bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbine-PDC Applications in the Gulf of Suez
Authors: Howard D. C. , Day J. C. , Mansour S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
GUPCO (Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company) is the largest operator in Egypt. The last 2-1/2 years activity level has been high, with an average of 10-12 rigs operating, and annual footage drilled in excess of 600,000' [183,000 m].
Straight hole turbodrills and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits have improved drilling efficiency in the Gulf of Suez (G.O.S.) since their initial use in April 1983. Applications in mature fields and areas where conventional drilling techniques had been optimized have benefited from the infusion of this new technology. Although PDC turbine applications in both the 12-1/4" [311.15 mm] and 8-1/2" [215.9 mm] hole sizes have been successfully undertaken, the majority of our turbodrilling experience is in the 12-1/4" [311.15 mm] section. Accordingly the primary focus of this paper will be 12-1/4" [311.15 mm] bit runs.
We have identified successful applications in various lithologies using both water and oil base drilling fluids. This paper documents some of GUPCO'S turbine-PDC successes and failures and outlines the analytical process which we are using to optimize our application selection.
Fractured Clastic Reservoirs in South Oman: Possible Models of Origin and Implications
Authors: Mäkel G. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fracturing of Paleozoic clastic reservoirs in South Oman is most likely related to halokinetic structuration during the deposition of Al Khlata sediments. Locally, in the Qata Field, fracturing may be attributed to syn-Al Khlata collapse due to melting of embedded ice formed during the Late Paleozoic Gondwana glaciation. Lithological differences are the reason that the fractures in the Al Khlata are primarily closed but those in the Haima sandstones represent favourable conduits for fluid flow. Erosion of (much of) the fractured sediments, especially from the crest of Haima-cored structures, may be the reason that fractures have not been found in all the fields. Alternatively, rather than pervasive fracturing, faulting or the reactivation of faults may have been the response to halokinetic structuration.
Modernizing Offshore Control Systems
Authors: Dodin M. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Modern Control Systems can provide sophisticated control for unmanned Wellhead platforms and Offshore Oil and Gas production plants. This paper describes design concepts formulated to modernise offshore control in ADMA-OPCO's fields in the U.A.E. These concepts cover the inter-related topics of Wellhead control and safety shutdown, supervisiory control and data acquisition, fire and gas detection and protection and solar system appliations.
Experience with Seawater Injection
Authors: Al-Rubaie J. S. , Muhsin M. A. , Shaker H. A. , Washash I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ADMA-OPCO has been injecting seawater for more than 10 years into two separate fields offshore Abu Dhabi. Some wells have shown deterioration in injectivity. The causes of deterioration and remedial action to regain injectivity are discussed. Steps have been taken not only to remove the plugging material from the system but to prevent corrosion which constitute the main source of the debris.
Review of Dual Completion Practice for Upper Zakum Field
Authors: Othman M. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oil in Zakum field is produced since 1983 from six different zones. Water is injected into these zones since 1984 for pressure maintenance. In this field, a total of 233 wells (producers and injectors) have been permanently completed with dual strings to give a segregated production or injection capabilities from two separate zones in each well. These two zones are isolated fran each other by natural barier and cement behind the casing and by packers in the bore hole. Developed offshore completion technology has been used to take the maximum advantage of the dual completion hook-up.
The major advantage of this feature of the completion is in its effectiveness of maintaining production or injection and montoring performance of each zone separately in the field.
Operationally, this type of completion is performing satisfactorly in all producer wells whereas string annulus ccmmunication is experienced in large number of injector wells. Solution of this problem is defined and being implemented for final evaluation.
FORWARD
The upper Thamama structure in Offshore Abu-Ehabi is of a lower cretaceous age and consists of an alternating series of porous and dense limestones. In the Zakum field, this structure has been divided, as indicated in Fig.l, into six porous zones, named Thamama IA, II, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID-H. These zones are separated by six dense intervals, well developed all over the field, acting as natural barriers which prevent the cross flow between the different zones.
Anomalous Oil Saturation and Fluids Contacts in Mauddud Reservoir, Bahrain Field
Authors: Samahiji J. A. , Kolluri S. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Previous assessments of Mauddud reservoir of Bahrain Field have considered the reservoir to be a homogeneous unit and that long term gas injection has helped increase recovery efficiency. The present study revealed that the anomalous fluid saturations are the combined result of (1) heterogeneity and layered nature of the reservoir, (2) differences in drive efficiencies by natural water drive and induced gas cap. It is concluded that the recovery efficiency can be improved, firstly by injection of gas in the lower layers of the reservoir and secondly by systematic employment of low volume producers as against the present practice of high volume production.
Khuff Gas Production Experience
Authors: Kasnick M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The non-associated gas from the Khuff reservoirs has been developed to provide supplemental fuel gas and petrochemical feedstock. The production systems are centered on the ’Uthmaniyah and Shedgum areas of the Ghawar field because of the close proximity to sour gas handling plants.
Untreated sour gas is produced through the gathering systems directly to gas plants. The high rate, high pressure sour gas production is closely monitored so the system operates within acceptable guidelines. Scale formation in tubulars, hydraulic limits of surface and subsurface pipes, and potential corrosion/erosion problems in surface facilities are typical concerns in this sour gas producing system.
Pipeline Systems for Tail Gases Distribution and Optimization of Long Distance Pipelines
Authors: Giesen H. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Unlike general transmission pipelines the emphasis lies on the distribution of the captured lean gas in a restricted area rather than transmission over a long distance.
The production of oil is often accompanied by a vast amount of associated gas which represents a substantial part of the energy content of the field and which is often simply flared due to the lack of a pipeline system to distribute it to customers in the vincinity of the field. Using the example of an on-shore field in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE, this paper demonstrates how at least part of the associated gas which originally was flared has been collected, compressed and distributed to power stations and industrial consumers to substitute distillate fuel. It also describes how the project was implemented from the initial feasibility study to initial commercial operation.
The second part of the paper deals with long distance pipelines such as those which carry natural gas from western Siberia to Europe. One of the main aims in the optimization of these lines is the improvement of transportation efficiency. This means the reduction of fuel gas requirements and increasing the overall efficiency of the compressor stations.
The development in this field has led to large diameter pipelines and high operating pressures which in turn make it compulsory to use high grade steels like X 70 or even X 80 for the pipes. The improvement in machinery and related station equipment has reduced fuel gas losses from the former figure 13 % to approximately 10 %. Further reductions to below 10 % are probable if all the-modern possibilities of waste heat recovery and computer aided load management are applied.
Development of Field Design Rules for Viscous Fingering in Acid Fracturing Treatments: A Large-Scale Model Study
Authors: Davies D. R. , Bosma M. G. R. , de Vries W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of effective stimulation procedures for homogeneous, low permeability, chalky formations is of concern to many operators. One technique – the employment of viscous fingering during acid fracturing treatments – has proved to be suitable for use in the development of limited oil columns sandwiched between underlying water and overlying gas.
The literature on the study of unstable displacement processes contains extensive references to the displacement on one Newtonian fluid by a second Newtonian fluid. However, the unstable displacement of a non-Newtonian fluid by a Newtonian fluid – as occurs during the viscous fingering, acid fracturing process – has not been previously addressed in the literature.
Experiments were performed in a large-scale, parallel plate model sized to simulate the conditions in the field. The experiments showed that, after a short transition period, a pseudo-steady state was reached in which the 'finger' grows in length at a constant height.
Viscosity ratio, injection rate and fracture width were identified as the variables that controlled the fingering process.
The experiments were analysed quantitatively and guidelines were developed for the design of viscous fingering, acid fracturing treatments. Results from field experience of the stimulation of a Middle East, low permeability chalky reservoir using these optimum design rules are presented.
Toward Unmanned Oil and Gas Production Offshore
Authors: Johnston I. W. , Young H. L. , Huntington J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
With the continuing increase in marginal field developments particularly in the North Sea, the pressure continues to minimise costs. There has been a continuous trend towards unmanned facilities to capitalise on reduced operating and first costs.
This article reviews the current remote processing facilities utilised offshore with particular emphasis on subsea hardware, process and utility equipment and control and communication systems.
The key element to the further use of unmanned systems is the reliability of process equipment. This article analyses the reliability of process and utility systems utilised in offshore oil and gas processing and projects future unmanned facilities scenarios.
A New Approach to Drill Bit Selection
Authors: Rabia H. , Farrelly M. , Barr M. V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a novel approach to bit selection based on the use of Specific Energy. Since the 1960s, Specific Energy has been used in many rock-working studies as a measure of rock-cutting efficiency. Two previously derived equations are examined using laboratory data and a modified equation proposed. When applied to field data this equation has been shown to be a potential aid in bit selection.
Well Spacing Performance, Relative Permeabilities and Acidization Effects in a Limestone Reservoir
Authors: Folmar L.W. , Williams J.M. , Stephenson E.K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The degree of drainage interconnection in a 40,000-acre, heterogeneous limestone reservoir of depletion type was analyzed through the use of unique reservoir pressure data. These data were available from five separate test-well locations representing the maximum drainage radius required of producing wells on 80-acre spacing. The knowledge of the reservoir pressure at the extreme radius of drainage after substantial production from adjacent producing wells provided a unique method of calculating the distribution of reservoir pressure from the extreme radius into the producing well rather than the usual reverse procedure. This unusual type of data in effect provided a field laboratory for the study of relative permeability effects upon the three phases present during depletion and the related effect upon the producing pressure gradients of surrounding wells. Indications as to the magnitude of effect from acidizing the producing wells were also observed.
The analyses showed that drainage performance of the reservoir studied was predictable by adjustment of air-derived permeability for formation water saturation and by the use of an average expected effect from acidization of producing wells. Excellent correlation between relative permeability and formation water saturation was obtained for the five test-well areas studied. The analyses further showed that efficient and effective drainage of the reservoir on an 80-acre spacing pattern was being accomplished and would continue to be accomplished under primary operations. Actual field performance is the only gauge of the accuracy of performance predictions.
A Model for Measuring the Effectiveness of MWD Systems
Authors: Ryan D. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A conceptual framework can be developed for measuring effectiveness of MWD services in terms of availability, reliability and capability. Availability is defined as the condition of being ready to provide services when required. Reliability is defined as providing service during the specified interval of a bit run. Capability is defined as performance within tolerance. The effectiveness of MWD systems can be mathematically modeled using these concepts.
Density Modeling for Pure and Mixed-Salt Brines as a Function of Composition, Temperature, and Pressure
Authors: Kemp N. P. , Thomas D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Electrolyte solutions containing high concentrations of salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, and zinc bromide have several important applications in the oil field· The so-called "heavy brines" are used as solids-free completion fluids* Brines are also a major constituent of many drilling fluid systems including both water and oil-based muds. This paper describes the density behavior of brine solutions containing single salts and salt mixtures under varying conditions of temperature and pressure. Examples are given for using the derived density model to calculate both downhole differential pressures for brine completion fluids and the solids content in brine muds.
Transport of Cuttings in Directional Wells
Authors: Martin M. , Georges C. , Bisson P. , Konirsch O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to define easily applicable quantitative relationships for optimizing flow rates and drilling-fluid rheology depending on the inclination of the well. The research project involves various aspects: (1) laboratory experiments, (2) experiments in wells during drilling, (3) building a numerical model based on experimental data obtained in both the laboratory and wells.
Laboratory experiments performed in tubes and annular-space models have analyzed the influence of various parameters such as inclination, rotation of the drill string and fluid rheology, including thixotropy. The results of these experiments have led to equations describing the minimum fluid velocity required for evacuating cuttings versus their density, the density of the fluid and its rheological properties. In the numerical model, with a view to applying these equations to the well, they have been adjusted with the help of results obtained by checking the arrival of cuttings at the drill site during the drilling out of hardened cement in the casing above the casing shoe after cementing jobs.
Among the conslusions reached, the following points can be noted:
The influence of inclination becomes apparent as soon as the well becomes slightly deviated (10°). Evacuation of cuttings is more difficult in slanting zones, depending on the case, with an angle between 30 and 60°. High viscosity of the drilling fluid is favorable for the cleaning of the well in the nearly vertical part but may reduce the transfer capacity in the slanting parts. High thixotropy of the drilling fluid is very unfavorable in the slanting parts, especially if the rotation speed of the drill string is low. The increase in the density of the drilling fluid facilitates transport.
Deep Offshore Drilling Case History of North Padre Island 960-L #1
Authors: Roth E. G. , Payne M. L. , Leary M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper summarizes the planning and drilling of the North Padre Island (NPI) 960-L No. 1 well. This well was drilled to 24,938-ft. RKB offshore South Texas. The well experienced temperatures in excess of 420°F and pressures above 23,000 psi at total depth. In addition, several other aspects of the well were unique to offshore drilling operations including:
Development of a 2,000 kips static hook load offshore rig. Use of newly-developed 30 in, 3,000 psi ram type BOP. Drilling of deep large diameter holes (24-in. to 1, ,897-ft. RKB, 16-1/2-in. to 15,863-ft. RKB). Designing, testing, running, and cementing of heavy weight casing strings up to 2,110 kips air weight.
A Systems Approach To Implementation Of A State Of The Art Solids Control Package For The Southern North Sea.
Authors: Kew S. A. , Robichaux M. P. , Mclnnes J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the pre-planning, design, selection and field test results of a state-of-the-art solids control system purpose built for development drilling of ‘V’ field wells. After contracting the Britannia as the prime drilling rig for the ‘V’ Field development drilling, Taywood-Santa Fe, the operator of the Britannia, prepared the rig for a major upgrade to equip the rig with the most technically advanced drilling equipment existing, to ensure fast efficient Southern North Sea development drilling.
Prediction of Average Cutting Size While Drilling Shales
Authors: Hayatdavoudi A. , Durugbor N. C. , Ghalambor A. , Okoye C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The consensus among drilling personnel is that shale shaker as a primary solids control tool should reject the shale cuttings at first pass. In our effort to contribute to the design of a new shaker system, a basic and fundamental need was recognized with regard to the magnitude of power needed to generate a given or average size of shale cutting. The logic was that the power expended at the rock face, excluding the effect of hydrational and in-situ stresses, could be correlated with the shale cutting (chip) average size as has been done in comminution theories.
Following this logic, two detailed sets of field tests, one in Nigeria and one in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, were analyzed for two different hole sizes. The results showed a good correlation between power input-output and average cutting size for both 8 1/2 and 6 5/8 inch drill bits.
Calculation of Relative Permeabilities From Displacement Measurements of Their Ratios
Authors: Loomis A.G. , Crowell D.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Individual relative permeabilities in both gas-oil and water-oil systems are required for reservoir engineering applications to evaluate oil displacement in steeply dipping reservoirs where gravitational effects are important. Although the individual values as functions of saturation may be established by applying steady-state, semi-static or capillary methods, it is highly desirable to calculate individual relative permeabilities from their ratio, as measured by the rapid displacement method now in general use for core samples. Three proposed methods for determining individual relative permeabilities have been compared - the Johnson-Bossler-Naumann, the Higgins and the "alternate method" - and excellent agreement was obtained for typical core samples. However, the foregoing methods can be applied with assurance to oil-water systems only when the system is oil-wet, but they cannot be recommended for water-wet systems.

Introduction
As pointed out by Johnson, Bossler and Naumann, individual permeabilities in gas-oil and water-oil systems are required for several reservoir engineering applications such as the evaluation of oil displacement where gravitation effects are significant, i.e., a water drive or crestal gas injection in a steeply dippling reservoir. Individual relative permeabilities for both types of system as functions of the saturation may be accurately measured by steady-state, semi-static or capillary methods. However, the unsteady-state displacement method is now in general use, because of its rapidity and reliability for both gas-oil and water-oil systems, in the latter case provided that the system is clearly oil-wet. Since relative permeability ratio as a valid function of saturation is measured by the displacement method, it is desirable to develop methods to obtain the individual relative permeabilities from their measured ratios. Such methods have been published by Johnson, Bossler and Naumann and by Higgins, both for gas-oil and water-oil systems.
New Wellhead Equipment for Old Oilfields
Authors: Bazile D. J. , Kluck L. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of a new wellhead design which is a variation of the independent screwed wellhead equipment (ISWE) presently on the market. The design offers most of the performance characteristics of low pressure flanged equipment up to 3000 psi, but at a substantial initial cost savings. The application is for moderate depth wells and/or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) fields, that have limited flowback potential.
Unique Well Control Choke: Design Objectives vs. Commercial Field Performance
Authors: Cain L. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses some objectionable operating characteristics of most present day conventional well control chokes. It then sets forth design objectives for a different type choke to overcome these objectionable characteristics. The paper then describes the final design, presents some performance charts for comparison to conventional chokes, and relates general field performance of the choke in commercial service.
Prediction of Cement Slurry Laminar Pressure Drops by Rotational Viscometry
Authors: Denis J. H. , Guillot D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The flow behaviour of cement slurries, as measured with different types of equipment – a pilot-scale pipe viscometer, a Searl and a Couette coaxial cylinder viscometer – is analyzed.
The dimension of the flow geometries, respectively pipe diameter and annular gap size, was varied to detect the presence of an apparent slippage at the wall.
Different cement formulations were tested including a wide range of specific gravity from 1.7 to 2.2. Experimental flow curves were also compared for a polymer solution, and two water-base bentonitic muds.
For cement slurries, experimental results show that the flow curves obtained with the pipe and the Searl viscometer are very similar. The abrupt increase in viscosity at low shear-rates is attributed to the existence of a yield stress (τy), For stresses lower than τy, flow is still observed in both cases. The size dependence of the flow curves indicates that such a behaviour can be attributed to an apparent slippage at the wall. For stresses higher than τy little or no slippage is observable, and slurries exhibit a shear thinning behaviour that can be well fitted to a power law model from 30 to 500 s−1.
Different methods of calculating pressure drops in pipe flow from rotational viscometer data are presented. Their precision and limitations are compared. As a conclusion, it is established that laminar pipe flow pressure losses can reliably be predicted from rotational viscometer measurements if made on representative samples using equipment which minimizes particle centrifugation e.g. Searl systems instead of Couette systems.