bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Protecting Human Health and the Environment Be Justified on Cost‐Benefit Grounds?
Authors: RUTTENBERG RUTH 
Published: June 2007

Cost‐benefit analysis, to be accurate, should eliminate externalities and reach out to measure all costs and all benefits associated with a pending program. Clearly, any policy to protect human health and the environment should have more advantages than disadvantages. How these costs and benefits are counted and what is counted are key. The cost‐benefit debate can not be ignored. The benefits to workers; to the community; to local, state, and federal government; and often to the business community as well nearly always exceed costs. The full impact of an individual's death or disabilities can be staggering. It is important to build models and data bases to make the full costs and benefits clear to decision makers and to present these full costs and benefits in academically sound and analytically rigorous ways.Dictionary definitions of cost focus not on dollars, but on sacrifice, distress, pain, and suffering. Likewise, definitions of benefits focus on value and welfare.Cost‐benefit analysis should be changed in two majors ways: (1) how measurements are made and (2) the paradigms used to make measurements.
MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER
Authors: Poon Calvin P. C. , DeLuise Frank J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTManganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.
TIME LAPSE AERIAL PHOTO ANALYSIS OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER FROM 1952 TO 19651
Authors: MacConnell William P. , Stoll G. Peter 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAerial photogrammetric techniques were developed and tested for identifying and classifying river‐based recreation sites. A classification system was designed to describe the nature of the land itself, the land use, or the vegetation on the landscape. The Connecticut, a large river running through four states, was examined and classified using the system. Analysis of two sets of aerial photographs taken with a time lapse of ten to thirteen years enabled determination of past use and development trends. A catalogue of maps classifying strips of land adjacent to the river was prepared and reproduced for use by interested planning agencies. Statistics on land area by types for the river as it now is and as it was ten to thirteen years previously have been prepared by towns, counties, and states. The aerial photographs proved invaluable for analyzing the recreational potential of the Connecticut River.
SEDIMENT IN RELATION TO WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Grissinger E. H. , McDowell L. L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe relation between sediment and water quality involves the individual relations between sediment and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water as these characteristics determine the suitability of water for an intended use. Both the physical and chemical properties of fine‐grained sediments must be considered in evaluating these relations, whereas only the physical properties of coarse‐grained sediments are significant. Most of the literature concerning this subject has considered sediment only as a physical entity. In amount, it is the prime pollutant and is one of the major considerations in evaluating the suitability of water for an intended use. Losses in the United States from sediment and associated flood water damages are measured in billions of dollars annually. Sediments also indirectly affect water suitability through their (physical) influences on biological activity. Fine‐grained sediments, that is, clay minerals and amorphous and organic materials, have chemically active surfaces. These sediments may either sorb ions from solution or release ions to solution depending upon the chemical environment. Unfortunately, not enough is known about the ternary system–sediment‐water‐dissolved chemical load–to adequately define its influence on either the biological characteristics of water or the suitability of water for various long‐term uses. This paper attempts to define the problems concerning the role of sediment in this ternary system.
FRAGILE ESTUARINE SYSTEMS–ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Wohlschlag Donald E. , Copeland B. J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of fish species and populations indicate a high degree of fragility for estuarine ecosystems. Slight stresses tend to disrupt energy flow systems and lead to lower levels of biological productivity, shortened food chains and poorer diversity of species. For individual species low‐level stresses tend to suppress metabolism and growth processes. Minor stresses can also substantially reduce populations. Stress processes are quantifiable and amenable to mathematical modeling.
AN OPERATIONAL WATERSHED MODEL: STEP 1‐B: REGULATION OF WATER LEVELS IN THE KISSIMMEE RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Sinha Lalit K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStep‐IB in the first phase of an “Operational Watershed Model” recently initiated by the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District for managing its water resources is to compute water surface elevation, spatially and temporally, in the Kissimmee River Basin system of reservoirs, channels and spillways. An approach is based upon the principles of gradually varied flow. Mathematical relationships to compute lake stage as a function of storage, and to compute discharge through the control structures as a function of gate opening and differential head across the structures are developed. Their feasibility for application is clearly demonstrated by the simulated mean daily water surface elevation for a period of two years on the tail side of one typical gated spillway and on the head side of another gated spillway.
THE MEANDERING OF NATURAL STREAMS IN ALLUVIAL MATERIALS1
Authors: Shindala Adnan. , Priest Melville S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough there have been numerous publications which might be classified under the general subject of meanders, they have, for the most part, been preoccupied with the origin of meanders, helicoidal flow or the search for a characteristic or standard meander. There seems to be little published information on the analysis of actual velocity patterns, the nature and role of bank caving or anomalies and differences in the geometry of bends. The purpose of this paper is to present a qualitative summary of current knowledge on the meandering of streams in alluvial materials, based upon a review of pertinent literature, data supplied by the Vicksburg and Little Rock Districts, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and the observation of small‐scale meanders on a tilting sand table. It is intended that this paper provide some coverage of the aspects of meandering that have hitherto been neglected.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OR “CURVE FIT” ‐ TELL IT LIKE IT IS1
Authors: Leeds J. V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA very fashionable term in present day engineering is mathematical model. A term which has grown into somewhat ill‐repute is “curve fit.” The basic purpose of this paper is to discuss the difference between a mathematical model and a “curve fit.” In addition, a discussion of proof testing of both “curve fits” and mathematical models will be presented, followed by a brief discussion of the form and of the uses of “curve fits” and mathematical models.
FLOOD PLAIN MODELING1
Authors: Perkins Frank E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTComputer simulation of river basin hydrology has rapidly progressed from an interesting academic exercise to a practical engineering procedure of increasing utility. Mathematical models of the many interrelated processes which occur in a basin have been developed along with efficient numerical procedures for their solution. The present paper is concerned with a particular model which has been used to describe the transformation of a temporally and spatially varying rainfall into a time history of stage and discharge on a flood plain. Although developed principally as a model of the physical processes involved, it is envisioned that the model can serve as one component of an information system for flood plain planning and management.The model consists of the following elements: (i) a rainfall simulation which generates stochastic inputs to the model according to specified rainfall statistics, (ii) a catchment‐runoff model which converts the rainfall to surface runoff, (iii) a flood stage model which converts the surface runoff to time histories of flood stage and discharge.The model has been used to investigate the effect of various structural flood control measures in a basin and, in particular, to establish frequency‐stage information for each of these.Of particular interest in development of the model have been recurring and partially unanswered questions relative to the proper balance among availability of data for use in the model, data requirements of the model and the objectives of the outputs produced by the model.
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATTITUDE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS1
Authors: Sawyer R. N. , Harbaugh T. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTo the average layman, the distinction between opinion and attitude is artificial at best, and is neither consistent nor logically defensible. For many purposes one need not distinguish between the two. However, when assessing opinion and attitude the disparity becomes quite evident. Opinion surveys are characteristically concerned with replies to specific questions which need not be related. The responses are kept separately as opposed to being combined into a total score. Attitude scales, on the other hand, typically yield a total score indicating both a direction and intensity of an individual's feelings, thoughts, and predispositions to act toward a given concept. Further, in the construction of an attitude scale, the different statements are designed to measure a single attitude or unidimensional variable. The Likert method of constructing attitude measuring instruments requires a large number of judges to indicate their own attitudes by responding to statements thought to pertain to an attitude in question. Five possible responses are provided for each item. The procedure for construction of a Thurstone type scale utilizes the Law of Categorical Judgment as a basis. Statements are obtained and analyzed for the various categories and in final form, the attitude scale is presented to the respondent who indicates statements with which he agrees or disagrees.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Deininger Rolf A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the use of systems analysis and operations research techniques for the planning, design, and operation of specific parts of a water supply system. Only two areas of interest are emphasized and results of current research studies are indicated. The first topic deals with the optimal design and development of ground water sources, particularly the operation of well fields. The second topic deals with regional development of future supply sources. The question of which supplies should be developed, at what time, to what degree, and which transmission lines should be built to minimize the costs of regional water supply, are formulated mathematically. KEY WORDS: ground water; optimal design; systems; water supply
SIMULATION ‐ DECISION AID IN PLANNING DESALTING APPLICATIONS1
Authors: Westrope John S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe difficulty and complexity in evaluating water resource problems is becoming more evident to management with each passing year. Decisions are required sooner, in more detail, with some background—and yet cost more to evolve. One potential method to arrive at solutions at least more rapidly and in more detail is via simu‐ lation. A manager may evaluate many alternative solutions to his problem—provided an evaluated simulation system is at his disposal.One such system under development is a highly flexible computerized model system for evaluating real economic/technical applicability of desalting to a selected area. The Economic Evaluation Model System (EEMS) was initially conceived during 1968 and the first version was completed in 1969.This system represents the combination of technical, environmental and economic functions into an interrelated system, which allows the user to examine a broad range of water related problems—oriented toward the applicability of desalting as an additional or alternative source of water.The major thrust of the development of the system thus far, however, has been with the methodology involved and further refinements and extensions of the system are recognized and planned for in future research and development.
SIMULATION/OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR MULTI‐BASIN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Evenson Donald E. , Moseley Joe C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA set of simulation and optimization tools capable of analyzing the development and operation of a complex, multi‐basin, interconnected water resource are explained. These models provide valuable information regarding the important questions: (1) “When should new projects be build?” (2) “How big should they be?” and (3) “How should the system be operated?” Since these tools were developed by and for practicing engineers, their applicability to real‐world problems is mandatory. To assure this, testing was done on an actual proposed project, the Texas Water System.
PART I: METHODOLOGY AND PROBLEMS IN AN URBANIZED ARID ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Kisiel Chester C. , Duokstein Luaien 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe methodology of operations research is judged in relation to its utility to water resource management in an urbanized arid environment and to the study of worth of data for such management. Conditions for existence of a managerial problem are reviewed as is the multilevel structure of the decision process, including decisions on social goals for Western water use. Worth of data can only be judged in relation to a particular use to meet a social or managerial objective. The role of data uncertainty on the decision process is reviewed in the light of past water decisions and present and future problems.
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: James L. Douglas 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe traditional approach to water resources management for urban areas has been based on the examination of needs and the design of separate facilities for water supply, drainage, and waste water collection and treatment. The complexity and interaction among the separate systems required by a metropolitan area has complicated their management and promoted research interest in developing a methodology for better coordination. However, a more thorough evaluation of the problem reveals the real research need to be both more complicated and different in character than the problem in systems analysis suggested by the first superficial glance. Water management relates to the much broader problem of community design; when, where, and in what manner should new urban development take place. Furthermore, the character and needs of areas within the metropolis are constantly changing. The key distinctiveness of urban water management is the imperative for design and operation flexibility. The key research need is to develop new designs, operation procedures, and institutional arrangements to make the flexibility demanded by a dynamic urban community possible.
CULTURAL ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE1
Authors: Smith Courtland L. , Hogg Thomas C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAttitudes toward the development of the American West have undergone important changes over the past century just as the nature of water resources as factors in development have changed. Viewing these changes processually, stages for water resources definition and use can be identified in the total process of western cultural development. The first stage involves the value of water resource development as a stimulus to population and economic growth in the West. The second stage, still in process', adopts a dominant cultural norm which sees water resource development as inevitable if not necessary to keep up with growth. A third stage to this evolutionary process is incipient. Future cultural values and thinking with respect to water resource development will be to look at development as a means for controlling or managing both the location and quantity of population and economic growth. To this end planners will have to become concerned with the questions of human adaptation. Concern will have to be given to the problems of getting a living which enables individuals to meet the subsistence needs of self and family, to establishing community which provides for cooperation among individuals and the management of conflict, to establishing improved communication which promotes interpersonal interaction, and for fostering innovation which provides the new ideas necessary to adapt to new environmental situations.,
EVALUATION OF THE WORTH OF ADDITIONAL DATA1
Authors: Davis Donald R. , Dvoranchik William M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Inherent in every decision process is a certain amount of uncertainty, which is reduced with information. Perfect knowledge yields no uncertainty for a process, but perfect knowledge for hydrologic and water resource systems would require a highly excessive investment. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to delineate a procedure that places a value on this uncertainty so that it may be compared to a cost of further investment, which would provide a basis for deciding the time at which the value of additional data does not exceed the cost of that data.A decision theory approach is employed on a hydrologic problem to formalize the steps in making a decision. Examples are given.
OPTIMIZATION OF WATER ALLOCATION DECISIONS AFFECTING ESTUARINE ECOLOGY1
Authors: Swanson Huntington S. , Beightler Charles S. , Phillips Don T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The problem analyzed in this paper is how to allocate optimally the available surface water in a river system among those who compete for its use, while acknowledging explicitly that for coastal states the ecology of bays and estuaries must be numbered among the competitors. The objective is to maximize the benefit resulting from water use while satisfying a set of constraints on flow. Benefit is assumed to be a function of the amount of water used and the time period in which the water is used. A mathematical model of this problem is shown to fit the format of the minimum cost circulation network flow problem. The Out‐of‐Kilter algorithm of D. R. Fulkerson is proposed as a solution technique. Sensitivity analysis on the input data is described as a means of determining the minimum economic benefit required to justify the allocation of a given volume of water needed to sustain the ecology of an estuary.
TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT‐IRRIGATION WATER EXCHANGE, TUCSON REGION1
Authors: Cluff C. B. , DeCook K. J. , Matlock W. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Many growing municipalities near irrigated agriculture are advocating a transfer of water now utilized for irrigation to municipal use. Alternatives are presented whereby this water can be transferred to municipal use in exchange for treated sewage effluent. The irrigation water would in effect be cycled through the municipal system prior to use on the farms.A case study of the Tucson region illustrates the relevant legal, economic and technical aspects. Effluent could be delivered to irrigators in Avra Valley at a cost less than that now paid for water pumped from declining water tables. In return the City of Tucson could import ground water now being used for irrigation through an existing pipeline which presently cannot be used because of a court injunction obtained by the irrigators. It appears that such an exchange agreement could be made without modification of existing statutory law.Similar exchange arrangements may prove to be feasible in other regions containing irrigated agriculture. Increased efficiency of water use can be achieved avoiding external effects which commonly arise in a direct transfer and are difficult to evaluate. High quality water is allocated to municipal use whereas nutrient‐rich sewage effluent is transferred to irrigation.
EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT POLICIES FOR URBAN WATER SUPPLY1
Authors: Allee David J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.This paper attempts to spell out the difficult conditions faced by urban water supply managers in achieving overall efficiency. Based upon these conditions, and changes that are likely in the next decade, it then tries to suggest strategies that would lead to even higher levels of efficiency in the future. A blending of political and economic concepts is used to make what is hoped to be a realistic analysis.What do we mean by “efficient”? The usual welfare economics definition is attainable only under a very special and highly unrealistic set of institutional arrangements. As soon as we delegate responsibility to a specialized agency we provide the opportunity, indeed we make it imperative that, in a social sense, a sub‐optimization will take place.From the specifics of the indictment of this sub‐optimization we can learn something about the opportunities for more efficient management in the future. In general there is an under‐exploitation of multiple‐function, multiple‐objective opportunities.The pressures for sub‐optimization hinge very directly on the sources of support and opposition to the water supply agency. A change requires the creation of a broader political base.The search for regional solutions is largely a political problem, and probably the development of flexible, responsive regional agency, so long sought, is still the answer.
INCREASING THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF SALINE WATER BY MEANS OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Gornat B. , Shmueli M. , Ben‐Asher I. , Rinot M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.A study was conducted in two arid zones to determine the effect of saline water applied to various crops growing in coarse‐textured soil, using trickle irrigation. The test crops responded most favorably to this new method of water application in terms of plant development and yield. The method provides us with the possibility of raising the permissible salinity level of irrigation water, and thus to increase the water reserves suitable for agricultural use in the world.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF DESALTING1
Authors: Rothermel Terry W. , Sachs Milton S. , O'Shaughnessy Frank 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Office of Saline Water, which has federal responsibility for developing low‐cost, saline sources of fresh water, has recognized the need for an improved method of forecasting the future potential of desalting in this country. The magnitude of the role of desalting will influence the plans of federal, state, and local water resource agencies and the research and development programs of manufacturers. A dynamic simulation model has been developed by Arthur D. Little, Inc. under contract by OSW to translate relevant factors of water supply and demand into a forecast of desalting potential. The model projects the needs for desalting in 20 hydrologic regions of the U.S. Model performance has thus far been demonstrated by the development of a forecast and a battery of related sensitivity tests. Current results indicate the following potential desalting capacities: 225 MGD in 1980; 2,250 MGD in 2000; and 7,000 MGD in 2020. Significant improvements in desalting economics promise to increase these potentials by a factor of four or five by 2000‐2020. Model inputs and results are continuing to be refined. When completed, OSW will have a dynamic tool with which to guide its R&D program.