bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Susceptibilities between Leaf Disks and Plants in the Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus by Frankliniella occidentalis to TSWV Hosts and Transgenic Plants
Authors: Wijkamp J. , Goldbach R. , Peters D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe efficiency by which tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was transmitted to plants and leaf disks by the vector Frankliniella occidentalis, was analysed. The virus was efficiently transmitted to Datura stramonium, Impatiens sp. and tobacco plants, i.e. 60–100% of the plants became infected when 1–3 viruliferous thrips were confined per plant for a period of 3 days. However, lettuceexhibited a lower susceptibility since only 25% of the test plants were infected when challenged by 10 viruliferous thrips per plant for 3 days. In contrast, complete resistance was found when transgenic tobacco plants, expressing the nucleocapsid protein of TSWV, were challenged with up to 10 viruliferous thrips per plant, whereas all non‐transgenic control plants were infected when 5 viruliferous thrips per plant were used. To improve and accelerate the tramission studies, the applicability of leaf disks in these studies was tested. Leaf disks of 16 different plant species appeared to be highly susceptible. Infection ratings ranging from 51.6 to 95.0% were obtained when one viruliferous adult was placed singly on these leaf disks for a period for 24 h. The leaf disk assay was also employed to screen resistance of transgenic plants expressing the nucleocapsid protein of TSWV. One transgenic tomato line displayed complete immunity whereas a second line appeared to be susceptible. For the transgenic tobacco line, positive ELISA reactions were found for a few leaf disks (7.5%) suggesting that some virus replication did occur. However, the ELISA readings for these disks were significantly lower than those for leaf disks of non‐transgenic controls. Finally, the significance of the use of the leaf disks and test plants in virus‐vector studies is discussed.
Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato race 1 in Italy on Pto Gene‐Bearing Tomato Plants
Authors: Buonaurio R. , Stravato V. M. , Cappelli C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBacterial speck symptoms on leaves of the tomato cultivar Erminia Fl (Petoseed), heterozygous for the Pto resistant gene, were observed in June 1995 in Northern Italy. Using individual‐lesion isolation, 8 bacterial isolates were obtained from the affected leaves, which were identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato by biochemical, physiological, nutritional and pathogenicity tests. When the differential cultivar Ontario 7710, homozygous for the Pto gene, was inoculated with the bacterial isolates, 4 of them provoked the typical bacterial speck symptoms and therefore belonged to race 1. This is the first occurrence of P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 in Italy and the first time this race has been isolated on a Pto gene‐bearing tomato cultivar grown in open field.
The Influence of Polyacetylenes on the Susceptibility of Carrots to Storage Diseases
Authors: Olsson Kerstin , Svensson Rita 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe amounts of the polyacetylenes falcarindiol (heptadeca‐1, 9(Z)‐dien‐4,6‐diyn‐ 3,8‐diol) and falcarinol (heptadeca‐1,9(Z)‐dien‐4,6‐diyn‐3‐ol) were determined in the roots of a number of commercial carrot cultivars in order to study their influence on resistance to storage rots caused by three different fungi. The content of the diol was much higher in periderm/pericyclic parenchyma than in phloem parenchyma and the outer tissues were less susceptible to Mycocentrospora acerina than the inner tissues. A strong and significant negative relationship was found between falcarindiol contents in the periderm/pericyclic parenchyma and susceptibility to Mycocentrospora acerina for 14 of the 16 cultivars tested. The relationship was less noticable for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and not significant for Rhizoctonia carotae.
In vitro Reaction of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to the Toxin(s) Produced by Alternaria alternata, the Casual Agent of Brown Leaf Spot
Authors: Kintzios S. , Koliopoulos A. , Karyoti E. , Drossopoulos J. , Holevas C. D. , Grigoriu A. , Panagopoulos C. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA bioassay system was developed for studying the in vitro reaction of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. ‘Nanus’) against the toxin produced by the virulent pathotype IMI 366417 (1) of the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. Cotyledons from 2‐week‐old seedlings were cultured on a MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 0.3 μM NAA (α‐napthylacetic acid) and 1.3 μM BA (6‐benzyladenine). Exponentially growing calli were transferred to selective media containing toxin solutions at various concentrations. The fresh weight of the cultured calli was reduced as the toxin concentration increased, although the viability of the cells, expressed as callus dehydrogenase activity, increased. Selection for toxinresistant genotypes was attempted at 30% toxin concentration, which causes a 90% reduction in callus growth. After one month in culture, 18% of the calli demonstrated resistance to the toxin. However, no plants could be regenerated from those calli after transfer onto a MS medium supplemented with 5.4 μM NAA and 4.4 μM BA. The effect of the toxin purification method on toxin yield and biological activity, as well as its possible mode of cellular action are discussed. The results of these experiments may contribute to a better understanding of the disease mechanism and help establish an efficient selection method of resistant sunflower genotypes.
Phoma nigrificans (P. Karst.) Boerema et al., a New Species for Poland
Authors: Marcinkowska J. , De Gruyter J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Phoma nigrificans was isoiated from leaves of Thlaspi arvense. The cultural characteristics are described, and results of comparative pathogenicity tests including Phoma lingam isolates on B. napus var. oleifera and T. arvense are given. This is the first report of P. nigrificans from Poland.
Occurrence of Coated Vesicles and Alterations in Plasmalemma in Tomato Leaf Cells Infected by Phytophthora infestans Mont. (de Bary) After Treatment with Fosetyl‐Al
Authors: Jiang Y. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTreatment of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Bonny Best) leaves with the systemic fungicide Fosetyl‐Al (Tris‐o‐ethyl phosphonate aluminium) induced the formation of haustorial encasements or cell wall deposits in the leaf cells infected by Phytophthora infestans Mont (de Bary). Numerous coated vesicles and extremely invaginated, saclike plasmalemma were found in close spatial association with wall deposits in haustorium infected cells. Wall deposits in non‐infected cells bordering degenerated, infected, cells were also accompanied by the presence of coated vesicles. In leaf tissues without treatment with Fosetyl‐Al, no substantial change in the plasmalemma of infected cells was observed and coated vesicles were found only in close contact with large, smooth‐surfaced vesicles. No coated vesicles were found associated with wall deposits in non‐infected, neighbouring cells. The results are discussed in connection with possible functions of both coated vesicles and plasmalemma.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Total and Membrane Proteins of Xanthomonas campestris Pathovars, the Causal Agents of the Leaf Streak of Cereals and Grasses in Iran
Authors: Alizadeh A. , Dechamp‐Guillaume G. , Sarrafi A. , Rahimian H. , Barrault G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractForty‐five Iranian isolates of Xanthomonas campestris obtained from wheat, barley and grasses were compared with reference strains using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the whole‐cell and membrane proteins.The PAGE profiles of the whole‐cell and membrane proteins of the Iranian isolates obtained from barley, with the exception of IBLS 11 and IBLS 12, were identical and clearly distinguishable from those of the other isolates. The barley group isolates, which were pathogenic only to barley, were similar to UPB 458 (NCPPB 2389), the reference strain of pathovar hordei. The isolates obtained from wheat and grasses, as well as IBLS 11 and IBLS 12, which can infect wheat, barley and some wild grasses, had similar banding patterns: only IBLS 40 isolated from Hordeum sp. displayed the same profile as the barley group. Reference strains UPB 443 (NCPPB 2821) and UPB 513, which correspond to pathovars undulosa and translucens, respectively, were related to the wheat group. IBLS45, isolated from Bromus sp., had a banding pattern that differed from those observed for strains of the barley and wheat groups.The results suggest that this method can be useful for discriminating different pathovars of X. campestris attacking cereals and grasses, and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐PAGE of membrane proteins was not more sensitive than SDS‐PAGE of total proteins for differentiating the isolates.
Biological and Serological Properties of Strains of Barley Mild Mosaic Virus
Authors: Nomura K. , Kashiwazaki S. , Hibino H. , Inoue T. , Nakata E. , Tsuzaki Y. , Okuyama S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe biological and serological properties of two Japanese barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) strains (BaMMV‐Kal and BaMMV‐Nal) and a German BaMMV strain (BaMMV‐M) were compared. Mechanical inoculation experiments showed that these three strains differed from one another in their ability to infect specific barley cultivars. BaMMV‐Kal and BaMMV‐M caused similar symptoms, but BaMMV‐Nal clearly differed from them in its symptoms on some barley cultivars. The three BaMMV strains efficiently infected barley plants at 15°C, whereas at 20°C BaMMV‐Kal and BaMMV‐M also infected many plants but BaMMV‐Nal infected only a few. BaMMV‐Kal and BaMMV‐M were indistinguishable by ELISA, while BaMMV‐Nal was distinguished from both. The biological and serological variability reported shows that BaMMV occurs as two distinct strains in Japan.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola, Incitant of Bacterial Umbel Blight and Seed Decay of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Germany
Authors: Toben H.‐M. , Rudoph K 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSince 1987 a devastating disease has occurred in coriander in Germany, characterized by dark‐brown discoloration of blossoms and umbels. water‐soaked and brown spots on leaves and stems, seed decay and willing. Infected tissue always contained large quantities of Gramnegative, rod‐shaped, motile bacteria with few polar flagella. Tests for LOPAT reactions showed the bacteria to be positive for levan‐production and tobacco hypersensitivity reaction but negative for oxidase reaction, rot of potato slices and arginine dihydrolase. The bacteria failed to produce fluorescent pigment on King's medium B but revealed a blue fluorescence after growing in a liquid medium without Fe, According to further standard nutritional, biochemical and physiological tests the coriander pathogen belongs to Pseudomonas group la. i.e. Pseudomonas syringae. Also, the fatty acid composition revealed a very close similarity to Pseuodomonas syringae. On Biolog plates the coriander strains showed a uniform metabolic pattern and could clearly be distinguished from other Pseudomonas syringae pathovars.Typical hosts of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were not infected by the coriander pathogen. Also, most tested umbelliferae species reacted resistant towards the pathogen. Typical disease symptoms, such as persistent water‐soaked lesions, were incited only a Coriandrum saticum Animi majus and Levisticum offieinale. The studies revealed that the pathogen described is a separate pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae not included in the approved list of P. syringae pathovars. The name Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola is proposed. Strain GSPB 1965 has been deposited in the NCPPB as pathotype strain (no. 3781).
Sequence Analysis and Detection Using Immunocapture‐PCR of Cymbidium Mosaic Virus and Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus in Hawaiian Orchids
Authors: Barry K. , Hu J. S. , Kuehnle A. R. , Sughii N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA Hawaiian isolate of Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV‐H) was purified from Dendrobium orchid, and a cDNA library was constructed. Clones containing the coat protein (CP) gene and movement protein (MP) gene were identified by colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Hawaiian isolate of Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSVH) was purified from Cattleya orchid. The CyMV CP gene was PCR amplified from a cDNA done. The ORSV CP and 54 kDa putative replicase genes and CyMV‐MP gene were cloned by RT‐PCR Sequences of these genes of CyMV‐H and ORSV‐H were compared with those of CyMV and ORSV from Singapore, Japan. Korea, and Germany. The high degree of sequence identity (91–99%) at the nucleotide level for all gene sequences analysed, shows that CyMV and ORSV from different countries are closely related. Sequence comparison results show that CyMV strains can be divided into two groups based on differences in amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene: CyMV‐H closely resembles CyMV‐SI while CyMV‐S2 resembles CyMV‐K, A sensitive, rapid, and reliable immunocapture PCR (ICPCR) assay was developed to detect both viruses, CyMV was detected from dilutions equivalent to 100 mg of orchid material and ORSV was detected from dilutions equivalent to 10 μg of orchid material. IC‐PCR was compared with direct binding PCR (DB‐PCR) and ELISA for their sensitivities.
Properties of the Iranian Isolate of Bermudagrass Etched‐line Virus
Authors: Masumi M. , Izadpanah K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Iranian isolate of bermudagrass etched‐line virus (BELV‐I), purified by low‐pH treatment of infected bermudagrass sap followed by several cycles of differential centrifugation and sucrose density‐gradient centrifugation, formed two components in density‐gradient columns. The top component consisted of empty protein shells. It had a major structural protein of c. 22 kDa and a minor of c. 25 kDa. The weight of the nucleic acid present only in bottom component particles, was calculated to be 1.82 × 106 Da. Only Aconurella prolixa (Leth.) was able to transmit the virus under experimental conditions or contained the virus in natural populations. In ELISA tests the virus titer in the vector increased rapidly between days 14 and 29 after acquisition, results indicating a propagative relationship. BELV‐1 was serologically closely related to the Moroccan isolate of BELV, and related to the American but not to the Costa Rican isolate of maize rayado fino virus (MRFV). Several graminaceous species were found to be experimental or natural hosts of the virus.
Effect of 1,3;1,6‐β‐D‐glucan on Infection of Detached Tobacco Leaves with Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Reunov A. V. , Lapshina L. A. , Nagorskaya V. P. , Elyakova L. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGlucan preparations were obtained by transformation of laminaran from the alga Laminaria cichorioides with endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase from marine mollusks. These preparations, like those of other sources, have an inhibitory effect on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection of detached leaves of local and systemic host tobacco plants.
Serological and Biological Comparisons of Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic and Cowpea Aphid‐borne Mosaic Potyvirus Isolates Seed‐borne in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Germplasm
Authors: Bashir M. , Hampton R. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSerological and biological comparisons were made among 45 seed‐borne isolates of blackeye cowpea mosaic (BICMV) and 54 seed‐borne isolates of cowpea aphidborne mosaic (CAbMV) potyviruses derived from cowpea seedlots or young nursery‐grown seedlings comprising 2112 germplasm accessions or pre‐introduction seedlots of Vigna unguiculata. Isolates were identified by DAS‐ELISA using polyclonal immunoglobulin G specific for these viruses. Twenty isolates of BICMV and 32 isolates of CAbMV were also compared by ACP‐ELISA with selected monoclonal antibodies and by SDS‐immunodiffusion. By all approaches, isolates of BICMV were clearly distinguished from CAbMV isolates. Isolate comparisons on selected cowpea genotypes (TVu‐401, TVu‐1582, TVu‐2657, and TVu‐3433) partitioned most isolates into two distinct groups. A few isolates seed‐borne in Indian cv. Pusa Phalguni, however, were clearly BICMV by all serological tests, but behaved as CAbMV in definitive cowpea genotypes. Although BICMV is generally considered to be a ‘new world virus’, both BICMV and CAbMV occurred in V. unguiculata seedlots originating in ‘old‐world regions’, including Afghanistan, Botswana, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. Seedborne CAbMV was isolated from 6 of 155 tested US V. unguiculata Germplasm accessions originating, respectively, in Afghanistan (2), Botswana (2), India (1), and Pakistan (1).
Geminiviruses Associated with Diseased Tomatoes in Cuba
Authors: Zubiaur Y. Martinez , Zabalgogeazcoa I. , De Blas C. , Sanchez F. , Peralta E. L. , Romero J. , Ponz F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTomato plants displaying symptoms of yellowing and leaf curling were analysed for the presence of geminiviruses. Two distinct geminiviruses were present in the plants studied. One had a genome size and coat protein gene sequence similar to the Israeli strain of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), while the other had a smaller genome size than TYLCV that could not be amplified using primers specific for Israeli TYLCV. The presence of the Israeli strain of TYLCV has been reported in other Caribbean islands, but not in Southern Florida (USA) which is close to those islands where TYLCV has been detected. This suggests that the introduction of the Israeli strain of TYLCV to the Caribbean area may have occurred within recent times.
Occurrence of Bacterial Wilt and Soft Rot of Seed Cabbage Plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in Yugoslavia
Authors: Arsenuević M. , Obradović A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSoft rot and wilt symptoms were noticed on 2‐year‐old seed cabbage plants grown in field crops. Soft rot Erwinia was isolated from the diseased tissues. Pathogenicity tests showed that the bacterium effectively colonised different vegetable species and sunflower, indicating a wide host range.Pathogenicity, morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics showed that the investigated strains are of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al.
Assessment of the Resistance to Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae of the USA and Canadian Differential Series of Strawberry Genotypes
Authors: van de Weg W. E. , Henken B. , Giezen S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe resistance of the USA and Canadian differential series of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) genotypes was assessed against nine USA isolates (A1‐A4, A6‐A10) and three Canadian isolates (NS2‐NS4) of Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae. The resistance of part of the UK series was also examined. Of the 157 host genotype‐isolate combinations tested, 13 were classified differently from earlier reports. These differences can be explained by the existence of different clones under the same cultivar name (Aberdeen and Perle de Prague), the substitution of Aberdeen by Sparkle, which differ in their resistance, and by the application of different criteria for resistance. Here, incomplete resistance was considered as resistance. The discernment of the US differential series can be improved by including the UK differential Perle de Prague and the Canadian differential Sparkle. The Canadian series can be improved by including Perle de Prague and the US differential Aberdeen. This leads to one unified differential set for North America.The results also allow the proposition of a formal gene‐for‐gene model which, in turn, provides for a universal differential series for this pathosystem.
Resistance to Vanilla Necrosis Potyvirus in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Containing the Virus Coat Protein Gene
Authors: Wang Y. Y. , Gardner R. C. , Pearson M. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe full‐length vanilla necrosis potyvirus (VNV) coat protein (CP) gene was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation. Four constructs contained either: sense (+) CP sequence, antisense (‐) CP sequence, sense CP sequence with a Kozak's consensus ATG resulting in a change in the first amino acid, or antisense CP sequence with the Kozak's modification. When mechanically inoculated with a high concentration of VNV, one of the plant lines containing the full‐length sense CP gene was highly resistant to virus infection. Plants from the resistant lines expressed the CP at a relatively low level compared to susceptible lines containing the same construct. Plants containing the other three constructs were either susceptible or showed delayed symptom expression.
Density‐Dependent Growth and Life History Evolution of Polycyclic Leaf Pathogens: A Continuous Time Growth Model
Authors: Damgaard C. , ØStergärrd H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA density‐dependent growth model of a polycyclic leaf pathogen is analysed. Viability and fecundity of the pathogen are regulated by the current population density. Spores are produced continuously from a sporulating infection until death of the infection, and consequently, all age classes of infections are present at a certain point in time. The leaf area of the host varies with time. Evolution of life history strategies are studied by letting different pathogen genotypes compete with each other. Evolution of life history strategies and evolution of impact of disease are discussed in relation to the ecology of the host‐pathogen system. The model is exemplified by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei growing on Hordeum vulgare.
Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting Detects Genetic Variability at Different Levels in Nigerian Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Authors: Müller R. , Pasberg‐Gauhl C. , Gauhl F. , Ramser J. , Kahl G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDNA fingerprinting with synthetic simple repetitive oligonucleotides such as (CA)8 or (CAA)5 detected polymorphisms between various isolates of the ascomycete Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of the black Sigatoka disease of Musa. These microsatellite motifs are present at multiple chromosomal locations and in high copy numbers in the Mycosphaerella genome, generating informative fingerprints with low background. Variability exists on a macro‐ as well as a microgeographical scale: it occurred within one lesion, between lesions of one plant, between plants, cultivars, and geographic locations. Mathematical analysis of the data produced dendrograms that demonstrated the presence of different genetically related groups of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in Nigeria.
Toxicity and Occurrence of Fusarium species and Mycotoxins in Late Harvested and Overwintered Grain from Norway, 1993
Authors: Langseth W. , Kosiak B. , Clasen P.‐E. , Torp M. , Gareis M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSamples of grain, harvested in October/November of 1993 or in the spring of 1994 from fields in Norway with overwintered grain, were collected. The presence of Fusarium species and the amount of mycotoxins produced by this genus were determined. The cytotoxic properties of the grain samples were examined with an in vitro methylthiazoltetrazolium (MTT)‐cell culture assay using swine kidney and VERO cells as target cells. The total count of colony forming units of Fusarium species was about the same in the grain harvested in late autumn and in the spring, but the dominant species seemed to vary somewhat between the two groups. F. culmorum was found more in the samples from October/November while F. avenaceum was isolated more in the grain harvested in the spring. Only small amounts of F. sporotrichioides were present in the grain harvested in the autumn, and none was found in the overwintered grain. The deoxynivalenol content was significantly higher in the grain harvested in autumn than in the overwintered grain. Although very small amounts of toxins were detected in the overwintered grain, it was more cytotoxic than the grain harvested in October/November. A significant correlation between the cytotoxicity and the amount of F. avenaceum in the samples was found.