bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Molecular Theory of Tacky Adhesion
Authors: Furukawa Junji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Adhesive force fa acts on the adherend surface through pseudo links and is given by a product of wetting force W/l and the fraction of links of about 10−2. W is a wetting energy of about 101—2 cgs-unit and l is a length of a segment of 1 nm in the adhesives polymer and fa is about 106—7 cgs-unit or 1—10 kg cm−2. On peeling a tape of pressure-sensitive adhesives, the adhesives layer is expanded and voids and fibrils are often formed. The shear forces in fibrils are integrated to give the peeing force P. The layer is deformed to give a concaved shape expressed with a catenary curve. In this model, P increases with increasing the relaxation time τ, thickness h, velocity v, and decreasing the peeling angle θ. P is expressed as P = (0.7 fa/sin/θ)/(1/h + 1/τv). For the tensile test in parallel plates, the thickness is expanded uniformly and P = fa(1 + τv/h). For the shear test, the cohesive rupture occurs and P = ηv/h, η being viscosity.
The Thompson hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Lloyd J. M. , Calder J. D. F. 
Published: June 2006

The Thompson hemiarthroplasty is a popular hip prosthesis. We present two case reports highlighting a significant alteration in the design of the implant which compromised the success of the operations. In recent years the manufacturing process of this prosthesis has changed, with a resultant increase in the volume of the stem of 10 ml. It is essential that manufacturers inform orthopaedic surgeons of any alteration in the design of the implant and supply compatible instrumentation to minimise surgical errors. Surgeons must remain vigilant when checking the compatibility of the trial and definitive prostheses.
Combined anterior cruciate reconstruction and Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Authors: Pandit H. , Beard D. J. , Jenkins C. , Kimstra Y. , Thomas N. P. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W. 
Published: June 2006

The options for treatment of the young active patient with isolated symptomatic osteoarthritis of the medial compartment and pre-existing deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament are limited. The potential longevity of the implant and levels of activity of the patient may preclude total knee replacement, and tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are unreliable because of the ligamentous instability. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasties tend to fail because of wear or tibial loosening resulting from eccentric loading. Therefore, we combined reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee in 15 patients (ACLR group), and matched them with 15 patients who had undergone Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with an intact anterior cruciate ligament (ACLI group). The clinical and radiological data at a minimum of 2.5 years were compared for both groups. The groups were well matched for age, gender and length of follow-up and had no significant differences in their pre-operative scores. At the last follow-up, the mean outcome scores for both the ACLR and ACLI groups were high (Oxford knee scores of 46 (37 to 48) and 43 (38 to 46), respectively, objective Knee Society scores of 99 (95 to 100) and 94 (82 to 100), and functional Knee Society scores of 96 and 96 (both 85 to 100). One patient in the ACLR group needed revision to a total knee replacement because of infection. No patient in either group had radiological evidence of component loosening. The radiological study showed no difference in the pattern of tibial loading between the groups. The short-term clinical results of combined anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are excellent. The previous shortcomings of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the presence of deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament appear to have been addressed with the combined procedure. This operation seems to be a viable treatment option for young active patients with symptomatic arthritis of the medial compartment, in whom the anterior cruciate ligament has been ruptured.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α −308G&gt;A Allelic Variant Modulates Iron Accumulation in Patients with Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: Krayenbuehl Pierre-Alexandre , Maly Friedrich E , Hersberger Martin , Wiesli Peter , Himmelmann Andreas , Eid Karim , Greminger Peter , Vetter Wilhelm , Schulthess Georg 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground: In vitro and animal studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) modulates intestinal iron transport. We hypothesized that the effect of TNF-α might be particularly relevant if iron absorption is not effectively controlled by the HFE gene.Methods: In patients with homozygous C282Y hemochromatosis, we investigated the influence of TNF-α −308G&gt;A allelic variant on total body iron overload, determined in all patients by measuring iron removed during depletion therapy, and hepatic iron index and need for phlebotomy to prevent iron reaccumulation, measured in patient subgroups.Results: Of 86 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, 16 (19%) were heterozygous carriers and 1 (1%) was a homozygous carrier of the TNF-α promoter −308A allele. Mean (SD) total body iron overload was increased 2-fold in TNF-α −308A allele carriers [10.9 (7.6) g] compared with homozygous carriers of the G allele [5.6 (5.0) g, P &lt;0.001]. Hepatic iron index differed markedly between TNF-α −308A allele carriers [5.6 (3.5) μmol/g/year] and homozygous G allele carriers [3.1 (2.2) μmol/g/year, P = 0.040, n = 30]. After iron depletion, the need for phlebotomy to prevent iron reaccumulation (maintenance therapy) was substantially higher in TNF-α −308A allele carriers than in homozygous G allele carriers (P = 0.014, n = 73). We used multiple regression analyses to exclude possible confounding effects of sex, age, family screening, body-mass index, and meat or alcohol intake.Conclusion: TNF-α −308G&gt;A allelic variant modulates iron accumulation in patients with hereditary (homozygous C282Y) hemochromatosis, but the effect of the TNF-α −308A allele on clinical manifestations of hemochromatosis was less accentuated than expected from the increased iron load associated with this allele.
Shared Material and Grammar: Toward A Dependency Grammar Theory of Non-Gapping Coordination for English and German
Authors: Osborne Timothy 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The paper presents a dependency grammar theory of non-gapping coordination. The approach draws a distinction etween standard cases of coordination - called String Coordination - and gapping. Only small conjuncts are acknowledged. The core of the approach is expressed in terms of three constraints - the Contiguity Requirement (CR), the Parallelism Requirement (PR), and the Restriction on Shared Constituents (RSC) - that restrict which strings may be coordinated and in terms of the material that conjuncts may share. The claims made are valid for both English and German.
Neutron Damage in SiC Semiconductor Radiation Detectors in the GT-MHR
Authors: Blue TE , Lohan B , Khorsandi B , Miller DW 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
As a part of a U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Engineering Research Initiative (NERI) project, we are evaluating the potential for using silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor radiation detectors, operating in the pulse mode, as power monitors for gas turbine modular helium reactor (GT-MHR) [1]. Locations for the power monitors will be selected considering acceptable detector count rates and lifetimes. We have characterized the radiation environment at various locations in the GT-MHR, where detectors may be placed, in terms of the 1 MeV equivalent neutron flux in SiC (φeq,1 MeV, SiCTotal). Also, we have characterized the radiation field in beam part 1 (BP1) of the Ohio State University Research Reactor (OSURR) in these same terms, with the intent of correlating observed degradation of the SiC detectors in the OSURR to the degradation that can be expected for various detector locations in the GT-MHR. Comparing φeq,1 MeV, SiCTotal for the GT-MHR and for the OSURR, we conclude that SiC devices cannot be adequately tested in the characterization vessel in OSURR BP1 for the radiation damage that would be incurred over a refueling cycle for detectors placed in-core. Also, we note that the radiation environment in the OSURR BP1 is harder than the radiation environment in the GT-MHR.
Round Robin Test on Normalization Method under Static Loading Condition
Authors: Oh YJ , Hwang IS , Joyce JA 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn 2001, the normalization method was approved as ASTM Method E 1820-01 [1] for use in high loading rate J-R tests. Prior to its approval, High Rate Round Robin was conducted under the coordination of ASTM Subcommittee E08.08.02 for the verification of accuracy and reproducibility of the method. However, the results of the normalization method cannot be verified against those of other well-established methods because no other method is available in the high loading rate condition. In this round robin test, J-R curves were measured under static loading conditions for A106Gr. C nuclear piping steel by the normalization method so that results can be compared with those obtained simultaneously by the unloading compliance method. The deviation of JIc by normalization and differences of JIc values from those of the unloading compliance method were quantified. The normalization method showed JIc deviation up to 60 % when tested with initial a/W=0.5. In order to seek ways to reduce the deviation, both offset method and tangent method were tried for normalization analysis, but with limited improvement. These partially modified normalization methods of the offset method and tangent method decreases the deviation of JIc, but increases the difference from those of the unloading compliance method. More fundamental approaches are warranted for adequate improvement.
Expression of adrenomedullin in adipose tissue of lean and obese women
Authors: Paulmyer-Lacroix O , Desbriere R , Poggi M , Achard V , Alessi M-C , Boudouresque F , Ouafik L’H , Vuaroqueaux V , Labuhn M , Dutourand A , Grino M 
Published: June 2006

Objective: Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilatator and antioxidative peptide, was shown recently to be expressed by adipose tissue. The aim of our study was to investigate the precise localization of AM within human adipose tissue, and to examine AM regulation in obesity.
Design: Subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissues from 9 lean and 13 obese women were profiled for AM expression changes. Preadipocytes from human adipose tissue were isolated and differentiated under defined adipogenic conditions.
Methods: AM expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR.
Results: A strong AM expression was observed in vessel walls, stromal cell clusters and isolated stromal cells, some of them being CD 68 positive, whereas mature adipocytes were not labeled. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) 2 and RAMP 3 were expressed in vessel walls. In vitro, preadipocytes of early differentiation stages spontaneously secreted AM. No difference in AM localization was found between SC and OM adipose tissue. AM levels in SC tissue did not differ between lean and obese subjects. By contrast, AM levels in OM tissue were significantly higher in obese as compared with lean women. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between OM AM and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA levels and AM-immunoreactive area in OM tissue followed the features of the metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: Stromal cells from human adipose tissue, including macrophages, produce AM. Its synthesis increased in the OM territory during obesity and paralleled the features of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, AM should be considered as a new member of the adipokine family.
Preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism predicts a lower rate of developing renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Lee Dae-Yeol , Kim Sun-Young , Jo Dae-Sun , Hwang Pyoung Han , Kang Kyung Pyo , Lee Sik , Kim Won , Park Sung Kwang 
Published: June 2006

Objective: Ghrelin is a novel peptide hormone, which exerts somatotropic, orexigenic and adipogenic effects. Recent studies have shown that the preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism is associated with serum creatinine (Scr) concentration in type 2 diabetes; 72Met carriers exhibited lower Scr levels as compared with the 72Met non-carriers. We hypothesized that the preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism is associated with a lower rate of developing renal dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
Design: The preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism was investigated using PCR techniques in 138 patients with diabetic nephropathy divided into two groups, one with normal renal function and the other with renal dysfunction.
Methods: Determination of the frequency of the preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism was the main outcome measure.
Results: The frequency of the Leu72Met polymorphism in diabetic nephropathy was significantly lower in patients with renal dysfunction (15.9%, P<0.01) than in patients with normal renal function (42.0%) or in the diabetes control group (40.6%). The Leu72Met polymorphism was also associated with serum total cholesterol levels in diabetic nephropathy patients with renal dysfunction; the 72Met carriers had lower total cholesterol levels than the 72Met non-carriers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: These data suggest that 72Met carrier status may be used as a marker predicting a lower chance of developing renal dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy.
Clinical and biochemical description of a novel CYP21A2 gene mutation 962_963insA using a new 3D model for the P450c21 protein
Authors: Janner Marco , Pandey Amit V , Mullis Primus E , Flück Christa E 
Published: June 2006

Objective: A severely virilized 46, XX newborn girl was referred to our center for evaluation and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) because of highly elevated 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels at newborn screening; biochemical tests confirmed the diagnosis of salt-wasting CAH. Genetic analysis revealed that the girl was compound heterozygote for a previously reported Q318X mutation in exon 8 and a novel insertion of an adenine between nucleotides 962 and 963 in exon 4 of the CYP21A2 gene. This 962_963insA mutation created a frameshift leading to a stop codon at amino acid 161 of the P450c21 protein.
Aim and methods: To better understand structure–function relationships of mutant P450c21 proteins, we performed multiple sequence alignments of P450c21 with three mammalian P450s (P450 2C8, 2C9 and 2B4) with known structures as well as with human P450c17. Comparative molecular modeling of human P450c21 was then performed by MODELLER using the X-ray crystal structure of rabbit P450 2B4 as a template.
Results: The new three dimensional model of human P450c21 and the sequence alignment were found to be helpful in predicting the role of various amino acids in P450c21, especially those involved in heme binding and interaction with P450 oxidoreductase, the obligate electron donor.
Conclusion: Our model will help in analyzing the genotype–phenotype relationship of P450c21 mutations which have not been tested for their functional activity in an in vitro assay.
Does long-term GH replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults with GH deficiency normalise quality of life?
Authors: Koltowska-Häggström Maria , Mattsson Anders F , Monson John P , Kind Paul , Badia Xavier , Casanueva Felipe F , Busschbach Jan , Koppeschaar Hans P F , Johannsson Gudmundur 
Published: June 2006

Objective: To determine whether impaired quality of life (QoL) in adults with GH deficiency (GHD) is reversible with long-term GH therapy and whether the responses in QoL dimensions differ from each other.
Methods: QoL was measured by the Quality of Life–Assessment for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA) in general population samples in England & Wales, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden (n = 892, 1038, 868 and 1682 respectively) and compared with corresponding patients’ data from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) (n = 758, 247, 197 and 484 respectively) for 4–6 years a follow-up. The subsets of patients from England and Wales, and Sweden with longitudinal data for 5 years’ follow-up were also analysed. The change of the total QoL-AGHDA scores and responses within dimensions were evaluated. Subanalyses were performed to identify any specificity in response pattern for gender, age, disease-onset and aetiology.
Results: Irrespective of the degree of impairment, overall QoL improved dramatically in the first 12 months, with steady progress thereafter towards the country-specific population mean. Problems with memory and tiredness were the most serious burden for untreated patients, followed by tenseness, self-confidence and problems with socialising. With treatment, these improved in the reverse order, normalising for the latter three.
Conclusions: Long-term GH replacement results in sustained improvements towards the normative country-specific values in overall QoL and in most impaired dimensions. The lasting improvement and almost identical pattern of response in each patient subgroup and independent of the level of QoL impairment support the hypothesis that GHD may cause these patients’ psychological problems.
Thyroid nodule shape suggests malignancy
Authors: Cappelli Carlo , Castellano Maurizio , Pirola Ilenia , Gandossi Elena , De Martino Elvira , Cumetti Davide , Agosti Barbara , Rosei Enrico Agabiti 
Published: June 2006

Objective: To evaluate if a nodule with shape taller than wide (anteroposterior/transverse diameter ratio, A/T≥ 1) is a good predictor of malignancy independent of the size.
Methods: We retrospectively examined the cytological and histological results of 7455 nodules (5198 patients) referred for ultrasound-guided-fine needle aspiration cytology (US-FNAC) in our hospital from January 1991 to September 2004.
Results: A suitable FNAC was obtained from 6135 nodules (4495 patients); 34.6% were less than 1 cm in diameter (small nodules, SN). A diagnosis of carcinoma was histologically confirmed in 284/349 suspicious lesions after FNAC. The size of carcinoma nodules was not significantly associated with the occurrence of extracapsular growth (large nodules (LN): 10.5%, SN: 4.9%, NS) and lymph node metastasis (LN: 23.6%, SN: 25.0%, NS). Malignant lesions showed microcalcifications more frequently than benign nodules (72.2 vs 28.7%; P < 0.001; (odds ratio, OR(confidence intervals, CI) = 9.9(7.2–13.4)). Similarly, A/T≥ 1 (76 vs 40%; P < 0.001; OR(CI) = 8.6(5.5–13.1)), blurred margins (52.8 vs 18.8%; P < 0.001; OR(CI) = 7.7(5.6–10.2)), solid hypo-echoic appearance (80.6 vs 52.4%; P < 0.001; OR(CI) = 3.2(2.2–4.3)) and intranodular vascular pattern (type 2) (61.6 vs 49.7%; P < 0.001; OR(CI) = 1.7(1.3–2.3)) were significantly more frequent in malignant than in benign nodules.
Conclusions: Our data show that no single parameter, including nodule size, satisfactorily identifies a subset of patients to be electively investigated by FNAC. We concluded that A/T≥ 1 with at least two of US features (microcalcification, blurred margins, hypo-echoic pattern) is today the best compromise between missing cancers and cost–benefit.
Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women
Authors: Wunder D M , Yared M , Bersinger N A , Widmer D , Kretschmer R , Birkhäuser M H 
Published: June 2006

Objective: Only a few studies have investigated variations of different markers for inflammatory processes during the physiological menstrual cycle. The results are conflicting, particularly concerning the correlation between the marker leptin and steroid hormones. The aim of the study was to investigate the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin in the serum of healthy, normally ovulating women and to correlate these with each other and with the hormones of the gonadal axis. A cycle-dependence of the markers studied would imply an exact timing of the blood sampling for clinical needs.
Design: Observational study investigating the two inflammatory markers CRP and leptin in relation to the hormonal pattern of the gonadal axis during the normal cycle.
Methods: Ovulatory cycles of 36 healthy, young, normo-androgenic women, having a normal body mass index were evaluated. Serum concentrations of leptin and CRP, as well as of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin (PRL) and free testosterone were measured every 1–2 days during one full cycle.
Results: Serum levels of leptin and CRP behaved differently during ovulatory cycles, with higher concentrations for leptin only during certain phases. Significant correlations were found in the follicular phase between leptin and PRL and leptin and free testosterone.
Conclusions: Leptin levels change during the menstrual cycle. Leptin levels are more stable on cycle days 1–5 than later in the cycle. For precise cycle-independent measurements, these fluctuations have to be taken into account. There is no similar cyclic pattern for CRP.
Determinants of cardiovascular risk in 2589 hypopituitary GH-deficient adults – a KIMS database analysis
Authors: Abs Roger , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Mattsson Anders F , Monson John P , Bengtsson Bengt-Åke , Góth Miklós I , Wilton Patrick , Koltowska-Häggström Maria 
Published: June 2006

Objective: The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between GH deficiency (GHD) and some cardiovascular risk factors and to analyse the effect of GH replacement therapy in a large number of patients over a prolonged period of time.
Design: Data for analysis were retrieved from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained from 2589 patients at baseline and from 1206 patients after 1 and 2 years of GH replacement therapy. Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip, resting blood pressure and body composition were also measured.
Results: At baseline, the unfavourable effects of GHD were most obvious in the lipid profile demonstrating elevated mean total and LDL-cholesterol, in the increased waist circumference and the elevated BMI. The cholesterol concentration, BMI and body composition were significantly adversely affected by a number of factors, including age, sex and the use of anti-epileptic drugs. The therapeutic effect of GH was essentially uniform across the whole population. GH replacement reduced significantly the mean total and LDL-cholesterol, the waist circumference and the fat mass and was maintained during 2 years.
Conclusions: This analysis of a large number of patients confirmed that GHD adults present with an increased cardiovascular risk. The sustained improvement of the adverse lipid profile and body composition suggests that GH replacement therapy may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and the premature mortality seen in hypopituitary patients with untreated GHD.