bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In theory, subversion is the perfect weapon, yet in practice it often falters—and the same applies to cyber operations. This book explains why. Lennart Maschmeyer argues that subversion holds great promise as a cheap, easy, and yet effective alternative to war because of its distinct mechanism of action: secretly exploiting and manipulating adversary systems to undermine them and turn them against the adversary. In practice, however, subversion often falls short because this mechanism involves a set of underappreciated operational challenges that confront actors with a trilemma between speed, intensity, and control. Consequently, in most circumstances subversion is either too slow, too weak, or too volatile to produce strategic value. Subversion presents new and original evidence to support this theory from two detailed case studies that examine how the rise of information technology has changed this quality. The first case discusses the Soviet KGB’s use of illegal agents to crush the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. The second case examines Russia’s use of traditional subversion and cyber operations against Ukraine since 2014, both in its “hybrid war” strategy short of war prior to the full-scale invasion in February 2022 and since the latter. Contrary to prevailing expectations of revolutionary change in conflict short of war, findings from these studies demonstrate that traditional subversion likely remains both more versatile and more effective than cyber operations.
The Breakdown and What It Means
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the diversity among white practicing Christians. We find that two-thirds of white practicing Christians are followers of the ROW (i.e., ROWers). The ROW consists of two different but mutually supporting groups: White Veil and White Might. Three-quarters of ROWers belong to the White Veil group, and their mantra is “there is no whiteness, there is no white privilege, there are only people.” White Veil ROWers either say there is no racial inequality, or if there is, it is due to people of color’s shortcomings. The White Might group makes up one-quarter of ROWers. These are the foot soldiers of the ROW who spearhead efforts to defend the ROW against detractors. Finally, we identify Remnant Christians, the third of white practicing Christians who do not adhere to the ROW. Remnant Christians’ attitudes and orientation to the Bible are similar to those of Christians of color. After describing each group in detail, we draw on interviews with Remnant Christians to show how their attitudes differ from ROWers and the high prices they pay for not supporting the ROW.
Collisions
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
On February 24, 2022, Vladimir Putin launched a massive invasion of Ukraine, setting in motion changes that have been felt around the globe. Collisions is the story of this war’s origins. It begins in 2008, when Barack Obama came to power in the United States and Dmitry Medvedev came to power in Russia, a period of optimism and new beginnings. It then traces a steady parting of the ways between the United States and Russia, from the return of a newly aggressive Putin to the Kremlin in 2012 to the outbreak of a revolution in Ukraine—and the subsequent Russian annexation of Crimea and invasion of eastern Ukraine. Collisions captures the tumult of the Trump presidency, to which both Russia and Ukraine were crucial, and in detail it chronicles the suspenseful first year of Joe Biden’s presidency, as Russia amassed troops on the border of Ukraine and kept on upping the diplomatic ante. The book culminates in Putin’s 2022 attack on Ukraine, outlining the devastating effects of this war on Ukraine, Russia’s many military setbacks, and Volodymyr Zelensky’s successful defense of his country. Collisions explains the war in Ukraine as a historically inflected conflict between Russia and Ukraine. It also situates this conflict in its larger global context. The war has transformed Europe from a place of peace to a place of widening military tensions. It has foregrounded the role of the United States as a European power, and it has created new openings for China to expand its power. A history of a war, Collisions is no less a history of the global instability that has surged with this war.
Yes We Can
Authors: Kimmage Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes an international landscape (circa 2008) in which the eventual Russian war against Ukraine was not inevitable, a period of considerable optimism, even though it was shadowed by the financial crisis of 2008, an optimism that built upon the many achievements of the 1990s: an end to the Cold War, the expansion of NATO and the European Union, and a flourishing US-German relationship, which President Obama and Chancellor Merkel understood to be exemplary, a sign of where international order was tending—toward greater cooperation, greater integration, and greater respect for rules and for multi-lateral institutions.
Re-engendering Property
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter draws five general lessons from CEDAW’s property jurisprudence viewed in light of the criticisms considered in chapter 3. Lesson One: CEDAW’s interpretation has evolved over time such that the regime does not rely on a male comparator, addresses substantive and not merely formal equality, punctures the public/private divide, embraces intersectional discrimination, and accords importance to all fundamental rights. Lesson Two: CEDAW’s property jurisprudence does not reify the institutional and regulatory program associated with “neo-liberalism.” Lesson Three: criticisms of the CEDAW regime that rely on universalizing and binary concepts need to be re-examined, along with the underlying theory of social change. Lesson Four: many other criticisms of the CEDAW regime require greater nuance. Lesson Five: the CEDAW Committee’s scrutiny over states’ actions and omissions remains necessary, no matter the kind of state regime in place.
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This essay is Thomas Nagel’s classic “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?,” which was influential in drawing attention to consciousness as a central problem for philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. It also influenced the recognition of the consciousness of non-human creatures as an important subject of study. The essay argues that the essential subjectivity of conscious experience—what it is like for the creature undergoing it—means that reductionist theories of mind, which try to analyze it in physical terms, cannot succeed. It follows that the physical sciences cannot provide a complete description of reality, and that the physical conception of objective reality must be transcended if science is going to comprehend the mind.
(Trans)forming Expertise
Authors: Miles-Hercules Deandre 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the state of linguistics’ engagement with (trans)gender inclusion. The author’s discussion is framed by a call to insist upon increased competence around issues of inequality as necessarily entailed by the notion of scholarly expertise. Setting the discipline’s consideration of trans and nonbinary scholars and issues within the context of regressive sociopolitical undercurrents in higher education, the author highlights instances of linguists’ interactions, or lack thereof, with the concerns of trans and nonbinary scholars in the field in terms of the methodological, structural, and interpersonal aspects of scholarly activity. These occurrences are drawn from both public discourse and personal experience, detailing circumstances that range in character from general disregard around gender inclusion to outright antagonism of trans and nonbinary linguists. The author offers concrete actions and strategies for combating cisnormativity and transphobia in linguistics, ultimately advocating for a sea change in linguists’ orientation to questions of equity and justice.
Disrupting English Class
Authors: Plackowski Amy L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes a high school linguistics course developed by the author in the 2020–2021 school year for the public school where she teaches English Language Arts. Unlike most high school linguistics courses, this course is not an elective, but can be taken for core English credit. The course is organized around thematic units rather than traditional linguistic subfields. These units use linguistics to provide students with a framework for investigating social issues, problems, and questions related to social justice and media literacy. The course is aimed at exposing all students to linguistics, including students who have not typically been offered opportunities to take linguistics (e.g., students on education plans, students designated English language learners, and non–college-bound students). This chapter discusses the necessity of including linguistics in social justice teaching, as well as challenges and limitations.
Increasing Inclusion Through Structured Active Learning
Authors: Schwarz Florian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One part of working toward more diversity in linguistics is to make introductory courses more welcoming and inclusive. The need for this is especially pressing in theoretical and formal linguistics, where the lack of diversity is particularly pronounced. Active learning pedagogy has been shown to be a useful tool toward this goal, especially when paired with focused efforts toward creating an inclusive classroom culture. The author reports on his conversion of Linguistics 106: Introduction to Formal Linguistics to an active learning class format, reporting both the details of implementation and data on class outcomes and evaluations. Overall, the outcomes suggest that the new format enhances student performance and provides a more inclusive class experience. While no formal data on the impact on specific racial backgrounds is available, there is hope that these changes especially benefit students from diverse backgrounds and contribute toward making introductory linguistics teaching more welcoming and inclusive.
Introduction
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter lays out the empirical and theoretical puzzles associated with South Asia and elsewhere: When and how do populist politics induce such significant political change, and how do they threaten the norms of democracy? It then defines populism as “a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that established elite groups disregard their concerns.” It situates populist politics in the context of crises of representation. It then introduces the concept of the moral contract: that in democracies, states are obligated to redress structures of inequity; populists evoke the breaking of the moral contract and promise restoration. The chapter then describes three different types of populist politics, depending on how widely these claims resonate and the consequences of these types for democratic backsliding.
Studying Populism in India and Pakistan
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theoretical and empirical approach of the book to cases in South Asia. It begins with introducing the puzzle of the prevalence of populism in South Asia, despite multiple factors that should make this difficult, including long-standing, “primordial” social divisions. It then surveys the literature on national and subnational populisms in the region in relation to the book’s typology of populism. The chapter previews the historical narrative of cycles of national populist politics, beginning with crises of representation and being resolved by first reordering populisms of the left and then additive populisms of the right. It discusses how populism explains party system convergence in South Asia when most theory predicts political system fragmentation.
Additive Populists of the Right
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the causes, nature, and consequences of additive populist mobilizations of the right in the 2010s: those of Narendra Modi and Imran Khan. Though a committed Hindu nationalist, Narendra Modi’s victory in the 2014 elections resulted from a mobilization that energized the upper-caste Hindu vote-base but also reached beyond it by highlighting the moral failings of the UPA regime and promising restoration through good governance and development. In power, Modi has consolidated power as a constitutional strongman and, in the 2019 election, ran an ethnic majoritarian campaign that was not populist in character. Imran Khan in Pakistan ran successfully in 2018 on themes of anticorruption and good governance and against the moral failings of the PML-N government that attracted voters from all provinces. His chaotic period as premier ended with a parliamentary no-confidence vote supported by the judiciary and the military.
Populism in the United States
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter of Righteous Demagogues explores the populist tradition, its history, and its impact on party politics in the United States. It describes the crises of representation that have plagued the country as the distance between democratic ideals and the degraded reality of partisanship. It argues that the American Dream of progress through hard work and rule-following represents a moral contract, the abrogation of which allows for populism to emerge. It then surveys the preponderance of additive populisms, with the People’s Party in the late nineteenth century mobilizing in the gaps in representation between Democratic and Republican Parties, the ways that the New Deal made appeals to moral restoration that expanded the Democratic Party beyond its core base, transforming the state, and how Donald Trump used claims of brokenness and restoration of the American Dream to reach beyond the Republican base. The chapter also surveys quotidian populisms within the Democratic and Republican Parties and reordering populism in Huey Long’s Louisiana.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction, New World Order: Last Superpower Standing and Desert Storm, examines two significant events in 1990–1991. The demise and collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in the Red Army withdrawing from Eastern Europe and the subsequent “velvet revolutions” in those nations, which brought about independent nations. The reasons for that collapse are multifaceted, including the behavior of Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev and US president George H. W. Bush. The collapse resulted in fifteen new nations, previously states of the USSR, and their subsequent struggles to bring about a semblance of capitalism and more democratic governments. The second main event in this chapter happened simultaneously, Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait and the resulting American-led coalition to liberate that nation, Desert Storm. That shifted US focus in foreign affairs away from the Soviet Union and toward Iraq.
Bush, Clinton, Perot, and the Crumbling Center
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter One, Bush, Clinton, Perot, and the Crumbling Center, first examines the reasons why President Bush with a 90 percent approval rating in spring 1991 could not win reelection—the recession of 1991–92, higher taxes, and the Rodney King beating and subsequently the South Central Riot. Bush did sign some significant legislation—the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Golden Visa, Clery Act, Clean Air Act—and he began negotiations for NAFTA. The 1992 campaign had three candidates: Republican Bush, Democratic nominee Bill Clinton, and independent H. Ross Perot. The election placed Clinton in the White House, where he signed important bills—NAFTA, Family and Medical Leave act (FMLA), budget act, and Assault Weapons ban. His policy for gays in the military, Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, satisfied no one. He reacted to the first domestic terrorism, the World Trade Center bombing, and to issues in Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia. Meanwhile, a new term, politically correct, was emerging, as was diversity.
Angry White Men
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter Two focuses on an emerging and significant group in American society, angry white men. It investigates origins, development, and key actors, including David Duke, and violent ones Randy Weaver and Timothy McVeigh. The chapter examines the role of the federal government, especially the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms’ (ATF) behavior at Ruby Ridge and at the Branch Davidian compound Mount Carmel, led by David Koresh, and the subsequent Waco siege. Politically, angry white men voted en masse in 1994, and the result was the Republicans captured Congress, Newt Gingrich, who proposed his Contract with America, became Speaker of the House, and Bob Dole became Senate Majority Leader. On radio angry white men appeared as Rush Limbaugh, Michael Savage, and eventually Alex Jones, and on television at Fox News after Rupert Murdoch hired Roger Ailes.
Epilogue
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue concerns the event that ends the nineties era—the 9/11 terrorist attacks on America. During the first seven months of the new Bush administration, Terror Czar Richard Clarke, CIA Director George Tenet, and others warned the administration about a possible attack from Osama bin Laden and his group, al Qaeda. The administration showed little concern until after nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners and flew them into the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and a Pennsylvania field. The attack cost about 2,800 American lives, the most deadly single assault on the United States. September 11, 2001, also changed the course of America—and the world.
Black, White, Human
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains each of the authors’ reflections on the process of becoming aware of racial identity in the United States. The authors trace this process beginning with their respective childhood experiences in very different environments. Shonekan grew up in a postcolonial Nigeria influenced by European culture and its widespread assumptions of white supremacy. It was not until adulthood, and through her experience of Blackness in the United States that she came to a full appreciation of her own identity. Seagrave grew up in Napa, entirely unaware of Black/white racial dynamics and histories. It was not until adulthood that he, too, realized the significance of his identity and the American history that had shaped it. The authors’ collaboration has led to a fuller understanding both of each other’s racialized identities as well as the humanity that they share.
Freedom and Hope, Liberation and Love
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter connects alternative versions of American historiography with Black music. It argues that the concept of freedom is central to both, receiving different and complementary expressions in each. Three versions of American historical narratives are presented: the Mount Rushmore narrative, the Untold Story narrative, and the Human Freedom narrative. The Human Freedom narrative is connected through the thought of W. E. B. Du Bois to the music of the African diaspora, and particularly that of Camilla Williams, William Grant Still, and Max Roach. The Harlem Renaissance is discussed as a catalyst for this connection. The authors conclude with a reflection, inspired by Du Bois, on the prospects for hope that American history will approach the ideal of freedom expressed in Black music.
Introduction
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the three puzzles driving this book: Why, despite China’s rising salience, are Chinese stakeholders often not able to shape markets in their preferred direction? What explains the variation in China’s impact on global commodity markets? And how can we explain the uneven liberalization dynamics across markets? Indeed, not only do dominant Chinese stakeholders not always get what they want, but their behavior can also lead to unexpected global outcomes that include liberalization trends, a counterintuitive outcome. The chapter introduces the argument of the book, which is that the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and international market stakeholders and the way it evolves over time explain the behavior of market stakeholders as well as the likelihood of institutional change in global markets. Finally, the chapter introduces the qualitative methodological and case selection strategies for the cases of iron ore, potash, uranium, and copper.
Global and Chinese Commodity Markets
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses and characterizes the variation in global and Chinese commodity markets across different types of commodities. It introduces an institutional conceptualization of global markets, based on four premises: markets as created, embedded, contested, and plural. This conceptualization allows us to think about global market change in a thicker, more fullsome way, by looking at how these markets are shaped, their concentration levels, the power relations between stakeholders, their price determination mechanisms, governance mechanisms and regulatory specificities, their history, or the embedded assumptions shared by stakeholders. The chapter then introduces the dependent variable, global commodity market pricing regimes, and its operationalization alongside a liberalization de-liberalization continuum. The importance of providing an explanation for liberalization or de-liberalization trends observed in global commodity markets is laid out: such trends are at times unintended by powerful stakeholders, unequal across markets, always political, and don’t map neatly against Chinese domestic political economy dynamics.
Explaining Change in Global Market Institutions
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the book’s argument, which is that the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and international market stakeholders and the way it evolves over time explains the behavior of market stakeholders as well as the likelihood of change in global market institutions. The impacts of three aspects of relative market power are discussed: the relative position of market power between producers and consumers (determining who wields more influence), the change in relative market power between dominant producers and consumers (as a catalyst for change in global market institutions), and the relative position of market power vis-à-vis their own peers (a determinant in the development of preferences for global pricing regimes). The explanatory variables are then discussed in more detail, operationalized as the differential capacity to coordinate market behavior. Finally, the chapter discusses the ways in which the book contributes to broader literatures, including on global China.