bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intelligence Bureau
Authors: Swami Praveen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews one of the most enigmatic institutions in India’s security arena—the Intelligence Bureau (IB). The IB’s functions span an extraordinary range of issues, from counterterrorism to counterintelligence to serving as a liaison with and between various police forces. However, more than a century after its creation, fundamental asymmetries of ends and means have led the IB to something on a road to nowhere, with little success in innovation and developing a clarity of purpose. This chapter argues that several of the IB’s core functions have been met with intense competition from state and private-sector organizations, often with capabilities exceeding those of the Bureau itself. This chapter also finds that the IB remains severely understaffed and under-resourced. The implications for intelligence-gathering are significant. This anaemia has been further compounded by a long-standing inability to engage in the thoroughgoing capacity-development and reform many in India’s intelligence community have called on it to undertake.
India’s Central Paramilitaries
Authors: Staniland Paul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the armed paramilitary forces under the aegis of MHA, which are used to maintain internal security and guard international borders. It reviews seven paramilitary organs: the Assam Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). This chapter provides an overview of each of these forces, briefly exploring their origins and historical evolution and then focusing on their functions in recent decades (especially since 1990). Wherever possible, it also draws on recent research into their personnel composition and fatalities. This chapter advances the broader argument that the political importance of these central paramilitaries is one of several reasons to more intensively study India’s home ministry.
Oscillations
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The small free oscillations for particle moving near the minimum of potential energy. An oscillator with friction. The free oscillations of systems with degenerate frequencies. Oscillations of linear chains. Orthogonality of eigen oscillations. The eigen oscillations of the simple molecules. The non-linear and parametric resonances.
Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in the Global Context
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that there is a meaningful sense of social status that extends beyond the boundaries of a particular state—“global status.” Global status refers to a group’s (dis)advantages in material, political, way-of-life, and/or self-respect terms under a broad range of international relations and institutions, compared with those of other groups outside the social context of a particular state. In fact, a group’s global status can often differ from its domestic status within a state. Like domestic status, global status is a continuum notion, as there is no hard line between a globally secure and a globally vulnerable group (though clear cases of each can often be identified). This chapter then advances two further goals. First, through exploring the significance of global status, it demonstrates that there are important social, political, and economic relations at the global level and that all of this seems to matter to the moral assessment of a variety of immigration cases. Second, by illustrating global status’s role in explaining the moral status of a variety of immigration cases, it begins to demonstrate that the antidiscrimination approach provides a more compelling understanding of when and why states’ admission decisions might be wrong than the anticlassification approach. The focus of this chapter is on exploring how global status matters for determining when immigration criteria wrong a state’s members; this general explanation will then be applied in subsequent chapters to examine when such criteria wrong excluded nonmembers.
Global Antidiscrimination Duties
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how states are, in general, relevantly like the domestic associations, organizations, and communities to which antidiscrimination duties apply. The main consideration in determining whether an association has these duties is whether it occupies a position of power over access to important opportunities; states, especially wealthy states, control access to a significant range of life options. In combination with the findings of the previous chapter, the analysis based in the normative similarity to the relevant domestic associations demonstrates that states are subject to at least global antidiscrimination’s primary duties—duties owed to any person, member or nonmember, not to exclude on the basis of identity when it contributes to a group’s global vulnerability in ways that treat the group’s members as morally inferior—or, more simply, when it degrades them. This chapter then responds to the major ways of pushing back at the analogy between domestic associations and states, including different challenges suggested in recent books by Ryan Pevnick and Michael Blake, and explains how each of these challenges can easily be dealt with. Finally, it shows why the implicit acceptance of the moral importance of global status in prominent immigration discussions, especially concerning Israel’s Law of Return, already suggests that states are morally bound by antidiscrimination duties.
Walking with the Gods: Re-Making Ooru in a Global City
Authors: Rao Usha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is based on ethnographic research in Ulsoor, one of Bangalore’s oldest neighbourhoods, which continues to be inhabited by ‘halabru’ (old timers): families who trace their connection to Ulsoor (their ‘ooru’ or hometown) for over four generations. The Car festival, or ‘ooru teru’ is a momentous event for residents. The massive ornate teak teru (Car) bearing Ulsoor’s reigning deity Lord Someshwara and his consort is pushed and pulled through the main streets by residents, past and present, around and under the metro line that now traverses its archaic path. The teru brings people to Ulsoor as a ‘super locality’ bound by shared connections to the place. The chapter traces the social and material processes that produce and are produced by this ‘ritual’ practice. This story of the teru demonstrates how the ‘religious’ practice is linked to the mortal lives of the neighbourhood and urban histories of the city at large. It unsettles categories such as ‘secular’/‘mundane’/‘religious’, which are often intertwined in deeply material ways.
‘Like a Sackcloth Patch on Muslin’: The Anti-Caste Pasmanda Narration of the Muslim Social
Authors: Ansari Khalid Anis 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIslam is often represented as an egalitarian faith tradition and the Indian Muslim minority as a monolithic and unified community. Emphasis on the external religious Other at the expense of internal others like caste, gender, and sexualities has severe epistemological and political consequences. Since the 1990s, the lowered-caste Pasmanda Muslims, comprising the Dalit, Backward, and Adivasi Muslims and constituting about 85 per cent of Indian Muslims, have contested the main elements of the hegemonic Muslim-minority discourse. The Pasmanda counter-discourse has challenged the monolithic representation of Muslims, the hegemony of the high-caste Ashraf elite, and the role of Hindu–Muslim, majority–minority, and secular–communal dyads in invisibilizing the experience of lowered-caste Muslims. The chapter argues that the construction of the unhyphenated ‘Muslim’ is yoked to the repression of the internal caste other. The recovery of the Pasmanda ‘voice’ is essential to enable a more textured understanding of the community. Building on the Pasmanda narratives on coordinates like dignity, theology, and identity, the chapter reflects on the reproduction and interruption of Muslim identity through the everyday hierarchical experiences of the Muslim sociality.
Devi or Art History? Reading Entangled Narratives on the Lineage of Artisanal Skill from Telangana
Authors: Bose Chandan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the biographical narratives of a community of artisans in Telangana state and the plural worlds within which practitioners locate their histories—caste mythology and the nation state. It examines the processes through which the sacred and the worldly constitute different ‘thresholds of legitimacy’ that, instead of being viewed as essentially opposed to one another, in fact compete and negotiate with one another in order for the self to occupy the world in meaningful ways. The chapter demonstrates how artisans construct the relationship between their identity and craft by entwining two otherwise competing sovereignties and archives—one upheld by collective and shared memory about belonging to a community and kinship with a goddess and the other advocated by disciplinary and secular knowledge of Art History. The former is a reiteration of the self by asserting a sacred identity; the latter is a ‘modern’ experience of the self by citing a disciplinary source. Both these thresholds mobilize artisans’ desire to imagine, not just different, but better histories.
Taleem, Hunar, Tarbiyat: Meanings of Education and Vocation for Muslim Women in Old Delhi
Authors: Sonkar Madhulika 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter locates the complexities of Muslim women’s educational journeys and aspirations as part of intricate arrangements involving the household, community, and neighbourhood. Based on the ethnographic study of the educational journeys of Muslim women in Old Delhi, the chapter examines the meanings that young women denote to education and skill as they envision pathways to mobility in the complex setting of the neighbourhood. In tracing the young women’s transition from schooling to paid work, the chapter explores the everyday forms of entanglements of religion and vocation at the intersections of neighbourhood, gender, and community. It argues for understanding the distinctive character of vocational spaces as sites where women make sense of ethics, morality, and work in their everyday lives. In the multiple and overlapping notions of skill and education in the everyday life of Muslim women, this chapter outlines the moral economy of specific forms of work in an urban neighbourhood.
Religion, Religious, and Beliefs: The Life of Religion in an Indian Scientific Research Institute
Authors: Thomas Renny 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In order to understand religion and the everyday practices of religion, it is necessary to study the life of religion in institutions that are considered antithetical to religion, such as scientific laboratories and scientific institutions. Studying religion at non-religious sites provides new insights into understanding the life of religion in these times and the many forms that it takes to survive and adapt. This chapter analyses the life of religion in an Indian scientific research institution based on ethnographic fieldwork. By studying the intermingling of science and religion in India, this chapter looks at the complexity, plurality, and ambiguity of the sciences and faith in everyday life. Studying religion and religious practices in scientific institutions and laboratories equips sociologists and social anthropologists to ask and understand multiple questions regarding the everyday religious life; work culture; existing and emerging cultural nationalisms; and caste practices. By looking at non-sites of religion to understand religion and religious practices, this chapter invites scholars to ask fresh methodological questions in studying religion and the everyday at such sites.
Crafty Devis of the Thar: Refashioning Charani Sagatis in the Indo-Pak Borderlands
Authors: Kothiyal Tanuja 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Thar Desert is home to innumerable shrines dedicated to Charani goddesses, believed to be manifestations of the goddess Yogmaya during their lives. Narratives portray them as protectors during distress and displacement and against tyrants, famines, and diseases. Their shrines are often located in harsh geographies and on older travel routes through the desert. This chapter explores three Charani shrines situated across the Indo-Pak border: Hinglaj in Baluchistan, Pakistan, Tanot Rai in Jaisalmer, and Karni in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, to contextualize the histories of roles played by the Charans in facilitating and navigating traffic through the harsh desert terrain. Charani shrines emerge as sources of both spiritual and material protection to desert travellers. Furthermore, the chapter explores the shifting dynamics of veneration around the shrines, brought about by the politics of the border, rendering some shrines like Hinglaj inaccessible and others like Karni integral to cycles of life and death of the devotees. On the contrary, Tanot Rai, appropriated by the growing rhetoric of border, has been reimagined as the protector of the border rather than the passage.
Sounds of Religion or Sonic Disorders: Everyday Religiosity in the Borderland District of Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: Sharma Malvika 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores everyday religiosity in a partitioned borderland town, situated along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir, through the ‘sounds of religion’—the amplified/unamplified intangible soundscapes that invoke religiosity, emanating from places of worship and religious gatherings (e.g., Azaan, Gurbani, Hanuman Chalisa). The work is shaped around the pertinent question: should soundscapes only be understood as conflict-causing sonic disorders in multi-religious neighbourhoods? Through ethnographic explorations, the chapter refutes the categorizing of religions into conflicting binaries, instead highlighting convergence and consensus in the ways that lives are organized and lived around different soundscapes in this multi-religious town. Such a consensus is achieved when religion is lived in continuity as shared faith, with religious soundscapes generating affect, perceived as a collective auditory experience instead of a competing–conflicting one. The plurality here is thus read by understanding religion not through a tangible materiality with sharp boundaries but as affectual, intangible, collective faith, rooted as an everyday lived practice in the socio-cultural history of a community that has survived Partition and continues to live through it in a hostile borderland.
The Way In
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Divided thematically—polemics, intimacies, and secularism—each section in this introduction engages with the literature of the field and contextualizes the arguments of the book. The necessity of seeing polemics as a medium of mass publicity rather than rejecting it as unethical is underscored. Polemics, while noting its links to a venerated genre like critique, is treated as both a linguistic and an affective genre. Rather than radical differences, various kinds of intimacies trigger polemics among Islamic groups. Muslims lay claim to the shared ‘proper name’ of Islam, even as the latter lays its claims on Muslims. Polemics produce Islam as a public religion and fulfil the secular task of marking the space of religion, though it also exceeds this in articulating asecular imaginaries. But this public religion is relatively empty of theology and does not lead to the creation of pious subjects.
Techniques of Authentication
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What assumptions do polemicists have about their publics? This chapter explores two types of exposés to show how polemics mediate, and are mediated by, processes of authentication. The first exposé attempted to reveal an allegedly fake relic of the Prophet, and another tried to disclose the manipulation of a video clipping, short excerpts edited out of audio-visual recordings (usually mass-produced VCDs) of polemical events and used as evidence to discredit and attack Islamic rivals. Derived from principles of hadith evaluation, the moral integrity of the transmitters of the relic and makers of video clippings are analysed. But this traditional method is mediated by the language of property and ownership, and everyday state practices like document authentication. Circulation of fakes is interpreted as an encroachment on originals. The forgers defrauded their publics by passing off inferior goods as genuine. At the heart of the exposés lie contradictory conceptions of their publics as sadharanakkar (commoners) who are not highly trained Islamic theologians or scholars—debunking is necessary because commoner Muslims can be moulded into informed, religiously aware subjects, but can also be easily corrupted and misled. The potential to reform and what can undermine it coexist in the commoners.
Phatic Sociality
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Polemics create socialities that live and die in ‘phatic traces’, with no lasting communion. This chapter focuses on the production and circulation of audio clippings, excerpts from technologically mediated audio conversations between an alim and a commoner from opposing Islamic affiliations. They offer a perspective on who the publics of polemics are and how they engage with and participate in polemics: commoners are both polemics’ publics and take on the role of polemicists, though not in the same way as ulama polemicists. Audio clippings were widely disseminated not primarily for their content, but for the fact that a connection was established with a famous alim polemicist by a relatively unknown commoner call-maker from a rival Islamic group. The call-receiver alim is also strategically invested in the audio clipping to prove that he successfully resisted the commoner call-maker’s efforts to establish contact. In drawing attention to themselves in the phatic mode, they instantiate a mutual becoming and necessity that is also the cause of anxiety: the alim and the commoner are both made and unmade in the audio clipping; it simultaneously realizes and undermines the hierarchy in Islamic authority between the alim and the commoner. There is no special theological valence to this encounter; it does not produce piety, but entertains the publics by highlighting how the parties in conversation outsmarted each other.
Subordinate legislation
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Proclamations of government policy, or announcing executive decisions, were commonplace from the earlier sixteenth century, but there was debate about the supposed prerogative power to legislate by proclamation. Henry VIII’s Statute of Proclamations 1539 (repealed in 1547) encouraged their use but contained an important proviso that they could not affect lives or property or subvert the common law. Although legal opinion was against the possibility of changing the law by proclamation, repeated attempts to legislate without recourse to parliament brought the matter to a head under James I. It was finally settled in the Case of Proclamations (1610) that the king could not create new offences or alter the law by proclamation. There are, however, several examples of powers to make or change law, including even the repeal of statutes, being delegated to the king by parliament. Bye-laws could be made by local authorities either under the common law (or local custom) or by virtue of a royal charter, as in the case of newly founded corporations. They were subject to review by the courts, and several challenges were made to exorbitant bye-laws, especially those enforceable by imprisonment, as infringing Magna Carta.
The central courts of common law
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the king’s three central courts of common law, which all settled in Westminster Hall. The effect of chapter 11 of Magna Carta was to require two royal benches, one notionally following the king (the King’s Bench) and one held in a certain place (the Common Bench or Common Pleas), and to restrain the Exchequer from hearing common pleas. These restrictions were evaded in later centuries by various devices, though not without controversy. Errors in the King’s Bench and Exchequer could be corrected in statutory courts of Exchequer Chamber. Although the King’s Bench was supposedly held before the king in person, it was generally held that he could not take part in its decisions. This was challenged by James I, resulting in a confrontation with Sir Edward Coke. The judges also came into conflict with the crown over the appointment of unsuitable court favourites to clerkships in the courts. The chapter ends with two statutes restricting and then abolishing the use of Latin and French in the courts.
The High Commission
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ecclesiastical high commissions were issued under the Act of Supremacy 1559 in order to reform and correct heresies, schisms, and ‘enormities’, originally in relation to bishops and clergy who had adhered to Rome under Mary I, but soon extended to Puritans and Nonconformists. The commissioners also assumed a jurisdiction, parallel to that long exercised by episcopal courts, to deal with routine matters of Church law such as adultery and fornication. The jurisdiction was widely unpopular because of its high-handed methods, the lack of any appeal, and the practice of forcing parties by threat of imprisonment to answer incriminating questions upon the oath ex officio. Many lawyers, including judges, regarded this as contrary to Magna Carta. From the 1560s onwards the courts of common law attempted, by means of habeas corpus and prohibition, to curtail excesses of jurisdiction by the commissioners. Though only partly successful, they established in 1607 that laymen could not be compelled to incriminate themselves upon the oath ex officio. Nicholas Fuller, counsel for some Nonconformists in the 1607 case, was forthwith prosecuted in the High Commission for ‘schism’ in respect of remarks made in argument. He relied on the immemorial custom for learned counsel to say what they could for their clients, but was obliged to submit. Clashes over the jurisdiction continued until abolition in 1641.
The Schwarzschild spacetime
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 1916, soon after the publication of Einstein’s equations, an exact solution was constructed by Schwarzschild that could model the gravitational field outside a spherically symmetric isolated body such as the Sun. It was shown that, in first approximation, the relativistic planetary trajectories, i.e. timelike geodesics of the Schwarzschild metric, coincide with the Kepler orbits.
General Einsteinian spacetimes. The Cauchy problem
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For elliptic equations, the solution of the Cauchy problem exists in the analytic case, but is not stable: one says that the Cauchy problem is not well posed.Possibly well-posed problems for elliptic equations are global problems, for instance the so-called Dirichlet problem, which is the data of the unknown on the boundary of the domain.
Relativistic fluids
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we will describe general properties of perfect fluids. When appropriate definitions are given, a number of these properties generalize well-known properties of non-relativistic perfect fluids. However, the equivalence of mass and energy in Relativity introduces a number of fundamental differences. The relativistic causality principle, limitation by the speed of light of the speed of any macroscopically transmitted signal, leads also to new considerations.