bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Darreichungsformen in der Parkinson‐Therapie: Arzneiformen eröffnen neue Wege für Parkinson‐Patienten
Authors: Riebesehl Bernd , Lipp Ralph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDie Vielfalt der in der Parkinson‐Therapie verwendeten Arzneistoffe hat sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit stark vergrößert. Trotzdem besteht weiterhin ein großer Optimierungsbedarf im Bezug auf eine nachhaltige und gleichbleibende Wirkung. Für den wirksamsten, aber hoch dosierten Wirkstoff Levodopa steht ein neuartiges System für die Infusion in das Duodenum in Aussicht. Dieses erlaubt die Programmierung einer Dosierpumpe und damit eine bessere Steuerbarkeit der Wirkung. Für andere Wirkstoffe mit niedrigerer Dosis ergeben sich neue Applikationsformen wie Schmelztabletten, die eine Einnahme ohne Flüssigkeit und/oder eine höhere Bioverfügbarkeit ermöglichen. In Zukunft werden möglicherweise auch transdermale Pflaster und andere Arzneiformen eine größere Rolle in der Therapie spielen, die für niedrig dosierte Wirkstoffe gleichbleibende Plasmaspiegel und längere Dosierintervalle ermöglichen werden.
Stammzelltherapie bei Morbus Parkinson. Zellersatz als eine therapeutische Option?
Authors: Schindehütte Jan , Paulus Walter , Mansouri Ahmed 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTransplantationen von fetalen mesenzephalen Zellen in das Striatum von Parkinson‐Patienten haben gezeigt, dass durch die therapeutische Strategie des Zellersatzes grundsätzlich eine Besserung der motorischen Symptomatik erreicht werden kann. Auch wenn die Reduktion der Symptomatik in den zwei kontrollierten Studien geringer als erwartet ausfiel, stellt die Zellersatztherapie weiterhin eine potentielle Behandlungsmöglichkeit des Morbus Parkinson dar. Bevor neue klinische Studien begonnen werden können, ist es jedoch notwendig, einige kritische Punkte mit Hilfe der Grundlagenforschung zu klären. Ein wesentlicher Punkt ist die standardisierte Aufbereitung von sicheren Transplantaten auf der Grundlage von fetalen mesenzephalen, embryonalen oder adulten Stammzellen. Auch Fragen bezüglich der Positionierung im Striatum, der Gabe von Immunsuppression hinsichtlich Präparat und Dauer sowie der klinischen Indikation müssten weitestgehend geklärt sein.
RACE, RIGHTS, AND HIGHER LAWS IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Authors: DAIN BRUCE 
Published: April 2006

Susan M. Ryan, The Grammar of Good Intentions: Race and the Antebellum Culture of Benevolence, Cornell University Press, 2003Gregg D. Crane, Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature, Cambridge University Press, 2002Moral sympathy does not necessarily imply condescension. Try to do something about sympathy, cross the line to benevolence, try to improve someone else's lot in life, and that can too easily change. Reform can become coercion and intolerance. The needy can come to seem permanently debased. They can also trick or manipulate the benevolent. These ambiguities pose severe problems for anyone who wants to imagine a democratic politics based on morality. Does neediness make the needy incapable of self-reliance and citizenship? Does benevolence corrupt the giver? Who gets to decide what laws are moral? According to literary scholars Mary Ryan and Gregg Crane, antebellum American literature perceived these problems and in many cases quite self-consciously tried to resolve them.
The effects of gp100 and tyrosinase peptide vaccinations on nevi in melanoma patients
Authors: Cassarino David S. , Walter J. Miller  , Auerbach Aaron , Yang Aparche , Sherry Richard , Duray Paul H. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  A new approach to prevent disease recurrence in high‐risk melanoma patients involves immunization with gp100 and tyrosinase peptides. This is the first study to examine the effects of such treatments on nevi.Design:  We studied biopsies of ‘clinically atypical’ nevi from 10 patients before and after peptide vaccination. All had a cutaneous melanoma measuring at least 1.5 mm in depth, satellite metastases, or at least one positive lymph node. We performed immunohistochemical stains for CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC‐I, MHC‐II, CD1a, HMB‐45, MART‐1, tyrosinase, bcl‐2, p53, and Ki‐67 (mib‐1).Results:  Immunohistochemistry showed no differences in staining due to vaccination in either the immunologic or melanocytic markers. However, there was a significant increase in both p53 and bcl‐2 staining, and a trend toward decreased Ki‐67 staining, in the nevi post‐treatment.Discussion:  The primary goal of peptide vaccinations with gp100 and tyrosinase is to activate melanoma‐specific T cells in order to prevent melanoma recurrence. Nevi were studied in order to assess the effects on benign melanocytes. No significant changes in lymphocytes, langerhans cells, expression of MHC antigens, or melanocytic markers were found. The increase in p53 and bcl‐2 raises the possibility that vaccination with melanocytic antigens stimulates a response in benign melanocytes.
Flow‐ and substratum‐mediated movement by a stream insect
Authors: LANCASTER JILL , BUFFIN‐BÉLANGER THOMAS , REID IAN , RICE STEPHEN 
Published: April 2006

Summary1. In streams subject to frequent hydrologic disturbance, the ability of benthic invertebrates to disperse within the channel is key to understanding the mechanisms of flow refugium use and population persistence. This study focuses on crawling invertebrates, the effects on movement of abiotic factors (specifically, flow near the stream bed and bed micro‐topography) and the consequences for dispersal.2. In a large flume, we observed individual cased caddisflies, Potamophylax latipennis, moving in fully turbulent flows over a precise replica of a water‐worked surface. From maps of movement paths, we quantified crawling behaviour and entrainment, and the influence of bed micro‐topography. We manipulated discharge and tested its effect on movement, linear displacement and areal dispersal. The highest discharge treatment was a disturbance to the caddis; the lowest discharge was not. Crawling behaviours were used to parameterise random walk models and estimate population dispersal, and to test the effects of abiotic factors on movement.3. Bed micro‐topography influenced crawling in several ways. Caddis spent most of their time at the junctions between proud particles and the adjacent plane bed. The frequency distribution of turn angles was bimodal, with modal values approximating the angle required to travel around median‐sized particles. Larvae generally crawled downstream, but crawling direction relative to the flow was skewed by bed micro‐topography and was not directly downstream, unlike drift.4. Caddis crawled for most of the time and discharge affected almost every aspect of their movement. As discharge increased, caddis crawled less often, more slowly and over shorter distances; they also became entrained more frequently and over greater distances. With increased discharge, caddis spent proportionately less time at the junctions between proud particles and the adjacent plane bed, and more time on the tops and sides of proud clasts. This is curious as most entrainment occurred from the tops and sides of clasts and entrainment is generally considered to be disadvantageous during disturbances.5. Linear displacement (drift and entrainment combined) was downstream, but the relation between total displacement and discharge was complex. Total displacement decreased at intermediate discharge as crawling decreased, but increased at high discharge as entrainment and drift played a greater role in movement.6. Within‐stream dispersal via crawling contained elements of both a correlated random walk (we observed directional persistence in turn angles) and a biased random walk (we observed downstream bias in move direction angles) and was best described as a biased correlated random walk. Dispersal was inversely related to discharge, suggesting that the ability of P. latipennis to crawl into flow refugia on the streambed is reduced at high flow.
IgG Immune Complex‐Binding in Macrophages From Arthritis‐Susceptible and Arthritis‐Resistant Mice Following Collagen Type II Immunization
Authors: Thorvaldson L. , Fuchs D. , Magnusson S. , Kleinau S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOccupancy of Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) by immune complexes (IC) induces secretion of various inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Therefore, knowledge of the FcR function is fundamental for understanding inflammatory processes. Here, we report an alteration in the FcR function in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). The FcγR‐binding activity of peritoneal macrophages from arthritis‐susceptible DBA/1 mice following collagen type II (CII)/CFA immunization was assessed by Fc rosetting of SRBC opsonized with different IgG subclasses. A progressive reduction of IgG1 IC‐binding was observed after immunization, and by the time of arthritis onset, the IgG1 IC‐binding was abolished. Binding of IgG2a or IgG2b IC, however, was not affected. The blocked IgG1 IC‐binding was reversed by a prior mild acid wash of the CIA macrophages, indicating receptor occupancy as the cause of the blocked binding. The impaired IgG1 IC‐binding was associated with arthritis development, as macrophages from CII/CFA‐immunized, arthritis‐resistant SWR mice or DBA/1 mice, immunized with CFA alone, did not show this effect. Normal DBA/1 macrophages, blocked with a monoclonal antibody to FcγRIIB/FcγRIII, and macrophages from FcγRIII‐deficient mice did not bind IgG1 IC, indicating FcγRIII as responsible for IgG1 IC‐binding. Our data suggest that an increased degree of saturation of FcγRIII precedes the development of CIA, which is reflected by a reduced IgG1 IC‐binding in macrophages of CII/CFA‐immunized DBA/1 mice.
Minimal Residual Disease in Ovarian Cancer as a Target for Complement‐Mediated mAb Immunotherapy
Authors: Bjørge L. , Stoiber H. , Dierich M. P. , Meri S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOvarian cancer is potentially well suited for local monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, because it remains within the peritoneal cavity for a long period of time before giving rise to distant metastases. At the stage of minimal residual disease, the cells appear to be in a state of dormancy (G0) or at least have lower rates of tumour cell proliferation. They should be a promising target for immunotherapy. Here we first examined the cell‐cycle expression of CD59 and decay‐accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) on four different ovarian carcinoma cell lines, using simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of DNA content or the cell‐cycle‐specific nuclear proliferation protein Ki67 and CD59 or DAF surface expression. We found that CD59 and DAF are stably expressed throughout the cell cycle. The polyvalent approach to target‐independent antigens to improve the efficiency of mAb complement (C)‐mediated damages was promising, and tumour cells become sensitive to C damage, when incubated with cross‐linked mAb against different tumour‐associated antigens. Although, such immune complex‐mediated C activation was rather ineffective in killing the cells, it could be potentiated by the addition of blocking mAb against CD59 and DAF. Our results suggest that the activities of intrinsic C regulators must be neutralized to make minimal residual disease a promising target for antibody therapy.
Bi‐level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post‐polio patients with respiratory failure
Authors: Gillis‐Haegerstrand C. , Markström A. , Barle H. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Patients suffering from post‐polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non‐invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume‐controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi‐level pressure support ventilation (bi‐level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi‐level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.Methods:  Eight post‐polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.Results:  Bi‐level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post‐polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  In this study, it was shown that bi‐level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi‐level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post‐polio syndrome with respiratory failure.
Patient injuries in response to anaesthetic procedures: cases evaluated by the Danish Patient Insurance Association
Authors: Hove L. D. , Nielsen H. B. , Christoffersen J. K. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  In response to medical treatment, side‐effects may occur and the patient may be injured. In Denmark, a patient is entitled to raise a claim for financial compensation and the validity of the claim which, based on defined criteria, is decided by the independent Patient Insurance Association (PIA). In this study, we investigated the files of the patients who were given financial compensation because of an injury caused by an anaesthetic procedure. We wanted to find the sort of injuries and the anaesthetic procedures involved and the size of financial compensation.Methods:  A retrospective study of the PIA database from 1996 to 2002 concerning the speciality anaesthesiology.Results:  From 1996 to 2002, 18,917 patients made a claim and out of these 916 files were related to anaesthetic procedures, of which 374 cases resulted in financial compensation. In the same period, it is estimated that the total number of anaesthetic procedures was approximately 400,000 per year in Denmark. The primary causes for financial compensation were nerve lesions in response to regional anaesthesia (epidural, spinal, peripheral nerve blockade; n = 132), body positional‐related injuries (n = 100), complications due to intravascular catheters or needles (n = 39) and teeth damage during airway handling (n = 31). After anaesthesia, 12 patients' brain functions were impaired probably as a result of prolonged peri‐operative hypotension and hypoxaemia. Death occurred in 21 cases. The average financial compensation was 21,500 euros (0.3% of the total amount from all cases) and in 13 cases the injury induced severe patient disability and therefore the compensation was above 1 million DKr. equal to 150,000 euros.Conclusion:  In the 6‐year period 1996–2002, 374 patients were given in total 8.0 million euros in financial compensation for an injury caused by an anaesthetic procedure. Some anaesthetic complications may result in severe disability whereby the financial compensation to the suffering patients is high. In this study, we estimate that approximately ∼ 0.2‰ of all patients receiving anaesthesia may develop complications that entitle them to financial compensation.
The central circulation in congestive heart failure non‐invasively evaluated with dynamic positron emission tomography
Authors: Sörensen Jens , Andrén Bertil , Blomquist Gunnar , Ståhle Elisabeth , Långström Bengt , Hedenstierna Göran 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground:  Positron emission tomography (PET) with [15O]‐H2O‐PET (WAT‐PET) or [11C]‐acetate (AC‐PET) quantifies myocardial perfusion and oxidative metabolism, but routine clinical use is hampered by the need for additional investigations to assess cardiac performance.Objective:  To apply classical tracer kinetics to dynamic PET could provide important haemodynamic parameters.Methods:  First‐pass PET data were used with indicator dilution techniques to measure stroke volume index (SVI). Early pulmonary retention of [11C]‐acetate was converted to standard uptake values (SUV) (LungAC‐SUV). Regional lung water (rLW) content was computed from the WAT‐PET scan at equilibrium. PET was compared with radionuclide angiography and echocardiography in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy with New York Heart Association class II (n = 10) or III (n = 18) congestive heart failure. Elderly male volunteers without heart disease (n = 11) underwent AC‐PET as controls.Results:  SVI with both tracers correlated in patients (r = 0·91, P<0·001, estimated standard error = 4 ml m−2) and with left ventricular ejection fraction (both tracers r>0·6, P<0·001). SVI was significantly different between all groups (ANOVA: P<0·001). LungAC‐SUV correlated with rLW (r = 0·78, P<0·001) and both were elevated in severe heart failure (P<0·05 for both). Elevated LungAC‐SUV was associated with a restrictive left ventricular (LV) filling pattern by Doppler echocardiography.Conclusion:  Dynamic PET with first‐pass analysis and tracers of myocardial perfusion enables quantification of the haemodynamic consequences of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in ischaemic cardiomyopathy and could be useful in the evaluation of the central circulation in heart failure.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Down-Regulation of the Imprinted Tumor Suppressor Gene ARHI (DRAS3) in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Lu Zhen , Luo Robert Z. , Peng Hongqi , Rosen Daniel G. , Atkinson E. Neely , Warneke Carla , Huang Maosheng , Nishmoto Arata , Liu Jinsong , Liao Warren S-L. , Yu Yinhua , Bast Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Purpose: ARHI expression is lost or markedly down-regulated in the majority of ovarian cancers. The mechanism by which ARHI is down-regulated in ovarian cancers is still not clear. Our previous reports indicated that ARHI promoter activity was reduced in ovarian cancer cells, due in part to the effects of negative regulatory transcription factor(s).
Experimental Design and Results: We now show that E2F1 and E2F4, but not E2F2, E2F3, or E2F5, bind to the ARHI promoter and repress its activity in ovarian cancer cells. Consistent with this observation, immunochemical staining of cell lines and of 364 samples of ovarian cancer tissue show that the expression of E2F1 and E2F4 proteins is much higher in ovarian cancer cells than in normal ovarian epithelial cells, and that increased expression of E2Fs was negatively correlated with ARHI expression (P &lt; 0.05). Mutation of the putative E2F binding site in the ARHI promoter reversed this inhibitory effect and significantly increased ARHI promoter activity. In addition to the effects of transcriptional regulation, ARHI mRNA also exhibited a significantly reduced half-life in ovarian cancer cells when compared with that in normal ovarian epithelial cells (P &lt; 0.01), suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of ARHI expression. ARHI mRNA contains AU-rich elements (ARE) in the 3′-untranslated region. We have found that these AREs interact with HuR, an ARE-binding protein that stabilizes bound mRNAs, possibly contributing to the rapid turnover of ARHI mRNA. Finally, reduced HuR ARE binding activity was observed in ovarian cancer cells when compared with normal ovarian surface epithelium.
Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that ARHI expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and the posttranscriptional levels, contributing to the dramatic decrease in ARHI expression in ovarian cancers.
Direct Valence Isomerization of Newly Synthesized Norbornadiene Aromatic Derivatives. A Kinetic and Photophysical Study
Authors: Maafi Mounir , Aaron Jean-Jacques , Lion Claude 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Four norbornadiene aromatic derivatives, potentially useful for light energy photochemical storage, were synthesized. Their photophysical properties and the kinetics of the valence photoisomerization reaction into quadricyclanes were investigated. Overall first-order rate constants of photoisomerization were found to be very fast and to vary markedly with the polarity of the solvent.
Recruiting Business History Teachers
Authors: Krooss Herman E. 
Published: April 2006

The topic for this morning — the recruitment of business history teachers and its allied problems — is an ideal one for discussion purposes. There are practically no facts to impede the free flow of ideas and the limits to the expression of opinion are almost boundless.My function is to provide an introduction to the discussion. This will be divided into the usual three parts: how are business history teachers presently recruited? What are the strengths and weaknesses in the present arrangement? What should the process of recruiting really be? All of these questions raise a whole series of additional questions of even more fundamental importance.
Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890–1917
Authors: Varg Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

In terms of the number of missionaries, financial contributions, and amount of home front propaganda, the missionary movement reached its peak in the United States in the years from 1890 to 1917. Only during this period did the foreign missions of the Protestant churches enjoy sufficient popular support to warrant use of the term “crusade.”This raises the question as to why Christian missions should have had such a strong appeal to the generation which elected Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency, embarked on a crusade to liberate the Cubans, and later sent its sons to Europe allegedly to defend the moral principles of democracy. Nothing could have been more quixotic than the slogan adopted by the Student Volunteers: “The Evangelization of the World in this Generation.” This motto expressed the vision of the thousands of college and seminary students who joined the Student Volunteers. It was also the goal of the hosts of women's missionary societies and the Laymen's Movement, the organization which marshaled the support of more than 100,000 men in the churches in behalf of foreign missions.
Structural modification of expandable polystyrene. II. Copolymerization with silicone acrylate
Authors: Taşkıran Isa , Ezdeşir Ayhan , Sunal Gürkan , Uyanık Nurseli 
Published: April 2006

AbstractConventional expandable polystyrene (EPS) was modified by the preparation of copolymers containing 0.10%, 0.25%, and 0.50% silicone acrylate. Copolymeric expandable polystyrene (CEPS) samples were characterized with various techniques. 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of composition, and gel permeation chromatography was used for the determination of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the glass‐transition temperatures of the CEPS samples increased with an increasing silicone acrylate content. The surface properties of the copolymers were investigated by contact angle measurement and SEM imaging. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 128–132, 2006