bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis
Authors: CARTER MAUREEN , CASA ALEXANDRA M. , ZEID MAHMOUD , MITCHELL SHARON E. , KRESOVICH STEPHEN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe describe the first isolation of SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers for Anoplophora glabripennis, a pest of forests in China and urban trees in the USA. Ten markers were developed using FIASCO (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats) with an (AC)17 probe, and five markers were identified in expressed sequence tags found on the NCBI database. Twenty‐seven beetles from a population in Gansu Province, China, were assayed. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 9; observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.07 to 0.79 and from 0.30 to 0.78, respectively.
Microsatellites from Lysiphlebus hirticornis Mackauer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a specialist primary parasitoid attacking the specialist tansy aphid, Metopeurum fuscoviride Stroyan (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: NYABUGA FRANKLIN N. , LOXDALE HUGH D. , SHARBEL TIMOTHY F. , TODD MARK. , WEISSER WOLFGANG W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the specialist aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus hirticornis. In addition, two published loci from closely related Lysiphlebus species were also used. Allelic diversity and heterozygosity were quantified in samples collected from eight tansy plants growing in an area of approximately 150 m2 in Jena, Germany.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in western North American Anodonta species
Authors: CHONG JER PIN , BRIM BOX JAYNE C. , NEZ DONNA A. , MOCK KAREN E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have developed and characterized 13 microsatellite loci from a group of Anodonta species in western North America, and demonstrated their utility in populations representing two major clades in this genus. Allelic diversity and polymorphic information content were high for all loci, although these characteristics varied across populations. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg genotypic ratios were not detected, although the estimated frequency of null alleles was high in one population for one locus. This is the first set of microsatellite loci to be developed for freshwater mussels in western North America, and will be useful for describing gene flow patterns among populations.
Studying the Definition of the Situation: Theory and Field Research Strategies*
Authors: Stebbins Robert A. 
Published: January 2009

Plusieurs sociologues et psychologues sociaux estiment que le concept definition de la situation peut diffkilement se preter a une analyse empirique. Cette attitude a considerablement reduit le nombre des tentatives serieuses pour operationaliser le processus par lequel les hommes conferent des significations a l'ensemble des situations dans lesquelles ils agissent dans leur vie quotidienne. On construit ici plusieurs etapes dans le but de concretiser l'etude de la definition de la situation. On presente, en premier lieu, quelques ajoutes a la theorie de la definition de la situation, y compris quelques definitions operatoires et, en second lieu, quelques strategies possibles de la recherche empirique. Une experience de terrain est decrite dans le but de demontrer ces principes. Par apres, on souligne les implications qu'entraine cette theorie elargie sur une theorie sociologique de la motivation, ainsi que l'importance et la legitimite d'une conception moderne des predispositions a l'interieur de ce scheme conceptuel.Many sociologists and social psychologists believe that the concept of the definition of the situation is not amenable to empirical treatment. This belief has discouraged serious efforts to operationalize the process by which men give meaning to the multitude of settings in which they find themselves in everyday life. Several steps are taken toward the goal of making it possible to study the definition of the situation, first by presenting some additions to the theory of the definition of the situation, including certain operationalizations, and second by offering a number of field research strategies. A field experiment is presented as a means of demonstrating these principles. Implications of the expanded theory for a sociological theory of motivation follow, and the importance and legitimacy of a modern conception of predispositions within such an approach argued.
Modernization Among Town and Bush Cree in Quebec*
Authors: Holden David E. W. 
Published: January 2009

L'article est base sur des donnees recueillies aupres des Indiens Cris des regions de Mistassini et de Waswanipi dans le Quebec. La these principale qui y est elaboree peut s'exprimer ainsi: la structure de role d'individus vivant dans des milieux en voie de developpement evoluera a partir d'un nombre restreint de roles traditionnels vers une structure plus complexe oil on observe une meilleure tenue de role. L'auteur elabore une echelle de modernisation: les individus les plus modernes se reconnaissent a leur scolarite, a leur milieu de residence, a leurs fonctions professionnelles et aux changements dans leurs attitudes et conceptions de l'avenir. En consequence, si on veut moderniser ces reserves, il faut susciter des changements a chacun de ces cinq niveaux de la realite sociale.This article takes data gathered on the Cree Indians in the Mistassini and Waswanipi areas of Quebec and analyses it in terms of their role structure. The principal thesis is that the role structure of people who are developing will change from a traditionally limited number of roles to a more complex structure with a higher degree of role performance. A scale of modernization is developed and is found to be associated with education, location of residence, occupational roles, and with changes in attitudes and orientation. Therefore, to bring about modernization would require changes in at least these five areas.
The Function of the School in Social Homeostasis*
Authors: Friedenberg E. Z. 
Published: January 2009

L'organisation sur une tres vaste echelle d'un systeme d'education public obli‐gatoire est un phenomene relativement recent; plusieurs societes s'en sont passe. On pent s'interroger alors sur les fonctions de l'ecole dans la societe moderne. La plupart du temps on emet l'idee que l'ecole prepare l'individu a interioriser les niveaux d'abilite et de competence exiges par une societe moderne complexe industrialisee. L'ecole sert egalement a niveler les chances de reussite et de progres des individus. Cet article affirme que les ecoles ne remplissent aucune de ces fonctions pour justifier leur existence. Elles remplissent plutot une fonc‐tion instrumentale reliee a l'insertion des adolescents dans la societe. Les adolescents de classe moyenne et bourgeoise ne peuvent integrer la societe globale tant et aussi longtemps qu'ils n'ont pas appris a respecter les normes de con‐duite de l'homme moyen. A l'inverse, les jeunes de la classe ouvriere sont con‐sentants a. reconnaitre ce respect pour leurs coutumes comme etant une egalite sur le plan des chances economiques.Compulsory public education on a massive scale is a relatively recent phenomenon; many societies have existed without it. This raises the question of what functions are performed by the schools in modern society. It is usually argued that they produce the requisite levels of skill and competence required by a modern, complex, industrialized society and that they serve to equalize opportunity for achievement and advancement on the part of everyone. This paper contends that schools do not perform either of these functions as the primary reasons for their existence. Rather they serve an escrow function in relation to the young in society, the condition being that middle‐to‐upper status youth not be released into society until they have learned to defer to “common‐man” norms of behaviour; while working‐class youth, reciprocally, tacitly agrees to accept this deference to their folkways in lieu of equal economic opportunity.
Academic Stratification in Secondary Schools and the Educational Plans of Students*
Authors: Breton Raymond 
Published: January 2009

Deux composantes du systeme de stratification sociale des ecoles secondaires sont reliees aux aspirations scolaires des etudiants. Ces facteurs sont l'arrange‐ment des cours en programmes d'etudes et 1'evaluation du rendement de l'etu‐diant. Ce dernier facteur est apprecie a partir de l'experience de l'echec par l'etudiant et du taux des echecs dans son ecole. L'analyse des donnees recoltees aupres d'un echantillon a l'echelle canadienne d'etudiants frequentant trois cent soixante (360) ecoles secondaires, met en relief le fait que le programme d'etude dans lequel on place un etudiant est le facteur qui influence le plus ses projets scolaires. L'impact des variables se rapportant aux echecs est aussi d'une grande importance. Les donnees indiquent egalement que la position de l'etudiant dans le systeme de stratification scolaire est plus fortement associee a ses projets scolaires qu'a la position de son pere dans la structure professionnelle.Two components of the stratification system within secondary schools are related to the educational intentions of students. These factors are the organization of the curriculum into programmes of study and the evaluation of the students' performance. The latter is considered from the point of view of the experience of failure by the student and of the rate of failure in the school. The analysis of data collected from a Canada‐wide sample of students in 360 secondary schools reveals that the programme of study in which the student is placed has the strongest impact on his educational intentions; the effect of the variables pertaining to failure is also substantial. The data also show that the student's position in the school stratification system is more strongly related to his educational intentions than the position of his father in the occupational structure.
Conformist and Deviant Behaviour in High School: the Merton Typology adapted to an Educational Context*
Authors: Pedersen Eigil , Etheridge Kenneth 
Published: January 2009

A l'aide de donnees recoltees aupres de 3 465 etudiants de lOe annee pour une autre etude, on examine la valeur heuristique de la typologie mertonienne de la conduite dans un contexte scolaire.La valeur qu'accordent les etudiants a l'instruction en tant qu'objectif defini par la culture fut identified et comparee a leurs attentes vis‐a‐vis l'acces aux etudes collegiales comme etant le moyen institutionnel approprie pour realiser cet objectif. Les etudiants furent classes en quatre groupes: les conformistes sont ceux qui accordent une grande importance a l'instruction, et dont le niveau des aspirations est eleve; les innovateurs tout en valorisant l'instruction exhibent un bas niveau d'aspirations; les ritualistes valorisent peu l'instruction mais nour‐rissent de fortes ambitions; les retraitistes entretiennent peu d'attentes et ont peu d'attrait pour les etudes.Un certain nombre d'hypotheses decoulant du modele de Merton furent verifiees par les donnees utilisees. On espere ainsi inviter d'autres etudes qui pourront examiner la validite de ce modele dans le domaine scolaire.Data collected from 3465 grade ten students in connection with another study were used to examine the heuristic value of Merton's typology of behaviour in an educational context.The value students have for education as a “culturally definied goal,” was identified and compared to their expectations concerning the use of college attendance as the “institutionally appropriate means” of achieving the goal. Four classifications of students were developed: conformists are those with high value for education and high educational expectations; innovators have high values, but low expectations; ritualists have low values, but high expectations; and retreatists are those with low values and low expectations.
Social Networks and Innovation in the Division of Labour between Men and Women in the Family and in the Community: A Study of Moroccan Immigrants in Israel*
Authors: Minkovitz Moshe Shokeid 
Published: January 2009

L'auteur verifie l'hypothese d'E. Bott (concernant les relations entre la connexite des reseaux sociaux et le niveau de segregation dans les roles conjugaux) dans une situation ou les families d'immigrants ‐ provenant de milieux traditionnels enra‐cines dans des reseaux sociaux fortement integres et viables ‐ subissent de fortes pressions pour permettre aux femmes de participer avec leurs maris dans les activites economiques.Les modeles antecedents de segregation dans les roles conjugaux et autres roles sociaux persistent dans la communaute. Mais de nouveaux modeles de relations conjugates conjointes dans les activites de loisir se developperent en dehors de la communaute, au‐dela des limites des reseaux sociaux integres de ces couples.The paper tests E. Bolt's hypothesis (about the relations between the connectedness of social networks and the degree of segregation in conjugal roles) in a situation where families of immigrants from a traditional background still imbedded within close‐knit and viable social networks were under pressure to let women participate with their spouses in economic activities.The previous patterns of segregation in conjugal and other roles were found to continue intact within the community. But new patterns of joint conjugal relationship in leisure activities were developed outside the community, beyond the range of those couples' closely‐knit social networks.
A Developmental Theory of Delinquency*
Authors: Hackler James C. 
Published: January 2009

On a avance l'hypothese que la delinquence etait le produit de l'interiorisation de normes qui allaient a l'encontre des normes de la societe majoritaire. Pour notre part, nous estimons que les normes delinquentes sont un consequent plutot qu'un antecedent de l'interaction sociale.Cette explication pretend que les enfants qui jouissent d'un statut social inferieur se comporteront d'une maniere previsible. Les attentes des adultes sont correctement percues par l'enfant et pour autant exerceront une influence sur l'image qu'il a de lui‐meme. A leur tour, ces perceptions influencent les roles qu'il cherche a jouer dans le but evident de se comporter selon des modalites qui correspondent a des caracteristiques imaginees.It has been argued that delinquency is the product of the internalization of norms that are contrary to the norms of the dominant society. We hold that delinquent norms are the product of social interaction rather than the cause. This explanation contends that children having a recognizable lower status are expected to behave in a predictable way. These anticipations on the part of adults are correctly perceived by the child and influence his self‐concept. These perceptions influence the roles he seeks to play in an effort to behave in ways compatible with his imagined characteristics.
Attitude Organization and Voting Behaviour in Canada
Authors: McDonald Lynn 
Published: January 2009

Cet article cherche a savoir si les votants de l'Ontario modelent leurs attitudes selon des ensembles identifiables et si ces ensembles ont influence la votation ontarienne au moment de l'election federate de 1968. Quatre champs d'attitudes sont apparus comme etant suffisamment structures pour faire l'objet d'indices. Ce sont les attitudes vis‐a‐vis l'Etat providence, l'intervention etatique, les canadiens‐francais (le bilinguisme et le biculturalisme), et les catholiques. Si on controle l'origine ethnique et raffiliation religieuse, on retrouve une association significative entre les Preferences electorales des votants ontariens et les attitudes anti‐frangaises et anti‐catholiques. Cette meme association significative existe entre les Preferences electorales et les attitudes vis‐a‐vis l'Etat providence lors‐qu'on controle l'appartenance de classe quoiqu'elle n'existe pas par rapport a rintervention etatique.This paper reports research on the extent to which Ontario voters organize their attitudes into recognizable sets, and the effect of such organized attitude sets on voting in the 1968 Canadian federal election. Four areas were found to be sufficiently organized for index construction ‐ attitudes on the welfare state, on government intervention, to French‐Canadians (on bilingualism and bicultur‐alism) and to Catholics. Significant associations with voting Preferences for the 1968 election were found for anti‐French and anti‐Catholic attitudes, controlling for ethnicity and religion respectively. Significant associations were also found for the welfare state index, controlling for social class, but not for government intervention.
On Factors And Components: A Comment on Nicholson and Yeates
Authors: Hunter A. A. 
Published: January 2009

Un article recent par Nicholson et Yeates sur l'ecologie factorielle de la ville de Winnipeg met en lumiere une difficulte courante dans la litterature ‐ c'est‐a‐dire une confusion entre la methode des composantes principales et celle de l'analyse factorielle. Elles ne sont point identiques. Puisque les deux auteurs ne precisent pas lequel de ces deux modeles statistiques ils ont utilise, leurs resultats sont difficiles d'interpretation. Cependant, nous sommes portes a croire qu'ils auraient employe la methode des composantes principales. Si c'est le cas, leurs conclusions ne sont pas directement comparables a celles des autres études, puisque la plupart des autres chercheurs oeuvrant dans ce secteur ont favorise l'analyse factorielle. En dernier lieu, l'auteur suggere un ensemble de regies a respecter dans la production des rapports de recherches se rapportant a des etudes factorielles et a des etudes de composantes.A recent article by Nicholson and Yeates on the factorial ecology of the city of Winnipeg illustrates a problem not uncommon in the literature ‐ a confusion between the method of principal components and the principal factor procedure. They are not the same. Since the authors do not clearly state which of the two statistical models they employed, their results are difficult to interpret, although the available evidence suggests that they did use a principal component solution. If so, their results are not directly comparable to those reported by others, since most other investigators in the area have used the principal factor procedure. Finally, a set of rules for the reporting of component and factor studies is suggested.
Alternative Bases of Source Selection
Authors: Sobieszek Barbara I. 
Published: January 2009

Dans un article précédent nous avons présenté les résultats d'une expérience concue pour mettre à l'épreuve certaines prédictions d'une théorie formelle de la relation interpersonnelle en ce qui à trait a l'émergence des anticipations de conduite lorsque plusieurs sources d'évaluation de cette conduite anticipee sont disponibles a un individu, Dans cet article nous formulons deux alternatives additionnelles qui sont théoriquement plausibles, les multiples prédictions em‐piriques qu'elles engendrent, et une évaluation de ces trois formulations particu‐lières à la lumière des données existantes. De ces trois formulations, seule la première est appuyee par nos donnees empiriques. Voici de quelle manière elle s'exprime: mis en présence de plusieurs sources d'évaluation l'individu intègre l'ensemble des éléments de l'évaluation plutot que de (a) choisir seu‐lement la meilleure source disponible, ou (b) d'utiliser la source la moins bonne comme une ≪source négative≫, ou encore de se servir de l'évaluation de celui dont l'exactitude ne peut etre mise en doute.In an earlier paper we reported the results of an experiment designed to test certain predictions of a formal theory of interpersonal behaviour concerning the formation of performance expectations when multiple sources of performance evaluation were available to an individual. In this paper we present two additional theoretically reasonable alternative formulations, the different empirical predictions derivable from them, and an evaluation of the three formulations in the light of the existing data. Of the three, only the original formulation received clear empirical support. This formulation holds that when faced with multiple sources of evaluation, the individual combines the evaluations received, rather than (a) selecting only the best source available, or (b) using the lower source as a “negative source,” or someone whose evaluation is so likely to be incorrect as to provide an accurate measure of the correct evaluation.
Social Behaviour and Competition
Authors: Skidmore William L. 
Published: January 2009

Dans sa théorie du comportement social, Georges Homans se sert de certaines présuppositions qui proviennent de la théorie economique et que se rapportent aux activites des individus. Cet article examine le concept de competition sociale en utilisant comme point de départ la theorie de la conduite sociale, mais en accordant une attention speciale au phénomene de la compétition, tel qu'il se mani‐feste sur le marche dans le sens de la théorie économique. L'analyse souligne quelques unes des limitations qui viennent restreindre la portée de la théorie du comportement social d'Homans lorsqu'elle s'applique à l'analyse de la compétition.In his theory of social behaviour, Homans makes use of certain assumptions taken from elementary economic theory concerning the activities of individuals. In this paper, the concept of social competition is examined using the theory of social behaviour as a basis, but with special reference to competition as it might occur in a “market” in the economic theory sense. The analysis indicates certain conceptual limitations and qualifications which ought to be placed on Homans' theory of social behaviour when applied to the analysis of competition.
Canadians in Crisis: the Nature and Source of Support for Leadership in a National Emergency*
Authors: Armstrong Jill 
Published: January 2009

Cet article analyse un cas ou la position théorique de Parsons concernant «l'in‐flation de confiance» dans les autorités politiques est opérant dans un groupe à l'occasion d'une crise nationale. Un analyse de contenu de 1047 lettres à lèditeur démontre que leurs auteurs arriverent aux mêmes conclusions mais à partir de significations subjecteurs les plus diverses et une grande variété de prises de positions idéalogiques. Dès lors, le consensus dans les systèmes de valeur devenait aleatoire: on chercha à le susciter par le biais de deux stratégies de leadership. D'une part on cherche à revaloriser l'attachement aux valeurs les plus fondamentales; d'autre part on veut créer la crainte par un dénigrement de l'ennemi. Une analyse plus poussée évonce les conséquences possibles pour le système de la répugnance chez les membres a mener une analyse critique des politiques de leurs dirigeants.This paper explores a case where Parsons' inflation of trust in political authorities was operating among system members during a national crisis. A content analysis of 1047 letters to the editor shows that writers reached the same conclusion but through widely different subjective meanings and ideological positions. Hence, value consensus was seen as problematic, and its source was sought in an exploration of two leadership strategies: inculcation of attachment to core values, and mobilization of fear through vilification of the enemy. Further analysis suggests the consequences for the system of a reluctance among members to scrutinize the policies of political leaders.