bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The design of Star's Records Processing
Authors: Purvy Robert , Farrell Jerry , Klose Paul 
Published: June 2007

Xerox' Star Professional Workstation is distinguished by a graphic user interface committed to the What-you-see-is-what-you-get design philosophy. The system promotes a see / point / push-a-button style of interaction with immediate feedback, in marked contrast to more familiar programming or command-language interfaces.
Star's Records Processing feature integrates traditional data processing functionality into this user model. Normal Star documents may contain fields and tables. Star record files have their structure defined by copying the field structure of a regular document. Multiple output formats are provided for a record file by giving it a document with each desired format. Such a document may format multiple records in a tabular array, or present each record's data in a new copy of the formatting document. Data is transferred between documents and records wherever fields have matching names (“field lading”); non-matching fields may be given a fill-in rule which allows summary data to be computed. Queries are expressed in an exemplary fashion, by entering desired values and ranges of values into a copy of a record (a “filter”).
Common uses of the data in a record file are encapsulated in a “view”, which specifies the subset of the file's records to be considered, the order in which they are to be presented, and the document to be used to format them. An arbitrary number of views may be associated with a record file; each may have its own index, but the underlying records are stored only once.
Common records processing functions are provided at a high-level user interface: Moving a document, a folder of documents, or another record file to a record file adds records to the file. Moving a record file to a printer causes the current view of the record file to be printed.
Benefits include an economy of concepts and effort for user and implementor alike, along with the synergy of a unified environment. The approach seems to extend easily to a number of new domains. However, increased efforts are required to produce a coordinated design and implementation throughout the whole system, and acceptable performance may be harder to achieve.
Office Information Systems research and development projects in Europe (Invited)
Authors: Naffah Najah 
Published: June 2007

In Europe most research projects in the area of Office Information Systems are concentrated around public communication services and transmission networks. Very few projects exist in what we call the Automated Office of the Future.
In the first category, known as TELEMATIQUE, we find the videotex services, which consist of data banks connected to public networks and offering access to residential users through their color TV sets. A second service, called TELETEX, will start soon in different European countries to replace the present telex service with some kind of communicating word processors. All these projects are sponsored by the PTT and operate according to a set of standards elaborated by the CCITT.
On the other hand, true Office Information Systems projects, which are tailored to the private users and organizations needs, are very rare. Some manufacturers are working on new word processors combining data processing and text processing, with voice input for command, and voice output for signalling.
Local networks have been built in different research centers and have been produced by local manufacturers and distributed on national basis (e.g., Cambridge Ring in England, Danube in France, and Cobus in Switzerland). While manufacturers as ICL, Thomson, Siemens, Olivetti are announcing products with many components imported from the U.S., the research community has been very active in exploring new approaches for O.I.S.
Under the sponsorship of the CEC, a group of researchers from France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, U.K., are working on the interconnection of Heterogeneous message systems, where the most difficult problems reside in the naming strategy to adopt, the conversion between message format, the high level protocols to implement.
Two research centers in Switzerland and in France, have been building workstations for the office. The first one has produced a portable personnel computer with text editor (Smaky - Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne), and the second has built a sophisticated workstation with many integrated services (Burovlseur of the Kayak project - INRIA, France). In addition, a complete prototype of O.I.S. is under development in this project.
Other work is undertaken by different research centers on issues related to O.I.S. (Queen Mary College - London; GMC, HMI and the University of Hamburg - Germany; INRIA, IMAG, SUPELEC, UPS - France .... ).
In this presentation, we will give a summary of the work that has been accomplished and the future of some of the projects.
Evaluation of offices (Panel Session)
Authors: Harless William 
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this panel is two-fold: 1) To clarify some of the social and behavioral issues in the evaluation of office information systems (OIS); and 2) to promote interaction between a few of the leading social and computer scientists in the field of OIS.
Inherent in the OIS setting is the direct association of non-technical people with sophisticated computer terminals. In the early stages this meant clerical staff using word processors. But currently OIS implementors are focusing on decision making processes of “knowledge workers” (including executives). By doing so these implementors find themselves face-to-face with the complex sociological, psychological, and technological problems of person-machine interaction. Issues abound - some subtle, some not so subtle, and social scientists are gathering in scores to get involved in the movement.
Message files
Authors: Tsichritzis D. , Christodoulakis S. 
Published: June 2007

Consider an office information system and the messages which circulate within it. We will assume for the purpose of this paper that the messages are text messages in machine readable form. We are interested in designing a message filing capability which has the following characteristics:
1) It can deal with a wide variety of messages
2) It can retrieve the messages in a flexible manner
3) It provides a simple and uniform interface to the user
4) It can be implemented efficiently for a large volume of messages

We define messages as consisting of a
header
and a
body
[Kirstein]. The header contains formatted data representing the most important characteristics of the messages, e.g., sender, date, destination, etc. The body is text consisting of a series of words. We will denote by
A
0
,
A
1
,. . .
A
n
the attributes of the header.
A
0
is a special attribute which contains a unique system-wide identifier for the message. The body will be denoted as an attribute B of type text. A particular message will be represented as (
a
0
,
a
1
. . .
a
0
,
b
). All messages do not have to be of the same type. Each type of message, however, is represented by a set of attributes and a body. In the two extreme cases we have the message type (
A
0
,
B
), i.e., documents and (
A
0
,
A
1
,. . . ,
A
n
), i.e., records. Forms as messages can be represented as (
A
0
. . . ,
A
n
,
B
) with the additional stipulation that the values of A's are dispersed within B.
Cotton Fiber Length Distribution— An Important Quality Factor
Authors: Wakeham Helmut 
Published: June 2007

Recent cotton processing studies conducted by Textile Research Institute have demonstrated that the presence of a large number of short fibers in cotton causes appre ciable increases in processing wastes, excessively uneven rovings and yarns, less efficient spinning, and weaker yarns than would otherwise be expected. The present paper outlines various methods of measuring fiber length distribution and of indicating ex cessive quantities of short fibers in the sample. Four case histories demonstrating the inferior quality of cottons containing excessive quantities of short fibers are described. These show the effects of improper drying prior to ginning, overprocessing during cleaning, and microbiological attack (cavitoma). In all cases the importance of fiber length distribution as a cotton quality factor is emphasized.
How come silence is sweet but sweetness is not silent: a cognitive account of directionality in poetic synaesthesia
Authors: Shen Yeshayahu , Cohen Michal 
Published: June 2007

Synaesthesia (e.g. 'sweet silence') consists of the mapping of properties from one modality to another. The present article introduces a cognitive account regarding the directionality of the mapping in poetic discourse. Firstly, we suggest that mapping from lower modalities onto higher ones (e.g. from 'touch' onto 'sight') is more frequently used in poetic discourse than the opposite mapping (i.e. from higher to lower modalities). The findings of a textual analysis of a large-scale poetic corpus are introduced, which support this proposal, and reveal that the 'low to high' mapping is more frequently used than its inverse, and that this tendency is a universal one (across national boundaries and historical periods). Secondly, we propose a cognitive account for this universal tendency according to which the 'low to high' mapping conforms to (while its inverse violates) the following cognitive constraint: mapping from a more accessible concept onto a less accessible one is more natural than its inverse. The findings of an interpretation experiment are introduced, which provide some support for this account by suggesting that the more frequently used structure (i.e. the mapping from the more accessible to the less accessible sense) is easier to comprehend than its inverse. We conclude by proposing that aspects of poetic language are themselves constrained by general cognitive constraints.
The role of customer databases in package tour development
Authors: Morris Chris 
Published: June 2007

Economic changes driven by the late 1980s boom and the high interest levies of the early 1990s have caused shifts in the profile of consumers of tour packages. Such trends have happened before, perhaps on a smaller scale, and in all likelihood will happen again in a cyclical industry. The tourism industry is not alone in facing the challenges to marketers of high ticket value products and services. In many of the forward-thinking organisations in these industries, however, sourcing customer feedback and targeting promotions to incentivise uptake to specific segments of an operator's customers, is having a positive effect on profits and securing control in otherwise stormy seas. This is the role of the customer database in package tour development.
The attributes and potential of secondary Australian destinations through the eyes of Korean travel industry executives
Authors: King Brian E. M. , Hew Jong Choi  
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the attitudes of key travel industry executives in South Korea to secondary destinations in Australia with particular reference to the prospects for special interest travel. It was found that according to most key criteria, executives regard Australia as a desirable tourist destination for Koreans and as being well matched with their expectations. Cleanliness and safety are regarded as key strengths by industry executives, whilst the cost of travel and the relative inaccessibility are regarded as weaknesses. As Korea continues to mature as a tourist generating country, the prospects for special interest travel will improve and this will have particular relevance for secondary tourism des tinations such as Melbourne. While Sydney's status as the hub destination will remain unchallenged, Melbourne has a competitive advantage in certain special interest markets, such as honeymooners, backpackers and luxury travellers. Tour quality is emerging as a key issue because of fierce discounting. Accessibility will remain a problem for regions and cities, such as Melbourne, not currently serviced by direct flights.
Sunday horseracing — new raceday, new racegoers
Authors: Richardson Lee W. 
Published: June 2007

Until 1995, horseracing with betting in Britain was not allowed, by law, to take place on a Sunday, reckoned by many observers to have become the most popular leisure day of the week. This clearly put horseracing — a multi-billion-pound live spectator sport, and betting medium, watched by millions off- and on-course annually — at a significant competitive disadvantage when compared with other sporting and leisure attractions. Following a 30-year-long lobbying campaign to Governement, a change in the law, through the Deregulation Bill, was gained in May 1994, allowing the British Horseracing Board (BHB), the newly-appointed governing authority for the industry, to plan 24 Sunday fixtures, on 12 Sundays, for 1995. Research undertaken by both the industry and the BHB had identified an ageing and static pool of racegoers, who were making fewer visits to the racecourse. There was also a longstanding belief among many industry observers that racecourses needed to expand, and adopt, more innovative and up-to-date promotional techniques and ideas in order to compete more effectively for its share of leisure spending in the 1990s. This case study explores the resultant coordinated promotional strategy that was designed to appeal to a new, younger and more family-oriented audience, and to stimulate trial of the attractions of 'a day at the races'. It also examines the results achieved, and the wider implications for the industry in the promotion of racegoing as a leisure activity.
Nursing and the wider R&D agenda: Influence and contribution
Authors: McKenna Hugh , Mason Carolyn 
Published: June 2007

This paper suggests that the goal of nursing research in Northern Ireland should be to carry out rigorous, systematic inquiry designed to make significant contributions to knowledge. Such knowledge should impact positively on the physical, mental and social well-being of the population. There are, however, contrasting views about the content and direction of nursing research and how nursing can contribute to and influence the wider reasearch and development (R&D) agenda. These and other perspectives will be examined. It is the authors' contention that nursing has a series of key roles to play in health service research at strategic and operational levels. It will be argued that while research policy is framed by government, it should retain the flexibility to allow for projects that focus on issues and phenomena that are predominantly the concern of the nursing profession. In order to do this the profession should use the influence it has to make a worthwhile contribution to patient care.
Prepared for practice? Exploring the experiences of newly qualified Project 2000 Child Branch staff nurses
Authors: Bradley Susan 
Published: June 2007

The passage from student to staff nurse is identified by the UKCC as being a major transition (UKCC, 1993). This small, qualitative study (n=6) was designed to explore the experience of being a newly qualified staff nurse following Project 2000 Child Branch education. Participants were also asked to reflect on Project 2000 as preparation for nursing practice. The overall experience of participants was reported as positive. Challenges and stresses had been encountered, however, all staff describing initial feelings of fear, the impact of their new responsibilities, and areas where they felt they lacked adequate experience. Comments were made concerning Project 2000 in relation to clinical preparation and experience, course content and structure, and the emphasis given to the Common Foundation Programme. They felt that they had moved successfully through the transition experience because of the degree of support they had received, because they were prepared to ask questions and because they had the ability to learn quickly. All members felt that the Project 2000 programme prepared them well for practice.
Identification and expression analysis of genes associated with bovine blastocyst formation
Authors: Goossens Karen , Van Soom Ann , Van Poucke Mario , Vandaele Leen , Vandesompele Jo , Van Zeveren Alex , Peelman Luc J 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Normal preimplantation embryo development encompasses a series of events including first cleavage division, activation of the embryonic genome, compaction and blastocyst formation.
First lineage differentiation starts at the blastocyst stage with the formation of the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass. The main objective of this study was the detection, identification and expression analysis of genes associated with blastocyst formation in order to help us better understand this process. This information could lead to improvements of in vitro embryo production procedures.

Results
A subtractive cDNA library was constructed enriched for transcripts preferentially expressed at the blastocyst stage compared to the 2-cell and 8-cell stage. Sequence information was obtained for 65 randomly selected clones. The RNA expression levels of 12 candidate genes were determined throughout 3 stages of preimplantation embryo development (2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst) and compared with the RNA expression levels of in vivo "golden standard" embryos using real-time PCR. The RNA expression profiles of 9 (75%) transcripts (KRT18, FN1, MYL6, ATP1B3, FTH1, HINT1, SLC25A5, ATP6V0B, RPL10) were in agreement with the subtractive cDNA cloning approach, whereas for the remaining 3 (25%) (ACTN1, COPE, EEF1A1) the RNA expression level was equal or even higher at the earlier developmental stages compared to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, significant differences in RNA expression levels were observed between in vitro and in vivo produced embryos. By immunofluorescent labelling, the protein expression of KRT18, FN1 and MYL6 was determined throughout bovine preimplantation embryo development and showed the same pattern as the RNA expression analyses.

Conclusion
By subtractive cDNA cloning, candidate genes involved in blastocyst formation were identified. For several candidate genes, important differences in gene expression were observed between in vivo and in vitro produced embryos, reflecting the influence of the in vitro culture system on the embryonic gene expression. Both RNA and protein expression analysis demonstrated that KRT18, FN1 and MYL6 are differentially expressed during preimplantation embryo development and those genes can be considered as markers for bovine blastocyst formation.
Essential and non-essential DNA replication genes in the model halophilic Archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1
Authors: Berquist Brian R , DasSarma Priya , DasSarma Shiladitya 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Information transfer systems in Archaea, including many components of the DNA replication machinery, are similar to those found in eukaryotes. Functional assignments of archaeal DNA replication genes have been primarily based upon sequence homology and biochemical studies of replisome components, but few genetic studies have been conducted thus far. We have developed a tractable genetic system for knockout analysis of genes in the model halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, and used it to determine which DNA replication genes are essential.

Results
Using a directed in-frame gene knockout method in Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, we examined nineteen genes predicted to be involved in DNA replication. Preliminary bioinformatic analysis of the large haloarchaeal Orc/Cdc6 family, related to eukaryotic Orc1 and Cdc6, showed five distinct clades of Orc/Cdc6 proteins conserved in all sequenced haloarchaea. Of ten orc/cdc6 genes in Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, only two were found to be essential, orc10, on the large chromosome, and orc2, on the minichromosome, pNRC200. Of the three replicative-type DNA polymerase genes, two were essential: the chromosomally encoded B family, polB1, and the chromosomally encoded euryarchaeal-specific D family, polD1/D2 (formerly called polA1/polA2 in the Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 genome sequence). The pNRC200-encoded B family polymerase, polB2, was non-essential. Accessory genes for DNA replication initiation and elongation factors, including the putative replicative helicase, mcm, the eukaryotic-type DNA primase, pri1/pri2, the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, pcn, and the flap endonuclease, rad2, were all essential. Targeted genes were classified as non-essential if knockouts were obtained and essential based on statistical analysis and/or by demonstrating the inability to isolate chromosomal knockouts except in the presence of a complementing plasmid copy of the gene.

Conclusion
The results showed that ten out of nineteen eukaryotic-type DNA replication genes are essential for Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, consistent with their requirement for DNA replication. The essential genes code for two of ten Orc/Cdc6 proteins, two out of three DNA polymerases, the MCM helicase, two DNA primase subunits, the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, and the flap endonuclease.
Stent versus gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review
Authors: Jeurnink Suzanne M , van Eijck Casper HJ , Steyerberg Ewout W , Kuipers Ernst J , Siersema Peter D 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Gastrojejunostomy (GJJ) is the most commonly used palliative treatment modality for malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Recently, stent placement has been introduced as an alternative treatment. We reviewed the available literature on stent placement and GJJ for gastric outlet obstruction, with regard to medical effects and costs.

Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching PubMed for the period January 1996 and January 2006. A total of 44 publications on GJJ and stents was identified and reported results on medical effects and costs were pooled and evaluated. Results from randomized and comparative studies were used for calculating odds ratios (OR) to compare differences between the two treatment modalities.

Results
In 2 randomized trials, stent placement was compared with GJJ (with 27 and 18 patients in each trial). In 6 comparative studies, stent placement was compared with GJJ. Thirty-six series evaluated either stent placement or GJJ. A total of 1046 patients received a duodenal stent and 297 patients underwent GJJ. No differences between stent placement and gastrojejunostomy were found in technical success (96% vs. 100%), early and late major complications 7% vs. 6% and 18% vs. 17%, respectively) and persisting symptoms (8% vs. 9%). Initial clinical success was higher after stent placement (89% vs. 72%). Minor complications were less frequently seen after stent placement in the patient series (9% vs. 33%), however the pooled analysis showed no differences (OR: 0.75, p = 0.8). Recurrent obstructive symptoms were more common after stent placement (18% vs. 1%). Hospital stay was prolonged after GJJ compared to stent placement (13 days vs. 7 days). The mean survival was 105 days after stent placement and 164 days after GJJ.

Conclusion
These results suggest that stent placement may be associated with more favorable results in patients with a relatively short life expectancy, while GJJ is preferable in patients with a more prolonged prognosis. The paucity of evidence from large randomized trials may however have influenced the results and therefore a trial of sufficient size is needed to determine which palliative treatment modality is optimal in (sub)groups of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction.