bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of Spontaneous Electro dermal Responses in Sleep
Authors: Mcdonald David G. , Shallenberger Hugh D. , Koresko Richard L. , Kinzy Bruce G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA series of studies on spontaneous electro dermal responses (storming) in normal human stage 3–4 sleep J5 reported. It was found that: (a) storming rates during sleep are positively correlated with spontaneous response rates during wakefulness, (b) more storming is demonstrated by subjects who remain awake during a baseline recording at the start of the night, (c) there is a negative correlation between storming rate and amount of stage 3–4 sleep, (d) storming rates decrease from night 1 to night 2, (e) stunners differ from non‐stormers on several MMPI measures of anxiety and ego‐strength, and (f) dream reports are given more often on awakenings from storming than non‐storming stage 3–4 sleep. The results are compared to other studies of storming, and the conclusion is made that storming is related to presleep variables and is not a simple byproduct of a release of cortical inhibitory mechanisms. If one function of storming is to reduce the amount of stage 3–4 sleep, this might have survival value in the presence of environmental threat.
The Use of Time Lapse Video Recording of Sleep‐Wake Behavior in Human Infants
Authors: Anders Thomas F. , Sostek Anita Miller 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study describes the use of time lapse video recording or sleep‐wake states in human infants. Polygraphic studies were carried out simultaneously to evaluate validity. Six normal, full‐term infants were each recorded twice: first at 2 weeks and again at K weeks of age.Behavioral and physiologic states were scored from the video and polygraphic records, respectively, according to standard criteria. Interrater reliability for the video tapes was .92. In comparing the polygraphically determined states with the video scoring, a significant overall product‐moment correlation of .79 was obtained for all states and ages. Similarly, the individual state correlations at both ages were statistically significant between the systems. Wakefulness was the most highly correlated state. Active‐REM sleep was more highly correlated in the younger age group, while quiet‐NRKM was more highly correlated in the older age group.
Skin Conductance Recovery and Pupillometrics in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Patterson Terry 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA group of 31 chronic male shizopherics were found to be heterogeneous with respect to skin conductance recovery, when response was made to non‐signal tones. Fast skin conductance recovery was related to slow pupillary constriction in the light/dark reflex. Conversely, slow skin conductance recovery was related to fast pupillary constriction in the light/dark reflex. The cholinergic nature of pupillary constriction and the implications of these findings for a generalized cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.
Sensation Seeking, Trait and State Anxiety, and the Electrodermal Orienting Response
Authors: Neary Richard S. , Zuckerman Marvin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between sensation seeking and the orienting reflex (OR) using skin conductance change is investigated in two experiments. In Experiment I, high sensation seekers gave a greater initial OR In novel visual stimuli while not differing in habituation on subsequent trials. In Experiment II. the paradigm was extended to include auditory as well as visual stimuli. Again, high sensation seekers were found to be more arousable with respect to initial ORs while not differing in habituation rates. The results suggest that sensation seekers may be characterized as having strong excitatory CNS processes. In Experiment II, anxiety (trait and state) was also related to the OR. There were no effects due to trait anxiety but state anxiety did yield significant differences. The more highly anxious (state) subjects had weaker initial ORs than lows in both novel tones, but not to repeated tones. The findings with state anxiety are consistent with findings by others using anxiety neurotics as subjects.
Sleep Deprivation and Measures of Emotionality in Rats
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Broughton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPredictions from two theories which attempt to explain the function of active sleep (AS) were tested on 144 rats. Total sleep deprived, activity control, stationary control, active steep deprived, large pedestal control, or homecage control conditions were imposed on 30‐day and 90‐day‐old subjects for 5 days. Open‐field (OF) and startle response measures and adrenal and body weights permitted examination of changes in emotionality. Increases in OF activity and decreases in defecation in this paradigm are attributed primarily to AS deprivation, while reductions in quiet sleep may account for elevated startle responsivity in totally deprived subjects. Limited support for the Ontogenetic hypothesis is found in the treatment by age effect for OF activity, but the P‐hypothesis prediction of increased emotionality in AS deprived subjects is contradicted by our data.
Aseptic Implantable EEG Electrodes For Low Impedance Recordings
Authors: Oglesby D. M. , Dykman R. A. , Moody T. C. , Murphree O. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNoise‐free electroencephalographic signals from the cortex of the intact dog are difficult to obtain. Recordings made with surface electrodes are contaminated by muscle artifacts because of the thick muscle overlying the skull. The usual implanted electrodes in a pedestal arrangement give excellent signals; but because the tissue never heals around the base of the pedestal, the brain becomes infected or abscessed within a few weeks. A new type low impedance electrode. Aseptically implanted, has been developed. A stainless steel screw is threaded into the skull such that the bottom of the screw is in contact with the dura. The top of the screw, when is concave, is even with hypodermic needle into the top of the screw in a plug and jack arrangement.
Changes in Cardiac Refractory Period During Signalled Shock Avoidance in Dogs
Authors: Lawler James E. , Botticelli Lawrence J. , Lown Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of training during an aversive conditioning schedule on the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) and the occurrence of repetitive extrasystoles (RE) was investigated in 11 dogs. The ERP was decreased significantly at avoidance onset during the first 5 days of the experiment. but remained unaltered during the second 5 days of testing. The changes in ERP were most pronounced on the first day. REs were observed most during avoidance in the animal with the greatest decrease in ERP but inconsistently in other animals. The potential use of aversive Training procedures to study the role of neural factors in cardiac arrhythmias is discussed.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Changes Accompanying Classical Eyeblink Conditioning In The Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
Authors: Powell D. A. , Kazis Emmanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn two experiments employing 38 rabbits differential classical conditioning of heart rate, blood pressure, and corneoretinal potential (CRP) response were examined using l‐sec and 4‐sec interstimulus intervals ISI respectively. The conditioned response consisted of HK decelerations and DP depressor responses early in conditioning. However, many, but not all, animals revealed pressor responses and HR accelerations after the CRP discrimination was acquired. Significant correlations were also obtained between BP pressor responses, HR accelerations, and the frequency of CRP CRs. These results were discussed within the context of the orienting and defense reflexes.
Pulse Wave Velocity and Blood Pressure Change: Calibration and Applications
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Smulyan Harold , Gribbin Brian 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn adaptation of the technique for measuring pulse wave velocity is described in which the interval between the R wave of the ECG and the radial pressure pulse is monitored. The resulting transit time (TT) is suitable for use as an indirect measure of blood pressure change.The reliability of the measure was assessed in 5 subjects who volunteered for arterial cannulation on 2 occasions. Simultaneous recordings of intra‐arterial pressure and TT were taken during a variety of maneouvres, including mental arithmetic, isometric exercise, and amyl nitrite inhalation. The dependence of changes in TT on arterial pressure was confirmed for all procedures except amyl nitrite inhalation. Linear correlations between TT and mean arterial pressure were high, varying between −.913 and −.98. The regression coefficients were reproducible and similar in all individuals. The reasons for the anomalous amyl nitrite response are discussed, together with the limits of application of the measure.
Voluntary Control of Patterns of EEC Parietal Asymmetry: Cognitive Concomitants
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Davidson Richard J. , Pugash Eric 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment addressed two questions: is training for EEG parietal asymmetry using pattern biofeedback accompanied by predictable cognitive concomitants? and 2 are the cognitive concomitants of training for simultaneous bilateral activation of the hemispheres a simple additive combination of the two asymmetry patterns, or do they represent a unique to cognitive gestalt not readily predictable from the two asymmetry training conditions? Bilateral parietal EEG was recorded from 20 right handed subjects and filtered for 8–13 Hz activity. The four possible EEG patterns were quantified on line. All subjects received 12 min of EEG symmetry training (LαoffRαon ‐Integration) and 12 min each of EEG asymmetry training (LαoffRαon and LαonRαoffDifferentiation). Significant regulation of all three patterns was obtained. Analysis of post feedback questionnaires revealed that LαoffRαon. regulation was associated with significantly more verbal cognitions, while the L αoffRαon pattern was associated with more visual cognitions, EEG symmetry regulation (LαoffRαon) produced a third pattern of cognitions different from both asymmetry conditions. The data suggest that feedback stabilized cortical patterning is associated with predictable cognitive concomitants and that puttern biofeedback procedures can be used to uncover the relationships between brain processes and subjective experience.
The Effects of Presleep Activity on All‐Night Sleep
Authors: Browman Carl P. , Tepas Donald I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of different presleep activities on all‐night sleep were assessed. Nine young adult males engaged in brief periods of progressive relaxation (Relaxation), light dynamic exercise (Exercise), or a boring monotonous vigilance task (Vigilance) immediately before bed on consecutive nights. Standard electrophysiological data were recorded during the 7.5 hrs of sleep. The latency of sleep onset was shortest after Relaxation and longest after Exercise. Presleep heart rate and electromyograph levels were not related to sleep onset. Sleep stages were not differentiated by condition and no sleep parameter differed from normative data. The results suggest that it is possible to alter sleep latency by manipulating presleep behavior without disrupting the normal steep pattern.
Heart Rate and Respiratory Responses as a Function of Task Difficulty: The Use of Discriminant Analysis in the Selection of Psychologically Sensitive Physiological Responses
Authors: Walter Gary F. , Porges Stephen W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between physiological response patterns.and task difficulty was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a choice reaction lime tusk with three levels of task difficulty. The data fit a two‐component model or attention containing reactive and sustained responses. There were two reactive responses: An immediate deceleration which was independent of task manipulation; and a short latency response, monotonically paralleling task difficulty, which was characterized by acceleration and an increase in heart rate variability. The sustained component exhibited task dependent deceleration and u generalized reduction in heart rate variability and respiration amplitude variability. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on the task conditions using physiological responses to determine responses sensitive to task demands. Physiological response patterns were monotonically ordered as a function of task difficulty, suggesting that this technique may have advantages for determining physiological responses most sensitive to psychological manipulation.
Period Analysis of the Electroencephalogram: Normative Data
Authors: Cohen Bernard Allan , Bravo‐Fernandez Enrique J , Hosek Ronald S. , Sances Anthony 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents results from research which utilized the technique of period analysis to evaluate electroencephalograms (EEGs) from a control population. Twenty‐six subjects were selected for testing. EEGs were done in a special electrically shielded testing environment. Two hundred min of continuous KEG data were obtained. Electrodes were placed according to the International Federation 10–20 technique. Processing and analysis of the data were accomplished on a small laboratory computer. Eight “major periods” (4 Hz band width each) of the analog EEG signal were calculated. The normative data corresponding to this analysis is presented. No statistically significant differences were noted between opposing hemispheres. The findings present evidence and encouragement for the utilization of automated EEG analysis in a routine clinical setting.
Electro dermal Lability: An Attempt to Measure Its Psychological Correlates
Authors: Hastrup Janice L. , Katkin Edward S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifferences in electro dermal lability (frequency of spontaneous fluctuations in skin resistance) have been shown to predict certain types of behavior. Further, electro dermal lability has in some cases been related in psychometric measures of personality. The purpose or this experiment was to develop a self‐report inventory which would predict electro dermal lability. A pool of 478 items was administered to 120 male undergraduate students. These students were subsequently tested for electro dermal lability level. Corelational and X2 analyses were employed to identify items which were significantly related to electro dermal lability. Then these items were subjected m linear discriminate function analysis to determine their optimal weighting. Although 34 items were initial) identified as significant predictors, split‐sample analyses suggested that the predictors would nut replicate. Previous findings which have suggested a relationship between Electro Dermal lability and personality variables such as anxiety were discussed. It was concluded that although electro dermal lability is a reliable predictor of certain responses, it is not readily related to traditional self‐descriptive psychometrics. The interpretation supports the view (hat autonomic functions are independent of self‐awareness.
Baseline and Feedback EEG Correlates of Interview Behavior
Authors: Lewis Charles N. , Mclaughlin Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between percent lime alpha under baseline and activation conditions was assessed for two groups or psychiatric patients. The baseline conditions involved eyes closed and eyes open in the dark, while the activation condition involved the presentation of slides contingent upon alpha activity in the EEG. The psychiatric sample was divided into two groups of 11 High and II Low Interview Responders, based upon their behavior in an open‐ended interview. It was predicted that (a) the High Interview Responders would exhibit lower percent time alpha durations under feedback‐controlled activation conditions and (b) the variability of percent time alpha durations would be less under feedback to baseline conditions.Results indicate that the High Interview Response group had lower percent lime alpha values (p<.05) than the Low Interview Response group under activation conditions but not under baseline conditions. In addition, the coefficients of variation were consistently lower under feedback compared to baseline conditions.The results suggest that socially responsive patients engage in greater spontaneous, visual attentiveness to the environment than those who are less responsive.
Alpha Activity Suppression and Enhancement as a Function of Feedback and Instructions
Authors: Prfwett Michael J. , Adams Hhenry E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study attempted to determine the role of instructions and feedback on alpha activity. Thirty‐six normal subjects were instructed to enhance or to suppress alpha activity or were given ambiguous instructions. Subjects were randomly assigned to three croups of 12 subjects earn. One‐half of the subjects in each group received feedback for increasing alpha activity, while the other half received feedback for suppression. Active and dummy electrodes were attached to each subject. Subjects were instructed to keep their eyes closed (luring the session. The session consisted of a 10‐min adaptation period, an instruction period, another 5‐min adaptation and then a series of 5 lest trials with feedback separated by 2‐min rest periods without feedback. Alpha enhancement was associated with instructions hut was independent of feedback. However, accurate instructions and feedback were associated with alpha activity suppression. Alpha activity was greatest during rest periods or when the subject was unaware of the significance of the feedback cue. which indicates the importance of monitoring basal levels of alpha activity in evaluating changes in alpha activity.
The Effects of Sensory Perceptual Isolation on Single Motor Unit Conditioning
Authors: Lloyd Andree J. , Shurley Jay T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty male volunteers were injected with bipolar fine‐wire electrodes into the tibialis anterior muscle and trained to isolate and cunt nil a single motor unit. A light panel indicated trial onsets and correct and incorrect responses. Subjects were randomly assigned to the isolation or non‐isolation condition for both sessions. Isolation condition was produced In an air‐fluidized. ceramic‐bead bed in a light attenuating chamber. A relearning session followed the initial session after a two week interim rest. The hypodynamic effects of sensory isolation increased the speed of learning to isolate and control an SMU. The results. suggested that subjects were better able to attend to the relatively weak proprioceptive information provided by the SMU through the reduction of the amount and/or variety of competing stimuli.
A Factor Analysis of Visual Evoked Responses
Authors: Street W. Jeanne , Perry Nathan W. , Cunningham Walter R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA factor analysis was performed on 19 visual evoked response (VER) variables and age, in order to identify patterns of relationships among the variables. The analysis resulted in a 7‐factor Varimax solution. Subjects were 98 kindergarten children (50 girls and 48 boys) in upper‐middle socio‐economic class. Mean IQ was 119.5; mean age, 67.16 mo. The five cortical measures of amplitude, latency, correlation, complexity, and linearity, the latter two of which had not been previously measured, were recorded from three scalp locations in response to three types of visual stimulation. Four factors (amplitude, linearity, and two latency factors‐one for each of two stimulus conditions) were obtained which showed significant loadings only within a given cortical measure. Three factors (one for each of the stimulus conditions) were obtained which showed significant loadings across different cortical measures. Examination of the correlation matrix, as well as the orthogonal (independent) factor solution, supported the main hypothesis that the VER is a multidimensional domain. Specifically, different stimulus conditions and/or different cortical measures of VER often produced variables which were uncorrelated across subjects.
Effects of Feedback in a Forced‐Choice GSR Detection Task
Authors: Diekhoff George M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious studies of the detection of internal events have failed to assess adequately the effects of external feedback on detection and identification of internal events. The purpose of the present study was to make use of a signal detection paradigm in an evaluation of feedback effects on the detection and identification of galvanic skin responses (GSRs). GSR detection was measured by the absolute difference between the areas above and below the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and reflected the extent to which subjects were able to differentiate between GSR and no‐GSR trials. GSR identification was measured by the area below the ROC curve and reflected the labeling strategy (accurate or reversed) chosen by the subjects. It was found that external feedback as to the presence or absence and relative magnitude of GSRs was not necessary for differentiation of GSR and no‐GSR trials, and that such feedback was detrimental to increased differentiation over sessions. External feedback may, however, have been useful in directing the attachment of identifying responses to the differentiated internal events. The similarity of these findings to findings reported in the schematic concept formation (SCF) literature was discussed. It was concluded that internal event detection tasks such as that used in the present study may be seen as examples of SCF involving internal stimulus events.
An Evaluation of Finger Pulse Volume as a Psychophysiological Measure of Anxiety
Authors: Bloom Larry J. , Houston B. Kent , Burish Thomas G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment explored the utility of finger pulse volume (FPV) as a measure of anxiety. Subjects were exposed to either a threatening or nonthreatening situation, and indices of physiological arousal (pulse rate (PR) and FPV) and self‐report of anxiety (Affect Adjective Checklist (AACL)) were collected. Results indicated that FPV was responsive to changes in experimentally induced anxiety and significantly correlated with PR and AACL, although the strength of these relationships was not substantial. Relevance for psychophysiological theory and the clinical observation of anxiety is discussed.
Auditory Evoked Potential in Stage 2 and REM Sleep During a 30‐Day Exposure to Tone Pulses
Authors: Townsend R. E. , House J. F. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen subjects were exposed to 3.5K Hz tone pulses of 660 msec duration, presented 24‐hr‐per‐day for 30 days. The interstimulus interval was 22 sec. There were 10 days each at 80, 85, and 90 dB in that order. The average evoked potential (AEP) at C3 referenced to linked mastoids was obtained from contiguous stage 2 and REM sleep segments on the first, second, and last recorded nights of tone‐pulse exposure. The AEP was consistently larger in stage 2 than in REM sleep. In both stage 2 and REM sleep, AEP amplitude on the second recorded night bore no consistent relationship to first or last recorded night AEPs. Only the N2–P3 amplitude yielded consistent decreases, with 9 of 10 subjects in both stage 2 and REM sleep having smaller N2–P3 amplitudes on the last than on the first recorded night. There were no changes in latency of any component. During sleep there is little, if any, habituation of the auditory AEP during long‐duration exposures to nonmeaningful stimuli, and certainly no extinction of the AEP under these conditions.