bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Development of Human Gastric H,K‐Adenosine Triphosphatase
Authors: Grahnquist Lena , Ruuska Tarja , Finkel Yigael 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundLittle is known about the early development of the gastric acid secretion in human neonates. The purpose of this study was to examine the early development of gastric H,K‐adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) by analyzing human gastric biopsy specimens.MethodsEighty‐eight neonates from week 25 to week 42 of gestation who were treated in a neonatal intensive care unit underwent gastroscopy with biopsy specimens obtained from the corpus. The expression of gastric H,K‐ATPase protein in the gastric biopsy specimens was assessed by Western blot analysis, using an antibody directed against the gastric H,K‐ATPase. The amount of H,K‐ATPase expressed was compared with age, gender, clinical factors, diseases, and the macroscopic and histologic findings at endoscopy.ResultsThe expression of human gastric H,K‐ATPase increased significantly with gestational age. There was a significant increase in the expression of gastric H,K‐ATPase during the first 82 days after birth. Boys had a significantly higher expression of gastric H,K‐ATPase than girls did, when it was adjusted for gestational and postnatal age. Neither the clinical features nor treatments showed significant correlations with the expression of human gastric H,K‐ATPase when controlling for gestational and postnatal age.ConclusionsThis study shows that human gastric H,K‐ATPase is expressed from week 25 of gestation, which agrees with earlier findings of gastric pH in preterm infants. The amount of enzyme expressed increases with gestational and postnatal age. The authors speculate that the susceptibility to gastric lesions seen in neonates is not related to the amount of H,K‐ATPase. However, studies elucidating the ontogeny of gastric mucosal defense mechanisms are warranted.
Effect of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism
Authors: Whitfield Phillip D. , Clayton Peter T. , Muller David P.R. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundTotal parenteral nutrition offers the chance of survival to children who have had extensive gut resections or gut failure. However, in infants it is often associated with serious complications including cholestatic liver disease. The causes of these complications remain unclear, although it has been suggested that the lipid emulsions used in total parenteral nutrition may be responsible.MethodsAn in vitro system was developed to study the effect of lipid emulsions on hepatic cholesterol metabolism using cultured hepatocytes.ResultsIncubations of Hep G2 cells with medium containing Intralipid (Pharmacia and Upjohn, Milton Keynes, UK) demonstrated that the fat emulsion mediated a powerful dose‐dependent but reversible inhibition of cholesterol uptake. In addition Intralipid was shown to stimulate the efflux of cholesterol from Hep G2 cells. The component or components of the Intralipid responsible for these effects and the mechanism by which they act remain to be established.ConclusionsIntravenous lipid emulsions may interfere with hepatic cholesterol metabolism in vivo. This may have implications for the development of total parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis in neonates.
Sulfomucins in Helicobacter pylori–Associated Chronic Gastritis in Children: Is This Incipient Intestinal Metaplasia?
Authors: Cohen Marta C , Rúa Eduardo Cueto , Balcarce Norma , Drut Ricardo 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Little is known about early stages of intestinal metaplastic in chronic gastritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of sulfated mucosubstances hence most probably intestinal metaplasia, in isolated cells of surface gastric pits, and glands in pediatric patients with Helicobacter pylori–associated chronic gastritis.Methods:Participants were nine patients (nine different biopsies; mean age 11.5 years, range 3–16 years) with sulfomucin‐containing cells evident in the gastric biopsy specimen. Eight of the patients were selected from a group of 15 patients with histologically documented H. pylori–associated chronic gastritis in whom the utility of the Sydney system was being tested.Results:Symptoms and endoscopic findings of H. pylori–associated chronic gastritis were the same regardless of the presence or absence of sulfomucin‐containing cells. On hematoxylin and eosin stained tissues, neither intestinal metaplasia nor atrophy was apparent. However, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)–alcian blue (pH 1.0) stain revealed the presence of sulfated mucosubstances in isolated cells of gastric pits and glands in the nine patients.Conclusions:This finding may represent a “minimal” form of incomplete intestinal metaplasia (type III). Because the nine patients had been untreated, the change is probably reversible. Two follow‐up biopsies in patients in whom H. pylori had been treated and eradicated showed absence of sulfated mucins. Although these findings cannot be regarded as fully developed type III intestinal metaplasia, it is possible that left untreated, the alteration may persist and evolve into some other complication. This conclusion justifies follow‐up of these patients.
Enteral Nutrition and Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Acute Crohn's Disease in Children
Authors: Heuschkel Robert B , Menache Caroline C , Megerian Thomas J. , Baird Alison E 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:The optimal treatment of acute Crohn's disease in children remains controversial. In adults, steroid therapy has been shown to be superior to exclusive enteral nutrition. However, enteral nutrition is effective at inducing a remission in many children with acute Crohn's disease. Steroid usage in children has been associated with adverse side effects, particularly with delayed growth and pubertal development.Methods:Randomized clinical trials comparing exclusive enteral nutrition with corticosteroids were identified. Two independent reviewers extracted data from selected studies. Studies were assessed for heterogeneity and relative risks for remission induction with enteral nutrition were obtained. Sensitivity analyses were performed in partially randomized studies. Estimates were made of the number of studies needed to overturn the current result. Other outcome measures were qualitatively assessed.Results:In five randomized clinical trials comprising 147 patients, enteral nutrition was as effective as corticosteroids at inducing a remission (RR = 0.95 [95% confidence interval 0.67, 1.34]). Addition of two further nonrandomized trials did not significantly alter the result. A minimum of 10 further studies, equal in size and outcome to the largest reported pediatric trial to date (n = 68, RR = 0.84), would be required to demonstrate a significant benefit of steroid therapy over enteral nutrition.Conclusions:There is no difference in efficacy between enteral nutrition and corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of acute Crohn's disease in children. Improved growth and development, without the side effects of steroid therapy, make enteral nutrition a better choice for first‐line therapy in children with active Crohn's disease.
Euro‐Growth References for Breast‐Fed Boys and Girls: Influence of Breast‐Feeding and Solids on Growth Until 36 Months of Age
Authors: Haschke Ferdinand , van't Hof Martin A. ,   theEuro‐Growth StudyGroup
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast‐feeding during the first 4 to 6 months of life, but limited information is available regarding the growth performance of infants fed according to the recommendation. The present study used data from the Euro‐Growth study to determine the growth of breast‐fed European infants who did or did not receive solids from an early age, in comparison with growth of infants who were fed by other modes.Methods:There were 319 infants who were exclusively breast‐fed according to the WHO recommendations for at least 4 to 5 months, and 185 infants who were breast fed but received solids (but no formula) from an early age. There were 1509 infants who were fed in a variety of ways, which included breast‐feeding during the early months of life in the majority (65%) of infants. Anthropometric data were available from birth to 36 months of age. Growth of the two groups of breast‐fed infants was assessed by comparing z‐scores of length, weight, and body mass index with those of the group fed by other means. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was used to assess the influence on increment in length and weight of the duration of breast‐feeding and the age at which solids were introduced. Euro‐Growth references for breast‐fed boys and girls were developed and compared with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)‐WHO and Euro‐Growth references.Results:The pattern of growth of children who were fed according to the WHO recommendations showed higher weight during the first 2 to 3 months of life and lower weight and length from 6 to 12 months. Between 12 and 36 months of age, differences between groups were small and clinically nonrelevant. Duration of breast‐feeding was negatively correlated with increment in length and weight until 12 and 24 months but not until 36 months of age. The influence of duration of breast‐feeding was much weaker than that of mid‐parental height. The mean and standard deviation z‐scores of the Euro‐Growth references for weight of breast‐fed infants deviate substantially from the NCHS‐WHO references during the first 6 months of life in particular. The mean and standard deviation z‐scores for length and weight of breast‐fed children were close to the Euro‐Growth references.Conclusion:The Euro‐Growth references may be used to monitor length, weight, body mass index, and body circumferences of children who are fed according to WHO recommendations. The additional references, which were developed for breast‐fed boys and girls, will be useful in view of the commitment of WHO to the collection of data for the development of a new international growth reference.
Immunolocalization of apelin receptor (APJ) in mouse seminiferous epithelium
Authors: Das Milirani , Gurusubramanian Guruswami , Roy Vikas K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe apelin receptor (APJ) belongs to the member of the G protein‐coupled receptor family, and expression of APJ has been reported in the different cell types of testis. The seminiferous tubules in the testis can be identified as different stages (I–XII). It has been also suggested that different factors could be expressed in stage and cell‐specific manner in the seminiferous tubules. Recently, we also shown that expression of APJ is developmentally regulated in the testis from PND1 to PND42. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of APJ in the testis of adult mice by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry showed that the APJ was highly specific for the round and elongated spermatids with stage‐dependent changes. The seminiferous tubules at stages I–VII showed APJ immunostaining in the spermatid steps 1–8, not steps of 13–16. The seminiferous tubules at stages IX–XII showed APJ immunostaining in the spermatid steps 9–12. These results suggested the possible role of APJ in the spermiogenesis process. The intratesticular administration of APJ antagonist, ML221 showed a few round spermatids in the seminiferous tubules and some of the tubules with complete absence of round spermatid. Overall, we present evidence that APJ expression in spermatid is dependent on the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and APJ could be involved in the differentiation of round spermatid to elongated spermatid.
Measuring youth empowerment: An application to Tunisia
Authors: Goedhuys Micheline , Grimm Michael , Meysonnat Aline , Nillesen Eleonora , Reitmann Ann‐Kristin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractYouth empowerment has become a growing concern for achieving sustainable development worldwide. Yet, there is limited evidence on which domains of empowerment are important for youth and how they can be operationalized with indicators for measurement. We propose four domains of youth empowerment with corresponding indicators and use a well‐established methodology for constructing a composite index. Using data from a household survey in Tunisia, we assess youth empowerment in the proposed domains and explore their relation to youth well‐being. The proposed approach can help monitor youth empowerment in various contexts and evaluate the effectiveness of youth interventions.
Analytical model for the drain and gate currents in silicon nanowire and nanosheet MOS transistors valid between 300 and 500 K
Authors: Cerdeira Antonio , Estrada Magali , de Souza Michelly , Pavanello Marcelo A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis work presents an analytical model for the drain and gate currents of silicon nanowire and nanosheet MOS transistors valid in all operating regions in the temperature range from 300 to 500 K. Analytical models for the tunneling components as well as for the reversely biased drain‐to‐channel PN junction are presented. Also, the models accounting for the necessary modifications in the silicon physical quantities for high‐temperature operation, such as the maximum carrier mobility, the bandgap, and the intrinsic carrier concentration, are presented. The proposed model uses a single set of parameters, extracted at room temperature, to describe the high‐temperature operation of silicon nanowire MOSFETs. The model is validated with comparisons between modeled and experimental results for devices with different fin widths and operating temperatures, with good agreement.
Pseudomonas fluorescens enriched by Bacillus velezensis containing agricultural waste promotes strawberry growth by microbial interaction in plant rhizosphere
Authors: Wang Qingfeng , Chu Changbin , Zhao Zheng , Wu Shuhang , Zhou Deping 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLong‐term continuous cropping of strawberry induces soil degradation, which reduces strawberry growth and yield. Agricultural waste and microorganisms have great potential in improving soil health. The aim of this study was to identify the potential mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis containing agricultural waste to improve soil health. Soil that had been cropped continuously for more than 10 years was flooded with water for approximately 28 days. After flooding, agricultural waste fermented with microorganisms was applied to improve soil health. Microbial biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization were also determined. Different agricultural waste coupled with pre‐flooding resulted in a significant increase of strawberry biomass by 33.0%–98.4% compared with control and changes in soil properties. The application of agricultural waste also significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, with the Shannon index increased by 2.37%–6.11% compared with control, and changed the bacterial community composition. The promotion of plant growth was linked with detectable shifts in the soil bacterial taxa after pre‐flooding and B. velezensis containing agricultural waste usage. Most importantly, random forest and correlated analyses showed that taxa affiliated with Pseudomonas may be important in strawberry growth after treatment. Subsequent bacterial isolation and pot inoculation experiments validated that co‐inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and B. velezensis significantly promoted strawberry growth by 21.7% and 31.4%, respectively, compared with inoculation of only P. fluorescens or only B. velezensis, thus confirming the beneficial effect on strawberry plant growth in continuous cropped soils. Our results also indicate that co‐culture of P. fluorescens and B. velezensis could enhance biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization, which may be essential in promoting plant growth. B. velezensis containing agricultural waste could stimulate indigenous Pseudomonas and promote plant growth by enhancing biofilm formation and rhizosphere colonization.
River network‐scale drying impacts the spatiotemporal dynamics of greenhouse gas fluxes
Authors: Silverthorn Teresa , López‐Rojo Naiara , Sarremejane Romain , Foulquier Arnaud , Chanudet Vincent , Azougui Abdelkader , del Campo Rubén , Singer Gabriel , Datry Thibault 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRivers significantly contribute to global biogeochemical cycles; however, we have a limited understanding of how drying may influence these cycles. Drying fragments river networks, thereby influencing important ecosystem functions such as the processing of carbon and nitrogen, and associated fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) both locally, and at the river network scale. Our objective was to assess, using a network‐scale approach, the lateral, longitudinal, and temporal dynamics of GHG fluxes in a river network naturally fragmented by drying. We used a closed‐loop chamber with automated analyzers to measure carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from dry sediments, flowing waters, isolated pools, and riparian soils, along with a suite of environmental variables, over 9 months at 20 sites across a non‐perennial river network in France. Network‐scale drying had a spatial and temporal legacy effect on GHG fluxes. On average, CO2 fluxes were up to 29 times higher from perennial than non‐perennial sites under flowing conditions. At non‐perennial sites, CO2 and N2O fluxes positively covaried with time since rewetting. In addition, CO2 and N2O fluxes at perennial sites positively covaried with the percent of non‐perennial reaches upstream, indicating a spatial effect of drying. GHG fluxes from riparian soil and dry riverbed sediments had markedly different magnitudes and covariates. This research demonstrates that drying not only has a local‐scale impact but also influences GHG fluxes at the network scale, contributing valuable insights for upscaling global riverine GHG estimates.
Non‐Invasive Super‐Resolution Imaging Through Scattering Media Using Object Fluctuation
Authors: Zhu Xiangwen , Sahoo Sujit Kumar , Adamo Giorgio , Tobing Landobasa Y. M. , Zhang Dao Hua , Dang Cuong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroducing super‐resolution techniques to imaging through scattering media potentially revolutionizes the technical analysis for many exotic applications, such as cell structures behind biological tissues. The main challenge is scattering media's inhomogeneous structures, which scramble the light path and create noise‐like speckle patterns, hindering object's visualization even at a low‐resolution level. Here, a computational method is proposed relying on the object's spatial and temporal fluctuation to visualize nanoscale objects through scattering media non‐invasively. Taking advantage of the optical memory effect and multiple frames, the point spreading function (PSF) of scattering media is estimated. Multiple images of fluctuating objects are obtained by deconvolution; then, the super‐resolution image is achieved by computing the higher‐order cumulants. Non‐linearity of high order cumulant significantly suppresses artifacts in the resulting images and enhances resolution by a factor of , where N is the cumulant order. The proof‐of‐concept demonstrates a resolution of 266 nm at the 6th‐order cumulant with numerical aperture (NA) of 0.42, breaking the diffraction limit by a factor of 2.45. An adaptive approach is also demonstrated for imaging through dynamic scattering media. The non‐invasive super‐resolution speckle fluctuation imaging (NISFFI) presents a nanoscopy technique with straightforward imaging hardware configuration to visualize samples behind scattering media.
Testing and evaluation on friction surfacing of Alloy 36 over spheroidal graphite iron and its effect on coating thickness and width using artificial neural networks and response surface methodology
Authors: Rathinam G. S. N. , Manickajothi G. , Ezhil E. D. V. , Sundaram M. , Devarajan Y. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFriction surfacing finds its application in areas which require joining of dissimilar metals with superior wear property. The current work investigates the solid‐state coating of Alloy 36 over ductile cast iron (SG Iron) by friction surfacing process. The effect of process factors on the actual geometry of the coating was investigated through testing and a desirability‐based technique. Spindle speed, axial force, and table traverse speed were the three most important variables for bonding fidelity. Analysis of variance was used to examine how the input parameters affected the output parameters. Experimental findings are validated using artificial neural networks and response surface methodology which are then used to predict how the system will respond to various operating scenarios. The research demonstrates that speed, rather than force or traverse action, has a more substantial effect on both materials. The response surface methodology statistician approach was utilized to identify the most important factors influencing the process parameters. As a result, the load is determined as the most crucial component that impacts bonding to the substrate. According to the data, the output parameters have the most impact on lowering the bonding geometry.
Determination of natural frequencies of non‐uniform aluminum beams coated with functionally graded material
Authors: Pekel H. , Erdurcan E. F. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe present study comprises a numerical analysis used to find the dimensionless natural frequencies of non‐uniform aluminum beams coated with functionally graded material. The beams have variable width, and their variation is described by exponential and linear functions. While the coating material properties vary with a polynomial function, the lamination theory is used to calculate the overall properties of the functionally graded material coating. The beam is modeled as a modified Timoshenko beam and the gradual transition of the coating material properties as 25 layers of homogeneous isotropic material. In order to find the natural frequencies of the beam, finite element analysis was used, and the numerical results were processed with MATLAB, which were in good agreement with literature values. A parametric study is performed to study the effects of slenderness (L/H), coating thickness (h/H), skewness rate (S) and taper ratio (w2/w1) on the dimensionless natural frequencies. The study showed that tapering and skewing had a limited effect on the natural frequencies in general, however there exists a critical slenderness for every taper ratio and skewness rate where shape variation has a significant effect on the natural frequencies and should be considered.