bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of phase fronts in ore-forming fluid systems of volcanic arcs
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Cherepanov A.N. , Cherepanova V.K. , Bessonova E.P. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A mathematical model is proposed to describe the dynamics of phase fronts in volcanogenic orthomagmatic fluid systems (VOFS). It has been shown that these systems require rather short geologic times to reach a quasi-stationary state. This process is accompanied by slow cooling and pressure decrease as the bubbling front within the intrusive body submerges and magmatic fluid discharge decreases. Decompression boiling zone seems to develop in near-surface VOFS part for a certain combination of such parameters as porosity, permeability, and upper boundary condition. In evolving VOFS the existence of this zone is ephemeral. However in areas of seismic tremor and in mixed hydrothermal systems this zone can be stable and can produce brines below the level of hydrotherm discharge.
TEM-TDEM soundings in the eastern Siberian craton
Authors: Morozova G.M. , Antonov E.Yu. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We report forward modeling results for transient magnetic fields excited by horizontal electric or vertical magnetic dipoles. Modeling was performed with reference to resistivity patterns typical of platform areas in East Siberia. We investigate the possibilities to resolve deep reservoirs by measuring the horizontal and vertical components of the transient magnetic field and compare the depth resolution of magnetic and inductive methods.
Compound modeling of Earth rotation and possible implications for interaction of continents
Authors: Mel’nikov V.P. , Smul’skii I.I. , Smul’skii Ya.I. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The theory of orbital climate forcing implies an approximate Earth rotation model which has never been checked against other methods. We simulate the rotating Earth in compound models as a system of equal peripheral parts that orbit a central body and investigate the orbital evolution as affected by the gravity pull from the Sun, the Moon, and the planets. The predicted nutation cycles agree well with estimates by other methods. The model of periodic convergence and divergence of peripheral bodies may be useful to explain interaction of continents.
Nonlocal magnetotelluric responses of a 3D inhomogeneous Earth: processing regional data
Authors: Plotkin V.V. , Belinskaya A.Yu. , Gavrysh P.A. , Gubanov A.I. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Magnetotelluric responses of a 3D inhomogeneous earth excited by an arbitrary EM field are nonlocal, which is essential in processing regional MTS data. Due regard for this effect requires data acquisition by a dense synchronous 2D array. We suggest to invert the nonlocal MT responses applying correlation of the surface telluric and magnetic components recorded simultaneously at all stations. The new inversion algorithm has been tested using synthetic data that reproduce the conditions of the BEAR experiment.
Hearing in tsetse flies? Morphology and mechanics of a putative auditory organ
Authors: Tuck E.J. , Windmill J.F.C. , Robert D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTympanal hearing organs are widely used by insects to detect sound pressure. Such ears are relatively uncommon in the order Diptera, having only been reported in two families thus far. This study describes the general anatomical organization and experimentally examines the mechanical resonant properties of an unusual membranous structure situated on the ventral prothorax of the tsetse fly,Glossina morsitans(Diptera: Glossinidae). Anatomically, the prosternal membrane is backed by an air filled chamber and attaches to a pair of sensory chordotonal organs. Mechanically, the membrane shows a broad resonance around 5.3–7.2 kHz. Unlike previously reported dipteran tympana, a directional response to sound was not found inG. morsitans. Collectively, the morphology, the resonant properties and acoustic sensitivity of the tsetse prothorax are consistent with those of the tympanal hearing organs inOrmiasp. andEmblemasomasp. (Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae). The production of sound by several species of tsetse flies has been repeatedly documented. Yet, clear behavioural evidence for acoustic behaviour is sparse and inconclusive. Together with sound production, the presence of an ear-like structure raises the enticing possibility of auditory communication in tsetse flies and renews interest in the sensory biology of these medically important insects.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PEST CONSTRAINTS TO COTTON SEEDLINGS IN A DIRECT SEEDING MULCH-BASED SYSTEM IN CAMEROON
Authors: BRÉVAULT T. , GUIBERT H. , NAUDIN K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe present study evaluated the pest constraints of an innovative crop management system in Cameroon involving conservation tillage and direct seeding mulch-based strategies. We hypothesized that the presence of mulch (i) would support a higher density of phytophagous arthropods particularly millipedes as well as pathogenic fungi that cause severe damage to cotton seedlings and (ii) would reduce early aphid infestations. The impact of two cover-crop mulchesCalopogonium mucunoidesandBrachiaria ruziziensison the vigour of seedling cotton stands and arthropod damage was assessed in two independent field experiments conducted in 2001 and 2002 respectively. In both experiments the presence of mulch negatively affected cotton seedling stand by 13–14% compared to non-mulched plots and the proportion of damaged seedlings was higher in mulched than in non-mulched plots supporting the hypothesis that mulch favoured soil pest damage. In both experiments insecticidal seed dressing increased the seedling stand and the number of dead millipedes collected and fungicide had little or no effect on seedling stand and vigour. It was however observed in 2002 that the fungicide seed dressing had a positive effect on seedling stand in non-mulched plots but not in mulched plots suggesting that fungi may have been naturally inhibited byB. ruziziensismulch. The dynamics of aphid colonization was not influenced by the presence of mulch. In 2001 taller seedlings were found in mulched than non-mulched plots probably due to greater water and nutrient availability inC. mucunoides-mulched plots than in non-mulched plots.
Auricular leishmaniasis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Khorsandi-Ashtiani M-T , Hasibi M , Yazdani N , Paydarfar J A , Sadri F , Mirashrafi F , Kouhi A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:We report a rare case of auricular involvement by leishmaniasis, in order to demonstrate the importance of thorough investigation of cutaneous head and neck lesions, and also the importance of inclusion of infections such as leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of auricular lesions, especially in endemic areas.Case history:A 42-year-old man with multiple lesions on his head, neck and hands was referred to our centre. He had the following lesions: a painful, crusted, 8 × 8 cm plaque with indurated margins on the left parotid region and auricle; a red papule on the right temporal region; an ulcerative lesion on the skin overlying the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fifth finger of the right hand; and a bluish papule on the neck. Although histopathological examination of the Geimsa-stained specimen was misleading, a direct smear prepared from biopsies showed amastigotes, and therapy resulted in complete recovery.Conclusion:Leishmaniasis can be both under- or over-diagnosed. Especially in endemic areas, parasitic causes of chronic infections should always be kept in mind.
Effect of primary neopharyngeal repair on acoustic characteristics of tracheoesophageal voice after total laryngectomy
Authors: Albirmawy O A , El-Guindy A S , Elsheikh M N , Saafan M E , Darwish M E 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:The tracheoesophageal puncture technique of voice restoration enables successful voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. Because post-operative voice quality can vary significantly, depending on which type of hypopharyngeal repair is chosen, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of such repair on tracheoesophageal puncture voice after total laryngectomy.Study design:Prospective, clinical study.Setting:Otolaryngology department, Tanta University, Egypt.Methods:Tracheoesophageal puncture voice was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in 40 patients using a Provox 2TM prosthesis after standard total laryngectomy. The patients were divided, according to the type of hypopharyngeal repair, into four groups of 10 cases each, as follows: group one, pharyngoesophageal myotomy; group two, pharyngeal plexus neurectomy; group three, non-muscle vertical repair; and group four, transverse repair. These surgical groups were compared with each other with respect to different voice parameters.Results:Patient profiles were almost equivalent in all surgical groups. The mean values of most of the parameters of quantitative tracheoesophageal puncture voice did not differ significantly, comparing the four surgical groups; however, a slightly significant difference was observed regarding loud intensity in the non-muscle repair group, and soft and loud jitter in the transverse repair group. Mean values for qualitative measures of intelligibility and communicative effectiveness did not show significant difference. However, a slightly significant difference was observed regarding fluency, word correctness, speaking rate and wetness, with higher values for all these parameters except wetness in the myotomy group, and higher values for wetness in the non-muscle repair group.Conclusion:The four hypopharyngeal repair types – primary pharyngoesophageal myotomy, pharyngeal plexus neurectomy, non-muscle vertical repair and transverse hypopharyngeal repair – were almost equivalent in prevention of pharyngoesophageal spasm in total laryngectomy patients who had undergone primary tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration.
Endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy with nasal mucosal and posterior lacrimal sac flap
Authors: Sonkhya N , Mishra P 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:To describe a new endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy technique and to assess its efficacy.Design:Prospective, non-randomised, interventional case series.Patients and methods:Patients with primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction were included. A prospective series of 226 consecutive endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomies performed between January 2003 and December 2006 were entered into the study. Patients who had undergone previous lacrimal surgery were excluded. The surgical technique involved the creation of nasal mucosal and large posterior lacrimal flaps at the medial lacrimal sac wall. The two flaps were placed in close apposition. The technique also involved creation of a large bony ostium.Main outcome measures:Success was defined as the resolution of symptoms, or unobstructed lacrimal irrigation and endoscopic visualisation of a patent rhinostomy.Results:A total of 226 consecutive endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy procedures performed between January 2003 and December 2006 were reviewed. The main presentation was with epiphora (95 per cent) and/or mucocele (13 per cent). Septoplasty was performed in 36 per cent of cases at the time of surgery. In 18 per cent of cases, endoscopic sinus surgery was also added to the procedure. The follow-up period ranged from six months to two years. Of the 226 patients, eight were lost to follow up and were thus excluded from the series. The procedure achieved a 92 per cent success rate, in terms of symptom relief and anatomical success.Conclusion:The described technique of endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy had a success rate comparable to that of external dacryocystorhinostomy. The procedure is simple and cost-effective because it does not require sophisticated equipment such as lasers, optical fibres, silicone stents or a microdebrider.
Why do we have paranasal sinuses?
Authors: Keir J 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIntroduction:The paranasal sinuses, comprising the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, have caused consternation and debate over their true function over the course of nearly two millennia. This review aims to define the current evidence for the role of the paranasal sinuses, and to attempt to propose an answer to the question ‘why do we have paranasal sinuses?’Materials and methods:A literature review was conducted, searching Medline (1966–2007), Embase (1988–2007), the Cochrane Library and Ovid (1966–2007). Combinations of the following search terms were used: ‘paranasal sinuses’, ‘physiology’, ‘anatomy’, ‘function’, ‘evolution’ and ‘rhinology’. Any relevant references were cascaded to increase detection of pertinent information. The current, tenable theories identified in the literature review are discussed and the evidence for them critically analysed.Results:The current, tenable theories are described.Discussion:The paranasal sinuses may act simply to improve nasal function; certainly, it has been demonstrated that they may act as an adjunct in the production of nitric oxide and in aiding the immune defences of the nasal cavity. However, there is a distinction between utility and evolutionary origin. It may still be that the sinuses arose as an aid to facial growth and architecture, or persist as residual remnants of an evolutionary structure with an as yet unknown purpose, and in doing so have found an additional role as an adjunct to the nasal cavity.
Use of linked mucosal flap for lower lip reconstruction after human bite injury
Authors: Zgaljardic Z , Racic G , Colovic Z 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:An alternative method of reconstruction of a lower lip defect is presented, using a mucosal flap taken from the upper lip. This approach leaves the skin intact and therefore avoids skin scarring, with its associated unpredictable healing. The upper lip mucosal flap applied to reconstruct the lower lip injury was identical to the injured tissue type.Result:The results were functionally and aesthetically excellent (as illustrated).Conclusion:This technique represents an excellent alternative to reconstruction of a damaged lip, with the benefits of minimal scar tissue formation and excellent aesthetic result.
Risk and Randomness in International Legal Argumentation
Authors: URUEÑA RENÉ 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe idea of randomness is mostly excluded from international legal argumentation. If we need law at all, we are told, it is precisely to avoid arbitrary fortuity. Nonetheless, the exclusion of randomness renders international law structurally incapable of dealing with general risk issues, be they external or manufactured. The core of the problem is the notion of causation. International law seems to be infused by a model of causation that excludes any consideration of randomness. The law of state responsibility and certain elements of international trade law bear witness to this point. Randomness, however, is Janus-faced, and risk is its correlate aspect. By excluding randomness, risk is also left out. Therefore the model of causation embedded in international legal language makes that very language incapable of framing the ideas that a risk society needs to express. It is not surprising, then, that risk societies turn to other languages to express their needs, as is evidenced by the WTO SPS disputes. In this context, international law seems to become a broker of expertise, which refers to the relevant epistemic community that is needed to ‘get the job done’, and abandons any aspiration to holding an independent normative pull in itself.
Risk before Justice: When the Law Contests Its Own Suspension
Authors: AMOORE LOUISE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractContemporary security practices pose a particular paradox in the relationship between law and norm. On the one hand, the institution of risk practices in advance of, and in place of, juridical decisions appears to have become the technical resolution of choice to the politics of targeted security in the ‘war on terror’. The risk calculus makes possible an array of interventions – from detention, deportation, or ‘secondary’ security to asset freezing and ‘blacklisting’ – that operate in place of, and in advance of, the legal thresholds of evidence and decision. And yet, this article demonstrates, it is not the case that law recedes as risk advances, but rather that law potentially both authorizes and contests specific modes of risk management. As risk practices in the war on terror operate on and through a distinctive and novel terrain of the uncertain future, the capacity of juridical intervention to contest the exposure of people to dehumanizing technologies itself faces new potentials and limits.
Is Risk Changing the Politics of Legal Argumentation?
Authors: KESSLER OLIVIER 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhile risk has established itself within the social sciences in general and international relations in particular as a theoretical concept in its own right, its ‘value added’ for understanding international legal processes and argumentation is still rather unexplored. While the dominant approach to risk and law focuses predominantly on the regulation of some specified risk such as diseases or environmental ‘risks’, this contribution argues that the overall semantic shift from ‘threats’ to ‘risks’ signifies an acceleration of time underlying legal argumentation. It introduces a distinction between norms and risks, highlights the respective temporality and reconstructs the current overlap and conflict between them in the case of the European human rights regime.
‘Witness Proofing’ before the International Criminal Court: A Reply to Karemaker, Taylor, and Pittman
Authors: AMBOS KAI 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper was written at the request of the LJIL editorial board as a reply to the article by Karemaker, Taylor, and Pittman published in the previous issue. It is argued that their position starts from incorrect assumptions and that their overall assessment of proofing is flawed, especially with regard to the risks for fair trial. As to the law of the international tribunals it is acknowledged, however, that there is a structural and normative difference between the ICTY (as the most important ad hoc tribunal) and the ICC. While the former still follows, despite some normative changes, a predominantly adversarial procedure, the ICC Statute provides for a mixed adversarial–inquisitorial procedure. Such a procedural model is not compatible with the adversarial origins of witness proofing and it is therefore not surprising that the ICC Statute does not provide for this technique. As a consequence, at the ICC proofing is neither legally admissible nor necessary.
Witness Proofing in International Criminal Tribunals: Response to Ambos
Authors: KAREMAKER RUBEN , TAYLOR B. DON , PITTMAN THOMAS WAYDE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines the analytical framework and key arguments used by K. Ambos to conclude that witness proofing is neither a legally permissible nor necessary useful practice before the ICC in his reply to ‘Witness Proofing in International Criminal Tribunals: A Critical Analysis of Widening Procedural Divergence’. Contrary to Ambos, the article argues that witness proofing cannot be both acceptable at the UN international criminal tribunals and per se inappropriate at the ICC, given the ICC's procedural regime allowing for trials to be conducted in a form almost identical to those of the UN tribunals. A related argument is that the practice of witness proofing is not prohibited in the law governing the ICC, even if not provided for. Further arguments conclude that reliance upon spontaneity of a witness in court as a guarantee of reliability is misplaced, that the merits of national practices are irrelevant to the overall analysis, and that international judges are competent to manage the negligible risks associated with witness proofing.
Designing an interactive open-domain question answering system
Authors: QUARTERONI S. , MANANDHAR S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInteractive question answering (QA), where a dialogue interface enables follow-up and clarification questions, is a recent although long-advocated field of research. We report on the design and implementation of YourQA, our open-domain, interactive QA system. YourQA relies on a Web search engine to obtain answers to both fact-based and complex questions, such as descriptions and definitions. We describe the dialogue moves and management model making YourQA interactive, and discuss the architecture, implementation and evaluation of its chat-based dialogue interface. Our Wizard-of-Oz study and final evaluation results show how the designed architecture can effectively achieve open-domain, interactive QA.
Semantic Complexity in Treatment of Naming Deficits in Aphasia: Evidence From Well-Defined Categories
Authors: Kiran Swathi , Johnson Lauren 
Published: October 2008

Purpose

Our previous work on manipulating typicality of category exemplars during treatment of naming deficits has shown that training atypical examples generalizes to untrained typical examples but not vice versa. In contrast to natural categories that consist of fuzzy boundaries, well-defined categories (e.g.,
shapes
) have rigid category boundaries. Whether these categories illustrate typicality effects similar to natural categories is under debate. The present study addressed this question in the context of treatment for naming deficits in aphasia.

Methods
Using a single-subject experiment design, 3 participants with aphasia received a semantic feature treatment to improve naming of either typical or atypical items of shapes, while generalization was tested to untrained items of the category.

Results
For 2 of the 3 participants, training naming of atypical examples of shapes resulted in improved naming of untrained typical examples. Training typical examples in 1 participant did not improve naming of atypical examples. All 3 participants, however, showed weak acquisition trends.

Conclusions
Results of the present study show equivocal support for manipulating typicality as a treatment variable within well-defined categories. Instead, these results indicate that acquisition and generalization effects within well-defined categories such as shapes are overshadowed by their inherent abstractness.
The Effect of Fundamental Frequency on the Intelligibility of Speech With Flattened Intonation Contours
Authors: Watson Peter J. , Schlauch Robert S. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeTo examine the effect of fundamental frequency (F0) on the intelligibility of speech with flattened F0 contours in noise.MethodParticipants listened to sentences produced by 2 female talkers in white noise. The listening conditions included the unmodified original sentences and sentences with resynthesized F0 that reflected the average low F0, the median F0, and the average high F0 of each talker’s productions.ResultsThe sentences with flattened F0 contours yielded poorer intelligibility than the unmodified ones, but the sentences with flattened F0 did not produce equivalent performance. The sentences with F0 contours flattened at the average low F0 yielded better performance than sentences at the median F0. The sentences with F0 flattened at the average high F0 yielded poorer performance than the sentences flattened at the median F0.ConclusionsF0 height accounted for only a small amount of the drop in speech understanding in speech with a flattened F0 in healthy talkers. Although this study used healthy talkers, the findings suggest that clinicians should focus on having clients produce speech with naturally varying F0; F0 height is a secondary factor in the drop in intelligibility seen in monotone speech for female talkers.