bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Multilingual Vocabularies
Authors: Hutcheson HM 
Published: March 2009

Because of the globalization of markets, the rapid growth of communications, the multicultural fabric of Canada and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Terminology and Documentation Directorate (TDD) of the Canadian Translation Bureau is broadening the focus of its work to encompass languages other than English and French in a multilingual, rather than bilingual context.
This paper compares the work methods and end products of several organizations that publish multilingual vocabularies.
Although basic terminology procedures apply to the preparation of multilingual vocabularies, research in additional languages compounds the problems encountered in comparative terminology work. These difficulties involve locating appropriate documentation in each of the languages, identifying a focal language for the drafting of definitions and observations, dealing with inexact equivalents and translation problems, analyzing concepts for which there are no equivalents, distinguishing geographic differences, establishing a network of cross-references for related terms, and indexing the target languages.
The TDD utilizes its publications to recommend correct usage as a means of fulfilling its mandate to standardize English and French terminology used in all Canadian federal institutions, and to promote Canada's two official languages. With its new multilingual approach, the directorate will go one step further, and use English and French as a link to communication in a third language. This, in turn, advances the process of terminology standardization and improves communication efforts on an international level.
Cyclic Corrosion Tests in Japanese Industries
Authors: Suga S , Suga S 
Published: March 2009

It has been generally agreed that the conventional salt spray test does not correlate nor simulate actual corrosion in service. Needs for a better test method instead of the salt spray test have risen also in Japan, and the various types of cyclic corrosion tests have been designed particularly in automotive and related companies. These tests are widely utilized because of better reproducibi1ity and acceleration.
To unify these test methods the Society of Automotive Engineers in Japan organized a technical committee. After 5 years of study JASO M 609 Standard for metallic and paint coatings on steel was published in 1991. Another standard for automotive parts was made in 1992. Both are basically the same cyclic corrosion test (CCT) which comprises 2 hours of salt spray, followed by 4 hours of dry and 2 hours of wet condition per cycle.
They have been also applied to other industrial fields. Some modified CCT combined with artificial light exposure have also been developed.
Production of Charpy Impact Verification Specimens and Verification of Machine Performance
Authors: Hida N 
Published: March 2009

In 1990, Japan established the industrial standard “Standard Specimens for Charpy Impact Testing Machines” and revised “Charpy Impact Testing Machines”. Before establishing these standards, the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan had studied the standardization of the reference test pieces and the reference testing machines. Reference test pieces for two energy levels (30 J and 100 J) are available, with a coefficient of variation within a lot of less than 4%.
Furthermore, the effect of non-uniformity of reference test pieces within a lot in the indirect verification have been examined. The verification test accuracy (estimation of the error and repeatability) is limited by the non-uniformity of test pieces within a lot.
Application of a Crack Length Measurement with a Laser Micrometer to R-Curve Tests
Authors: Legendre L , Journet B , Delmotte J , Millour G , Schwab J-M 
Published: March 2009

The application of the damage tolerance philosophy to aeronautical thin structures requires that R-curves tests be run. The automation of such tests can be achieved through crack length monitoring using the compliance technique. However such a method faces experimental errors when a clipon gage extensometer is used to record the crack opening displacement on a CCT specimen because of the out-of-plane displacements. In order to write these displacements off, it is proposed to resort to a noncontacting device such as a scanning plane laser micrometer.
The sensor used consists of two parts which are symmetrically placed on each side of the central notch of the specimen. The emitter sends a 60 mm high laser plane wave to the receiver. Only the beams passing through the central hole of the specimen hit the receiver. The intensity of the transmitted laser beam is then converted into an electrical signal by the sensor electronics. A numerical processing of the signal enables a calculation of the crack opening displacement of a machined slot with a resolution greater than 1 μm and an excellent digital stability.
The measurement is then integrated into a PC microcomputer, which calculates the corresponding effective crack length using the appropriate compliance formula (ASTM E 561).
The stress intensity factor is computed from the testing machine load signal. A stability test (no crack growth under constant applied load step) is checked out in order to store the relevant data points for plotting the R-curve and to decide for the next load increment the computer is going to apply.
This laser technique was validated in comparison to a classical mechanical extensometer method on an aluminum alloy.
This method bears fruitful applications in testing under controlled environment (temperature, moist or corrosive atmosphere).
Extraneous Air Leakage from Window Perimeters
Authors: Louis MJ , Nelson PE 
Published: March 2009

The window industry has ratings for air leakage through window assemblies. These tests exclude air leakage from the joint between window and wall assemblies or from the sides of the windows. Such leakage is discounted by present window testing standards and labeled “extraneous air leakage.” Air leakage to the window perimeter can significantly effect the overall performance of the window/wall assembly.
A test methodology is presented for quantifying the portion of air leakage that is not measured by current industry standards, but that nonetheless is real and significant air leakage through some types of installed window assemblies.
Design guidelines are proposed to minimize air leakage through the window frame and around the window perimeter. This requires careful selection and detailing of the window and wall system to insure that the air barrier effectively seals to the window frame. These details must be carefully coordinated with the design of the flashing and cavity water-proofing, which have distinct and sometimes conflicting purposes. In three examples, the proper location for air barriers in different types of wall construction is identified along with methods to seal the air barreir to the window.
Dispersant Effectiveness: Studies into the Causes of Effectiveness Variations
Authors: Fingas MF , Kyle D , Tennyson E 
Published: March 2009

Effectiveness, a key issue of using dispersants, is affected by many interrelated factors. The principal factors involved are the oil composition, dispersant formulation, sea surface turbulence and dispersant quantity.
Oil composition is a very strong determinant. Current dispersant formulation effectiveness correlates strongly with the amount of saturate component in the oil. The other components of the oil, the asphaltenes, resins or polars and aromatic fractions show a negative correlation with the dispersant effectiveness. Viscosity is also a predictor of dispersant effectiveness and may have an effect because it is in turn determined by oil composition. Dispersant composition is significant and interacts with oil composition. Dispersants show high effectiveness at HLB values near 10.
Sea turbulence strongly affects dispersant effectiveness. Effectiveness rises with increasing turbulence to a maximum value. Effectiveness for current commercial dispersants is gaussian around a peak salinity value. Peak effectiveness is achieved at very high dispersant quantities - at a ratio of 1:5, dispersant-to-oil volume. Dispersant effectiveness for those oils tested and under the conditions measured, is approximately logarithmic with dispersant quantity and will reach about 50% of its peak value at a dispersant to oil ratio of about 1:20 and near zero at a ratio of about 1:50.
COREXIT 9580 Shoreline Cleaner: Development, Application, and Status
Authors: Canevari GP , Fiocco RJ , Lessard RR , Fingas M 
Published: March 2009

The cleanup of oiled shorelines has generally been by mechanical, labor-intensive means. The use of surfactants to deterge and lift the oil from the surface results in more complete and more rapid cleaning. Not only is the cleaning process more efficient, but it can also be less environmentally damaging since there is potentially much less human intrusion and stress on the biological community because chemicals can make washing effective at lower temperature. This paper will describe research on chemical beach cleaners for treatment of oiled shorelines that was initiated in support of the cleaning activities in Prince Willliam Sound (PWS) following the Valdez oil spill in March 1989.
The concept for using beach cleaners for shoreline cleanup is to apply a pre-soak to the weathered crude oil on shore and then flush with sea water to wash the oil into a boomed area for subsequent recovery. Criteria imposed on the use of chemical beach cleaners for the cleanup of the Valdez spill were: (1) effective rock cleaning agents should have very little or no toxicity to marine and terrestrial life, (2) there should be no dispersion of the oil washed from the shoreline into the water column; oil was to be recovered by techniques such as skimming or sorbents, and (3) the agents should be on the EPA National Contingency Plan (NCP) list.
A laboratory-scale rock washing test was developed to measure cleaner effectiveness and dispersion. A large number of commercially available formulated products were evaluated, as well as developmental formulations. The commercial products included all of the available NCP-listed products which could function as cleaners. None of the commercial products completely satisfied all the requirements established by the agencies for beach cleaning. However, a new formula, called COREXIT 9580, consisting of two surfactants and a solvent was developed. It exhibited low fish toxicity, low dispersancy and effective rock cleaning capability.
Although it was not approved for use in Alaska other than testing, subsequent work at ENVIRONMENT CANADA confirmed the outstanding cleaning effectiveness and very low toxicity of the new product, and it is currently on the approved product list in Canada.
The paper reviews the laboratory and field testing conducted to prove out this new product and highlights more recent work on mangroves to explore the potential use of COREXIT 9580 to save and restore oiled vegetation.
A Software Tool for Material Data Analysis and Property Prediction: CASAC-ANA
Authors: Zhou J , Xie Q , Feng J , Li S , Xu Z , Chen L , Gui Z 
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a user-friendly software, CASAC-ANA, for material data analysis and property prediction is presented. In CASAC-ANA, there are seven methods: Nonlinear Mapping (NLM), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA), Discriminant Analysis with Constellation Graph (DACG), Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).
The software has some noteworthy features: (1) only one input file is needed and multipath output is produced; (2) both quantitative and qualitative data of dependent variables are accepted; and (3) it is easy to link with materials property databases. As a generalized modeling tool, CASAC-ANA can be used to treat material data concerning composition, technological processes, properties, and to predict properties of materials.
The validity of the CASAC-ANA software has been tested successfully with three typical case studies concerning structural alloy steels, nickel-base superalloys, and continuously cast copper alloys. These CASAC-ANA methods have been compared and discussed.
Performance-Based Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixes
Authors: Leahy RB , Monismith CL , Lundy JR 
Published: March 2009

Key objectives of the Strategic Highway Research Project (SHRP) A-003A were to validate properties selected for inclusion in the binder specification and to develop accelerated performance tests (APTs) suitable for predicting pavement performance in terms of fatigue and low temperature cracking as well as permanent deformation. This paper specifically addresses the laboratory tests, measured engineering properties and their relationship to the SHRP binder specification and to performance for both unmodified and modified mixes.
Materials considered in this research included 8 to 16 binders, 5 modifiers, and 2 to 4 aggregates. For fatigue, mixes were tested in the controlled-strain mode of loading using a flexural beam test device. For permanent deformation both a wheel-tracking device and a simple shear repeated-load test apparatus was used. Low temperature thermal cracking was evaluated using the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST).
Overall, the results indicate that the relationship between binder properties and mix performance, as measured by the recently developed APTs, is excellent for thermal cracking, but substantially less definitive for fatigue cracking and permanent deformation. Furthermore, the recently developed APTs and resulting engineering properties are suitable for predicting pavement performance of modified mixes as well.
Demonstrations and Commercial Applications of Innovative Sediment Removal Technologies
Authors: Pelletier J-P 
Published: March 2009

The Contaminated Sediment Removal Program (CSRP) of Environment Canada was founded in November 1990 following a request from the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund to the Environmental Protection Service-Ontario Region to provide leadership in the identification of removal technologies and procedures for contaminated sediments in the Great Lakes.
Following a request for proposal issued by the CSRP, proposals were received from vendors of innovative sediment removal technologies to conduct contaminated sediment removal demonstrations in different Areas of Concern (AOCs) on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes.
In 1992, the CSRP conducted the demonstration of two innovative sediment removal technologies at three different sites. The Cable Arm 100E clamshell bucket was demonstrated in Toronto and Hamilton Harbours, while the Pneuma Pump was demonstrated in Collingwood Harbour.
Those three demonstrations led to the first Canadian commercial applications of the Cable Arm 100E clamshell bucket in Pickering, Ontario, and of the Pneuma Pump in Collingwood, Ontario.
Development of Solidification Technique for Dredged Sediments
Authors: Yamasaki S , Yasui H , Fukue M 
Published: March 2009

The sediments deposited on the bottoms of seas, lakes, and rivers can be contaminated with hazardous and toxic substances as a result of the discharge of human activities. Therefore, since the natural remediation process cannot be expected, contaminated or polluted as well as highly organic sediments must be treated as waste and be properly disposed for human health and environmental protection.
One method of disposal may be to remove the sediments by dredging and to treat them with a proper technique. The main problems in the dredging method are as follows: 1) Since sediments usually have very high water content, it is necessary to decrease the volume and solidify them for the next procedure, e.g., landfill. (2) The leachates from the sediments should be treated also. It is required that the water to be discharged be kept at a quality satisfying “the level of standards.”
This paper describes an experimental study using a solidification system performed for the cleanup of the bottom of a river. To promote the solidification of the system, several agents, such as lime, cement, polymer, resin, etc., were used. The results show that these agents strongly influence the solidification characteristics of the sediments and the quality of the leachate from the sediments.
Sheen Surveillance: an Environmental Monitoring Program Subsequent to the 1989 Exxon Valdez Shoreline Cleanup
Authors: Taft DG , Egging DE , Kuhn HA 
Published: March 2009

In the fall of 1989, an aerial surveillance program was implemented to locate oil sheens (or slicks) originating from shorelines affected by the Exxon Valdez spill. The objectives of the program were to identify any oil on the water that warranted response and to identify those sections of shoreline that would be priority candidates for further cleanup in 1990. The program initially surveyed the entire affected area, but, because proportionally fewer sheens were spotted in the Gulf of Alaska, the program was refocused on Prince William Sound in early 1990.
The surveillance program consisted of frequent low-altitude flights with trained observers in a deHavilland Twin Otter outfitted with observation ports and communication equipment. The primary surveillance technique used was direct visual observation. Other techniques, including photography, were tested but proved less effective. The flights targeted all shorelines of concern, particularly those near fishing, subsistence, and recreational areas. The observers attempted to locate all sheens, estimate their size and color, and identify the source of the oil found in the sheen. Size and color were used to estimate the volume of oil in each sheen. Samples were collected whenever possible during the summer of 1990 using a floating Teflon™ sampling device that was developed for easy deployment from a boat or the pontoon of a float plane. Forty four samples were analyzed by UV-fluorescence spectroscopy. Eleven of these samples were also analyzed by GC/MS. In general, the analyses confirmed the observers' judgement of source.
The flights from late September 1989 through early September 1990 identified 827 petroleum hydrocarbon sheens. About two-thirds of the sheens were related to the Exxon Valdez or were of indeterminate source. For the purposes of analyses these were combined and treated as if their origins were all from the Exxon Valdez. The numbers and volumes of these sheens decreased dramatically with time after the onset of winter storms.
The Exxon Valdez related sheens sighted during the spring and summer of 1990 contained volumes averaging less than two litres of oil each. By the summer of 1990, the number and size of Exxon Valdez sheens were smaller than those associated with normal vessel activity in Prince William Sound. There was no disruption of commercial fishing activities because of Exxon Valdez related sheens in 1990. The program was discontinued in September 1990 because the number and volume of spill-related sheens had declined to low levels.
An Assessment of Oil-Spill Effects on Pink Salmon Populations Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill—Part 1: Early Life History
Authors: Brannon EL , Moulton LL , Gilbertson LG , Maki AW , Skalski JR 
Published: March 2009

Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, is the main salmon species of commercial importance in Prince William Sound. Unlike other Pacific salmon, they have a two-year life cycle and have adapted to spawn in the intertidal reaches of numerous small streams throughout the oil-spill area. Thus, they represent the species at highest potential risk for spill-related injury. This paper discusses results of field programs initiated within a few days of the spill and designed to assess spill effects on critical early life stages of pink salmon in postspill years.
Samples of water and stream sediments from throughout the spill area were used to define the exposure of pink salmon to residual hydrocarbons from the spill. Mean sediment concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) up to 300 ppb were measured in oiled streams in 1989 and generally followed a downward trend toward background in 1990 and 1991. These PAH concentrations were then used in regression analyses of potential effects on key early life stages of pink salmon. Water samples taken from both nearshore feeding and rearing areas and offshore migratory areas show that hydrocarbon concentrations were from one to four orders of magnitude lower than concentrations reported in the literature to cause acute or chronic effects on fish species.
The postspill field and laboratory studies of pink salmon early life stages included examination of potential effects on 1989, 1990, and 1991 eggs, fry, and juveniles. Generally high survival, ranging from 77% to 100%, was observed in both oiled and reference streams in 1989, and a weak correlation was indicated with stream sediment PAH at only one of the three tide levels sampled (12 feet). In 1990, egg viability was 90.6% from reference streams and 91.1% from oiled streams, as determined through incubation studies. Mean condition index, kD, was 1.76 for fry from reference streams and 1.79 from oiled streams, indicating normal developmental timing.
Study results show that no substantial effects on critical early life stages of pink salmon in Prince William Sound are attributable to the spill. Results of incubation experiments with eggs from the spill-affected area provide no indication of sterility or abnormal development. Our results are consistent with the pink salmon returns in 1990 and 1991 that yielded returns over three times the size of the parental year class.
Sea Otter Abundance, Distribution, and Pup Production in Prince William Sound Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Johnson CB , Garshelis DL 
Published: March 2009

We investigated effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill on the abundance, distribution, and pup production of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in Prince William Sound (PWS) by comparing counts made during 1990 and 1991 with counts made by researchers 5–12 years before the spill. We observed no evidence of avoidance or attraction to spill-affected shorelines 1–2 years after the spill. Despite a substantial loss of sea otters immediately following the spill, we counted fewer otters than prespill investigators at only one of three heavily oiled islands, and from 1990 to 1991 our counts at this one site increased to a level equivalent to the latest (1985) prespill count.
We followed the methods of prespill investigators and found close agreement between our counts of otters and those of two other concurrent investigations using the same survey technique. This agreement among counts, and our involvement in counts made prespill, suggested that inter-observer variability could not explain our unexpectedly high counts at oiled sites. Some otters killed in the spill were likely replaced by otters from other parts of PWS. However, we suggest that a modest population increase prior to the spill, but after the last prespill counts, is the most plausible explanation for the concurrence of our postspill counts and counts from the early 1980s. At three heavily oiled sites, pup production 1–2 years after the spill was as high or higher than witnessed before the spill. Although the increase in pupping observed at one island was greater in lightly oiled than in heavily oiled areas, no such trend occurred at another oil-affected island. Mortality, as indicated by the number of carcasses found on beaches a year after the spill, was similar to what had been observed historically. The diet also was unchanged. If the otter population indeed was growing before the spill, these results indicate the potential for renewed population growth.