bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Dissolved‐Oxygen Variations Downstream From An Intermittent Discharge
Authors: Jubb S. , Guymer I. , Martin J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIntermittent discharges from unsatisfactory overflows and storm‐sewage tanks to a watercourse can lead to depleted dissolved‐oxygen concentrations downstream from the discharge point.This paper assesses the accuracy and applicability of a simplified dynamic river‐impact model which predicts BOD and dissolved‐oxygen concentrations downstream from an intermittent discharge. The proposed model (a) requires relatively little input data, (b) is internally simple, and (c) uses well‐known and established predictive equations. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are predicted to within a mean error of 0.1 mg/l during post‐storm conditions and 0.5 mg/l during actual storm conditions.
Process Modelling at Oldham Sewage‐Treatment Works Using WRc STOAT
Authors: Stokes A. J. , Forster C. F. , West J. R. , Bel M. de 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSTOAT, which is a whole‐process package, was used to examine the operation of an activated‐sludge process. Initially, it was calibrated at low flow conditions using data collected during a special 24‐h survey, together with oxygen‐transfer data and tracer‐study results from earlier studies. The calibrated model was then used to (a) predict the values of the main operational characteristics for the plant, and (b) compare them with the data collected during a second special survey which, by chance, coincided with high flow conditions. This comparison showed that, to achieve a reasonable match between the modelled and measured data, it was necessary to adjust some of the model parameters.
Flood Forecasting and Warning on the River Rhine
Authors: Steinebach G. , Wilke K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe River Rhine has its source in the glaciers of the Swiss mountains and eventually flows to the flat‐lands of The Netherlands. The course of the river can be split into six major morphological sections within different climatological regions. This heterogeneity (in the hydrological sense) is reflected in twenty‐five flood‐warning centres along the Rhine and its tributaries. There is one flood‐warning centre in Switzerland, one in France, three in Germany and one in The Netherlands. This paper describes the organisation and responsibilities of the German flood‐warning centres.The Federal Institute of Hydrology provides the German centres at Mainz and Duisburg with forecast results. These results were obtained by a statistical multichannel filtering model between 1980 and 1997. Commencing in 1998, a new forecasting system has been in use, which is built up by hydrodynamic models for the most important river reaches, coupled with statistical approaches for some input gauges. The implementation and data usage of this new system is discussed and forecast results for the 1993, 1995 and the 1998 floods are presented. Finally, the paper provides an outlook on the linking with precipitation‐runoff models.
Domestic Water Consumption and Its Determination in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Trigg M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDevelopment agencies who work in the water sector often implement their aims using projects which provide basic physical infrastructure. The provision of adequate and appropriate water systems and services relies upon the availability of valid design data, such as per capita consumption and peak‐flow factors, yet many project designs are based upon broad assumptions or inappropriate data. This paper presents the methods and results from a project to collect domestic water consumption data from rural water systems in Guatemala. General observations on the implications of the results are discussed together with the role which simple data collection can have within development projects.
Agriculture: Sustainable Business – Sustainable Environment?
Authors: Woods A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIrrigation is a small but important part of UK agriculture, accounting for about 150 000 ha of land and 160 000 Ml of water in a ‘dry’year. By the year 2021, the irrigated area is predicted to increase by 14% and the volume applied by 50%. Irrigation is of significant economic importance to (a) farmers, (b) growers, (c) the food industry – improving crop yields, quality, consistency and reliability.The environmental impacts of irrigation on river flows and wetland biodiversity are now receiving more attention. Irrigators are given advice on environmental impacts, voluntary agreements are secured between groups of irrigators and the Environment Agency, and on‐farm reservoirs are constructed to reduce summer abstraction and provide more secure and flexible supplies. Better long‐term planning and short‐term management are essential.
Chemical Characterisation and Legal Classification of Sludges from Road Sweepings
Authors: Clark C. F. , Smith P. G. , Neilson G. , Dinnie R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe current legislation on the disposal of road sweeping sludges is anomalous because certain road sweeping sludges are exempt from the requirements of the Special Waste Regulations 1996 – not because of their chemical composition but rather as a result of the legal definitions applied by the Controlled Waste Regulations 1992. This has led to sweepings from trunk roads (under the control of the Secretary of State) being classified as ‘special’waste, but sweepings from roads vested in the local authorities classified as ‘household’waste. Although the chemical composition and potential health hazards associated with road dust have been studied, data on the chemical composition of road sweeping sludges are sparse. This study analyses twenty‐four samples of road sweepings in order to chemically characterise the sludge.
Ecological Restoration Options for the Lymington/Keyhaven Saltmarshes
Authors: Johnson D. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes the conservation importance and rationale for examining ecological restoration options for the Lymington/Keyhaven saltmarshes in Southern England. Physical process studies have established why this coastal habitat is under pressure and have quantified the rate of erosion. A vegetation survey of the saltmarshes suggested that (a) wave attack, (b) ship wash, (c) poor drainage, (d) deferential sedimentation, and (e) relative sea‐level rise are contributing to the loss of saltmarsh quality and quantity. Saltmarsh re‐creation is not a viable option for this site; instead, a combination of rehabilitation techniques is proposed.
Healthy River Habitats Fit for Wildlife: Deriving the Physical Dimension
Authors: BSc P. J. Raven , Naura M. , Holmes N. T. H. , Dawson F. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWater quantity, water quality and physical structure determine the ability of a river's ecosystem to function and therefore its fitness for wildlife. This paper describes how a system for assessing the physical dimension of river‐habitat quality has been developed in the UK. The paper also highlights (a) the main features and principles of ‘river habitat survey’, (b) how the method has already been used to help river management, and (c) some future uses, including the setting of habitat targets.
Locating Outfalls on Meandering Channels to Optimise Transverse Mixing
Authors: Boxall J. B. , Guymer I. , Marion A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany sources of river pollution approximate steady‐state conditions and, under such conditions, the rate of transverse mixing is critical in determining the impact of pollutants. Results are presented from transverse‐mixing experiments which were carried out on a large‐scale laboratory channel with meander planform geometry of natural cross‐section, generated by flow over a mobile bed. Dye‐tracer measurements below three point sources within one cross‐section are presented and compared, together with hydrodynamic measurements. The results show the importance of locating outfalls to maximise mixing rates, hence minimising pollution impact (depending on the environmental need). A release on the outside of a bend is shown to result in a faster rate of transverse mixing than a release on the inside of a bend.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLS OF GRAVEL‐BED RIFFLES: AN ANALYSES OF DATA FROM THE RIVER‐HABITAT SURVEY
Authors: Emery J. C. , Gurnel A. M. , Clifford N. J. , Petts G. E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an analysis of data from the UK Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey database relating to bedform type and frequency. Emphasis is given to the gravel‐bed riffle which (a) traditionally has been considered to be a fundamental morphological unit diagnostic of river stability, and (b) more recently has become an important design component in channel restoration and rehabilitation schemes. Data were sufficient to support the identification of distinct, catchment‐scale controls determining the circumstances under which step‐pools and riffles occur, and key local‐scale influences upon riffle frequency and spacing. This demonstrates that the database can be used to support a broad geomorphological analysis. Suggestions are made for the interpretation of results obtained from the existing database, and for possible future modifications to enhance its geomorphological value.
NATURAL SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE UK: SELECTION GUIDELINES
Authors: Mara D. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe design of septic tanks, constructed wetlands, waste‐stabilisation ponds and rock filters is detailed, and their applicability in the UK is discussed. Septic tanks are a suitable primary treatment system for villages with a population of less than 500. Constructed wetlands, which are secondary or tertiary treatment units, have the disadvantage that their plants do not play any significant role in their performance, except for nitrogen removal. Secondary facultative waste‐stabilisation ponds, with pre‐treatment in septic tanks and post‐treatment in rock filters, provide primary, secondary and tertiary treatment and can produce high‐quality effluents. The costs of these processes for small rural communities in the UK are compared.
Research in School Shootings
Authors: Muschert Glenn W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStudies of school shootings have been conducted in a variety of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and media studies. However, to date there is no unified body of knowledge about such events. In an effort to synthesize past studies, and to orient future studies in school shootings, this article (i) offers a typology for understanding the varieties of school shooting incidents, including rampages, mass murders, terrorist attacks, targeted attacks, and government shootings; (ii) examines the mass media dynamic of school shootings; and (iii) presents a synthesis of the multilevel causes suggested in the research, including those on the individual, community, and social levels. Suggestions for future studies in school shootings are explored.
Comparison of Electromigration in Cu Interconnects with ALD or PVD TaN Liners
Authors: Hu C.-K. , Gignac Lynne , Liniger Eric , Grunow Stephan , Simon Andrew , Liew San Leong 
Published: July 2007

Electromigration in 70 nm wide Cu interconnections has been investigated for the sample temperatures from 213oC to 300oC.	The effect of atomic layer or physical vapor deposited TaNx and physical vapor deposited Ta liner layers in Cu Damascene lines on electromigration was also studied. A lower lifetime and activation energy for electromigration was observed in tested lines with sidewall voids. Similar electromigration lifetime and activation energy observed from samples with either atomic layer deposited or physical vapor deposited TaNx suggested that the dominant diffusion paths in the Cu lines were not sensitive to the TaNx layer and were along Cu/dielectric interface and/or grain boundaries.
Angiopoietin: A TIE(d) Balance in Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Shim Winston S.N. , Ho Ivy A.W. , Wong Philip E.H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Angiopoietins (ANG-1 and ANG-2) and their TIE-2 receptor tyrosine kinase have wide-ranging effects on tumor malignancy that includes angiogenesis, inflammation, and vascular extravasation. These multifaceted pathways present a valuable opportunity in developing novel inhibition strategies for cancer treatment. However, the regulatory role of ANG-1 and ANG-2 in tumor angiogenesis remains controversial. There is a complex interplay between complementary yet conflicting roles of both the ANGs in shaping the outcome of angiogenesis. Embryonic vascular development suggests that ANG-1 is crucial in engaging interaction between endothelial and perivascular cells. However, recruitment of perivascular cells by ANG-1 has recently been implicated in its antiangiogenic effect on tumor growth. It is becoming clear that TIE-2 signaling may function in a paracrine and autocrine manner directly on tumor cells because the receptor has been increasingly found in tumor cells. In addition, α5β1 and αvβ5 integrins were recently recognized as functional receptors for ANG-1 and ANG-2. Therefore, both the ligands may have wide-ranging functions in cellular activities that affect overall tumor development. Collectively, these TIE-2–dependent and TIE-2–independent activities may account for the conflicting findings of ANG-1 and ANG-2 in tumor angiogenesis. These uncertainties have impeded development of a clear strategy to target this important angiogenic pathway. A better understanding of the molecular basis of ANG-1 and ANG-2 activity in the pathophysiologic regulation of angiogenesis may set the stage for novel therapy targeting this pathway. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(7):655–65)
Co-expression of cytokine and suicide genes to enhance the activity and safety of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Quintarelli Concetta , Vera Juan F. , Savoldo Barbara , Giordano Attianese Greta M. P. , Pule Martin , Foster Aaron E. , Heslop Helen E. , Rooney Cliona M. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Dotti Gianpietro 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The antitumor effect of adoptively transferred tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is impaired by the limited capacity of these cells to expand within the tumor microenvironment. Administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been used to overcome this limitation, but the systemic toxicity and the expansion of unwanted cells, including regulatory T cells, limit the clinical value of this strategy. To discover whether transgenic expression of lymphokines by the CTLs themselves might overcome these limitations, we evaluated the effects of transgenic expression of IL-2 and IL-15 in our model of Epstein Barr Virus–specific CTLs (EBV-CTLs). We found that transgenic expression of IL-2 or IL-15 increased the expansion of EBV-CTLs both in vitro and in vivo in a severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mouse model and enhanced antitumor activity. Although the proliferation of these cytokine genes transduced CTLs remained strictly antigen dependent, clinical application of this approach likely requires the inclusion of a suicide gene to deal with the potential development of T-cell mutants with autonomous growth. We found that the incorporation of an inducible caspase-9 suicide gene allowed efficient elimination of transgenic CTLs after exposure to a chemical inducer of dimerization, thereby increasing the safety and feasibility of the approach.
Association of oestrogen receptor beta 2 (ERβ2/ERβcx) with outcome of adjuvant endocrine treatment for primary breast cancer – a retrospective study
Authors: Vinayagam Raman , Sibson D Ross , Holcombe Christopher , Aachi Vijay , Davies Michael PA 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) modulates ERα activity; wild type ERβ (ERβ1) and its splice variants may therefore impact on hormone responsiveness of breast cancer. ERβ2/ERβcx acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of ERα and expression of ERβ2 mRNA has been proposed as a candidate marker for outcome in primary breast cancer following adjuvant endocrine therapy. We therefore now assess ERβ2 protein by immunostaining and mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR in relation to treatment outcome.

Methods
ERβ2-specific immunostaining was quantified in 141 primary breast cancer cases receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy, but no neoadjuvant therapy or adjuvant chemotherapy. The expression of mRNA for ERβ2/ERβcx was measured in 100 cases by quantitative RT-PCR. Statistical analysis of breast cancer relapse and breast cancer survival was performed using Kaplan Meier log-rank tests and Cox's univariate and multivariate survival analysis.

Results
High ERβ2 immunostaining (Allred score >5) and high ERβ2 mRNA levels were independently associated with significantly better outcome across the whole cohort, including both ERα positive and negative cases (Log-Rank P < 0.05). However, only ERβ2 mRNA levels were significantly associated with better outcome in the ERα + subgroup (Log-Rank P = 0.01) and this was independent of grade, size, nodal status and progesterone receptor status (Cox hazard ratio 0.31 P = 0.02 for relapse; 0.17 P = 0.01 for survival). High ERβ2 mRNA was also associated with better outcome in node negative cases (Log Rank P < 0.001).
ERβ2 protein levels were greater in ERα positive cases (T-test P = 0.00001), possibly explaining the association with better outcome. Levels of ERβ2 protein did not correlate ERβ2 mRNA levels, but 34% of cases had both high mRNA and protein and had a significantly better outcome (Log-Rank relapse P < 0.005).

Conclusion
High ERβ2 protein levels were associated with ERα expression. Although most cases with high ERβ2 mRNA had strong ERβ2 immunostaining, mRNA levels but not protein levels were independently predictive of outcome in tamoxifen-treated ERα + tumours. Post-transcriptional control needs to be considered when assessing the biological or clinical importance of ERβ proteins.
Expression of thymidine phosphorylase in peripheral blood cells of breast cancer patients is not increased by paclitaxel
Authors: Bartsch Rupert , Steger Guenther G , Forstner Birgit , Wenzel Catharina , Pluschnig Ursula , Rizovski Blanka , Altorjai Gabriela , Zielinski Christoph C , Mader Robert M 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
A synergistic cytotoxic effect has been hypothesized for taxanes and capecitabine, a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil. Based on preclinical studies, this synergism has been attributed to an up-regulation of the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Beside tumour tissue, TP is highly expressed in white blood cells, possibly causing increased hematotoxicity, when taxanes are combined with capecitabine. So far, this hypothesis has not been investigated in humans.

Methods
A total of 128 consecutive blood samples were collected from eight patients with advanced breast cancer receiving paclitaxel weekly at a dose of 80 mg/m2. To assess the expression of TP in blood cells, samples were collected prior to first therapy, at the end of infusion, and up to 15 days thereafter. This procedure was repeated during the sixth application of paclitaxel. After isolation of the peripheral mononuclear blood cells, the expression of TP was assessed by ELISA. In parallel, paclitaxel level in plasma was evaluated at three selected time points as pharmacokinetic control parameter.

Results
Paclitaxel concentrations at the end of infusion did not change significantly from week 1 to week 6. The expression of TP in peripheral mononuclear blood cells decreased significantly after infusion below pretherapeutic values (p = 0.023; n = 8). After the nadir on day 3, the expression of TP increased moderately returning to baseline levels within one week. The overall picture in week 6 was similar to week 1. Using a trend analysis, neither a short-term nor a long-term induction of TP was observed.

Conclusion
TP in peripheral mononuclear blood cells was hardly regulated under therapy with paclitaxel. Therefore, no increased haematotoxicity due to TP upregulation is expected from the combination of taxanes and capecitabine.
Absence of a relationship between immunophenotypic and colony enumeration analysis of endothelial progenitor cells in clinical haematopoietic cell sources
Authors: Tura Olga , Barclay G Robin , Roddie Huw , Davies John , Turner Marc L 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The discovery of adult endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) offers potential for vascular regenerative therapies. The expression of CD34 and VEGFR2 by EPC indicates a close relationship with haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), and HPC-rich sources have been used to treat cardiac and limb ischaemias with apparent clinical benefit. However, the laboratory characterisation of the vasculogenic capability of potential or actual therapeutic cell autograft sources is uncertain since the description of EPC remains elusive. Various definitions of EPC based on phenotype and more recently on colony formation (CFU-EPC) have been proposed.

Methods
We determined EPC as defined by proposed phenotype definitions (flow cytometry) and by CFU-EPC in HPC-rich sources: bone marrow (BM); cord blood (CB); and G-CSF-mobilised peripheral blood (mPB), and in HPC-poor normal peripheral blood (nPB).

Results
As expected, the highest numbers of cells expressing the HPC markers CD34 or CD133 were found in mPB and least in nPB. The proportions of CD34+ cells co-expressing CD133 is of the order mPB>CB>BM≈nPB. CD34+ cells co-expressing VEGFR2 were also most frequent in mPB. In contrast, CFU-EPC were virtually absent in mPB and were most readily detected in nPB, the source lowest in HPC.

Conclusion
HPC sources differ in their content of putative EPC. Normal peripheral blood, poor in HPC and in HPC-related phenotypically defined EPC, is the richest source of CFU-EPC, suggesting no direct relationship between the proposed EPC immunophenotypes and CFU-EPC potential. It is not apparent whether either of these EPC measurements, or any, is an appropriate indicator of the therapeutic vasculogenic potential of autologous HSC sources.
Prediction of Prostate Cancer for Patients Receiving Finasteride: Results From the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Thompson Ian M. , Pauler Ankerst Donna , Chi Chen , Goodman Phyllis J. , Tangen Catherine M. , Lippman Scott M. , Lucia M. Scott , Parnes Howard L. , Coltman Charles A. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose Using data from men in the finasteride group of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), we evaluated the impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and other risk factors on the risk of prostate cancer. Methods Four thousand four hundred forty men in the finasteride group of the PCPT underwent prostate biopsy, had at least one PSA and a digital rectal exam (DRE) during the year before biopsy, had at least two PSA values from the 3 years before biopsy, and were on finasteride at the time of PSA evaluation. Logistic regression was conducted using the variables age, race, family history of prostate cancer, PSA, PSA velocity, and DRE adjusting for history of prior prostate biopsy. Results Six hundred forty-nine (14.6%) of 4,440 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer; 250 had Gleason 7 or higher cancer. Factors associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer included high PSA value and a rising PSA (24.9% risk for PSA value of 1.0 ng/mL and 24.8% risk for a rising PSA), family history of prostate cancer, abnormal DRE result, African American race, and older age. Factors associated with an increased risk of Gleason 7 or higher grade prostate cancer included PSA, abnormal DRE, and older age. A prior negative biopsy was associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer. Conclusion Risk factors for prostate cancer on biopsy for men receiving finasteride include PSA, DRE, age, race, family history, and history of a prior negative biopsy. With the exception of the approximate reduction of PSA by half with finasteride, the impact of these risk factors is similar to men who do not receive finasteride.