bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nordic Balance: A Security Policy Concept in Theory and Practice
Authors: Noreen Erik 
Published: March 2007

Noreen, E. The Nordic Balance: A Security Policy Concept in Theory and Practice. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 43-56. The article (1) analyses the theory of Nordic Balance, developed by A. O. Brundtland, and (2) examines the political use of the Nordic Balance concept in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The author believes that this concept can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the perspective in which it is placed. In Brundtland's description we find two perspectives: the bipolar and the Nordic. The former concerns the balance of power between the Great Power blocs, the latter is more a matter of interplay between the different models of security policy in Fenno-Scandinavia. The theoretical pre-condition — balance within the Nordic context — will thus be called into question. The problem of various interpretations affects the political use of the Nordic Balance concept. The meaning of the term is therefore dependent on the security policy context in which it is used. It is concluded that the term Nordic Balance is more confusing than elucidating and should be excluded from the vocabulary of international politics as well as defence and foreign policy.
Effects of Non-Alignment on Neutrality in Europe: An Analysis and Appraisal
Authors: Hakovirta Harto 
Published: March 2007

Hakovirta, Harto. Effects of Non-Alignment on Neutrality in Europe: An Analysis and Appraisal. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 57-75. The effects of non-alignment on European neutrality are analyzed and appraised. Six dimensions of neutrality are discussed: stability, scope, crystallization, credibility, acceptability, and international utility. Some of the basic similarities between the non-aligned and the neutral countries, the development of contacts between them, and Yugoslavian linkage activities are identified as the major preconditions of the effects. Non-alignment tends to destabilize and decrystallize the traditions of European neutrality. The development of a closer relationship between the European neutral states and the non-aligned movement would very likely decrease the credibility and the acceptability of their policies in Western eyes, whereas its repercussions in the East would be more uncertain. The capacities of European neutral states to play traditional third-party roles might be reduced, but closer cooperation with the non aligned might simultaneously provide possibilities for international influence on issues of global importance. Development of the non-aligned movement since the early 1970's has tended to make it politically less attractive to the European neutral states. A return to the earlier lines, dominated more strongly by countries like Yugoslavia and India, would increase the attraction.
Economic Fluctuations, Technological Innovations and the Arms Race in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo 
Published: March 2007

Väyrynen, R. Economic Fluctuations, Technological Innovations and the Arms Race in a Historical Perspective. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 135-159. The development of international relations may be explained cyclically by combining the long cycles of economic development and technological innovations with the economic and technological rise of various major powers. It is pointed out that the 'bunches' of technological innovations emerging in the context of national industrial ization strategies define the nature of military programmes. The development trajec tories of military technology are thus dependent on macroeconomic and macropolitical changes over long historical periods in major powers and in their international pos itions. The roots of new military technologies and major wars appear to be in the periods of economic stagnation. During the upswing phase of the long economic cycle new resources are generated for the expansion of military programmes which tends to increase the probability of warfare. During the upswing the costs of such programmes are easier to carry than during the downturn when they also may be more controversial. Furthermore, their economic impact differs between countries. In 'mature' industrial powers, such as the United States and Great Britain from the 1960s, military pro grammes become a real burden, while in upward-mobile semiperipheral nations, such as Germany and Japan in the late 19th century, state support to military industries may encourage economic and technological development in general. On the other hand the United States in the second half of the 19th century and Japan after WW II are examples in which modest military programmes have allowed a full utilization of technological innovations made during the preceding economic slowdown for civilian purposes.
Nordic Integration and Cooperation — Illusion and Reality
Authors: Andrén Nils 
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Nordic Integration and Cooperation — Illusion and Reality. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 251-262. In 1967 the author contributed an article to this journal on Nordic Integration. The aim was twofold: on the one hand to provide a definition broad enough to encompass a variety of integration forces or tendencies and exact enough to permit sufficient precision in the analysis, and on the other hand to measure the character of the growing Nordic cooperation. In the present paper, 'Nordic integration' is 'revisited', as an illusion, a reality and, perhaps, as a model. The integrative forces are still restricted by national interests and wider, extra-Nordic commitments, severally or collectively. New movements, most recently the transnational cravings for non-nuclear zones and the peace movements, seem unlikely to add a new security dimension to Nordic integration. European development is of decisive importance for the Nordic system, for which closer security cooperation at present is neither desired nor obtain able but cannot be excluded in all future scenarios. Meanwhile the Nordic system is attracting some marginal but increasing attention in the search for alternative models for European security.
United States International Oil Policy 1973-83: Pursuing a Cooperative Regime or an Imposed Order?
Authors: Bull-Berg Hans Jacob 
Published: March 2007

Bull-Berg, H. J. United States International Oil Policy 1973-83: Pursuing a Coop erative Regime or an Imposed Order? Cooperation and ConflictXX, 1985, 173-194. The fragmented theory on international regimes in essence focuses upon traits of coordination or collaboration between states within an international system. How can this approach be of utility for understanding the international politics of oil of the last decade? The author explores one aspect of this question by focusing his attention on the relationship between US policies and their intended bearing upon the political organization of the international oil system. Did the US pursue a cooperative strategy? If not, what are the chances for a future spontaneous creation of an international oil regime? The first section explores how we can use the concept of a non-contractual regime as a theoretical point of departure, and subsequently develops a link between actor policies and effects on the political ramifications of a subsystem like oil. The categories emerging from this discussion guide the empirical examination of US policies which follows in the second section. The third and last part of the article briefly suggests how an explanatory model could be sketched. It is pointed out that a combination of a realist and an economically oriented model should be selected, because of the character of oil as a strategic as well as an economic good. While the empirical conclusion points to a US policy that in essence has attempted to impose a new oil order on the system, the theoretical conclusion points to the methodologically problematic nature of investigating a purely normatively defined regime.
Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: March 2007

James, P. Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research. Cooperation and Conflict, XXII, 1987, 21-33. This essay contains a reappraisal of empirical research on conflict and cohesion. Behavioral studies of the linkage between domestic and foreign conflict are described in some detail. The consensus of that literature is that internal conflict is externalized only under very restricted conditions. However, in the process of reviewing this research, several important conceptual problems have been identified. Testing has focused on static rather than dynamic manifestations of conflict. Fragmentary indicators have been used to assess conflict at both levels of political interaction, and measurement is further complicated by the question of cross-national validity. In addition, the role of the state and environmental constraints on projection are in need of further exploration. It is recommended that all of these factors be considered in any new model of the conflict nexus that is intended for empirical testing.
WALL SURFACES A Research Report on Minimum Requirements
Authors: Compton Richard A. 
Published: March 2007

This is a preliminary report on the research now in progress on wall coverings suitable for hotel and institutional use. It is presented to solicit comments and suggestions which will be helpful in continuing the project. The goal is to make available a "Handbook of Interior Wall-Covering Materials." Three "use" areas—Corridors, Offices, Foyers and Entrances are set forth in preliminary form on pages 44-48.
A New Hospital Food Service System
Authors: Kubach Richard W. 
Published: March 2007

Developments in methodology and technology of food service systems are primarily aimed to in crease productivity, and their effect is measured in various units that either constitute in part, seg ment, or total a given "productivity model." The use of the 'integral heating system," de scribed in this article, results in advantageous factors for some foods. These are shorter cooking time, better palatability of the pre-plated meals, more attractive eye appeal, and increased vitamin retention when compared to identical meals heated in a convection oven. Moreover, the "integral heating system," which is an electrical resistance-heating process, should result in more efficient use of electrical power as the electrical energy is converted to heat on the undersurface of a special casserole dish. As it involves con trolled heat generation (the major heat transfer being conduction) it should result in speedy heat ing of the food with minimal rise in environ mental temperature. Richard Kubach's article narrates, in somewhat episodal form, the development of various seg ments in programming and implementing the "integral heating system" on a valid test basis. The tests reported are not fully conclusive and lack some scientific data, which other publi cations do provide. Operational and manage ment problems are not fully stated, and no at tempt to quantify them is apparent. Credit is due the 3M Company, which engineered the hardware for the new reconstitution subsystem that makes it significantly different from other systems. — Fritz G. Hagenmeyer, Lecturer, School of Hotel Administration, Cornell Uni versity. 1Beyer, Charles E., "A Hospital Converts to Ready Foods," The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, May 1971 (Vol. 12, No. 1), pp. 39-46.
A Citizen Looks at Crime
Authors: Fain James E. 
Published: March 2007

The urban revolution, the social effects of the population explosion, concentration in huge cities, and the mobility of modern society all tend to make people regard themselves as insignificant and helpless. You have to understand many such things in order to think logically about social disorganization and its ugliest manifestation—crime. I wonder about the four-martini expense account lunch, the lost weekend in suburbia, the divorce rate, and the indications of immorality I see in widespread cheating of the tax system. What does all this mean to crime? Crime can be successfully combated only through a joining of forces by all the leadership elements who are interested in adjusting the nation to its new growth. This will involve an expansion of both public and private services. It will demand a new approach, one calling for total social planning and far more coordination than has so far been attempted. It may also require new social units within the urban mass— small communities of some sort that can retain human individ uality and personal responsibility.
The Extravagance of Imprisonment
Authors: Rector Milton G. 
Published: March 2007

Adoption of a policy of nonimprisonment of the nondangerous would signal a shift from a reactive to a proactive response to crime and would result in the re-allocation of vast sums presently earmarked for institu tional construction. It requires legislative action. Short of execution, imprisonment of the nondangerous (nonviolent, nonassaultive) offender is the most violent response government can make to crime. It is a waste of lives and of public funds. The difference between the NCCD Council of Judges'Model Sentenc ing Act (1972) and the NCCD Board of Directors' policy statement on sentencing (1973) is clarified: the former allows for a prison commitment of up to five years for a "nondangerous" offender; the latter abrogates imprisonment for that category. The argument that a less punitive sanc tion (e.g., probation) is powerless unless the more punitive one (imprison ment) is a threatened possibility is rebutted. A policy of nonimprisonment has traditionally been applied to certain favored groups of nondangerous offenders; the policy statement recom mends that it be applied, without social or economic or racial discrimina tion, to all who qualify as nondangerous, Some examples are given of imaginative and ingenious sentences that demonstrate the feasibility of not committing a nondangerous person to prison.
Precarious partnerships: Barriers to multidisciplinary sex education in schools-A short communication
Authors: Baraitser Paula , Wood Alan 
Published: March 2007

Objective Sex education promotes sexual health service use when delivered collaboratively by health professionals and teachers. This pilot study explored the barriers to collaboration between school nurses, family planning nurses and teachers. Design Qualitative, exploratory study. Setting Community health services and secondary schools in the London Borough of Southwark. Method Semi-structured interviews with key informants from education and health. Results All respondents agreed that the teaching of sex education should be multidisciplinary and that barriers to collaboration exist particularly where sex and relationship education (SRE) is given low priority by schools. SRE is given low priority by schools where it is seen as taking curriculum time from examinable subjects and where pupils are perceived not to be at risk of sexual ill health. Conclusion The variation between schools in quantity and quality of sex education provided is significant and unpredictable.
Smoking cessation in pregnancy: What's a man to do?
Authors: Ziebland Sue , Fuller Alice 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To explore women's attitudes to their partners' smoking behaviours during pregnancy. Design Qualitative semi-structured interview study. Setting Interviews were collected in the participants' homes in Oxfordshire and Berkshire in the UK. Subjects A purposive sample of women who were smokers at the start of a pregnancy, who also had a partner who smoked. Results Examples of four strategies that are, at least theoretically, available to men were identified and described. These are: carry on smoking and encourage the woman to quit; carry on smoking and do not comment on the woman's smoking; avoid smoking in front of the woman and encourage the woman to quit; and avoid smoking in front of the woman and do not comment on the woman's smoking. Some women report feeling unsupported by partners who carry on smoking during the pregnancy, even if they did not smoke near them. Smoking status is often shared among couples and if the man does not quit during pregnancy the women may be more likely to relapse, particularly after the baby is born. Discussion There may be a mismatch between men's and women's motivation to quit smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period. While women are particularly motivated by the pregnancy, men may be more keen on quitting once the baby is born. However, once the baby is born women are more inclined to relapse. Awareness of this mismatch may make it easier for couples to use pregnancy as an opportunity for them both to stop smoking.
A new dental anxiety scale for 5-year-old children (DA5): Description and concurrent validity
Authors: Humphris G.M. , Milsom K. , Tickle M. , Holbrook H. , Blinkhorn A. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To design a new assessment of dental anxiety for 5-year-old children that takes less than five minutes to complete, for use in primary care or community settings, that requires minimal training for assessment administrator and has favourable psychometric properties. Setting Primary schools in Cheshire, UK. Method Two studies were conducted. The first study required a sample of 31 five-year-old children to rank order five diagrammatic picture cards denoting emotions of very happy to very sad, including a neutral emotion card. The second study invited children to post 12 gender-matched pictures of children receiving dental advice, examination and treatment procedures in a dental surgery into four post boxes arranged in rank order and labelled clearly, with the face pictures in the rank order confirmed in study 1 (omitting the neutral choice option). Results In study 1, consistent rank ordering was obtained with four faces (very happy-happy-sad-very sad). Neutral point was omitted due to inconsistent ranking. Study 2 children responded enthusiastically to instructions of new assessment and fully completed the test. A good association was demonstrated between the new measure and the gold standard' projective measure picture test of Klinberg1. Reliability of measure was moderate. Conclusions This new assessment appeared to assess dental anxiety in young children without causing apparent distress in respondents and warrants further testing to determine additional measurement properties.
The pattern of women's attendance at antenatal classes: Is this good enough?
Authors: Perkins Elizabeth R. 
Published: March 2007

OVER a three-month period, 687 new mothers from one Health District were asked whether they were offered antenatal classes, whether they attended, and if not, the reasons why they did not at tend. Information was also collected for each woman on her obstetric history, age, marital status, home town and husband's occupation. Seventy-two per cent said that they were offered classes in this pregnancy, and 40 per cent of the sample said that they had attended. Statistical analysis showed that receiv ing an offer of classes was strongly related to previous obstetric history; there were, however, deviant groups in respect of age and marital status to whom midwives were less likely to offer classes. Social class was much less important than obstetric his tory and the age of previous children in determining whether a woman would attend classes if offered them. These results are con sidered in relation to current assumptions about antenatal class attendance, and theor ies on the take-up of welfare benefits.
Do children influence their parents' smoking?
Authors: Wilcox Brian , Gillies Pam , Wilcox Sheila , Reid Donald 
Published: March 2007

A CONTROLLED study was carried out among parents of children in fourteen primary schools in Sheffield (England) to investigate a possible 'spread of effect' from a school anti smoking project. The study showed that children are an important source of information for parents on smoking hazards, but it was not possible to isolate the effect of this information on parental smoking behaviour from the many other influences involved. However, a favourable effect on attitudes to school health education was detected.
A study of the effect of a health education programme in promoting seat-belt wearing
Authors: Dillow I. , Swann C. , Cliff K.S. 
Published: March 2007

A SIX-month study was under taken to measure the overall effect of health education programmes promoting seat- belt wearing in vehicles, in a defined population. The results indicated that despite co ordinated programmes involving press, television, radio, posters and personalised appeals through book marks, no sustained increase in the wearing rate either by drivers or passengers (front-seat) was achieved. Analysis of data from a postal questionnaire evaluat ing specific aspects of the health education programmes indicated a 50 per cent penetration by the programme within the popula tion. A significant finding from the questionnaire was that people who smoked were less likely to wear seat-belts (P<.001). Smokers were also found to be less likely to be concerned with death as an outcome of non-seat belt wearing (P<.001) and were found to be signifi cantly against measures to intro duce legislation to enforce seat- belt wearing (P<.01).
Children's advertisement-awareness related to their views on smoking
Authors: Charlton Anne 
Published: March 2007

IN a Cancer Research Campaign-funded survey of 849 children aged nine and ten years, and 1132 chil dren aged 12 and 13 years in Cumbria and Tyne and Wear in November 1984, 67 per cent of the younger group and 84 per cent of the older group could name at least one cigarette brand. Seventeen per cent of the younger and 23 per cent of the older group named a favourite cigarette advertisement, although one per cent and two per cent respectively named cigar or tobacco advertisements on television, or anti- smoking posters. Those children who named a favourite advertisement showed significantly greater support for supposed positive values of smoking such as looking tough, looking grown-up, calming nerves, giving confidence and controlling weight. This difference in opinion applied equally to smokers and 'never-smokers' in both age groups. Comparatively few children - 20 per cent of smokers of the younger group and 12 per cent of the older group - smoked the brand they named as their favourite advertisement. Three-quarters of the sample expressed no brand loyalty, but of those who did, taste of the cigarette was the main reason they gave for choosing it, although some made the choice because they considered that cigarette to be less harmful. It is suggested that children are receiving the posi tive messages from cigarette advertisements even as young as the impressionable age of nine years when they are most likely to try their first cigarette, although the advertisements are supposedly not intended for them. They may see these messages as generic to smoking and the positive impressions they gain from them could be one of the important influences in their decision to smoke.
A practice campaign for National No Smoking Day
Authors: Graffy Jonathan 
Published: March 2007

DURING the four weeks before National No Smoking Day in 1986, all smokers attending an inner London general practice were asked to attempt to stop. The surgery was attended by 586 adults, 262 of whom were smokers. Eighty nine (34 per cent) of the smokers promised to try to stop, and these were fol lowed up by a postal questionnaire after three months. At least 72 per cent of those who had pledged to stop tried to do so and 57 per cent stopped for one day. After three months, eight per cent of those who had promised to stop were still not smok ing. Assuming that none of those who did not pledge to stop actually did so, this is equivalent to three per cent of all smokers who were consulted. The results are comparable to those of other studies of general practitioners giving advice against smoking, and suggest that linking the advice given in routine consultations to a national cam paign is both acceptable and effective.