bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An 11‐year follow‐up study of 110 depressed patients
Authors: Lehmann H. E. , Fenton F. R. , Deutsch M. , Feldman S. , Engelsmann F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn 1972 the World Health Organization organized a cross‐cultural five‐centre study of depressive disorders. This report is concerned with data collected, after an 11‐year follow‐up period, in the sample of 110 depressed patients in Montreal, Canada. Eighty‐five percent were traced and 59% were interviewed. Of 93 patients, 20 were dead at the follow‐up date, 11 by suicide. Fifty‐two percent of patients were receiving psychiatric treatment at follow‐up, but there was no relation between psychiatric morbidity and treatment‐seeking. Moderate or severe impairment of social functioning was present in 32%; in women, a trend linking the presence of social impairment and the time spent in episodes was observed. Of the episodes of psychiatric illness recorded after the index episode, 86% were diagnosed as depressive, 14% as unspecified affective disorder. The mean durations of the index and four subsequent episodes were 10, 11, 7, 11, and 2 months respectively. At least one recurrence after the index episode was reported by 78%, at least four recurrences by 19%. Episodes lasted at least one year in 5%, 4%, 6%, and 6% in the first, second, third and fourth episodes respectively. Sixteen percent were depressed for at least one year and 31% for at least 2 years. There was a marked trend from inpatient to outpatient treatment and from ECT to drug therapy over time. Twenty‐two percent reported either moderate or severe problems with alcohol or substance abuse. There was a statistically significant association between the amount of time patients spent in depressive episodes and the number of life events they reported. Many more depressed patients in the “neurotic” diagnostic group than in the “endogenous” group lived alone; patients in the “neurotic” group also reported more life events. On the other hand, more “endogenous” patients were receiving psychiatric treatment at follow‐up.
Sleep in the premenstrual phase: a self‐report study of PMS patients and normal controls
Authors: Mauri M. , Reid R. L. , MacLean A. W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSleep disturbances commonly occur in the premenstruum in both Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) patients and in women from the general population. Reports on the Post‐Sleep Inventory were obtained from a clinic sample of PMS patients and samples from the general population dichotomized into a non‐clinic group with and without premenstrual disturbance on the basis of their scores on the Premenstrual Tension Syndrome Self Rating Scale. The patients reported degrees of disturbance that were consistently higher than either or both the other two groups. PMS patients reported unpleasant dreams, awakenings, failure to wake at the expected time and tiredness in the morning, and heightened mental activity during the night and upon awakening. The three groups could be reliably discriminated on this basis with an overall accuracy of 82%. Sleep disturbances form an important component of premenstrual disturbance and merit specific clinical intervention and more detailed investigation.
Psychopathology and personality characteristics of epileptic patients: epilepsy, psychopathology and personality
Authors: Garyfallos G. , Manos N. , Adamopoulou A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe psychiatric investigation of a sample of 101 epileptic patients (65 temporal lobe epileptics (TLE) and 36 non‐TLE) through various methods of evaluation, showed that only a minority of TLE with DSM‐III diagnoses of Organic Brain Syndromes had severe psychopathology and manifested some personality traits. Thus, these patients seem to be differentiated from the rest of epileptics, TLE and non‐TLE, who had quite “benign” psychological problems, if at all. It is quite probable that this sub‐group of TLE could be the main instigators and perpetrators of the “bad image” of epileptics. The findings are discussed in relation to the pertinent literature and some hypotheses are offered for their explanation.
Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis in major depressive disorders
Authors: Undén F. , Ljunggren J. G. , Beck‐Friis J. , Kjellman B. F. , Wetterberg L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe baseline LH, FSH and testosterone levels and the LH and FSH response to TRH‐LHRH administration (ΔLH, ΔFSH) were investigated in 28 patients meeting the RDC criteria for an acute major depressive disorder, and in 20 healthy persons. Twenty‐two patients were also reinvestigated in a state of complete or partial clinical remission. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal comparisons were made between the groups divided according to sex and menopausal status. After mathematical correction for age differences, the depressed males with an abnormal DST response showed significantly (P < 0.03) higher ΔFSH in the acute state compared to the controls. No relation could be established between the HPG axis hormone levels and the nocturnal serum melatonin levels or the PRL or TSH response to TRH‐LHRH administration. In the longitudinal part of the study, the depressed males with an abnormal DST response showed decreased (P < 0.03) testosterone levels and increased ΔFSH (n.s.) in the acute state compared to remission, in contrast to the males with a normal DST. The present results do not support a hypothesis regarding a stimulus‐induced down‐regulation of the pituitary LHRH receptors in our patients. The possible mechanisms by which HPA axis activation (as revealed by an abnormal DST response) could influence the HPG axis in depressed patients remain to be elucidated.
Post‐influenzal psychiatric disorder in adolescents
Authors: Meijer A. , Zakay‐Rones Z. , Morag A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe association between influenza and psychiatric disorder in adolescents was studied at a time when both were highly prevalent concurrently. First 505 secondary school pupils aged 15–18 completed questionnaires, including a symptom inventory derived from the SCL‐90‐R. Subsequently, 113 blood samples were examined for influenza antibody titers of five virus strains. Statistical analysis showed that adolescents who had been ill with influenza in the previous six months had significantly more psychiatric disorder than those who had not been ill with influenza in that period.
Ego functions in epilepsy
Authors: Sørensen A. S. , Hansen H. , Høgenhaven H. , Bolwig T. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of epilepsy patients (28 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and 15 patients with primary generalized epilepsy) entered a study of personality traits related to epilepsy, based on a modification of Bellak's semistructured interview for assessment of ego strength. Two groups of subjects served as controls: 15 patients with a non‐neurological but relapsing disorder, psoriasis, and 15 healthy volunteers. Compared with the group of healthy volunteers, a decreased adaptive level of ego functioning was found in the epilepsy groups, regardless of seizure types and EEG findings, and, to a lesser extent, compared with the psoriasis group. Areas of ego functioning most affected were “reality testing”, “cognitive functioning”, “integrative functioning” and “regulation and control of drives”. Patients with more than one type of seizure were the most affected, as were patients who were younger than 15 years when the disease began. The number of anticonvulsants administered did not influence the results. No difference on adaptive level of ego functioning was found between the group with primary generalized epilepsy and the group with temporal lobe epilepsy. Similarly, the temporal lobe epilepsy group with predominantly right‐sided and left‐sided EEG changes, respectively, showed similar adaptive levels of ego functioning.
Electrodermal activity in depressive patients in remission and in matched healthy subjects
Authors: Thorell L.‐H. , D'Elia G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal activity (EDA) was investigated in 28 patients when depressive and when in remission and in 28 matched and 59 unmatched healthy subjects. The follow‐up period ranged from 3 to 37 months (median two years). All the EDA variables were significantly elevated at follow‐up and did not differ significantly from the EDA of the matched healthy subjects. However, in patients with extremely low electrodermal responsivity (EDR) when depressed, including suicide attempters, EDA was significantly elevated, but did not reach the levels of the healthy subjects, except for one EDA variable. Further, patients with major depressive episode and a history of recurrent depression did not reach the EDR levels found in the healthy subjects. The results are interpretated as an indication that normalization of EDA does not parallel clinical recovery and may be extended for several months (perhaps years for the EDR), possibly indicating vulnerability to relapse. The data may also be interpreted that persons who are normally electroder‐mally hyporesponsive, may, when depressive, develop a state of extreme hyporespon‐sivity that seems to be linked to the ability to carry out a suicide attempt.
The risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review and a hypothesis
Authors: Henderson A. S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMore than 20 risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been proposed in the literature. The evidence for them is examined in this review. Amongst those that appear likely to be true risk factors, an attempt is made to identify a common mechanism to which they might contribute. There is some support for a hypothesis that the formation of amyloid plaques is due to the activity of free oxygen radicals. This would be consistent with the association between AD and late age, a family history of Down's syndrome, vascular dementia, head injury, and exposure to phenacetin, organic solvents or vibrating tools. This hypothesis provides a theory‐driven lead in the search for further risk factors; if upheld, it would suggest a strategy for treatment and for prevention.
The 24‐hour pattern of urinary MHPG excretion in depressives and normals
Authors: Van Bemmel A. L. , Smeets E. H. J. , Van Diest R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe 24‐h pattern of urinary 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylglycol (MHPG) was studied in 15 depressives and 15 healthy controls. MHPG was measured at 3‐h intervals over two consecutive 24‐h periods. The shape of the MHPG excretion pattern of the depressed group was different from that of the control group. However, both the consistency and shape of the individual 24‐h MHPG patterns exhibited a high interindividual variability. Therefore it is difficult to speculate on a circadian phase difference between depressives and healthy controls. Major factors that may have influenced our results are discussed.
Adrenoceptor and imipramine receptor binding during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Stowell L. I. , Mclntosh C. J. , Cooke R. , Ellis P. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe binding characteristics of platelet α2‐adrenoceptors, lymphocyte β2‐adrenoceptors and platelet imipramine receptors were studied in five women during their menstrual cycle. A significant cyclic variation in the number of β2‐adrenoceptor sites on intact lymphocytes was found during the menstrual cycle, while binding to α2‐adrenoceptors and imipramine receptors remained unchanged.
Life satisfaction and adjustment in lithium‐treated affective patients in remission
Authors: Lepkifker E. , Horesh N. , Floru S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to assess life satisfaction and adjustment of lithium‐treated affective patients in remission. Scores of life satisfaction and adjustment in four areas were obtained for two experimental groups of 50 unipolars and 50 bipolars and for two control groups of 50 healthy individuals and 50 patients with personality disorders. Subjects’ self‐assessments and psychiatrists’ evaluations were rated using a modification of Cantril's ladder device. No significant differences were found between affective patients and healthy controls regarding life satisfaction and adjustment, whereas psychiatric controls scored significantly less on most indices. Moreover, the treating psychiatrists rated affective patients significantly higher than psychiatric controls and perceived them as actualizing their potential to a greater degree. Thus, it is concluded that neither the affective illness nor lithium as a prophylactic agent interfered with the patients’ feelings of satisfaction or with manifest functioning while in remission.
Eating Disorder Inventory in Sweden: description, cross‐cultural comparison, and clinical utility
Authors: Norring C. , Sohlberg S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe Eating Disorder Inventory is one of very few tests for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa that measures not only symptoms but also psychological characteristics believed to be central in these disorders. This study of 425 patients and control subjects showed that patients had markedly higher scores than controls and recovered patients on all eight scales. Individuals with bulimia nervosa scored higher on a few of the scales than those with anorexia nervosa, as did binge eaters at all weights compared with those who only restricted eating. Comparison with Canadian subjects showed several differences in normal controls. Since the technical properties of our Swedish version of the EDI were excellent, these differences may be meaningful rather than artifacts of the translation. Finally, the analyses indicated that the EDI may be useful for purposes of screening for eating disorders, and possibly for differential diagnosis.
Fat consumption and schizophrenia
Authors: Christensen O. , Christensen E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis report describes the statistical association between the average ratings of course and outcome of schizophrenia in 8 national centres participating in the World Health Organization international 2‐year follow‐up study (1) and the amount of fat in the average national diets as published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2). Highly significant correlations were found between favourable ratings of course and outcome of schizophrenia and a low percentage of total fat (r= 0.80–0.90; P<0.05) and of fat from land animals and birds (composed mainly of saturated fat) (r= 0.91–0.95; P<0.01). High percentage of fat from vegetables, fish and seafood (having a relatively high content of unsaturated fatty acids) tended to be associated with a favourable course and outcome (r= 0.23–0.50; P>0.10). A multivariate analysis revealed that 97% (P= 0.0002) of the variation in the overall outcome of schizophrenia between the national centres could be explained by the combined variation in the percentages of fat from land animals and birds and from vegetables, fish and seafood, respectively, in the national diets. These results suggest that the course and outcome of schizophrenia may be influenced through diet. They should encourage investigators to perform controlled clinical trials of low‐fat diets with a sufficient amount of essential fatty acids.
Procedures in evaluating dementia ‐ a study of conjoint application of two rating scales (SCAG and BCRS) and psychometric tests
Authors: Lolk A. , Nielsen H. , Kragh‐Sørensen P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐seven patients with dementia (mean age 74 years) were treated for 16 weeks with 2 different doses of a test drug or placebo. On day 0 no significant differences (Kruskal‐Wallis H test) were found between the 3 treatment groups on psychometric test scores or the total scores on 3 rating scales (Modified Crichton Geriatric Behaviour Rating Scale, Sandoz Clinical Assessment ‐ Geriatric (SCAG) scale and Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS)). The score differences (the total scores on day 112 minus the total scores on day 0) on SCAG, BCRS and psychometric tests were subjected to a series of one‐way analyses of variance. As no significant difference was found between the groups, they were combined into a single group. In this group the relationship between total scores on SCAG and BCRS and psychometric test scores was analysed. Setwise multiple regression analyses (with the psychometric test scores as the independent variables) showed that at most 34% and 45% (respectively) of the variance in the SCAG ratings was accounted for by the results from a small subgroup of tests (dealing with visuo‐motor speed and verbal memory) on day 0 and day 112. The results of a somewhat bigger subgroup of tests (dealing with visuo‐motor speed, verbal memory and general intelligence) explained 58% of the variance in the BCRS ratings both on day 0 and after 16 weeks. Canonical correlation analysis using scores on the 2 rating scales and the psychometric test results was applied complementarily to make the inferences as valid as possible. This analysis yielded r= 0.76 on day 0 and r= 0.80 on day 112, with the BCRS score having greater influence than the SCAG score. These results questioned the validity of the SCAG as an assessment instrument in psychopharmacological treatment of cognitive decline. BCRS seems to be more valid.
Examining for links between expressed emotion and EPI personality variables: Can low EE be faked?
Authors: Parker G. , Johnston P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether links exist between scores on the EPI personality measure (with its component neuroticism, extroversion and lie scales) and scores on the expressed emotion (EE) measure, the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). CFI scale scores were not associated with scores on the EPI neuroticism and extroversion scales. By contrast, mothers who were designated “low EE” scored significantly higher on the EPI lie scale, suggesting that some may have “faked good” during EE family assessment. The capacity for response biases to influence the CFI and subsequent EE assignment is explored, and it is suggested that corrective strategies may be required to deal with such biases in predictive studies using the EE measure.
Brain and CSF somatostatin concentrations in patients with psychiatric or neurological illness An overview
Authors: Vecsei L. , Widerlöv E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSomatostatin was originally isolated as a 14‐amino‐acid peptide from the ovine hypothalamus. The peptide has a widespread regional distribution within the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in peripheral organs. Preservation of the chemical structure over a wide range of vertebral species indicates important functional roles of the peptide. Recent results about the role of somatostatin and related peptides in different psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease) and neurological (Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease) diseases, and the effects on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis are summarized. Also, the influence of some psychotropic drugs (haloperidol, carbamazepine) on somatostatin levels in cerebrospinal fluid is discussed.
Dexamethasone suppression test, schizophrenia and movement disorder
Authors: Aleem A. , Kulkarni A. , Yeragani V.K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered to 20 patients with schizophrenic illness. Ten of these patients also had tardive dyskinesia (TD). The scores on TD and parkinsonism scales were significantly higher in DST nonsuppressors. There was also a significant positive correlation between the post‐dexamethasone cortisol level and the movement disorder scales.
Erythrocyte electrolytes in psychiatric illness
Authors: Esche I. , Joffe R.T. , Blank D.W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTErythrocyte sodium and potassium were measured in 71 patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders and 39 normal controls. Alterations in red cell sodium and potassium occurred in association with changes with mood state in affective illness. However, alterations in erythrocyte potassium may be a non‐specific finding in all psychiatric illness. The methodological limitations of our study are discussed. Our data suggest that further study is required to clarify the role of intracellular electrolyte disturbances in psychiatric illness, particularly affective disorders.
Does family history of schizophrenia influence age at onset of schizophrenia?
Authors: Shimizu A. , Kurachi M. , Yamaguchi N. , Torii H. , Isaki K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relation between age at onset of schizophrenia diagnosed using DSM‐III criteria and the presence or absence of this illness among first‐degree relatives was investigated in 2417 patients. The mean age at onset among those with a family history of schizophrenia was slightly and nonsignificantly earlier than that of schizophrenic patients without a positive family history. The former developed their illness before the age of 25 years more frequently than did the latter.
Platelet MAO‐B activity and the psychopathology of Parkinson's disease, senile dementia and multi‐infarct dementia
Authors: Danielczyk W. , Streifler M. , Konradi C. , Riederer P. , Moll G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMonoamine oxidase‐B (MAO‐B) activity of platelets of an age‐ and sex‐matched group of controls was compared with several groups of inpatients having non‐familial dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT), Parkinson's disease (PD), multi‐infarct dementia (MID), mixed types of these 3 diseases and a group of other central nervous system (CNS) organic disorders. All patients were subjected to several psychometric tests, including the Sandoz Clinical Assessment ‐ Geriatric Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Mini‐Mental State Examination and the Organic Mental Disorder Scale (OMDS). A statistically significant enhancement of MAO‐B activity could be observed in DAT patients and in PD patients, whereas the MID group showed a mean activity similar to that of the control group and the group with other organic CNS disorders. In DAT patients the degree of dementia in the OMDS test and the enhancement of MAO activity were positively correlated, but PD did not show such a correlation. It is concluded that the increase of MAO activity in PD and in DAT might be due to a disease‐related enhanced affinity to oxygen and to such oxygen‐derived radicals as superoxide or hydroxyl radicals. However, a possible drug‐induced enhancement of MAO activity in PD cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the MAO‐B activity values in platelets of individual patients or controls are not indicative of diagnosis or prognosis of any of these diseases and are of no disease‐related specificity.
Lithium therapy: from clinical trials to practical management
Authors: Coppen A. , Abou‐Saleh M.T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTControlled trials have shown that lithium significantly reduces the morbidity of recurrent affective disorders. We descibe here the ongoing affective morbidity in unipolar, bipolar and schizoaffective illness treated primarily by low dosage, once daily lithium, supplemented as necessary by antidepressant or neuroleptic medication. Seventy‐eight percent of unipolar patients and 73% of bipolar and schizoaffective patients had no or only slight morbidity during the study year. The treatment was equally effective for both older (age > 70 years) and younger patients. Unipolar patients rated as endogenous on the Newcastle Scale had significantly lower morbidity than the nonendogenous patients. Subjective side effects were minimal. These patients, whose untreated morbidity is known to be high, derive considerable benefit from regular supervision in an affective disorder clinic.