bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality control of herbal medicines by capillary electrophoresis: Potential, requirements and applications
Authors: Ganzera Markus 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHerbal preparations, particularly those from traditional Chinese or Indian medicine, are becoming increasingly popular in Europe and the USA. Their application is often based on long‐term historic use rather than on scientific evidences; thus, analytical tools to assure their efficacy, safety and consistency are in great demand. This review evaluates the importance of CE for quality control of herbal medicinal products during the last five years. After briefly describing the general characteristics of natural products analysis by CE, numerous applications on medicinal plants or herbal products are summarized. These examples not only reflect the enormous variability of CE with respect to buffer systems and detection modes employed, but also indicate an increasing importance of this separation technique for quality control purposes compared with more established ones such as HPLC.
Determination of flurbiprofen enantiomers in plasma using a single‐isomer amino cyclodextrin derivative in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Rousseau Anne , Pedrini Matteo , Chiap Patrice , Ivanyi Robert , Crommen Jacques , Fillet Marianne , Servais Anne‐Catherine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) assay was developed for the separation and determination of flurbiprofen enantiomers in plasma samples using 6‐monodeoxy‐6‐mono(3‐hydroxy)propylamino‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector. The nonaqueous background electrolyte was made up of 40 mM ammonium acetate in methanol (MeOH), and flufenamic acid was employed as internal standard. Solid‐phase extraction was used for sample cleanup prior to the NACE separation.The NACE method reproducibility was optimized by evaluating different capillary washing sequences between runs. After having tested various conditions, trifluoroacetic acid (1 M) in MeOH was finally selected. Concerning the solid‐phase extraction procedure, good and reproducible analyte recoveries were obtained using MeOH for protein denaturation and a polymeric phase combining hydrophobic interactions with anion exchange properties (Oasis® MAX) was selected as extraction sorbent. The method selectivity was not only demonstrated toward a blank plasma sample but also toward other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The method was then successfully validated with respect to response function, trueness, precision, accuracy, linearity and limit of quantification.
Kinetic study of cytochrome P450 by capillary electrophoretically mediated microanalysis
Authors: Zhang Jie , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method for the determination of CYP3A4 activity using testosterone and nifedipine as substrates was developed. Initially, the enzymatic reaction was performed off‐line and the samples were subsequently injected into the capillary by pressure. The CYP3A4 activity was determined by quantitation of the reactant cofactor, NADPH. To further optimize, speed‐up and miniaturize the enzyme assay, the enzymatic reaction was performed directly in the capillary, prior to separation and quantitation of the product cofactor, NADP, employing the plug–plug mode of electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. An amplification step was introduced by means of an on‐capillary incubation of 15 min, in order to accumulate enough reaction product to detect spectrophotometrically at 260 nm. This setup resulted in a fully automated assay, which can be carried out in less than 35 min. Using the Lineweaver–Burk equation, the Michaelis constants (Km) for the oxidation of testosterone and nifedipine by CYP3A4 were calculated to be 58.6±8.3 and 19.1±2.4 μM, respectively, which are consistent with off‐line assay and previously reported values.
A simple and rapid CZE method for the analysis of mycophenolic acid and its phenol glucuronide metabolite in human serum
Authors: Ohyama Kaname , Kinoshita Naoyuki , Kishikawa Naoya , Kuroda Naotaka 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA simple and rapid capillary electrophoretic method was developed for simultaneous determination of mycophenolic acid and its metabolite, phenol glucuronide, in human serum. The sample preparation in the proposed method required only the precipitation by acetonitrile. Separation was performed by capillary zone electrophoresis using 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) as running buffer, an applied voltage of 10 kV, and UV detection at 217 nm. Each serum sample analysis was completed within 15 min. The optimized method demonstrated good performance concerning specificity, linearity (r>0.9955), accuracy (95.9–113%), precision (<6.4%) and enough sensitivity for therapeutic drug monitoring. This method was successfully applied to measurements of mycophenolic acid and mycophenolic acid glucuronide in renal transplant patient samples and was a useful alternative to high‐performance liquid chromatography‐based methods.
Applications of CE SDS gel in development of biopharmaceutical antibody‐based products
Authors: Rustandi Richard R. , Washabaugh Michael W. , Wang Yang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCE SDS gel technique offers many advantages over the traditional labor‐intensive SDS PAGE slab gel technology. The CE‐based method has increasingly been applied to many protein analysis applications. Specific examples are provided for monoclonal antibody (mAb), though the technique can be adapted to many other therapeutic protein products. Applications of CE SDS gel method using Beckman PA800 with UV detection are presented and discussed with respect to mAb analysis, such as purity, quantitation of non‐glycosylated heavy chain (NGHC) peak, identity, and stability. The stability of mAb is evaluated with respect to formulation buffer, accelerated temperature stress, UV light‐exposure, and high pH conditions. Both reducing and non‐reducing CE SDS gel conditions were applied and optimized to characterize mAb products. The data presented provides a “taste” of what CE SDS gel method can do to support the development of mAb products from early clone screening for product quality to the final product characterization. Since the CE SDS gel method is automatable, quantitative, robust, and allows for relatively high throughput, it provides both great analytical capacity and product coverage for a wide spectrum of protein product development in biopharmaceutical industry.
On‐line stacking capillary electrophoresis for analysis of methotrexate and its eight metabolites in whole blood
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Ling , Liao Yu‐Mei , Chiou Shyh‐Shin , Wu Shou‐Mei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTherapeutic drug monitoring of methotrexate (MTX) and its metabolites is significant for the evaluation of treatment response of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the prevention of adverse effects. Those eight metabolites including 7‐hydroxymethotrexate, MTX‐polyglutamate derivatives (MTX‐(Glu)n,n=2–7), and 2,4‐diamino‐N10‐methylpteroic acid, especially the MTX‐(Glu)n, only exist in blood cells and also present antifolate effects. Therefore, whole blood analysis has importance in clinical therapy. This study combined solid‐phase extraction and on‐line stacking capillary electrophoresis to examine the levels of MTX and its eight metabolites in whole blood. A higher conductivity buffer (HCB) was used to accumulate large amount of samples into a narrow zone, which resulted in effective stacking and sharp peaks. A fused‐silica capillary was filled with phosphate buffer (80 mM, pH 2.5) containing 15% v/v tetrahydrofuran and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Then HCB (100 mM phosphate, pH 2.5; 1 psi, 60 s) was injected for accumulating large volume of analytes (1 psi, 200 s). Owing to the pH difference between sample zone and HCB, dynamic pH junction was generated for focusing. Meanwhile, sweeping made further stacking by using sodium dodecyl sulfate in phosphate buffer. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.1 µM for MTX, 0.2 µM for 7‐hydroxymethotrexate and 2,4‐diamino‐N10‐methylpteroic acid, 0.3 µM for MTX–(Glu)n=2––5, and 0.5 µM for MTX–(Glu)n=6––7. During validation, this method showed good linearity (r⩾0.9914) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation and relative error, both less than 13%). The applications were performed to monitor blood MTX and its metabolites in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. The blood concentrations could provide some information related to therapeutic response and adverse effects.
Method for determination of total cysteamine in human plasma by high performance capillary electrophoresis with acetonitrile stacking
Authors: Kubalczyk Paweł , Bald Edward 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn analytical procedure enabling routine analysis of human plasma for total cysteamine (CASH) has been developed and validated. The method includes reduction of CASH disulfides to thiol with tri‐n‐butylphosphine, derivatization of the thiol with 2‐chloro‐1‐methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate, separation of CASH 2‐S‐quinolinium derivate from those of plasma endo‐ and exogenous thiol derivatives by capillary zone electrophoresis based on acetonitrile stacking and quantitation with the use of ultraviolet detection. A large volume of sample is injected to achieve analyte concentration directly on the capillary, according to the transient pseudo‐isotachophoresis principle, before the separation step takes place. Method performance characteristics, for example recovery, calibration, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation are presented. The procedure was applied to analysis of plasma samples donated by apparently healthy volunteers spiked with known amounts of cystamine standard solution.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations after treatment with alginate lyase and UV detection
Authors: Volpi Nicola 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA new highly specific and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method (electrokinetic chromatography with SDS) for the determination of the total alginic acid (AA) content in pharmaceutical formulations is described by means of capillary electrophoresis at 230 nm after treatment with alginate lyase [4.2.2.3] and separation of unsaturated products, Δ‐oligomers (ΔHexA–[HexA]n), in particular, DP3 (ΔHexA–HexA–HexA) and DP4 (ΔHexA–HexA–HexA–HexA). Using a buffer constituted with 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was able to determine with very high resolution the AA Δ‐oligomers produced by the action of the lyase (mainly DP3 and DP4) as one single species. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations (CV%) were between 6.3 and 9.1 for migration time and between 2.5 and 5.7 for peak area, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity for the examined concentration range (60–360 ng) with an average correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The lowest detection limit and the lowest quantitation limit of the method were 15 ng (0.25 mg/mL) and 40 ng (0.67 mg/mL), respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations in terms of CV% were 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively, and the intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy was estimated to range from 4.1 to 8.9%, while the percent recoveries of AA were calculated to be 102, 97 and 93% for different AA amounts. Variations in temperatures, voltage and buffer composition in comparison with adopted conditions within a 10% limit do not modify the electrophoresis results. The evaluation of AA was performed in both solid and liquid pharmaceutical formulations also in the presence of other ingredients, in particular, aluminium, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, and emulsifying and flavouring agents. The quantitative results obtained were 101.2±3.4% of AA content in tablets and 98.4±2.8% in liquid formulation, in total conformity with the label claims.
Determination of pharmaceuticals classified as emerging pollutants using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Quek Ngee Mien , Law Wai Siang , Lau Hiu Fung , Zhao Jian Hong , Hauser Peter C. , Li Sam Fong Yau 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA study on the simultaneous separation of 13 pharmaceutical products by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection was presented. The parameters of the background electrolyte, such as pH, organic additives as well as types and concentrations of cyclodextrins (CD) were studied. The optimal separation conditions were achieved with a background electrolyte consisting of 9 mM Tris/5 mM lactic acid at pH 8.0, containing 5% n‐propanol, 0.025% γ‐CD, 0.075% hydroxyl‐β‐CD and 0.15% dimethyl‐β‐CD. Limits of detections ranged from 61 to 1676 μg/L (S/N=3) and the relative standard deviations for migration time and peak area were below 2 and 6%, respectively. This demonstrated the potential of the capillary electrophoresis‐capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection method for biomedical and environmental analysis, as shown in the determination of pharmaceuticals identified as emerging pollutants in water samples.
Comparison between the charring rate model and the conductive model of Eurocode 5
Authors: Cachim Paulo B. , Franssen Jean‐Marc 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEurocode 5, Part 1–2, presents several models for the calculation of fire resistance of timber structures. These models are based on the hypothesis that for temperatures above 300°C , wood is no longer able to sustain any stress, which makes the determination of the location of the 300°C isotherm decisive for the result provided by the models. In this paper, the charring rate model and the conductive model presented in Eurocode 5, Part 1–2 are compared regarding the determination of the location of the 300°C isotherm. The main wood parameters investigated are density, moisture content and anisotropy. The almost complete independence of the charring rate model from these parameters leads to some inconsistencies between the models. To reduce these inconsistencies some proposals to improve the conductive and the charring rate models are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic bias and professional affiliations of macroeconomic forecasters
Authors: Ashiya Masahiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates strategic motives of macroeconomic forecasters and the effect of their professional affiliations. The ‘wishful expectations hypothesis’ suggests that a forecaster predicts what his employer wishes. The ‘publicity hypothesis’ argues that forecasters are evaluated by both accuracy and ability to generate publicity, and that forecasters in industries that emphasize publicity most will make most extreme and least accurate predictions. The ‘signaling hypothesis’ asserts that an extreme forecast signals confidence in own ability, because incompetent forecasters would mimic others to avoid public notice. Empirical evidence from a 26‐year panel of annual GDP forecasts is con‐sistent with the publicity hypothesis. This indicates that conventional tests of rationality are biased toward rejecting the rational expectations hypothesis. Copyright ? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibrogenesis in pediatric cholestatic liver disease: Role of taurocholate and hepatocyte-derived monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 in hepatic stellate cell recruitment #
Authors: Ramm Grant A. , Shepherd Ross W. , Hoskins Anita C. , Greco Sonia A. , Ney Agnieszka D. , Pereira Tamara N. , Bridle Kim R. , Doecke James D. , Meikle Peter J. , Turlin Bruno , Lewindon Peter J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) liver disease and biliary atresia, predominate as causes of childhood cirrhosis. Despite diverse etiologies, the stereotypic final pathway involves fibrogenesis where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are recruited, producing excess collagen which initiates biliary fibrosis. A possible molecular determinant of this recruitment, monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 (MCP-1), an HSC-responsive chemokine, was investigated in CF liver disease and biliary atresia. The bile-duct-ligated rat and in vitro coculture models of cholestatic liver injury were used to further explore the role of MCP-1 in HSC recruitment and proposed mechanism of induction via bile acids. In both CF liver disease and biliary atresia, elevated hepatic MCP-1 expression predominated in scar margin hepatocytes, closely associated with activated HSCs, and was also expressed in cholangiocytes. Serum MCP-1 was elevated during early fibrogenesis. Similar observations were made in bile-duct-ligated rat liver and serum. Hepatocytes isolated from cholestatic rats secreted increased MCP-1 which avidly recruited HSCs in coculture. This HSC chemotaxis was markedly inhibited in interventional studies using anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody. In CF liver disease, biliary MCP-1 was increased, positively correlating with levels of the hydrophobic bile acid, taurocholate. In cholestatic rats, increased MCP-1 positively correlated with taurocholate in serum and liver, and negatively correlated in bile. In normal human and rat hepatocytes, taurocholate induced MCP-1 expression. Conclusion: These observations support the hypothesis that up-regulation of hepatocyte-derived MCP-1, induced by bile acids, results in HSC recruitment in diverse causes of cholestatic liver injury, and is a key early event in liver fibrogenesis in these conditions. Therapies aimed at neutralizing MCP-1 or bile acids may help reduce fibro-obliterative liver injury in childhood cholestatic diseases. (Hepatology 2008.)
Role of overexpression of CD151 and/or c-Met in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma #
Authors: Ke Ai-Wu , Shi Guo-Ming , Zhou Jian , Wu Fei-Zhen , Ding Zhen-Bin , Hu Mei-Yu , Xu Yang , Song Zheng-Ji , Wang Zhi-Jun , Wu Jin-Cai , Bai Dou-Sheng , Li Jia-chu , Liu Kang-Da , Fan Jia 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
It has been reported that tetraspanin CD151 acts as a promoter of metastasis in several tumors and plays an important role in c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor signaling. However, the role of CD151 alone and coexpression of CD151/c-Met in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We found that expression of CD151 was positively related to metastatic potential of HCC cell lines, and modified cells with CD151high showed higher secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and aggressiveness in vitro and higher metastatic ability in vivo. Furthermore, HCC patients with vascular invasion, large tumors, multiple tumors, high tumor-node-metastasis stage, and undifferentiated tumor were prone to have higher CD151 expression. The postoperative 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival (OS) of patients in HCCs with CD151high were significantly lower than those in the CD151low group, and correspondingly cumulative recurrence rates in HCCs with CD151high were significantly higher than those in the CD151low group. Both CD151 and c-Met were remarkably overexpressed in HCCs, compared with adjacent nontumorous and normal liver tissues. Pearson correlation analysis showed a slight correlation between CD151 and c-Met in HCCs. Importantly, the 5- and 7-year OS rates in CD151high/c-Methigh patients were 50.5% and 37.8%, respectively, significantly lower than those of CD151low/c-Metlow patients (63.9% and 54.6%, respectively). Five- and 7-year cumulative recurrence rates in CD151high/c-Methigh patients were 53.3% and 71.9%, respectively, markedly higher than those of CD151low/c-Metlow patients (39.0% and 52.5%, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that CD151 and combination of CD151/c-Met were independent prognostic indicators for OS and cumulative recurrence. Conclusion: CD151 is positively associated with invasiveness of HCC, and CD151 or combination of CD151/c-Met is a novel marker in predicting the prognosis of HCC and a potential therapeutic target. (Hepatology 2008.)
Smoking and serum CA19‐9 levels according to Lewis and secretor genotypes
Authors: Kawai Sayo , Suzuki Koji , Nishio Kazuko , Ishida Yoshiko , Okada Rieko , Goto Yasuyuki , Naito Mariko , Wakai Kenji , Ito Yoshinori , Hamajima Nobuyuki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCA19‐9, a marker for cancers of biliary tract, pancreas and colorectum, is not synthesized in those with no enzyme activity genotype (le/le) of Lewis (Le) gene. No enzyme activity genotype (se/se) of secretor (Se) gene is known to have an association with high serum CA19‐9 levels. There are also variations in serum CA19‐9 levels independent of the genotypes. This study aimed to examine the associations of serum CA19‐9 levels with smoking, alcohol drinking and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), after the adjustments of Le and Se genotypes. Subjects were 486 health check‐up examinees (158 males and 328 females) aged from 39 to 90 years in Hokkaido, Japan. Genotyping was conducted for 3 polymorphisms; Le T59G (59T for Le allele and 59G for le allele), Se A385T (385A for Se allele and 385T for sej allele), and Se pseudogene (se5 allele). The genotypes of Le and Se were deterministic factors of serum CA19‐9. Those with Le/Le & se/se had the highest mean, while CA19‐9 was not detected or very low in those with le/le. Although no associations were observed with alcohol drinking and BMI, a significant association was observed with smoking. Among those with Le/Le, the geometric mean of CA19‐9 was significantly lower for current smokers than for noncurrent smokers (p = 0.011 in 4‐way ANOVA with age, sex and Se genotype). When hemoglobin A1c was further adjusted, the association became stronger (p = 0.0027). In addition to polymorphic variations, some components of cigarette smoke may influence the production or destruction of CA19‐9. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nevus density and melanoma risk in women: A pooled analysis to test the divergent pathway hypothesis
Authors: Olsen Catherine M. , Zens Michael S. , Stukel Therese A. , Sacerdote Carlotta , Chang Yu‐Mei , Armstrong Bruce K. , Bataille Veronique , Berwick Marianne , Elwood J. Mark , Holly Elizabeth A. , Kirkpatrick Connie , Mack Thomas , Bishop Julia Newton , Østerlind Anne , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Zanetti Roberto , Green Adèle C. , Karagas Margaret R. , Whiteman David C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA “divergent pathway” model for the development of cutaneous melanoma has been proposed. The model hypothesizes that melanomas occurring in people with a low tendency to develop nevi will, on average, arise more commonly on habitually sun‐exposed body sites such as the head and neck. In contrast, people with an inherent propensity to develop nevi will tend to develop melanomas most often on body sites with large melanocyte populations, such as on the back. We conducted a collaborative analysis to test this hypothesis using the original data from 10 case–control studies of melanoma in women (2,406 cases and 3,119 controls), with assessment of the potential confounding effects of socioeconomic, pigmentary and sun exposure‐related factors. Higher nevus count on the arm was associated specifically with an increased risk of melanoma of the trunk (p for trend = 0.0004) and limbs (both upper and lower limb p for trends = 0.01), but not of the head and neck (p for trend = 0.25). The pooled odds ratios for the highest quartile of nonzero nevus count versus none were 4.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–7.6) for melanoma of the trunk, 2.0 (95% CI 0.9–4.5) for the head and neck, 4.2 (95% CI 2.3–7.5) for the upper limbs and 3.4 (95% CI 1.5–7.9) for the lower limbs. Aggregate data from these studies suggest that high nevus counts are strongly associated with melanoma of the trunk but less so if at all of the head and neck. This finding supports different etiologic pathways of melanoma development by anatomic site. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.