bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right to Practice Your Religion: European Legislation and the Origin of Religious Beliefs
Authors: Ringmar Erik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
European human rights legislation makes a distinction between “beliefs” and “manifestations” of beliefs. Beliefs are regarded as inviolable whereas manifestations, such as various religious practices, can be restricted by law. This article criticizes this distinction and argues that practices are necessary for religious beliefs. We participate in a religious practice, not since we believe, but we believe since we participate in a religious practice. European human rights legislation must be rewritten with this consideration in mind.
Elucidation of the genetic determination of body weight and size in Chinese local chicken breeds by large-scale genomic analyses
Authors: Wang Jie , Liu Jie , Lei Qiuxia , Liu Zhihe , Han Haixia , Zhang Shuer , Qi Chao , Liu Wei , Li Dapeng , Li Fuwei , Cao Dingguo , Zhou Yan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Body weight and size are important economic traits in chickens. While many growth-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes have been identified, further research is needed to confirm and characterize these findings. In this study, we investigate genetic and genomic markers associated with chicken body weight and size. This study provides new insights into potential markers for genomic selection and breeding strategies to improve meat production in chickens.

Methods
We performed whole-genome resequencing of and Wenshang Barred (WB) chickens (n = 596) and three additional breeds with varying body sizes (Recessive White (RW), WB, and Luxi Mini (LM) chickens; (n = 50)). We then used selective sweeps of mutations coupled with genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic markers associated with body weight and size.

Results
We identified over 9.4 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among three chicken breeds/lines. Among these breeds, 287 protein-coding genes exhibited positive selection in the RW and WB populations, while 241 protein-coding genes showed positive selection in the LM and WB populations. Genomic heritability estimates were calculated for 26 body weight and size traits, including body weight, chest breadth, chest depth, thoracic horn, body oblique length, keel length, pelvic width, shank length, and shank circumference in the WB breed. The estimates ranged from 0.04 to 0.67. Our analysis also identified a total of 2,522 genome-wide significant SNPs, with 2,474 SNPs clustered around two genomic regions. The first region, located on chromosome 4 (7.41-7.64 Mb), was linked to body weight after ten weeks and body size traits. LCORL, LDB2, and PPARGC1A were identified as candidate genes in this region. The other region, located on chromosome 1 (170.46-171.53 Mb), was associated with body weight from four to eighteen weeks and body size traits. This region contained CAB39L and WDFY2 as candidate genes. Notably, LCORL, LDB2, and PPARGC1A showed highly selective signatures among the three breeds of chicken with varying body sizes.

Conclusion
Overall this study provides a comprehensive map of genomic variants associated with body weight and size in chickens. We propose two genomic regions, one on chromosome 1 and the other on chromosome 4, that could helpful for developing genome selection breeding strategies to enhance meat yield in chickens.
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis in leaf coloration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Zhang Min , Li Yueyou , Wang Junling , Shang Shaopu , Wang Hongxia , Yang Xinlei , Lu Chuan , Wang Mei , Sun Xinbo , Liu Xiaoqing , Wang Xiaoxia , Wei Boxiang , Lv Wei , Mu Guojun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Quinoa leaves demonstrate a diverse array of colors, offering a potential enhancement to landscape aesthetics and the development of leisure-oriented sightseeing agriculture in semi-arid regions. This study utilized integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to investigate the mechanisms underlying anthocyanin synthesis in both emerald green and pink quinoa leaves.

Results
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that both flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (ko00941) and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ko00942) were significantly associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were analyzed between the two germplasms during different developmental periods. Ten DEGs were verified using qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with those of the transcriptomic sequencing. The elevated expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) and Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), as well as the reduced expression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and Flavonol synthase (FLS), likely cause pink leaf formation. In addition, bHLH14, WRKY46, and TGA indirectly affected the activities of CHS and 4CL, collectively regulating the levels of cyanidin 3-O-(3’’, 6’’-O-dimalonyl) glucoside and naringenin. The diminished expression of PAL, 4CL, and HCT decreased the formation of cyanidin-3-O-(6”-O-malonyl-2”-O-glucuronyl) glucoside, leading to the emergence of emerald green leaves. Moreover, the lowered expression of TGA and WRKY46 indirectly regulated 4CL activity, serving as another important factor in maintaining the emerald green hue in leaves N1, N2, and N3.

Conclusion
These findings establish a foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in quinoa leaves, and also provide some theoretical basis for the development of leisure and sightseeing agriculture.
Factors associated with recurrence in patients with oral cancer in Mongolia
Authors: Davaatsend Oyuntsetseg , Altannamar Munkhdul , Ganbat Mandukhai , Jagdagsuren Urjinlkham 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Introduction
In Mongolia, there has been limited research on the posttreatment survival rate, recurrence, and occurrence of oral cancer. The goal of this study is to investigate the risk factors that contribute to the recurrence of oral cancer to increase survival rates, facilitate early detection, and improve treatment accuracy.

Method
A retrospective cohort method was used, with medical records from 173 patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia’s Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Radio, and Chemotherapy between 2012 and 2017. The Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences’ Research Ethics Committee approved the project.

Results
The findings revealed that 109 cases (63.0%) were men and 64 (37.0%) were females, with a large proportion of patients (28.3%) falling between the ages of 61 and 70. Men had a 3.8 times higher risk of cancer recurrence than women (OR = 3.79, CI = 1.24–11.57). Furthermore, lymph node metastases and treatment were linked to oral cancer recurrence.

Conclusion
This study offers light on the factors that influence the recurrence of oral cancer, giving useful insights for improving patient outcomes through early detection and proper treatment.
Prenatal, perinatal and parental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in China: a case- control study
Authors: Yuan Jia-jia , Zhao Ya-nan , Lan Xing-yu , Zhang Yong , Zhang Rong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heritable neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but environmental risk factors have also been suggested to a play a role in its development. Prenatal, perinatal and parental factors have been associated with an increased risk of ASD in children. The aim of the present study was to explore the prenatal, perinatal, and parenting risk factors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from Beijing, China by comparing them with typically developing (TD) children.

Methods
A sample of 151 ASD children’s parents who from rehabilitation institutions in Beijing were enrolled in this study, and an additional 151 children from kindergartens in Beijing were recruited as a control group (child age: mean = 4.4 years). TD children were matched according to age, sex and maternal education. We explored the maternal AQ (Autism Spectrum Quotient) scores (mean:19.40-19.71, no significant difference between two groups) to referring the genetic baseline. This study evaluated 17 factors with unadjusted and adjusted analyses.

Results
Birth asphyxia was associated with a more than a thirteen-fold higher risk of ASD (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 13.42). Breastfeeding difficulties were associated with a higher risk of ASD(AOR = 3.46). Parenting influenced the risk of ASD, with low responding (LR) and harsh or neglectful parenting associated with a higher risk of ASD in offspring (AOR = 2.37 for LR, AOR = 3.42 for harsh parenting and AOR = 3.01 for neglectful parenting). Maternal fever during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of ASD in offspring (AOR = 3.81).

Conclusions
Many factors were associated with ASD in offspring. Further assessment is needed to elucidate the role of modifiable environmental factors to inform prevention strategies.
Benzodiazepine use in medical cannabis authorization adult patients from 2013 to 2021: Alberta, Canada
Authors: Dubois Cerina , Fernandes Heidi , Lin Mu , Martins Karen J. B. , Dyck Jason R. B. , Klarenbach Scott W. , Richer Lawrence , Jess Ed , Hanlon John G. , Hyshka Elaine , Eurich Dean T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Benzodiazepines are a class of medications that are being frequently prescribed in Canada but carry significant risk of harm. There has been increasing clinical interest on the potential “sparing effects” of medical cannabis as one strategy to reduce benzodiazepine use. The objective of this study as to examine the association of medical cannabis authorization with benzodiazepine usage between 2013 and 2021 in Alberta, Canada.

Methods
A propensity score matched cohort study with patients on regular benzodiazepine treatment authorized to use medical cannabis compared to controls who do not have authorization for medical cannabis. A total of 9690 medically authorized cannabis patients were matched to controls. To assess the effect of medical cannabis use on daily average diazepam equivalence (DDE), interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was used to assess the change in the trend of DDE in the 12 months before and 12 months after the authorization of medical cannabis.

Results
Over the follow-up period after medical cannabis authorization, there was no overall change in the DDE use in authorized medical cannabis patients compared to matched controls (− 0.08 DDE, 95% CI: − 0.41 to 0.24). Likewise, the sensitivity analysis showed that, among patients consuming ≤5 mg baseline DDE, there was no change immediately after medical cannabis authorization compared to controls (level change, − 0.04 DDE, 95% CI: − 0.12 to 0.03) per patient as well as in the month-to-month trend change (0.002 DDE, 95% CI: − 0.009 to 0.12) per patient was noted.

Conclusions
This short-term study found that medical cannabis authorization had minimal effects on benzodiazepine use. Our findings may contribute ongoing evidence for clinicians regarding the potential impact of medical cannabis to reduce benzodiazepine use.

Highlights
• Medical cannabis authorization had little to no effect on benzodiazepine usage among patients prescribed regular benzodiazepine treatment in Alberta, Canada.
• Further clinical research is needed to investigate the potential impact of medical cannabis as an alternative to benzodiazepine medication.
Welding fume exposure and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders in micro- and small-scale enterprise in Akaki Kality sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study
Authors: Badima Hager , Kumie Abera , Meskele Bereket , Abaya Samson Wakuma 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Exposure to welding fumes can lead to different respiratory health disorders, including lung cancer, due to long-term exposures. In Ethiopia, large numbers of people are engaged in the welding sector. Often, these workers are exposed to welding fumes at their workplaces, however, the level of exposure and its health effects have never been studied.

Objective
To measure the level of personal welding fume exposure and assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, among micro and small-scale enterprise metal workshop workers, in Akaki Kality Sub city, Ethiopia.

Methods
A comparative cross-sectional study involving 226 welders and 217 controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standardized questionnaire adopted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Welding fumes were collected from the welder’s breathing zone using 37 mm close-faced plastic cassettes fitted with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) filters connected to Casella pumps at an airflow rate of 2 L/min.

Result
The overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders and controls were 54 (23.9%) and 20 (9.2%) respectively. The geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of personal welding fume exposure, among welders was 5.98 mg/m3 (± GSD = 1.54). In this study, 53.3% of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with educational status (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 5.11, 95% CI: 1.35, 19.33), respiratory protective equipment use (AOR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.31), safety training (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.28), smoking (AOR:3.57, 95% CI: 1.54, 8.23), welding machine maintenance (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.59) and welding site (i.e. indoors vs. outdoor) (AOR: 6.85. 95% CI: 2.36, 19.89).

Conclusions
The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welding workers was significantly higher than controls. More than half of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit. Educational status, implementation of safety training, and welding sites were significantly associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. The results suggested a need to reduce welding fume exposure to improve the respiratory health of the workers.
Cold EMR vs. Hot EMR for the removal of sessile serrated polyps larger than 10 mm: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ding Cong , Yang Jian-feng , Wang Xia , Zhou Yi-feng , Khizar Hayat , Jin Zheng , Zhang Xiao-feng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) appears to be a promising technique for the removal of sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) ≥ 10 mm. To assess the effectiveness and safety of EMR for removing SSPs ≥ 10 mm, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
We conducted a thorough search of Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies reporting on EMR of SSPs ≥ 10 mm, up until December 2023. Our primary endpoints of interest were rates of technical success, residual SSPs, and adverse events (AE).

Results
Our search identified 426 articles, of which 14 studies with 2262 SSPs were included for analysis. The rates of technical success, AEs, and residual SSPs were 100%, 2.0%, and 3.1%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the technical success rates were the same for polyps 10–19 and 20 mm, and en-bloc and piecemeal resection. Residual SSPs rates were similar in en-bloc and piecemeal resection, but much lower in cold EMR (1.0% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.034). AEs rates were reduced in cold EMR compared to hot EMR (0% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.168), in polyps 10–19 mm compared to 20 mm (0% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.255), and in piecemeal resection compared to en-bloc (0% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.169).

Conclusions
EMR is an effective and safe technique for removing SSPs ≥ 10 mm. The therapeutic effect of cold EMR is superior to that of hot EMR, with a lower incidence of adverse effects.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42023388959.
The latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track for the inferior angle of the scapula during arm abduction in humans
Authors: Paksoy Alp , Akgün Doruk , Gebauer Henry , Karczewski Daniel , Lacheta Lucca , Tokish John M. , Chamberlain Aaron , Moroder Philipp 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
The importance of several scapulothoracic muscles, including trapezius and serratus anterior, in maintaining physiological scapula kinematics has been highlighted in the past. However, the relationship between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi muscle remains unclear. Our clinical surgical observation is that the latissimus dorsi does not directly attach but rather runs superficial to the inferior angle of the scapula. Based on this observation, we hypothesise that the latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track on which the scapula glides under the muscle belly during elevation of the arm, creating the latissimus-scapula overlap (LSO).

Methods
All consecutive patients who had a whole-body computed tomography scan (CT) in case of polytrauma evaluation between 2018 and 2021, with complete depiction of the scapula and latissimus dorsi muscle, were analysed. 150 shoulders in 90 patients with arms up were matched according to their age (within five years), gender, and affected side with 150 shoulders in 88 patients with arms down. Patients with pathologies of the upper extremities or thorax that potentially could alter LSO measurements were excluded. LSO was calculated as a ratio of the measured area of the latissimus dorsi projection on the scapula and the total scapula area.

Results
The mean age of the 178 patients (48 females; 13 males) was 60 years. The arms-up group showed a significantly higher LSO than the arms-down group (19.9 ± 6.3% vs. 2.7 ± 2.2%; p < 0.0001). In the arms-up group, approximately one fifth of the scapula was overlapped inferiorly by the muscle belly of the latissimus dorsi, contrary to the almost non-existing LSO in the arms-down group.

Conclusion
With arms up, humans show a significantly higher LSO in comparison to arms down indicating that the latissimus dorsi indeed creates a dynamic track on which the scapula is forced to travel during abduction of the arm. This finding of increased LSO during the elevation of the arm warrants further consideration of the role of the latissimus dorsi in scapula kinematics and potentially scapular dyskinesis.

Level of evidence
Level two diagnostic study.
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increase in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study of 24,934 patients
Authors: Yaqubi Kaneschka , Kostev Karel , Klein Isabel , Schüssler Sofia , May Petra , Luedde Tom , Roderburg Christoph , Loosen Sven H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Recent data suggest a potential pathophysiological link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), two immune-mediated diseases both of which can have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. In the present manuscript, we investigate the association between IBD and MS in a German cohort of general practice patients. These results may have important implications for the screening and management of patients with IBD, as well as for further research into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying both disorders.

Methods
4,934 individuals with IBD (11,140 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 13,794 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) as well as 24,934 propensity score matched individuals without IBD were identified from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). A subsequent diagnosis of MS was analyzed as a function of IBD using Cox regression models.

Results
After 10 years of follow-up, 0.9% and 0.7% of CD and UC patients but only 0.5% and 0.3% of matched non-IBD pairs were diagnosed with MS, respectively (pCD = 0.002 and pUC < 0.001). Both CD (HR: 2.09; 95% CI 1.28–3.39) and UC (HR: 2.35; 95% CI 1.47–3.78) were significantly associated with a subsequent MS diagnosis. Subgroup analysis revealed that the association between both CD and UC and MS was more pronounced among male patients.

Conclusion
The results of our analysis suggest a notable association between IBD and a subsequent MS diagnosis. These findings warrant further pathophysiological investigation and may have clinical implications for the screening of IBD patients in the future.
Reduced-Volume Irradiation of Uninvolved Neck in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Updated Results From an Open-Label, Noninferiority, Multicenter, Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: Huang Cheng-Long , Zhang Ning , Jiang Wei , Xie Fang-Yun , Pei Xiao-Qing , Huang Shao Hui , Wang Xue-Yan , Mao Yan-Ping , Li Kun-Peng , Liu Qing , Li Ji-Bin , Liang Shao-Qiang , Qin Guan-Jie , Hu Wei-Han , Zhou Guan-Qun , Ma Jun , Sun Ying , Chen Lei , Tang Ling-Long 
Published: March 2024

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported. We previously reported comparable 3-year regional relapse–free survival (RRFS) using elective upper-neck irradiation (UNI) in N0-1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) compared with standard whole-neck irradiation (WNI). Here, we present the prespecified 5-year overall survival (OS), RRFS, late toxicity, and additional analyses. In this randomized trial, patients received UNI (n = 224) or WNI (n = 222) for an uninvolved neck. After a median follow-up of 74 months, the UNI and WNI groups had similar 5-year OS (95.9% v 93.1%, hazard ratio [HR], 0.63 [95% CI, 0.30 to 1.35]; P = .24) and RRFS (95.0% v 94.9%, HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.43 to 2.13]; P = .91) rates. The 5-year disease-free survivors in the UNI group had a lower frequency of hypothyroidism (34% v 48%; P = .004), neck tissue damage (29% v 46%; P < .001), dysphagia (14% v 27%; P = .002), and lower-neck common carotid artery stenosis (15% v 26%; P = .043). The UNI group had higher postradiotherapy circulating lymphocyte counts than the WNI group (median: 400 cells/μL v 335 cells/μL, P = .007). In conclusion, these updated data confirmed that UNI of the uninvolved neck is a standard of care in N0-1 NPC, providing outstanding efficacy and reduced long-term toxicity, and might retain more immune function.
OPTIMIZATION OF CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING URTICA DIOICA L. EXTRACT AND THE STUDY OF ITS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
Authors: Borisova Anna Viktorovna , Chervotkina Daria Romanovna 
Published: March 2024

The purpose of the presented study was to select optimal conditions and develop a technology for obtaining nettle extract, which in the future can be used in food technologies. Nettles were harvested in May before the appearance of inflorescences. The place where the plant is collected is a forest near the village of Lvovka in the Shigonsky district of the Samara region. Mathematical optimization of the conditions for obtaining water-alcohol extract of nettle dioecious was carried out. Nettle extraction was carried out in the traditional way, with ultrasound treatment and ultrahigh frequency currents. To obtain an extract with the highest yield of extractives, it is recommended to use 75% ethyl alcohol as an extractant at a hydromodule of 1 : 10, a temperature in the range from 45 to 55 °C, and an extraction time of 2 hours. In addition, it is possible to use ultrasonic radiation or microwave processing to obtain the extract, which also contribute to an increase in the yield of dry substances. Nettle extract, prepared with the help of ultrahigh frequency currents, showed the greatest antioxidant activity. This extract contains 1309.9 mg of gallic acid and 322.9 mg of catechin per 100 g of feedstock, and its antioxidant activity is 2.5 mg/ml. At the same time, with the help of a microwave field, the extract can be obtained in a minimum time.