bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singlet and triplet energy splitting in the radical ion pairs generated by photoinduced electron-transfer reactions
Authors: Tero-Kubota Shozo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) spectra generated by photoinduced electron-transfer reactions have been studied using continuous-wave time-resolved EPR and FTEPR spectroscopy. It has been suggested that the energy difference (DEST) between the singlet and triplet states of radical ion pairs (RIPs) is dependent on the charge recombination free energy (­DGCR) and reorganization energy (l). The result is interpreted in terms of the spin-selective stabilization or destabilization of RIP states by electronic coupling with the S0 and locally excited triplet states of the donor­acceptor pair at equilibrium distance in the reaction coordinate. It has been verified that a charge transfer-type exchange interaction governs the DEST. Magnitudes as well as the sign of DEST can be predicted at the distance of the solvent-separated RIP based on DGCR and l values.
Coherent control for ultrafast photochemical reactions
Authors: de Vivie-Riedle Regina , Kurtz Lukas , Hofmann Angelika 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Many photochemical processes involving the breaking and formation of chemical bonds take place on a femtosecond time scale. By means of ultrafast laser pulses it became possible to monitor these events in real time with a temporal resolution in the sub-20 fs regime. Moving beyond the observation to the control of chemical reactions requires additional theoretical and experimental effort. We illustrate with the aid of selected model systems the concepts and possibilities of "passive" and "active" control and their differences.
Molecular and biomolecular optoelectronics
Authors: Willner Itamar , Willner Bilha 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Reversible electronic transduction of photonic processes occurring on electrodes is the conceptual method to develop molecular and biomolecular optoelectronic systems. Cyclic photochemical activation of molecular or biomolecular monolayer redox-functions provides a general methodology for the amperometric transduction of photonic information that is recorded by the chemical assembly. Alternatively, photoisomerizable monolayers associated with electrodes act as "command interfaces" for controlling the interfacial electron transfer between molecular redox-species or redox-proteins. The systems use a photonic input for the generation of an electronic output and act as information processing assemblies. Programmed arrays of photosensitizer/electron acceptor cross-linked Au-nanoparticle arrays are assembled on indium tin oxide (ITO) for photoelectrochemical applications.
Bracken adaptation mechanisms and xenobiotic chemistry
Authors: Alonso-Amelot Miguel E. , Oliveros Alberto , Calcagno María Pía , Arellano Elida 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
As opposed to animals, plants have to cope with the resources, environmental restrictions, herbivores, and pathogens they find in the particular spot where they are bound to grow. Hence, resource sequestration, predation and competition relationships, and adaptation to various sources of other environmental stresses and their seasonal variation must be flexible enough to ensure survival and successful reproduction. Plants express this fitness by a combination of biological traits and chemical arsenals which operate under the reign of a genome of considerable plasticity. For the great majority of plants it is either the biological characters or the chemical composition that are explored independently to understand their fitness. But only in a few instances is the combination of these two avenues examined jointly. The extensive studies on the ecology, chemistry, and toxicology of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) make this fern one of the few examples where a reasonable explanation for its extraordinary success is beginning to emerge by the combined perception of these two most important aspects of plant life. It is the purpose of this article to briefly review how the sum of biological and chemical traits cooperates to make of bracken one of the five most pernicious weeds in the world today.
Pheromones and kairomones for control of pest insects. Some current results from a Swedish research program
Authors: Norin Torbjörn 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Some recent results from a research program dealing with the isolation, identification, and synthesis of biologically active compounds for applications in agriculture and forestry will be reported. The solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) technique has been successfully used for identification of the main sex pheromone components of Cydia and Bonagota species (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Synthesis of a series of dodecadienols, tetradecadienols, and their corresponding aldehydes and acetates have been performed to be used for testing inhibitory and synergistic effects on pest insects of these species. Behaviorally active volatile compounds emitted from aphids and aphid-infested plants have been identified by SPME-technique, synthesized, and used in olfactometer tests. Methyl salicylate is shown to act in interplant communication released by plants infested by insects. In the presence of the compound, the colonization density of aphids in crop is reduced. Methyl salicylate is a common multifunctional compound, which is active in several biological systems. The action of this compound as an anti-aphrodisiac will be presented. The compound is transferred at mating from the male pierid butterfly Pieris napi to the female and makes the female unattractive for mating.
Treatment of Tunisian salt lakes using solubility phase diagrams
Authors: Kbir-Ariguib Najia , Chehimi Dalila Ben Hassan , Zayani Lotfi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Tunisian salt lakes are considered as an important materials resource useful for industry and agriculture. They are called sebkhat or chott, and they cover a large part of Tunisian land. Their brines correspond to the quinary system: Na+, K+, Mg2+ / Cl­, SO4
2­­H2O. In the first part of this paper, a short description and abstracted geochemical and economical data about some Tunisian salt lakes are given. In the second part, the fitting equations used for modeling the quinary system are established and applied to the subsystems NaCl­KCl­H2O, NaCl­MgCl2­H2O, KCl­MgCl2­H2O, and to NaCl­Na2SO4­H2 O, KCl­K2SO4­H2 O, Na2SO4­K2SO 4­H2O. The coherence between the calculated and the experimental diagrams is discussed.
Thermodynamic modeling of crystal deposition in humans
Authors: Königsberger Erich , Königsberger Lan-Chi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The prevention and treatment of crystal deposition in the human body are based on the understanding of the physicochemical properties underlying the precipitation of the substances involved. Among these properties, the solubilities of the crystals are very important. Recently, experimentally determined solubility data of substances related to urolithiasis, such as calcium oxalate hydrates, uric acid and urates, cystine, and xanthine, were critically assessed. Unfortunately, reported solubilities of these substances were found to be either scarce or in large disagreement. Consequently, detailed studies were carried out in our laboratory, and the results will be discussed in this communication with emphasis on the thermodynamic consistency of the experimentally determined data. Since proper modeling of the solubilities of these substances in artificial urine solutions serves as a prerequisite for solubility predictions in real urine, the Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) software package was employed to create a comprehensive computer model including the relevant, low-molecular inorganic and organic components of urine. The results of the simulations lead to some useful suggestions regarding the prevention and treatment of stone disease.
Dissolution and formation of nuclear materials in molten media
Authors: Ogawa T. , Minato K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
As innovative means to recover actinides from irradiated fuels, pyrochemical processes are proposed. In the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), the feasibility of applying molten-salts processes to nitride fuels containing transuranium elements for transmutation is investigated. In the course of study, experiments and analyses have been made on the high-temperature chemistry of M­N­Cl systems, the effects of oxygen impurities, and the implications of the divalent state along with the normal trivalent state of lanthanides and actinides. Thermodynamic calculation and the electrochemical measurements are compared in a few aspects of dissolution and precipitation of nuclear materials in molten halides.
Solid-state solubility and its limits. The alkali halide case
Authors: Oonk H. A. J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The group of binary common-ion alkali halide systems correspond to an excellent vehicle for discussing and demonstrating the influence of mismatch in sizebetween the building units of the host crystal and the units of the gueston the formation of mixed crystals and the limits of solid-state solubility. The numerical values of just four constants are needed to formulate a uniform thermodynamic description of the mixed crystalline state of the group of systems. In terms of deviation from ideal mixing behavior, in terms of the excess Gibbs energy, two constants are needed to relate the magnitude of the function to mismatch in size. One constant is to account for the asymmetry of the function, and one to express the dependence on temperature. The values of the constants have been assessed with the help of data available for 13 systems showing complete miscibility. The uniform description allows one to calculate, for every system of the group, the solubilities of the components in one another at any temperature.
Human exposure to outdoor air pollution (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hertel Ole , De Leeuw Frank A. A. M. ,   Oleraaschou-Nielsen, Jensen Steen Solvang , Gee David , Herbarth Olf , Pryor Sara , Palmgren Finn , Olsen Erik 
Published: October 2007

_Human exposure to outdoor air pollution is believed to cause severe health effects, especially in urban areas where pollution levels often are high, because of the poor dispersion conditions and high density of pollution sources. Many factors influence human health, and a good assessment of human air pollution exposure is, therefore, crucial for a proper determination of possible links between air pollution and health effects. Assessment of human exposure is, however, not straightforward, and this is the background for the present paper, which recommends how to carry out such assessments. Assessment of human exposure to air pollution may be carried out by use of:categorical classification, application of biomarkers, analysis of air pollution data from routine monitoring networks, personal portable exposure monitors, or application of mathematical air pollution exposure models. The categorical classification is a crude indirect method based on indicators of exposure such as type of residence, type of job, presence of indoor sources, etc. Categorical classification is generally inadequate for application in air pollution epidemiology. Biomarkers can be a strong instrument in assessment of health effects and provide information about air pollution exposure and dose. Use of biomarkers is, therefore, particularly useful when applied in combination with exposure assessment through one of the methods 3 to 5. The main focus of this paper is on these three methods for determination of human air pollution exposure. The optimal solution is clearly a combination of methods 2 to 5, but the available resources often set a limit to how far the assessment is carried out, and the choice of strategy will, therefore, often be very important for the outcome of the final study. This paper describes how these approaches may be applied and outlines advantages and disadvantages of the approaches used individually and in combination. Furthermore, some examples of specific applications in Denmark and the Netherlands are given for illustration.
Chemistry in the 21st century. A central science or a "back office" technical activity?
Authors: Good Mary L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The science of chemistry underlies all of our work in the environmental area and in the new technologies exemplified by materials science and molecular physics. For these areas to progress, chemistry must continue to be a creative and innovative source of new ideas rather than just a handmaiden for currently identified problems in these closely allied areas of study.
Implementing green chemistry. An environmental policy for sustainability
Authors: Thornton Joe 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A diverse cocktail of synthetic chemicals is now globally distributed in the environment, food web, and human tissues, posing significant health risks to humans and wildlife. The current approach to environmental regulation is inherently inadequate to address the scope and complexity of this problem. A fundamental shift in paradigm is required to protect human health and ecological systems from chemically induced damage. The concept of green chemistry represents a critical part of this shift, but it is not sufficient per se. Only if green chemistry is conceived as part of a new policy based upon precautionary, democratically guided implementation of sustainable production technologies will it contribute significantly to establishing an ecologically compatible production base.
Greening the curriculum. American Chemical Society education programs
Authors: Ware Sylvia A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The American Chemical Society (ACS) Education and International Activities Division is currently working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to produce a series of green chemistry educational materials. To date, products include a searchable, online annotated bibliography of green chemistry references; a collection of cases describing real-world green chemistry solutions; and a Web site for green chemistry materials and information. Various workshops, short courses, and symposia have been provided to share the green chemistry story. Two planning conferences of green chemistry experts have been held to provide direction to the project. In addition to an overview of the above products and services, the project goals and future plans will be described, and the ways in which green chemistry concepts are being integrated across the ACS educational programs in general.
Green chemistry in India
Authors: Kidwai M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Our environment, which is endowed by nature, needs to be protected from ever-increasing chemical pollution. The challenge for the institution and industries is to come together and pursue development in the field of greener chemistry by reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances. We have organized a national and international symposium for promoting green chemistry in India, which has provided the platform for interaction of concepts among the leading scientists. The main idea behind this to activate work toward green chemistry for which involvement of academic, industrial, and governmental and non-governmental bodies is needed collectively, which will help the designing and development of environment-friendly chemistry practices in India.
Emergence of a sustainable business community
Authors: Fiksel Joseph 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Global population and environmental pressures are challenging multinational companies to develop new business strategies founded upon the principles of sustainabilityassuring that they can meet the needs of both present and future generations of customers and stakeholders. Corporate sustainability requires understanding the "triple bottom line", which includes economic, societal, and ecological performance. It involves designing products and processes with a full awareness of their life-cycle costs and benefits, and seeking new technologies to create more value with fewer resources. To put sustainability into practice, companies are beginning to transform their core business processes and develop environmentally and socially responsible products and services. Many are adopting the concepts of industrial ecology and green chemistry in an effort to transform their operations from a linear to a closed-loop business model. This changing climate is creating new opportunities for breakthrough research and development, ranging from nanotechnology to green chemistry.
Sustainability metrics for vehicles
Authors: Sullivan John L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The public has growing concerns about the effects of human activity on the environment for both themselves and future generations. The concept being developed to address these environmental concerns, along with economic and social-equity considerations, is called "sustainable development". The business community has already started to address their contribution to environmental issues through collaborative efforts under organizations such as the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. That work has focused primarily on industrial and corporate environmental and economic performance through the development of eco-efficiency metrics, which are a measure of resources and materials consumed per unit output of product, sales, or value-added. While this development is important, it is not enough. Clearly, the environmental performance of the entire product system must also be elucidated. Otherwise, one might forget, for example, the power plant emissions of his or her so-called "zero-emission" vehicle. The metrics required to characterize sustainable practices and systems have yet to be developed. The set will include economic, environmental, and social-equity metrics. Because of their system-oriented environmental performance representation, life-cycle assessment metrics are certainly going to be included in such a set. A discussion of some potential life-cycle metrics follows.
Integrated emissions management for automotive painting operations
Authors: Kim B. R. , Kalis E. M. , Adams J. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An integrated scheme has been studied to reduce gaseous (volatile organic compounds [VOCs]), liquid (scrubber water), and solid (paint sludge) emissions from automotive painting operations by converting an existing spray-booth scrubber system to a bioreactor to capture and degrade VOCs and pyrolyzing paint sludge to produce an adsorbent. This paper describes the experimental results of 1) a pilot-scale study conducted at an assembly plant to evaluate the biological VOC removal using activated-sludge bioreactors and 2) a bench-scale study on VOC adsorption on paint-sludge adsorbents. The results indicate that the biological VOC removal is technically feasible (comparable VOC removal and less energy usage as compared to the widely used, vapor phase-activated carbon adsorption/thermal oxidation process) and economically feasible (one order of magnitude cheaper) and that paint-sludge adsorbents exhibited appreciable adsorption capacity. Implementation of the scheme requires more than technical and economical feasibility. The issues to be overcome include the inertia of past practices, overall systemic thinking, and moving targets (processes and regulations).
Developments in CO2 research
Authors: Behles Jacqueline A. , DeSimone Joseph M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
CO2 can be a good solvent for many compounds when used in its compressed liquid or supercritical fluid state. Above its critical temperature and critical pressure (Tc = 31 C, Pc = 73.8 bar), CO2 has liquid-like densities and gas-like viscosities, which allows for safe commercial and laboratory operating conditions. Many small molecules are readily soluble in CO2, whereas most macromolecules are not. This has prompted development of several classes of small molecule and polymeric surfactants that enable emulsion and dispersion polymerizations as well as other technological processes.
Supercritical fluid extraction of Z-sabinene hydrate-rich essential oils from Romanian Mentha hybrids
Authors: Pop Eugenia Gh. , Barth Danielle 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The green solvent SC­CO2 was used to extract the volatile part, rich in thermolabile compounds, Z-sabinene hydrate and its acetate, from a Romanian mint hybrid. The best yield, 2.26%, was obtained at 92­94 bar, 50 °C (SFE 2). Kinetic study of SC­CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation and monitoring by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC­MS) analysis established optimal conditions for SC­CO2 extracts with a high content of Z-sabinene hydrate (43.5%) and its acetate (19.15%) and flavor similar to plant material (P = 90­100 bar, T = 50 °C). Only at the beginning of hydrodistillation was it possible to obtain a high content of Z-sabinene hydrate (37.3%, after 70 min), but a high content of its acetate never could be reached. This study suggests a way to obtain Z-sabinene hydrate from a natural source and reveals the importance of mild conditions to keep what is valuable in nature.
Low-temperature manufacturing of fine pharmaceutical powders with supercritical fluid aerosolization in a Bubble Dryer®
Authors: Sievers R. E. , Huang E. T. S. , Villa J. A. , Kawamoto J. K. , Evans M. M. , Brauer P. R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Aerosols play an important role in thin film deposition, fine powder generation, and drug delivery. Green processes to form aerosols are needed to eliminate the use of toxic organic solvents and minimize the production of liquid wastes and the emission of halogenated and oxidant-forming organic compounds. We have developed a new patented process, Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer® (CAN-BD), that can generate a dense aerosol with small droplet and microbubble sizes that are dried to form particles less than 3 µm in diameter [1­9]. The process uses carbon dioxide as an aerosolization aid, and this permits drying at lower temperature than usually needed in conventional spray-drying. Intimate mixing of supercritical carbon dioxide with aqueous protein solutions causes the formation of microbubbles, which are rapidly dried in less than 5 s. The process is more environmentally benign than traditionally used methods, and is superior when thermally unstable materials are being processed. Fine-particle pharmaceutical powders can be rapidly and easily made by this new CAN-BD process, requiring less energy and eliminating residues of toxicologically or environmentally objectionable solvents. Manufacturing dry powders of pharmaceuticals for pulmonary drug delivery and increasing bioavailability are the purposes of developing and marketing the new Temco Bubble Dryer.
Quasi-nature catalysis. Rhodium-catalyzed C­C bond formation in air and water
Authors: Huang Taisheng , Venkatraman Sripathy , Meng Yue , Nguyen Tien V. , Kort Daniel , Wang Dong , Ding Rui , Li Chao-Jun 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Transition-metal catalysis is out-grown from dry-boxes where the use of inert gas atmosphere and the exclusion of moisture have been essential. Such a restriction undoubtedly imposes limitations in the application of these reactions in organic synthesis and in the recycling of the catalysts. This article discusses some recent advances of rhodium-catalyzed carbon­carbon bond formations under the natural conditions of air and water.