bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE B/GSR MODULE: A COMBINED RECORDING TO PRESENT BASE SKIN RESISTANCE AND GALVANIC SKIN REFLEX ACTIVITY PATTERNS
Authors: Simons David G. , Perez Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA base skin resistance galvanic skin reflex (B/GSR) module combined BSR and GSR activity into a 1‐channel recording. Three identical modules were used to record 3 sites simultaneously on a series of normal subjects. Electrode sites included bilateral palmar locations and a location just beneath the medial malleolus. The GSR amplification factor was a fixed value of 3.0. The units provided a generally satisfactory combined record of BSR and reflex activity. The BSR and GSR patterns observed simultaneously from 3 sites consistently showed very similar changes. Four distinct B/GSR activity patterns were identified.
NEURAL TIMING MECHANISMS, CONDITIONING, AND THE CS‐UCS INTERVAL
Authors: Prescott James W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe history of GSR Classical conditioning studies on the optimal CS‐UCS interval has been evaluated in the context of the phenomena of internal inhibition of delay HD, an effect of delayed reinforcement. It was concluded from this review that nearly all GSR studies concerned with this theoretical issue lack validity since responses to stimulus onset orienting and unconditioned responses and not delayed conditioned responses have been the subject of measurement. The existence of an “optimal” CS‐UCS interval is questionable, however, and appropriate experimental methodology is suggested for the solution of this problem.The role of temporal processes in classical conditioning has been emphasized and the concept of “precision” in neural timing mechanisms mediating delayed CRs has been advanced. It is suggested that the neural temporal properties of the conditioning process have greater heuristic value than the intensity properties of the conditioned response.
SURVEY OF PRACTICE IN ELECTRODERMAL MEASUREMENT
Authors: Tursky Bernard , O'Connell Donald N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper is a report on the results of a survey on electrodermal recording procedures. A detailed questionnaire was sent to more than two hundred members of the Psychophysiological Society. The results indicate a wide disagreement among investigators in most phases of the recording process. This indicates a lack of standardization in one of the most used of physiological measures.
THE EFFECTS OF THREAT OF SHOCK ON HEART RATE FOR SUBJECTS WHO DIFFER IN MANIFEST ANXIETY AND FEAR OF SHOCK
Authors: Hodges W. F. , Spielberger C. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough there is growing consensus that psychophysiological response to stress is in part a function of the Ss’ definition of the situation, many investigators continue to ignore individual differences in Ss’ interpretation of stressor situations. In this study, high (HA) and low (LA) anxiety Ss were run in Threat of Shock and No Threat Conditions. The Threat Condition produced a significant mean increase in heart rate (HR) as compared to the No Threat Condition, but there was no difference in the HR response of HA and LA Ss to threat of shock. However, Ss who reported moderate to extreme fear of shock two months prior to the experiment responded with greater HR acceleration than Ss who reported little or no fear. These findings were discussed in terms of a conceptualization of “anxiety” which distinguishes between anxiety as a transitory state of the organism and as a relatively permanent personality trait. It was concluded that Ss’“cognitive appraisal” of an experimental situation was an important determinant of psychophysiological responses to stress.
THE EFFECTS OF VERBALIZATION INSTRUCTIONS AND VISUAL ATTENTION ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Campos Joseph j. , Johnson Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of verbalization instructions and amount of visual attention on direction of change of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC). Little evidence for directional fractionation of SC and HR was found with the conditions used. The variable of verbalization instructions produced a highly significant effect on HR and SC, and conditions of no‐verbalization produced a consistent but non‐significant decrement in HR. Other degrees of verbalization produced increments in HR.A visual attention variable produced no significant effect on either HR or SC, although means were arranged in order of increasing activation with increase in visual attention (stimulus complexity).Results were interpreted as being opposed to an intake‐rejection hypothesis such as has been proposed by Lacey to account for directional fractionation of response and for HR decrements. Instead, the authors suggest that the requirement to verbalize can produce important changes in degree and direction of autonomic activation.
A TECHNIQUE EOR PREDICTING THE EFEECT OF TREATMENT
Authors: Hall Charles E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA common method for evaluating the effect of a treatment is by analysis of variance with one of the classifications being treatment contrasted with control. Even when the treatment is successful on many Ss there are usually some Ss for whom the treatment is a failure or at least not very effective. This paper is concerned with a multivariate method for predicting treatment success and failure. The experiment at hand concerns electroencephalograms of patients treated with psychotropic drugs.From the experiment at hand it is possible to conclude that the response of mental patients to a comhination of chlorpromazine and procyclidine and to imipramine is detectable in their electroencephalograms, and also that the response to chlorpromazine in combination with procyclidine is quite likely to he predictable from their pretreatment electroencephalograms. Pronounced systematic differences in electroencephalograms were also found hetween the sexes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND RELIABILITY OF SHOCK‐INDUCED CHANGES IN BASAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Jones B. E. , Ayres J. J. B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOnce weekly for 5 weeks, 15 adult male postaddicts were given 12 to 15 shocks of 5.0 to 8.0 ma. Basal skin conductance (BSC) was recorded during the 25‐min weekly sessions. Increases in BSC during each session and the week‐to‐week reliabilities of the increases were determined. After the first week, subsequent increases showed reliability coefficients which ranged from 0.69 to 0.95 (P < 0.01). The reliabilities of the increases in BSC produced by shock were considered favorable for the use of change in BSC as a dependent variable in designs requiring repeated measurements on the same Ss at weekly intervals.
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE DURING AVOIDANCE LEARNING
Authors: Grings William W. , Lockhart Russell A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelations between galvanic skin response (GSR) and other variables during learning of a shock‐avoidance task were observed. Ss operated a four‐position switch as cued by visual stimuli: one always shocked, one never shocked, and two associated with switch positions which avoided the shock. Forty‐eight Ss formed successive subgroups which exhibited: (1) progressively better avoidance learning with increased awareness instruction and (2) significantly decreased GSR when the correct avoidance had been learned. Analyses were made to differentiate autonomic responding due to reinforcement (i.e. number of shocks received) from that due to expectancy (anticipation of avoidance).
THE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE DURING SLEEP
Authors: Hord David J. , Lubin Ardie , Johnson Laverene C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate responses evoked by a 3‐sec auditory stimulus were averaged within stages of sleep for five subjects. Although there were some individual differences, the evoked HR response is generally diphasic, with the peak of the acceleratory component occurring on the fourth post‐stimulus beat and the trough of the deceleratory component occurring on the 10th post‐stimulus beat. Unlike other variables, which are depressed during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the HR response tends to be larger during the REM stage than during other stages of sleep. The size of the response is not appreciably affected by time of night, since HR is non‐habituating during sleep, but is affected by the respiratory cycle phase, being largest when the stimulus occurs during inspiration or the period immediately prior to inspiration, and smallest when the stimulus occurs during the expiratory phase.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR RECORDING AND PRINTING HEART RATE DATA1
Authors: Hahn William W. , Flax Stephan W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn instrument has been designed which will print maximum, minimum, and mean heart rate (HR) data for 10‐sec sample periods. The basic components are three detector circuits which sample and hold voltage levels proportional to the values measured, a digital voltmeter for “reading” these values, and a solenoid‐operated adding machine to print out HR data in beats per minute. This apparatus greatly reduces the time required for transcribing cardiotachometer tracings into digital form for statistical analysis.
DISCRIMINATION OF TWO SLEEP STAGES BY HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Antrobus Judith S. , Antrobus John S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree adult females were awakened from EEG stage 1 REM and stage 2 of sleep and instructed to guess the stage of sleep from which they had been aroused. One subject obtained 27 correct discriminations (guesses) out of 29 awakenings after 84 training trials (awakenings). A second subject gave no indication of learning the discrimination in 65 trials; a third discriminated the two sleep stages significantly better than chance in 138 trials. It was suggested that the first subject successfully formed a stage 1 REM/2 concept that matched the occurrence of the sleep stages better than did the concept dreaming. Several problems in concept formation of internal states during sleep were discussed.
A CRITIQUE OF DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL STATE BY SCHACHTER AND SINGER (1962)
Authors: Plutchik Robert , Ax Albert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper by Schachter and Singer (1962) on “determinants of emotional state” is criticized on the grounds that (a) levels of arousal were not the same for the different conditions compared; (b) the placebo groups were consistently not significantly different from the control groups on the various measures of emotional states; (c) the self‐report indices were inadequate as measuring instruments; (d) a double‐blind procedure was not used; and (e) there is a marked overgeneralization on the basis of very limited samplings of conditions, emotions, arousal states and types of subjects.
THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE TASKS AND VERBALIZATION INSTRUCTIONS ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Johnson Harold J. , Campos Joseph J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of cognitive tasks and verbalization instructions on heart period (HP) and skin conductance (SC). Two tasks (imagining common scenes and solving mental arithmetic puzzles) were used to test the hypothesis that conditions requiring attention to internal processess (rejection of the environment) are accompanied by cardiac acceleration and SC increases. Each type of task was administered under three instruction conditions: no verbalization, later verbalization and concurrent verbalization. It was found that the imagination task was associated with no significant changes in HP or SC unless the S was preparing to talk or actually talking. Mental arithmetic resulted in cardiac acceleration and SC increase even when no verbalization was required; however, this result is perhaps due to the covert verbalization inherent in the process of solving mental arithmetic problems. Both later and concurrent verbalization also produced significant increases in physiological activation during the arithmetic task. The findings of this study do not support the notion that conditions requiring rejection of the environment are associated with specific physiological changes. Rather the changes are generally attributable to the verbalization requirement. The effects of instructions requiring S to verbalize later are interpreted as due to either a motor set phenomenon or fear of being evaluated while talking.
SHORT‐TERM RETENTION IN RELATION TO AROUSAL
Authors: Levon Edward 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring normal classroom instruction involving presentation of a traffic safety film, the apparent skin conductance of each of 83 high school students was recorded on a separate magnetic tape channel, for subsequent computer analysis. Retention of film information was tested by a written questionnaire immediately after the film. The regression of retention on arousal depended upon the type of analysis and the measure of arousal: inverted‐U for interindividual analysis and arousal level, and inverse for intraindividual analysis and arousal increment. These results, significant at the. 01 level, suggest that differences in some previous results may reflect the type of analysis and measure of arousal employed.
MODIFICATION OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES BY REACTION TIME MEASUREMENTS
Authors: McDaniel C. Douglas , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Sadler Timothy G. , Benton Richard G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGalvanic skin responses (GSRs) were measured on 12 male Ss under four conditions: rest, reaction time measurements, a cold pressor, and a combination of cold pressor and reaction time measurements. Both reaction time measurements alone and cold pressor alone caused increased sympathetic activity, but when the former was combined with cold pressor the ongoing autonomic activity was depressed.
EVALUATION OF FOUR LONGTERM TRANSDUCER ADHESIVE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Rickles W. H. , Seal Herbert R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral methods of attachment of electrodes or transducers to the body are evaluated to determine their relative long term “stickability.” The lower sternum was used as the site of application of the one inch diameter electrode‐like test object. The adhesive techniques used included Stomaseal discs, Davol rubber base cement, Eastman‐910 cement, and a combination of Stomaseal discs and Ducocement. Each of the four adhesive techniques was tested on a group of ten subjects. A significant difference between males and females in mean adhesive duration was found. The endurance means for males only were: Stomaseal, 14.7 days; Davol, 10.8 days; Eastman‐910, 3.1 days; Stomaseal/Duco combination, 6.3 days. The range over all groups was from less than one day to 30 days. Seventy‐five per cent of the subjects were unaware of the circumstances surrounding loss of the test object and 12% were lost while bathing. Skin irritation was generally mild when it occurred, and usually consisted of itching and slight erythema, which cleared rapidly with removal of the test object.
THE EFFECT OF AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK ON THE CONTROL OF SALIVATION
Authors: Delse Frederick C. , Feather Ben W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the effect of enabling a subject to hear himself salivate while trying to increase or decrease his salivary rate. Two groups of ten subjects were instructed to try to increase their salivary rate when a light to the left was lighted and decrease when a light to the right was lighted. Acetic acid was administered periodically to the right lateral margin of the tongue, and saliva was collected by a parotid capsule and measured by a liquid displacement sialometer. Ten subjects in the feedback group (F) received a 0.2 sec, 1000‐cps tone for each drop collected during a trial. Subjects in the no feedback group (NF) received no indication of their salivary rate. Three out of 10 F subjects were able to produce a significantly different (p <. 05) number of drops between increase and decrease periods, and the group as a whole achieved a significant difference between increase and decrease periods. No NF subject, nor the NF group as a whole produced a significant difference.
THE DISPLACEMENT OF STAGES 4 AND REM SLEEP WITHIN A FULL NIGHT OF SLEEP
Authors: Agnew H. W. , Webb Wilse B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStage 4 typically occurs dominantly in the first third of a normal night of sleep and REM sleep occurs dominantly in the last third of the night. In this experiment conditions were imposed to prevent these stages from occurring at their usual peak periods. Stage 4 sleep was permitted to occur only during the last two hours of sleep and REM was permitted to occur only during the first two hours of sleep. The results show that each stage can be partially displaced to the peak period of the other, but that stage 4 sleep is elicited more readily late in the sleep period than is REM early during the night.
AUTOMATIC, ON‐LINE PRINTOUT OF PEAK SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURES
Authors: Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA system for on‐line printout of beat‐by‐beat peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures is described. The system incorporates both commercial and laboratory constructed components. The blood pressure signal is derived from a cannulated pressure transducer, the output of which is peak sampled, V to F converted and printed in digital form at the occurrence of each R‐wave. The printer output is a continuous column of figures representing the values for beat‐by‐beat peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures displayed to the nearest μ2 mm Hg when compared with those recorded on the polygraph tracing. This system greatly reduces the manual operation of reading peak blood pressures from polygraph records which in the past were tedious, somewhat inaccurate and a time consuming process.
STIMULUS DETECTION DURING PERIODS OF HIGH AND LOW HEART RATE
Authors: Edwards David C. , Alsip Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to test Lacey's suggestion that elevated heart rate and blood pressure could lead to decreased sensory sensitivity and that a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure may facilitate sensory sensitivity. A tone of five intensities encompassing the subject's intensity threshold was presented randomly 25 times under high and 25 times under low transient heart rate. The results indicated no differences in the number of correct detections under high and low heart rate and no interaction between heart rate level and tone intensity. It was concluded that low heart rate may well be a necessary condition for increased sensory sensitivity, but that it is not a sufficient condition. Discussion was directed to the range of possible HR changes and the possible requirements of the sensitivity mechanism.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES IN HUMANS
Authors: Frazier Thomas W. , Weil‐Malherbe Hans , Lipscomb Harry S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA discriminative avoidance conditioning technique was used to study urinary excretion of selected adrenal hormones in response to a stimulus which had acquired conditioned noxious properties through association with availability of punishment. A four day test procedure was employed: (1) to habituate subjects to the test environment; (2) obtain control data; (3) condition subjects; and (4) test reactions to the conditioned noxious stimulus. Urine samples were taken at two‐hour intervals preceding and following each of the four trials, and were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, total 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids, and other urinary constituents. These results were correlated with results obtained from monitoring of heart rate, skin resistance, blood pressure, and three measures of panel monitoring performance. Data analyses revealed significant changes from control levels during the test period for each of the principal measures described above and some specification of life systems interrelationships through correlation and factor analyses. Factors were identified which related to behavioral efficiency, psychological effort, fluid transport regulation, cardiovascular‐adrenal, and specific epinephrine and norepinephrine factors.
VERTICAL EYE‐MOVEMENT DURING REM SLEEP: EFFECTS OF AGE AND ELECTRODE PLACEMENT
Authors: Feinberg Irwin , Braun Madeleine , Koresko Richard L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAll‐night sleep studies were carried out in young adults and aged normal subjects. Eye‐movement (EM) was recorded as electro‐oculogram from each subject with two different electrode placements. In young adults a placement which responded to vertical as well as to horizontal EM yielded scores for EM activity about one‐third greater than those obtained with a placement which responded only to horizontal movements. In addition, the two placements differentially affected estimates of stage 1 EEG. These effects were less marked in aged subjects who were found to have fewer vertical EMs than young adults. It was hypothesized that the proportion of vertical eye‐movement reflects the intensity of REM sleep processes.
THE INFLUENCE OF SET AND DIURNAL FACTORS ON AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO SENSORY DEPRIVATION
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Persky Harold , Link Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that a stress set or no set (uncertainty) would produce greater arousal in sensory deprivation (SD) than a relaxation set. The role of a diurnal (a.m. vs p.m.) factor was also evaluated. Eighteen male subjects were run in a 3 hour SD condition in the morning, and 18 were run in the afternoon. One third of the subjects were given a stress set emphasizing the stressful and peculiar effects of SD, one third were told nothing, and one third were told that the study was on the effects of “relaxation”. Heart Rate, Breathing Rate (BR), Skin Conductance, and Nonspecific GSR fluctuations (NS‐GSRs) were measured before and during the SD condition. BR was higher in the stress set group than in the other set groups. NS‐GSRs were higher in the stress set and no set groups than in the relaxation set group. Subjects showed more reaction on both of these measures in the afternoon than in the morning.
TECHNICAL NOTE: SOME VIEWS ON THE TREATMENT OF “ARTIFACTS” IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS
Authors: Sternbach Richard A. , Alexander Artstotle A. , Rice David G. , Greenfield Norman S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe treatment of artifactual responses in psychophysiology is rarely discussed or made explicit in research reports. The rationales and procedures of five approaches are presented: excluding the data; averaging other epochs; subjective estimation; straight‐line connecting; and following the pen. Each approach is based on a somewhat different theoretical orientation, and the choice of each will depend on the researcher's theoretical preference and also the relative “costs” of losing data vs programming special instructions. Other considerations such as objectivity, consistency, and replicability are discussed.
AN EVALUATION OF TETANY PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Watson Peter D. , O'Connell Donald N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe undesirable complicating effect of tetany, in experiments using measures of pain from electric shock, is stressed. An electrode system is described that has proven low in producing tetany. This system is compared with a variety of other systems of types commonly used. Both constant current and controlled voltage stimulation is used. The concentric shock electrode most consistently produced the least tetany. Possible reasons for its effectiveness in avoiding tetany are considered.
RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS AND RAPID EYE MOVEMENT PERIODS
Authors: Antrobus JohnS. , Antrobus Judith S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRapid eye movements (REMs) are recorded separately in the horizontal and vertical plane during 40 emergent Stage 1 EEG periods. 40% of all REMs are recorded exclusively in the horizontal plane; 32%, exclusively in the vertical. But vertical REMs tend to precede horizontal at the onset of Stage 1 and to follow horizontal REMs at the offset. Correlations between Stage 1 period duration and several REM measures all exceeded .95, with the best measures obtained using vertical REMs.