bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship of non‐disclosure in therapy to shame and depression
Authors: Hook Anne , Andrews Bernice 
Published: October 2005

Objective.This study aimed to explore the relationship between shame‐proneness, depression, and non‐disclosure in therapy in 85 men and women who had received treatment for depression.Method.Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, which assessed depressive symptoms, shame‐proneness, non‐disclosure in therapy, and reasons for non‐disclosure.Results.In total, 54% of the respondents reported concealing depression‐related symptoms and behaviours or other distressing experiences from their therapist. Shame was the most frequently reported reason for non‐disclosure overall, but was a more frequent reason for non‐disclosure of symptoms than experiences. Similarly, shame‐proneness was significantly related to non‐disclosure of symptoms but not to non‐disclosure of experiences. For participants no longer in therapy, non‐disclosure of symptoms made a significant independent contribution to current level of depressive symptoms after controlling for demographic variables, worst depression, and shame‐proneness.Conclusions.The hypothetical model put forward in this study predicting a significant relationship between shame, non‐disclosure in therapy, and current depressive symptomatology was supported. The findings suggest that encouraging and facilitating the disclosure of shameful symptoms and related behaviours has positive implications for the effectiveness of treatment.
Understanding the genesis of psychotic disorder: Issues in the prediction and prophylaxis of those at ultra‐high risk
Authors: Mason Oliver J. , Beavan‐Pearson Julie 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Recent research is starting to identify individuals at an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder. This review seeks to identify the ‘state of the art’ with respect to the clinical identification and treatment of individuals at ‘ultra‐high risk’.Method. The research and clinical literature are reviewed with respect to a wide range of predictors relevant across development.Results. The review draws on evidence from childhood and adolescence to suggest that a range of biological, cognitive, personality, and social features are predictive of, but often not specific to, psychosis within the context of the diathesis‐stress model. Much evidence supports the view that environmental stressors act in combination with vulnerability factors to increase risk of transition, often during late adolescence and early adulthood.Conclusions. Recent clinical research has used both retrospective and prospective means of identifying individuals at ultra‐high risk and has made substantial gains in predicting transition. The clinical implications of their identification are discussed in the context of current pharmacological and psychosocial treatment studies. However, significant unresolved clinical and ethical issues remain with both types of study.
Working memory performance and preoccupying thoughts in female dieters: Evidence for a selective central executive impairment
Authors: Kemps Eva , Tiggemann Marika 
Published: October 2005

Objective. The study aimed to extend previous research into the impaired cognitive performance of spontaneous dieters by employing the Double Span Memory Task to investigate the relationship between weight‐loss dieting and performance simultaneously on the three subsystems of working memory.Method. A sample of 33 dieting and 33 non‐dieting women were presented with increasingly longer sequences of common objects, displayed successively in different, randomly chosen locations of a 4 × 4 grid. Participants were then asked to name the objects (phonological loop), point to the locations (visuospatial sketch pad), or both (central executive). Participants also completed self‐report measures of preoccupying cognitions, dietary restraint, depressed affect, and verbal intelligence.Results. Current dieters performed more poorly than non‐dieters on combined recall, but not on the single recall of objects or locations. They also scored more highly on self‐rated preoccupying cognitions.Conclusion. Dieting to lose weight selectively impairs central executive functioning, rather than the storage capacity of the two slave systems. This dieting‐related central executive deficit is at best partly attributable to the preoccupying thoughts about food, weight, and body shape accompanying dieting.
The detection of malingering in memory performance: The sensitivity and specificity of four measures in a UK population
Authors: Kelly P. J. , Baker G. A. , van den Broek M. D. , Jackson H. , Humphries G. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives. To investigate the validity of a clinical neuropsychological battery for the detection of malingering on tests of memory.Methods. A simulated scenario design was developed to investigate the effectiveness of a battery of four neuropsychological tests in the detection of malingering; the Coin in the Hand Test (CIH), Autobiographical Memory Index (AMI), Rey 15‐Item Test (RIT), and the Wechsler Mental Control Test (MCT). The performances of patients with an acquired brain injury (N=40) were compared with two groups of controls instructed either to simulate a head injury performance (N=40) or do their best (N=40).Results. The CIH and MCT demonstrated good validity and displayed high sensitivity and specificity. The RIT and the AMI was relatively poor in distinguishing between simulators and patients.Conclusions. The sensitivity and specificity of all four tests to the detection of malingering has been assessed. Two of the tests the CIH and MCT would be useful as a quick and accurate screening tool for detecting malingering.
Effects of male rape on psychological functioning
Authors: Walker Jayne , Archer John , Davies Michelle 
Published: October 2005

Background. Since the 1970s there has been a wealth of literature on the effects of rape on women. However, the study of the effects of male rape is still in its infancy. The aim of this study was investigate the psychological functioning of 40 British male rape survivors, and compare their level of functioning with that of a matched control group.Methods. Participants, recruited through national advertising in the British press, completed a series of questionnaires, measuring psychological functioning, assumptions about the world, self‐esteem, and (survivors only) PTSD‐related intrusion and avoidance.Results. The male rape group had much poorer psychological functioning than the controls, lower self‐worth, and lower self‐esteem. Most survivors reported high levels of intrusive thoughts and avoidance in relation to the assault. Logistic regression showed that lack of treatment after the assault predicted suicide attempts.Conclusions. Results are discussed in relation to treatment issues for male rape survivors.
Patterns of attentional deficits and emotional bias in bipolar and major depressive disorder
Authors: Kerr N. , Scott J. , Phillips M. L. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives.Previous studies have reported deficits in selective attention and specific emotional biases in patients with bipolar (BP) disorder. The extent to which these distinguish BP patients from those with major depressive disorder (MDD) remain unclear. We aimed to examine the relationship between selective attentional impairments and emotional biases in symptomatic and euthymic BP, and symptomatic MDD patients.Design.A between‐group design was used. The time taken for BP patients to perform on Stroop tasks was compared with that in patients with MDD, and a normal healthy control group.Methods.BP patients during manic (N=14) and depressed (N=13) episodes, and euthymia (N=15), together with symptomatic patients with MDD (N=17) and normal healthy controls (N=18) were matched for IQ, gender, and age. Selective attention was measured using theGolden (1978)version of the Stroop task, and emotional bias, using theLyon, Startup, and Bentall (1999)version of the emotional Stroop task.Results.On the Card Stroop, all patients were significantly slower than normal healthy controls on all three conditions. On the emotional Stroop Test, all patients were slower on neutral, positive, and negative conditions.Conclusions.Our findings suggest that both BP and MDD patients demonstrate impaired performance on neutral and emotionally salient attentionally demanding tasks. The finding of impaired performance in all patients on baseline conditions in each task, however, indicates the need for inclusion of additional baseline conditions in these tasks in order to elucidate the nature of attentional impairments specific to these patient populations.
Managing correctional treatment for reduced recidivism: A meta‐analytic review of programme integrity
Authors: Andrews Don A. , Dowden Craig 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Although issues surrounding programme integrity and implementation seem intuitively appealing as important contributors to effective correctional programming, they have been relatively ignored within the extant literature. The present meta‐analysis provided the first systematic examination of these issues by exploring their impact on recidivism reduction in correctional treatment programmes.Methods. A meta‐analysis was conducted on 273 tests of the effectiveness of correctional treatment programmes that were extracted from various human service programmes. Indicators of programme integrity reviewed included several management variables (i.e. selection, training and clinical supervision of service deliverers), evaluator involvement, presence of training manuals, monitoring of treatment delivery, and using a small sample of clients.Results. Overall, the meta‐analyses revealed that programme integrity provided an independent source of enhanced programme effectiveness, even when controls were introduced for other variables (e.g. involved evaluator and sample size).Conclusions. Consistent with previous research, the present study demonstrated that the positive contributions of programme integrity were limited to the enhancement of the effects of human service programmes consistent with the principles of risk, need, and general responsivity. However, the relatively poor reporting of programme integrity indicators within primary studies necessitates that evaluators and programme deliverers alike ensure that this information is included in future evaluations to provide an even greater understanding of the influences of integrity.
The relevance of spirituality, religion and personal beliefs to health‐related quality of life: Themes from focus groups in Britain
Authors: O'Connell Kathryn A. , Skevington Suzanne M. 
Published: October 2005

Background Generic health‐related quality of life (QoL) instruments have not routinely assessed spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs (SRPB) in their measurement. This research addresses the perceived importance of 18 facets (dimensions) of SRPB, for example, inner peace, to QoL that are not specific to a religion, but address the experience of having this belief, in relation to health.Method Adult focus groups were structured according to beliefs from UK surveys. Quotas targeted gender and health status. Nine focus groups (N = 55, age 51, 47% male) contained sick and well people who were religious, Christians, Buddhists, Quakers (50.1%), agnostic (27.4%), or atheist (21.8%) participants.Results Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed considerable variability in the importance attributed to some concepts, although spiritual strength, meaning in life and inner peace were relevant to all groups. Spiritual strength (4.42), the meaning of life (4.09), wholeness/integration (4.06), and inner peace (4.02) were most important. Divine love, freedom to practice beliefs, and attachment/detachment were less relevant, conceptually confusing or had religious bias; atheists rated them as unimportant and as less important (p <.04) than agnostics or religious people.Conclusions SRPB is relevant to health‐related QoL and consensually important facets should be included in generic health care assessments. Their inclusion permits a more holistic assessment and improves the case for a biopsychosociospiritual model of health.
The impact of financial circumstances on student health
Authors: Jessop Donna C. , Herberts Carolina. , Solomon Lucy. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives To explore the impact of students' financial circumstances on their mental and physical health.Design The study employed a correlational design.Methods An opportunity sample of 89 British students and 98 Finnish students completed a questionnaire which assessed their amount of debt, financial concerns, mental and physical health, smoking and drinking behaviours, work in addition to study, and perceptions of control.Results British students reported greater levels of debt and financial concern than Finnish students. They also reported significantly worse mental and physical health on a variety of dimensions. Financial concern was a significant linear predictor of mental and physical health, with increased financial concern being consistently associated with worse health. There was no evidence that students' smoking or drinking behaviour, work in addition to study, or perceptions of control substantially mediated the relationship between financial concern and health.Conclusion The results support the position that students' financial circumstances might have serious implications for their health. It is proposed, therefore, that recent changes in government funding policies for students could have a negative impact on student health and exacerbate finance‐related health inequalities. Further research is required to identify factors that may mediate or moderate the impact of financial concern on health.
Self‐reported attachment styles and therapeutic orientation of therapists and their relationship with reported general alliance quality and problems in therapy
Authors: Black Susanna , Hardy Gillian , Turpin Graham , Parry Glenys 
Published: October 2005

The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between therapists' self‐reported attachment styles and therapeutic orientation with the self‐reported general therapeutic alliance and therapist‐reported problems in psychological therapy.A sample of 491 psychotherapists from differing therapeutic orientations responded to a postal questionnaire. The questionnaire contained standardized measures of therapeutic alliance quality, attachment behaviours, a checklist of problems in therapy, and a brief personality inventory.Therapist‐reported attachment styles generally explained a significant additional proportion of the variance in alliance and problems in therapy, over and above variance explained by general personality variables. Self‐reported secure attachment style was significantly positively correlated with therapist‐reported general good alliance. Self‐reported anxious attachment styles were significantly negatively correlated with good alliance, and significantly positively correlated with the number of therapist‐reported problems in therapy. Therapeutic orientation independently predicted a small but significant amount of the variance in reported general alliance quality in addition to that explained by attachment behaviours.
Differential Expression of TASK Channels between Horizontal Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells of Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Taverna Stefano , Tkatch Tatiana , Metz Alexia E. , Martina Marco 
Published: October 2005

Among the electrophysiological properties differentiating stratum oriens horizontal interneurons from pyramidal neurons of the CA1 hippocampal subfield are the more depolarized resting potential and the higher input resistance; additionally, these interneurons are also less sensitive to ischemic damage than pyramidal cells. A differential expression of pH-sensitive leakage potassium channels (TASK) could contribute to all of these differences. To test this hypothesis, we studied the expression and properties of TASK channels in the two cell types.Electrophysiological recordings from acute slices showed that barium- and bupivacaine-sensitive TASK currents were detectable in pyramidal cells but not in interneurons and that extracellular acidification caused a much stronger depolarization in pyramidal cells than in interneurons. This pyramidal cell depolarization was paralleled by an increase of the input resistance, suggesting the blockade of a background conductance.Single-cell reverse transcription-PCR experiments showed that the expression profile of TASK channels differ between the two cell types and suggested that these channels mediate an important share of the leakage current of pyramidal cells.We suggest that the different expression of TASK channels in these cell types contribute to their electrophysiological differences and may result in cell-specific sensitivity to extracellular acidification in conditions such as epilepsy and ischemia.
Interventions for Optimization of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy
Authors: Tang Amber B. , Brownell Nicholas K. , Roberts Jacob S. , Haidar Amier , Osuna-Garcia Antonia , Cho David J. , Bokhoor Pooya , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceImplementation of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in real-world practice remains suboptimal. It is unclear which interventions are most effective at addressing current barriers to GDMT in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review to identify which types of system-level initiatives are most effective at improving GDMT use among patients with HFrEF.Evidence ReviewPubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were queried from January 2010 to November 2023 for randomized clinical trials that implemented a quality improvement intervention with GDMT use as a primary or secondary outcome. References from related review articles were also included for screening. Quality of studies and bias assessment were graded based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.FindingsTwenty-eight randomized clinical trials were included with an aggregate sample size of 19 840 patients. Studies were broadly categorized as interdisciplinary interventions (n = 15), clinician education (n = 5), electronic health record initiatives (n = 6), or patient education (n = 2). Overall, interdisciplinary titration clinics were associated with significant increases in the proportion of patients on target doses of GDMT with a 10% to 60% and 2% to 53% greater proportion of patients on target doses of β-blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, respectively, in intervention groups compared with usual care. Other interventions, such as audits, clinician and patient education, or electronic health record alerts, were also associated with some improvements in GDMT utilization, though these findings were inconsistent across studies.Conclusions and RelevanceThis review summarizes interventions aimed at optimization of GDMT in clinical practice. Initiatives that used interdisciplinary teams, largely comprised of nurses and pharmacists, most consistently led to improvements in GDMT. Additional large, randomized studies are necessary to better understand other types of interventions, as well as their long-term efficacy and sustainability.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patient Restraint in Emergency Departments by Police Transport Status
Authors: Chang-Sing Erika , Smith Colin M. , Gagliardi Jane P. , Cramer Laura D. , Robinson Leah , Shah Dhruvil , Brinker Morgan , Jivalagian Patelle , Hu Yue , Turner Nicholas A. , Wong Ambrose H. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceBlack patients are more likely than White patients to be restrained during behavioral crises in emergency departments (EDs). Although the perils of policing mental health for Black individuals are recognized, it is unclear whether or to what extent police transport mediates the association between Black race and use of physical restraint in EDs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the degree to which police transport mediates the association between Black race and use of physical restraint in EDs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective, cross-sectional study used electronic health record data from ED visits by adults (aged ≥18 years) to 3 hospitals in the southeastern US and 10 in the northeastern US between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2022. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2022, to May 30, 2023.ExposuresRace, ethnicity, and police transport to the hospital.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome variable was the presence of an order for restraints during an ED visit.ResultsA total of 4 263 437 ED visits by 1 257 339 patients (55.5% of visits by female and 44.5% by male patients; 26.1% by patients 65 years or older) were included in the study. Black patients accounted for 27.5% of visits; Hispanic patients, 17.6%; White patients, 50.3%; and other or unknown race or ethnicity, 4.6%. In models adjusted for age, sex, site, previous behavioral or psychiatric history, and visit diagnoses, Black patients were at increased odds of experiencing restraint compared with White patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.33 [95% CI, 1.28-1.37]). Within the mediation analysis, Black patients had higher odds of being brought to the hospital by police compared with all other patients (AOR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.34-1.42]). Patients brought to the ED under police transport had increased odds of experiencing restraint compared with all other modes of transport (AOR, 5.51 [95% CI, 5.21-5.82]). The estimated proportion of use of restraints for Black patients mediated by police transport was 10.70% (95% CI, 9.26%-12.53%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of ED visits across 13 hospitals, police transport may have mediated the association between Black race and use of physical restraint. These findings suggest a need to further explore the mechanisms by which transport to emergency care may influence disparate restrictive interventions for patients experiencing behavioral emergencies.