bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Maize Tempering on Throughput and Product Yields
Authors: Mehra S. K. , Gupta D. K. , Buriak P. , Tumbleson M. E. , Eckhoff S. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTScientifically researched 2‐ and 3‐stage tempering procedures and the commercially practiced 1‐stage procedure were compared for throughput and corn dry‐milling product yields at pilot‐scale (30‐kg lots) operation. The throughput and product yields were influenced by the temper procedure and the tailgate weight distance. For most corn dry‐milling products, yields corresponding to 2‐ or 3‐stage tempering procedures could be equaled or surpassed using the 1‐stage tempering procedure at specific temper durations. In general, yields from the 2‐stage and 3‐stage procedures were comparable to the yields from the 1‐stage procedure at temper durations of 30–40 and 50–60 min, respectively. An increase in the tailgate weight distance improved the product yields for temper durations <30 min but reduced the yields for longer temper durations. An increase in temper duration ≤50 min resulted in a reduction in throughput but an improvement in flaking grit yield. The temper duration and tailgate weight distance could be suitably adjusted for obtaining the desired output.
Image Analysis of Whole Grains: A Noninvasive Method to Predict Semolina Yield in Durum Wheat
Authors: Novaro P. , Colucci F. , Venora G. , D'Egidio M. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDurum wheat grain samples (n = 327) harvested during 1998 and 1999 in eight different Italian agroclimatic areas and representative of the main Italian cultivars were analyzed. Image analysis of whole grains allowed five size and shape descriptors (length of minor and major axes, perimeter, area, and ellipsoidal volume) to be measured on 100 grains for each sample. By multiple regression analysis, shape measures more valid to explain semolina yield were identified. By combining these measures with test weight or 1,000‐seed weight, equations useful to predict semolina yield were developed.
Effect of Steeping Treatment on Pasting and Thermal Properties of Sorghum Starches
Authors: Beta Trust , Corke Harold , Taylor John R. N. , Rooney Lloyd W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTChemical treatments in wet milling could improve the physico‐chemical properties of starch isolated from high‐tannin sorghums. Sorghums Chirimaugute (medium‐tannin), DC‐75 (high‐tannin), and SV2 (tannin‐free) were steeped in water, dilute HCl (0.9%, v/v), formaldehyde (0.05%, v/v), and NaOH (0.3%, w/v) solutions before wet milling and starch separation. Pasting, textural, and thermal properties of starch were determined. Steeping in NaOH resulted in starches with higher peak viscosity (PV), cool paste viscosity (CPV), and setback than when water, HCl, and formaldehyde were used. The time to PV (Ptime) and PV temperature (Ptemp) were markedly reduced by treatment with NaOH. NaOH could have caused a degree of pregelatinization. HCl treatment gave starches with higher Ptemp and P time, presumably due to delayed granule swelling. Gel hardness was largely determined by the starch amylase content. The low hardness of DC‐75 starch gels was slightly improved in NaOH‐treated grains. Gelatinization temperatures of sorghum starches were generally low, regardless of steeping treatment. Starch from NaOH‐treated grain generally had slightly higher gelatinization temperatures than when water, HCl, or HCHO was used. Chemical treatments during steeping of sorghum grains greatly affected starch properties. Dilute alkali steeping during wet milling could be used to improve properties of starch isolated from tannin‐containing sorghums.
Near‐Infrared Reflectance Analysis for Prediction of Cooked Rice Texture
Authors: Champagne Elaine T. , Bett‐Garber Karen L. , Grimm Casey C. , McClung Anna M. , Moldenhauer Karen A. , Linscombe Steve , McKenzie Kent S. , Barton Franklin E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe ability of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict sensory texture attributes of diverse rice cultivars was examined. The sensory texture of 87 samples representing 77 different short‐, medium‐, and long‐grain cultivars was evaluated by trained panelists using descriptive analysis. Correlations between sensory texture attributes and NIR reflectance data were examined using the multivariate method of partial least squares (PLS) regression. Texture attributes (hardness, initial starchy coating, cohesiveness of mass, slickness, and stickiness) measured by panelists in the early evaluation phases were successfully predicted (R2calibration 0.71–0.96). Cohesiveness of mass, the maximum degree to which the sample holds together in a mass while chewing, was best modeled with R2calibration = 0.96 and R2validation = 0.90. Key wavelengths contributing to the models describing the texture attributes were wavelengths also contributing to models for amylose, protein, and lipid contents.
Effects of Break‐Roll Differential on Semolina and Spaghetti Quality
Authors: Manthey Frank A. , Hareland Gary A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBreak‐roll differential provides the shearing action needed to remove bran from the endosperm. The effects of break‐roll differential on semolina and spaghetti quality were investigated using a 25‐quintal (55‐cwt/day) durum pilot‐mill system. Differentials of each break‐roll pair were adjusted to target differentials of 1.5:1, 2.5:1, and 3.5:1 by changing the velocity of the slow roll. Fast rolls were set at a velocity of 350 rpm. Bran specks, ash, and protein increased and semolina brightness (L value) and starch damage decreased with increased break‐roll differential. Semolina yellowness (b value) was greatest with 2.5:1 and least with 1.5:1 differential. Spaghetti brightness (L value) and yellowness (b value) were lower when spaghetti was made from semolina milled at 3.5:1 than from either 2.5:1 or 1.5:1 differential. Strength of dry spaghetti and spaghetti cooking loss and cooked firmness were not affected by break‐roll differential.
Resistant Starch and Total Dietary Fiber Content of Oatrim Muffins with Different Levels of Amylose, Amylopectin, and β‐Glucan
Authors: Li B. W. , Blackwell E. L. , Behall K. M. , Elmståhl H. G. M. Liljeberg 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTNine types of muffins made with three levels of β‐glucan and three amylose‐amylopectin ratios were prepared at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture. They were fed to human subjects to study effects of starch composition and dietary fiber content on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal and overweight women. The main objective of this study was to determine resistant starch (RS) and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of the muffins 1) using AACC Approved Method 32‐07 and AOAC method 991.43, incorporating a pretreatment step with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before enzyme incubation, 2) with pretreatment at 100 and 121°C before incubation with amyloglucosidase, and 3) using samples chewed by human subjects before incubation with pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. For method 1, on an as‐eaten basis, TDF content was 2.81 to 9.64 g/100 g for samples without DMSO pretreatment and 1.66 to 4.06 g/100 g with DMSO pretreatment. RS content was 0.30 to 11.18 g/100 g for methods 1 and 2, respectively. Methods 2 and 3 had the best correlation for all muffins tested (r2 = 0.97).
Prediction of Cooked Rice Texture Using an Extrusion Test in Combination with Partial Least Squares Regression and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Sitakalin Chanintorn , Meullenet Jean‐Francois C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSpectral stress strain analysis was used in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict nine sensory texture attributes of cooked rice. The models calculated with ANN were significantly more accurate in predicting most of the sensory texture characteristics evaluated than the PLS models. Furthermore, ANN models were more robust and discriminative than PLS models.
Effects of Bran Fermentation on Quality and Microstructure of High‐Fiber Wheat Bread
Authors: Salmenkallio‐Marttila M. , Katina K. , Autio K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWe compared the effects of spontaneous fermentation of the bran fraction and fermentation with added yeast or added yeast and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis) on the quality of wheat bread supplemented with bran. Prefermentation of wheat bran with yeast or with yeast and lactic acid bacteria improved the loaf volume, crumb structure, and shelf life of bread supplemented with bran. The bread also had added flavor and good and homogenous crumb structure. Elasticity of the crumb was excellent. Spontaneous fermentation of the bran fraction did not have the same positive effects on bread quality. The microstructure of the breads was characterized by light microscopy. The positive effect of fermentation of bran on bread quality was evident when comparing the well‐developed protein network structure of the breads baked with fermented bran with the control bread. Prefermentation of the bran with yeast and lactic acid bacteria had the greatest effect on the structure of starch. The starch granules were more swollen and gelatinized in the breads made with prefermented bran. The pretreatments of the bran fraction had no detectable effect on the microstructure of the cell wall particles in the test breads.
Effects of Preparation Temperature on Gelation Properties and Molecular Structure of High‐Amylose Maize Starch
Authors: Vesterinen Elina , Suortti Tapani , Autio Karin 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn this study, 3% aqueous high‐amylose maize starch (Hylon VII) dispersions were heated to temperatures of 140–165°C. The onset and rate of gel formation was observed using a small‐strain oscillation rheometer as a function of temperature from 90 to 25°C. The gel formation clearly began earlier in high‐amylose starch paste preheated at lower temperatures, but the rate of gelation was slower and the resulting gel was weaker in comparison with starch pastes preheated at higher temperatures. In addition, the structure of the final gels was studied using large deformation compression measurements. The most rigid gel structure on the basis of small and large deformation tests was obtained for high‐amylose starch gel preheated to 150–152°C, depending on the type of measurement. The rate of gelation was also fastest in that temperature range. High‐amylose gels heated to higher temperatures lost their rigidity. The molecular weight distribution of starch molecules was measured by size‐exclusion chromatography. Heating caused extensive degradation of amylopectin, which had a great effect on amylose gel formation and the final gel properties of high‐amylose maize starch. Micrographs of Hylon VII gels showed that phase separation of starch components visible in light microscopy occurred on heating to higher temperatures.
Rapid Methods for Milled Rice Surface Total Lipid and Free Fatty Acid Determination
Authors: Lam H. S. , Proctor A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTotal lipids and free fatty acid (FFA) determination is widely used in the food industry to assess the quality of milled rice. An improved rapid ambient temperature isopropanol (IPA) extraction method to determine milled rice surface lipid was more effective than Soxhlet solvent extraction. The improved method was probably due to better extraction of polar lipids and antioxidants by IPA. A colorimetric method to determine FFA requiring only 30 μL of sample is also described. The new technique provides results similar to those obtained using the slower, conventional acid‐base titration method. The colorimetric FFA method requires a smaller sample size, has greater precision, and is more objective. The new methods are particularly suitable for industrial use in providing rapid results for large numbers of samples.
Starch and By‐Products from a Laboratory‐Scale Barley Starch Isolation Procedure
Authors: Andersson A. A. M. , Andersson R. , Åman P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStarch was isolated from three different barleys with normal, highamylose, or high‐amylopectin (waxy) starch. The laboratory‐scale starch isolation procedure included crushing of grains, steeping, wet milling, and sequential filtration and washing with water and alkali, respectively. Yield and content of starch, protein, and dietary fiber, including β‐glucan, were analyzed in isolated starch and in the by‐products obtained. Starch yield was 25–34%, and this fraction contained 96% starch, 0.2–0.3% protein, and 0.1% ash. Most of the remaining starch was found in the coarse material removed by filtration after wet milling, especially for the high‐amylose barley, and in the starch tailings. Microscopy studies showed that isolated starch contained mostly A‐granules and the starch tailings contained mostly B‐granules. Protein concentration was highest in the alkali‐soluble fraction (54%), whereas dietary fiber concentration was highest in the material removed by filtration after alkali treatment for the normal and waxy barleys (55%). The β‐glucan content was especially high for the waxy barley in this fraction (26%). The study thus showed that it was possible to enrich chemical constituents in the by‐products but that there were large differences between barleys. This result indicates a need for modifications in the isolation procedures for different barleys to obtain high yields of starch and different by‐products. Valuable by‐products enriched in β‐glucan or protein, for example, may render starch production more profitable.
Use of Two Endoxylanases with Different Substrate Selectivity for Understanding Arabinoxylan Functionality in Wheat Flour Breadmaking
Authors: Courtin C. M. , Gelders G. G. , Delcour J. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA Bacillus subtilis endoxylanase (XBS) with a strong selectivity for hydrolysis of water‐unextractable arabinoxylan (WU‐AX) and an Aspergillus aculeatus endoxylanase (XAA) with a strong selectivity for hydrolysis of water‐extractable arabinoxylan (WE‐AX) were used in straight‐dough breadmaking with two European wheat flours. Dough, fermented dough, and bread characteristics with different levels of enzyme addition were evaluated with a strong emphasis on the arabinoxylan (AX) population. The WU‐AX solubilized by XBS during breadmaking were mainly released during mixing and had higher molecular weight, in contrast to their counterparts solubilized by XAA, which were mainly released during fermentation and had lower molecular weight. This coincided with increased loaf volume with XBS and a negative to positive loaf volume response with XAA. Bread firmness and dough extract viscosity also were affected by endoxylanase addition. Results confirmed that WU‐AX are detrimental for breadmaking, while WE‐AX and solubilized AX with medium to high molecular weight have a positive impact on loaf volume.
Performance of European Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Calibrations for Moisture and Protein in Cereals Using the Danish Near‐Infrared Transmission (NIT) Network
Authors: Büchmann Nils Bo , Josefsson Henrik , Cowe Ian A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThree problems need to be addressed in networks of Infratec Grain Analysers: 1) the networks are not interconnected, 2) the partial least squares (PLS) calibrations used so far have to be individually adjusted for bias when transferred to the slave instruments, and 3) the calibrations are not entirely stable over time. Nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN) calibrations based on a large common European data set (≈4,000 samples in the training sets and ≈1,000 samples in the stop sets) were introduced to overcome these constraints. The performance of these ANN calibrations was compared with Danish PLS models for protein and moisture in cereals during the 1998 harvest in Denmark, and subsequently with PLS models based on the same European data set. ANN models were more accurate than PLS and, unlike PLS, were linear and transferable up to 25% moisture. It is suggested that the improved performance of the ANN models is attributable to the modeling technique rather than the size and nature of the European data set. In most cases, ANN models could be applied directly and without bias adjustment to slave instruments. The ANN models were also more stable, they required fewer bias adjustments or remodeling over time compared with Danish PLS models. ANN calibrations using shared data have been adopted for commercial use in several European countries and work is in progress to develop global ANN models for determination of protein in wheat and barley.
Effect of Hybrid and Physical Properties of Individual Popcorn Kernels on Expansion Volume
Authors: Tian Y. , Buriak P. , Eckhoff S. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationships between expansion volume and physical properties of three varieties of popcorn kernels were investigated on a single kernel basis. Physical properties studied were kernel size, kernel sphericity, and kernel density. Methods of measuring densities and popped volumes of individual popcorn kernels were developed. Popcorn kernels were separated into seven kernel sizes by screening with round‐hole sieves. Thirty kernels from each of three kernel sizes (4.76 < D < 5.16, 5.56 < D < 5.95, 6.35 < D < 6.75 mm) of three popcorn varieties were individually measured for sphericity, density, and popped volume. Density and sphericity measures of popcorn kernels showed little variability. Variety, kernel sphericity, and kernel density had minor effects on expansion volume. Kernel size had no effect. There were no strong linear relationships (R2 = 0.28) among expansion volume and physical properties of the three varieties of popcorn kernels. The variety with the highest mean density and the highest mean sphericity showed a tendency of producing higher mean expansion volumes.
Genetic Diversity in Properties of Starch from Zimbabwean Sorghum Landraces
Authors: Beta Trust , Obilana A. Babatunde , Corke Harold 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStarch was isolated from 95 sorghum landraces from Zimbabwe using an alkali steep and wet‐milling procedure. The physicochemical properties of sorghum starch were examined for potential use in Southern Africa. All the landraces evaluated had a normal endosperm indicated by the amylose content of the starches. Starch properties were not correlated to most of the physical grain quality traits evaluated. Grain hardness was weakly correlated to starch gel adhesiveness (r = 0.36) and amylose content (r = 0.38) (P < 0.001). The mean peak viscosity (PV) of the sorghum starches was 324 Rapid Visco Analyser units (RVU) compared with 238 RVU in a commercial corn starch sample; PV was 244–377 RVU. Some landraces had low shear‐thinning starches, implying good paste stability under hot conditions. Pasting properties were highly correlated among the sorghum starches. The starch gel hardness showed considerable variation (44–71 g) among the landraces. Gelatinization peak temperatures were 66–70°C. The thermal properties of starches were not correlated with starch swelling and pasting properties. Genotype grouping by highest and lowest values in each category would allow selection of sorghums based on a specific attribute depending on the desired end use.
Molecular and Gelatinization Properties of Rice Starches from IR24 and Sinandomeng Cultivars
Authors: Lai Vivian M. F. , Shen Mei‐Ching , Yeh An‐I , Juliano Bienvenido O. , Lii Cheng‐yi 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe differences in pasting properties involving gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starches from IR24 and Sinandomeng cultivars during heating‐cooling processes were investigated using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA)and a dynamic rheometer. The results were discussed in relation to the molecular structure, actual amylose content (AC), and concentration of the starches. Generally, both starches possessed a comparable AC (≈11 wt%), amylose average chain length (CL), iodine absorption properties, and dynamic rheological parameters on heating to 95°C at 10 wt% and on cooling to 10°C at higher concentrations. In contrast to Sinandomeng, IR24 amylose had a greater proportion of high molecular weight species and number‐average degree of polymerization (DPn). IR24 amylopectin possessed a lower DPn and greater CL, exterior CL (ECL), and interior CL (ICL). Comparing the results of RVA analysis and dynamic rheology, the gelatinization properties and higher retrogradation tendencies of IR24 starch can be related to the structural properties and depend on starch concentration. In addition, the exponent n of starch concentration for storage moduli at 25°C (G′25 ∝ Cn) increased linearly with increasing AC.
Bread Quality Relationship with Rheological Measurements of Wheat Flour Dough
Authors: Autio K. , Flander L. , Kinnunen A. , Heinonen R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe rheological properties of wheat doughs prepared from different flour types, water contents, and mixing times for a total of 20 dough systems were studied. The results were compared with the results of standard baking tests with the same factors. Water and flour type had a significant effect on storage modulus (G′) or phase angle measured by an oscillatory test both in the linear viscoelastic region and as a function of stress, and on compressional force measured as a function of time. The correlation of maximum force of dough in compression and G′ of dough measured within the linear viscoelastic region was r = 0.80. Correlation between the compression and oscillation test improved when all measuring points of the G′ stress curve were included (r = 0.88). The baking performance of the different doughs varied greatly; loaf volumes ranged from 2.9 to 4.7 mL/g. Although the water content of the dough correlated with the rheological measurements, the correlation of G′measured in the linear viscoelastic region or maximum force from stress‐time curve during compression was poor for bread loaf volumes. Mixing time from 4.5 to 15.5 min did not affect the rheological measurements. No correlation was observed with the maximum force of compression or G′ of dough measured in the linear viscoelastic region and baking performance. Good correlation of rheological measurements of doughs and baking performance was obtained when all the data points from force‐time curve and whole stress sweep (G′ as a function of stress) were evaluated with multivariate partial least squares regression. Correlation of all data points with loaf volume was r = 0.81 and 0.72, respectively, in compression and shear oscillation.
Molecular Modeling of Unusual Spiral Structure in Elastomeric Wheat Seed Protein
Authors: Parchment O. , Shewry P. R. , Tatham A. S. , Osguthorpe D. J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe structure of the central repetitive domain of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, a group of elastomeric proteins from the seeds of wheat, were modeled using structure prediction and molecular dynamics. Models were generated with spiral structures, based on repetitive β‐reverse turns, within and spanning the repeat motifs of the central domains. The models were consistent with available data from biophysical studies on the intact proteins and spectroscopic (infra‐red and nuclear magnetic resonance) studies of synthetic peptides.