bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alkanes in aqueous systems. II. The accommodation of C12−C36n‐alkanes in distilled water
Authors: Peake Eric , Hodgson G. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe accommodation of n‐alkanes in the C12to C36range in distilled water was measured as a function of hydrocarbon supply, settling time, filtration pore‐size, and mode of introduction. Accommodation levels for individual hydrocarbons generally fell in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/liter; liquids were accommodated to a greater extent than solids. Settling times of many days sharply reduced the measured accommodation, as did millipore filtration. The accommodation of a given n‐alkane showed a strong dependence on the supply of the n‐alkane in the equilibrating aqueous system.Binary mixtures showed a limited effect of one alkane on another except in the case of mixtures of a liquid alkane and a solid alkane, in which the presence of the liquid greatly enhanced the accommodation of the solid. Similarly supply ratios were reproduced for accommodated liquid alkanes except in those systems where the supply alkanes separated into co‐existing liquid and solid phases with compositions as determined by the phase rule for the particular hydrocarbon system. The accommodated alkane composition was the same as that of the liquid hydrocarbon phase. The same pattern was observed for fused mixtures of n‐alkanes in the C12to C36range, and on long‐term settling there was an over‐all, clearcut tendency for preferential accommodation of n‐alkanes in the C16to C20range at the expense of alkanes with both higher and lower carbon numbers.
Optical rotation of petroleums
Authors: Rosenfield William D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough oils and oil distillates are usually dextrorotatory, some levorotations can be measured in lower boiling distillates. Fractional distillation of a Colombia crude oil of Eocene age showed that optical rotation is maximal at an average molecular weight of 464. The rotatory power of petroleum reflects the extent to which its composition has been transformed during geochemical maturation. Optical rotations thus can be correlated with the degree of maturity in much the same way as can such other compositional features as aromatic character or content of steroid‐like substances, which are demonstrable in petroleums.The optical activity of petroleum is gradually degraded by maturational influences, and a decreasing trend in rotatory power is recognized in a comparison of oils produced from rocks of progressively greater geologic age. The optical rotation of dark crude oils can be measured in a polarimeter of suitable photometric sensitivity. The measurements extend geochemical application of oil polarimetry, which was restricted formerly to oil distillates and decolorized oils.
The determination of doubly labeled artificial soil in detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T. , Bonnar R. U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA liquid scintillation method for the determination of carbon‐14 and tritium labeled soil on white fabric has been developed. The method involves the use of an external standard to determine the counting efficiency for each isotope. The requirement that these determinations be made on swatches of fabric complicates the analysis because of their variable antiquenching effect. The method has been appied to cotton, Dacron, nylon, and Dacron/cotton.A computer program has been written which accepts the raw counting data and performs all necessary calculations, printing out the data in a convenient form. The great convenience of the method has encouraged its application to large scale screening studies without sacrificing the precision, accuracy, or selectivity normally associated with small model systems.
Biodegradation of LAS benzene rings in activated sludge
Authors: Swisher R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffluents from continuous flow and from fill and draw activated sludge cultures were analyzed quantitatively for benzene ring content by ultraviolet spectroscopy, with appropriate correction for interference by nitrate ion. C12 LAS mixture and two of its components in pure form, 3‐phenyl‐ and 6‐phenyldodecane‐p‐sulfonates, all showed approximately 90% ring biodegradation under a variety of conditions once acclimation had occurred. When feeds to 3‐phenyl and 6‐phenyl acclimated cultures were interchanged, the characteristics 100% primary biodegradation (methylene blue analysis) proceeded without interruption. However, ring degradation was impaired for 4–7 days until reacclimation was accomplished. Biochemical implications are discussed.
The role of detergent in automatic dishwashing performance
Authors: Gray F. W. , Richter V. J. , Odioso R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ability of automatic dishwashing products to perform satisfactorily in mechanical machines is dependent upon a number of factors, including machine design and composition of product. Although most leading dishwashers are highly satisfactory for food‐soil removal, the detergent composition and its usage can affect performance characteristics.In this paper the objectionable tendency of automatic dishwashing detergent compositions to cause glassware spotting or filming, fading of fine china decoration, and silverware discoloration is considered. The means to minimize these deficiencies are presented.
Rate of reaction of hexahalocyclopentadienes with long‐chain olefins
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Fuller G. , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSecond‐order rate constants were calculated for the Diels‐Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hexabromocyclopentadiene with various unsaturated fatty esters and a model alkene. Diene concentrations during reaction were determined by measurement of ultraviolet absorption at 322 mμ (hexachlorodiene) or 346 mμ (hexabromodiene). Steric factors in the specific perhalodiene used and, particularly, the structure of the olefins were shown to have pronounced effects on the rate of reaction of these highly substituted dienes
Modified procedures for determination of free and total gossypol pigments
Authors: Deacon B. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe inclusion of hydrochloric acid and thiourea in the gossypol blanks in present official AOCS methods for free and total gossypol produced equivalent absorbances identical to those obtained in the AOCS procedure for gossypol in oils. The treatment relieved the darkening of reagent blanks and allowed the same calibration data to be used for all three methods. Aniline was the reagent in each.
Esterification rates of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with glycerol
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEsterification rates of eight commonly occurring fatty acids were studied at 180C using equivalent and equimolar amounts of glycerol with and without a cosolvent. The esterification with equivalent amounts of glycerol without cosolvent followed second order kinetics and proceeded at a similar rate for all acids examined. Esterifications with equimolar amounts of glycerol were kinetically complex and their speed depended on the solubility of glycerol in individual fatty acids.
Sulfonated branched chain fatty acids and esters
Authors: Micich T. J. , Diamond E. A. , Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. , Ault W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn continuation of work reported a year ago describing branched chain fatty acids, a series of monosodium methyl 2‐sulfo‐2‐alkylalkanoates [RR'C (SO3Na) CO2CH3] were synthesized. The surface active properties of these compounds were evaluated and compared with the corresponding disodium 2‐sulfo‐2‐alkylalkanoates [RR'C (SO3Na)CO2Na]. Alkaline hydrolysis rates show that the sodium methyl esters are stable. Relative to the disodium salts, these compounds exhibit better wetting properties and more stable foams.
Castor‐based derivatives: Synthesis of some acrylate esters
Authors: Nelson Jane S. , Applewhite Thomas H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcrylate esters of various hydroxy acid derivatives obtainable from castor oil have been synthesized and characterized. Synthetic methods evaluated include acid‐ and base‐catalyzed alcoholysis of methyl acrylate, esterification with acrylic acid, acrylyl chloride, or acrylic anhydride, and esterification with ॆ‐chloropropionyl chloride or anhydride followed by dehydrohalogenation. The two‐step esterification‐dehydrohalogenation procedure gives most satisfactory yields and purity. Preparation, purification, and characterization of the compounds are described and the various synthetic methods are evaluated.
Variability in seed oil composition of 43Linum species
Authors: Yermanos D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalyses of the seed oil of 43Linum species showed great variability in fatty acid composition. The species can be grouped in two broad categories on the basis of seed oil composition: 1) Those with high linolenic, low linoleic and low oleic acid content, and 2) Those with high linoleic, low linolenic and low oleic acid content. A positive correlation was observed between iodine value and linolenic acid content, and a negative correlation between linolenic and linoleic acid content. There was no correlation between fatty acid composition and chronosome number.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. II. Copper‐chromium catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was partially hydrogenated at 170 and 200C with 0.5 and 0.1% copper‐chromium catalysts, respectively. The reaction proceeded selectively at both temperatures, although selectivity was better at the lower temperature. Both commercial and laboratory‐prepared catalysts reduced the linolenic acid to less than 1% and with selectivity ratios (KLe/KLo) ranging from 6 to 13. Since stearate did not increase, linoleate selectivity (KLo/KOl) was extremely high. About 80% or more of the original linoleic acid remained in the hydrogenated products as measured by the alkali‐isomerization method. More conjugated dienes were formed at 200 than at 170C.
Lipids extracted from soy products by different procedures
Authors: Melton S. L. , Moyers R. E. , Playford C. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLipids in soybean defatted meal, concentrate and isolate were extracted by four procedures: (a) a Soxhlet extract by chloroform‐methanol; (b) a Soxhlet extraction by benzene/ethanol; (c) a short extraction by chloroform/methanol; and (d) a short extraction by hexane/ethanol. Procedure 2 extracted more lipid than Procedure 1 from the isolate and meal. Both Soxhlet procedures extracted more lipid than Procedure 3 from the meal only, and more lipid than Procedure 4 from all products. Percent lipid on dry matter basis ranged for the meal, 1.56 to 4.52; concentrate 0.90 to 1.44; and isolate, 0.28 to 0.96. Lipids extracted from each product by Procedures 3 and 4 were fractionated quantitatively into (a) neutral lipids, (b) polar lipids except lecithin, and (c) lecithin. Fatty acid (C12–C20) composition of each lipid fraction was determined, and attempts were made to identify lipids. The larger amount of lipid in any product extracted by either Procedure 3 or 4 was in Fraction 1. Linoleic acid was the most abundant acid found in any lipid fraction. Significantly more oleic acid was found in Fractions I and II Concentrate lipids than in the same fractions of meal or isolate lipids. A number of lipids were found in Fractions I and II, but the only lipid in Fraction III was lecithin.
Effect of heat treatments on the volatile composition of coconut oil
Authors: Pai J. S. , Lomanno S. S. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFresh coconut oil was heated under different conditions for 48 hr at 180 C. The heat treatments included heating in vacuo, heating in air and heating in air and water. The samples were distilled under high vacuum and the volatiles thus obtained were analyzed by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In all heated samples, a series of n‐alkanes and I‐alkenes, n‐alkanals, methyl alkanones, alkenals, gamma‐and delta‐lactones, methyl and ethyl esters and free fatty acids were identified. The relative amounts of these compounds varied with the type of heat treatment to which the coconut oil was subjected.
Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils I‐hydrogenation of soybean oil catalyzed by Rh‐ and Ir‐complexes
Authors: Fragale C. , Gargano M. , Gomes T. , Rossi M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rate and selectivity found for the hydrogenation reaction of soybean oil using a series of soluble rhodium and iridium‐phosphine complexes can be correlated to the number of phosphine ligands coordinated to the metal. This study shows the possibility of obtaining a wide range of products by varying the reaction time and the catalyst composition. For example, a low stearate content can be obtained using IrCl(C8H12)PPh3, whereas a low double‐bond conjugation can be obtained with |Rh(C8H12)(PPh3)2|BPh4.
Nutritive value of defatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa
Authors: Rukmini C. , Deosthale Y. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDefatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa was analysed for protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It was found to be a fairly good source of protein and other nutrients. The most limiting amino acid of the protein in the defatted seed cake was tryptophan. Like otherCapparidaceous plants, seeds ofCleome viscosa contained thioglucosinolates. The concentration of which in defatted seed cake before and after detoxification was 3 and 0.12 mg per 100 g. Except for the loss of B‐complex vitamins, on detoxification the nutrient composition of the defatted cake remained unaltered. Rats fed diets based on defatted cake containing the toxic compounds lost weight, but those fed detoxified cake showed improved growth. However, the relative protein value (RPV) of the processed cake was poor and suggested the presence of other antinutritional factors.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation: Cooper catalysis
Authors: Snyder Janet M. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was partially hydrogenated with copper catalyst in an isothermal, concurrent, flow type reactor to reduce linolenate content. Reaction proceeded at one atmosphere outlet pressure; the parameters of temperature, catalyst concentration and oil flow rate (residence time) were varied. The reactor was designed to permit sampling at points along its length. Intermediate and final samples were analyzed to give total characterization of the partially hydrogenated oil. Data thus obtained were used to model and simulate the continuous hydrogenation kinetics. Linolenate selectivity is high and variations in reaction parameters appeared to have little effect. Specific isomerization values were increased as catalyst concentration increased but were unaffected by temperature and oil flow rate. Conjugated diene formation went through a maximum as the hydrogenation proceeded. Results of the copper‐catalyzed continuous hydrogenations were compared to those of batch hydrogenations using the same reaction parameters.
Low level sodium borohydride determination in organic media using a triarylmethyl carbonium ion
Authors: Rudie Cynthia N. , Demko Paul R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSodium borohydride reductions in organic solvents are used extensively for organic syntheses and for the purification of bulk organic chemicals such as alcohols, esters, amides, etc., to reduce impurities which impart color, odor, or instability to these products. A simple analytical technique based on titration has been developed to determine part per million levels of sodium borohydride in organic media.
The seed lipids of the palm family
Authors: Opute Fred Idiem' 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe majority of palms, represented byElaeis guineensis, contained mainly neutral lipids (triglycerides) in their seed fats with lauric and myristic acids as the major acids. In certain others, symbolized by theRaphia palms, polar lipids dominated, with the unsaturated acids, oleic and linoleic acids constituting the major fatty acids. Contrary to established belief, lauric and myristic acids were not the principal fatty acids in all palms.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group: I preparation and properties of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines
Authors: Takai M. , Hidaka H. , Moriya M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of new amphoteric surfactants, sodium salts of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines (Na‐HAA) was prepared by adding methyl acrylate to N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐ethanolamine and subsequent saponification. Neutralization with HCl gave N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines, and the addition of ethylene oxide to Na‐HAA gave oxyethylated drivatives. The structures of these compounds prepared were confirmed by infrared spectra, proton magnetic resonance spectra, elementary analyses, etc. Solubility in water, surface tension, foaming power, and critical micelle concentration were determined.
Effect of Red Chili Consumption on Postoperative Symptoms During the Posthemorrhoidectomy Period: Randomized, Double‐blind, Controlled Study
Authors: Gupta Pravin J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relation between consumption of chilies and postoperative symptoms after hemorrhoidectomy in patients with grade III or IV hemorrhoidal disease. A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned to receive antibiotics and analgesics alone (control patients) or daily consumption of 3 g of chili powder along with identical antibiotics and analgesics (chili group). The evaluation of symptoms—pain, anal burning, pruritus, bleeding—during the postoperative period was assessed by means of patients’ self‐questionnaires. A global score for evaluating each postoperative symptom was compared between the two groups at the 1‐week follow‐up. No significant difference in age, sex distribution, or grade of disease was noted between the two groups at baseline. The incidence of posthemorrhoidectomy symptoms was higher in the group consuming chilies during the first postoperative week. The global score for postoperative pain (14.60 for the chili group vs. 7.97 for the control group, p < 0.001) and for anal burning (12.90 for the chili group vs. 7.82 for the control group, p < 0.0001) were significant. Although bleeding (6.95 in the control group and 7.57 in the chili group, p < 0.81) and pruritus (8.06 in the control group and 8.75 in the chili group, p < 0.69) were more common in the chili group, the difference did not achieve statistical significance. This study shows that consumption of 3 g of red chilies per day during the postoperative period after hemorrhoidectomy increases the intensity of typical postoperative symptoms, stool frequency, and the consumption of analgesics.
Modeling the foodweb in coastal areas: a case study of Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark
Authors: Håkanson Lars , Bryhn Andreas C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work utilizes the CoastWeb model, a foodweb model for coastal areas that also includes a mass‐balance model (CoastMab) for phosphorus and many abiotic/biotic interactions, to study the development in Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark, from 1985 to 2004. This shallow coastal lagoon has an area of 300 km2 and a mean depth of 1.9 m. The water exchange between the lagoon and the North Sea is regulated by a sluice. In 1996 there was a major regime shift in this lagoon with drastic reductions in chlorophyll‐a concentrations, significant increases in water clarity (Secchi depth) and major changes in the number and biomass of clams as well as in macrophyte cover. Regime shifts is a “hot” topic in aquatic ecology and in this work the CoastWeb model is used as a tool to understand and quantify the causes behind this regime shift. The CoastWeb model is general and can also be used for other coastal areas. The basic model calculates monthly production values and changes in biomasses of ten functional groups of organisms (phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, herbivorous, and predatory zooplankton, benthic algae, macrophytes, jellyfish, zoobenthos and prey and predatory fish) and in Ringkøbing Fjord, also for clams (Mya arenaria). In spite of its complexity, the model is relatively simple to use, since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps or monitoring programs. The model includes much abiotic/biotic feedback and it can also be used to address other causes for regime shifts other than the changes in salinity and nutrient inflow, which have caused the changes in Ringkøbing Fjord. The model has previously been tested for more than 20 smaller coastal areas and was shown to predict variations in foodweb characteristics very well. The focus of this paper is on temporal variations within one well‐studied coastal area. The paper compares modeled values to empirical data for Ringkøbing Fjord and discusses fundamental ecosystem features such as regime shifts and compensatory effects in a way that is not practically feasible without the use of quantitative models.
Psychometric properties of multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM) scores with Australian adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups
Authors: Dandy Justine , Durkin Kevin , McEvoy Peter , Barber Bonnie L. , Houghton Stephen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the reliability and factor structure of scores on a 12‐item version of Phinney's multigroup ethnic identity measure with an Australian sample from diverse cultural backgrounds. Participants were 485 students aged between 10 and 15 years. The results generally supported the reliability of the ethnic identity scale scores and suggested a two‐factor structure of ethnic identity consisting of Affirmation/Belonging, and Exploration. Results concerning the other group orientation scale were mixed. Scores for this scale showed lower internal reliability and its inclusion in confirmatory factor analysis models with the ethnic identity scale showed only mediocre fit. Recommendations for future research include further investigations of the factor structure within ethnic identity as derived from social identity and developmental perspectives.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Patients' and Health Professionals' Views of Recovery After Hospital Discharge
Authors: Dunckley Maria , Ellard David , Quinn Tom , Barlow Julie 
Published: July 2007

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is effective in relieving symptoms and reducing mortality but some patients report no improvement or a decline in quality of life and hence do not experience a good recovery after surgery. Little published research has explored patients' and particularly health professionals' views on barriers and facilitators to recovery or the processes by which these factors affect recovery. Aims: To identify post-discharge facilitators and barriers to recovery after CABG. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 patients who had previously undergone elective, isolated, first-time CABG and with 10 health professionals experienced in caring for these patients. Results: Thematic analysis identified the following themes: person characteristics, including the impact on recovery of anxiety, depression, optimism and determination; rehabilitation classes; social support; and the effect of surgery. Findings indicate a complex relationship between the various barriers and facilitators to recovery and explore possible processes by which these influences on recovery operate. Conclusions: Findings have indicated areas where health professionals can intervene to aid patients' long-term recovery, and thereby maximise the benefits of CABG, by providing information, support and reassurance particularly to patients who appear anxious and/or depressed.