bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO SHOULD GO AND WHO SHOULD STAY
Authors: NEIL THOMAS C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The need for more efficient use of probation services is widely accepted. Indeed, many offenders are being incarcerated who might have been better served on probation. However, the percentage of incarcerated offenders who perhaps should have been retained in the community has been open to question The purpose of this study was to provide a bench mark as to the percentage of incarcerated offenders who might be better served on probation.
THE POLICE AND HIGHER EDUCATION The Challenge of the Times
Authors: BROWN LEE P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstracts As law enforcement agencies continue to increase their educational standards, it is incumbent upon colleges and universities to offer curricula that prepare policemen to meet the challenge of modern times Criminal justice programs should pave the way for innovation and change in the police establishment by producing well‐educated men, with a strong liberal arts background, capable of understanding self, community, and the role of the police in modem society.
POST‐PRISON SUCCESS PREDICTION A Preliminary Florida Study
Authors: SAMPSON ALLAN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This preliminary study attempts to prepare the foundations for obtaining a valid predictive measure for the chance of “success” for a prisoner leaving the Florida penal system. A random sample of 200 Florida prison system releases is analyzed from several vantage points Parolee versus expvee popubtion differences are studied and a variant of the California Base Expectancy Scale is constructed for Florida. To overcome the weakness of utilizing the same predictive model for a broad spectrum of prisoners, an attempt is made to describe homo geneous subpopulations. Through the use of cluster analysis, one such subpopulation is identified and predictive ability for this group is shown to be greatly increamd.
UNIONIZATlON BEHIND THE WALLS
Authors: HUFF C. RONALD 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInmate militancy has evolved from rioting to nonviolent forms of protest and, more recently, to union organizing activities. Prisoners' unions have been opposed by state officials. and a number of tactics have been employed to weaken them Although no constitutional or statutory provisions deal specifically with the right of prisoners to unionize, that right probably depends upon the union's ability to demonstrate that it does not threaten institutional security and would not significantly alter the existing power structure. Prisoners' unions could represent a more participatory and open form of bargaining than currently exists in prisons
STYLES OF COMMUNITY POLICING
Authors: KUYKENDALL JACK L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Police agencies have distinctive philosophies, or styles, of policing. James Q. Wilson identified three policing styles by analyzing the approach of police in order‐maintenance and law enforcement situations Styles can also be developed by considering policing methods in relation to their impact upon the general community. The reactive‐procrctive emphasis given to wrious combinations of positive and negative methods, or counselor and enforcer roles, is the basis for the four policing styles discussed.
TOWARD A MACRO‐SOCIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF GENERAL DETERRENCE
Authors: BANKSTON WILLIAM B. , CRAMER JAMES A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper is focused on the problem of general deterrence as a macro‐sociological phenomenon. An attempt has been made to integrate existing literature into a set of testable hypotheses Three perspectives on general deterrence are examined, including the classical school of criminology and the positions of Durkheim and Sumner. The variables of certainty and seventy, type of threatened behavior, latent deterrent functions of legal threats, and normative structure are discussed. It is suggested that compliance rates may be used as an empirical index of general deterrence.
ASSAULTIVENESS AND ALCOHOL USE IN FAMILY DISPUTES
Authors: BARD MORTON , ZACKER JOSEPH 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Systematic naturalistic observation often contradicts experimental laboratory findings and idiosyncratic personal perceptions. In this study, family disputes managed by police officers trained in interpersonal conflict management yielded uniform observational data on 1,388 cases. The view shared by police and by social scientists that family disputes are likely to involve assaultiveness and that such behavior is typically caused by alcohol use was not supported by these data. Instead, the findings suggest that: assaults do not usually precede arrival of police; disputes are not usually influenced by alcohol use; and, indeed, assaults are less common when alcohol has been used.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLICE AND CRIME
Authors: SWIMMER GENE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study develops a model to measure the impact of police expenditure on crime rates across cities. It specifically allows for the two‐way relationship between police and crime. Other things being equal, cities with more police per capita should have lower crime rates, if police reduce crime. Simultaneously, the higher the crime rate, the greater the public demand for police. In its final formations, the model contains two identifiable equations with two endogenous variables, police expenditure per capita and the crime rate. Following a discussion of the reliability of crime statistics, the model is estimated by two‐stage least squares, using FBI crime data for 119 cities in 1960. These two‐stage results are compared with ordinary least‐square estimation results and are found to be clearly superior.
THE REASSURANCE FACTOR IN POLICE PATROL
Authors: BAHN CHARLES 
Published: March 2006

Abstract In addition to its more obvious functions, police patrol also has the function of citizen reassurance‐providing feelings of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or patrol car is nearby. Since this function is highly related to both visibility and awareness, it is svggested that in locations of both cognitive centrality and high density, fixed posts be established that would both serve the reassurance function and provide another communication link between the police and the public. Recent studies by Milgram. Sommer, Hall, and Lynch have all contributed to our understanding of what Milgram calls “the congnitive map of the city,” and this concept can be utilized in the pursuit of safety.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT AND POLICE DEMOCRATIZATION: A Reply to John E. Angell
Authors: SHERMAN LAWRENCE W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This article responds to John Angell's (1971) proposal to abolish police middle management. With use of the data from a seven‐city study of team policing (Sherman et al., 1973) and Tannenbaum's (1968) framework of control in organizations, the past obstructions and potential uses of middle management to police change are discussed. Rather than abolish or neutralize mid‐management, I propose to expand their support functions as a positive aid to change.
POLITICAL CRIME, POLITICAL JUST1CE, AND POLITICAL PRISONERS
Authors: MINOR W. WILLIAM 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFew attempts have previously been made systematically to define or interrelate the concepts of political crime, political criminal, political justice, and political prisoner. To establish a more adequate conceptual base for research, political crime and political criminals are herein defined in terms of motiwtions underlying criminal acts, regardless of the nature of the acts themselves; political justice is defined in terms of the state's reaction to perceived threat; and political prisoners are defined as those incarcerated because of either political crime (politico1 criminals) or political justice (victims of repression). Dimensions for a taxonomy of political crime are suggested.
PRISONERS' FAMILIES A Study of Some Social and Psychological Effects of Incarceration on the Families of Negro Prisoners
Authors: SCHNELLER DONALD P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study examines the effects of imprisonment on the families of inmates. Likert scaling procedures were used to meaaire three components of change occurring in 93 families subsequent to the incarceration of the family head. These are: change in sociol acceptance, change in economic status, and change in the degree of sexual and emotional frustration of the wife. Findings indicate that finances and sexual‐emotional frustrations underwent significant change and became problematic for a majority of families. Contrary to expectations, changes in social acceptance of the families were neither significant nor problematic except for a small minority.
JUVENILE COURT INTAKE An Analysis of Discretionary Decision‐Making
Authors: THOMAS CHARLES W. , SIEVERDES CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract An increasing amount of pressure has been directed toward juvenile court operations, much of which has focused on the hypothesized abuse of the broad discretionary decision‐making power that has traditionally been vested in the court. In this paper, we attempt to examine the extent to which factors not directly associated with the nature of the alleged offense may alter the probability that a juvenile w.11 be referred for a formal hearing in the juvenile court, a step which many analysts feel may have the unintended function of promoting rather than inhibiting subsequent involvement in delinquent behavior. Based on an analysis of 346 cases, our findings show that a number of variables that are not of direct legal relevance do exert a significant influence on the dispositional process, but the magnitude of this influence is not as great as many have been led to expect given the orientation of some explanatory models, particularly those based on the propositions of the labeling school.
Certainty, Severity, and Skyjacking
Authors: CHAUNCEY ROBERT 
Published: March 2006

Abstract A central issue in the controversy surrounding the death penalty is the question of deterrence. Specifically, does the additional severity of capital punishment over life imprisonment serve to deter potential criminals? I attempt to deal with this question by separating the effects of severity of punishment from those of certainty of punishment by examining various woys in which these factors have been manipulated in the attempt to curb the incidence of skyjacking. I conclude that increasing the certainty of punishment results in a decrease in crime, whereas increasing the severity does not, in effect arguing against the necessity of the death penulty.
NARCOTIC ADDICTS AND CRIME Analysis of Recent Trends
Authors: STEPHENS RICHARD C. , ELLIS ROSALIND D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study attempts to shed light on the types of crime committed by drug addicts and the possible changes in criminal behavior over time. The study revealed that arrests for crimes against the person are becoming more prominent among addicts although acquisition of property appeared to be the prime motive in these offenses Over the four‐year period analyzed, arrests for crimes against property and drug offenses remained the more numerically important categories even though arrests for crimes against the person increased. It was also found that, for each type of offense, more persons were arrested after than before they initiated thew drug abuse patterns.
PRICING SYSTEM AND THE ALLOCATION OF CONTRACTUAL METROPOLITAN POLICE SERVICES
Authors: GYLYS JULIUS A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The paper's main objective is to show that a market pricing system will, up to a certain output level, permit an economically efficient solution to the problem of allocating contractor's police services among the metropolitan political areas. But once additional police inputs succeed in establishing relatively low levels of criminal activity, the market mechanism will have a tendency to break down. A market dysfunction takes place because further increases of police services will not be able to elicit the expected decreases in crime. Failure of the market pricing system gives rise to an ancillary conclusion that other inputs besides police are needed to wage a successful battle against the rising levels of criminality.
POLICE CYNICISM RECONSIDERED An Application of Smallest Space Analysis
Authors: RAFKY DAVID M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Niederhoffer, following Durkheim, proposed a linear causal model to explain police anomia. Using data from an availability sample of New York City police, he breaks into the chain of variables at frustration and terminates the analysis with cynicism measured by a twenty‐item scale. This study replicates Niederhoffer's research with a population of urban police, examines the nature and incidence of cynicism, and tests the relationships between various indices of frustration, cynicism, and anomia. Contrary to Niederhoffer's expectations, cynicism is not prevalent among police outside New York City; cynicism my be described adequately only with reference to three dimensions; most indices of frustration do not significantly correlate with two subscales of cynicism; and cynicism does not intervene in the relationships between a number of independent variables and anornh. An alternate model based on Merton's conceptualization of anomin as the result of a discrepancy in cultural values and institutionalized means for attaining such goals was tested. It was found that perceived means‐goals discrepancy vis‐à‐vis legal norms and goals intervened in the relationships between rank and anomia and years on force and anomia.
A SELF‐REPORT COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND ANGLO DELINQUENCY IN WYOMING
Authors: FORSLUND MORRIS A. , CRANSTON VIRGINIA A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Previous studies, including those of Wind River Indian Reservation youth, indicate that native American adolescents have a relatively high rate of official delinquency involvement, Official rates may reflect, however, not only the actual incidence of delinquent behavior, but also other factors such as the manner in which the law is enforced. The findings of the present study are based on a self‐report type questionnaire administered to students attending two high schools in the Wind River Indian Reservation area of Wyoming. The data point to little overall difference in the delinquent behavior of Indian and Anglo males, with the exception of a greater involvement of Indian males in delinquent activities centering around the school. The Indian female, however, appears to be considerably more involved than her Anglo counterpart in running away from home and in a variety of offenses centering around the school, theft, vandalism, and assault. When social class is controlled, there is a substantial reduction in the number of offenses for which there are significant differences between the two races, although a few differences are found on particular class levels which do not obtain for the sample as a whole.
SOCIAL WORK AND CORRECTIONS Comments on an Uneasy Partnership
Authors: HANDLER ELLEN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper offers a summary of social work contributions to correctional treatment and provides a refutation to charges that social work in corrections is ineffective and adds a therapeutic veneer that prolongs the life of an outmoded, deficient system. Fundamental theories and practices of social work are consistent with the shifting emphasis from punishment to rehabilitation and community integration through focusing on the client within a social framework, attempting to influence the functioning of the social system, and coordinating new resources to met emerging needs. Postponing access to social services until after discharge from prison prevents the most rootless and disorganized among the prison population, with the highest probability of recidivism, from receiving necessary services, which might help to break the vicious cycle.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING
Authors: FRANK JAMES E. , FAUST FREDERIC L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper outlines a conceptual scheme for systematic analysis of the criminal justice policy‐planning process. The major assumptions required to apply the concept of policy‐planning in the substantive area of criminal justice are examined. Specification of critical aspects of the criminal justice system/environment relationship and elaboration of the roles played by various classes of key actors in relation to the need for, demand for, production of, and utilization of policy‐planning analyses are central features of the analytic scheme.
BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT IN THE CRIME AND DELINQUENCY FIELD
Authors: BRAUKMANN CURTIS J. , FIXSEN DEAN L. , PHILLIPS ELERY L. , WOLF MONTROSEM. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Empirical, practical, and ethical issues pertaining to the use of behavior modification approaches in the crime and delinquency area are discussed. In reviewing specific procedures and programs, we emphasize a number of critical components for behavior modification programs, including: (a) procedures for programming generalization of treatment effects to the natural environment, (b) self‐government due process systems, (c) safeguards for human and constitutional rights, (d) systematic procedures for teaching more socially adaptive skills, and (e) systematic consumer evaluations of the program's effectiveness and pleasantness
ASSESSING LENGTH OF INSTlTUTIONALIZATION IN RELATION TO PAROLE OUTCOME
Authors: BABST DEAN V. , MOSELEY WILLIAM H. , SCHMElDLER JAMES , NEITHERCUTT M. G. , KOVAL MARY 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study assesses the relative impact of different lengths of imprisonment upon parole outcome, for narcotic law violotors, while holding other factors constant. Three alternative procedures for measuring association (r, ø and rt) were each used in parallel base expectancy analyses on the same data base. The study group consists of 929 narcotic law violators who were paroled in 50 jurisdictions. Parole performance ws derived after a twe‐year follow‐up period The 1968 parolees were used to develop offender risk ratings. These ratings were applied to 1969 parolees to determine whether they would be associated with parole outcome in a new sample. The three methods worked about the same for developing offender risk ratings. Once personal characteristics of offenders were taken into considemtion, the number of months served had no consistent relationship to parole outcome. This remained true for all three parallel techniques used.
PLEA BARGAINING Bargain Justice?
Authors: BARBARA JOHN , MORRISON JUNE , CUNNINGHAM HORACE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract An historical overview of the plea bargaining process through the past few centuries is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of the legal mechanism are given. A research project conducted in Pima County, Arizona, covering 500 convicted persons who had been involved in plea bargaining is described, and the findings indicate that the majority of individuals included in the study willingly accepted the concept and felt that the practice should not be discontinued. A recommendation for modification of the misuse of the process is that cases should be reviewed for plea bargaining by an independent agency apart from the court and prosecutor. This would insure that the individual was aware that he was abrogating his rights of appeal, thereby eliminating any further investigation of his case.
THE SENSE OF INJUSTICE? An Analysis of Juveniles' Reactions to the Justice System
Authors: GIORDANO PEGGY C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The paper analyzes three juvenile justice organizations‐ the police, Abstract juvenile probation, and juvenile court‐from the point of View of the clients of the justice system. While much of the delinquency literature (in particular David Matza's notion of the sense of injustice) suggests a rlegntive response by youths who have been in contact with the system, the present resenrch found that youths with greater system contact actually expressed more positive attitudes t o w d probation officers and court judges than did their less experienced counterparts At the same time. a negative correlation was found between experience in the system and youths' evaluations of these agencies in terms of their effectiveness in performing important agency tasks.
PUBLIC OPINION AND PENAL POLICY
Authors: SMITH DAVlD LEWIS , LIPSEY C. McCURDY 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This article discusses the issue of who should run the penal system 7he major assumption of penal administrators has been that the public was in favor of a punishment policy. This research indicates that the public is not as punishment‐oriented as expected, though older respondents gave greater approval to restrictive conjugal visitation policies. Age variations may indicate a change in public opinion. The evidence also indicates that the public is more willing to support such programs as conjugal visits and work release than was previously thought. A willingness for more favorable treatment of inmates was found for those who had some contact with inmates.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND THE GAINS FROM CRIME
Authors: McPHETERS LEE R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract A number of economists recently have applied tools of economics to analysis of crime. The resulting models of criminal activity typically postulate that crime is positively related to gains porn crime and inversely related to the probability of punishment. While empirical studies have confirmed this latter effect, the relation between gains from crime and criminal activity has not been satisfactorily examined. This paper specifically tests the empirical relation between criminal behavior and the gains from crime. The unsettling possibility that decreases in the gains from crime my lead to increases in the number of crimes is discussed.
CONFLICT AND CONSENSUS IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCESS Urban Minorities and the Police
Authors: SPITZER STEVEN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The social psychological dimensions of intergroup consensus and conflict are explored as a framework for interpreting police‐minority group relations The limitations of the cultural systems model (cross cultural perspective) are discussed and an intercultural approach is proposed as an alternative. This model, which focuses on the interpenetration of perspectives in social relations, is applied to the analysis of intergroup relations in both interactional and organizational contexts The specks problems of social coordination presented by the enforcement process are examined as a basis for predicting police‐minority conflict. The implications of the analysis for social policy are outlined in both organizational and interactional terms.
HOMICIDE TRENDS IN ATLANTA
Authors: MUNFORD ROBERT S. , KAZER ROSS S. , FELDMAN ROGER A. , STIVERS ROBERT R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract In recent years in Atlanta, homicide has been the most common cause of death in males 20–40 years of age. To study homicide trends in this city we analyzed data for 591 resident victims of criminal homicide in two time perid. 1961–1962 and 1971–1972. Large increases occurred in the homicide rates for both black and white residents. In both races, these rate increases could be accounted for almost entirely by homicides involving firearms Homicide rates for black and whites in 1971–1972 were highest in census tracts with low indices of socioeconomic status; this association was found only for homicides in which the victim and assailant were relatives or acquaintances. There was little geographic overlap between areas with high rates of homicide in the home and high numbers of homicides in public. Using population‐based rates facilitates comparisons of homicide occurrence between time periods and/or places.