bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of cholera toxin B–proinsulin fusion protein in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts – oral administration protects against development of insulitis in non‐obese diabetic mice
Authors: Ruhlman Tracey , Ahangari Raheleh , Devine Andrew , Samsam Mohtahsem , Daniell Henry 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLettuce and tobacco chloroplast transgenic lines expressing the cholera toxin B subunit–human proinsulin (CTB‐Pins) fusion protein were generated. CTB‐Pins accumulated up to ~16% of total soluble protein (TSP) in tobacco and up to ~2.5% of TSP in lettuce. Eight milligrams of powdered tobacco leaf material expressing CTB‐Pins or, as negative controls, CTB–green fluorescent protein (CTB‐GFP) or interferon–GFP (IFN‐GFP), or untransformed leaf, were administered orally, each week for 7 weeks, to 5‐week‐old female non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The pancreas of CTB‐Pins‐treated mice showed decreased infiltration of cells characteristic of lymphocytes (insulitis); insulin‐producing β‐cells in the pancreatic islets of CTB‐Pins‐treated mice were significantly preserved, with lower blood or urine glucose levels, by contrast with the few β‐cells remaining in the pancreatic islets of the negative controls. Increased expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐10 (IL‐4 and IL‐10), was observed in the pancreas of CTB‐Pins‐treated NOD mice. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), but not IgG2a, were elevated in CTB‐Pins‐treated mice. Taken together, T‐helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte‐mediated oral tolerance is a likely mechanism for the prevention of pancreatic insulitis and the preservation of insulin‐producing β‐cells. This is the first report of expression of a therapeutic protein in transgenic chloroplasts of an edible crop. Transplastomic lettuce plants expressing CTB‐Pins grew normally and transgenes were maternally inherited in T1 progeny. This opens up the possibility for the low‐cost production and delivery of human therapeutic proteins, and a strategy for the treatment of various other autoimmune diseases.
Listen to Me, Learn with Me: International Migration and Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Williams Allan M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExisting research on the economic contribution of individual international labour migrants has been couched largely in terms of skills, and has focused on mobility within transnational corporations. This article explores some of the broader links between the literatures on international migration and management, and addresses four main questions: is migrant knowledge selective, is it distinctive, what are the barriers to migrant knowledge transfer and what are the implications for individual migrants and firms. This largely conceptual review is informed by three main premises: the value of adopting a knowledge as opposed to a skills perspective on migration; the importance of examining the cycle of migration rather than static snapshots at particular stages, and the need to consider inter‐firm and extra‐firm migration, as well as intra‐firm mobility.
Going Global? The Regulation of Nurse Migration in the UK
Authors: Bach Stephen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the growth of overseas nurse recruitment to the UK and reviews a number of explanations used by migration specialists to explain these developments. It is argued that these approaches provide an incomplete explanation and that an industrial relations perspective enables an integrated understanding of nurse mobility. By highlighting the role of the state in source and destination countries and by placing labour market institutions centre stage, a more adequate account of nurse migration to the UK is developed. Trends in mobility indicate that state policy and employer behaviour have resulted in the internationalization rather than the globalization of the nursing labour market. This facilitates state action to regulate nurse migration, although the results to date using forms of soft regulation have been modest.
Stratabound Rayleigh convection observed in a 4D hydrothermal reactive transport model based on the regional geological evolution of Allermöhe (Germany)
Authors: KÜHN M. , GÜNTHER A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated stratabound Rayleigh convection as a means of transport for leaching of solutes from salt diapirs, their dissipation into the Rhaetian sandstone aquifer and subsequent precipitation of anhydrite with resulting cementation. Reactive transport modelling has been conducted in the context of the recent structure of the Allermöhe site and its palaeogeological development. Resulting flow fields depict large (km‐scale) stratabound Rayleigh convection. However, our simulations show the vicinity of the Allermöhe well as a potential area of anhydrite dissolution in contrast to field observations, with precipitation concentrated elsewhere.
Predicting curriculum and test performance at age 11 years from pupil background, baseline skills and phonological awareness at age 5 years
Authors: Savage Robert , Carless Sue , Ferraro Vittoria 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Phonological awareness tests are amongst the best predictors of literacy and predict outcomes of Key Stage 1 assessment of the National Curriculum in England at age 7. However, it is unknown whether their ability to predict National Curricular outcomes extends to Key Stage 2 assessments given at age 11, or also whether the predictive power of such tests is independent of letter‐knowledge. We explored the unique predictive validity of phonological awareness and early literacy measures, and other pupil background measures taken at age 5 in the prediction of English, Maths, and Science performance at age 11.Method:  Three hundred and eighty‐two children from 21 primary schools in one Local Educational Authority were assessed at age 5 and followed to age 11 (Key Stage 2 assessment). Teaching assistants (TAs) administered phonological awareness tasks and early literacy measures. Baseline and Key Stage 2 performance measures were collected by teachers.Results:  Phonological awareness was a significant unique predictor of all nine outcome measures after baseline assessment and pupil background measures were first controlled in regression analyses, and continued to be a significant predictor of reading, maths, and science performance, and teacher assessments after early literacy skill and letter‐knowledge was controlled. Gender predicted performance in writing, the English test, and English teacher assessment, with girls outperforming boys.Conclusions:  Phonological awareness is a unique predictor of general curricular attainment independent of pupil background, early reading ability and letter‐knowledge. Practically, screening of phonological awareness and basic reading skills by school staff in year 1 significantly enhances the capacity of schools to predict curricular outcomes in year 6.
Cortisol reactions in five‐year‐olds to parent–child interaction: the moderating role of ego‐resiliency
Authors: Smeekens Sanny , Marianne Riksen‐Walraven J. , Van Bakel Hedwig J. A. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  This study with five‐year‐olds is the first to examine whether low‐quality interactions with parents elicit physiological stress in children beyond toddlerhood, as evident from elevated cortisol levels in their saliva. It was hypothesised that particularly children with low levels of ego‐resiliency −a personality construct reflecting the capacity to cope with stress − would show cortisol increases during low‐quality parent–child interactions.Method:  In a sample of 101 five‐year‐old children (62 boys), parent–child interaction was observed at home during parent–child discourse that involved the recollection and discussion of emotional events that happened to the child in the past. Saliva samples to assess cortisol levels were collected before and 20 minutes after the parent–child discourse task. The children's teacher rated child ego‐resiliency using a Dutch translation of the California Child Q‐set (CCQ; Block & Block, 1980).Results:  One of the two parent–child interaction factors that emerged from a principal component analysis, namely negative parent–child interactions, was significantly related to the children's cortisol reaction; more negative parent–child interactions elicited significantly stronger cortisol reactions. The other parent–child interaction factor that was found, i.e., effective guidance, was not significantly related to children's cortisol reaction. As predicted, children low on ego‐resiliency showed increases in cortisol during negative interactions with their parents, whereas high ego‐resilient children did not.Conclusions:  The association between negative parent–child interactions and cortisol elevations in children may point to a likely mechanism through which negative parent–child interactions contribute to negative developmental outcomes as the repeated exposure to high levels of cortisol have earlier been found to negatively affect children's development and functioning in various areas.
Consumer scholarship and transdisciplinarity
Authors: McGregor Sue L.T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA case is made for the place of transdisciplinary inquiry in consumer scholarship. After framing consumer studies as a discipline, the paper explains seven conventional modes of disciplinarity. Then, the discussion turns to the nuances of the transdisciplinary approach, and what consumer scholarship would look like within this perspective. Seasoned and emerging consumer scholars and practitioners are invited to brave the repercussions of stepping outside of their disciplinary boundary onto a rich fertile space where the academy meets society for the betterment of humanity. Consumer scholarship will never be the same.
Necrotic death of neurons following an excitotoxic insult is prevented by a peptide inhibitor of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase
Authors: Arthur Peter G. , Matich Graeme P. , Pang Wei Wei , Yu Dao‐Yi , Bogoyevitch Marie A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPeptide inhibitors of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) have been shown to potently protect against cerebral ischemia. The protective effect has been ascribed to prevention of apoptosis, but cell death following cerebral ischemia is a consequence of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. We evaluated whether a peptide inhibitor (TAT‐TIJIP) of JNK could prevent necrotic cell death in an in vitro model of excitotoxic neuronal death. We find that TAT‐TIJIP effectively prevented cell death by interfering with several processes which have been identified as leading to cell death by necrosis. In particular, reactive oxygen species production was reduced, as indicated by an 88% decrease in the rate of dihydroethidium fluorescence in the presence of TAT‐TIJIP. Furthermore, TAT‐TIJIP attenuated the increase in cytosolic calcium following the excitotoxic insult. The potent neuroprotective properties of JNK peptide inhibitors likely reflects their abilities to prevent cell death by necrosis as well as apoptosis.
FaBox: an online toolbox for fasta sequences
Authors: VILLESEN P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFaBox is a collection of simple and intuitive web services that enable biologists and medical researchers to quickly perform typical task with sequence data. The services makes it easy to extract, edit, and replace sequence headers and join or divide data sets based on header information. Other services include collapsing a set of sequences into haplotypes and automated formatting of input files for a number of population genetics programs, such as arlequin, tcs and mrbayes. The toolbox is expected to grow on the basis of requests for particular services and converters in the future. FaBox is freely available at http://www.birc.au.dk/fabox.
Eliciting Children's and Young People's Views of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: A Systematic Review of Best Practice
Authors: Worrall‐Davies Anne , Marino‐Francis Federica 
Published: May 2007

Background:  A systematic review of children's and young people's views of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) was undertaken to identify the methods used, the ‘best practice’ methods, and the methods most effective in leading to service changes.Method:  Electronic databases and grey literature were systematically searched. Both authors independently quality‐appraised studies using a standard framework. Of 381 studies identified, only 13 were both relevant and of sufficient quality to be included in the review. Interviews, focus groups, brainstorming exercises, and questionnaires were the methods used.Results:  No study reported a change of practice as a result of hearing children's and young people's views.
Predictors of Service Use for Mental Health Problems Among British Schoolchildren
Authors: Ford Tamsin , Hamilton Helena , Meltzer Howard , Goodman Robert 
Published: May 2007

Background: Most previous studies of service use in relation to mental health have examined services in the USA. We wanted to provide up‐to‐date findings from a general population sample of British schoolchildren.Method: A total of 2461 children aged 5–15 from the 1999 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey were followed up for 3 years. We examine the relationship between a wide variety of potential predictors gathered in 1999 and the use of services over the following 3 years.Results: Contact with most services was predicted by three factors: the impact of psychopathology; contact with teachers or primary health care; and parents’ and teachers’ perceptions that the child had significant difficulties. Other predictors were specific to each service.Conclusions: Education of parents, teachers and other important adults might increase the proportion of children with impairing psychiatric disorders reaching services.
Chemotherapy during pregnancy: a review of the literature
Authors: Autio K. , Rassnick K. M. , Bedford‐Guaus S. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough diagnosing cancer during pregnancy is uncommon in veterinary medicine, when it occurs, chemotherapy may represent a reasonable treatment option. A major consideration is that physiological changes associated with pregnancy affect drug pharmacokinetics and complicate correct dosing of chemotherapy agents. Additionally, most antineoplastic drugs are able to cross the placenta thus adversely affecting the foetus. However, favourable outcomes have been observed in human beings when chemotherapy has been administered after organogenesis. Conversely, chemotherapy should be avoided during the early embryonic and organogenesis periods as it might lead to foetal death and/or major malformations.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 expression with different antibodies in malignant canine tumours with or without p53 gene mutation
Authors: Zacchetti A. , Van Garderen E. , Rutteman G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSix monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal antibody (CM1) were used to investigate the overexpression of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in six sarcomas and 21 mammary carcinomas from 27 dogs. IHC was compared with p53 gene mutation analysis performed on the same samples. Only the monoclonal PAb240, PAb421 and the CM1 antibodies were able to detect expression of canine p53 protein. CM1 was found to give the highest concordance (8/11) between positive expression of the p53 protein by IHC and the presence of a gene mutation. In the samples that were negative for p53 expression by IHC, but contained a p53 gene mutation according to DNA analysis, the mutation often affected the epitopes that could have been recognized by these antibodies. Only one out of 16 tumours without a p53 gene mutation had a weakly positive IHC result. These findings indicate that in these two types of canine tumours, IHC – particularly with CM1 – can detect many alterations in p53 expression owing to a gene mutation. False‐positive results were very infrequent.
Protein expression profiling of normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder tissue
Authors: LeRoy B. , Painter A. , Sheppard H. , Popiolek L. , Samuel‐Foo M. , Andacht T. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProstatic carcinoma is an important cancer in both men and dogs. Dogs have been a valuable animal model for investigating prostate cancer, but their relevance is unclear as the origin of canine prostatic carcinomas is unknown. We hypothesized that a proteomic approach for diagnosis of these neoplasms might provide quantitative data useful for more complete characterization of their origin. Protein expression profiles were prepared from normal canine prostate glands and bladders. The normal protein profiles were then compared with protein expression profiles of three canine prostatic carcinomas. Two‐dimensional differential in‐gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) was used to analyse an average of approximately 1000 proteins per carcinoma. When compared with normal prostate tissue, the carcinomas exhibited greater than 2.5‐fold difference in expression for an average of 230 proteins. Similar proteomic comparisons between the carcinomas and the normal bladder revealed a greater than 2.5‐fold difference in expression for an average of 208 proteins. Mass spectrometry and protein database homology were used to identify nine proteins (α‐enolase, vimentin, GRP78, endoplasmin (GRP94), albumin, keratins 7 and 8, haptoglobin, and transferrin) overexpressed by the carcinomas. Statistical testing demonstrated that keratin 7, GRP78, and endoplasmin were significantly overexpressed in the carcinomas compared with normal prostate or bladder. Principal components analysis revealed that the carcinomas formed a unique cluster distinct from either the normal prostate or normal bladder. In conclusion, proteomic analysis revealed that whereas the majority of proteins expressed by canine prostatic carcinomas are also expressed by normal and neoplastic bladder and prostate tissue, the carcinomas contained unique protein components that allowed their segregation as a distinct group separate from normal canine prostate and bladder. Additionally, several proteins uniquely expressed by canine prostatic carcinomas were also identified.
Calcitriol inhibits the growth of MHCC97 heptocellular cell lines by down‐modulating c‐met and ERK expressions
Authors: Wu Fu‐sheng , Zheng Shu‐sen , Wu Ling‐jiao , Teng Li‐song , Ma Zhi‐min , Zhao Wen‐he , Wu Wei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Previous studies have demonstrated that Calcitriol or its analogs has an anti‐tumour activity. This study was designed to determine the effect and mechanism of Calcitriol on MHCC‐97 heptocellular cell lines.Methods: MHCC97 cell lines were treated with Calcitriol of 10−6∼10−9 M concentration and with Calcitriol in lipiodol ultra‐fluid (LUF) respectively. The conditions of cell proliferation were analyzed by MTT method. The cell apoptosis and cycle were analyzed by using a flow cytometer. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) concentration in the cell supernatant was measured by using ELISA method. C‐met and vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA in cells were determined by using RT‐PCR method. VDR and ERK1/2 proteins were determined by using Western Blotting method.Results: Calcitriol inhibited the proliferation of MHCC97 cell lines with an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduction of cells in S phase. Calcitriol dissolved in LUF resulted in a better and longer inhibitive effect on the cell lines than Calcitriol alone. MHCC97 cell lines secreted HGF and expressed c‐met mRNA and ERK1/2 proteins abundantly. Calcitriol remarkably inhibited the expressions of c‐met mRNA and ERK1/2 proteins.Conclusion: Calcitriol inhibits the growth of MHCC‐97 heptocellular cell lines by down modulating c‐met and ERK expressions.
Transjugular liver biopsy in patients with diffuse liver disease: comparison of three cores with one or two cores for accurate histological interpretation
Authors: Cholongitas E. , Quaglia A. , Samonakis D. , Mela M. , Patch D. , Dhillon A. P. , Fanshawe T. R. , Burroughs A. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) can be performed to obtain more than two cores safely. This advantage has not been evaluated in terms of diagnostic accuracy or grading/staging evaluation.Aim: To evaluate whether three separate cores of TJLB provide more histological information compared with two or one cores.Methods: Twenty‐three patients, who had three separate passes, with each core ≥7mm in length using a 19G Tru‐cut needle, were evaluated. Each TJLB was blindly coded; the pathologist randomly assessed: (a) each core separately covering the other two, (b) two cores simultaneously covering the third and (c) the three cores together for diagnostic yield, inflammation and fibrosis.Results: The mean TJLB length was 32±5.5mm. In 12 one‐core (52%) and 18 2‐core (78%) assessments, diagnosis (mainly cirrhosis) was made correctly in each core. The within‐patient standard deviations for one‐core vs two‐core assessment were similar for grading (0.42 and 0.47, respectively), but higher for staging (0.39 and 0.15, respectively). Staging was underestimated in assessing one‐core and less for two cores compared to three cores.Conclusion: Three non‐fragmented cores (each core ≥7mm in length) of TJLB can be considered a minimum requirement for histological assessment, giving better reproducibility in diagnosis as well as for inflammation and fibrosis.
Effectiveness of Yoga Therapy in the Treatment of Migraine Without Aura: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: John P.J. , Sharma Neha , Sharma Chandra M. , Kankane Arvind 
Published: May 2007

Background.—Numerous studies have explored the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of migraine but there is no documented investigation of the effectiveness of yoga therapy for migraine management.Objectives.—To investigate the effectiveness of holistic approach of yoga therapy for migraine treatment compared to self‐care.Design.—A randomized controlled trial.Methods.—Seventy‐two patients with migraine without aura were randomly assigned to yoga therapy or self‐care group for 3 months. Primary outcomes were headache frequency (headache diary), severity of migraine (0–10 numerical scale) and pain component (McGill pain questionnaire). Secondary outcomes were anxiety and depression (Hospital anxiety depression scale), medication score.Results.—After adjustment for baseline values, the subjects' complaints related to headache intensity (P < .001), frequency (P < .001), pain rating index (P < .001), affective pain rating index (P < .001), total pain rating index (P < .001), anxiety and depression scores (P < .001), symptomatic medication use (P < .001) were significantly lower in the yoga group compared to the self‐care group.Conclusion.—The study demonstrated a significant reduction in migraine headache frequency and associated clinical features, in patients treated with yoga over a period of 3 months. Further study of this therapeutic intervention appears to be warranted.
Cardiovascular Actions of the Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor‐Alpha (PPARα) Agonist Wy14,643
Authors: Zahradka Peter 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis review examines the various effects of Wy14,643, a hypolipidemic agent that activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPARα), on the cardiovascular system. An emphasis has been placed on the specific cellular processes affected by Wy14,643 as they relate to vascular and cardiac function. Although the topic of this discussion is limited to vascular and cardiac tissues, the importance of circulating lipids on cardiovascular disease requires that a description of the indirect actions of this compound on liver metabolism also be included. Finally, the pharmacology of Wy14,643 is discussed within the context of PPARα‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms.