bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development Priorities: Postmodernist Assumptions and Pre-Modernist Aspirations
Authors: Lieten G.K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the developing world, after the marginalization of the socialist discourse, two kinds of discussions seem to be going on: the neo-libcral discourse and the postmodernist discourse. The latter group of theoreticians has attracted many radical opponents of the neo-liberal and globalizing development model. Over the last decade, a body of literature subscribing to the postmodern paradigm has appeared, and has started having a solid impact on western-based development academics, even though some of the major contributors originated from Third World countries. A few general remarks will therefore be made about the latter as a benchmark reference for a discussion on priorities in the development project. To what extent does postmodernism reflect a field-reality critique of the neo-liberal development model, and to what extent is it therefore a helpful theory in questioning, confronting and displacing the current development dinosaur?
The Politics of the Environment in Singapore? Lessons from a "Strange" Case
Authors: Goh Daniel P. S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSoutheast Asia has come under scholarly focus for the contradictions of rapid development and environmental protection, and the ensuing politics. Most give Singapore a miss because it is a "strange" case that does not fit into a region where affected local peoples, "middle class" activists and developmental states struggle over the exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation. This paper claims that analysis of the "quiet" politics of environment in Singapore is instructive, and can correct the materialist bias evident in the understanding of Southeast Asian political economy/ecology. It argues that urban "middle class" environmental activism is a manifestation of resistance to enlarging systems of governance allied with capital. Environmentalism can be seen as a response against the encroachment of the system into the intimate living places of the lifeworld. This response is embedded within an international public sphere that enables environmental politics. These activists derive their motivation and political strength from public moral discursive actions. Environmentalism is a contemporary reflection of a fundamental sociological theme, the discontents' moral struggle for the good society, not necessarily reflecting parochial class interests.
Facing the Dilemma of Reintegration Versus Independence in the Transitional Period: Basic Models of CIS Negotiations
Authors: Vlasova Maria G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNegotiations within the Former Soviet Union (FSU) are caught between the contrary directions of new independence and old interdependence, or disintegrationist vs. integrationist tendencies. They are necessary to distribute past assets and value, maintain relations and value, and build new value and institutions. Structurally, relations among the 12 states are asymmetrical around a still-dominant Russia. The negotiations follow one of three patterns: dominative, disintegrative, or integrative. However, disintegrative tendencies and structural suspicions tend to result in loose, weak and unenforced agreements, when indeed agreement is possible.
When War Won Out: Bosnian Peace Plans Before Dayton
Authors: Goodby James E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe elements bearing on the prospects for a political settlement in Bosnia-Herzegovina came together in 1995 in a way that made peace possible. These included a forceful US lead in the negotiations, a protracted NATO air campaign, a shift in the local balance of power adverse to the Bosnian Serbs, expulsion of the Serbian population from Krajina, and a readiness of Serbian President Milosevic to negotiate a settlement on behalf of the Bosnian Serbs. These elements were not present in 1992-94 when two earlier mediation efforts collapsed before peace plans that had a measure of acceptance from the parties to the conflict could be put into effect. The particular internal features of the three plans and the distinctions between them did not cause two of them to fail and one to succeed. To conclude that the 1992-93 plans would have had a chance of succeeding if the United States or the Europeans had used military force to support them is probably not wrong but it misses an important point. There are moments in a dynamic situation when external inputs produce maximum effects while at other times the cost of intervention to achieve a given result is likely to be higher. In catastrophe theory, the condition when external input produces maximum effect within the system is called metastability. The author urges that in analyzing negotiating situations the notion of ripeness take into account the concept of metastability.
Backtracking to Reformulate: Establishing the Bosnian Federation
Authors: Rudman George 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUpon the failure of the Vance-Owen and Owen-Stoltenberg efforts to devise a formula to deal with the Bosnian problem, the US took over the mediator's role. Instead of coming up with a new formula, it backtracked to parts of earlier proposals and led the parties to a solution based on an exchange of a Croat-Muslim federation in Bosnia for a confederation between that federation and Croatia. This was possible because the moment had become ripe through the development of a perception that continued war was a self-inflicted pain for no chance of unilateral gain, and through the application of side payments of aid and recognition that the mediator could deploy.
TEACHING THE CIVIL LAW AT LOUVA1N AS REPORTED BY SCOTTISH STUDENTS IN THE 1430s (MSS. ABERDEEN 195-197) with addenda on Henricus de Piro (and Johannes Andreae)
Authors: Feenstra Robert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn my recent study on Henricus Brunonis de Piro1 I already announced the publication of further research on three manuscripts of the Aberdeen University Library - nos. 195, 196 and 197 - which contain lectures on civil law by professors of Louvain University in the 1430s. These manuscripts once formed part of the private collection of Bishop William Elphinstone, founder of the University of Aberdeen. He had inherited this part of the collection from his father, also named William, who was a law student at Louvain from 1431 to 1433. My attention was drawn to these documents by Dr. Leslie Macfarlane of the Department of History of the University of Aberdeen when I was lecturing at this university in 1959 on the invitation of Professor Peter Stein. One year earlier, in 1958, Dr. Macfarlane had published a very useful description of the Elphinstone collection2; as to our three manuscripts he had made an effort to find out some details about the Louvain law professors mentioned by Elphinstone but a number of questions remained open. I promised to have a closer look at the texts and to show their importance for our knowledge of civil law studies at Louvain in this period. With the help of my then Ghent colleague Egied Strubbe, who immediately showed a great interest in the subject, a full set of copies of the manuscripts3 was put at my disposal and I started my research. Provisional results were presented in guest lectures at Belgian and British universities as early as 1960-19614 and I returned to the matter on various
The Influence of ENSO on Decadal Variations in the Relationship between the East Asian and Western North Pacific Summer Monsoons
Authors: Yim So-Young , Yeh Sang-Wook , Wu Renguang , Jhun Jong-Ghap 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A recent study suggested that the relationship between the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) experienced a decadal change around 1993–94. Based on a longer-term integration of a hybrid coupled model, the present study investigates decadal variations in the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM. Apparent decadal variations in the above relationship have been identified in the model simulation.
The authors have analyzed the spatial pattern and variability during strong and weak EASM–WNPSM correlation periods. The purpose of this study is to understand potential reasons for decadal variations in the relationship between the two submonsoons. It is found that the precipitation variability associated with the WNPSM (ENSO) is enhanced over the East Asia and western North Pacific regions during periods when the EASM–WNPSM relationship is strong (weak). The large variability in precipitation associated with the WNPSM during strong periods strengthens the Pacific–Japan-like atmospheric teleconnection from the tropical western Pacific. In contrast, the Pacific–Japan-like pattern is not significant during weak periods. On the other hand, the large ENSO amplitude during weak periods results in an enhanced precipitation variability associated with ENSO. The results suggest that ENSO can destructively interfere with the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM.
Absorbing Aerosols and Summer Monsoon Evolution over South Asia: An Observational Portrayal
Authors: Bollasina Massimo , Nigam Sumant , Lau K-M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The South Asian haze builds up from December to May, is mostly of anthropogenic origin, and absorbs part of the solar radiation. The influence of interannual variations of absorbing aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in May on the Indian summer monsoon is characterized by means of an observational analysis. Insight into how the aerosol impact is generated is also provided.
It is shown that anomalous aerosol loading in late spring leads to remarkable and large-scale variations in the monsoon evolution. Excessive aerosols in May lead to reduced cloud amount and precipitation, increased surface shortwave radiation, and land surface warming. The June (and July) monsoon anomaly associated with excessive May aerosols is of opposite sign over much of the subcontinent (although with a different pattern) with respect to May. The monsoon strengthens in June (and July).
The analysis suggests that the significant large-scale aerosol influence on monsoon circulation and hydroclimate is mediated by the heating of the land surface, pursuant to reduced cloudiness and precipitation in May. The finding of the significant role of the land surface in the realization of the aerosol impact is somewhat novel.
Meridional Structure of the Seasonally Varying Mixed Layer Temperature Balance in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: McPhaden Michael J. , Cronin Meghan F. , McClurg Dai C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is important climatically because of its influence on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and the American monsoon. Accurate prediction of these phenomena requires a better understanding of the background climatological conditions on which seasonal-to-interannual time-scale anomalies develop in the region. This study addresses the processes responsible for the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Pacific using 3 yr (April 2000–March 2003) of moored buoy and satellite data between 8°S and 12°N along 95°W. Results indicate that at all latitudes, surface heat fluxes are important in the mixed layer temperature balance. At 8°S, in a region of relatively deep mean thermocline and mixed layer, local storage of heat crossing the air–sea interface accounts for much of the seasonal cycle in SST. In the equatorial cold tongue and the intertropical convergence zone, where mean upwelling leads to relatively thin mixed layers, vertical turbulent mixing with the upper thermocline is a major contributor to SST change. Lateral temperature advection by seasonally varying large-scale currents is most significant near the equator but is generally of secondary importance. There is a hemispheric asymmetry in seasonal SST variations, with larger amplitudes in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. This asymmetry is mainly due to forcing from the southerly component of the trade winds, which shifts the axis of equatorial upwelling south of the equator while creating an oceanic convergence zone to the north that limits the northward spread of cold upwelled water. In general, results support the Mitchell and Wallace hypothesis about the importance of southerly winds and ocean–atmosphere feedbacks in establishing seasonally varying climatological conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Would Advance Knowledge of 1930s SSTs Have Allowed Prediction of the Dust Bowl Drought?*
Authors: Seager Richard , Kushnir Yochanan , Ting Mingfang , Cane Mark , Naik Naomi , Miller Jennifer 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Could the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s have been predicted in advance if the SST anomalies of the 1930s had been foreknown? Ensembles of model simulations forced with historical observed SSTs in the global ocean, and also separately in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are compared with an ensemble begun in January 1929 with modeled atmosphere and land initial conditions and integrated through the 1930s with climatological SSTs. The ensemble with climatological SSTs produces values for the precipitation averaged over 1932–39 that are not statistically different from model climatology. In contrast, the ensembles with global SST forcing produce a drought centered in the central plains and southwestern North America that is clearly separated from the model climatology. Both the tropical Pacific and northern tropical Atlantic SST anomalies produce a statistically significant model drought in this region. The modeled drought has a spatial pattern that is different from the observed drought, which was instead centered in the central and northern plains and also impacted the northern Rocky Mountain states but not northeastern Mexico. The model error in extending the Dust Bowl drought too far south is attributed to an incorrect response of the model to warm subtropical North Atlantic SST anomalies. The model error in the northern states cannot be attributed to an incorrect response to tropical SST anomalies. The model also fails to reproduce the strong surface air warming across most of the continent during the 1930s. In contrast, the modeled patterns of precipitation reduction and surface air temperature warming during the 1950s drought are more realistic. Tree-ring records show that the Dust Bowl pattern of drought has occurred before, suggesting that while the extensive human-induced land surface degradation and dust aerosol loading of the 1930s drought may have played an important role in generating the observed drought pattern, natural processes, possibly including land interactions, are capable of generating droughts centered to the north of the main ENSO teleconnection region. Despite this caveat, advance knowledge of tropical SSTs alone would have allowed a high-confidence prediction of a multiyear and severe drought, but one centered too far south and without strong cross-continental warming.
A Review of Antarctic Surface Snow Isotopic Composition: Observations, Atmospheric Circulation, and Isotopic Modeling*
Authors: Masson-Delmotte V. , Hou S. , Ekaykin A. , Jouzel J. , Aristarain A. , Bernardo R. T. , Bromwich D. , Cattani O. , Delmotte M. , Falourd S. , Frezzotti M. , Gallée H. , Genoni L. , Isaksson E. , Landais A. , Helsen M. M. , Hoffmann G. , Lopez J. , Morgan V. , Motoyama H. , Noone D. , Oerter H. , Petit J. R. , Royer A. , Uemura R. , Schmidt G. A. , Schlosser E. , Simões J. C. , Steig E. J. , Stenni B. , Stievenard M. , van den Broeke M. R. , van de Wal R. S. W. , van de Berg W. J. , Vimeux F. , White J. W. C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A database of surface Antarctic snow isotopic composition is constructed using available measurements, with an estimate of data quality and local variability. Although more than 1000 locations are documented, the spatial coverage remains uneven with a majority of sites located in specific areas of East Antarctica. The database is used to analyze the spatial variations in snow isotopic composition with respect to geographical characteristics (elevation, distance to the coast) and climatic features (temperature, accumulation) and with a focus on deuterium excess. The capacity of theoretical isotopic, regional, and general circulation atmospheric models (including “isotopic” models) to reproduce the observed features and assess the role of moisture advection in spatial deuterium excess fluctuations is analyzed.
Concomitant inhibition of Mdm2-p53 interaction and Aurora kinases activates the p53-dependent postmitotic checkpoints and synergistically induces p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis along with reduced endoreduplication in acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Kojima Kensuke , Konopleva Marina , Tsao Twee , Nakakuma Hideki , Andreeff Michael 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Aberrant expression of Aurora kinases and inactivation of wild-type p53 by Mdm2 overexpression are frequent molecular events in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and preclinical data for inhibition of Aurora kinases or Mdm2 are promising. However, it remains largely unknown whether the viability of cells exposed to Aurora kinase inhibitors depends on the p53 status. We investigated the interaction of Aurora kinases and p53 pathways after their simultaneous blockades using a small-molecule pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, MK-0457, and a selective small-molecule antagonist of Mdm2, Nutlin-3. We found that MK-0457, which itself activates p53 signaling, acts synergistically with Nutlin-3 to induce apoptosis in wild-type p53 AML cell lines OCI-AML-3 and MOLM-13 but not in p53-null HL-60 cells. MK-0457 and Nutlin-3 showed synergism in inducing p53, conformational change of Bax and Δψm loss, suggesting an involvement of p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Nutlin-3 constrained endoreduplication after Aurora inhibition via activation of a p53-dependent postmitotic checkpoint and p21 induction in pseudo-G1 cells. Our findings provide the molecular rationale for concomitant targeting of Aurora kinases and Mdm2 in AML where TP53 mutations are rare and downstream p53 signaling is mostly intact.
The presence of TP53 mutation at diagnosis of follicular lymphoma identifies a high-risk group of patients with shortened time to disease progression and poorer overall survival
Authors: O'Shea Derville , O'Riain Ciarán , Taylor Claire , Waters Rachel , Carlotti Emanuela , MacDougall Finlay , Gribben John , Rosenwald Andreas , Ott German , Rimsza Lisa M. , Smeland Erlend B. , Johnson Nathalie , Campo Elias , Greiner Timothy C. , Chan Wing C. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Wright George , Staudt Louis M. , Lister T. Andrew , Fitzgibbon Jude 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The International Prognostic Index and the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index are widely used for the risk assessment of follicular lymphoma (FL). Although molecular studies have provided insight into the biology of FL, no molecular marker has impacted on treatment stratification. Because TP53 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in hematologic malignancies, we investigated the prognostic value of TP53 mutation at diagnosis in FL. Heterozygous TP53 mutation was detected in 12 of 185 (6%) analyzed cases. Mutation was associated with older age (P = .02) and higher International Prognostic Index score (P = .04). On multivariate analysis, TP53 mutation correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P < .001) and overall survival (P = .009). TP53 mutation was associated with low expression of the immune-response 1 gene expression signature (P = .016) and with an unfavorable gene expression-based survival predictor score (P < .001), demonstrating for the first time that molecular features of the malignant cell may correlate with the nature of the immune response in FL.
A tale of two symmetrical tails: Structural and functional characteristics of palindromes in proteins
Authors: Sheari Armita , Kargar Mehdi , Katanforoush Ali , Arab Shahriar , Sadeghi Mehdi , Pezeshk Hamid , Eslahchi Changiz , Marashi Sayed-Amir 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
It has been previously shown that palindromic sequences are frequently observed in proteins. However, our knowledge about their evolutionary origin and their possible importance is incomplete.

Results
In this work, we tried to revisit this relatively neglected phenomenon. Several questions are addressed in this work. (1) It is known that there is a large chance of finding a palindrome in low complexity sequences (i.e. sequences with extreme amino acid usage bias). What is the role of sequence complexity in the evolution of palindromic sequences in proteins? (2) Do palindromes coincide with conserved protein sequences? If yes, what are the functions of these conserved segments? (3) In case of conserved palindromes, is it always the case that the whole conserved pattern is also symmetrical? (4) Do palindromic protein sequences form regular secondary structures? (5) Does sequence similarity of the two "sides" of a palindrome imply structural similarity? For the first question, we showed that the complexity of palindromic peptides is significantly lower than randomly generated palindromes. Therefore, one can say that palindromes occur frequently in low complexity protein segments, without necessarily having a defined function or forming a special structure. Nevertheless, this does not rule out the possibility of finding palindromes which play some roles in protein structure and function. In fact, we found several palindromes that overlap with conserved protein Blocks of different functions. However, in many cases we failed to find any symmetry in the conserved regions of corresponding Blocks. Furthermore, to answer the last two questions, the structural characteristics of palindromes were studied. It is shown that palindromes may have a great propensity to form α-helical structures. Finally, we demonstrated that the two sides of a palindrome generally do not show significant structural similarities.

Conclusion
We suggest that the puzzling abundance of palindromic sequences in proteins is mainly due to their frequent concurrence with low-complexity protein regions, rather than a global role in the protein function. In addition, palindromic sequences show a relatively high tendency to form helices, which might play an important role in the evolution of proteins that contain palindromes. Moreover, reverse similarity in peptides does not necessarily imply significant structural similarity. This observation rules out the importance of palindromes for forming symmetrical structures. Although palindromes frequently overlap with conserved Blocks, we suggest that palindromes overlap with Blocks only by coincidence, rather than being involved with a certain structural fold or protein domain.