bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte-Derived Serine Proteinases in Defense againstActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: de Haar Susanne F. , Hiemstra Pieter S. , van Steenbergen Martijn T. J. M. , Everts Vincent , Beertsen Wouter 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTPeriodontitis is a chronic destructive infection of the tooth-supportive tissues, which is caused by pathogenic bacteria such asActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A severe form of periodontitis is found in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS), an inheritable disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the cathepsin C gene. Recently, we demonstrated that these patients lack the activity of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-derived serine proteinases elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. In the present study we identified possible pathways along which serine proteinases may be involved in the defense againstA. actinomycetemcomitans. Serine proteinases are capable to convert the PMN-derived hCAP-18 into LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide with activity againstA. actinomycetemcomitans. We found that the PMNs of PLS patients released lower levels of LL-37. Furthermore, because of their deficiency in serine proteases, the PMNs of PLS patients were incapable of neutralizing the leukotoxin produced by this pathogen, which resulted in increased cell damage. Finally, the capacity of PMNs from PLS patients to killA. actinomycetemcomitansin an anaerobic environment, such as that found in the periodontal pocket, seemed to be reduced. Our report demonstrates a mechanism that suggests a direct link between an inheritable defect in PMN functioning and difficulty in coping with a periodontitis-associated pathogen.
Critical Role of Type 1 Cytokines in Controlling Initial Infection withBurkholderia mallei
Authors: Rowland Caroline A. , Lertmemongkolchai Ganjana , Bancroft Alison , Haque Ashraful , Lever M. Stephen , Griffin Kate F. , Jackson Matthew C. , Nelson Michelle , O'Garra Anne , Grencis Richard , Bancroft Gregory J. , Lukaszewski Roman A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBurkholderia malleiis a gram-negative bacterium which causes the potentially fatal disease glanders in humans; however, there is little information concerning cell-mediated immunity to this pathogen. The role of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) duringB. malleiinfection was investigated using a disease model in which infected BALB/c mice normally die between 40 and 60 days postinfection. IFN-γ knockout mice infected withB. malleidied within 2 to 3 days after infection, and there was uncontrolled bacterial replication in several organs, demonstrating the essential role of IFN-γ in the innate immune response to this pathogen. Increased levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were detected in the sera of immunocompetent mice in response to infection, and splenic mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12p35, and IL-27 was elevated 24 h postinfection. The effects of IL-18, IL-27, and IL-12 on stimulation of the rapid IFN-γ production were investigated in vitro by analyzing IFN-γ production in the presence of heat-killedB. mallei. IL-12 was essential for IFN-γ production in vitro; IL-18 was also involved in induction of IFN-γ, but IL-27 was not required for IFN-γ production in response to heat-killedB. mallei. The main cellular sources of IFN-γ were identified in vitro as NK cells, CD8+T cells, and TCRγδ T cells. Our data show thatB. malleiis susceptible to cell-mediated immune responses which promote expression of type 1 cytokines. This suggests that development of effective vaccines against glanders should target the production of IFN-γ.
ARE WE AT THE END OF CMOS SCALING?
Authors: SHAHIDI GHAVAM G. 
Published: August 2006

CMOS scaling enabled by advances in lithography has been behind the information revolution. Over the last 15 years, there has been a new CMOS technology node approximately every two years. The key feature of every node has been 2X density shrink and ~35% performance gain per technology node. At 90 nm node a number usual knobs that have enabled the scaling have approached their limits. Furthermore chip power (both active and stand-by) has been increasing rapidly, approaching air cool limit. Chip stand-by power, which was negligible a few years ago, is now about the same order of magnitude as the active power in high end microprocessors. In this talk it will be argued that because of power density limitation of 90 nm, 65 nm, and beyond nodes, performance and ability to shrink are more than ever linked, and in fact if the performance gain would significantly slow down (for the designs that operate at the existing cooling limit). It is more than ever critical to come up with technology features that will enhance the performance, at a given device leakage.
RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES
Authors: HORNEFFER A. , APEL W. D. , BADEA F. , BÄHREN L. , BEKK K. , BERCUCI A. , BERTAINA M. , BIERMANN P. L. , BLÜMER J. , BOZDOG H. , BRANCUS I. M. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , BUCHHOLZ P. , BUITINK S. , BUTCHER H. , CHIAVASSA A. , DAUMILLER K. , de BRUYN A. G. , de VOS C. M. , di PIERRO F. , DOLL P. , ENGEL R. , FALCKE H. , GEMMEKE H. , GHIA P. L. , GLASSTETTER R. , GRUPEN C. , HAUNGS A. , HECK D. , HÖRANDEL J. R. , HUEGE T. , KAMPERT K.-H. , KANT G. W. , KLEIN U. , KOLOTAEV Y. , KOOPMAN Y. , KRÖMER O. , KUIJPERS J. , LAFEBRE S. , MAIER G. , MATHES H. J. , MAYER H. J. , MILKE J. , MITRICA B. , MORELLO C. , NAVARRA G. , NEHLS S. , NIGL A. , OBENLAND R. , OEHLSCHLÄGER J. , OSTAPCHENKO S. , OVER S. , PEPPING H. J. , PETCU M. , PETROVIC J. , PIEROG T. , PLEWNIA S. , REBEL H. , RISSE A. , ROTH M. , SCHIELER H. , SCHOONDERBEEK G. , SIMA O. , STÜMPERT M. , TOMA G. , TRINCHERO G. C. , ULRICH H. , VAN BUREN J. , VAN CAPELLEN W. , WALKOWIAK W. , WEINDL A. , WIJNHOLDS S. , WOCHELE J. , ZABIEROWSKI J. , ZENSUS J. A. , ZIMMERMANN D. 
Published: August 2006

Measuring radio pulses from cosmic ray air showers offers various new opportunities. New digital radio receivers allow measurements of these radio pulses even in environments that have lots of radio interference. With high bandwidth ADCs and fast data processing it is possible to store the whole waveform information in digital form and analyse transient events like air showers even after they have been recorded. Digital filtering and beam forming can be used to suppress the radio interference so that it is possible to measure the radio pulses even in radio loud environments. LOPES is a prototype station for the new digital radio interferometer LOFAR and is tailored to measure air showers. For this it is located at the site of the KASCADE-Grande air shower experiment. Already with the first phase of LOPES we have been able to measure radio pulses from air showers and show correlations between the radio pulse height and air shower parameters. The first part gives an introduction and presents the science results of LOPES, while the second part presents the hard- and software that enables LOPES to detect air short pulses.
Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior
Authors: Tangney June Price , Stuewig Jeff , Mashek Debra J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Moral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior. This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions. We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced “self-conscious” emotions—shame, guilt, and embarrassment. As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt. We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions. Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or “collective” experiences of shame and guilt. In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions—elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience of pride. Finally, we discuss briefly a morally relevant emotional process—other-oriented empathy.
Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans
Authors: Mays Vickie M. , Cochran Susan D. , Barnes Namdi W. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Persistent and vexing health disadvantages accrue to African Americans despite decades of work to erase the effects of race discrimination in this country. Participating in these efforts, psychologists and other social scientists have hypothesized that African Americans' continuing experiences with racism and discrimination may lie at the root of the many well-documented race-based physical health disparities that affect this population. With newly emerging methodologies in both measurement of contextual factors and functional neuroscience, an opportunity now exists to cleave together a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which discrimination has harmful effects on health. In this article, we review emerging work that locates the cause of race-based health disparities in the external effects of the contextual social space on the internal world of brain functioning and physiologic response. These approaches reflect the growing interdisciplinary nature of psychology in general, and the field of race relations in particular.
Analysis of Nonlinear Patterns of Change with Random Coefficient Models
Authors: Cudeck Robert , Harring Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Nonlinear patterns of change arise frequently in the analysis of repeated measures from longitudinal studies in psychology. The main feature of nonlinear development is that change is more rapid in some periods than in others. There generally also are strong individual differences, so although there is a general similarity of patterns for different persons over time, individuals exhibit substantial heterogeneity in their particular response. To describe data of this kind, researchers have extended the random coefficient model to accommodate nonlinear trajectories of change. It can often produce a statistically satisfying account of subject-specific development. In this review we describe and illustrate the main ideas of the nonlinear random coefficient model with concrete examples.
Mediation Analysis
Authors: MacKinnon David P. , Fairchild Amanda J. , Fritz Matthew S. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Mediating variables are prominent in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Differences between mediating variables and confounders, moderators, and covariates are outlined. Statistical methods to assess mediation and modern comprehensive approaches are described. Future directions for mediation analysis are discussed.
Causal Cognition in Human and Nonhuman Animals: A Comparative, Critical Review
Authors: Penn Derek C. , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract In this article, we review some of the most provocative experimental results to have emerged from comparative labs in the past few years, starting with research focusing on contingency learning and finishing with experiments exploring nonhuman animals' understanding of causal-logical relations. Although the theoretical explanation for these results is often inchoate, a clear pattern nevertheless emerges. The comparative evidence does not fit comfortably into either the traditional associationist or inferential alternatives that have dominated comparative debate for many decades now. Indeed, the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman causal cognition seem to be much more multifarious than these dichotomous alternatives allow.
Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior
Authors: Gelfand Michele J. , Erez Miriam , Aycan Zeynep 
Published: August 2006

Abstract This article reviews research on cross-cultural organizational behavior (OB). After a brief review of the history of cross-cultural OB, we review research on work motivation, or the factors that energize, direct, and sustain effort across cultures. We next consider the relationship between the individual and the organization, and review research on culture and organizational commitment, psychological contracts, justice, citizenship behavior, and person-environment fit. Thereafter, we consider how individuals manage their interdependence in organizations, and review research on culture and negotiation and disputing, teams, and leadership, followed by research on managing across borders and expatriation. The review shows that developmentally, cross-cultural research in OB is coming of age. Yet we also highlight critical challenges for future research, including moving beyond values to explain cultural differences, attending to levels of analysis issues, incorporating social and organizational context factors into cross-cultural research, taking indigenous perspectives seriously, and moving beyond intracultural comparisons to understand the dynamics of cross-cultural interfaces.
Partitioning the Domain of Social Inference: Dual Mode and Systems Models and Their Alternatives
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Orehek Edward 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Recent decades of theorizing about social inference phenomena have seen a variety of models that partitioned the underlying processes into two qualitatively distinct types whose specific nature was depicted differently in the different frameworks. The present article reviews major such partitioning efforts as well as their proposed alternatives, and discusses their unique features, their commonalities, and the conceptual and empirical issues that they raise.
Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes
Authors: Lieberman Matthew D. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Social cognitive neuroscience examines social phenomena and processes using cognitive neuroscience research tools such as neuroimaging and neuropsychology. This review examines four broad areas of research within social cognitive neuroscience: (a) understanding others, (b) understanding oneself, (c) controlling oneself, and (d) the processes that occur at the interface of self and others. In addition, this review highlights two core-processing distinctions that can be neurocognitively identified across all of these domains. The distinction between automatic versus controlled processes has long been important to social psychological theory and can be dissociated in the neural regions contributing to social cognition. Alternatively, the differentiation between internally-focused processes that focus on one's own or another's mental interior and externally-focused processes that focus on one's own or another's visible features and actions is a new distinction. This latter distinction emerges from social cognitive neuroscience investigations rather than from existing psychological theories demonstrating that social cognitive neuroscience can both draw on and contribute to social psychological theory.
Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self
Authors: Leary Mark R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real or imagined implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus, these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but rather to facilitate people's social interactions and relationships.
The Experience of Emotion
Authors: Barrett Lisa Feldman , Mesquita Batja , Ochsner Kevin N. , Gross James J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. This chapter outlines an emerging scientific agenda for understanding what these experiences feel like and how they arise. We review the available answers to what is felt (i.e., the content that makes up an experience of emotion) and how neurobiological processes instantiate these properties of experience. These answers are then integrated into a broad framework that describes, in psychological terms, how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes. We then discuss the role of such experiences in the economy of the mind and behavior.
The Regulation of Subsoil Resource Usage: The Erosion of the "Two-Key" Principle and Its Inclusion into the Framework of Civil Law
Authors: Skyner Louis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe article analyses the two main changes in direction in the regulation of subsoil use and management evident in Russia over the past twelve months. The first set of changes—effective as of 1 January 2005—significantly alter the relative authority of federal and regional executive bodies with regards to both the development of licensing programs and the procedures established for issuing the licenses themselves. The author asks whether the transfer of authority to federal executive bodies is realizable in practice, and whether or not the provisions of the Draft Law on subsoil—published by the government in March 2005—suggest that the federal authorities will establish a framework for licensing and the management of use that provides the predictability required by investors. This material was presented at a seminar "Law, Judicial Practice and the Russian Petroleum Sector" held at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in June 2005.The author then goes on to discuss the legal nature and potential effect of a subsoil use contract, the new instrument for regulating subsoil use relations as envisaged by the draft Law "On Subsoil" use, focusing on the security and transferability of the property right that is created. To illustrate what he perceives to be a general reluctance of the state to allow the transfer of forms of use right to be free from administrative control, comparisons are made with the uneasy balance of civil and administrative law regulations in product sharing agreements, and the problems in enacting the civil law transfer of other natural resources such as agricultural land.The article concludes by discussing the potential applicability of the provisions of the Draft Law on subsoil, the possible consequences of the failure of the Draft Law to define the grounds upon which executive bodies may develop criteria to restrict or terminate the rights of the user, and the general absence of a clear definition of the function and competence of different state bodies.
Apollo, paenitentia, and Ovid's Metamorphoses
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThrough a comparison of several examples of divine repentance in Ovid's Metamorphoses to their closest human analogue (Apollo/Phaethon and Apollo/Coronis, each in book 2, Apollo/Hyacinthus and Cyparissus, each in book 10) this study attempts both to illustrate the characterization of Apollo in the poem and to raise questions about why Apollo is the god so portrayed. I will suggest that Apollo's paenitentia highlights a key difference between gods and mortals, and also that Ovid may be using the figure of Apollo to remark upon that of Augustus.
Homer and History: Iliad 9.381-4
Authors: Kelly Adrian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe description of Orkhomenos and Egyptian Thebes in Akhilleus' famous comparison at Iliad 9.381-4 seems to reflect the political and economic climate of the Late Bronze Age, and not the seventh century as Walter Burkert has argued in an influential article (1976). A Mycenaean context is indicated by two factors: (1) the idea that wealth 'goes into' (πoτινíσεται, 9.381) a city fits well with Mycenaean economics, but is individual within the Homeric poems; (2) the history of the thirteenth century explains both the onomastic equation between Egyptian and Boiotian Thebes and the replacement of the latter by the former in the comparison.
Sources of Delusion in Analytica Posteriora 1.5
Authors: Hasper Pieter Sjoerd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAristotle's philosophically most explicit and sophisticated account of the concept of a (primary-)universal proof is found, not in Analytica Posteriora 1.4, where he introduces the notion, but in 1.5. In 1.4 Aristotle merely says that a universal proof must be of something arbitrary as well as of something primary and seems to explain primacy in extensional terms, as concerning the largest possible domain. In 1.5 Aristotle improves upon this account after considering three ways in which we may delude ourselves into thinking we have a primary-universal proof. These three sources of delusion are shown to concern situations in which our arguments do establish the desired conclusion for the largest possible domain, but still fail to be real primary-universal proofs. Presupposing the concept of what may be called an immediate proof, in which something is proved of an arbitrary individual, Aristotle in response now demands that a proof be immediate of the primary thing itself and goes on to sketch a framework in which an intensional criterion for primacy can be formulated.For the most part this article is a comprehensive and detailed commentary on Aristotle's very concise exposition in 1.5. One important result is that the famous passage 74a17-25 referring to two ways of proving the alternation of proportions cannot be used as evidence for the development of pre-Euclidean mathematics.
An Investigation into the Association between the Witnessing of Animal Abuse and Adolescents' Behavior toward Animals
Authors: Thompson Kelly , Gullone Eleonora 
Published: August 2006

AbstractResearch (Baldry, 2003; Flynn, 1999, 2000a; Henry, 2004) has linked witnessing abuse to nonhuman animals with the committal of such acts. This study reports frequency data based on adolescents' self-reported witnessing of animal abuse and involvement in animal-directed behaviors. The study investigates associations between witnessing abuse and engaging in both positive and negative animal-directed behaviors. 281 adolescents, 12-18 years of age, completed measures of animal cruelty and the humane treatment of animals. As predicted, the study found a history of witnessing animal abuse associated with significantly higher levels of animal cruelty. The study reported significantly higher levels of cruelty for those who had witnessed a friend, relative, parent, or sibling abuse an animal and significantly lower levels for those who had witnessed a stranger abuse an animal. Participants who "Frequently" witnessed animal abuse reported significantly higher levels of cruelty than those who viewed abuse "A few times". There was no association found between humane treatment of animals and the witnessing of animal abuse. Positive influences, peer mentors and humane education, would help to combat this cycle of abuse.