bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Qualification of Advanced Composites for Marine Applications
Authors: Newhouse Norman L. , Johnson Douglas  B. , Baldwin Donald  D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Lincoln Composites has designed and qualified all-composite pressure vessels for use in commercial applications. This paper presents history, analysis, and test results for composite pressure vessels.
Lincoln Composites has extensive experience in the design of composite pressure vessels for the aerospace defense industry. This experience has been extended to the development of pressure vessels for commercial service that use a hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforcement with a plastic liner. The first application of these pressure vessels was for use as high pressure fuel containers for Natural Gas Vehicles, with qualification in accordance with ANSIIAGA NGV2. There are currently over 10,000 of these pressure vessels in service.
This technology has been further extended and applied to use in tensioning systems for offshore oil platforms, with qualification in accordance with Section X of the ASME Boiler Code. Three configurations have been designed to date. A total of 124 pressure vessels have been fabricated for use on the Mars platform. These pressure vessels have a maximum operating pressure of 3,000 psi, and are 17.3 inches in diameter and 82.5 inches in length. Sixteen pressure vessels have been fabricated for use on the Ram Powell platform. These pressure vessels are 20.1 inches in diameter and 8 1.7 inches in length. Pressure vessels now in design and test for the Ursa platform are 20.1 inches in diameter and 104 inches in length.
Results of design studies are presented, as are development and qualification testing for the NGV2 and ASME pressure vessels. This includes results of burst, cyclic fatigue, environmental, and damage tolerance testing. These pressure vessels have excellent fatigue performance and are corrosion resistant, light weight, and durable. This combination of properties, in addition to reduced costs compared with traditional steel pressure vessels, offers significant benefits for use of all-composite pressure vessels on off-shore platforms.

Background
Lincoln Composites was founded in 1963 to manufacture the Polaris third stage rocket motor case as part of the Technical Products Group of Brunswick Corporation. Lincoln Composites became part of Technical Products Group, Inc. in May 1995.
Composite materials are used in rocket motor case applications such as the Peacekeeper (MX) second stage, Minuteman third stage, large and small ORBUS (IUS), Trident D-5 third stage, and PAC-3. Composite motor cases typically use glass, aramid, or carbon fiber reinforcement, and have a rubber liner which serves as a gas permeation barrier and as thermal insulation.
Pressure vessel technology was a natural outgrowth of the rocket motor case technology. Development details are discussed below.
Composite fuel tanks are a further extension of motor case and pressure vessel technology. Applications include 480-gallon and 330-gallon external fuel tanks for the F- 18 aircraft and 230-gallon fuel tanks for the Apache and Blackhawk helicopters.
Petroleum Developments in Western Australia
Authors: Fraser I. , Bruce R.H. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
From relatively humble beginnings to its world class billion dollar projects, Western Australia has become the focal point of Australian oil and gas production. Currently it is the nation's largest producer of hydrocarbons and ranks fourth in world LNG production. The rapidly expanding oil and gasindustryl is the State's fastest-growing economic sector with output totalling about US$3.4 billion per annum. This paper is one of three which review opportunities and growth in the petroleum industry in Western Australia.
In the 1970's exploration drilling on the North West Shelf yielded the giant Scott Reef, North Rankin, Goodwyn, Angel and Scarborough gas-condensate fields. The giant Gorgon gas discovery was made in 1981. The perception of the NorthWest Shelf being gas-prone changed in the 1980's with major oil discoveries at Wanaea, Cossack and Griffin. Since then numerous oil discoveries have been made in other areas of offshore Western Australia including Wandoo, Stag, Laminaria, Buffalo and Cornea (Fig. 1 and 2).
Infrastructure continues to grow with further field developments on the North West Shelf. The presence of facilities and pipelines will facilitate production from existing oil and gas ields, and the development of other fields and discoveries. Production facilities used now include conventional platforms, mini platforms, concrete gravity structures, automated buoys, monopods, subsea completions and tiebacks to FPSO's. In 1997, 28 North West Shelf oil and gas fields produced some 64 million barrels of oil, 40 million barrels of condensate and 803 BCF gas, A synopsis follows.

Oil and Gas Developments

Barrow Island (WAPET).
The onshore Barrow Island oil field was discovered in 1964 and is the largest oil field discovered to date in Western Australia - over 1 billion barrels in place2 Production commenced in 1967 and peak production of 50,000 barrels per day was reached in 1971. In excess of 800 wells have been drilled on the island, including 440 oil production wells, 240 water injection wells, and various gas producer and water disposal wells. Infill development drillingphases are underway. The majority of producing wells use beam pumps to pump oil to the surface. The remaining producersuse gas-lift or are on natural flow. Produced fluids are piped from each well to one of ten separator stations. Clean oilis pumped to the main oil storage facility, comprising five 200,000 barrel tanks. The oil is then piped through a 6 mile long submarine pipeline to an offshore mooring system where tankers are berthed. WAPET comprises Chevron, Texaco, Mobil and Shell.

Offshore Airlie Island (Novus).
The South Pepper oil field was discovered in 1982, North Herald and Chervil in 1983. In order to improve oil recovery from thin oil sands and decreaseproject costs, alternative development approaches were considered3. Rather than constructing a high capital cost productionplatform, the Vicksburg jackup rig was modified with the addition of on board production processing equipment andused over the South Pepper field.
Dissection and Culture of Embryonic Spinal Commissural Neurons
Authors: Moore Simon W. , Kennedy Timothy E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStudies of spinal commissural neurons have provided substantial insight into the mechanisms that regulate axon guidance. Explants of embryonic spinal cords and isolated spinal commissural neurons have been important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of several guidance cues, including netrins, semaphorins, slits, sonic hedgehog, BMPs, and wnts. In this unit, protocols are provided for establishing these explant assays to assess the outgrowth and turning capacity of commissural axons. In addition, methods are included for preparing cultures highly enriched with embryonic commissural neurons, which have been used to probe the biochemical signaling mechanisms regulating axon guidance. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 45:3.20.1‐3.20.17. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ribonucleases
Authors: Nichols Nicole M. , Yue Dongxian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRibonucleases (RNases) with different sequence or structural specificities are used for a variety of analytical purposes, including RNA sequencing, mapping, and quantitation. The development of RNase protection assays, structural determination assays, and the production of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) employed in RNA interference (RNAi) experiments has depended on the unique substrate specificities of commercially available RNases, including RNases A, I, T1, V1, HI, III, and Dicer. One very common application for high purity RNase A is also presented in this unit and involves hydrolyzing RNA that contaminates DNA preparations. RNase HII and the placental RNase inhibitor are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 84:3.13.1‐3.13.8. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation Potential of Mouse Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Anjos‐Afonso Fernando , Bonnet Dominique 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis unit describes how to isolate and expand mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from mouse bone marrow. For reasons that are not clear, it has been difficult to isolate these cells (also known as mesenchymal stem cells). Furthermore, different mouse strains seem to have specific requirements for successful extraction and culture of these cells. A general and easy protocol is presented here for isolating stromal cells from different inbred and transgenic mice commonly used in the stem cell biology field. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 7:2B.3.1‐2B.3.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Memory of children's faces by adults: Appearance does matter
Authors: Gier Vicki Silvers , Kreiner David S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAccurately detecting faces of children when their appearance has been altered is especially important in recognizing abducted or missing child. Face recognition studies have focussed on recognizing the adult perpetrator; however, there is lack of research on recognizing a child's face under different appearances. Two studies were conducted to determine what type of photos may increase recognition of missing children. In Experiment 1 participants were shown pictures of children's faces in a study phase in which their faces were either dirtied with negative affect or clean with positive affect, followed by a recognition phase. Accuracy and confidence were higher when the face at recognition was the same type as in the study phase. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, adding four delay conditions: 10‐minute interval (10‐MI), 3, 6 or 12 week. Accuracy and confidence decreased over time and we again found a significant interaction between face at study and face at recognition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of sampling method and scale on the measurement of mixing and the coefficient of variance
Authors: Kukuková Alena , Noël Benjamin , Kresta Suzanne M. , Aubin Joelle 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSpatial statistics methods are used to determine the effect of the sampling scale and method on two measures of mixing: the coefficient of variance CoV and the maximum striation thickness. Three sampling methods: quadrats, probes and transects, were tested. Two CFD data sets were used as test cases: dispersion of floating particles in a turbulent stirred tank and laminar mixing of tracer particles in a micromixer. Over 100 probes are needed to track the evolution of the CoV, and the probe size should match the smallest mixing scale of interest. The final value of the CoV varies by up to a factor of 5 as the probe size increases. The most useful measurement is the one which changes the most in the later stages of mixing: intensity of segregation, or CoV, for the turbulent case; and scale of segregation, or maximum striation thickness on a transect, for the laminar case. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Local forcing of a nonlinear surface reaction: CO oxidation on Pt(100)
Authors: Bilbao Daniel , McMillan Noah , Lauterbach Jochen , Snively Christopher M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA novel spatiotemporal perturbation method for nonlinear surface reactions is reported, thus allowing the creation of new spatially localized structures. Forcing was achieved by dosing reactant gases through a capillary positioned near the catalyst surface, providing control over the local surface coverage and reaction rate. The emergence of localized concentration patterns and oscillations in an otherwise stable system is attributed to a local modification of the catalytic properties of the surface due to external forcing. Based on the spatial orientation, the temporal and thermal stability of the modified surface, as well as the affinity of CO toward the perturbed surface, subsurface O is proposed as a possible source of the observed localized patterning and surface memory effect. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Oxidation Leading to Reduction: Redox‐Induced Electron Transfer (RIET)
Authors: Miller Joel S. , Min Kil Sik 
Published: October 2008

AbstractComplex electron transfer reactions have been characterized whereby in addition to electron transfer, subsequent electrochemical, chemical and even in some cases biological consequences occur. These include a secondary electron transfer that leads to a major rearrangement of the electronic structure, such that an initial oxidation leads to a reduction (or an initial reduction leads to an oxidation) for these valence ambiguous compounds. Mixed valency and valence‐tautomeric behaviors can additionally result from these complex electron‐transfer‐induced reactions.
The sunk‐time effect: An exploration
Authors: Navarro Anton D. , Fantino Edmund 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe explored the potential for a sunk‐cost effect in the realm of time. Questionnaire studies (Experiments 1–4) obtained a sunk‐time effect that was robust to manipulations of prospective value, individual versus group consequences, and the effort or enjoyment inherent in the time. Behavioral experiments (Experiments 5–7) also suggested a sunk‐time effect and found support for a personal responsibility by sunk‐cost interaction on choice behavior. We discuss theoretical implications and a potential connection to animal sunk‐cost phenomena. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the Sulfoxygenation Activity of Vanadate‐Dependent Peroxidases
Authors: Wu Pingsong , Santoni Gabriella , Fröba Michael , Rehder Dieter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractVanadate‐dependent peroxidases contain, in their active center, vanadate covalently attached to histidine in an overall trigonal‐bipyramidal array. We describe here the synthesis and characterization of optically active amino alcohols and their vanadium(V) complexes, and we show that the structural models of the active center thus obtained are also functional models for the sulfide‐peroxidase activity of the enzyme in heterogeneous catalysis. The heterogeneous systems were obtained by immobilizing the complexes on silica gel and mesoporous silicas, and by aggregation. The following ligands, ligand precursors, and V compounds have been structurally characterized: (R)‐(2‐phenylethanol)‐(R)‐1‐phenylethylamine (HLA), (R,R)‐bis[2‐phenyl(ethylmethylether)]ammonium chloride ([LD]+Cl−), the carbasilatranes (R,R)‐methoxy{N,N′,N″‐2,2′,3‐[bis(1‐phenylethanolato)propyl]amino}silane ((R,R)‐Si(OMe)LE), (R,R)‐methoxy‐{N,N′,N″‐1,2′,3‐[(1‐phenylethanolato)‐(2‐phenylethanolato)propyl]amino}silane ((R,R)‐Si(OMe)LE′), and [VO(LF)(OSiMe2tBu)], where H2LF=ethylbis(2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethyl)amine.
Heme‐Copper Oxidases and Their Electron Donors in Cyanobacterial Respiratory Electron Transport
Authors: Bernroitner Margit , Zamocky Marcel , Pairer Martin , Furtmüller Paul G. , Peschek Günter A. , Obinger Christian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCyanobacteria are the paradigmatic organisms of oxygenic (plant‐type) photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Since there is still an amazing lack of knowledge on the role and mechanism of their respiratory electron transport, we have critically analyzed all fully or partially sequenced genomes for heme‐copper oxidases and their (putative) electron donors cytochrome c6, plastocyanin, and cytochrome cM. Well‐known structure–function relationships of the two branches of heme‐copper oxidases, namely cytochrome c (aa3‐type) oxidase (COX) and quinol (bo‐type) oxidase (QOX), formed the base for a critical inspection of genes and ORFs found in cyanobacterial genomes. It is demonstrated that at least one operon encoding subunits I–III of COX is found in all cyanobacteria, whereas many non‐N2‐fixing species lack QOX. Sequence analysis suggests that both cyanobacterial terminal oxidases should be capable of both the four‐electron reduction of dioxygen and proton pumping. All diazotrophic organisms have at least one operon that encodes QOX. In addition, the highly refined specialization in heterocyst forming Nostocales is reflected by the presence of two paralogs encoding COX. The majority of cyanobacterial genomes contain one gene or ORF for plastocyanin and cytochrome cM, whereas 1–4 paralogs for cytochrome c6 were found. These findings are discussed with respect to published data about the role of respiration in wild‐type and mutated cyanobacterial strains in normal metabolism, stress adaptation, and nitrogen fixation. A model of the branched electron‐transport pathways downstream of plastoquinol in cyanobacteria is presented.
Metal‐Induced Point Defects in DNA: Model and Mechanisms
Authors: Bregadze Vasil G. , Gelagutashvili Eteri S. , Tsakadze Ketevan J. , Melikishvili Sophia Z. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the role of H3O+ and transition‐metal (TM) ions in keto–enol and amino–imino tautomeric transitions in DNA base pairs and depurination. In this regard, we discuss the thermodynamic model of ion–DNA interactions and UV display of double‐proton transfer (DPT) in GC. The probabilities and energies of rare tautomeric forms of GC pairs in DNA induced by H3O+ and TM were determined being in the range from 0.02 (for Mg2+) to 1 (for Cu2+), and from 0 kcal/M (for Cu+) to 2.3 kcal/M (for Mg2+), respectively. It was shown that site of DNA double helix, which corresponds to the only triplet 5′UGG3′ of RNA that codes the most valuable amino acid tryptophan, is a good target for TM ions to attack. It was also shown that the only way to obtain the tryptophan‐coding 5′UGG3′ triplet in RNA via transition‐type G→A point mutation caused by TM ions is their interaction with the site of a DNA double helix, which corresponds to 5′CGG3′ triplet of RNA that codes arginine.
Inhibition Mechanism of TbIII on Horseradish Peroxidase Activity
Authors: Guo Shaofen , Zhou Qing , Lu Tianhong , Ding Xiaolan , Huang Xiaohua 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe inhibition mechanism of TbIII on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vitro was discussed. The results from MALDI‐TOF/MS and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that TbIII mainly interacts with the O‐containing groups of the amides in the polypeptide chains of the HRP molecules and forms the complex of TbIII–HRP, and, in the complex, the molar ratio TbIII/HRP is 2 : 1. The results from CD and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the coordination effect between TbIII and HRP can lead to the conformation change in the HRP molecule, in which the contents of α‐helix and β‐sheet conformation in the peptide of the HRP molecules is decreased, and the content of the random coil conformation is increased. Meanwhile, the coordination effect also leads to the decrease in the content of inter‐ and intrapeptide‐chain H‐bonds in the HRP molecules, resulting in the HRP molecular looseness and/or aggregation. Thus, the conformation change in the HRP molecules can significantly decrease the electrochemical reaction of HRP and its electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of H2O2.
Antimicrobial Activity of Ethylenediaminedisuccinate Metal Complexes. Short Communication
Authors: Costa Natália J. S. , Bombardieri Cíntia R. , Kuribayashi Juliana S. , de Camargo Maristela M. , Andrade Leandro H. , Kagohara Edna , Espósito Breno P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt is shown that metal complexes of the biodegradable ligand ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (edds) present antimicrobial activity towards fungi and bacteria. [Cd(edds)], in particular, is more toxic than free Cd2+ to Aspergillus niger, behaving as a ‘Trojan Horse’ in the facilitated delivery of the toxic metal into the fungus.
Nanotechnologie für das Smart Energy Home
Authors: Iden R. , Wullkopf U. , Wohlleben W. , Keßenich E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDie Verknappung fossiler Ausgangsstoffe sowie Klimaschutz und Importabhängigkeit im Energiesektor sind Herausforderungen, mit denen Europa in den nächsten Jahren konfrontiert sein wird. Europa ist bereits Weltführer bei neuen energieeffizienten Baumaterialien, intelligenten Geräten, alternativen Energiesystemen im Wohnbereich, Isolierung und nachhaltigen Verbraucherprodukten. Verglichen mit anderen Regionen der Welt schneiden die europäischen Gebäude in Bezug auf Energieeffizienz mit am besten ab. Europäische Unternehmen haben außerdem begonnen, neue Technologien in Musterhäuser und Entwicklungen zu integrieren. Diese Stärken und das zur Verfügung stehende Wissen müssen gefördert werden, indem die Marktakzeptanz neuer, energieeffizienter Technologien beschleunigt wird. Eine wachsende Nachfrage wird außerdem zu effizienterer Massenproduktion und somit niedrigeren Preisen für solche Produkte führen.
Significant Influence of Zn on Activation of the C‐H Bonds of Small Alkanes by Brønsted Acid Sites of Zeolite
Authors: Stepanov Alexander G. , Arzumanov Sergei S. , Gabrienko Anton A. , Parmon Valentin N. , Ivanova Irina I. , Freude Dieter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHerein, we analyze earlier obtained and new data about peculiarities of the H/D hydrogen exchange of small C1–n‐C4 alkanes on Zn‐modified high‐silica zeolites ZSM‐5 and BEA in comparison with the exchange for corresponding purely acidic forms of these zeolites. This allows us to identify an evident promoting effect of Zn on the activation of CH bonds of alkanes by zeolite Brønsted sites. The effect of Zn is demonstrated by observing the regioselectivity of the H/D exchange for propane and n‐butane as well as by the increase in the rate and a decrease in the apparent activation energy of the exchange for all C1–n‐C4 alkanes upon modification of zeolites with Zn. The influence of Zn on alkane activation has been rationalized by dissociative adsorption of alkanes on Zn oxide species inside zeolite pores, which precedes the interaction of alkane with Brønsted acid sites.
Building theories of economic process
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEconomics concerns phenomena on the interface between materials and processes in the physical world and strategic actions in cognitive, legal, and cultural realms. A very limited set of questions about the existence of rationally optimal allocations of goods has been asked within the mathematical framework of economic general equilibrium theory. Independently, diverse ad hoc models of particular economic systems have been built in operations research, macroeconomics, and most recently in the growing field of econophysics. Adequate attention has not been given, up to recently, to frameworks for integrative modeling of economic process, comparable in generality to the mathematics of equilibrium theory but capable of reproducing the dynamics and contingency structure of physical and strategic transformations, and the institutions that serve them. We sketch a possible form for such a general modeling framework, with particular attention to the control relation of the financial sector to the underlying productive economy. We emphasize the importance of the structure of physical processes to economic phenomena, particularly symmetries associated with scaling and the continuous or discrete passage of time. Finally, as an example of the kind of problem such a framework seems necessary to understand, we discuss the famous Fisher equation for the velocity of money and its implications for the use of money supply as a control over trade. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009