in human urine extracts has been investigated.
A 3 hr. i.v. technique proved the most sensitive.
The method had limitations as a clinical assay, namely: a relatively low degree of precision, toxicity of some urinary extracts and the fact that about 20 % of assays were invalid owing to a lack of parallelism.
Two of ten patients with amenorrhoea and raised gonadotrophin levels showed a relative lack of FSH as compared with the International Reference Preparation for human menopausal gonadotrophin.
THE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF HUMAN LUTEINIZING AND THYROTROPHIC HORMONES
Authors: HARTREE ANNE STOCKELL , BUTT W. R. , KIRKHAM K. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ion-exchange chromatography was used to further purify a human pituitary fraction rich in thyrotrophic and luteinizing hormone activities. Approximately twofold concentration of both activities was obtained by chromatography on IRC-50 at pH 7·5, but the hormones were not separated. Subsequent chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 9·5 led to a tenfold concentration of the luteinizing hormone in a fraction practically free of thyrotrophic activity and to a fourfold concentration of the thyrotrophic hormone in a fraction still exhibiting substantial luteinizing hormone activity.
EFFECT OF NEONATAL HYPERTHYROIDISM ON PITUITARY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE RAT
Authors: EAYRS J. T. , HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Infant rats were given doses of l-triiodothyronine (T3) alone and combined with growth hormone during different periods of development. The effects of these treatments on the growth of the body and on the size and structure of the pituitary and thyroid glands have been examined.
2. At the dose levels given, the growth of the body and of the thyroid and pituitary glands was impaired. This impairment persisted in rats treated during the first 24 days of life and in animals in which treatment was confined to the 2–4th days long after injections had been discontinued and well into adult life. It did not persist in rats in which treatment was begun after the 14th day of age.
3. There were no obvious structural changes in the thyroid gland apart from its reduced size. All treatments were followed by pituitary changes characterized by a severe reduction, both in relative and absolute amount, of acidophilic tissue. There was only minor restoration of these changes after discontinuation of the hormone treatment except in rats injected after the 14th day in which recovery was complete. Changes in the amount of mucoid tissue (PAS-positive cells) were variable and generally of doubtful statistical significance. Non-secretory tissue was unaffected.
4. Administration of growth hormone in combination with T3 for the first 24 days of life did not give rise to effects which were noticeably different from those of giving T3 alone over the same period.
5. Possible explanations for these findings and the interrelationship between the pituitary changes and impaired growth are discussed.