bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Decision System for Robot Selection
Authors: Karsak E. Ertugrul 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOver the past two decades, an upward trend has been observed in the use of industrial robots because of the global competitive needs for higher quality, productivity, and flexibility, as well as for health and safety. In this article, a knowledge‐based decision framework, which integrates an expert system and a decision‐support system, is proposed to enhance the quality and efficiency of the robot selection decisions. A multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methodology is used in the expert decision system because the expert system usually provides a short list of robot alternatives based on the technical aspects, and an appropriate MCDM technique is required to evaluate the shortlist of alternatives and determine the robot that best meets the user requirements. The developed decision‐support system integrates user demands with essential robot attributes that employs quality function deployment (QFD) and fuzzy linear regression. The proposed decision framework possesses advantages compared with the techniques previously proposed for robot selection. The merits of the proposed framework can be noted as incorporating expert knowledge to a difficult problem, enabling both user requirements that are generally qualitative and robot characteristics to be considered in the robot selection process by adopting the QFD principles, taking into account also the relationships between robot characteristics and thus disregarding the unrealistic preferential independence assumption frequently encountered in earlier robot selection studies, and performing the parameter estimations of the abovementioned functional relationships by fuzzy regression that is suitable for considering high system fuzziness. A robot selection example is presented to illustrate the integrated decision framework.
Gradient‐Based Optimization Techniques for Discrete Event Systems Simulation
Authors: Arsham Hossein 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

This article considers the design, analysis, and operation of discrete event systems (DES) with performance
J
(θ) depending on the value of certain continuous decision parameters θεΘ. This sensitivity information is useful for assessing the relative importance of each parameter θ, studying the local functional behavior, and constructing of
J
(θ) over Θ. In addition to this valuable descriptive information, the sensitivity information is of prime importance in optimization. Techniques for obtaining sensitivity information and optimizing DES via simulation are presented. The article assumes an existing validated and verified simulation application in which the presented algorithms can be incorporated. Postsolution analysis tools, such as stability and “what‐if” analyses, are provided. The goal is to provide a survey of the relevant literature and set forth widely used techniques in a synthesized and unified manner. All algorithms are presented in English‐like format, and therefore the algorithms can be implemented using a variety of operating systems and machines, which provides unlimited portability.
Software Instrumentation
Authors: Kempf Torsten , Karuri Kingshuk , Gao Lei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSoftware instrumentation is a technique that is widely used in software profiling, performance analysis, optimization, testing, error detection, and virtualization. Instrumentation, which involves adding extra code to an application for monitoring some program behavior, can be performed either statically (i.e., at compile time) or dynamically (i.e., at runtime). Static instrumentation techniques range from simple manual techniques to compiler/assembler‐based instrumentation and link‐time or post‐link executable editing. Dynamic instrumentation techniques are often more complex to implement than the static ones, but they can track dynamically linked libraries and indirect branches that are difficult to handle through static instrumentation.
Software Testing: Testing New Software Paradigms and New Artifacts
Authors: Muccini Henry 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSoftware testing research is continuously moving toward different challenges and obstacles driven by different forces. What we believe are two main forces that drive software testing evolution are the progress in software development paradigms and languages, and the artefacts along the software development process to be used for testing purposes.Based on this specific perspective, this work provides an ample presentation of issues and assessments related to testing software. Ongoing and (expected) future research directions on software testing are also outlined.
Temporal Databases
Authors: Tansel Abdullah Uz 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA temporal database stores time‐varying data and has the capabilities to manipulate it. Two commonly used time dimensions for maintaining temporal data are valid time and transaction time. Temporal databases are classified as valid time, transaction time, or bitmeporal databases. Temporality in databases involve subtle issues like comparing database states at different times, temporal grouping, different ways to represent the same temporal data, consistency of the timestamps of different attributes, temporal integrity constraints, and designing temporal databases. A temporal atom is a timestamp and value pair in which The timestamp is valid and/or transaction time and value are the time‐varying data. For representing and manipulating temporal data, data models handle temporal atoms differently. In relational data model, which is the focus of this entry, attribute or tuple time stamping may be used. Temporal algebra and temporal calculus languages are defined accordingly. Proposals for extending SQL2 for temporal data manipulation exist, and SQl3 supports user‐defined data types that can be used for defining and manipulating temporal data. This entry covers temporal query languages and the temporal issues mentioned above.
Transport Layer
Authors: Tang Ao , Andrew Lachlan L. H. , Chiang Mung , Low Steven H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe transport layer manages the end‐to‐end transportation of packets across a network. Its role is to connect application processes running on end hosts as seamlessly as possible, as if the two end applications were connected by a reliable dedicated link, thus making the network “invisible.” To do this, it must manage several nonidealities of real networks: shared links, data loss and duplication, contention for resources, and variability of delay. In this article, by examining these functionalities in turn, we will provide a brief introduction to this important layer, including its functions and implementation, with an emphasis on the underlying ideas and fundamentals. We will also discuss possible directions for the future evolution of the transport layer and suggest some further reading by the end.
Disk Storage
Authors: Wang Frank Zhigang , Wu Sining , Deng Derek , Helian Na 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Disk storage is a general category of computer storage, in which data are recorded on planar, round, and rotating surfaces (disks, discs, or platters). A disk drive is a peripheral device from which information is collect. Main implementations are hard disks, floppy disks, and optical discs.
Formal Logic
Authors: Palomino Miguel 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Logic studies the validity of arguments. Using as case studies propositional and predicate logic, the model and proof theoretic approaches to what constitute a valid consequence in modern logic are presented, and their decidability is discussed. This first part of the article ends with a brief survey of alternative logics and discussion of the prevalence of predicate logic. The second part of the article presents applications of logic in computer science, focusing on specification, verification, and programming. Computer science has taken the place of mathematics as the driving force behind formal logic, and it will be the applications and needs in that area that are bound to guide the future development of the latter.
Virtual Memory and Buffer Storage
Authors: Hwang Seok Joong , Kim Seon Wook , Kim Jong‐Kook 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
As more and more applications and complex applications are loaded onto computer systems, some processes may need memory large than the physical main memory while a combined number of applications/processes may also overload the allowable physical main memory. As it is not cost effective to have a huge physical memory, the virtual memory concept is used to augment that lack of memory. Virtual memory is a technique that combines the main memory and the slower storage (usually hard disk) to provide the appearance of having a larger memory than actually installed to the computer system. This technique allows the execution of processes that are larger than the physical main memory and allows more processes to be in the physical memory simultaneously. This is because all of the memory references within a process are logical addresses that are dynamically translated into physical addresses at run time, and a process may be swapped in and out of the main memory such that it occupies different regions of main memory at different times during the course of its execution. In this article, we present the concept of the virtual memory and a case study of implementation.
Content‐Based Multimedia Retrieval
Authors: Hua Xian‐Sheng , Rui Yong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWith rapid advances in storage devices, networks, and compression techniques, large‐scale multimedia data has become available to average users. How to index and search multimedia data according to its real content is a challenging problem, which has been studied for decades. Since the 1990s, content‐based multimedia retrieval (CBMR) had become an increasingly active field, which is defined as searching for desired multimedia data (images or video/audio segments/clips) relevant with issued queries, such as image/audio/video examples, keywords, phrases, sentences, or any combination of them.Different from text retrieval, CBMR is a more challenging task, as certain understanding of the content of multimedia data. It mainly involves two basic problems. One problem is how to represent queries and multimedia content. The other problem is how to map the representations of queries and multimedia content. Extensive works on CBMR have already been published, and different paradigms and techniques have been proposed, such as query‐by‐example (QBE), annotation‐based retrieval (ABR), and multimodality retrieval. Here we conclude that they are all proposed aiming at addressing the above two issues. QBE is the most typical scenario for multimedia retrieval before the year of 2000, whereas query by text and by combination of text and examples have become two new mainstream scenarios thereafter. In this article, we will introduce both classic CBMR and the current mainstream.
Rounding Errors
Authors: Chesneaux Jean‐Marie , Graillat Stef , Jézéquel Fabienne 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRounding errors present an inherent problem to all computer programs that involve floating‐point numbers. They appear nearly in all elementary operations. By accumulation, these errors can affect the accuracy of a computed result possibly leading to some or total inaccuracy. First in this article, computer arithmetic that uses binary system and the IEEE standard for floating‐point numbers is described together with some problems introduced by rounding errors. The effects of these rounding errors can be analyzed and studied by some methods like forward/backward analysis and interval or stochastic arithmetic. Finally, it is shown how the accuracy of the results can be improved by using compensated methods and multiprecision arithmetic.
Ray Tracing Acceleration Techniques
Authors: Cátedra M. Felipe , González Iván , Saez de Adana Francisco , Gutiérrez Oscar , Lozano Lorena 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A short review of ray‐tracing acceleration techniques for visualization and electromagnetic applications is presented. Techniques for different scenarios and types of illuminating waves are considered, distinguishing mainly between coherent and incoherent waves.
Floating‐Point Computer Arithmetic
Authors: Quinnell Eric , Swartzlander Earl E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe field of floating‐point computer arithmetic is a subsection of computer engineering that concentrates on the development and execution of arithmetic in microprocessors. The floating‐point sections of processor chips and coprocessors are the units in a microprocessor that perform most of the arithmetic operations for applications such as 3D graphics, multimedia, signal processing, Fourier transforms, etc.The floating‐point format is a form of scientific notation. A floating‐point number may represent a vast range of real numbers, with values ranging from nearly infinitely large to nearly infinitely small, all in a finite bit‐width. Although many floating‐point formats have been used, this chapter is based on the IEEE‐754 Standard that is widely used at the current time.
The Taxonomy of Contemporary Chinese Cities (We Make Cities): A Sampling
Authors: Jun Jiang , Xiaoming Kuang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRem Koolhaas famously highlighted the uniformity of Chinese cities with his identification of ‘the generic city’ in the Pearl River Delta in the 1990s. Here Jiang Jun, Editor‐in‐Chief of Urban China magazine, and Kuang Xiaoming highlight the ‘unified diversity’ and complexity of contemporary urbanism through his own system of classification. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Institutional and Political Background to Chinese Urbanisation
Authors: Shiwen Sun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChinese cities have a very distinct history defined by their relationship to government and the land. Under imperial rule they served as administrative centres for rural agricultural areas that took precedence, economically and politically. Professor Sun Shiwen of Tongji University, Shanghai, describes how today’s urbanisation process is still informed by the city’s uniquely Chinese characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urbanisation in China in the Age of Reform
Authors: Jie Zhang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUrban China today has been shaped by industrialisation and economic reform. Professor Zhang Jie from the School of Architecture at Tshinghua University, Beijing, describes how a market‐driven process has resulted not only in uneven regional development across the country, but also in a lack of coherency in planning at the local level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaving Utopian China
Authors: Rong Zhou 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUntil the late 20th century, China was a rural society with an agrarian economy and had little experience of the urban. This elevated the city in the collective imagination to a miraculous mirage ‐ a utopian vision. Zhou Rong, Associate Professor at Tsinghua University School of Architecture, Beijing, and Assistant Mayor of Shuozhou, describes how China has learned, earned, consumed and ultimately suffered from this idealisation of the urban. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chinese City: A Self‐Contained Utopia
Authors: Mars Neville 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCould the utopian ideal of building a tabula rasa city from scratch be slipping away? Neville Mars, Director of the Dynamic City Foundation (DCF), Beijing, highlights how in the last decade development has become focused on the periphery of existing metropolises. Fuelled by the aspirant middle classes' inexorable appetite for settling in modern cities, urbanisation is manifesting itself in ‘self‐contained utopias’: walled‐off, slick cities that are dormitory, satellite towns rather than independent urban settlements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unknown Urbanity: Towards the Village in the City
Authors: Uehara Yushi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe popular portrayal of the Village in the City (ViC) is as a threatened anomaly. On TV and in photojournalism it is most often depicted as a single surviving, washed‐up rural community surrounded by a sea of urban high‐rises, where ex‐farmers use the vestiges of their land‐rights to cash in as landlords. Amsterdam‐based Japanese architect Yushi Uehara contradicts this view by describing how the ViC represents a significant form of ‘dynamic resistance created in an exceptional bottom‐up process’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dongtan, China’s Flagship Eco‐City: An Interview with Peter Head of Arup
Authors: Castle Helen 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPlans for the urban development of Dongtan, an alluvial island in the Yangtze River, close to Shanghai, have captured the world's imagination: Dongtan as a model scheme has become synonymous with the very notion of the ‘eco‐city’, representing China’s commitment to sustainability to the world. The Editor of AD Helen Castle met Peter Head, Director and Head of Global Planning Business at Arup in their London offices, to find out more about their masterplan for the city and the design process behind it. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
After China: The World? Three Perspectives on a Critical Question
Authors: Park Kyong , Liauw Laurence , Liu Doreen Heng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAre China’s cities now poised for global influence? This challenging question initiates a tripartite response from three authors: Kyong Park, Laurence Liauw and Doreen Heng Liu. In order to fully speculate on the potential of Chinese urbanism and architecture beyond its own borders: Park looks at whether China is a fully replicable capitalist model; Liauw outlines recent indicators of urban Sinofication around the world, whether it is the exporting of high‐end designer furniture to the West or the injection of Chinese capital into Africa; and Heng Liu examines the dissemination of the Pearl River Delta both as an idea ‐ first proliferated by Rem Koolhaas in the mid‐1990s ‐ and in its physical manifestations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steven Holl’s NYU Philosophy
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe New York University Department of Philosophy, by Steven Holl Architects, combines crisply detailed, rigidly rectangular, black and white elements with odd angles, holey walls and fluctuating rainbows inside a soft, curvaceous old masonry building with Romanesque details. Even though the architect is working on enormous mixed‐use projects all over the world now, he took a special interest in creating new facilities for the philosophers close to home despite a constricted site and modest budget. Jayne Merkel describes the striking and rather mysterious new spaces in a small‐floorplate, six‐storey Victorian‐era warehouse in Greenwich Village. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CJ Lim/Studio 8 Architects: Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCJ Lim is one of architecture’s greatest illustrators, visualising through his beautiful and delicate drawings and models an enchanted world inspired by Lewis Carroll, William Heath Robinson and Chinese fables. Howard Watson describes how Lim is now breaking through the visionary’s glass ceiling with his realisation of a tunnel installation for the Victoria & Albert Museum in London and a project at an altogether different scale for an eco‐city in China. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light: Between Architecture and Event
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLighting conventionally provides buildings with much‐needed luminescence and ambience. Valentina Croci investigates the work of Cologne‐based practice LightLife whose lighting projects provide the very media of installations and whose schemes inject new life into neglected areas of the city. Often shifting our experiences of public and urban spaces, their projects also emphasise and extend social use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between obesity, adipocytokines, and blood pressure: Possible common genetic and environmental factors
Authors: Pantsulaia Ia , Trofimova Svetlana , Kobyliansky Eugene , Livshits Gregory 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAdipokines may link adipose tissue to the inflammatory, metabolic, and immune dysregulation. The variation of adipokine levels within individuals, intercorrelations, and relationships to well‐established measures of adiposity are incompletely defined. The main goal of the present study was quantitative evaluation of the genetic interrelationships between obesity and adipokines in normal human population. The study sample comprised 272 families of various sizes, including 530 men and 531 women aged 18–80 years, randomly recruited in rural population living in Russia. Various fatness and fat distribution measures (OB), blood pressure (BP), and plasma levels of several adipokines (AC), such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and IGFBP‐1, have been measured. The likelihood ratio tests clearly revealed that genetic effect for all studied phenotypes was highly significant (P < 0.001) and accounted for 45.9% ± 8.1%, 33.7% ± 7.9%, 35.7% ± 9.8% of variation for AC, OB, and BP, respectively. The pairwise bivariate analyses showed that strong phenotypic correlation between the obesity (OB) and adipocytokines (AC) was caused by both common genetic and environmental factors (rG = 0.597 ± 0.116, rE = 0.671 ± 0.051). The phenotypic correlation between BP and OB is explained by shared genetic factors only (rG = 0.532 ± 0.109), whereas the phenotypic correlation between BP and AC has only common environment basis (rE = −0.212 ± 0.081) and was mostly due to the correlation observed in females. Our results suggest that genetic factors play a significant role in regulation of variation of the examined traits. The variation of OB traits is almost fully due to genes influencing variation of AC, whereas the correlation between BP and AC is only marginally significant and caused only by shared environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using second trimester ultrasound and maternal serum biomarker data to help detect congenital heart defects in pregnancies with positive triple‐marker screening results
Authors: Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura L. , Walton‐Haynes Lynn , Currier Robert J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCongenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common of all birth defects. For many newborns with a CHD, prenatal versus postnatal detection is associated with substantially decreased morbidity and mortality risks. Although technological advances in fetal echocardiography have led to an increased capacity to detect CHDs prenatally, pregnancies without an identified risk factor are not routinely screened. With the aim of identifying pregnancies at increased risk for CHDs, this study examined the relationship between CHDs and typically collected second trimester biomarker data collected on a large population‐based sample of singleton pregnancies with one or more second trimester screen positive result for Down syndrome, trisomy 18 (T‐18), Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS), or a neural tube defect (NTD). Where possible, logistic models for cases and controls were built and potential referral models were tested among study subsamples with information on the presence or absence of CHDs reported pre‐ and perinatally. When considered in combination, screen positive for T‐18, screen positive for SLOS, nuchal fold measurement ≥ 5 mm, and/or having an adjusted hCG multiple of the median ≥ the 95th centile detected 42.7% of all pregnancies with a CHD in the combined subsample (where co‐occurrence with chromosomal defects was not considered) and detected 29.7% of all pregnancies with a CHD in the no‐chromosomal defect subsample. A nuchal fold measurement ≥ 5 mm detected 18.2% of those with a CHD in the Down syndrome subsample and an adjusted hCG multiple of the median (MoM) ≤ 5th centile detected 92.9% of those with a CHD in the T‐18 subsample. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.