bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Disability of Mind Doctrine
Authors: FINGARETTE HERBERT 
Published: March 2007

Much of the controversy surrounding the insanity defense arises because the modern defense is not based on fundamental analysis and because it has developed in isolation from other modern mentaldisability defenses. Unrelated doctrines, arising out of different early cases, have become increasingly unrealistic. Confusion and frustration ensue.The Disability of Mind (DOM) doctrine resulted from the attempt to identify the fundamental legal and moral issues in mental-disability defenses. Several moral-legal intuitions emerged that underlie the legal concept of a mental-disability excuse, whether based on mental disease, intoxication, trauma, organic damage, or some other condition. These intuitions were developed into a coherent legal doctrine intelligible, in its essentials, to juries and the public. This doctrine covers all mental-disability excuses in the law. The doctrine, key concepts, and some practical consequences that should build public confidence in the DOM defense are explained here.
The Real Agenda Setters
Authors: RATZAN SCOTT C. 
Published: March 2007

I wonder how far Moses would have gone if he'd taken a poll in Egypt? What would Jesus Christ have preached if he'd taken a poll in Israel? Where would the Reformation have gone if Martin Luther had taken a poll? It isn't polls or public opinion of the moment that counts. It is right and wrong leadership—men with fortitude, honesty and a belief in the right—that makes epochs in the history of the world. Harry Truman
Relationship of the Scores on the Tolerance Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory to those on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Martin John D. , Morris Danita Ann 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the degree of relationship between the scores on the Tolerance Scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory and those on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale. The sample was comprised of 39 undergraduate students, of whom 32 were females and 7 were males, from an Adolescent Psychology class at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. It was hypothesized that a significant but inverse relationship existed between tolerance and dogmatism. A correlation coefficient of -.575, which was significant beyond the .01 level, was found between the two measures.
Electrothermal Curing of Filament Wound Composite Cylinders
Authors: Burwasser John T. , Springer George S. 
Published: March 2007

A model was developed which describes heating of filament wound composite cylinders by applying voltage across the fibers. Two situations were examined: power applied both during and after the wind, and power applied only after completion of the wind. Electrical connections in series and in parallel were modeled. The model yields temperature and cure profiles within the laminate as functions of time during and after the filament wind process. Sample calculations were performed showing the effects of geometry and power applied on the temperature, degree of cure, and manufacture time of the cylinder. The temperature, degree of cure, and manufacture time were also calculated for a filament wound cylinder cured conventionally in an oven. Assessments were made on the merits of electrothermal curing versus curing in an oven.
Relating Resin Mechanical Properties to Composite Delamination Fracture Toughness
Authors: Jordan William M. , Bradley Walter L. , Moulton Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

The relationship between resin mechanical properties and the resultant composite Mode I and Mode II delamination fracture toughnesses in graphite-epoxy systems was examined. The tensile property that best correlated with composite delamina tion toughness was the resin tensile elongation. Resins with higher tensile elongations pro duced composites with a higher delamination toughness, though the relationship between the two may not be a simple one. The method used to toughen the resin affected the resulting composite delamination toughness. A rubber toughened resin would produce a tougher composite than would a resin that had the same tensile elongation (but with a lower crosslink density rather than rubber particle additions).
Spall Behaviour of Carbon Epoxy Unidirectional Composites as Compared to Aluminum and Iron
Authors: Gilath I. , Eliezer S. , Shkolnik S. 
Published: March 2007

The spall behaviour at ultrahigh strain rate (ε ∼ 107 sec-1) of carbon/epoxy unidirectional composites was compared to aluminum and iron using short pulsed laser induced-shock waves. A linear dependence was obtained between plasma ablation pressure for threshold spall conditions and sample thickness. The threshold for spall damage was estimated to be 1.5 kbar for carbon epoxy unidirec tional composites, 21 kbar for aluminum and 54 kbar for iron.
A Measure for Crisis Instability with an Application to Space-Based Antimissile Systems
Authors: O'Neill Barry 
Published: March 2007

Crisis instability is the danger of war due to each side's fear that the other is about to attack. An index is defined to measure the degree of instability in a situation and is justified by a set of persuasive criteria that any such measure should satisfy, and also by a set of axioms based in the theory of games. Some past measures are summarized and compared. In the second part, we give a simple quantitative model of a nuclear exchange and look at the stability consequences of changing various weapons parameters and of adding a space-based missile defense system, with and without submarines. Defenses tend to harm stability unless they are both very large and designed so that the government that strikes first does not have a relative advantage in attacking the opponent's defenses.
Personal Power: a Taoist Perspective
Authors: Stensrud Robert 
Published: March 2007

This article draws from the teachings of Taoism to provide a possible framework from within which we may consider personal relationships and especially personal power. Personal power is viewed as a mode of being, something existential, something to be lived rather than to be acquired. As Carl Rogers (1977) notes, when perceived in this manner personal power becomes the basis for a quiet revolution which has "gone to the root of many of the concepts and values of our culture." To understand the contributions of Taoism to humanistic psychology we must first understand the concept of ch'i ( ki in Japanese). Ch'i is the vital force that permeates and flows throughout the universe. The enhancement of ch'i is central to creative expression and personal power as expressed through Chinese poetry, art, medicine, and martial arts. By gaining a better understanding of ch'i, we can gain a better understanding of interpersonal relationships and personal growth. In my work with both acute and chronic psychotics I continually noticed that an increased ability to be empathic and an increased feeling of personal power were intimately related. Those people who were willing and able to enhance their abilities to be empathic were also able to improve their level of functioning so they could be discharged. Those people who were unable to become more empathic or who were unwilling to do so (which was more often the case) usually continued at the same general level of functioning. Through my practice of meditation and Chungdokwan Taekwon-do I became aware of how ch'i directly affects daily life. There are moments in the practice of a martial art when: You and your opponent will no longer be two bodies separated physically from each other but a single entity, physically, mentally, and spiritually inseparable. Therefore the motion of your opponent may be considered to be your motion [Murphy & White, 1978, p. 34]. There are moments in a counseling relationship as well as in any interpersonal relationship when this happens also. Perhaps as the Taoists suggest, the underlying principle behind this is ch'i. If this is so, present conceptions of personal power can benefit from a greater understanding of the Taoist concept of ch'i.
The Nature of Compliance in Correctional Institutions for Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Jones James A. 
Published: March 2007

Compliance consists of two dimensions: (1) acquiescence, agreeing or disagreeing with the directives of a superior; and (2) evaluation, a reason for agreeing or disagreeing. It has been shown to be related to many organizational variables and may prove frùitful in expanding knowledge about correctional insti tutions. Data relating to compliance were drawn from a study of two correctional institutions for juvenile offenders, one public and the other private. The two institutions differed in their philoso phy of how to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents, in the kinds of offenders admitted to each institution, and in organizational structure. It was found that inmates at the private institution were more likely to perceive staff wanting them to change, and were more likely to feel that the changes pertained to more than mere con formance to institutional rules and routines. Overall, inmates agreed that they should change as staff wanted in about five out of eight instances. There were no differences in the rate of agree ment between institutions nor for staff positions, but some cot tages consistently showed a higher rate of agreement than other cottages. Staff directives for change appeared to be evaluated on two bases: (1) moral, whether the staff member had a right to request such a change; and (2) calculative, whether more was to be gained from agreeing or disagreeing to change. Inmates most often evaluated the directives of staff on moral grounds, although in some cottages calculative evaluations predominated. No dif ferences in the evaluation of staff directives were found between institutions, staff positions, or type of directive. When the two dimensions of compliance were related, three types of compliance emerged: (1) normative compliance; (2) calculative compliance; and (3) alienation. The first is charac terized by agreement on a moral basis, the second by agreement on a calculative basis, and the third by disagreement on a moral basis. It was conjectured that the ability of these two institutions to evoke calculative compliance produced a relatively high rate of acquiescence, but that this kind of compliance is not likely to sustain law-abiding behavior after release from an institution.
Scaling Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Shannon Lyle W. 
Published: March 2007

The basic data in this research consist of a 40 per cent systematic sample of police contacts with juveniles aged six through seventeen in Madison, Wis., over a six-year period. Earlier research reports have described the distribution of police contacts, referrals for official action, and the distribution of individual delinquents according to social areas of the city. No attempt has previously been made to place the various types or patterns of delinquent behavior on an empirically derived scale or delinquency continuum. The data in this paper cast considerable doubt on the hypothe sis of unidimensionality and the hypothesis of distinctive types of delinquent careers. Actually, relatively few delinquents who had police contacts had what could be called a career in delinquency. Juveniles with multiple contacts and what might be defined as careers in delinquency engaged in quite diversified behavior. One must tentatively conclude that the total number of police contacts by a juvenile for those reasons that involve a violation of the law or more serious juvenile misbehaviors (serious as perceived by the public and authorities in the community) will serve as an index of juvenile misbehavior about as well as or better than either Guttman scale or geometric scores. However, this conclusion must be tentative, pending a similar analysis of juvenile contact data for Racine, Wis., since Madison may be an unusual case.
A Computer-Made Device for Sentencing Decisions
Authors: Grygier Tadeusz 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a new device for predicting success on pro bation, developed in a study of 933 male probationers in Ontario. Discriminant function and related methods, association analysis, simple summation, and predictive attribute analysis were used, and their virtues and weaknesses compared. Predictive attribute analysis proved to be most efficient but least stable, and simple summation least efficient but most stable. On cross-validation the differences between the various techniques tended to disappear. The new device consists of a table and a form on which the probation officer notes eight predictive attributes of an offender as present (+) or absent (-). This form is moved along the table until all the pluses and minuses agree. The risk category and the probability of success on probation can then be read off the table. The device is at present applicable only in Ontario and its life expectancy is short. A more lasting device with wider application could be constructed if cooperation from several jurisdictions is obtained and the standardization sample is representative of all offenders before the court for whom probation is available.
Forecasting Exports and Imports: Introduction
Authors: Major R. L. 
Published: March 2007

The National Institute is currently studying ways of improving its methods of short-term economic forecasting. The two articles which follow report on some of the recent work undertaken in two parts of the field, namely exports and imports.In the case of exports, our methods hitherto have been rather subjective. The first article is the account of a more rigorous procedure proposed for one part, though a very important one, of total exports of goods, namely exports of manufactures to industrial countries. Attempts to find procedures of analogous rigour for exports to primary producing countries have, so far, failed to throw up anything very useful. For imports, our procedure has for some time been rigorous, in the sense of making use of postulated econometric relationships. Thus the second article does not so much propose a new method as elaborate and modify existing methods in a way which may prove to be more satisfactory.
A Reconsideration of the Optimum Currency Area Approach: The Role of External Shocks and Labour Mobility
Authors: Gros Daniel 
Published: March 2007

The external shocks emphasised by the standard Optimum Currency Area approach (i.e. shocks to exports) have surprisingly little influence on employment and unemployment in most member countries of the European Union (EU) whether or not exchange rates are fixed. Short-run exchange-rate variability (but not the level of the exchange rate) seems to have a negative impact on employment.It is often claimed that a high degree of international labour mobility is a condition for a monetary union. However, what matters for the Optimum Currency Area approach is the difference between inter-regional and inter-national labour mobil ity and not the level of the latter. Recent data show that international labour mobility in Europe is of the same order of magnitude as inter-regional labour mobility within member countries and that, the latter seems to be influenced by the housing market. EMU is thus unlikely to significantly worsen the problems that arise through the low mobility of labour in Europe.
Is Rereading more Effective than Prereading?
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: March 2007

This study compares rereading to prereading, asking which is more effective as a means of increasing comprehension in L2 readers. It begins by surveying research on rereading in L1 and L2. In L1 (English) research, repeated reading of passages to criterion has been shown to increase reading fluency. At the university level, rereading has been shown to be one of the most effective study aids to comprehension of texts. In L2 (English) research, rereading has also led to improved reading fluency and recall. Japanese women college students read two short texts, adapted from magazine articles. In the prereading condition, the learners read a short summary of the text before reading the text itself. In the rereading condition, the learners read the text twice. Comprehension was measured by the number of ideas in a free written L1 recall. There was no significant difference in the number of ideas recalled between the prereading and rereading conditions for one of the texts, while for the other text those in the rereading condition recalled more. The study concludes with some pedagogical implications and argues that rereading is a potentially potent facilitator of comprehension.
The ex. pastor's message to the Church as an occupational system
Authors: Walters Burch Geneviève 
Published: March 2007

Cet article étudie les anciens-pasteurs d'une confession pro testante sur base de données récoltées au moyen de deux questionnaires et d'une étude par interview. Un échantillon au hasard de pasteurs a servi de contrôle. Plusieurs résultats amènent l'Auteur à examiner l'Eglise comme système professionnel pour les pasteurs. 1) les pas teurs et anciens-pasteurs expriment de la même manière leur insatisfaction envers de nombreux aspects de leur travail ; 2) les anciens-pasteurs se considèrent toujours dans le minis tère ; 3) il y a relativement peu de perte de la foi parmi les anciens pasteurs et 4) les anciens-pasteurs réalisent beaucoup de tâches et de rôles cléricaux dans leur profession. En tant qu'occupation, le pastorat constitue une partie d'un système plus large : l'Eglise. Le pasteur s'efforce de satisfaire ses besoins professionnels par l'intermédiaire du système. Les données laissent penser que l'Eglise est structurée de telle manière que certains besoins des pasteurs ne sont pas satis faits parfaitement. 1) Les séminaires sont oigoureusement dénoncés par les anciens-pasteurs, comme incapables de les bien préparer au pastorat. 2) Les procédures de nomination sont responsables du dé part de 19 des 132 anciens-pasteurs interviewés. La procé dure de changement de travail est trop lente. 3) En ce qui concerne la satisfaction dans le travail, les pasteurs sont davantage satisfaits que les anciens-pasteurs de l'étroite connection de leur travail avec l'Eglise. Cependant ni les uns ni les autres ne sont satisfaits des activités d'organisa tion et d'administration, bien qu'une majeure partie de leur temps passe dans ces activités. 4) Les pasteurs, comme les anciens-pasteurs, sont mécon tents des laïcs et du travail qu'ils accomplissent dans l'Eglise. C'est surtout chez les anciens-pasteurs que le mécontentement est marqué vis-à-vis de la capacité d'initiative des laïcs. 5) Le bas salaire, les pauvres conditions de travail, le man que de possibilité d'avancement contribuent, quoique rare ment, à donner une raison de quitter le ministère. 6) Un sentiment général d'isolement des collègues de tra vail, spécialement en période de conflit, empêche un senti ment professionnel vigoureux ou le sentiment d'être soutenu par les pairs. 7) Le mécontentement général et les sentiments d'isolement entrainent une tension dans la vie familiale et personnelle, qui ne sont pas toujours à même de résister au fardeau extérieur.
Traditional vs. Modern Trends In Pakistan : A Muslim Society In Transition
Authors: Kanwar Mahfooz A. 
Published: March 2007

Pour les musulmans du Pakistan, l'évolution commença bien avant la creation d'un Etat pakistanais. C'est dès le 18e siècle, que Sayyid Ahmad Khan, indien, musulman et moderniste, ouvrit l'ère des réformes; il comptait parmi ses alliés le philo sophe et poète musulman Muhammed Iqbal. Aujourd'hui, Muhammed Ayub Khan, ancien président du pays, et ses par tisans poursuivent le mouvement. La révolution Kémalienne en Turquie et les idécs lancées par le Collège Anglo-Oriental (fondé à Alligarh, en Inde, par Sayyid Ahmad Khan) sont à l'origine du vent de réforme qui souffle sur les musulmans à travers l'Inde. A ces transformations se sont systématiquement opposés les Ulémas, chefs de file des musulmans conservateurs. Mais les forces internes et externes favorables au change ment ont eu un impact sociologique plus fort que les tendances traditionalistes. On se trouve aujourd'hui devant un Pakistan moderne, fruit de ces transformations. Cette évolution fut en core plus rapide sous le régime révolutionnaire d'Ayub Khan; celui-ci a modernisé l'agriculture, le système judiciaire, l'en seignement et mêmc la famille, en transformant le droit matri monial musulman. La sécularisation pénètre la culture pakistanaise ; une éduca tion laïque, la monogamic, le divorce civil et la libération de la femme se substituent à l'éducation religieuse, à la polygamie, au divorce religieux et à l'ancien régime du purdah. Un Pakis tan séculier est en train de prendre la place de l'Etat isla mique.
Altérité et identité vues par le psycho-sociologue
Authors: Moles Abraham A. , Grunewald Tamar 
Published: March 2007

The paper gives the theoretical background of a Cross- Cultural Study carried out in the Institute of Social Psychology in Strasbourg. If the fact that Jews are different is an objective one, there must be observable differences in their attitudes and especially in those covert attitudes : the affective meaning of the language in which we express our thoughts. Using the Semantic Differential technique, Jews and Non- Jews were given the same list of concepts to evaluate with the help of descriptive scales. The analysis of the data provides evidence of the relevant concepts for which the variable Jew/ Non-Jew is determinative, independently from other variables, thus demonstrating the existence of a Jewish specifisity. If the same phenomenon can be observed cross-culturally, we can speak of a Jewish identity. Using a couple of other techniques which enable us to identify some constants, each of them being a dimension of a configuration space, we could locate the test subjects (J, J, J,... Jn for Jews and NJ, NJ, NJ,... NJ n for Non-Jews) and then measure the distance between the two main clusters, which we identify as the Judaicity factor.
Thérapie et changement social dans les Eglises urbaines d'Afrique du Sud1
Authors: West Martin 
Published: March 2007

The following article is a part of a larger piece of research on the independent Churches in South Africa which was an analysis of the therapeutic role of these Churches in the Soviet region. The research outlines the principal types of therapeutic practice undertaken in these Churches and goes on to a detailed analysis of the relationship which is established between the « prophets » and the invalids who consult them. The article puts particular emphasis on the element of power which exists in the relationship which is established between the religious prophet and the sick person he is treating ; the reason why the prophet achieves more influence over the patient than the doctor lies in the fact that the prophet appears to be able to explain the illness and give it meaning. In conclusion, the article attempts to analyse the reasons why this type of church continues to exist ; part of the answer seems to lie in the fact that their structures are flexible enough to allow them to respond to the needs produced by rapid urban development.