bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Susceptibility Locus for Type 1 Diabetes on Chr12q13 Identified by a Genome-Wide Association Study
Authors: Hakonarson Hakon , Qu Hui-Qi , Bradfield Jonathan P. , Marchand Luc , Kim Cecilia E. , Glessner Joseph T. , Grabs Rosemarie , Casalunovo Tracy , Taback Shayne P. , Frackelton Edward C. , Eckert Andrew W. , Annaiah Kiran , Lawson Margaret L. , Otieno F. George , Santa Erin , Shaner Julie L. , Smith Ryan M. , Onyiah Chioma C. , Skraban Robert , Chiavacci Rosetta M. , Robinson Luke J. , Stanley Charles A. , Kirsch Susan E. , Devoto Marcella , Monos Dimitri S. , Grant Struan F.A. , Polychronakos Constantin 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—In stage 1 of our genome-wide association (GWA) study for type 1 diabetes, one locus at 16p13 was detected (P = 1.03 × 10−10) and confirmed in two additional cohorts. Here we describe the results of testing, in these additional cohorts, 23 loci that were next in rank of statistical significance.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Two independent cohorts were studied. The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium replication cohort consisted of 549 families with at least one child diagnosed with diabetes (946 total affected) and DNA from both parents. The Canadian replication cohort consisted of 364 nuclear family trios with one type 1 diabetes–affected offspring and two parents (1,092 individuals).RESULTS—One locus at 12q13, with the highest statistical significance among the 23, was confirmed. It involves type 1 diabetes association with the minor allele of rs1701704 (P = 9.13 × 10−10, OR 1.25 [95% CI 1.12–1.40]).CONCLUSIONS—We have discovered a type 1 diabetes locus at 12q13 that is replicated in an independent cohort of type 1 diabetic patients and confers a type 1 diabetes risk comparable with that of the 16p13 locus we recently reported. These two loci are identical to two loci identified by the whole-genome association study of the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium, a parallel independent discovery that adds further support to the validity of the GWA approach.
Principles of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Dumesic James A. , Huber George W. , Boudart Michel 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definitions of Catalysis and Turnover

Steps in a Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction

Desired Characteristics of a Catalyst

Reaction Schemes and Adsorbed Species

Conditions for Catalyst Optimality

Catalyst Design

Catalyst Development

Bridging Gaps in Heterogeneous Catalysis

A Philosophical Note
Attitudes regarding predictive genetic testing in minors: A survey of European clinical geneticists
Authors: Borry Pascal , Goffin Tom , Nys Herman , Dierickx Kris 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study is to gather information from European clinical geneticists about their practices and attitudes with regard to presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors. European clinical institutes where genetic counseling is offered to patients were contacted. One hundred seventy‐seven of the 287 eligible respondents (63%) answered a questionnaire. There was strongest support for testing young children when it provides a clear medical benefit, such as in the case of FAP and MEN2A. However, there is disagreement about when to provide predictive genetic testing for childhood‐onset disorders for which therapeutic or preventive measures exist with some supporting the rule of earliest onset and others giving parents wider discretion. However, for childhood‐onset disorders that do not have therapeutic measures, the majority of the respondents is unwilling to provide a presymptomatic or predictive genetic test. With respect to adolescents, many held a cautious position regarding presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing. Most clinical geneticists were unwilling to provide a presymptomatic or predictive genetic test for adult‐onset diseases, except if it might provide a medical benefit. Although adolescents might be legally in the position to request a presymptomatic or predictive genetic test personally, the clinical geneticists are significantly more willing to provide a test if this request is made together with the minor's parents. This variability demonstrates the need for clinical geneticists to discuss their contradicting views and to develop harmonized practices throughout Europe. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cashew nut shell liquid based t‐BOC protected alternating “high ortho” copolymer as a possible e‐beam resist: Characterization using multi‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Sharma Maneesh , Raghunathan P. , Eswaran S. V. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA cardanol/m‐cresol‐based copolymer was esterified using di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (t‐BOC), which makes it a suitable candidate as a possible e‐beam resists. This work reports a full characterization of the product using the techniques of FTIR and UV–Visible spectroscopy, one dimensional 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT‐135. Two dimensional NMR experiments such as, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC have been employed for exhaustive probing of the microstructural details of this derivatized copolymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Paleogenomics in vertebrates, or the recovery of lost genomes from the mist of time
Authors: Muffato Matthieu , Crollius Hugues Roest 
Published: January 2008

AbstractKnowledge of the structure of ancestral genomes provides the basis of a new framework to better represent and interpret results from genomic and evolutionary studies. Because these ancestors lived tens of hundreds of million years ago, this knowledge will inevitably take the form of abstract representations, reconstructed on the basis both of experimental evidence collected on extant genomes and of our understanding of evolutionary processes. This is the field of Paleogenomics, a young discipline that is providing an increasingly precise picture of our ancestral vertebrate genomes based on cytogenetic data, genome sequences and new algorithmic developments. Many recent studies have focused on the ancestral placental mammal and teleost fish genomes, although the outlines of even more distant pre‐vertebrate ancestors are being reported. BioEssays 30:122–134, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of the Effect of Four Organic Acids in Radix Isatidis onE. coliGrowth by Microcalorimetry
Authors: KONG Wei‐Jun , ZHAO Yan‐Ling , SHAN Li‐Mei , XIAO Xiao‐He , GUO Wei‐Ying 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe inhibitory effects of four organic acids (OAs) inRadix Isatidis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, onEscherichia coli(E. coli) growth were investigated by microcalorimetry. The power‐time curves ofE. coligrowth with and without OAs were acquired, meanwhile the extent and duration of inhibitory effects on the metabolism were evaluated by growth rate constants (k1,k2), half inhibitory ratio (IC50), maximum heat output (Pmax) and peak time (tp). The values ofk1andk2ofE. coligrowth in the presence of the four OAs decreased with the increasing concentrations of OAs. Moreover,Pmaxwas reduced and the value oftpincreased with increasing concentrations of the four drugs. The sequence of anti‐microbial activity of the four OAs was: syringic acid>2‐amino‐benzoic acid>salicylic acid>benzoic acid. IC50of the four OAs was respectively 56 µg/mL for syringic acid, 75 µg/mL for 2‐amino‐benzoic acid, 86 µg/mL for salicylic acid and 224 µg/mL for benzoic acid. The existence of the functional groups on phenyl ring improves the anti‐microbial activity compared to benzoic acid. The functional groups methoxyl at C(3) and C(5) improve anti‐microbial activity more strongly than the other functional groups, and the functional group amino at C(2) improve anti‐microbial activity more strongly than hydroxyl at C(2) on phenyl ring.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Optical 2‐Benzyl‐5‐bromo‐4‐oxopentanoic Acids as Transition‐state Analog Inhibitors against Carboxypeptidase A
Authors: JIN Jing‐Yi , WANG Shou‐Feng , XUAN Wei , SHENG Ji‐Wen , WANG Si‐Hong , TIAN Guan‐Rong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBoth enantiomers of 2‐benzyl‐5‐bromo‐4‐oxopentanoic acid were prepared utilizing the diazo ketones as the key intermediates. The compounds were assayed for inhibitory activity against carboxypeptidase A (CPA, EC 3.4.17.1). The (R)‐form is 260‐fold more potent than the corresponding (S)‐form. The finding that (R)‐form, which belongs to the L‐series, is mostly responsible for the inhibitory activity accords with the substrate specificity of CPA. For comparison, both the optical forms of 2‐benzyl‐4‐oxopentanoic acid were also synthesized and evaluated as the inhibitors against CPA. These results reveal that the introduction of a bromo group at the α‐position of ketones can significantly enhance the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group. Further molecular docking study suggested that the gem‐diol form of the α‐bromo ketone, which mimics the transition state in the CPA catalytic process, could chelate the zinc ion in the active site of CPA and thus result in the strong inhibition.
Amination Reactions of Aryl Halides with Nitrogen‐Containing Reagents Catalyzed by CuI in Ionic Liquid
Authors: YAN Jin‐Can , ZHOU Li , WANG Lei 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCuI‐catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl iodides and electron‐deficient aryl bromides with nitrogen‐containing reagents, such as imidazole, benzimidazole, aliphatic primary and secondary amines, aniline, primary and secondary amides, in ionic liquid were developed. The reaction conditions involved the use of [Bmim][BF4] as the solvent, potassium phosphate as the base, and CuI as the catalyst. The CuI and [Bmim][BF4] could be recovered and recycled for five consecutive trials without significant loss of their activity.
Iodine Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4‐ones from Anthranilic Acids, Ortho Esters and Amines under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: WANG Hong‐She , ZENG Jun‐E 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA simple and efficient procedure has been developed for the one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐4‐ones from anthranilic acids, ortho esters and amines using a catalytic amount of iodine under solvent‐free conditions to afford the corresponding products in excellent yields. The direct use of commercially available catalyst, mild and solvent‐free reaction conditions, short reaction time, easy workup and excellent yields are the advantages of the present protocol.
Guanidine‐Functionalized Resin‐Supported Pd(0) Catalyst: Activity, Reusability, and Redeposition of Active Pd Species in Heck Vinylation
Authors: YANG Yuan‐Fa , LU Mao‐Ling , XU Bin , ZENG Zhao‐Xia 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe guanidine‐functionalized resin‐supported Pd(0) catalyst [GDR·Pd(0)] is highly active in Heck reaction of aryl bromides with acrylic acid or styrene without the need to exclude air. The catalyst can be recycled at least 9 times without significant loss of activity in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at 140 °C. The Heck reaction proceeds homogeneously with dissolved palladium species and the dissolved active palladium species can redeposit onto the surface of catalyst in the reaction. The XRD peak shifting of Pd phases in the catalyst provides the evidence for the re‐deposition of the active palladium species.
Vibrational Spectrum of o‐Dimethoxybenzene in the S1 and D0 States
Authors: HUANG Jian‐Han , ZENG Wen‐Bi , HUANG Ke‐Long 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe optimized molecular geometries of o‐dimethoxybenzene (ODMB) in the S0 state were predicted by ab initio and density functional theory calculations. Its vibrational spectra in the S1 and D0 states were studied by one color resonant two photon ionization (1C‐R2PI) and mass analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) experiments. The results indicated that trans rotamer was most stable. Only one rotamer of ODMB was detected by the 1C‐R2PI spectra, and its band origin was (35750±2) cm−1, its ionization energy was (61617±5) cm−1. Most of the observed vibrations in the D0 state resulted from the in‐plane ring and substituent sensitive modes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Manganese Dioxide Used as Positive Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor with Lithium Hydroxide Electrolyte
Authors: YUAN An‐Bao , ZHOU Min , WANG Xiu‐Ling , SUN Zi‐Hong , WANG Yu‐Qin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA nanostructured manganese dioxide electrode material was prepared using a solid‐reaction route starting with MnCl2·4H2O and NH4HCO3, and its electrochemical performance as a positive electrode for MnO2/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor with 1 mol·L−1 LiOH electrolyte was reported. The material was proved to be a mixture of nanostructured γ‐MnO2 and α‐MnO2 containing some bound water in the structure, which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectrum analysis, and transmission electron microscope observation. Electrochemical properties of the MnO2 electrode and the MnO2/AC capacitor were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, ac impedance and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods. Experimental results showed that the MnO2 electrode exhibited faradaic pseudocapacitance behavior and higher specific capacitance in 1 mol·L−1 LiOH electrolyte. The MnO2/AC hybrid capacitor with 1 mol·L−1 LiOH electrolyte presented excellent rate charge/discharge ability and cyclic stability.
Electronic Structures and Spectroscopy of Luminescent para‐Phenylenevinylene Oligomers
Authors: DING Liang , DING Yu‐Qi , TENG Qi‐Wen , WANG Ke 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe computational models for a series of PPV (para‐phenylenevinylene) oligomers were formed based on the biphenyl and stilbene structures. These oligomers were optimized using DFT at B3LYP/6‐31G (d) level. On the basis of the optimized geometries, the electronic spectra and 13C NMR spectra were calculated by the INDO/CIS and B3LYP/6‐31G(d) methods, respectively. It indicates that the main absorptions in the electronic spectra are red‐shifted when the oligomer length is increased. The main absorptions in the electronic spectra and the 13C chemical shifts are altered obviously when the substituents on the matrix are changed.
Actin stress fiber pre‐extension in human aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Lu Lan , Feng Yunfeng , Hucker William J. , Oswald Sara J. , Longmore Gregory D. , Yin Frank C‐P 
Published: January 2008

AbstractActin stress fibers (SFs) enable cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli and affect adhesion, motility and apoptosis. We and others have demonstrated that cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) are internally stressed so that SFs are pre‐extended beyond their unloaded lengths. The present study explores factors affecting SF pre‐extension. In HAECs cultured overnight the baseline pre‐extension was 1.10 and independent of the amount of cell shortening. Decreasing contractility with 30 mM BDM or 10 μM blebbistatin decreased pre‐extension to 1.05 whereas increasing contractility with 2 nM calyculin A increased pre‐extension to 1.26. Knockdown of α‐actinin‐1 with an interfering RNA increased pre‐extension to 1.28. None of these affected the wavelength of the buckled SFs. Pre‐extension was the same in unperturbed cells as in those in which the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted by both chemical and mechanical means and then allowed to reassemble. Finally, disrupting MTs or IFs did not affect pre‐extension but increased the wavelength. Taken together, these results suggest that pre‐extension of SFs is determined primarily by intrinsic factors, i.e. the level of actin‐myosin interaction. This intrinsic control of pre‐extension is sufficiently robust that pre‐extension is the same even after the actin cytoskeleton has been disrupted and reorganized. Unlike pre‐extension, the morphology of the compressed SFs is partially determined by MTs and IFs which appear to support the SFs along their lengths. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of neurophysiology in the clinical practice of primary pediatric headaches
Authors: Raieli V. , Puma D. , Brighina F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe role of electrophysiological studies in pediatric headaches is controversial. In childhood headaches, neurophysiological examinations are of interest for potential clinical use because they are noninvasive and are scarcely influenced by environmental factors or drug use. Electrophysiological studies in childhood headache principally explored the role of electroencephalographic (EEG) evaluations in migraine, while less evidence has been reported about other neurophysiological techniques, such as evoked potentials, event‐related potentials, and, less often, transcranial magnetic stimulation. In this brief review, we point out our attention to the aid of neurophysiological methods in the clinical diagnosis of pediatric headaches. Although many examinations are actually of little value in the clinical setting, they may have a potential role in some clinical subgroups or in monitoring and evaluating the effects of pharmacological treatment. Drug Dev Res 68:389–396, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meningeal mast cells, inflammation and migraine pain
Authors: Levy Dan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMigraine is a debilitating, throbbing headache that afflicts about 15% of the Western population. While the underlying cause of migraine is still a matter of speculation, the intracranial throbbing pain of migraine is largely attributed to an episode of local sterile meningeal inflammation that promote activation of trigeminal mechanosensitive nociceptive afferents that supply the meninges. The key players responsible for triggering such nociceptive neuronal events remain poorly defined, however. Mast cells, resident inflammatory cells that populate the meninges, particularly the dura mater, were implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine more than 50 years ago. Additional clinical and preclinical data that further support their role in migraine have recently emerged. This review highlights these findings, examines the evidence of a neuroimmune interaction between meningeal nociceptors and mast cells, in particular their involvement in promoting the activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular systems, and will finally discuss the notion that in some migraine attacks, mast cells serve as an intermediate between various migraine triggers and the persistent activation of meningeal nociceptors. Drug Dev Res 68:412–418, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supplementary treatment of migraines
Authors: Upton Adrian R.M. , Clarke Beverley M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMedications are the current standard treatment of migraine headache, but a number of physical therapies show promising results, including acupuncture, occipital nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Occipital nerve stimulation may control headache in 70–75% of cases, but the procedure requires subcutaneous electrodes. TMS is noninvasive and is well tolerated, with success rates of 69–87%. Development of portable small TMS devices should shorten the time to treatment and improve efficacy. Migraine can be controlled at the stage of aura. Drug Dev Res 68:428–431, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview of treatment of acute migraine
Authors: Elkind Arthur H. , Ishkanian Gary , Mereddy Suresh R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAcute migraine is a major public health problem with a significant economic burden secondary to short‐term disability and absenteeism. Treatment of acute migraine is always challenging for primary care physicians and family practitioners, as there are no set universal guidelines for the treatment of acute migraine. In acute migraine treatment, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), migraine‐specific medications, and adjunctive medications are used, depending on the severity of acute migraine attacks. Treatment of acute migraine has changed drastically since the introduction of the triptans. However, even after the introduction of triptans, nearly one‐half of migraine sufferers are still being treated with over‐the‐counter medications. In this literature review, we mention drugs that are being used in the treatment of acute migraine and their level of evidence recommended by the U.S. Headache Consortium. This article gives special emphasis to pharmacokinetics and clinical characteristics of all available triptans. Drug Dev Res 68:441–448, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand stabilization of CXCR4/δ‐opioid receptor heterodimers reveals a mechanism for immune response regulation
Authors: Pello Oscar M. , Martínez‐Muñoz Laura , Parrillas Verónica , Serrano Antonio , Rodríguez‐Frade José Miguel , Toro María José , Lucas Pilar , Monterrubio María , Martínez‐A Carlos , Mellado Mario 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe CXCR4 chemokine receptor and the delta opioid receptor (DOR) are pertussis toxin‐sensitive G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR). Both are widely distributed in brain tissues and immune cells, and have key roles in inflammation processes and in pain sensation on proximal nerve endings. We show that in immune cells expressing CXCR4 and DOR, simultaneous addition of their ligands CXCL12 and [D‐Pen2, D‐Pen5]enkephalin does not trigger receptor function. This treatment does not affect ligand binding or receptor expression, nor does it promote heterologous desensitization. Our data indicate that CXCR4 and DOR form heterodimeric complexes that are dynamically regulated by the ligands. This is compatible with a model in which GPCR oligomerization leads to suppression of signaling, promoting a dominant negative effect. Knockdown of CXCR4 and DOR signaling by heterodimerization might have repercussions on physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, pain sensation and HIV‐1 infection.See accompanying article:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji200738101
Antibody deficiency diseases
Authors: Pan‐Hammarström Qiang , Hammarström Lennart 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPrimary immunodeficiency diseases are rare disorders characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects in cells or components in the immune system, resulting in a high degree of susceptibility to various types of infections. During differentiation, stem cells undergo a series of discrete steps, governed by a large number of different genes. Mutations/deletions in these genes will result in a block in differentiation of the affected cell lineage(s), leading to immunodeficiency. To date, more than 150 different types of disorders have been described. In this review, we will focus on novel findings in antibody deficiency syndromes.
Complexation of 2,6‐Bis(3‐pyrazolyl)pyridine–Bis(thiocyanato)iron(II) with a Bridging 4,4′‐Bipyridine: A New Example of a Dinuclear Spin Crossover Complex
Authors: Fedaoui Dalila , Bouhadja Yacine , Kaiba Abdellah , Guionneau Philippe , Létard Jean‐François , Rosa Patrick 
Published: January 2008

AbstractInvestigation of the coordination behavior of 2,6‐bis(3‐pyrazolyl)pyridine–bis(thiocyanato)iron(II) towards bridging ligands led to the discovery of a novel dinuclear complex showing spin‐crossover. Chemical and structural characterization and a first report of physical properties are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Theoretical Design of Silicon–Phosphorus Triple Bonds: A Density Functional Study
Authors: Chen Chi‐Hui , Su Ming‐Der 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA density functional study on the effects of bulky aryl substituents on silicon–phosphorus triple bonds was carried out by using the B3LYP/3‐21G* method. These investigations suggest that both the kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of substituted (L–Si≡P–L)+1 molecules are strongly dependent on the substituents (L). That is to say, the triply bonded (L–Si≡P–L)+1 molecule can be synthetically accessible by a proper choice of bulky aryl substituents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)