bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Environmental Tests by Coulometric Reduction of Metallic Control Samples
Authors: Krumbein SJ , Newell B , Pascucci V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a standard procedure for using constant-current electrolytic reduction (“coulometric reduction”) to determine the relative buildup of corrosion and tarnish films on control coupons from environmental tests, and discusses the types of results and correlations that may be expected. Examples of the applications of this proposed ASTM standard method will be presented for two types of environmental exposure: the mixed flowing gas test and the humid sulfur vapor (“flowers-of-sulfur”) test.
Evaluation of Published Data on Ductile Initiation Fracture Toughness of Low-Alloy Structural Steels
Authors: Ebrahimi F , Ali JA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPublished data on ductile initiation fracture toughness, namely J-integral (Ji) and crack tip opening displacement (δi), of high-strength low-alloy steels with 275 MPa (40 ksi) minimum yield strength have been compiled along with material and testing parameters. Yield strength (σy) has been chosen as the main parameter for evaluating the compiled data. The compiled Ji and δi data showed a large range of variation at a given strength level. In an attempt to identify the testing parameters that contribute to this variation, the compiled data have been classified into four categories: (1) valid-standard, (2) valid-nonstandard, (3) invalid-standard, and (4) invalid-nonstandard. The critical review of sorted data has revealed that (1) microstructure, (2) testing method, and (3) validity contribute to both the scatter and the behavior of Ji values as a function of yield strength. The differences observed in the behavior of various sets of data are discussed considering the physical process of ductile crack initiation at the crack tip. The correlation between Ji and δi was investigated using linear regression analysis. The slope of the Ji/σy versus δi plot was found to be in the range 1.7 to 2.0.
Localized Intrinsic Strengthening Approach (LISA): A Practical Method for Determining the Tensile Strength of Multistrand Cables
Authors: Akhtar A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The problem of stress concentration and the associated premature failure in tension test specimens of multistrand conductors and wire ropes has been overcome through localized cooling of the end fitting with liquid nitrogen. A reliable measurement of the true tensile strength (TTS) of a range of multistrand bodies of interest to electrical utilities has been achieved using a number of commercially available end fittings and clamps. Measured values of TTS have been found to be as much as 22.9% higher than the calculated rated tensile strength (RTS). A standard test method is proposed that is simple and cost effective. The localized intrinsic strengthening approach (LISA) is invaluable in a quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of end fittings and splices, in determining the residual strength of multistrand bodies, and for optimizing the design of conductors and wire ropes.
Failure Probability Analysis of Proof Loaded Components
Authors: Margetson J , Cooper NR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An extension to the traditional engineering proof test has been used as a means of estimating the statistical distribution of component strength. The maximum likelihood analysis of censored samples has been applied to data obtained from components which fail the application of a proof load, in order to predict the distribution of those which survive. Extra data (for example, from component trials) can be included in this analysis to improve the estimates of the distribution parameters.
Cryogenic Fatigue Properties of 304L and 316L Stainless Steels Compared to Mechanical Strength and Increasing Magnetic Permeability
Authors: Suzuki K , Fukakura J , Kashiwaya H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For superconducting magnet applications, the 4 K fatigue life curves of the cryogenic structural materials 304L and 316L stainless steel were obtained using axial-strain control conditions. These curves were compared with others at 77 and 300 K and with data for other 300-series stainless steels in the literature. Increasing magnetic permeability with monotonic tensile and cyclic straining, due to strain-induced martensitic transformation, was also investigated, since 304L and 316L are metastable austenitic stainless steels. 4 K fatigue life curves relating magnetic permeability effects were obtained. Fatigue tests relating magnetic permeability at 77 and 300 K were also conducted for comparison. Finally, a cryogenic fatigue design criterion for preventing mechanical failure and increasing magnetic permeability was considered.
Lateral Collapse Potential of Wood Stringer-Type Pallets
Authors: McLain TE , Arritt DL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Lateral collapse of wood stringer-type pallets is defined as an overturning of stringers due to in-plane lateral impact loads or vibration. This failure results in increased handling costs, potential product and equipment damage, and possible human injury. This paper describes a means of evaluating the potential for lateral collapse of a wood pallet design. A minimum horizontal force required to cause overturning of stringers is calculated from input data on pallet size and shape, unit load weight, and the moment-resistance characteristics of the joints. A relative measure of lateral collapse potential is determined and compared to acceptance criteria developed from a field survey of failures.
Development of a Miniaturized Specimen Technique for Fracture ToughnessJIc Measurement
Authors: Mao XY , Shoji T , Takahashi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe effect of specimen thickness on fracture toughness JIc has been investigated with compact tension specimens using the multispecimen R-curve method. HT-9 and A533B-1 steel specimens with thicknesses of 25(1TCT), 10(0.4TCT), 3, and 0.5(0.2TCT) mm were tested. Some of them did not satisfy the ASTM E 813 size requirement for valid JIc. The through-thickness distribution of the plastic energy dissipation or work done within the intense strain region at the crack tip was measured by using a recrystallization-etch technique. Fractographic examinations of the variation of stretch zone width and fracture modes along the specimen thickness were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where flat fracture and shear fracture regions have been distinguished. A new JIc evaluation procedure for invalid specimen size is proposed using rigid plastic analysis and shear fracture measurements with recrystallization-etch or fractographic observations. Predicted JIc values are compared with the JIc values obtained from valid specimen size. This miniaturized specimen technique may be applicable to post-irradiation fracture toughness testing.
Optimization of the Gel Electrode for Repeatable Imaging of Fatigue Cracks in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Baxter WJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The gel electrode method of detecting and imaging very small fatigue cracks in aluminum alloys provides the basis for a more rapid evaluation of fatigue performance and offers the convenience of periodic inspections during a test to monitor the initiation and growth of cracks. However, repetitive imaging of fatigue cracks can yield images with successively weaker contrast. This problem can be avoided by the correct selection of the operating parameters. This report describes the influence of various parameters on the spatial resolution and repeatability of the image. The spatial resolution is increased by increasing the starch concentration and reducing the charge flow. To obtain repeatable images the pulse duration (and charge) must be adjusted to balance the effects of the processes of passivation and corrosion. Sodium borate, which was previously included as an electrochemical buffer, should be omitted because it promotes too much passivation. Increasing the concentration of potassium iodide deters passivation so that images can be obtained repeatably with a shorter voltage pulse, less charge, and better spatial resolution. A compromise must be made between the spatial resolution and the visibility of the image. For routine inspection of components a highly visible image can be obtained with a gel electrode containing 0.06 M potassium iodide (KI) and 0.2 M starch upon application of a 10 V, 50 ms pulse. This combination yields repeatable images of cracks in aluminum alloys, with a spatial resolution ≈ 6 × 10−2 mm.
Creep and Rupture Tests of Alloy A-286 at Elevated Temperatures
Authors:   The Metal Properties Council Inc.
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A Metal Properties Council (MPC) task group was set up in June 1976 to find solutions to the problem of Alloy A-286 disk failures in the gas turbine industry. The task group submitted a proposal to MPC for a test program to (1) develop the necessary data to make a recommendation to ASTM for consideration of a revised acceptance test in ASTM Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloys Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service (A 638), and (2) validate the effectiveness of improving the notch ductility of Alloy A-286 through multiple aging treatment. These creep and rupture tests of Alloy A-286 at elevated temperatures are described in this paper.
Design and Performance of a Ring-Shaped Clip Gage for Fracture Mechanics Testing
Authors: Tobler RL , Shepic JA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA ring-shaped clip-on displacement gage for fracture mechanics testing is described. The novel design of this gage offers superior sensitivity and operating conveniences compared with the conventional double-cantilever beam type gage referenced in ASTM fracture test standards. The construction of ring gages for room temperature and cryogenic applications is discussed.
Fluid Filter Media: Measuring the Average Pore Size and the Pore-Size Distribution, and Correlation with Results of Filtration Tests
Authors: Johnston PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses permeability (fluid flow) as a function of porosity (void volume) and average pore size, the most probable pore-size distribution, alternative meanings of average pore size, and how these measurements correlate with results of separate filtration tests.
A Provisional Multispecies Toxicity Test Using Indigenous Organisms
Authors: Cairns J , Pratt JR , Niederlehner BR 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA multispecies toxicity test is described that uses indigenous microorganisms. The test is suitable for both laboratory and field, is inexpensive, replicates easily, and uses extremely inexpensive materials. An additional advantage is the use of an important ecological rate process as an end point; therefore the test is superior to test using lethality as an end point. The test can be carried out using organisms collected from a site of interest or from a specific ecological resource area. Site-specific or synthetic dilution water may be used. The major drawback is a requirement for significant taxonomic ability. However, more general chemical measures such as ATP biomass, chlorophyll biomass, or heterotrophic index may substitute for species identification. Although this test has been used in a variety of freshwater ecosystems in the United States and has been validated to a limited degree in the People's Republic of China, a wider data base is required before it can be generally used.
Experimental Verification of a Finite Element Contact Analysis
Authors: Purushothaman N , Heaton BS , Moore ID 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element analysis fully described elsewhere was developed by the authors to study the skid resistance of road pavements. This paper describes an experimental procedure developed to verify the validity of the results predicted by the viscoelastic finite element analysis. Description is given of a variable speed pendulum to measure the skid resistance of pavement samples in the laboratory. The method used to measure the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the rubber is then outlined. From the comparison of measured values with the theoretical predictions it is concluded that the theory predicted the sliding friction of rubber reasonably well. This experimental procedure combined with the viscoelastic analysis can be used effectively to study the tire/pavement interaction problem.
Statistical Design of Fatigue Crack Growth Test Programs
Authors: Salivar GC , Hoeppner DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental design method for determining statistically significant differences in fatigue crack growth rate data due to the influence of various test conditions (factors) is presented. This method is based on a completely randomized factorial design and a three-way classification Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure. Although the example presented is for fatigue crack growth rate testing, this method is generic to any materials test program where comparisons of properties or behavior are made. The procedure allows decisions regarding these comparisons to be based on statistical tests of significance.
A Fatigue Test Machine for Biaxial Compression of Concrete
Authors: Su ECM , Hsu TTC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A 980 kN (220 000 lb) capacity test machine has been developed to study the fatigue behavior of concrete under biaxial compression. It features a load bifurcation mechanism and brush-type loading platens. Concrete plates 15.2 by 15.2 by 3.8 cm (6 by 6 by 1.5 in.) can be tested with the two principal stress ratios ranging from 0 (uniaxial) to 1.0 (equal biaxial), and without edge frictional constraint. Deformations in the three principal directions can be measured continuously throughout a test using a capacitance-type measuring device.
Robust Design of the Iosipescu Shear Test Specimen for Composites
Authors: Chiang YJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For the purpose of improving the accuracy of the Iosipescu shear test method, researchers have been interested in analyzing the uniformity of shear stress distribution along the notched cross section for different design configurations of specimens made of various materials. But a one-factor-at-a-time approach cannot lead to a full understanding of the shearing behavior. The statistical design of experiments based on finite element models is employed here to characterize impacts of main effects and interactions among various design factors on the uniformity of shear stress distribution along the notched cross section for two kinds of unidirectional laminae with different orthotropy: Boron/Al (boron-fiber-reinforced aluminum) and Gl/Epoxy (glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy). It is shown that (a) the notch radius and height of a specimen are significant factors, (b) the notch angle is also significant, and 90° is better than 110° in reducing the variation of shear stress distribution, and (c) some two-factor interactions are influential.
The Unlubricated Sliding Wear of Steels: The Contact Conditions in the Sliding Zone
Authors: Bian S , Maj S , Borland DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Previously reported studies of the unlubricated sliding of quenched-and-tempered steel pins against similarly treated rings have been supplemented by temperature measurements and tests over a range of loads and speeds. The rate of wear of a pin depends on the hardness of the countersurface; it is shown that the increase in the rate for softer rings is accompanied by a higher temperature in the pin and a rougher wear track on the ring. Attention is thereby drawn towards the conditions in the contact zone, both during running in and when a steady state has been reached. Erratum to this paper appears in 24(4).
Third-Party Inspection Agency Response to Changing Needs
Authors: Kay A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The third-party inspection process is part of the commercial mechanism and as commerce changes so must independent inspection. Additionally, technological development also plays a major role. A third element is the impact of regulatory compliance; both its direct impact on commerce and its indirect impact on operations. In recent years both commerce and technology have brought about change and response. To be commercially viable, the third party inspector must be able to demonstrate strict conformance to recognized standards. How to assure this conformance has been a predominant issue with inspectors and their clients for many years. Accreditation of one kind or another, whether global in nature such as ISO 9000 or local, such as a single facility audit or a combination of both, has been the most recent vehicle for trying to reach this goal. The result of this is a tapestry of commerce and technology, interwoven with threads of compliance and conformance, both mandatory and voluntary.
National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies Certification: Addressing the Technician Component of Laboratory Quality
Authors: Pao C , Clark MA , Antrim JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Essential to any quality laboratory operation are its technicians. A laboratory might well meet the accreditation requirements for facilities and equipment, personnel training policies, and management practices but consistent, high-quality operation cannot exist without competent personnel performing the various activities.
The National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies (NICET) offers a means of establishing the knowledge and abilities of laboratory personnel who participate in inspection, sampling, and testing activities. NICET certifies engineering technicians by evaluating work experience, written examination performance, and recommendations by supervisors and other professionals.
The NICET job task competency based certification programs were introduced in 1979. Acceptance by certificants, employers, and regulators has resulted in significant growth in both the number of persons certified and the number of new specialty programs developed.
The NICET approach to certification includes two unique features. One is that the content of a specialty certification program is a collection of modules, each of which encompasses a particular job task (such as determining the air content of freshly mixed concrete by a particular ASTM standard test method) or a specific knowledge area (such as basic mathematics). The other is that the modules are categorized according to increasing levels of knowledge, experience, and responsibility. This arrangement allows the creation of written examinations that support a “career path” from an entry level technician to a senior level technician.
A bonus feature of the NICET approach to testing is that because the modules are narrowly focused, the resulting examination score report can help both the technician and the employer pinpoint strengths and weaknesses. This information permits a more focused training effort rather than a “shotgun” or “A to Z” effort.
Development and Application of a Quality System Standard for Construction Materials Testing Laboratories
Authors: Spellerberg PA , Trimm WL , Pielert JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Accreditation Program (AAP) was initiated by AASHTO in 1988 as a tool for promoting the quality of testing in construction materials laboratories. The program currently has around 120 laboratories accredited for testing of various construction materials. In the program it became apparent that there was a need to provide specific guidance to laboratories in preparing and implementing a quality system. In response, AASHTO prepared Recommended Practice R18-92I, “Establishing and Implementing a Quality System for Construction Materials Testing Laboratories.” While generally based on existing ASTM and International Standards Organization (ISO) standards, Practice R18 is much more definitive in regard to evaluation criteria for construction materials laboratories. It includes an appendix that provides illustrated examples of documents, forms, and standard operating procedures, which may be used by the laboratory in preparing a quality manual. Practice R18 has been adopted for use in the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Laboratory Inspection Program, and became mandatory for laboratories participating in the AASHTO Accreditation Program in April 1994. This paper presents an overview of Practice R18 and its use in the AMRL Laboratory Inspection Program and the AASHTO Accreditation Program.
Accuracy of Wood Resistance Sensors for Measurement of Humidity
Authors: Carll C , TenWolde A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This work was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of wood resistance sensors for measurement of relative humidity and to identify sources of error in this use. Relative humidity can be expressed as a function of the logarithm of the sensor's electrical resistance and of its temperature. We found that single-point calibration of each sensor compensates for most between-sensor variation, although care must be exercised during calibration. With careful calibration readings, error in relative humidity readings made with these sensors can be limited to ± 10% relative humidity under most conditions. The literature indicates that a lower degree of error than this is anticipated when electrical resistance is used to estimate moisture content measurements. Our data suggest that sorption hysteresis and sensor memory are significant contributors to this (± 10%) relative humidity error.
Fly Ash as a Pre-Filter Material for the Retention of Lead Ions
Authors: Pandian NS , Rajasekhar C , Sridharan A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Clay liners have been widely used to contain toxic and hazardous waste materials. Clays absorb contaminant cations due to their exchange capacity. To improve the performance of the clay liner, fly ash, a waste material arising from the combustion of coal has been studied as a pre-filter material. In particular, the retention of lead by two different fly ashes was studied. The influence of pH on retention as well as leaching characteristics are also examined. The results obtained from the retention experiments by the permeameter method indicate that fly ash retains the lead ions through precipitation in the pores as well as onto the surface when the ambient pH value is more than 5.5, and through adsorption when the pH value is less than 5.5. It has been observed that fly ash did not release the retained lead ions when the pH value is between 3.5 and 10.0. Hence, the retention of lead ions by fly ash is likely to be permanent since the pH of most of the municipal landfill leachates are within 3.7 to 8.8. However, for highly acidic or alkaline leachates, the retained ions can get released.
Preliminary Characterization of Thermal Diffusivity for Carbon-Carbon Composites Through Pulsed Video Thermal Imaging
Authors: Kulkarni MR , Brady RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Many times complete knowledge of thermal transport properties is needed before a material can be employed in a thermal application. One property of primary concern is thermal diffusivity. What is desirable is not only the magnitude of thermal diffusivity, but also the determination of its non-uniformity. The currently used standard test method by industry is the (ASTM) Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity of Solids by the Flash Method, which measures diffusivity at one point. This method also requires the destructive removal of a small sample for examination, special ad hoc machinery for surface scanning, and is not suitable for quality assessment in a manufacturing environment. There is substantial industrial demand for the nondestructive, rapid, on-line evaluation of the thermal diffusivity of an entire part's surface. Pulsed Video Thermography (PVT) is an emerging thermal wave imaging technique that shows promise for meeting those demands. In this work a brief description of the theory behind PVT and a sample application are given. Preliminary results show that the PVT thermal diffusivity values for a carbon-carbon composite plate compare favorably with those obtained by the widely used laser flash diffusivity method.