bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of sieve loading on the results of sieve analysis of natural sands
Authors: Shergold F. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn experimental investigation has been made into the effects of a number of factors on the results of stove analysis of natural sands. The factors studied included samples size, particle size distribution in the sample and the duration of sieving. Microscopic examination showed that the particle shape was similar in all the materials tested regardless of size. The work showed that overloading of the sieves leads to inaccurate results, and that reduction of sample size is a more effective remedy for overloading than prolongation of sieving time. Values are given for the maximum desirable loading for a number of sieves, and recommendations are made for the adoption of a standard weight of sample for sieve analysis of natural sands. The most recent British Standard method for Sieve Analysis (B.S. 882:1944, Appendix B) has been based on this work.
The analysis of external deposits from boilers part I. General remarks on the nature of boiler deposits and their examination
Authors: Crossley H. E. , Edwards A. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA description is given of the nature of external boiler deposits and of the methods used for examination. Special considerations attach to the collection of deposits from boilers if a maximum of information regarding their formation is to be obtained. The analytical difficulties arising from the presence of such radicals and elements as sulphate, phosphate, arsenic and boron (which may interfere with the normal procedure) are discussed, and methods for avoiding these difficulties are suggested. A rapid method is given for the determination, us mixed sulphates, of sodium and potassium in the water soluble fraction of a deposit.
The analysis of external deposits from boilers. part II. Method in use at british coal utilisation research association for the analysis of external boiler deposits rich in phosphates
Authors: Edwards A. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe methods in use at B.C.U.R.A. for the analysis of external boiler deposits rich in phosphates are described. A special procedure is recommended where the phosphate concentration (as P2O2) exceeds 6%, sulphates also being present. It is recommended that a known excess of ferric sulphate be added for the removal of phosphate to the solution prepared for the precipitation of mixed oxides. Methods for the determination of phosphate, sulphate and alkalis are also included.
Comparison of optical and electron microscopy of pigments
Authors: Tilleard O. L. , Smith N. D. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a technique for preparing dispersions of pigment particles suitable for electron microscope examination, and gives illustrations of the extent of the information, as to the shape and size of pigment particles, to be gained from the extremely high resolving power of the electron microscope. Some of the precautions to be taken in interpreting the micrographs are stressed.
Some preliminary investigations of the phenolformaldehyde reaction
Authors: Jones T. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, takes place us a series of step‐wise reactions which are catalysed by both acids and bases and which proceed under neutral conditions at sufficiently high temperatures. Two types of reaction take place, namely the reaction of formaldehyde with phenol or a phenolic molecule, to form phenolic alcohols containing reacting methylol groups, and the subsequent condensation of these phenolic alcohols with phenol or a phenolic molecule to form larger molecules with elimination of water. Two studies of the initial portion of the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde in aqueous media are described, namely the Kinetics and the Thermochemistry.Kinetic studies show that a linear relationship exists between antilog (—pH) and the initial rate at which the formaldehyde reacts using HCl as catalyst between pH values of 1·3 and 3 at 100° and 80°. Catalysis by different acids at the same pH value gives rise to similar rates of reaction especially when pH and rate of reaction are measured at the same temperature. This points to catalysis by the hydrogen ion. The second order rate law is best obeyed by all the curves relating to formaldehyde reacted and time at various pH values, at 100° and 80° using HCl as catalyst. A decrease in temperature to 30° causes the rate law to approach first order. A theoretical enquiry shows that a decrease in order of reaction could be explained by the formation of dialcohols, which formation of dialcohols seems more probable at low temperature. In alkaline media, dialcohols also seem to be produced more readily, us indicated by the fact that a first order rate law is obeyed until about 45% of the formaldehyde has reacted.Thermochemical studies show that the heat evolved during the phenolformaldehyde reaction may also be regarded as derived from the reaction of formaldehyde with a phenolic molecule, and the subsequent elimination of water by condensation. The heats evolved per mole of formaldehyde reacted and water evolved are 4·1 and 16·9 kilocalories respectively. These values are confirmed by combining heats of combustion and heats of mixing data.
The identification and estimation of the montmorillonite group of minerals, with special reference to soil clays
Authors: MacEwan Douglas M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the detection and estimation of the montmorillonite group minerals by X‐rays, which completely eliminates difficulties due to the change of basal spacing with hydration, allowing a vacuum camera to be used if desired. The method is based on the formation of a montmorillonite‐glycerol complex. It may be combined with either the powder or the oriented aggregate techniques. With the former, and with a vacuum camera, 1% montmorillonite has been detected with ease. A table of data of the main basal reflections of the glycerol‐montmorillonite, in their relation to the basal reflections of other minerals likely to occur in clays, is given. The extension of the method to rough quantitative analysis of montmorillonite clays is described. A discussion is given of the question of distinguishing between montmorillunite and hydrous micas.
British penicillin production
Authors: Smith E. Lester 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral pilot and production units for penicillin were erected in Britain during the war, mostly employing milk bottles or special flasks. The successive operations, washing, filling, autoclaving, inoculating, incubating and harvesting were usually mechanised. Surface culture methods could not compete with submerged culture processes developed in U.S. and now installed in two large British factories, since a single tank may be equivalent to half a million milk bottles. The penicillin is concentrated and purified by adsorption or partition processes and the final penicillin solution is freeze‐dried to increase its stability.
The shape of particles in finely ground powders
Authors: Steinherz A. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe usual particle size analysis gives data on particle size distribution by weight or by values of a function related to it, e.g., the surface area of particles of the same weight. There are three methods for the determination of particle size in the sub‐sieve range
Measuring the settling velocity, assuming Stokes' law.
Counting particles of the same weight.
Measuring the size of the observed or projected images of the particles in their most stable positions. The results gained by two of these methods have been compared, e.g., by Andreasen,2 by Bishop4 and by Jones,14 but it seems that hitherto no attempt has been made to compare systematically the results of all three, methods. This comparison, originally used merely for verifying purposes, has led to a method of measuring the mean particle shape. This measurement is executed in the following way: a fraction of hearly equal‐sized particles is isolated, their mean volume determined by the counting of particles of the same weight and the mean of their greatest cross sections (i.e., of the images of the particles in their most stable positions) is measured. The mean thickness is then calculated as a quotient of the mean volume and mean cross section, a prismoidal form of the particles being assumed.
The bromide content of underground waters. Part II. Observations on the chlorination of water containing free ammonia and naturally occurring bromide
Authors: Houghton G. U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Part I of this paper reference was made to the occurrence of up to 2·20 p.p.m. of bromine, combined as bromide, in some underground water supplies of Southern England. The effect of traces of bromide in tests for free chlorine is now discussed. Bacteriological experiments also indicate that when waters containing free ammonia are being chlorinated, the presence of small amounts of bromide leads to a considerable acceleration of the rate of sterilisation: it appears that this effect is marked with 1 p.p.m. of combined bromine but as little as 0·25 p.p.m. may be significant under some conditions. The experiments were mainly confined to the case where the organic content of the water was very small, but this frequently applies in underground supplies.
Electro‐tinplate. Part III. The influence of pickling conditions on the porosity and corrosion resistance of electro‐tinplate
Authors: Caulfield K. W. , Kerr R. , Angles R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quality of electro‐tinned coatings (8 02. per basis bos) from the alkaline and acid baths, on steel, has been determined by means of the thiocyanate test, humidity chamber test and visual appearance after the following pre‐plating treatments : pickling in various acid baths, anodic etching in sulphuric acid, and anodic p.ickling in inhibited sulphuric acid. Coatings of equal1 high quallty can be deposited from cithcr bath, but the deposit {om the alkaline bath is less sensitive to pickling procedure than IS that from the acld bath. The best prc‐treatment for alkaline bath deposits is pickling in inhibited sulphuric acid, and for acid bath deposits 1s anodic etching in sulphuric acid. Pickling in hydrochloric acld cads to coatings of slightly lower quality, but is equally effective with alkaline and acid bath dcposits'and there is no deterioration on prolonging the pickling time up to 5 minutes.
The effect of vapour composition on the assessment of fractionating columns in terms of heights of a transfer unit. Part II
Authors: Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTemperature surveys across the diameter of a wetted‐wall fractionating column operating on ethanol‐water mixtures have indicated the form of vapour composition distribution across the column; the assumption being made that the temperatures measured were the condensation temperatures of the vapour. The results illustrate the similarity between the processes of fractionation, uni‐directional diffusion and heat transfer. In fractionation, H.T.U. obtained by thermocouple “sampling”17, 18, and based on the mean vapour compositions are in close agreement with corresponding data obtained by sample‐withdrawal methods.
The use of metallic pigments in the preparation of protective paints
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn examination of the more available metallic pigments has been made with the object of preparing paints capable of protecting steel cathodically; for this to occur two conditions must be fulfilled:

The metallic pigment must be of a metal less noble than iron.
The pigment particles must be in metallic contact with each other and with the coated steel. It has been shown that whereas aluminium powder, zinc dust, and magnesium powder satisfy condition (i), only zinc dust fulfils condition (ii).
The analysis of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Cook C. D. , Findlater F. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for the analysis of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride containing) the following impurities: sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphuric acid, fluorosilic acid and water. The use of glacial acetic acid as a diluent for the anhydrous acid simplifies both the technique and the apparafus previously required when water was used as the diluent.
The esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds. Part II. Relationships between the fungistatic activity, and physical and chemical properties of the esters
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe preparation of the methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, iso‐propyl, n‐butyl, sec.‐butyl, iso‐butyl, n‐amyl, iso‐amyl, n‐hexyl, (2‐methyl)‐amyl, n‐heptyl and (2‐ethyl)‐hexyl esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid is described.Results are reported for the toxic action of these esters tested against three moulds: Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Penicillium roqueforti. The inhibitory action is described principally in terms of b (slope of the log. dosage/log. response curve) and an inhibitory index (I), being the reciprocal of the millimolar concentration required to attain a suitable level of inhibition.Where its determination has been possible (A. niger and B. fulva), b can be regarded as substantially the same for all the esters tested. The logarithm of I plotted against chain length showed a general increase from methyl to hexyl with much less, or no, increase from hexyl to heptyl. The three organisms showed, however, specific differences in their detailed reaction to successive esters. Branched esters, tested against A. niger, were close too, and usually slightly less than, the values for the corresponding normal esters. Differences are reported for the reaction of A. niger to the free acid. Experience with other compounds, particularly as constitution affects b is briefly noted.Some physico‐chemical aspects of inhibition by the above compounds are discussed.
Cationic exchange reactions of cellulose and their effect on insulation resistance
Authors: Church H. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that a wide range of cations can enter into exchange reactions with cellulose and that, when the reaction with given cations is complete, equal numbers of atoms are attached to the cellulose irrespective of valency. Probable mechanisms are discussed. The electrical resistivity of cellulose in the form of insulating paper has also been studied when the material is modified in various ways by cationic exchange. It is shown that the best values of resistivity arc obtained when the cations attached to the cellulose are bivalent and the worst when the exchange is by univalent ions. Of the univalent ions investigated, hydrogen causes the lowest resistivity. The implications of this arc discussed and means of improving insulation resistance are proposed. The effects of cationic exchange on resistivity may readily be masked in commercial insulating papers by electrolytes deposited in the fibres. These must be removed by adequate washing if the full advantage of beneficial cationic exchange is to be achieved.
An electrostatic method for determining dust in wet gases
Authors: Patrick E. A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA small electrostatic precipitator is described which enables the determination of the dust content of gases, including those which are inflammable and have dew points above room temperature, the majority of the dust particles concerned being below I micron in diameter. The precipitator tubes, electrical layout, and ancillary equipment arc described, and also the technique developed to avoid ignition of the gas, loss of dust by condensation in pipe‐lines, etc. Some examples of results obtained when using the precipitator to determine dust concentrations in producer gas with dew point 60° are given and discussed.
Improvements in an alum flocculation process, following difficulties with a domestic supply used as feed water for a high‐pressure boiler plant
Authors: Bevehidge J. P. , Cooke G. , Strafford N. , Wyatt P. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWater treatment troubles encountered in operating high‐pressure La Mont forced circulation boilers, recently installed in a large Huddersfield chemical factory, with a feed water consisting of 80% softened make‐up derived from a domestic supply, are outlined. The development of an improved pH‐controlled alum flocculation process is described, whereby these difficulties, which were due mainly to the presence of residual alumina in the town's water, have been overcome.
The composition of commercial palm oils. Part VI. Component acids and glycerides of a belgian congo palm oil (studied with the aid of low‐temperature crystallization)
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. , Roels O. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the determination of the component acids of the palm oil, preliminary resolution (prior to ester‐fractionation) of the mixed acids by lead salt separation and by crystallization from solvents has been compared. The acids left in solution in acetone at —40° were shown to contain 2·4% of linolenic acid, the presence of which in palm oil has not been reported previously. Low‐temperature crystallization gives more precise data than lead salt separation for unsaturated acids, especially when these are present only in small proportions, but may give somewhat lower values for stearic and palmitic acids when the latter are present in quantity. The component acids of the palm oil were: myristic 2·4%, palmitic 41·6%, stearic 6·3%, hexadecenoic 1·8%, oleic 38·0%, linoleic 9·5%, and linolenic 0·4% (wt.).The glyecrides in the neutral palm oil were resolved by systematic crystallization from acetone or ether at temperatures between —50° and +15° into six fractions which varied in iodine value from 95·1 to 11·0. The component acids and any fully‐saturated glyecrides present in the fractions were separately determined and the chief component glycerides were estimated to be: myristodiolein, palmitodiolein and oleopalmitolinolein (together) 37%, oleodipalmitin 33%, oleopalmitostearin 11%, oleomyristopalmitin, stearodiolcin and tripalmitin each about 5%, linoleodiolein 3%.
Concentration methods in spectrographic analysis. II. Recovery of trace constituents in plant materials and soil extracts by mixed organic reagents
Authors: Mitchell R. L. , Scott R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA concentration method, employing precipitation by means of a mixture of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, tannic acid and thionalide, is described for the simultaneous recovery of Co, Ni, Mo, Cr, V, Be, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Zn, from solution in a form suitable for spectrographic analysis. Combined spectrographic and chemical errors seldom exceed ± 10% for individual determinations. The ranges covered arc 2–50 μg. for Co, Ni, Mo, Cr and V, and 5–100 μg, for the other elements except Zn, where the range is 0·2–4 mg. Details are given for the application of the method to the determination of trace constituents in plant materials and soil extracts. The use of other organic reagents in conjunction with 8‐hydroxyquinoline is also discussed.
The formulation of resorcinol‐formaldehyde adhestves
Authors: Hancock E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter a brief review of previous work experiments are described showing the effect of formulation and conditions of production on the stability or shelf life of resortinol‐formaldehyde condensation products. Consideration is given at the same time to the best means of causing the condensation product to set to a strong cement. Examples are given, using an asbestos base laminated plastic, of the shear strength of lap joints from suitably formulated cements. The effect of immersion of these joints in boiling water, dilute acids and alkalis and the effect of exposing them to very dry and very humid atmospheres is described.
The acylation of long chain aliphatic primary amines
Authors: Macgregor J. H. , Ward F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method of acylating long chain primary aliphatic amines is described. Representative series of N‐monoalkylstearamides, N,N′‐dialkyladipamides and N,N′‐dialkylsebacamides, in which each alkyl radical contains between 8 and 18 carbon atoms, have been prepared by acylating the long chain primary amine with the corresponding acid amide. The products are all wax‐like substances. The N,N′‐dialkyladipamides and N,N′‐dialkylsebacamidcs are extremely stable substances; they have relatively high melting points (60°‐145°) and may be used in place of some of the more expensive natural waxes.
The reaction of 5‐alkoxyacridines with bases and their salts
Authors: Barber H. J. , Wilkinson J. H. , Edwards V. G. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that 5‐alkoxyacridines react with ammonium and primary amine salts under the relatively mild conditions employed for the conversion of imino‐ethers to amidines,1,2to give 5‐aminoacridines in good yield. Similar reactions occur with aminoacids but the salts of secondary bases do not react under these conditions. A number of examples are described and a probable reaction mechanism is suggested.
The preparation of levulinic acid on a semi‐technical scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA semi‐technical method of preparing crystalline levulinic acid by a process commencing with the hydrolysis of starch in 100 lb. batches is described. Details are also given of large all glass apparatus for evaporating solutions of crude levulinic acid without appreciable carbonization.
The manufacture of hydrogen sulphide. Part I. The reaction between hydrogen and pyrites
Authors: Clark L. M. , Spittle H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction between hydrogen and pyrites under suitable conditions gives good yields of hydrogen sulphide; practically the whole of the labile sulphur of pyrites can be removed from the ore, leaving ferrous sulphide. Under the conditions described in this paper, the rate of formation of hydrogen sulphide from pyrites increases to a maximum and then falls off according to the exponential law. The optimum conditions for the reaction are: (a) temperature of reaction should be 625‐650°, (b) space velocity of hydrogen should be 40‐50 volumes hydrogen per volume of pyrites at kiln temperatures of 625‐650°. Corrosion of plant materials is greatly diminished by using mild steel “servarized” by aluminium. Size of pyrites has little effect on reaction time if the lumps of ore are not greater than 1 1/2 in. More than 90% of the arsenic in pyrites is removed as arsenious sulphide, which passes over suspended in the exit gases.