bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Policy
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn clinical trials involving experimental subjects who are also patients, what is supposed to become of the imperative to focus on the patient’s best interest? A second set of policy questions concerns patients who want to die. Are there limits to the imperative to let patients choose for themselves? Is commodification a threat to autonomy? When, if ever, do costs and benefits become decisively important? Can we know what to count as a cost-effective preparation for the next pandemic? When we put procedures in place to protect against abuse, is there any way to prevent such measures from becoming bureaucratic obstacles to accomplishing anything at all?
Abortion Restrictions and Formative Autonomy
Authors: Raskoff Sarah Zoe 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIt is often morally important that you have a choice between two options in the sense that each option is available to you and you are not coerced into choosing one or the other. Even when you have a choice, though, the presence of time constraints and other noncoercive influences can prevent you from taking the time you need to make up your mind and really choose for yourself. How are we to understand this latter phenomenon? In this essay, I argue that while choosing for yourself seems, at first glance, to be an exercise in discovering your preferences, this is not the whole story. At least sometimes, choosing for yourself instead involves creating your preferences—and, in so doing, choosing what kind of person and valuer to be—through the exercise of what I call formative autonomy. I then explore some objections to this account and some implications for public health policy and clinical ethics. Throughout, I draw primarily on examples that involve choosing whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy and the regulations governing such choices.
Public Health as If People Mattered
Authors: Cannon Michael F. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis essay offers a framework for analyzing whether government may justifiably intervene to contain the spread of disease. Nonconsensual transmission of dangerous pathogens is an inherently violent act. This framework therefore justifies government public health activities for the same reasons and only to the same extent as other government activities. Government public health interventions are legitimate only to the extent they minimize the amount of violence in society. Violence-minimization is a more egalitarian and welfare-enhancing rule than, for example, a rule prescribing that government public health activities should minimize loss of life.
Structural Hobbling: Regressive Harm, Diffuse Responsibility, and Structural Injustice
Authors: Hall Lauren 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe past five years have seen a dramatic increase in scholars working to supplement or challenge accounts of structural injustice. Almost without exception, scholars in this area assume that the move from personal responsibility to political or public responsibility will represent a net gain in justice, at least in modern liberal regimes. In this essay, I challenge this assumption and introduce the concept of “structural hobbling” as a parallel cause of injustice, but one whose origins derive from neutral state activities rather than from intentional bad faith or diffuse private action (as in structural injustice). Using health-care regulations as a lens, I offer two narratives of individuals navigating health-care regulations that demonstrate how seemingly neutral regulatory decisions create regressive hobbling effects. Structural hobbling challenges structural-injustice theorists to take more seriously the complex and often subtle ways in which apparently benevolent state activity can create downstream injustice, while adding complexity to existing narratives around public responsibility and what it demands.
Phytochemicals of Vitis vinifera L. var. King Ruby protect mice from benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung injury
Authors: Ahmedy Gehad S. , Selim Hend M. , El-Aasr Mona , Ibrahim Souzan M. , El-Sherbeni Suzy A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The world’s concern about smoking hazards, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer was the motivation to investigate plants as a source of new drugs with lung protective effect. The phytochemical profile of Vitis vinifera L. var. King Ruby leaves methanol extract (VLME) was tentatively recognized by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Fifty-two and forty-seven compounds were identified by negative and positive ESI modes, respectively. Taraxerol (1), β-sitosterol (2), daucosterol (3), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronoide-6″-methyl ester (4) and isoquercetin (5) were isolated from VLME. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay of the different fractions against A-549 cell line revealed that the methylene chloride fraction (MCF) had the lowest cell viability at 300 µg/mL (4.54 ± 0.19%). Mice of 10 groups (n = 6) was treated as follows: Group I (negative control group), group II (disease control, mice received B(a)P 125 mg/kg, orally), groups III-V (mice received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of VLME, followed by B(a)P), group VI (mice received only 300 mg/kg of VLME), groups VII-XI (mice received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of MCF, followed by B(a)P), group X (mice received only 300 mg/kg of MCF). On the seventh day, all groups received a single oral dose of B(a)P 125 mg/kg body, except group I, VI and X. In vivo studies showed VLME and MCF (300 mg/kg body weight) effectively mitigated benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung injuries in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects were confirmed by the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CD34, alongside reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression. Antioxidant activity was indicated by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression with the remarkable increase in glutathione (GSH). Histological improvements further support the potential of Vitis vinifera L. leaves as a natural lung protectant. Further pre-clinical and clinical investigations will be required to deliver a new drug with promising protection effect.
Immune cells adapt to confined environments in vivo to optimise nuclear plasticity for migration
Authors: Karling Tua , Weavers Helen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cells navigating in complex 3D microenvironments frequently encounter narrow spaces that physically challenge migration. While in vitro studies identified nuclear stiffness as a key rate-limiting factor governing the movement of many cell types through artificial constraints, how cells migrating in vivo respond dynamically to confinement imposed by local tissue architecture, and whether these encounters trigger molecular adaptations, is unclear. Here, we establish an innovative in vivo model for mechanistic analysis of nuclear plasticity as Drosophila immune cells transition into increasingly confined microenvironments. Integrating live in vivo imaging with molecular genetic analyses, we demonstrate how rapid molecular adaptation upon environmental confinement (including fine-tuning of the nuclear lamina) primes leukocytes for enhanced nuclear deformation while curbing damage (including rupture and micronucleation), ultimately accelerating movement through complex tissues. We find nuclear dynamics in vivo are further impacted by large organelles (phagosomes) and the plasticity of neighbouring cells, which themselves deform during leukocyte passage. The biomechanics of cell migration in vivo are thus shaped both by factors intrinsic to individual immune cells and the malleability of the surrounding microenvironment.
Harnessing solar power with adaptive control of PV‐enriched microgrids using A3C‐driven deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Liao Yaohua , Jin Xin , Gu Zhiming , Li Bo , Pan Tingzhe 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis research introduces an advanced adaptive control framework utilizing deep reinforcement learning, specifically the Asynchronous Advantage Actor‐Critic algorithm, to optimize the operation of photovoltaic‐enriched microgrids integrated with solar electric vehicles. The integration of solar electric vehicles within microgrids not only addresses transportation needs and energy sustainability by acting as dynamic energy storage systems. The inherent intermittency of solar power and the dynamic energy demands of solar electric vehicles pose significant operational challenges, requiring robust, flexible control systems capable of real‐time optimization. Our framework leverages the Asynchronous Advantage Actor‐Critic algorithm for its efficiency in handling high‐dimensional state spaces and its capability for rapid, concurrent learning processes, making it well‐suited for the dynamic and complex environment of photovoltaic‐enriched microgrids. The proposed model innovatively combines solar energy generation with solar electric vehicle energy storage and consumption dynamics, providing a holistic approach to microgrid management that optimizes energy flows, reduces reliance on traditional energy sources, and minimizes environmental impact.
Immunity Protection of Pregnant Employees Working in the Healthcare Sector
Authors: Seidling Marie , Goertzen Stephanie , Schmid Klaus , Drexler Hans , Wolfschmidt Anna 
Published: February 2025

AbstractInfectious diseases during pregnancy can pose a serious health risk for mother and child. Employees with an occupational risk of infection are especially at risk. We investigated the immune status of pregnant employees working in the health service to determine the percentage of women who were adequately protected during pregnancy and the percentage of cases with a pregnancy-relevant risk.This retrospective data collection was done using the standard records of the Occupational Health Department (Betriebsärztliche Dienststelle) of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. The data of employees with a pregnancy reported between 1 May 2018 and 31 May 2020 were collected. This resulted in a total study population of 406 cases. We collected data on the respective occupational groups, occupational risk profile, employment bans for expectant mothers, occupational-medical consultations, and immunity status with regards to measles, mumps, rubella, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, CMV, hepatitis A and B, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and poliomyelitis.The investigated employees had attended a mean of three previous occupational-medical consultations; 45.8% had received advice about maternity protection from the occupational physician’s office. The immunity rates of the total study population at the time of their last medical consultation prior to their due date varied, depending on the respective disease, from 77.3% (mumps) to 90.9% (varicella zoster virus). 182 cases (44.8%) were prohibited from working during their further pregnancy.Medical advice on infection risks and immunization combined with the offer of vaccinations are decisive in determining the immune status and ensure that immunizations can be carried out in good time. To achieve full immunization before becoming pregnant, girls and women should be advised early on about preventive maternity protection measures.
Validation of a New Clinical Test for Diagnosis of Trapeziometacarpal Arthritis
Authors: Kafury Alvaro Antonio , Novillo María Elisa , Angarita Fredy , Castañeda Jhon Freddy , Rojas Juliana Andrea , Muñoz Sandra Patricia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Purpose Symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthrosis is primarily diagnosed on clinical grounds. The X-ray appearance correlates poorly with the presence and severity of pain; therefore, radiography is not a useful tool to define which patient is symptomatic, nor which one should be treated. There is not a specific gold standard test. The grind test is the most used clinical test; however, its level of diagnostic accuracy is not very high. The aim of this study is to describe and validate a new clinical test.
Materials and Methods A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of the compression and flexion test.
Results A total of 106 patients were included. Excellent interobserver agreement was found for both semiology tests (kappa = 0.82 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97). The area under the curve for the compression and flexion test showed an estimate of 99.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.6–100) and for the grind test of 62 (95% CI: 51.2–71.9). The diagnostic performance of the compression and flexion test showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 92.1–99.9) and a specificity of 98.4% (95% CI: 91.2–100), in contrast to the grind test that reports a sensitivity of 22.2% (95% CI: 11.2–37.1) and a specificity of 93.4% [95% CI: 84.1–98.2].
Conclusions The diagnostic performance of the compression and flexion test is higher than that of the grind test. Furthermore, the results show an excellent interobserver correlation and diagnostic accuracy, making it a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis of trapeziometacarpal arthritis.
Type of Study/Level of Evidence Diagnostic tests II.
Skin Tumors in Pediatric Patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Case Series
Authors: Aftab Kanwal , Maqsood Sidra , Yaqoob Nausheen 
Published: February 2025

AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease. This disease predisposes patients to early-onset skin cancers, like squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. This was a 5-year experience. Here, we report nine pediatric cases of XP in which two patients had basal cell carcinoma and six patients had squamous cell carcinoma. We have also reported one case in which both skin malignancies were present. The subjects included seven boys and two girls, while seven subjects were from consanguineous marriages, and the average age was 9.4 years. All the patients had ulcerative budding tumor lesions on the face (eye, nose, chin, cheek, and forehead) and scalp. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common cutaneous malignancy related to XP in our study. Prevention is based on the early diagnosis of XP, skin photo-protection, screening and early treatment of lesions, and genetic counseling.
Prostate Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) Technique with Three-Dimensional Transperineal Ultrasound for IGRT Tracking of the Prostate
Authors: Migowski Igor , Migowski Arn 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Introduction Ultrahypofractionated radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer, also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is an unprecedented modality of prostate radiotherapy and is still used very sparsely in Brazil. The use of fiducial implants and spacers may make it even more difficult to implement prostate SBRT on a large scale in Brazil. We describe a completely non-invasive technique for the treatment of localized prostate cancer with stereotactic body radiotherapy.
Materials and Methods This is a case series study with 9 patients and 48 SBRT fractions analyzed. In our treatment protocol, we use the Elekta Versa-HD linear accelerator (Elekta, Stokholm, Sweden), a transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) with tracking and synchronization capabilities (Clarity 4D ultrasound system, Elekta), and the Monaco Planning System (Elekta). Displacements were measured in the three axes (lateral, longitudinal, and vertical). The discrepancy between the initial ultrasound location of the prostate and the location of the cone beam has also been documented.
Results The mean displacements were 2.02 mm, 3.12 mm, and 2.93 mm for the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively. The data show that treatment was interrupted in 14 of the 48 treatment fractions (29.17%), 8 (57%) with displacements greater than 5 mm and 6 (43%) with displacements between 3 and 5 mm.The initial TPUS image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) and its mean displacements for localization with the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) were 1.3 mm, 1.9 mm, and 1.5 mm, for the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively. Using van Herk formula, a margin of 7.3 mm in the lateral directions, 9.35 mm longitudinally, and 7.74 mm vertically, would be required
Conclusion Here we describe an SBRT technique for prostate cancer that is completely non-invasive and allows for a high level of accuracy. Transperineal 3D ultrasound provides real-time position data to the prostate that can be used to gate the SBRT treatment, allowing for smaller, more personalized planning target volume (PTV) margins even without fiducial markers or spacers, which may be more applicable for low- and middle-income countries.
“Mij dodte, mij loppe, in mijn lande”
Authors: Bøegh Kristoffer Friis , Parkvall Mikael , Bakker Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A 1681 letter written by Jørgen Iversen (1638–1682), the first governor of Danish St. Thomas, unearthed from the
Danish National Archives, contains a quote in incipient Virgin Islands Dutch Creole (VIDC). The quote, Mij dodte, mij
loppe, in mijn lande, lit. ‘I die/dead, I go, in my country’ (free translation: ‘If/when I die, I will go back to my
own country’), predates other early VIDC sources by over half a century. This finding shows that a Dutch-related contact variety
was in use on St. Thomas a mere decade after the island’s colonization in 1672. Assessing historical-demographic evidence
alongside the linguistic evidence, the most plausible scenario, we argue, is one in which VIDC formed locally on St. Thomas rather
than having been imported before the 1680s. The quote is among the earliest fragments of a European-lexifier contact language in
the Caribbean, and among the earliest in any Dutch-related contact language.
Orthographic uncertainty
Authors: Westbury Chris , Yang Michelle 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Measures of orthographic typicality have long been studied as
predictors of lexical access. The best-known orthographic typicality measure is
orthographic neighbourhood size (Coltheart’s
N or ON), the number of words that are one letter
different, by substitution, from the target word. A more recent related measure
of orthographic typicality is orthographic Levenshtein distance 20
(OLD20), the average Levenshtein orthographic edit distance
of a target word from its 20 closest neighbours (Yarkoni, Balota, and Yap, 2008). Both measures have
been implicated in lexical access. In this paper, we propose and assess a family
of measures of word form similarity we call orthographic
uncertainty. These measures are based on Shannon entropy (Shannon, 1948), which has a long
history of being considered psychologically relevant. Orthographic uncertainty
measures are superior to ON and OLD20 at predicting lexical decision and naming
reaction times and accuracies. They are also superior to the older measures
insofar as they are naturally tied to the widely-accepted quantification using
Shannon Entropy of the psychological functions of familiarity, uncertainty,
learnability, and representational and computational efficiency.
The interplay of trophic interactions and game dynamics gives rise to life-history trade-offs, consistent personalities, and predator–prey and aggression power laws
Authors: Salahshour Mohammad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Ecological processes and evolutionary change are increasingly recognized as intimately linked. Here, we introduce an eco-evolutionary model of trophic interactions between predators and prey and show that the flow of resources in the ecosystem results in the scale-invariant spatial and temporal structure of ecosystems. In contrast to conventional approaches that rely on fitness-based selection, evolution in our eco-evolutionary framework is a direct consequence of ecological interactions. To illustrate this, we combine trophic interactions with evolutionary games by allowing individuals to play a game within the population where they can adopt aggressive or non-aggressive strategies. We show that individuals develop consistent personalities and their life-history trade-offs become intertwined with the scale-invariant ecological dynamics. Aggressive individuals tend to live faster, more reproduction-focused lives, whereas nonaggressive individuals favor slower, longer-lived strategies. These patterns emerge naturally, rather than being imposed as model assumptions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nonequilibrium dynamics of resource flow play a decisive role in driving the evolution of consistent personalities within and across populations. We identify a new class of aggression scaling laws arising from the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes. The model relates predator–prey scaling laws with food web control and shows that small offspring size, high relative prey mobility, low predator conversion efficiency, predator competition, and prey competition all favor prey control over the food web. Our findings illuminate how large-scale ecological patterns—including power laws in predator–prey biomass and avalanche-like resource pulses—can relate to evolutionary outcomes such as consistent personalities, life-history trade-offs, and density-dependent growth. This perspective strengthens the emerging view that ecology and evolution are two faces of the same coin, each shaping the other in a self-organized, energy-driven system.
Nano-structured FeS2 Cathode for Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Li Shuai , Wang Liping 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
FeS2 is emerging as one of the promising cathode materials for high-energy-density energy storage systems. However, the huge volume expansion and dissolution of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) result in poor cycling and rate performance. Herein, nano-structured FeS2 is synthesized through a controllable solid-state reaction method, avoiding introducing harmful substances from the waste generated by solvent reactions. Consequently, the synthesized nano-structured FeS2 with reduced Li+ diffusion exhibits an exceptional capacity of 650.7 mAh g−1 (0.5 C, after 300 cycles). Moreover, it also demonstrates extremely good rate performance and has a high capacity retention of 74.8% even at 2 C after 780 cycles.
Carbon emission measurement method for electric-hydrogen coupling systems based on carbon emission flow and carbon emission allocation
Authors: Zhao Xin , Chen Yanqi , Hou Langbo , Zhang Bo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
With the proposal of the dual carbon goals, carbon capture and power-to-gas technologies present vast application prospects in carbon emission reduction and wind energy utilization. However, research on the impact of these technologies on carbon emission flows within power systems has been limited. This study investigates the changes in carbon emission flows in power systems incorporating carbon capture and power-to-gas technologies from the perspective of the attribution and allocation of carbon emissions. Firstly, the theoretical relationship between power flow and carbon emission flow is used to calculate the node carbon intensity, followed by the deployment of carbon capture and power-to-gas equipment. Next, the carbon emission flow in the power system is reasonably allocated to the load side based on the attribution and allocation of the carbon emissions method. In contrast, the carbon emission flow caused by active power losses is allocated to the source side. Finally, the changes in the carbon emission flow rate of generator units, load, and network loss are analyzed after introducing carbon capture and power-to-gas technologies. The results indicate that the attribution and allocation of carbon emissions method can reasonably delineate the carbon emission responsibilities of various segments within the power system, thereby promoting clean energy development.