bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutagenicity of β‐alkyl substituted acrolein congeners in the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and genotoxicity testing in the SOS chromotest
Authors: Eder Erwin , Deininger Christoph , Neudecker Tilman , Deininger Doris 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe β‐alkyl substituted acrolein congeners crotonaldehyde, trans‐2‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, 2,4‐hexadienal, and trans‐2‐heptenal were clearly mutagenic in a slightly modified preincubation Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with and without S9 mix using a three fold bacterial cell density and a 90‐min preincubation time, whereas trans‐cis‐2,6‐nonadienal did not show any mutagenic activity. The greatest impediment to adequate mutagenicity testing of these compounds is their toxicity toward bacteria. Within the congener family tested, toxicity increases as a function of both chain length and lipophilicity, and it becomes more and more difficult to demonstrate mutagenicity. Mutagenicity decreases with increasing chain length. This effect may be explained by increasing toxicity. The effect of S9 mix seems to be mostly nonenzymatic detoxication by nonspecific scavanger protection of bacterial cytotoxicity. No indication could be found that bioactivation plays a role in S9‐mediated reduction of bacterial cytotoxicity. Although positive mutagenic outcomes could be obtained with the SOS chromotest for other α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, these acrolein congeners were not genotoxic in this test, most probably because they are toxic for the Escherichia coli bacteria PQ37 and PQ243.
A kernel‐based clustering approach to finding communities in multi‐machine power systems
Authors: Xing‐Zhi Wang , Zheng Yan , Qian‐Tu Ruan , Wei Wang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhen a power system is subjected to a large disturbance, effective identification of vulnerable bus and generator groupings in the complex power grid contributes to the analysis of power system dynamic behavior. Also, computationally simple and reliable identification of clusters is of primary importance in the successful application of hybrid transient stability assessment methods. In the paper, a kernel‐based clustering approach is proposed to finding communities of power grids and generators, using data clustering and multi‐machine equivalent concept. The calculation of the cluster analysis is simple and fast, as only the network topology and generator dynamic parameters along the post‐fault trajectory are required. Case studies using different scale test systems are given to illustrate the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid interface method for three‐dimensional multiphase flows based on front tracking and level set techniques
Authors: Shin Seungwon , Juric Damir 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSuccessful interface methods for multiphase flows need to be designed to operate well in the opposite extremes of strongly surface tension‐dominant flows on the one hand and strongly deforming flows on the other. To this end, recent advances in direct numerical simulation of multiphase flows have involved the hybridization of popular methods. One hybrid approach developed by the authors is the level contour reconstruction method (LCRM), which combines the characteristics of both the front tracking and the level set method. It was designed specifically for general 3D multiphase flow problems where very dynamic and deformable interfaces interact and where accuracy, reliability, and simplicity are essential features. In this paper, we carry the hybridization of the LCRM with the level set technique to a further level in that the explicit calculation of a distance function is introduced and plays a crucial role in the interface reconstruction procedure as well as in the calculation of the surface tension force. An accurate method of computing the distance function directly from the tracked interface is presented whereby a vector distance function is found, i.e. the minimum distance to the interface as well as the corresponding minimum distance point location on the interface itself. This information allows us to calculate a compact curvature field for the computation of the surface tension force, which decreases the level of parasitic currents to a negligible level. Various benchmark test cases to demonstrate the accuracy of the new schemes compared with other existing methods are provided. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting US inflation by Bayesian model averaging
Authors: Wright Jonathan H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecent empirical work has considered the prediction of inflation by combining the information in a large number of time series. One such method that has been found to give consistently good results consists of simple equal‐weighted averaging of the forecasts from a large number of different models, each of which is a linear regression relating inflation to a single predictor and a lagged dependent variable. In this paper, I consider using Bayesian model averaging for pseudo out‐of‐sample prediction of US inflation, and find that it generally gives more accurate forecasts than simple equal‐weighted averaging. This superior performance is consistent across subsamples and a number of inflation measures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting the FOMC's interest rate setting behavior: a further analysis
Authors: Kim Hyeongwoo , Jackson John , Saba Richard 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe develop a model to forecast the Federal Open Market Committee's (FOMC's) interest rate setting behavior in a nonstationary discrete choice model framework by Hu and Phillips (2004). We find that if the model selection criterion is strictly empirical, correcting for nonstationarity is extremely important, whereas it may not be an issue if one has an a priori model. Evaluating an array of models in terms of their out‐of‐sample forecasting ability, we find that those favored by the in‐sample criteria perform worst, while theory‐based models perform best. We find the best model for forecasting the FOMC's behavior is a forward‐looking Taylor rule model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation inhibits microglial associated inflammation and neurotoxicity
Authors: Byrnes Kimberly R. , Stoica Bogdan , Loane David J. , Riccio Angela , Davis Margaret I. , Faden Alan I. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) can modulate addiction, pain, and neuronal cell death. Expression of some mGluRs, such as Group II and III mGluRs, has been reported in microglia and may affect their activation. However, the expression and role of mGluR5 in microglia is unclear. Using immunocytochemistry and Western blot, we demonstrate that mGluR5 protein is expressed in primary microglial cultures. Activation of mGluR5 using the selective agonist (RS)‐2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) significantly reduces microglial activation in response to lipopolysaccharide, as indicated by a reduction in nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and TNFα production. Microglial induced neurotoxicity is also markedly reduced by CHPG treatment. The anti‐inflammatory effects of CHPG are not observed in microglial cultures from mGluR5 knockout mice and are blocked by selective mGluR5 antagonists, suggesting that these actions are mediated by the mGluR5 receptor. Anti‐inflammatory actions of mGluR5 activation are attenuated by phospholipase C and protein kinase C inhibitors, as well as by calcium chelators, suggesting that the mGluR5 activation in microglia involves the Gαq‐protein signal transduction pathway. These data indicate that microglial mGluR5 may represent a novel target for modulating neuroinflammation, an important component of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Competition between brand‐name and generics – analysis on pricing of brand‐name pharmaceutical
Authors: Kong Ying 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to provide two‐stage game models explaining the ‘Generic Competition Paradox’ that demonstrates an increase of brand‐name drug price in response to generic entry. Under the assumption that there are two groups of consumers who are segmented by their insurance status, high insurance coverage and low insurance coverage consumers, the models indicate that the decisive factor is the market share of the high insurance coverage consumer and the size of cross‐substitute factor relative to certain characteristics of market demand. The paper analyses both the case of only true generic entry and the case of pseudo‐generic and true generic entry. The models prove that a brand‐name price will increase when both the market share of high insurance coverage consumer and the factor of cross‐substitute are small. Also, the ‘Generic Competition Paradox’ more likely occurs in the market where less pseudo‐generic products are produced. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes: Molecular cloning and quantitative analysis of tissue expression in rats and serum elevation in liver toxicity #
Authors: Yang Rong-Ze , Park Soohyun , Reagan William J. , Goldstein Rick , Zhong Shao , Lawton Michael , Rajamohan Francis , Qian Kun , Liu Li , Gong Da-Wei 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is regarded as an indicator of liver damage based on the presumption that ALT protein is specifically and abundantly expressed in the liver. However, ALT elevation is also observed in non–liver injury conditions (for example, muscle injury) and in apparently healthy people. Conversely, serum ALT activity is normal in many patients with confirmed liver diseases (for example, cirrhosis and hepatitis C infection). To improve the diagnostic value of the ALT assay and to understand the molecular basis for serum ALT changes in various pathophysiological conditions, we have cloned rat ALT isoenzyme ALT1 and ALT2 complementary DNAs (cDNAs), examined their tissue expressions at the messenger RNA and protein levels, and determined ALT1 and ALT 2 serum levels in response to liver damage in rodents. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis shows that ALT1 messenger RNA is widely distributed and mainly expressed in intestine, liver, fat tissues, colon, muscle, and heart, in the order of high to low expression level, whereas ALT2 gene expression is more restricted, mainly in liver, muscle, brain, and white adipose tissue. The tissue distribution pattern of ALT1 and ALT2 proteins largely agrees with their messenger RNA expression. Interestingly, hepatic ALT2 protein is approximately four times higher in male rats than in female rats. In addition, ALT isoenzymes distribute differentially at the subcellular level in that ALT1 is a cytoplasmic protein and ALT2 a mitochondrial protein, supporting bioinformatic prediction of mitochondrial localization of ALT2. Conclusion: Using animal models of hepatoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen, we found that both serum ALT1 and ALT2 protein levels were significantly elevated and correlated with ALT activity, providing, for the first time, the molecular basis for the elevated total serum ALT activity. (Hepatology 2008.)
γ‐Cyclodextrin as Inhibitor of the Precipitation Reaction between Berberine and Glycyrrhizin in Decoctions of Natural Medicines: Interaction Studies of Cyclodextrins with Glycyrrhizin and Glycyrrhetic Acid by 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular‐Dynamics Calculation
Authors: Kamigauchi Miyoko , Kawanishi Kazuko , Sugiura Makiko , Ohishi Hirofumi , Ishida Toshimasa 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo prevent the precipitation reaction between glycyrrhizin (1) and berberine (3) in the decoctions of Glycyrrhiza/Coptis rhizome or Glycyrrhiza/Phellodendron bark, the presence of cyclodextrin (CD) in the mixture was proven to be effective. The preventing effect decreased in the order γ‐CD>β‐CD, and no effect was observed for α‐CD. On the other hand, the extraction degree of 1 from the natural medicine Glycyrrhia was considerably increased in the presence of γ‐CD, γ‐CD being much more effective than α‐ or β‐CD. Thus, the blocking effect of CD on the precipitate formation between 1 and 3 is suggested to be primarily dependent on the stability of the inclusion complex of the CD with 1. To establish the structure of such a preferred inclusion complex, the interactions of 1 with β‐ and γ‐CDs were investigated by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and molecular‐dynamics (MD) calculations. The 1H‐NMR measurements showed that the increase in solubility of 1 in H2O is dependent on the degree of its inclusion into the CD, which depends on the molecular size of the CD. The MD calculations suggested that the H‐bond interactions are sufficiently strong to form a stable [1/γ‐CD] complex, in which the lipophilic rings C, D, and E of 1 are fully inserted into the molecular cavity of γ‐CD, thus forming a kind of structure covered by a hydrophilic molecular capsule, while such an interaction mode is impossible for α‐ or β‐CD.
Triterpene Saponins from the Leaves of Ilex pernyi
Authors: Xie Guang‐Bo , Zheng Jiao , Tu Peng‐Fei , Liu Guo‐Qing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEight new triterpene saponins, ilexpernosides C–J (1–8, resp.), and eight known triterpene saponins were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of the leaves of Ilex pernyi. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and chemical degradation.
Synthesis and Structures of Two Isomeric 4‐Diazo‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrofuran‐3‐ones
Authors: Malashikhin Sergey A. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz , Rodina Ludmila L. , Nikolaev Valerij A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe two regioisomeric 4‐diazo‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrofuran‐3‐ones 6 and 7 were prepared via the common intermediate 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐5,5‐diphenylfuran‐3‐one (8). Diazo transfer with 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide yielded 6, whereas 7 was obtained via oxidation of the monohydrazone 12, which was prepared selectively from tetrahydrofuran‐3,4‐dione 11. The crystal structures of 6 and 7 have been established by X‐ray crystallography.
Oligonucleotide Analogues with Integrated Bases and Backbone
Authors: Ritter Anne , Bernet Bruno , Vasella Andrea 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe thiomethylene‐linked U*[s]U(*) dimers 9–14 were synthesized by substitution of the 6‐[(mesyloxy)methyl]uridine 6 by the thiolate derived from the uridine‐5′‐thioacetates 7 and 8 followed by O‐deprotection. Similarly, the thiomethylene‐linked A*[s]A(*) dimers 9–14 were obtained from the 8‐(bromomethyl)adenosine 15 and the adenosine‐5′‐thioacetates 16 and 17. The concentration dependence of both HN(3) of the U*[s]U(*) dimers 9–14 evidences the formation of linear and cyclic duplexes, and of linear higher associates, C(8 or 6)CH2OH and/or C(5′/II)OH groups favouring the formation of cyclic duplexes. The concentration dependence of the chemical shift for both H2NC(6) of the A*[s]A(*) dimers 18–23 evidences the formation of mainly linear associates. The heteroassociation of U*[s]U(*) to A*[s]A(*) dimers is stronger than the homoassociation of U*[s]U(*) dimers, as evidenced by diluting equimolar mixtures of 11/20 and 13/22. A 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the heteroassociation is evidenced by a Job's plot for 11/20, and by mole ratio plots for 9/18, 10/19, 12/21, 13/22, and 14/23.
Chemical Constituents from the Bark of Garcinia xanthochymus and Their 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical‐Scavenging Activities
Authors: Zhong Fang‐Fang , Chen Yu , Yang Guang‐Zhong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA new bis‐xanthone (xanthone=9H‐xanthen‐9‐one), named bigarcinenone A (1) which is the first example of a bis‐xanthone with the xanthone–xanthone linkage between an aromatic C‐atom and a C5 side chain from a guttiferae plant, a new phloroglucinol (=benzene‐1,3,5‐triol) derivative, named garcinenone F (2), together with seven known xanthones were isolated from the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D‐NMR techniques. Bigarcinenone A (1) exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging test with a IC50 value of 9.2 μM, compared to the positive control, the well‐known antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with a IC50 of 20 μM (Table 3).
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of New (Dimethylamino)‐Functionalised and 7‐Azaindole‐Substituted ‘Titanocene’ Anticancer Agents (7‐Azaindole=1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine)
Authors: Hogan Megan , Cotter Juliet , Claffey James , Gleeson Brendan , Wallis Denise , O'Shea Donal , Tacke Matthias 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFrom the carbolithiation of 1‐(cyclopenta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐ylidene)‐N,N‐dimethylmethanamine (=6‐(dimethylamino)fulvene; 3) and different lithiated azaindoles 2 (1‐methyl‐7‐azaindol‐2‐yl, 1‐[(diethylamino)methyl]‐7‐azaindol‐2‐yl, and 1‐(methoxymethyl)‐7‐azaindol‐2‐yl), the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediates 4a–4c were formed (7‐azaindole=1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine). The latter underwent a transmetallation reaction with TiCl4 resulting in the (dimethylamino)‐functionalised ‘titanocenes’ 5a–5c. When the ‘titanocenes’ 5a–5c were tested against LLC‐PK cells, the IC50 values obtained were of 8.8, 12, and 87 μM, respectively. The most cytotoxic ‘titanocene’, 5a, with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM is nearly as cytotoxic as cis‐platin, which showed an IC50 value of 3.3 μM when tested on the epithelial pig kidney LLC‐PK cell line, and ca. 200 times better than ‘titanocene dichloride’ itself.
Quetiapine augmentation in depressed patients with partial response to antidepressants
Authors: Olver James S , Ignatiadis Sophie , Maruff Paul , Burrows Graham D , Norman Trevor R 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectiveClinical trials suggest between 30–50% of depressed patients have an inadequate outcome to antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Among the approaches to improve outcome has been augmentation with antipsychotic medications. We aim to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of augmentation with quetiapine in depressed patients with a partial response to antidepressants.MethodsPatients with a Major Depressive Disorder (DSMIV) who had partial/no response to a stable dose of an Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)/SNRI were recruited. All patients received add‐on quetiapine (200–600 mg nocte) in a 6‐week trial. Outcome measures (HAMD, MADRS) were assessed at screening, baseline, weeks 1, 2, 4 and 6. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSEs) were assessed at baseline, weeks 2, 4 and 6. A neuropsychological battery of tests was administered at baseline, weeks 3 and 6.ResultsNineteen patients entered the trial and 18 completed the trial per protocol. We report a rapid improvement in depression ratings over 6 weeks (p < 0.0005) and remission rates of 67% at week 1 and 94% at week 6. There was no evidence of EPSE and no worsening (and some improvement) of cognition.ConclusionThis suggests clinical benefits of quetiapine augmentation of SSRI/SNRI antidepressants with no worsening, and possible improvements in cognition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoter methylation of p16 associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in precancerous gastric lesions: A population‐based study
Authors: Dong Cai‐Xuan , Deng Da‐Jun , Pan Kai‐Feng , Zhang Lian , Zhang Yang , Zhou Jing , You Wei‐Cheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between p16 methylation and Helicobacter pylori infection in precancerous gastric lesions, a population‐based study was conducted in Linqu County, a high‐risk area of gastric cancer in China. Methylation status of p16 was evaluated by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction in 920 subjects with precancerous gastric lesions. H. pylori status was determined by 13C‐urea breath test and the density of H. pylori in biopsy specimens used for detecting methylation status was assessed by the modified Giemsa stain. The frequency of p16 methylation was significantly higher in subjects with H. pylori positive than those with H. pylori negative in each category of gastric lesion (p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with H. pylori negative, the odds ratios (ORs) of p16 methylation were markedly elevated in subjects with H. pylori positive for superficial gastritis (OR, 9.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.94–30.41), chronic atrophic gastritis (OR, 15.92; 95%CI: 7.60–33.36), intestinal metaplasia (OR, 4.46; 95%CI: 2.44–8.13), indefinite dysplasia (OR, 3.67; 95%CI: 1.90–7.10), and dysplasia (OR, 2.48; 95%CI: 1.02–5.99). Moreover, the frequencies of p16 methylation increased steadily with the severity of H. pylori density in gastric mucosa. Compared with H. pylori negative, the OR of p16 methylation was 1.02–16.13 times higher in subjects with mild H. pylori infection, and 2.69–38.73 times higher in those with moderate/severe infection, respectively. Our findings indicate that p16 methylation was significantly associated with H. pylori infection in precancerous gastric lesions, suggesting that H. pylori infection could potently induce methylation of p16 CpG island. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of autophagy in malignant rhabdoid tumor cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitor FK228 through AIF translocation
Authors: Watanabe Motonobu , Adachi Souichi , Matsubara Hiroshi , Imai Tsuyoshi , Yui Yoshihiro , Mizushima Yasuhiro , Hiraumi Yoshimi , Watanabe Ken‐ichiro , Kamitsuji Yuri , Toyokuni Shin‐ya , Hosoi Hajime , Sugimoto Toru , Toguchida Junya , Nakahata Tatsutoshi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMalignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) exhibit a very poor prognosis because of their resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and new therapies are needed for the treatment of this cancer. Here, we show that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor FK228 (depsipeptide) has an antitumor effect on MRT cells both in vitro and in vivo. FK228 is a unique cyclic peptide and is among the most potent inhibitors of both Class I and Class II HDACs. FK228 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in all MRT cell lines tested. Preincubation with the pancaspase inhibitor zVAD‐fmk did not completely rescue FK228‐induced cell death, although it did inhibit apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that FK228 could stimulate MRT cells to undergo apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy. FK228 converted unconjugated microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3‐I) to conjugated light chain 3 (LC3‐II) and induced localization of LC3 to autophagosomes. Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), which plays a role in caspase‐independent cell death, translocated to the nucleus in response to FK228 treatment. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting of AIF prevented the morphological changes associated with autophagy and redistribution of LC3 to autophagosomes. Disrupting autophagy with chloroquine treatment enhanced FK228‐induced cell death. In vivo, FK228 caused a reduction in tumor size and induced autophagy in tumor tissues. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we confirmed AIF translocation into the nucleus of FK228‐induced autophagic cells in vivo. Thus, FK228 is a novel candidate for an antitumor agent for MRT cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.