bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Modulation by Rhythm Induced Temporal Expectations
Authors: Rohenkohl Gustavo , Dal Molin Anna , Nobre Anna 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTime is an essential dimension of our experience, framing human behaviour at scales ranging from the millisecond organization of motor actions to circadian rhythms cycle, and beyond. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the brain keeps time and uses temporal information to organise behaviour remain unknown. Whereas the principles of the organisation of spatial cognition in the human brain are emerging, the same is not true for temporal cognition. The current study tested the influence of temporal expectations on attentional orienting to moving targets. In this task, a ball appeared at the left side of a screen and moved across the screen in steps following either a regular or irregular rhythm. After reaching an occluding band, the ball was temporarily occluded. When the ball reappeared, it contained either an upright (50%) or tilted (50%) cross. The task involved making a speeded perceptual discrimination about the target stimulus that reappears after the occlusion. The results indicated a strong behaviour benefit from temporal orienting. We recorded ERPs elicited by reappearance of the target stimulus, and investigated how temporal expectations influenced perceptual (e.g., visual P1 potential) and motor (lateralised readiness potential) stages of neural processing. The results showed that temporal expectations facilitated both early visual (P1) as well as motor (LRP) potentials. We are currently comparing induced frequency activity during the pre-occlusion and occlusion periods to look for modulation of rhythmic activity in lower frequency bands related to visual (alpha) and motor (mu) processing.
3 Agency and Intentionality
Authors: Rotman Andy 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Part II focuses on the practice of prasāda, which like śraddhā originates with a visual interaction and culminates in giving, but which suggests a different epistemology, for it arises without one’s consent or even, necessarily, one’s awareness. It also suggests a different sociology of practice, both in terms of eligible participants and the visual objects engaged. Chapter 3 considers prasāda as a mental state—why it arises, in whom it arises, and what its arising leads to—as well as the various “agents of prasāda” (prāsādika) and the visual medium through which they operate. The chapter also discusses the meaning of prasāda, the domains in which it operates, and its connection with the visual. This discussion culminates in an analysis of prasāda-initiated offerings, the intentionality with which they are made, and the implications this has for Buddhist notions of charity.
Synergy Disequilibrium Plots: graphical visualization of pairwise synergies and redundancies of SNPs with respect to a phenotype
Authors: Watkinson John , Anastassiou Dimitris 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Summary:We present a visualization tool applied on genome-wide association data, revealing disease-associated haplotypes, epistatically interacting loci, as well as providing visual signatures of multivariate correlations of genetic markers with respect to a phenotype.
Availability:Freely available on the web at: http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~anastas/sdplots
Contact: anastas@ee.columbia.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quantifying and reducing the surface blind zone and the seabed dead zone using new technology
Authors: Totland Atle , Johansen Geir O. , Godø Olav R. , Ona Egil , Torkelsen Terje 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Totland, A., Johansen, G. O., Godø, O. R., Ona, E., and Torkelsen, T. 2009. Quantifying and reducing the surface blind zone and the seabed dead zone using new technology. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1370–1376. The surface blind zone and the seabed dead zone are unobservable with hull-mounted acoustic systems. These constraints may seriously limit the effectiveness of acoustic observations in studies of ecosystem dynamics. In this paper, new technologies are used to make observations in these boundary zones, by augmenting conventional acoustic observations from transducers mounted in a retractable keel with simultaneous observations from two autonomous acoustic systems, one sampling the surface blind zone and the other the seabed dead zone. These observations to some extent overlap in depth, which allows comparisons between data collected with the vessel and the corresponding data from the two autonomous systems. The main targets of the investigation were young-of-the-year gadoids in the surface blind zone and older cod at least partly in the seabed dead zone. Species and their sizes were identified from trawl samples. The advantages and limitations of using new autonomous equipment for quantifying the acoustic backscattering within otherwise unobservable zones are discussed. The magnitudes of potential measurement biases in acoustic data collected with the vessel are also estimated for this survey.
Clinical trial: cyclophosphamide pulse therapy – a promising therapeutic alternative in refractory Crohn’s disease
Authors: SCHMIDT K. J. , FELLERMANN K. , WELLHÖNER P. , WEITZ G. , HOMANN N. , HERRLINGER K. , LEHNERT H. , LUDWIG D. , BÜNING J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBackground  In severe steroid‐refractory Crohn’s disease (CD), established therapies fail in a relevant proportion of patients. Recent pilot studies indicated the efficacy of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in these patients.Aim  To provide further and substantial evidence for the rationale to apply cyclophosphamide pulse therapy as therapeutic option in severe courses of CD.Methods  Fifteen patients with steroid‐refractory (n = 13) or steroid‐dependent (n = 2) CD received 2–6 (median 3) monthly pulses of 750 mg cyclophosphamide in an open‐label fashion. Eleven patients were on concomitant immunosuppression (azathioprine/mercaptopurine n = 9; methotrexate n = 2).Results  Thirteen of 15 patients (87%) had a clinical response (CDAI decrease >100). Ten patients (67%) went into remission (CDAI <150) after 8 weeks. Steroid‐free remission was achieved in eight patients (54%). Two patients (13%) failed to respond. Median CDAI decreased from 420 (245–550) to 100 (26–538) at week 8. Remission lasted 16 months (median, range 4–40). In three patients, arthritis, erythema nodosum and episcleritis completely resolved. Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy administration was well tolerated in all subjects.Conclusions  Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy is safe and highly effective for induction and maintenance of remission in steroid‐refractory/‐dependent CD. There is a strong need for additional experience to improve the setting of the encouraging cyclophosphamide treatment in CD.
Higher diagnostic accuracy with the ThinPrep method in a simulated intraoperative environment
Authors: Ho C. , Khalil M. , Duggan M. A. 
Published: March 2009

Objective:  To compare the accuracy of intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology samples prepared by the ThinPrep method to conventional cytological methods. Specimen adequacy and turn around time (TAT) were also assessed.Methods:  Fifty consecutive fresh tumours submitted for histological analysis were aspirated and each prepared as follows: (i) direct smear with H&E stain, (ii) direct smear with Pap stain, (iii) ThinPrep slide with H&E stain, and (iv) ThinPrep slide with Pap stain. The slides were randomly distributed to three cytopathologists for interpretation. The quality of the preparation, the diagnosis and the time needed for interpretation were recorded.Results:  Accuracy was measured as the percentage of absolute agreement between the cytological and the histopathological diagnoses of the lesions. Histologically, there were 43 malignant and six benign lesions and one atypical lipoma. The TAT began when the slides/cytolyte specimens arrived at the lab and ended with the pathologist’s diagnosis.Conclusions:  In terms of accuracy and specimen adequacy, ThinPrep slides with Pap stain is the best procedure. This advantage however is offset by the longer testing time.
Effect of gold nanoparticle on the microscopic morphology of white blood cell
Authors: Wiwanitkit V. , Sereemaspun A. , Rojanathanes R. 
Published: March 2009

Background:  In medicine, there is limited knowledge on the toxicity of nanoparticles. In medicine, there has been limited knowledge on the effect of nanoparticles on the white blood cell.Objective:  To evaluate the effect of gold nanoparticle on the microscopic morphology of white blood cell.Setting:  Chulalongkorn Univesity, Bangkok, Thailand.Method:  This study was performed as an experimental study. Mixture of gold nanoparticle solution and blood sample was prepared and analysed.Result:  This work revealed that after mixing the blood sample with gold nanoparticle solution, accumulation of gold nanoparticle in the white blood cell was observed.Conclusion:  The effect of gold nanoparticle on the white blood cell can be detected and this knowledge can be used in cytotoxic drug treatment.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron on experimental colitis in rats
Authors: Mousavizadeh K. , Rahimian R. , Fakhfouri G. , Aslani F. S. , Ghafourifar P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  There is a pressing need for research that will lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tropisetron, a 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐3 receptor antagonist with anti‐inflammatory properties in a model of experimental colitis in rat.Materials and methods  Acetic acid model of colitis in rats was used. Colitis was induced by intracolonal instillation of 4% (v/v) acetic acid. One hour after induction of colitis, intraperitoneal (IP) or intrarectal (IR) tropisetron (2 mg kg−1, either route) or dexamethasone (1 mg kg−1, either route) was administered. The severity of colitis was assessed 24 h later using macroscopic and microscopic changes of damaged colon, measurement of inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels and oxidative stress markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colonic tissues.Results  Tropisetron decreased colonic macroscopic and microscopic damage scores. This was associated with significant reduction in both neutrophil infiltration indicated by decreased colonic MPO activity and lipid peroxidation measured by MDA content, as well as a decreased colonic inflammatory cytokines. IR tropisetron decreased colonic damage that was associated with decreased neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation and colonic inflammatory cytokines. Beneficial effects of tropisetron were lower than those of dexamethasone. No significant differences were observed between IP and IR administration with the exception of MDA level more diminished by IP tropisetron and dexamethasone.Conclusions  Tropisetron exert beneficial effects in experimental rat colitis and therefore might be useful in the treatment of IBD.
Transport and environmental temperature variability of eggs and larvae of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the western North Pacific estimated via numerical particle‐tracking experiments
Authors: ITOH SACHIHIKO , YASUDA ICHIRO , NISHIKAWA HARUKA , SASAKI HIDEHARU , SASAI YOSHIKAZU 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNumerical particle‐tracking experiments were performed to investigate the transport and variability in environmental temperature experienced by eggs and larvae of Pacific stocks of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) using high‐resolution outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) and the observed distributions of eggs collected from 1978 to 2004. The modeled anchovy individuals tend to be trapped in coastal waters or transported to the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region. In contrast, a large proportion of the sardines are transported to the Kuroshio Extension. The egg density‐weighted mean environmental temperature until day 30 of the experiment was 20–24°C for the anchovy and 17–20°C for the sardine, which can be explained by spawning areas and seasons, and interannual oceanic variability. Regression analyses revealed that the contribution of environmental temperature to the logarithm of recruitment per spawning (expected to have a negative relationship with the mean mortality coefficient) was significant for both the anchovy and sardine, especially until day 30, which can be regarded as the initial stages of their life cycles. The relationship was quadratic for the anchovy, with an optimal temperature of 21–22°C, and linear for the sardine, with a negative coefficient. Differences in habitat areas and temperature responses between the sardine and anchovy are suggested to be important factors in controlling the dramatic out‐of‐phase fluctuations of these species.
Emerin immunohistochemistry reveals diagnostic features of nuclear membrane arrangement in thyroid lesions
Authors: Asioli Sofia , Bussolati Gianni 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  Objective appreciation of irregularities of the nuclear shape is a key parameter in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions, since foldings of the nuclear membrane (NM) featuring indentations, grooves and pseudoinclusions characterize papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). The aim was to focus on the immunohistochemistry of emerin, a protein of the NM whose decoration best demarcates the nuclear shape.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry of the NM with emerin as well as three‐dimensional reconstruction of the images (through deconvolution processing) performed on a series of 54 cases (processed following the tissue array procedure) revealed a uniform arrangement of the NM in non‐neoplastic lesions (thyroiditis, microfollicular goitre, follicular adenoma) and normal thyroid as well as in follicular carcinoma. In contrast, irregular folding of the membrane and presence of curling and invaginations, eventually leading to the formation of nuclear pseudoinclusions, was observed in PTC cells.Conclusions:  Decoration of the NM represents an original approach to identify PTC nuclear shape, highlights new structural features and might be helpful in the differential diagnosis between so‐called nuclear pseudoinclusions and artefactual ‘bubbles’.
Phylogeography of the magpie‐robin species complex (Aves: Turdidae: Copsychus) reveals a Philippine species, an interesting isolating barrier and unusual dispersal patterns in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia
Authors: Sheldon Frederick H. , Lohman David J. , Lim Haw C. , Zou Fasheng , Goodman Steven M. , Prawiradilaga Dewi M. , Winker Kevin , Braile Thomas M. , Moyle Robert G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  The oriental magpie‐robin (Copsychus saularis) of South and Southeast Asia is a phenotypically variable species that appears to be closely related to two endemic species of the western Indian Ocean: the Madagascar magpie‐robin (Copsychus albospecularis) and the Seychelles magpie‐robin (Copsychus sechellarum). This unusual distribution led us to examine evolutionary relationships in magpie‐robins, and also the taxonomic significance of their plumage variation, via a molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of C. saularis and C. albospecularis.Location  Southern Asia from Nepal across Indochina to southern China, and the Indian Ocean from Madagascar to the Greater Sunda and Philippine islands.Methods  We sequenced 1695 nucleotides of mitochondrial DNA comprising the complete second subunit of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ND2) gene and 654 bases of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region in 51 individuals of eight C. saularis subspecies, 10 individuals of C. albospecularis (one subspecies) and single individuals of two other Copsychus species as outgroups. The data were analysed phylogenetically, with maximum likelihood, Bayesian, relaxed clock and parsimony methods, and geographically for patterns of genetic diversity.Results  Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. albospecularis lies within the nominal C. saularis, making C. saularis polyphyletic. Malagasy and non‐Philippine Asian populations form a monophyletic group that is sister to a clade of Philippine populations. Within non‐Philippine Asian populations, two groups are evident: black‐bellied birds in the eastern Greater Sunda islands and white‐bellied birds in the western Sundas and on mainland Asia.Main conclusions  The phylogeny of magpie‐robins suggests a novel pattern of dispersal and differentiation in the Old World. Ancestral magpie‐robins appear to have spread widely among islands of the Indian Ocean in the Pliocene, probably aided by their affinity for coastal habitats. Populations subsequently became isolated in island groups, notably the Philippines, Madagascar and the Greater Sundas, leading to speciation in all three areas. Isolation in the Philippines may have been aided by competitive exclusion of C. saularis from Palawan by a congener, the white‐vented shama (Copsychus niger). In the Greater Sundas, white‐bellied populations appear to have invaded Borneo and Java recently, where they hybridize with resident black‐bellied birds.
Understanding pharmacist decision making for adverse drug event (ADE) detection
Authors: Phansalkar Shobha , Hoffman Jennifer M. , Hurdle John F. , Patel Vimla L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRationale, aims and objective  Manual chart review is an effective but expensive method for adverse drug event (ADE) detection. Building an expert system capable of mimicking the human expert's decision pathway, to deduce the occurrence of an ADE, can improve efficiency and lower cost. As a first step to build such an expert system, this study explores pharmacist's decision‐making processes for ADE detection.Methods  Think‐aloud procedures were used to elicit verbalizations as pharmacists read through ADE case scenarios. Two types of information were extracted, firstly pharmacists' decision‐making strategies regarding ADEs and secondly information regarding pharmacists' unmet information needs for ADE detection. Verbal protocols were recorded and analysed qualitatively to extract ADE information signals. Inter‐reviewer agreement for classification of ADE information signals was calculated using Cohen's kappa.Results  We extracted a total of 110 information signals, of which 73% consisted of information that was interpreted by the pharmacists from the case scenario and only about half (53%, n = 32) of the information signals were considered relevant for the detection of the ADEs. Excellent reliability was demonstrated between the reviewers for classifying signals. Fifty information signals regarding unmet information needs were extracted and grouped into themes based on the type of missing information.Conclusions  Pharmacists used a forward reasoning approach to make implicit deductions and validate hypotheses about possible ADEs. Verbal protocols also indicated that pharmacists' unmet information needs occurred frequently. Developing alerting systems that meet pharmacists' needs adequately will enhance their ability to reduce preventable ADEs, thus improving patient safety.
Post‐operative anxiety and depression levels in orthopaedic surgery: a study of 56 patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty
Authors: Nickinson Richard S. J. , Board Timothy N. , Kay Peter R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective  To investigate the presence and rates of anxiety and depression in postsurgical patients.Methods  The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to measure anxiety and depression levels. Patients completed the questionnaire on the day prior to surgery, then on each post‐operative day up to and including their day of discharge. Statistical analysis using logistic regression was performed to determine whether any variables were risk factors for developing anxiety or depression. Fifty‐six patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty agreed to take part.Results  Post‐operatively 17 patients became anxious prior to discharge. No variables were significant predictors of anxiety. Post‐operatively 28 subjects (50%) became depressed at some point prior to discharge. Females were more likely to become depressed than males odds ratio (OR) = 3.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–11.88]. Those who had had a previous lower limb arthroplasty were more likely to develop post‐operative depression, OR = 3.92 (95% CI 1.05–14.6). Site of operation was not found to be significant, OR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.20–2.22). Age and anaesthetic method were not predictive of depression. The mean time point for development of depression was 2.43 days (SD = 1.40 days) and the time of deepest depression was 2.93 days (SD = 1.72 days). The mean length of depression was 1.93 days (SD = 1.21 days). The mean length of stay for depressed patients was 5 days (SD = 1.72), compared with 4 days for the non‐depressed patients (SD = 1.62 days).Conclusion  The results suggest that post‐operative depression does occur in orthopaedic surgery. The prevalence may be higher than that reported in other surgical specialities. These findings emphasize the need for evaluation of patients' psychiatric state post‐operatively.
Cancer informational support and health care service use among individuals newly diagnosed: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Dubois Sylvie , Loiselle Carmen G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  To report on the integration of quantitative and qualitative findings to increase understanding of the role of cancer informational support and use of health care services among individuals newly diagnosed with breast or prostate cancer.Methods  A mixed methods sequential design was used. First, a quantitative secondary analysis considered self‐report data from a large number of individuals newly diagnosed with cancer (n = 250); next, a follow‐up, in‐depth qualitative inquiry with distinct individuals also newly diagnosed was conducted (n = 20); last, using a quantitative‐hierarchical strategy, quantitative and qualitative findings were merged and re‐analyzed.Results  Quantitative analyses showed significant relationships between informational support and health care services. For instance, individuals who received more intense cancer informational support [face‐to‐face and information technology (IT)] spent more time with nurses. Women with breast cancer as opposed to men with prostate cancer also were found to rely primarily on nurses for cancer information and information on health services available, whereas men relied mostly on their oncologists. In‐depth interviews revealed that informational support could be construed as positive, unsupportive, or mixed depending on context. The mixed design analysis documented positive experiences for individuals who reported to be better prepared for consultations and treatments with information provided by more than one source. Negative experiences with physicians were reported by both women and men but the former was about quality of cancer information provided and the latter in terms of quantity.Conclusions  A mixed methods approach allowed a deeper understanding of the role of informational support on subsequent use of health care services by individuals with cancer. Further studies may include other types of cancer and diverse background characteristics to clarify how informational support and subsequent use of health services may be jointly determined by these factors.