bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical studies of MOCVD‐grown GaN‐based ferromagnetic semiconductor epilayers and devices
Authors: Kane M. H. , Strassburg M. , Fenwick W. E. , Asghar A. , Senawiratne J. , Azamat D. , Hu Z. , Malguth E. , Graham S. , Perera U. , Gehlhoff W. , Hoffmann A. , Dietz N. , Summers C. J. , Ferguson I. T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGa1–xMnxN epilayers and p‐i‐n device structures have been grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Optical studies were found to investigate the role of Mn concentration and the role of different co‐dopants to elucidate the origin of the room temperature ferromagnetism in Ga1–xMnxN epilayers. Increasing Mn concentration was found to significantly affect long‐range lattice ordering. This observation was supported by the existence of a disorder‐induced Raman mode at 300 cm–1 and local vibrational modes (LVMs) at 669 cm–1 that has been attributed to the formation of self‐compensating nitrogen. The E1(TO) phonon frequency was found to linearly increase with Mn composition, which is expressed by (558 + 2.7x) cm–1. The intensity and the linewidth of an absorption band near 1.5 eV was found to increase with Mn concentration, and is assigned to the e to t2 transition in the split 5T2 band of Mn3+. No absorption was detected in Si co‐doped Ga1–xMnxN. In this case, a significantly increased EPR signal of Mn2+ ions confirmed the trapping of electrons provided by the shallow Si donor and reduced the available states for ferromagnetic exchange. A change in the measured magnetization is observed under ultraviolet illumination, though the nature of this phenomenon is still not understood. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InN‐based layers grown by modified HVPE
Authors: Syrkin A. , Usikov A. , Soukhoveev V. , Kovalenkov O. , Ivantsov V. , Dmitriev V. , Collins C. , Readinger E. , Shmidt N. , Davydov V. , Nikishin S. , Kuryatkov V. , Song D. , Rosenbladt D. , Holtz Mark 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper contains results on InN and InGaN growth by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) on various substrates including sapphire and GaN/sapphire, AlGaN/sapphire, and AlN/sapphire templates. The growth processes are carried out at atmospheric pressure in a hot wall reactor in the temperature range from 500 to 750 ºC. Continuous InN layers are grown on GaN/sapphire template substrates. Textured InN layers are deposited on AlN/sapphire and AlGaN/sapphire templates. Arrays of nano‐crystalline InN rods with various shapes are grown directly on sapphire substrates. X‐ray diffraction rocking curves for the (002) InN reflection have the full width at half maximum (FWHM) as narrow as 270 arcsec for the nano‐rods and 460 arcsec for the continuous layers. InxGa1–xN layers with InN content up to 10 mol.% are grown on GaN/sapphire templates. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cytotoxicity in vitro of naphthazarin derivatives from Onosma arenaria
Authors: Kundaković Tatjana , Stanojković Tatjana , Juranić Zorica , Kovačević Nada 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe cytotoxicity of naphthazarin derivatives isolated from the roots of Onosma arenaria on human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa) and leukaemia K562 cells, as well on non‐malignant peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was studied. The results show that β‐hydroxyisovalerylalkannin, acetylalkannin and the pigment fraction exhibited high cytotoxicity in vitro against the tested cell lines, as well the healthy PBMC before or after activation with phytohaemagglutinin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azathioprine hepatotoxicity and the protective effect of liquorice and glycyrrhizic acid
Authors: Wu Yue‐Ting , Shen Chong , Yin Jian , Yu Jin‐peng , Meng Qin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the responses of human hepatocytes to azathioprine hepatotoxicity in comparison with the well‐studied azathioprine hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes and the effects of protective agents to suppress azathioprine hepatotoxicity. Azathioprine presented its hepatotoxicity at clinically relevant concentrations (lower than 10 µm) in primary rat hepatocytes after 48 h of treatment as shown by a severe decrease in cell viability as well as intracellular GSH depletion. However, primary human hepatocytes exhibited only significant intracellular GSH depletion after treatment with azathioprine at these clinically relevant concentrations, while a reduction in cell viability by 29% was only evidenced after 48 h of treatment with azathioprine at the high concentration of 50 µm. In addition, a monolayer culture of primary rat hepatocytes was used as anin vitromodel to examine the protective effects of antihepatotoxic drugs including glutathione (GSH), N‐acetylcysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor), liquorice and glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a major bioactive component of liquorice, against hepatotoxicity of 1 µmazathioprine. It was found that both liquorice and GA showed substantial protection according to assays of cell viability and intracellular GSH, while neither GSH nor NAC had such a protective function. Similarly, GA protected human hepatocytes from intracellular GSH depletion on exposure to 1 µmazathioprine. These results implied that GA or liquorice could be considered as potent protection agents against azathioprine hepatotoxicity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and process conditions for biodegradable/edible soy‐based packaging trays
Authors: Mohareb Eugene , Mittal Gauri S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFood packaging represents a large fraction of municipal solid waste and contributes to the expansion of landfill sites. Commonly used expanded polystyrene packaging trays are difficult to biodegrade. A potential alternative to this product is biodegradable/edible soy‐based packaging trays. Soy‐based tray formulations and fabrications were examined. Mechanical properties from a three‐point flexural test were used as the basis for process/ingredient selection. Soy protein isolate, glycerol and gellan gum or κ‐carrageenan were found suitable. Regression models relating ingredient levels to mechanical properties were obtained and process conditions were optimized. The optimum process conditions for gellan gum‐based trays were a heating temperature of 60°C, a heating time of 1min and a refrigeration setting time of 20min. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality changes of treated fresh‐cut tropical fruits in rigid modified atmosphere packaging containers
Authors: Chonhenchob Vanee , Chantarasomboon Yada , Singh S. Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere has been increasing demand for various fresh‐cut tropical fruits. However, their short shelf‐life has limited the market increase of this product. Quality changes (firmness, colour, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), sensory quality and microbial safety) of fresh‐cut mangoes, pineapples, melons and mixes of these fruits were evaluated. Chemical treatments to reduce browning, firmness loss and decay of fresh‐cut tropical fruits were investigated. The most effective agents for fresh‐cut mangoes, pineapples and melons were 0.1m ascorbic acid, 0.2m ascorbic acid and 0.2m ascorbic acid + 0.2m calcium chloride, respectively. Fresh‐cut tropical fruits were packaged in various rigid containers (PET, OPS and OPLA). Gas composition in the package headspace and time to reach steady‐state condition varied among fresh‐cut packaging systems and affected their quality and shelf‐life. The effects of package permeability of O2 and CO2 on quality and shelf‐life of the fresh‐cut products are discussed. Extended shelf‐life was observed in fresh‐cut mangoes, pineapples and mixes packaged in PET due to reduced O2 and elevated CO2 atmosphere. A modified atmosphere of 6% O2 and 14% CO2 achieved in PET extended the shelf‐life of fresh‐cut pineapples from 6 to 13 days. Accumulation of CO2 may impart an off‐odour of fresh‐cut fruits. The results suggested that the shelf‐life of fresh‐cut fruits could be extended by using proper rigid containers. Suitable mixes to create optimal equilibrium modified atmosphere had a potential to extend shelf‐life of short shelf‐life fresh‐cut tropical fruits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated testing of on‐board diagnostics
Authors: Graves Spencer , Bisgaard Søren , Kulahci Murat , Van Gilder John , James John , Marko Ken , Zatorski Hal , Ting Tom , Wu Cuiping 
Published: May 2006

AbstractModern products frequently feature monitors designed to detect actual or impending malfunctions. False alarms (Type I errors) or excessive delays in detecting real malfunctions (Type II errors) can seriously reduce monitor utility. Sound engineering practice includes physical evaluation of error rates. Type II error rates are relatively easy to evaluate empirically. However, adequate evaluation of a low Type I error rate is difficult without using accelerated testing concepts, inducing false alarms using artificially low thresholds and then selecting production thresholds by appropriate extrapolation, as outlined here. This acceleration methodology allows for informed determination of detection thresholds and confidence in monitor performance with substantial reductions over current alternatives in time and cost required for monitor development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed monitoring using Cuscore charts for seasonal time series
Authors: Nembhard Harriet Black , Changpetch Pannapa 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe most commonly used statistical process control charts to detect special causes are Shewhart and Cusum charts. However, the Cuscore chart is a contemporary alternative that is especially well suited for detecting special causes that can be modeled in advance based on their characteristic effect on the system. In this paper, we develop the appropriate Cuscore statistic and the required control limits to detect a mean shift in a seasonal time series process. The work is motivated by an application involving blood platelet orders placed with the Red Cross. We also compare the performance of the Cuscore chart to the Cusum chart in this application and find that the performance of the Cuscore, in terms of time to signal the special cause, is better than the Cusum chart. We find that this result holds even when faced with the mismatch problem, which pertains to the compatibility between the actual and expected information that the Cuscore statistic is predicated on. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the Change Point of the Process Fraction Non‐conforming with a Monotonic Change Disturbance in SPC
Authors: Perry Marcus B. , Pignatiello Joseph J. , Simpson James R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractKnowing when a process has changed would simplify the search for and identification of the special cause. In this paper, we propose a maximum‐likelihood estimator for the change point of the process fraction non‐conforming without requiring knowledge of the exact change type a priori. Instead, we assume the type of change present belongs to a family of monotonic changes. We compare the proposed change‐point estimator to the maximum‐likelihood estimator for the process change point derived under a simple step change assumption. We do this for a number of monotonic change types and following a signal from a binomial cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart. We conclude that it is better to use the proposed change point estimator when the type of change present is only known to be monotonic. The results show that the proposed estimator provides process engineers with an accurate and useful estimate of the time of the process change regardless of the type of monotonic change that may be present. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attribute Charts for Monitoring a Dependent Process
Authors: Shepherd Deborah K. , Champ Charles W. , Rigdon Steven E. , Fuller Howard T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFor some repetitive production processes, the quality measure taken on the output is an attribute variable. An attribute variable classifies each output item into one of a countable set of categories. One of the simplest and most commonly used attribute variables is the one which classifies an item as either ‘conforming’ or ‘non‐conforming’. A tool used with a considerable amount of success in industry for monitoring the quality of a production process is the quality control chart. Generally a control charting procedure uses a sequence,$X_1 ,X_{2,} \ldots ,X_t, \ldots$of the quality measures to make a decision about the quality of the process. How this sequence is used to make a decision defines the control chart. In order to design a control chart one must consider how the underlying sequence,$X_1 ,X_{2,} \ldots,X_t, \ldots,$is modeled. The sequence is often modeled as a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. For many industrial processes, this model is appropriate, but in others it may not be. In this paper, a sequence of random variables,$X_i ,\ i = 1,2,\ldots,$is used to classify an item as conforming or non‐conforming under a stationary Markov chain model and under 100% sequential sampling. Two different control charting schemes are investigated. Both schemes plot a sequence of measures on the control chart,$Y_i ,\ i = 1,2,\ldots$that count the number of conforming items before a non‐conforming item. The first scheme signals as out‐of‐control if a value of$Y_i ,\ i = 1,2,\ldots$falls below a certain lower limit. The second scheme signals as out‐of‐control if two out of two values of$Y_i ,\ i = 1,2,\ldots$fall below a certain lower limit. The efficiency of both of the control charts is evaluated by the average run length (ARL) of the chart and the power of the chart to detect a shift in the process. The two out of two scheme is shown to have high power and a large ARL given certain parameter values of the process. An example of the two out of two scheme is provided for the interested reader. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery Of Pyrroloimidazoles As Agents Stimulating Neurite Outgrowth
Authors: Beck Barbara , Leppert Christian A. , Mueller Bernhard K. , Dömling Alexander 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA diverse library of substituted pyrroloimidazoles was assembled by a multicomponent reaction (MCR) of tosylmethyl isocyanides (TOSMIC), indole carbaldehydes and primary amines in a van Leusen reaction. A library of this scaffold was screened in a phenotypic assay for neurite outgrowth. Several members of this library where found to promote neurite outgrowth. The combinatorial synthesis of the library is presented. Such small molecules will serve as useful chemical probes to study neurite growth and may ultimately lead to a therapeutic application for axon regeneration of lesions of the human spinal cord and brain.
Why do some multinational corporations relocate their headquarters overseas?
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , Braunerhjelm Pontus , Holm Ulf , Terjesen Siri 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the decision by a multinational corporation (MNC) to relocate its business unit and/or corporate HQ overseas. We argue that business unit HQs move overseas in response to changes in the internal configuration of their unit's activities and the demands of the product markets in which they operate, whereas corporate HQs move overseas in response to the demands of external stakeholders, in particular global financial markets and shareholders. Using data on 125 business unit HQs and 35 corporate HQs, we test and find support for these arguments. The research highlights important differences between corporate‐ and business‐level strategy, and it suggests ways in which the theory of the MNC needs to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microchip Technology for Automated and Parallel Patch‐Clamp Recording
Authors: Brüggemann Andrea , Stoelzle Sonja , George Michael , Behrends Jan C. , Fertig Niels 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe patch‐clamp technique is the state‐of‐the‐art technology for the study of a large class of membrane proteins called ion channels. Ion channels mediate electrical current flow, have crucial roles in cellular physiology, and are important drug targets. However, patch clamping is a laborious process requiring a skilled experimenter and is, therefore, not compatible with the high throughput needed in drug development. The solution for automated and parallel patch‐clamp measurements that is provided by microchip technology is presented here.
Bios, a process approach to living system theory. In honour of James and Jessie Miller
Authors: Sabelli Hector , Carlson‐Sabelli Linnea 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLiving systems provide a model for nature because the continuity of evolution requires that the same fundamental forms must be expressed at all levels of organization. Studying heartbeat patterns, we found a new type of process—bios. Bios has now been found in a wide variety of processes including biological, meteorological, economic time series and the evolution of galactic distribution, the paradigmatic case of creation. Bios is defined by three measurable properties—diversification, novelty and nonrandom complexity—that characterize it as creative, and differentiate it from random, periodic and chaotic series. Bios seemingly resembles noise but it is generated causally rather than stochastically. Bios can be generated mathematically by bipolar feedback, a newly described process that we conjecture is a generator of creative phenomena at all levels of organization. Varying the degree of diversity and symmetry generates different types of biotic series, including homeobios that models homeostatic cardiac series and parabios that resembles nonstationary economic processes. Computer experiments also show the role of energy, symmetry and diversity in the generation of bios. This suggests ways to foster creativity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theories of viability: a comparison
Authors: Schwaninger Markus 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGiven the growing complexities in the environments of organizations and societies, the concept of viability has become ever more important as an orientator for those in charge. The Systems Approach has bred powerful theories of viability, which can help actors in the socio‐technical domain to cope with complexity. The two main manifestations of the Theory of Viability are Living Systems Theory (LST) by Jim & Jessie Miller on one hand, and the Viable System Model (VSM) by Stafford Beer on the other. In this paper, both are analysed and compared in terms of their relevance and potential with respect to social systems. Also, a brief overview of the state of pertinent applications is given. The paper comes to an unexpected conclusion: LST and VSM are not competitors, but most probably complementary. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The motivation complex: a tribute to James G. and Jessie L. Miller
Authors: Tracy Lane 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMotivation involves needs and resources, decision making, communication and feedback, power and influence. These elements are often considered quite separately both in behavioural research and in teaching. The focus of most studies of motivation narrows towards the link between thought and action. Yet there are complex models for each of the separate elements, and all of these models interact. A more complete picture of motivation may be obtained by considering the interactions amongst these elements and between systems. This paper presents models of each of the elements and combines them into a model of the entire motivation complex, in order to emphasize the systemic character of the interactions that lead to motivated behaviour. Miller's living systems theory is employed throughout. Thus the resulting model applies not only to human individuals, but also to the behaviour of all levels of living systems. Routes for further research are suggested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The life and work of James Grier Miller
Authors: Hammond Debora , Wilby Jennifer 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn a life‐long partnership with his wife Jessie, James Grier Miller contributed substantially to the development of behavioural science and to the integration of disciplines through general systems theory, remaining actively engaged in these areas throughout his working life. From his early work on the human brain in the 1940s, Miller worked for over 60 years within influential circles to foster a wide range of new endeavours. In 1949, as Chair of the Psychology Department at the University of Chicago, he founded the new field of behavioural science, devoted to the theoretical integration of the biological and social sciences, through the establishment of the influential Committee on Behavioral Science. In 1955, he got funding from the State of Michigan to set up the Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Michigan; and in 1967, he became President of the University Louisville where he established a Systems Science Institute. His comprehensive integration of the sciences, in Living Systems (1978), remains core to the study of Living Systems and many other fields of research and practice within the systems community. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the role of intertextuality in concept construction: Urban second graders make sense of evaporation, boiling, and condensation
Authors: Varelas Maria , Pappas Christine C. , Rife Amy 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe study explores urban second graders' thinking and talking about the concepts of evaporation, boiling, and condensation that emerged in the context of intertextuality within an integrated science‐literacy unit on the topic of States of Matter, which emphasized the water cycle. In that unit, children and teacher engaged in a variety of activities (reading information books, doing hands‐on explorations, writing, drawing, discussing) in a dialogically oriented way where teacher and children shared the power and the burden of making meaning. The three qualitative interrelated analyses showed children who initiated or continued productive links to texts, broadly defined, that gave them spaces to grapple with complex ideas and ways of expressing them. Although some children showed preference for a certain way of thinking about evaporation, boiling, and condensation, the data do not point toward a definite conclusion relative to whether children subscribe or not to a particular conceptual position. Children had multiple, complex, and often speculative, tentative, and emergent ways of accessing and interpreting these phenomena, and their conceptions were contextually based—different contexts offered opportunities for students to theorize about different aspects of the phenomena (along with some similar aspects). Children also theorized about aspects of the same phenomena in different ways. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 637–666, 2006
Antinutritional factors in wild yam tubers
Authors: Sahoré DA , Amani NG , Kamenan A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe contents of the antinutritional factors cyanide, oxalic acid, tannin, sapogenin and alkaloid of species of wild yam were determined. The cyanide contents were well below the FAO/WHO safety limits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd