bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental management auditing: When credentials count!
Authors: Cichowicz Judith A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe all know that the process of driving a car is not as simple as turning a key in the ignition and moving. When you want to drive a car, you take a written test to show your knowledge of the rules of the road. You learn to operate a vehicle (remember the operating difference between a standard shift and an automatic?) and then how to operate that vehicle in moving traffic.After you have gained competence in vehicle operation, you take a “hands‐on” driving test to prove to an independent third party (the State) that you know what you are doing. Then, if you do know, you are issued a license, subject to renewal and perhaps retesting at some later point in time. Your license has become your credential to operate. It implies a certain minimum level of knowledge and experience.Should environmental auditing be any different? This article considers the application of a uniform standard for environmental auditor qualification. With an emphasis on ISO 140011 and auditing of environmental management systems, it discusses:

the evolution of environmental auditing;
established environmental auditor qualification processes;
limitations of compliance auditing; and
characteristics of a good auditor.
ISO 14000: A return to command and control?
Authors: Colby Peter W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the last few years, commentators on all sides of the environmental debate have (with a few exceptions) joined hands to pillory the traditional model of environmental regulation in this country. The catch phrase “command and control” has become emblematic of everything that was seen as being wrong with the old system. The current push for “reinvention” of environmental regulation reinforces the concept that although traditional methods have produced progress, they have outlived their usefulness. At the same time, ISO 14000 has emerged as one of the hottest topics in the environmental field—a form of reinvention of environmental management that has been embraced by many as the solution to an array of problems. While it is still early in the game, initial results indicate that when used effectively, ISO 14000 can be a powerful tool for the environmental manager. However, misuse of ISO 14000 could represent a throwback to command and control rather than a management tool for the new millennium. This article examines how this new tool fits into the evolving picture of environmental regulation and management.
Making business integration work: A survival strategy for EHS managers
Authors: Brown Howard , Larson Timothy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRealizing the benefits of environment, health, and safety (EHS) management systems requires more than just rewriting policies and procedures, EHS tasks and activities must be pushed out into all aspects of the organization. The success of this process necessitates an evolving role for EHS managers. For EHS managers, business integration involves the challenge of integrating environment, health, and safety awareness, responsibility, and action into multiple jobs and business processes, leveraging scarce resources to maximize value and minimize costs. Drawing on recent work in the fields of sociology and political science, this article presents conceptual tools for assisting EHS managers to plan and strategize the changing role of the EHS function. By assessing political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and framing processes, EHS managers can maximize the success of EHS programs, while adding value to companies' core operations.
Improving corporate environmental performance through economic value added
Authors: Epstein Marc J. , Young S. David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThese days, corporate annual reports are full of references to shareholder wealth creation. In today's highly competitive capital markets, most chief executives understand that unless they are seen as value creators, investors will place their scarce capital somewhere else. Clear evidence of the growing importance, even dominance, of shareholder wealth creation is the growing use of a performance measure known as economic value added (EVA®).1 Within ten years, it is almost certain that most large, publicly traded companies in the United States will be using EVA or something like it as a primary performance evaluation tool. Recently, many non‐American companies have also adopted it to better align the incentives of managers with shareholders and to signal their commitment to value creation. EVA is not widely known or understood among environmental specialists, and those who have heard about it often fear it. We find this attitude unfortunate. In this article, we discuss EVA and how its use can aid corporate environmental managers in promoting more proactive environmental investments, and in funding capital investments on environmental improvement, waste reduction, and pollution control in their companies. The use of EVA and other shareholder value measures can also improve general capital investment decisions by integrating environmental factors that affect the long‐term interests of the corporation into the managerial decision‐making process.
Achieving and maximizing ISM code compliance with ISO 14001
Authors: Thomas William L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis summer, July 1, 1997, to be exact, marks the deadline for compliance with the International Code for the Safe Management of Ships and Pollution Prevention (ISM Code or simply the Code) as set forth in Chapter IX of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS). As widely reported, enforcement officials in the United States, Australia, and other major flag and port states are promising stepped‐up criminal enforcement of marine pollution laws and “zero tolerance” for non‐compliance with the ISM Code. The Department of Justice has highlighted this area in enforcement policy announcements, including a statement by the Assistant Attorney General last autumn.1 Especially given Justice's recent indictments of vessel owners for modest pollution events and these new admonitions, prudent vessel owners will be striving to meet the SOLAS timetable. For shipping firms discerning enough to have successfully navigated a course to certification, the issue instead will be how to sustain safety and environmental management improvement and build on this excellence to advance a broader range of objectives. This article will show how firms in either position may find inspiration in ISO 14001—the environmental management system (EMS) specification developed by the International Organization for Standardization.
Highlights from a new chemical industry report benchmarking performance, policies, and expenditures
Authors: Levinson Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental Information Services Inc. (EIS) publishes detailed reports and offers custom research related to the full spectrum of environmental issues facing corporations. This article highlights several key sections from EIS's new 1997 Chemical Industry Report. It details the environmental performance, policies, and expenditures of the largest companies in the chemical industry. EIS industry reports contain data on five key performance criteria—toxic waste management, hazardous waste generation, penalties, spills, and Superfund sites. Here we examine one of those—penalties—and the policies of three of the largest companies in the chemical industry. In the full report, which can be obtained from EIS, 15 corporations are analyzed based on all the performance criteria.
Case study: Voluntary agreements in environmental management at formosa plastics
Authors: Blackburn Jim , Wu Mae 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree agreements addressing environmental and safety performance, zero discharge of wastewater and sustainable development have been signed between Formosa Plastics Corporation, Texas (Formosa Plastics), and its former adversaries. The key element of the agreements is the improvement of the affected community. These agreements go beyond public information and beyond procedures for public participation. They have led to meaningful public participation and partnership and are unique in this respect.The following article explores the setup and results of each agreement. The initial agreement, the Blackburn‐Formosa Agreement, signed in 1992, set the stage for subsequent partnerships. The Wilson‐Formosa Zero Discharge Agreement followed in 1994. Finally, the Sustainable Development Agreement was signed by Jim Blackburn, Diane Wilson, and Formosa Plastics in late 1997.These agreements have proven very successful in avoiding disputes and helping improve company performance in environmental and safety issues. In many respects, these agreements offer a model for others in working with an affected community.
Ten years later: The state of environmental performance reports today
Authors: Axelrod Robert A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn response to new reporting regulations and mounting inquiries from various stakeholder groups, the private sector gave birth to a new communications vehicle approximately one decade ago: Corporate Environmental Performance Reports. In just a few short years, these reports took their place among the most important sources of information regarding a corporation's environmental performance. Over the past decade, the content, production values and strategic approach of these reports have evolved on a parallel with environmental management systems and practices. This article offers an overview of how the reports have evolved, what some of the state‐of‐the‐art practices are, and where the discipline may be heading. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Case study: Business tailored management system verification (BTMSV©) for responsible care®
Authors: Weiler Ernest D. , Maher Kathleen V. , Cherry Jack 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes the development, use, and learning from a Business Tailored Management System Verification (BTMSV) process. This process is designed to focus on selected Responsible Care activities or programs, and provides broad options to include specific elements to meet more targeted business unit objectives. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Environmental sustainability: Balancing pollution control with economic growth
Authors: Kolar James L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article will discuss in some detail how prescribed command‐and‐control pollution abatement and economic growth must work together rather than in opposition. How a balanced environment can and must tolerate acceptable levels of pollution and how economic growth from added value pollution prevention in unity with pollution control technology can and does work.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highlights from a new electrical equipment industry report
Authors: Levinson Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental Information Services, Inc. (EIS) publishes detailed reports and offers custom research related to the full spectrum of environmental issues facing corporations. This article highlights several key sections from EIS's new 1998 Electrical Equipment Industry Report. It details the environmental performance, policies, and expenditures of the largest companies in the electrical equipment industry. EIS industry reports contain data on five key performance criteria—toxic waste management, hazardous waste generation, penalties and enforcement actions, and spills. Here we examine one of those—penalties and enforcement actions—and the policies of the largest companies.
Applying the triple bottom line: Telework and the environment
Authors: Allenby Brad , Richards Deanna J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe “triple bottom line” approach emphasizes not only economic goals, but social and environmental objectives as well. The “telework” option—in which employees work from home or a satellite office rather than from a central location—would appear to advance all three of these aims. But a close look at the specifics of teleworking makes clear that more data are needed to determine its ultimate impact. Moreover, despite its apparent advantages, teleworking is gaining acceptance less quickly than might be expected. For these reasons, telework offers a fascinating case study in the difficulties of applying the triple bottom line concept.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Green design tools for environmental management
Authors: Conway‐Schempf Noellette , Lave Lester B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCarnegie Mellon University's Green Design Initiative develops tools that environmental managers and decision makers can use to address real‐world environmental issues. The initiative focuses on creating tools that are easy to use and that help companies prevent waste and pollution before they start.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The benefits of proactive environmental quality: Tips from a successful small business
Authors: Johnson Denton R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWho says environmental quality has to cost a bundle? Or that it's out of reach of the typical smaller company? In fact, says this article, a proactive environmental quality program offers significant cost‐avoidance opportunities and can allow a company to reap positive public relations rewards. The combination of a total quality production program and a proactive environmental quality program is a formidable force for success. And you don't have to be a big company to be an environmental leader.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in human tissues and blood cells
Authors: Stafforini Diana M. , Prescott Stephen M. , Zimmerman Guy A. , McIntyre Thomas M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman tissues, blood cells, and plasma have enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of PAF (1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine). The activities are not due to phospholipases A2 that hydrolyze long chain acyl groups at thesn‐2 position of glycerophospholipids, since they are calcium‐independent and are specific for hydrolysis of short chain acyl groups. We examined the biochemical properties of these PAF acetylhydrolase activities (EC 3.1.1.47) in homogenates of human liver and spleen, in white blood cells (neutrophils and monocytes), and in erythrocytes. The data suggest that the plasma and intracellular PAF acetylhydrolase activities are likely due to different proteins. Second, the intracellular PAF acetylhydrolase activities in liver and spleen share several biochemical features that differentiate them from the activities in blood cells. Third, the activities in monocytes and neutrophils have properties that differentiate them from the activity present in human erythrocytes. Finally, the erythrocyte activity has unique properties that place it in a separate category of short chain acylhydrolases. In conclusion, there is a family of distinct enzymes that can be identified as PAF acetylhydrolases based on their calcium‐independence and specificity for a short residue at thesn02 position of phospholipids.
Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) stimulates the lysoPAF acetyltransferase in leukocyte‐rich plasma: Use in PAF antagonist studies
Authors: Doebber Thomas W. , Wu Margaret S. , Mauriello Anthony , Alberts Alfred 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAddition of platelet‐activating factor (PAF; 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) to leukocyte‐rich plasma from several species resulted in the rapid and pronounced activation of the PAF biosynthetic enzyme acetyl‐CoA:1‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.67). Activation of acetyltransferase by PAF occurred in leukocyte‐rich plasma from human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and dog. The neutrophil was indicated to be the major cellular source of the activabable acetyltransferase in leukocyte‐rich plasma. The induction of acetyltransferase was substantial with 10 nM PAF, and maximal at 10–30 seconds. Measurable acetyltransferase activation was significantly greater when the PAF‐activated cells were separated from the plasma by centrifugation before the acetyltransferase assay. This may be due in part to the removal of the PAF‐specific acetylhydrolase present in plasma which can cleave the acetyl group from PAF. Measuring PAF activation of acetyltransferase in leukocyte‐rich plasma can be useful to determine the potency of PAF antagonists with neutrophils in plasma compared to isolated neutrophils in aqueous buffer, and as anex vivo assay to determine the efficacy and plasma concentration equivalents of antagonists administered to whole animals. The PAF antagonist L‐659,989 was shown to be 3–5 times more potent in inhibiting PAF induction of acetyltransferase in isolated human neutrophils than in human leukocyte‐rich plasma, with IC50 values of 10 nM and 40 nM, respectively. In theex vivo assay, oral administration of the PAF antagonist L‐667, 131 to dogs resulted in very substantial inhibition of PAF induction of acetyltransferase in the leukocyte‐rich plasma. Utilizing theex vivo assay, oral administration of 1 mg/kg L‐659,989 to rats was found to result in plasma concentration equivalents of approximately 200–300 nM L‐659,989. Our findings offer a new approach for charagerizing thein vitro andin vivo efficacy of PAF receptor antagonists and demonstrate that PAF may be able to activate neutrophils in the bloodin vivo, further enhancing PAF synthesis.
The effect of inhibitors of platelet aggregation on the metabolism of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) in washed rabbit platelets
Authors: O'Neill C. , Ammit A. J. , Korth R. , Fleming S. , Wells X. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rabbit platelet metabolizes platelet‐activating factor (PAF) intracellulary. PAF is deacetylated to produce lysoPAF which, in turn, can be acylated to produce 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (alkylacyl GPC). Some PAF receptor antagonists have been shown to inhibit this metabolic conversion. In the present study we examined whether the PAF receptor antagonists SRI 63‐441 and WEB 2086 would inhibit the metabolism of PAF by intact rabbit platelets. In addition, we examined whether iloprost, a stable analogue of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), and a potent inhibitor of platelet activation induced by a range of agonists, would also inhibit PAF metabolism. We found that SRI 63‐441 and WEB 2086 caused an almost complete inhibition of the conversion of PAF to alkylacyl GPC. Iloprost caused up to a 50% inhibition of PAF metabolism compared to antagonist‐free controls. Iloprost (and PGI2) is thought to inhibit platelet response by elevation of cAMP, while receptor antagonists act by blocking PAF binding to its receptor. Since iloprost caused partial inhibition of PAF metabolism, the results of this study suggest that inhibition of PAF metabolism does not occur solely due to competitive inhibition of PAF binding to its receptor.
PAF effects on transmembrane signaling pathways in rat kupffer cells
Authors: Gandhi Chandrashekhar R. , Olson Merle S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlatelet activating factor (PAF) was found to stimulate the metabolism of inositol phospholipids via deacylation and phospholipase C in Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages in liver. PAF‐induced phosphoinositide metabolism occurred in two phases. Within seconds after stimulation, in the absence of extracellular Ca++, platelet activating factor caused the phosphodiester hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate with the release of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate and inositol 1,4‐bisphosphate. This was followed by an extracellular Ca++‐dependent release of glycerophosphoinositol, inositol monophosphates and inositol bisphosphates. Various Ca++‐mobilizing agonists failed to evoke hydrolysis of phosphoinositides. Platelet activating factor also stimulated the synthesis and release of prostaglandins from these cells. Platelet activating factor‐stimulated phosphodiester metabolism of phosphoinositides and prostaglandin synthesis was inhibited by treatment with pertussis toxin and cholera toxin. Pertussis toxin also inhibited platelet activating factor‐induced glycerophosphoinositol release. Cholera toxin, in contrast, stimulated platelet activating factor‐induced glycerophosphoinositol release and prostaglandin synthesis and synergistically stimulated the effect of platelet activating factor on these processes. The results suggest that platelet activating factor‐induced metabolism in the Kupffer cells occurs via specific receptors and may be mediated through the activation of different G‐proteins.
Platelet‐activating factor may participate in signal transduction processes in rabbit leukocytes
Authors: Stewart Alastair G. , Harris Trudi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe bacterial chemotactic peptide, formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP), induces the generation of platelet‐activating factor (PAF), the mobilization of arachidonic acid and generation of superoxide anion (O2−) in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The PAF receptor antagonists, WEB 2086 (10–100 μM) and CV 6209 (1–10 μM), reduced the mobilization of arachidonic acid and the O2− generation in response to fMLP but not that in response to A23187. Pretreatment of PMNs with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor, chloroquine, or the serine protease inhibitor, tosyl‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, reduced the fMLP‐stimulated generation of PAF and also reduced the generation of O2−. The respiratory burst induced by a submaximal concentration of phorbol myristate acetate was not affected by these compounds. These data are consistent with the suggestion that endogenous PAF may contribute to the signal transduction cascade initiated by fMLP.
Phorbol ester stimulates PAF synthesisvia the activation of protein kinase C in rat leukocytes
Authors: Hayashi Masahiko , Imai Yohsuke , Oh‐ishi Sachiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen rat pleural mononuclear leukocytes were stimulated with 1 μM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), platelet‐activating factor (PAF)‐like activity was detected in the supernatant and the cellular fractions of the incubation mixture, as measured by rabbit platelet aggregation. C16PAF activity peaked at 30 min in both fractions. Acetyltransferase activity in the microsomal fraction of the stimulated cells also increased rapidly and showed a peak at 10 min. A protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, and an inhibitor of phospholipase A2,p‐bromophenacylbromide, inhibited stimulated PAF formation in both fractions. Staurosporine also inhibited PMA induced acetyltransferase activity. The data suggest that PMA stimulates PAF synthesis by the remodeling pathway in rat pleural cells through activation of both phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, and that the acetyltransferase, in turn, may be activated through activation of protein kinase C.
Protein kinase C is not involved in the desensitization of platelet activating factor receptor in rabbit platelets
Authors: Chau Lee‐Young 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbit platelets pretreated with platelet activating factor (PAF) became refractory to further stimulation by PAF. The effect was specific for PAF. In this study, the alteration in the specific agonist binding to PAF receptor in platelets following desensitization was investigated. As revealed by the Scatchard analysis of radioligand binding data, the affinity for specific PAF binding to desensitized platelet membranes was substantially lowered as compared with that to control platelet membranes. Guanine nucleotide triphosphate, which was shown to decrease the affinity of specific PAF binding to platelet membranes, had less effect on the PAF binding affinity to the desensitized preparation. In platelets pretreated with phorbol 12‐myristate‐13‐acetate, the binding affinity of PAF receptor remained unaltered. Pretreatment of platelets with 1‐(5‐isoquinolinesulphonyl)‐2‐methylpiperazine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, or neomycin, an inhibitor of the polyphosphoinositide breakdown, failed to prevent the reduction of specific PAF binding affinity following subsequent exposure to PAF. These results suggest that the agonist‐induced desensitization of PAF receptor in rabbit platelets is independent of activation of protein kinase C.