bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Trends in Drug Use: the second follow‐up of a local heroin using community
Authors: GEORGE MICHAEL , ERASER ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe first Seadown study documented the way in which police action in closing down the cohort's central point for meeting and drug distribution had effectively destroyed the long established heroin distribution network. Throughout the period of low heroin availability the social network of the cohort was preserved as members developed a whole range of alternative coping styles (displacement activities) in compensation for the enforced abstinence caused by the heroin drought. During the period of observation heroin returned to Seadown initially through a small, unstable and informal distribution co‐operative and stayed in this phase until a new central meeting place had been established. Thereafter once a pyramidal distribution network developed, most cohort members were able to modify or stop their displacement activities to accommodate the re‐availability of heroin.
The Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on Primary and Secondary Processes in Male Social Drinkers
Authors: GUSTAFSON ROLAND , KÄLLMÉN HÅKAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe acute effects of alcohol intoxication on cognitive style and on locus of control was investigated in an experimental setting. Sixty male subjects were randomly assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects filled out a modified version of Rotter's locus of control scale and reported their perceptions to Street's Gestalt Completion Test. The latter test was scored in a standardized way for stimulus closeness, indicating a reality oriented and rational functioning, and stimulus distance, indicating a more primitive, irrational and pleasure oriented functioning. Alcohol made subjects less internally controlled and decreased the reality oriented functioning while the pleasure oriented functioning was not affected. Results were discussed in terms of pharmacological mechanisms, disinhibition, and creativity.
The characteristics of alcoholics in treatment arrested for Driving While Impaired
Authors: MACDONALD SCOTT , PEDERSON LINDA L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRelationships were explored between various characteristics: and Driving While Impaired (DWI) arrests, within a sample of 258 hospitalized male alcoholics. Information on four groups of variables were collected using a self–administered questionnaire: socio–demographic characteristics, drinking characteristics, driving characteristics and psychosocial characteristics. Subjects were subdivided into three groups; those with zero DWI arrests, one DWI arrest and multiple DWI arrests. The results of bivariate analyses showed that while Groups 0 and 1 were very similar to each other, those in Group 2 differed significantly from at least one of the other two groups for about one half of the variables studied. A multivariate discriminant analyses demonstrated that there were no important differences between people with 0 and 1 DWI arrests, as people with one arrest were usually classified as having zero arrests.
Alcohol use and the appearance of alcohol problems among first offender drunk drivers
Authors: GRUENEWALD PAUL J. , STEWART KATHRYN , KLITZNER MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrinking patterns among first offender drunk drivers are described using two quantitative dimensions, drinking frequency (the number of occasions on which alcohol was consumed) and continuation (the probability that the drinker will go on to drink several drinks once one drink has been consumed). The two independent dimensions of drinking patterns are shown to be differentially related to demographic characteristics of the subject population. Further, the patterns of drinking described by the two dimensions predict the appearance of alcohol related problems. It is demonstrated that demographic characteristics of the sample are also related to reports of alcohol problems independent of drinking frequency and continuation.
Giving ethanol to alcoholics in a research setting: its effect on compliance with disulfiram treatment
Authors: KRANZLER HENRY R. , DOLINSKY ZELIG , KAPLAN RICHARD F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn order to evaluate the effect of experimental ethanol administration on disulfiram compliance, a 6‐month follow‐up study was conducted with inpatient alcoholics. Two groups of patients were studied. Though not randomly assigned, the groups were matched on a variety of demographic and alcoholic‐related variables. One group (N= 15) received ethanol in a laboratory‐based study while the other group (N= 21) underwent treatment as usual. Days of disulfiram use did not differ between groups at follow‐up. Studies concerning compliance with disulfiram support the validity of this measure as an indicator of treatment outcome. Our findings are consistent with other studies of the effect of experimental administration of ethanol to alcoholics, in that there were no immediate adverse effects and treatment outcome did not appear to suffer as a consequence of ethanol exposure.
Public opinion on alcohol policies
Authors: PENDLETON LAURA L. , SMITH CHRISTOPHER , ROBERTS JOHN L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn recent years leading authorities and organizations have been recommending policies to combat alcohol abuse. These policies range from restrictions on availability to curbs on drinking and driving. However, the policies have not been presented in any priority order, nor is it char how acceptable they will be to the general public. This report sets out public opinion on 21 key policies and looks at recent changes in public support in this area. It shows that there are a wide range of policies on alcohol which are well supported by the general public. It seems that the vast majority of both drinkers and non‐drinkers would like to see more detailed labelling on alcoholic drinks, further action in the area of drinking and driving, the promotion of alternatives to alcohol in pubs, a levy on alcohol advertising, bans on the sale of alcohol at a variety of sports meetings, more alcohol education in schools and stricter enforcement of the laws on under‐age drinking. In addition, the survey reveals greater public support for restrictions on the promotion of alcohol and the introduction of random breath testing, than had been found one year previously. It is suggested that these findings could be used for setting an agenda on the implementation of policies to reduce alcohol abuse.
Subtyping male alcoholics by family history of alcohol abuse and co‐occurring psychiatric disorder: a bi‐dimensional model
Authors: READ MARSHA R. , PENICK ELIZABETH C. , POWELL BARBARA J. , NICKEL ELIZABETH J. , BINGHAM STEPHEN F. , CAMPBELL JAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSix studies of 568 alcoholics in treatment are summonsed to illustrate the interactive effects of familial alcoholism, other forms of family psychopathology and the lifetime prevalence of additional psychiatric disorder on the onset and course of male alcoholism. A family history of alcoholism as well as additional co‐occurring psychiatric syndromes were associated with (1) earlier onsets of problem drinking, (2) a more virulent course and (3) greater heterogeneity of psychopathology among first degree relatives. A bi‐dimensional method of classifying male alcoholics is proposed which combines a family history of abusive drinking and the presence or absence of co‐morbid psychiatric disorders. Implications for the clinical researcher and practitioner are briefly discussed.
Tobacco use in a cohort of children in Sri Lanka
Authors: MENDIS SHANTHI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study designed to examine the smoking behaviour and attitude of children were carried out on 3447, 11 to 18 year old Sri Lankan School children. The prevalence of smoking in urban and rural children are 7.2% and 4.3% respectively. 0.5% of children chew tobacco or use tobacco snuff. Friends smoking behaviour and attitude are the best predictors of smoking in children. The knowledge of health hazards of smoking is poor and is related to smoking behaviour.
An evil trade
Authors: Raw Martin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSurveys in the UK show that young people have no difficulty buying cigarettes even though the law forbids their sale under the age of 16. That, essentially, is what Martin Jarvis & Ann McNeill's paper in this issue of the British Journal of Addiction shows. In ‘Children's purchases of single cigarettes: evidence for drug pushing?’ they show how easily 14‐to 15‐year‐old children buy their cigarettes, but with an added twist–many shops break open the packs and sell single cigarettes to children who cannot afford, or do not yet need, a whole packet. This editorial discusses the reasons for this state of affairs and notes the similarities with the situation in the USA, where the Secretary of State for Health has expressed concern. The tobacco industry has expressed concern also but has shown a cynical and typical lack of interest in correcting the situation and, in fact, has failed to respond to suggested solutions. Shops who illegally sell cigarettes to children should be regarded as the drug pushers they are, and treated accordingly.
A follow‐up study of Asian problem drinkers
Authors: HEOK KUA EE , MENG KO SOO , SING TIAN CHEONG , YEO BRIAN , HALSTEAD SIMON , MAHENDRAN RATHE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis is a follow‐up study of 70 patients referred for treatment of drinking problems. At the end of 12 months, it was found that 60% remained in abstinence, 8.5% social drinking, 28.5% relapsed or defaulted and 3% died. A poor outcome was observed in patients between 20 and 39 years old as compared to those between 40 and 59 years old. Patients with SADQ scores of less than 20 had good outcomes. However, there was no significant difference between Indian and Chinese patients. Marital status and social class were not useful predictors of outcome.
Drinking, the construction of ethnic iDentity and social process in a Western Australian youth subculture
Authors: MOORE DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an anthropological analysis of the meaning of drinking for the male members of the Skinhead youth subculture in Perth, Western Australia. Perth Skinheads are an exported and modified form of the original English Skinhead subculture. Using participant observation as the primary research method, the style of drinking is analysed as one of the ways in which the members of this subculture express their English ethnicity and constitutive of the social processes which underpin the subculture. The article also explores the reasons why Perth Skinheads do not conform to a pattern of drinking in rounds held to be characteristic of some working class drinking groups.
Correlates of alcoholic beverage preference: traits of persons who choose wine, liquor or beer
Authors: KLATSKY ARTHUR L. , ARMSTRONG MARY ANNE , KIPP HARALD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe studied correlates of wine, hard liquor or beer preference among 53172 white men and women in a Northern California prepaid health plan. Preference for a beverage type was reported by 51% of drinkers; 22% of persons with a preference reported exclusive use of the preferred beverage. Persons who prefer wine are likely to be women, temperate, young or middle‐aged, non‐smokers, better educated and free of symptoms or risk of illness. Persons who prefer liquor are likely to be men, heavier drinkers, middle‐aged or older, less educated and afflicted with symptoms or risk factors for major illnesses. Persons who prefer beer are likely to be young men who are intermediate between wine and liquor preferrers for most traits. The traits of persons reporting exclusive use of a beverage type were similar. These data identify correlates of beverage choice which need to be controlled for in alcohol‐health studies.
Are increases in treatment levels and Alcoholics Anonymous membership large enough to reduce liver cirrhosis rates?★
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , MANN ROBERT E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent reductions in liver cirrhosis morbidity and mortality rates have been noted in many Western countries. We have previously observed that these declines are associated with increases in treatment for alcohol abuse over regions of Ontario, and increases in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership over American states. One important question is whether the potential impact of treatment and AA membership increases could be large enough to have an impact on population cirrhosis rates. We explore this issue using estimates of the effects of treatment and AA membership, and of the likelihood of alcohol abusers developing cirrhosis, derived from the research literature. The results suggest that increases in treatment and AA membership could indeed have made important contributions to declines in cirrhosis mortality and morbidity in Ontario (1975–82) and the USA (1979–82).
Children's purchases of single cigarettes: eviDence for drug pushing?
Authors: JARVIS MARTIN J. , MCNEILL ANN D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purchase of single cigarettes from shops by children aged 14 and 15, to whom all cigarette sales are illegal, was studied in a survey of 3513 teenagers attending nine state secondary schools in the Bristol area. Of those children who had tried smoking only once, 5% reported having at some time purchased a single cigarette from a shop. This percentage rose to 18% in current occasional smokers of less than 1 cigarette per week, and reached 52% in those smoking more than 6 cigarettes per week. There was no difference by sex or age, but some eviDence of an association with family smoking habits and with social class, and wide variation between schools. In the school with the highest incidence, 80% of regular daily smokers had at some time bought single cigarettes from a shop, compared with 14% in the school with the lowest. Only 1% of children who smoked said that buying single cigarettes from shops was their usual way of getting cigarettes. Our results imply a cynical flouting of the law by many shopkeepers who are acting straightforwardly as drug pushers.
Alcohol taxation: EC approximation and its UK effects
Authors: McGUINNESS TONY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper reviews the European Commission's (EC's) latest proposals for the approximation of indirect taxes on alcohol. In them, the Commission publicly and unequivocally accepts the connection between alcohol taxes and health. The paper compares the proposed target rates with existing alcohol taxes in the UK, and presents some simulated estimates of their effect on UK consumption. The estimates are preliminary, but are published now rather than risk delaying until the EC has taken irreversible decisions. They relate to 1988, the latest year for which simulations could be run, and suggest that, if the target rates had applied then in the UK, consumption per adult would have been more than two litres of pure alcohol higher than otherwise. The paper also reviews the objectives of a Single Internal Market in the EC and argues that indirect tax approximation is not necessary to achieve them. The current EC proposals are a serious threat to alcohol control policy in the UK, but are unnecessary to attaining the basic goals of a Single Internal Market and contain an open invitation for Member States to argue for national sovereignty, on health grounds, in choosing rates of alcohol excise duty. The paper suggests that this should be the UK argument in continuing discussions at the Community level.
Poppy tea drinking in East Anglia
Authors: LONDON M. , O'REGAN T. , AUST P. , STOCKFORD A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoppy tea drinking was a widespread traditional practice in the Fenlands of East Anglia during the nineteenth century. The subsequent social changes which led to greater integration of the area with the rest of the country may have contributed to a decline in the practice. In recent years poppy tea drinking has been revived within the illicit drug using community and a survey using a self‐report questionnaire was carried out among patients attending the Cambridge Drug Dependency Unit. Forty‐three patients admitted to drinking poppy tea, usually during the summer months and on an intermittent basis. The potency of the infusion varied and was unpredictable but in general was low. Although poisoning from herbicides and pesticides was seen as the main risk, it is in the main perceived by drug users as a harmless secondary activity existing alongside the more regular and more potent drugs of misuse.
Behavioural (non‐chemical) addictions
Authors: Marks Isaac 
Published: January 2006

Abstract‘Addiction’ denotes repetitive routines that aim to obtain chemicals and, less often, routines without that aim. The latter are behavioural addictions. They include obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), compulsive spending (including gambling), overeating (bulimia), hypersexuality (straight or deviant), and kleptomania. Common across dependence syndromes is: a repeated urge to engage in behaviour known to be counterproductive; mounting tension until it is completed; rapid temporary switching off of the tension by completing the behaviour; gradual return of the urge; syndrome‐specific external and perhaps internal cues for the urge; secondary conditioning of the urge to external and internal cues; similar strategies for relapse prevention by cue exposure and stimulus control. The urge to complete a behaviour and discomfort if prevented from this resemble the craving and the withdrawal (WD) symptoms of substance abusers. Some WD symptoms are common to several addictive syndromes while others may be more specific. Addiction (pull) and compulsion (push) overlap and can occur sequentially or concurrently. Different addictions occur with varying amounts of pleasure at various stages. Prolonged exposure can enduringly reduce the urge and discomfort in OCD, and may help some other addictions. Conditioned cues are important and for lasting efficacy a therapist may need to know their details for each syndrome. There may be some similarities in the early management and prevention of relapse of behavioural and chemical addictions.
Influence of religion and culture on drinking behaviours: a test of hypotheses between Canada and the USA★
Authors: ENGS RUTH C. , HANSON DAVID J. , GLIKSMAN LOUIS , SMYTHE CYNTHIA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAmerican Roman Catholic and mainstream Protestant students consume more alcohol and have more alcohol abuse problem compared to Canadian students within the same religious groups. Among abstinent oriented Protestants there was no difference in regards to alcohol consumption or problems related to drinking between the countries. For Jews there were mixed results with Americans exhibiting similar consumption rates but reporting more problems related to drinking compared to the Canadians. Among this sample it was concluded that religious norms have a greater influence in cohesive religious groups while cultural norms are more influential among less cohesive groups. The results also support the Canadian ‘Mosaic'and American ‘Melting Pot’ assumption.
Do children of lone parents smoke more because their mothers do?
Authors: GREEN GILL , MACINTYRE SALLY , WEST PATRICK , ECOB RUSSELL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis short report examines the association between smoking behaviours of mothers and their 15 year old children, and whether there is a difference between families headed by a mother living alone or with a partner. It is based on data collected from a cohort of young people and their mothers (N=967), resident in the West of Scotland. We found no evidence that children of lone mothers smoke more because their mothers do; the familial transmission of smoking behaviour, at 15, appeared to be less apparent in households headed by lone than cohabiting mothers.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Book reviewed in this article: The Meaning of AIDS ERIC T. JUENGST & BARBARA A. KOENIG (Eds) AIDS: A Combined Environmental and Systems Approach P. VAN STEIJN (Ed.) AIDS: Policies and Programs in the Workplace KATHLEEN C. BROWN & JOAN G. TURNER Reducing Benzodiazepine Consumption: Psychological Contributions to General Practice M. A. CORMACK, R. G. OWENS & M. E. DEWEY In‐patient Treatment for Alcoholism HEINRICH KUFNER & WILHELM FEUERLEIN Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse—Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions AWNI ARIF & JOSEPH WESTERMEYER (Eds) State Monopolies and Alcohol Prevention. Report and Working Papers of a Collaborative International Study, The Social Research Institute of Alcohol Studies Report No. 181 Helsinki, The Finnish Alcohol Company, 1989 TIMO KORTTEINEN (Ed.)
Beyond Platitudes: Problem Drug Use: a review of training
Authors: Farrell Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs has published a report entitled Problem Drug Use: A Review of Training. It reviews existing training and the organization of training in the UK. It recommends that future training should be conducted on a substance problems basis with the integration of drug and alcohol problems. It recommends that each speciality should define minimal standards and that basic training should cover substance problems and states that there is a need for standardization and thorough evaluation of all training activities. The committee recommends the establishment of a National Drug Training Development Agency. The report is critically reviewed and compared to previous reports on training in the drug and alcohol field published in the past decade. Recommendations made ten years ago have still not been implemented. Are such reports an alternative to action? It is argued that a strong network of national trainers is the only foundation on which an effective and organizationally coherent training system can be developed over the next decade.
Occupational risk factors in alcoholism
Authors: CLARKE MADELEINE , FARID BASEM , ROMANIUK HELENA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study has investigated the presence and influence of six of the eight risk factors previously identified, which are common to occupations associated with high rates of alcoholism. The factors studied were availability of alcohol at work, social pressure to drink from colleagues, separation from family due to work commitments, lack of supervision, collusion by colleagues, and stresses and strains. The sample was drawn from problem drinkers attending a community drug treatment centre in London. None of the six factors was found to have a significant influence on the development or maintenance of these subjects' alcohol problems. It is concluded that these risk factors, while previously shown to be associated with those who seek medical treatment for the physical consequences of long‐term alcohol misuse, are not of significance in the different populations of those who present for psychological alcohol treatment.
The role of family formation and dissolution in shaping drinking behaviour in early adulthood
Authors: POWER C. , ESTAUGH V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe role of family formation and dissolution was examined in relation to alcohol consumption in early adulthood, using longitudinal data from a large representative British sample (the 1958 cohort). In comparison with other potential influences upon drinking, including employment and financial circumstances, social position and psychological wellbeing, the family formation patterns of young adults were most strongly associated with their current drinking. Stability and change in drinking between adolescence and early adulthood were also examined. Results were generally consistent with stable partnerships and family formation exerting a moderating influence on drinking since marriage and parenthood were most prevalent among groups reducing consumption or maintaining the lighter drinking of their teens. Most importantly, partnership breakdown was associated with heavier drinking established at age 16 and increasing consumption between adolescence and early adulthood.