bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Recognition of Wifely Labour by Welfare States
Authors: Shaver Sheila , Bradshaw Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article is concerned with questions about the amount of support given by welfare states towards the maintenance of a wife engaged in housework and child care. It compares the value of the support supplied by the tax/benefit packages of 15 countries. The article defines support for wifely labour as the difference between the net disposable income of a single person and a couple with the same earnings. In analysing the data, three models are used: the “traditional” model where the wife is economically dependent on her husband; the “modern” model where the wife remains outside the labour market while she has young children; and the “dual breadwinner” model where the mother of young children is in full‐ or part‐time employment. Much of the analysis is concerned with patterns of social policy in which support for wives is associated with support for children. While the evidence shows that welfare states do provide support to wives, both with and without young children and engaged in paid as well as unpaid work, the levels of support vary greatly between welfare states. The variations are not associated with the generally discussed categorizations of welfare state types.
Money Isn't Everything. Fiscal Policy and Family Policy in the Child Support Act
Authors: Clarke Karen , Craig Gary , Glendinning Caroline 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the explicit aims of the 1991 Child Support Act is to ensure that parents honour their financial obligations towards their natural children to a greater extent than they have hitherto. An equally important underlying objective is that of reducing the costs to the state of supporting lone parents. This paper examines the extent to which these two objectives are compatible within the framework of the Child Support Act through an examination of the impact of the Act's implementation on lone mothers and their children. It presents some of the key findings of a study of lone mothers on means‐tested benefits, interviewed almost one year after the implementation of the Act. The paper concludes that the Act is failing to meet its stated aim of increasing the extent to which parents honour their financial obligations to children, because of an excessively narrow conception of the ways in which financial obligations are met combined with too strong an emphasis on maximizing savings in state expenditure on lone parents. The implementation of the Child Support Act, far from enhancing the welfare of children in lone parent families, has brought with it considerable financial and emotional costs for children and their mothers.
Poverty, Deregulation of the Labour Market and Benefit Fraud
Authors: Evason Eileen , Woods Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a focus groups exercise conducted in Belfast. The research explored the interaction of cuts and adjustments in the benefit system, deregulation of the labour market and increases in rents in the public sector. The results of the research suggest that these policies in combination have had the unanticipated consequence of making working while claiming benefit more attractive, and that the measures announced in the 1994 budget to encourage claimants to take low paid work are unlikely to have any significant effect.
A Taxonomy of the Dimensions of Accreditation Systems
Authors: Scrivens Ellie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnlike those in the USA, Canada and Australia, the UK National Health Service has no single dominant accreditation system. The Department of Health and the NHS Executive commissioned Keele University to study the organization and processes of accreditation and the potential impact of the introduction of a national accreditation system into the NHS. This paper discusses the policy questions involved in the construction of accreditation systems.
A Social‐symbiotic Approach? EU Industrial Policy and the Pharmaceutical Industry in the EU
Authors: Earl‐Slater Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop the debate about a symbiotic approach to industrial policy with respect to the pharmaceutical industry in the EU. The EU has an increasingly important role to play in European markets but it seems, at best, to be following a fragmented industrial strategy. There is a real and growing danger that this strategy becomes worse for everyone than no strategy at all. Thus the EU can either go for a comprehensive and comprehensible strategy or let the industry fend for itself amongst disparate health care systems amongst member states. Alternatively it can continue to stumble along with a pastiche of policies. There are signs of some debate about a more holistic approach to industry. In the European Union for example DG (Directorate General) V and DG III produced a communication arguing that “the [European Union] Community policy in favour of the pharmaceutical industry must take notice of [the] twofold context of public health and social security” (Com(93)718:3).This paper identifies current fragments of EU pharmaceutical industrial policy and indicates what a social‐symbiotic approach is. Whether or not the industry in the EU continues to decline with respect to the industry elsewhere Asia and America in particular, the sick people of the EU will still need medication: a symbiotic approach to industrial policy can help stem the relative decline in the EU and indeed could reverse it.
The Role of Housing Managers in the Implementation of Community Care
Authors: Cunningham Rosie , Spencer Sheila 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article will outline the response of housing management to the implementation of community care policy in the North East. It will locate housing's role within the broader development of community care policy, and briefly review the reasons for housing's relatively late arrival as a key partner, alongside social services and health, in the planning and delivery of services. Using information gathered from interviews with housing professionals, part‐time housing students, voluntary organizations, and workers within health and social services, it outlines and evaluates five main factors which appear to be affecting the successful integration of housing management into the process of planning and delivering community care services in the North East.
Confidentiality and Media Attention: A Discussion Concerning Denial and Public Education
Authors: Schellenberg Dennis H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe article presents the beginning of a discussion on how the doctrine of confidentiality may have been misapplied in the area of children's protective services. It asks the reader to consider who the client is in these cases and, having answered that question, asks what is the professional responsibility? The whole discussion is linked to the difficulties in dealing with media attention in these cases and offers some experience in the form of case examples.Woven in to the matrix of the above discussion is a clinical and public educational discussion. Preserving confidentiality in its traditional sense can contribute to a preservation of the family secret, namely, child abuse. In that way, a child protection agency can actually be contributing to the maintenance of abuse patterns in a family. Also, with no capacity to speak professionally about specific abuse, the public education impact is diminished.
Social Protection in Greece: A Brief Glimpse of a Welfare State
Authors: Petmesidou Maria 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the delayed development of the welfare state in Greece and its restructuring since the early 1990s. The emphasis is on factors, such as the rapid shift from pre‐Fordist to post‐Fordist socio‐economic structures, the weak development of contractual relationships and a solidaristic culture, and the extensive reproduction of a statist/clientelist form of social organization strongly linked to a high degree of social fragmentation and a particularistic appropriation of welfare benefits and services, which have hindered the full maturation of social citizenship in Greek society up to now.An expensive trend of social protection in conjunction with some major law reforms in the early 1980s contributed to the development of a “weak form” of universalism. These trends were soon overturned, however, well before Greek society could develop a welfare state, under the pressure of a serious fiscal crisis, low economic growth, increasing international competition, significant demographic changes and a fragile social consensus.Thus, the national health care system has hardly succeeded in establishing universal coverage, the social insurance system has remained highly fragmented and dualist, while policy measures for tackling increasing unemployment, hardship and poverty have been rudimentary. These have caused serious deadlocks and a deep institutional crisis. For this crisis to be overcome, it is essential that a new social balance promoting social solidarity is achieved in the country, while a reinvigorated Social Europe can help enormously in this direction.
THE COLLEGE CHASE: HIGHER EDUCATION AND URBAN ENTREPRENEURIALISM IN ISRAEL
Authors: ROSEN GILLAD , RAZIN ERAN 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLocal government initiative to attract colleges, in spite of being formally excluded from the higher education system, is shown to represent urban entrepreneurialism, in which strategies undertaken – reactive or proactive, competition or co‐operation, and means of support – are influenced by location. However, such decentralised forms of local governance do not indicate a diminishing role of the central state, but rather reshape regulation – decisions reflecting greater pluralism, becoming more exposed to external pressures for market‐oriented initiatives in high demand locations, and for publicly supported colleges in less attractive locations. Local entrepreneurialism is particularly influential at the intra‐regional level, but saturation could emphasise the need to move from local entrepreneurialism to competitive regionalism.
‘INFORMATION HINTERLAND’– A BASE FOR FINANCIAL CENTRE DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF BEIJING VERSUS SHANGHAI IN CHINA
Authors: WANG DANNY TAN , ZHAO SIMON XIAOBIN , WANG DONGGEN 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of ‘information hinterland’ as a determinant to financial agglomeration and financial centre development. The concept is then applied to investigate the potentials of Beijing and Shanghai in becoming financial centres in China. Specifically, the information hinterlands of the two cities are identified in two steps: first, the boundaries of the hinterlands are demarcated on the basis of distance, intensity of transport connection and interactions in terms of migration. Second, the intensity of information from the hinterland is assessed in terms of business information, policy information and the seats of multinational headquarters. Results of the analysis and their implications are discussed.
The frequency of nasal carriage in chronic urticaria patients
Authors: Ertam I , Yuksel Biyikli SE , Akin Yazkan F , Aytimur D , Alper S 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective  Chronic urticaria is characterized by oedema of the skin and mucous membranes. Although many agents have been implicated, aetiology is unknown in 70 to 75% of patients. Infections and foci of chronic infections are most commonly held responsible for chronic urticaria. In this study, the frequency of nasal carriage as the occult focus of infection and sensitivity to antimicrobials are explored in patients with chronic urticaria.Material and method  Ninety‐four patients with chronic urticaria and 30 controls participated in the study, which was carried out at the Ege university medical faculty, department of dermatology between January 2004 and January 2005. Nasal swab specimens were taken from the patients and controls and incubated at 37 °C degrees for 48 h, and inoculated on standard bacterial medium (blood agar). Antimicrobial susceptibility of a growth from isolates of the nasal swab specimens was conducted. Data were analysed statistically using chi‐square and Mann–Whitney U‐tests.Results  Ninety‐four patients with chronic urticaria (72.3% female and 27.7% male) and 30 controls (63.3% female and 36.7% male) comprised the study group. Mean age of the patients and controls were 42.6 and 33.8 years, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in swab specimens from the nasal cavity in 50 of the 94 patients (53.2%) with chronic urticaria and four of the 30 controls (13.3%). Testing revealed that the most susceptible antibiotics were cefaclor, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin‐clavulanic acid, amikacin, netilmicin, and fucidic acid.Conclusion  Growth on cultures prepared from nasal swab specimens of chronic urticaria patients was statistically higher than the control group. We detected resistance to growth against mupirocin, an antibiotic frequently used in nasal carriage. High nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with chronic urticaria compared to controls suggests that nasal carriage as a focus of infection should be kept in mind as aetiology.
A LONG‐TERM ELECTRODE SYSTEM FOR ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND IMPEDANCE PNEUMOGRAPHY
Authors: Day J. L. , Lippitt M. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis electrode system for electrocardiography and impedance pneumography is an extension of the one used on Project Mercury, Detailed description is given of the manufacturing procedure for the silver‐silver chloride electrodes, for the preparation of a non‐irritating electrode paste and for the application of the electrodes. Tests were made on 21 subjects up to 90 hours. Only nine electrodes failed during the entire test during which subjects engaged in active sports, bathed, etc. Irritation of the skin was minimal.
EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT MOTOR ACTIVITY ON THE UNCONDITIONED SALIVARY REFLEX
Authors: Feather Ben W. , Wells David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study tested the hypothesis that the relative amount of swallowing and mouth movement affects the amplitude, latency, and temporal course of the salivary unconditioned reflex (UR). Twenty‐four subjects were given three identical stimuli, which consisted of 3 cc of 0.5% citric acid, delivered to the left lateral margin of the posterior half of the tongue. The stimuli were administered under three different conditions for each subject: (1) swallowing and mouth movements permitted for the first 30 sec and prohibited for the second 30 sec following stimulation, (2) swallowing and mouth movements prohibited for the first 30 sec and permitted for the second 30 sec following stimulation, and (3) swallowing and mouth movements permitted for 60 sec following stimulation. Saliva was collected by a parotid capsule and measured by a sensitive, liquid displacement sialometer. Motor activity was monitored by electromyogram. There was a significantly greater (P < 0.01) amount of saliva secreted during periods of motor activity, regardless of time since stimulation. Voluntary inhibition of swallowing immediately after acid stimulation resulted in significantly longer and more variable UR latencies. Implications of these findings for studies on salivary conditioning are discussed.
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE SPEEDING
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Chism Ray A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to see if heart rate (HR) speeding could be operantly conditioned. Five experimental Ss and five yoked‐control Ss were studied. Experimental Ss were positively reinforced for speeding their HR on a beat‐by‐beat basis, whereas yoked‐control Ss were reinforced in a pattern based on the performance of paired experimental Ss. The data showed that: all Ss learned to speed their HR; some yoked‐controls responded with a pattern of response that included increased HR; and the techniques which Ss use to regulate their HR vary widely from one S to another.
SKIN RESISTANCE, SWEAT‐GLAND COUNTS, SALIVARY FLOW, AND GASTRIC SECRETION: AGE, RACE, AND SEX DIFFERENCES, ANDINTERCORRELATIONS
Authors: Juniper Kerrison , Dykman Roscoe A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin resistance, sweat‐gland counts, salivary flow, gastric secretion, and pH were measured in volunteers and patients of both sexes, Negroes and Caucasians. Correlational analysis suggested two negatively related clusters: (A) salivary flow, sweat‐gland counts, and gastric secretion; and (B) age, skin resistance, and pH. Skin resistance was higher in Negroes than Caucasians, and in females than males, increasing irregularly with age.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON LATENCY OF THE GALVANIC SKIN REFLEX
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of differences in motivativation and in attention on latency of the endosomatic GSR. Using verbal instructions, two different levels of motivation were induced in a group of 37 Ss who performed a simple reaction task in which they pressed a button whenever a 250 cycle tone was presented. The same tone also served as a stimulus for eliciting the GSR. In a second experiment, 42 different Ss performed a similar reaction task, but in this case the stimulus was the 250 cycle tone or a 1,000 cycle tone of equal subjective intensity. Ss were asked to give a voluntary response to all tones irrespective of frequency and then, later on, to respond only when the 1,000 cycle tone was presented.Although voluntary reaction times were significantly shorter under conditions of high as compared with low motivation, latency of the GSR did not differ for the two conditions. In the second experiment, significantly shorter GSR latencies were recorded under the condition where Ss were required to pay closer attention to the stimulus.
A COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES IN DETECTION OE DECEPTION
Authors: Thackray Richard I. , Orne Martin T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological measures—breathing amplitude (BA), breathing cycle time (BCT), galvanic skin response (GSR), skin potential response (SPR), systolic blood pressure (BP), oxygen saturation level (O2S), finger volume (FV), and pulse volume (PV)—were compared with respect to their relative efficiency in discriminating deception in a lie detection experiment. Thirty Ss were tested. Stimuli consisted of personal words and neutral words made relevant in the context of a mock crime paradigm. Only GSR, SPR, and FV consistently discriminated better than chance, with GSR and SPR significantly superior to FV. BA and O2S yielded some evidence of discrimination, but were inconsistent across stimulus material.
PSEUDO‐EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION ON MEASURED SKIN POTENTIAL LEVELS
Authors: Niimi Yosizumi , Yamazaki Katuo , Watanabe Takami 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBoth the palmar surface of the finger and the skin‐drilled forearm were subjected simultaneously to the same variable concentration of NaCl solution for electrode‐electrolyte. There were no consistent tendencies in the skin potential levels, and no changes in the waveform of skin potential reflexes with varying concentration.
ELECTRODERMAL LEVELS AND FLUCTUATIONS DURING NORMAL SLEEP
Authors: Koumans Alfred J. R. , Tursky Bernard , Solomon Philip 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAll night recordings of skin potential (SP) and skin resistance (SR) levels and rapid electrodermal fluctuations (REFs) were taken from a group of college students during two nights of normal sleep. An attempt was made to associate changes in these measures with stages of sleep as identified by EEG patterns. Electrodermal levels could differentiate between wake and sleep but could not clearly identify individual sleep stages or REM periods. REFs were found to increase in number during slow wave sleep and decrease during Stage I REM periods. This diminution of REFs occurred consistently about six minutes before the onset of each REM period and then returned at a lower rate a few minutes after the termination of the REM period.
SOCIAL RESPONDING IN DOGS: HEART RATE CHANGES TO A PERSON
Authors: Lynch James J. , McCarthy John F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the variable conditional effects of a person on the heart rate of nine mongrel dogs. There were three experimental procedures: person present and playing a passive role, person present and playing an active role (petting the dog), and person present and serving as a signal for forthcoming electrical stimulation. The order of presentation of these conditions was counterbalanced with dogs assigned randomly to one of three orders of procedures. Each procedure consisted of 50 trials (exposures to a human). On each trial, the person entered the conditioning room and stood motionless for 40 sec. The petting and shock reinforcements occurred 40 sec after the person entered the room, enabling the study of conditional heart rate changes in the interval from appearance of the person to reinforcement. Heart rate changes varied with the “meaning” of the person, and the rates from high to low were in the order: person serving as a signal for subsequent punishment, person alone, and person serving as a signal for subsequent petting. It was stressed that an experimenter could have marked and varied social‐psychophysiological effects upon the individuals being studied, and that in any experiment it is necessary to properly evaluate these effects.
EFFECTS OF ATTENTION AND ACTIVATION ON THE VISUAL EVOKED CORTICAL POTENTIAL AND REACTION TIME
Authors: Groves Philip M. , Eason Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the present study an attempt has been made to assess the relative contributions of arousal and attentional factors affecting the amplitude of the visual evoked cortical potential and reaction time latency. Subjects were studied under the following four conditions: (1) passively watching a small, dim, intermittent flash; (2) reacting to each flash by releasing a lever, thereby giving a reaction time; (3) reacting to each flash within a specified period of time in order to avoid an uncomfortable shock to the fingers; (4) reacting to each flash while receiving occasional unavoidable shock. Statistical analyses revealed that the evoked potentials recorded during the avoidable shock condition (3) were significantly larger than during the other three conditions. Reaction times were routinely shorter during condition 3, followed by the no‐shock (2) and then unavoidable shock (4) conditions.
STIMULUS REPETITION RATE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL IN MAN
Authors: Butler Robert A. , Spreng Manfred , Keidel Wolf D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe slow component of the auditory evoked potential in man was investigated under various conditions which produced an increase in stimulus repetition rate. The left ear received a 1000 Hz tone once each 5 sec. Intervening stimuli, also of 1000 Hz, were presented to (1) the right ear, (2) both ears, and (3) the left ear. Their relative influence on response amplitude to periodic left ear stimulation was evaluated.The results indicated that: (1) intervening right ear stimulation reduced significantly response amplitude to left ear stimulation; (2) presenting the intervening stimuli to both ears simultaneously caused no further decrement in response amplitude; (3) presenting the intervening stimuli to the left ear alone brought about a further and significant decrease in response amplitude to left ear stimulation.These findings imply that habituation of the auditory evoked potential is greatest when the same pattern of neural activity is repeatedly initiated. When the intervening stimuli elicit a different pattern of neural excitation, habituation is less, even though stimulation rate remains unchanged.