bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social significance of tasks, routines, and pragmatic schemas in distribution activities
Authors: Roux Jean‐Paul , Gilly Michel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPast research on social marking and pragmatic reasoning schemas suggests that cognitive processing modes are first elaborated by children when they are carrying out regulating social routines in the course of which they learn to produce the responses that satisfy the demand of their environment. The data of the two experimental studies reported here with 4–5 year old children, for object distribution tasks, show that the social routines evoked by the objects to be processed have a dual effect, influencing both the representation of the partition to be made, as well as the procedures used to make them. It can be hypothesised that the utilization of routine‐evoking tasks, which children are capable at a very young age, of accomplishing by activating efficient social‐goal oriented procedures, promote the attribution of an operative meaning to the linguistic expressions used to characterize the states to be attained, and the transformations to be applied in order to attain them.
Rebutting accusations: When does it work, when does it fail?
Authors: Koller Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree studies address the question of how observers react to rebuttal statements and which variables are crucial in determining observers' evaluations of the initiator of the rebuttal. The first study showed that devaluation of the initiator of the rebuttal was higher when observers were confronted with the isolated rebuttal than when observers first learned about an existing accusation and then about the corresponding rebuttal. The second study qualified this finding by revealing that the devaluating effect of an isolated rebuttal was especially pronounced if the event in question was of high impact for observers. The third study included an additional variable, namely, the credibility of the source of the accusation. The drop in devaluation from rebuttal‐only to accusation + rebuttal conditions was obtained only for high impact observers when the accusation came from a noncredible source. The findings are explained within a framework of attributional and belief perseverance notions. Implications are discussed.
Cognitive models of class structure and explanations of social outcomes
Authors: Evans Geoffrey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper we argue that people's explanations of a wide range of social outcomes occur within a framework of expectations derived from beliefs about the pervasive influence of social class on individuals' life‐chances. This claim is tested by examining the effect of varying the social class origins of vignette characters on judgments and explanations concerning their outcomes. Four domains of social activity are examined: occupational attainment, educational achievement, relationship success, and unemployment. In all of these areas, the class background of the characters was found to be associated with different outcome expectations, future expectations, judgments of responsibility and differences in the ways in which outcomes were explained. The results are consistent with the claim that people have cognitive models in which social class background is associated with particular social outcomes across a range of activities, and that these models are reasonably accurate representations of the relationships between social class and life‐chances. This suggests that contrary to theories which have stressed the individualistic nature of belief systems in western societies, social class forms an important part of the popular representation of the influences on occupational, educational and relationship success.
Strength in positive and negative political attitudes
Authors: Lindeman Marjaana 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine whether positive‐negative asymmetry can be found in the strength of political attitudes. Two hundred and eleven subjects participated in the study. Attitudes toward political parties were examined by means of a questionnaire with three strength measures. As was expected, attitude intensity, centrality and behaviour were found to be linked together in positive attitudes but not in negative attitudes.
Attitude change following persuasive communication: Integrating Social Judgment Theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model
Authors: Siero Frans W. , Doosje Bert Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the influence of the perceived extremity of a message and motivation to elaborate upon the process of persuasion. The first goal was to test a model of attitude change relating Social Judgment Theory to the Elaboration Likelihood Model. The second objective was to develop an instrument to measure attitude structure (latitudes of acceptance, non‐commitment, and rejection) that allowed for a more refined assessment of the discrepancy between the position advocated in a message and the recipient's initial attitude. The main dependent variable was the attitude towards the use of automobiles in relation to environmental issues. Subjects were confronted with a message located in their own latitude of acceptance, rejection or non‐commitment. Shortly after, a second measurement of attitude took place. The results showed that messages within the latitudes of non‐commitment gave rise to the greatest attitude change. The data support the susceptibility hypothesis that subjects elaborate messages mainly in the latitude of non‐commitment.
Effects of intergroup similarity on intergroup relations
Authors: Roccas Sonia , Schwartz Shalom H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe examined the impact of intergroup similarity on two aspects of intergroup relations. Drawing on social identity and belief congruence theory, we hypothesized that — at high levels of intergroup similarity — increasing similarity has dual, seemingly opposed effects: It increases ingroup favouritism in evaluations but also increases readiness for social contact with the outgroup. We further hypothesized that both effects are moderated by the strength of individuals' identification with their ingroup. Finally, we hypothesized that there is ingroup favouritism on dimensions relevant for defining the group, but outgroup favouritism on dimensions irrelevant for this purpose. One hundred and forty‐nine students from two prestigious high schools, who were assigned to one of three levels of manipulated similarity between their schools, evaluated both schools on dimensions relevant and irrelevant to the school context and expressed their readiness for social contact with the other school. Ingroup favouritism appeared on relevant dimensions and outgroup favouritism on irrelevant dimensions. As predicted, for those highly identified with their ingroup, intergroup similarity led to greater ingroup favouritism in evaluations on relevant dimensions but to increased readiness for outgroup social contact. Implications for interpreting inconsistent results of past research and for specifying conditions for intergroup bias are discussed.
Mood influences on health‐related judgments: Appraisal of own health versus appraisal of unhealthy behaviours
Authors: Abele Andrea , Hermer Petra 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experimental study assessed the impact of positive versus negative mood inductions on health‐related judgments with respect to both self‐appraisal of health (present health status, future health risks, unrealistic optimism), and appraisal of unhealthy behaviours' noxiousness compared to an untreated control condition. With respect to self‐appraisal of health it was hypothesized that there should be stronger effects of negative mood than of positive mood, but that there should also be a mood by specific judgment task interaction. With respect to unhealthy behaviours' noxiousness ratings it was assumed that positive mood leads to higher noxiousness ratings than negative mood.The findings show that 23 per cent of the rating variances can be explained by the mood factor. In accord with the predictions self‐appraisal of health was more negative under negative mood, but — with one exception — not more positive under positive mood than in the respective control condition. The exception relates to a measure of unrealistic optimism. Also in accord with the prediction positive mood led to higher noxiousness ratings of unhealthy behaviours than negative mood. All mood effects were independent of the respondents' sex, health locus of control and of the number of illness days during the previous year.Under an applied perspective it is discussed how negative mood may exert a double detrimental influence on health care, whereas positive mood does not lead to a ‘happy go lucky’ attitude.
Numerical support, information processing and attitude change
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , De Vries Nanne K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn two experiments we studied the prediction that majority support induces stronger convergent processing than minority support for a persuasive message, the more so when recipients are explicitly forced to pay attention to the source's point of view; this in turn affects the amount of attitude change on related issues. Convergent processing is the systematic elaboration on the sources position, but with a stronger focus on verification and justification rather than falsification. In Experiment 1 it was found that numerical support is related to information processing as predicted: The greater the support, the more convergent the processing. Experiment 2 replicated this result, and furthermore confirmed our expectations regarding attitude change: The more convergent processing occurs, the less subjects change their attitude on related issues.
The role of emotion in social judgments: An introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM)
Authors: Forgas Joseph P 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of current evidence for the role of affect in social judgments, and the work represented in this Special Issue in particular A new integrative theory, the Affect Infusion Model (AIM) IS outlined as a comprehensive and parsimonious explanation of these effects. The model assumes that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, and identifies four alternative processing strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. Consistent with the empirical material reviewed here, the AIM predicts that judgments requiring constructive, generative processing (heuristic and substantive strategies) are more likely to be infused' by affect than are simple, reconstructive judgments (direct access and motivated processing). The role of target, judge and situational features in recruiting different processing strategies is considered, and evidence supporting the model is reviewed.
Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness
Authors: Bodenhausen Galen V , Sheppard Lori A. , Kramer Geoffrey P 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe overwhelming majority of research on affect and social information processing has focused on the judgments and memories of people in good or bad moods rather than examining more specific kinds of emotional experience within the broad categories of positive and negative affect. Are all varieties of negative affect alike in their impact on social perception? Three experiments were conducted to examine the possibility that different kinds of negative affect (in this case, anger and sadness) can have very different kinds of effects on social information processing. Experiment I showed that angry subjects rendered more stereotypic judgments in a social perception task than did sad subjects, who did not differ from neutral mood subjects. Experiments 2 and 3 similarly revealed a greater reliance upon heuristic cues in a persuasion situation among angry subjects. Specifically, their level of agreement with unpopular positions was guided more by the credibility of the person advocating the position. These findings are discussed in terms of the impact of emotional experience on social information‐processing strategies.
Are you what you feel? The affective and cognitive determinants of self‐judgments
Authors: Levine Stephen R. , Wyer Robert S. , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects recalled an affect‐eliciting event that had occurred to them in either an achievement situation or an interpersonal situation. Recalling a positive or negative achievement experience (for which Subjects appeared to take personal responsibility) influenced judgments of their competence in achievement situations. Whereas thinking about a positive or negative interpersonal experience (for which subjects appeared to deny responsibility) did not influence judgments of their competence in social situations. On the other hand, both types of affect‐eliciting experiences influenced subjects' judgments of their competence in the domain to which these experiences had no direct implications, and also judgments of their general self‐esteem. Implications of these results for a more general conceptualization of self‐esteem and its stability are discussed.
Excuse‐making and blaming as a function of internal—external locus of control
Authors: Wang Dengfeng , Anderson Norman H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies examined differences in excuse‐maktg and blaming by subjects with internal or external locus of control. In Study I, 39 internals and 30 externals judged acceptability of various excuses in three situations and also assigned blame for cheating and lying in other situations. Externals were uniformly more prone to use excuses than internals, both for other actors and for themselves. Also, externals tended to assign less blame for cheating and lying. In Study II, 24 internals and 32 externals divided blame among themselves, another person, and ‘no one to blame’ in 10 joint‐responsible situations. Externals assigned more blame to the other person and less to themselves, but approximately the same blame to ‘no one’ Externals also had higher tendencies to blame others and were more sensitive to being blamed. These results point to a ‘missing dimension’ of interpersonal relations in studies of excuse‐making and blame.
Social representations and intergroup conflicts: Who's smoking here?
Authors: Echabe Agustin Echebarria , Guede Emilia Fernandez , Castro J. Luis Gonzalez 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe studied the influence of explicitating a social conflict between smokers and nonsmokers on the social representations held about tobacco. Two representations were found: a psychological' representation which was defined by psychological explanations of the causes of beginning to smoke, a characterization of smokers as psychologically disturbed, and negative feelings towards smokers; a second defensive representation which attributes smoking to social factors, and hold both a positive stereotype of smokers and positive feelings towards smokers. The percentage of smokers who adhere to the defensive representation increased significantly when the conflict was made salient. Non‐smokers were not influenced by the explicitation of the social conflict. The structure of each representation was analyzed. It was found that in the psychological' representation the structuring element was the negative stereotype of smokers. By contrast, the structuring element in the defensive representation was identification with smokers. The implicatlons of this data for theories of both intergroup relations and social representations are discussed.
Political distinctiveness: An identity optimising approach
Authors: Abrams Dominic 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to Optimal Distinctiveness Theory and Self‐Categorization Theory possible self‐definition as a member of contextually moderately distinctive social categories should be more central to identity than association with very general or with highly unique social categories. Data from a large scale cohort survey of 4156 18–21‐year‐olds were analysed to test this hypothesis. Respondents self‐reported political affiliations were classified according to the social popularity (size and support) accorded each party The data are consistent with the hypothesis that minority political parties should provide more central and important bases of social identity Supporters of minority parties showed greatest commitment, perceived their parties to be more representative of themselves, and were less likely to simply conform to parental political views. Minority supporters were also significantly more likely to discuss politics with their friends. Additional data from Scotland confirmed that identification with Scotland was more strongly associated with support for the Scottish Nationalist Party than with support for other minority or majority parties. These data provide convergent evidence that minority parties may attract members through their capacity to provide a meaningful social identity.
Inferring interpersonal attitudes: Hypotheses and the information‐gathering process
Authors: Wojciszke Bogdan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn two experiments subjects inferred perceivers attitudes toward target girls of varied physical attractiveness. Subjects could select traits from a provided list and ask whether the perceiver ascribed to the target each of those traits. After each question they received feedback about the perceiver s trait ascriptions. The nature of the traits being asked for was analysed. It was predicted and found that subjects searched for information on ascriptions of extremely rather than mildly evaluative traits (the diagnosing strategy) and for ascrrptions of traits highly probable under implicit hypotheses based on the target's attractiveness (desirable traits when the target was attractive but undesirable ones when she was unattractive — the positive‐test strategy) Experiment 2 also showed that attractiveness‐based hypotheses governed information gathering only in an initial phase of this process and were later replaced by newly developed hypotheses based on the feedback information. Implications of these findings for information gathering in general, and for inferring interpersonal attitudes in particular were discussed.
Market forces, negotiator frames and transaction outcomes
Authors: Olekalns Mara , Frey Bernhard F 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough implicit framing differences have been advanced as an explanation of the buyers advantage, two necessary preconditions must be met to sustain this model: a demonstration that negatively‐framed negotiators are advantaged in negotiations and that buyer role labels invoke a negative frame. A modification of Neale, Northcraft, Magliozzi and Bazerman s (1986) simulation created a role‐neutral setting in which positively‐framed negotiators bargained against negatively‐framed negotiators, thus testing the first of these preconditions. Experiment 1 found no differences in the outcomes of positively‐ and negatively‐framed negotiators, a finding that could be attributed to relatively low market competitiveness. A second experiment, by creating power imbalanced negotiation markets, sought to increase market distributiveness and strengthen framing effects. Results showed that both high power and negatively‐framed negotiators were significantly advantaged, providing conditional support for the implicit framing model, However unlike role, frame interacted with power suggesting that the two variables are not functionally equivalent. These findings are interpreted to suggest that factors other than implicit framing differences account for the buyers advantage. More generally these results suggest that frame is responsive to situational variables and that such variables, by influencing negotiation processes, mediate the relationship between negotiator frames and negotiation outcomes.
Expertise in performance, or interest in the performing person? Some evidence for mutual exclusiveness
Authors: Wicklund Robert A. , Braun Ottmar L. , Waibel Mira Christiane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhat is the relation between the smoothness of performance within a specific realm and interest in person descriptors pertinent to that realm? Although it would be reasonable to think that competent people are also actively interested in the ‘personalities’ of their competence realms, the present pair of studies shows just the opposite. Study I, examining people from a broad range of occupations and hobbies, shows a strong relationship between competence in an area and the rejection of the utility of person descriptor language (personality traits, external person qualities) for that area. Complementing this phenomenon, an emphasis on area‐specific person descriptors is found to the extent that subjects are inexperienced in the performance area. The second study involves an experimentally‐induced threat to competence among business majors and assesses their subsequent orientation toward business‐relevant person descriptors (traits and external, i.e. physical characteristics). The results show that threat to competence increases subjects' orientation toward such person descriptors. and in addition, the competence‐threatened group also evidences more subjectively‐perceived consistency among those person descriptors. The studies were carried out on the basis of a notion of static/dynamic orientation (Wicklund, 1986a, b), which provides a starting point for the thesis that incompetence is associated with concern with the personality traits and external characteristics of competent people.
Inferring competence from incompetence: An ironic process associated with person descriptors
Authors: Waibel Mira Christiane , Wicklund Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo what extent is a competently‐functioning person also interested in the person descriptors associated with that competence? A thesis by Wicklund (1986a, b ) charges that a dwelling on static person qualities (overt appearance; superficial traits) is often to be found among individuals who are themselves incompetent in the performance area in question: several studies in recent years have supported this thesis, and one of these provides the basis of the present work: Wicklund, Braun and Waibel (1993) found that athletes, scientists, farmers and other groups were disinclined to characterize their performance areas in terms of the static traits of the expert. In sharp contrast, respondents who were relatively non‐skilled in a performance area (‘distant’ area) were inclined to depict the area in terms of static elements, such as overt appearance and traits.Each of the present subjects received two protocols from one of these previous subjects (above). In one protocol the earlier subject had depicted his own area (and thereby mentioned, on the average, relatively few static person descriptors); in the other protocol he depicted a ‘distant’ performance area (and usually made reference to one or more person descriptors). The present subjects' task was to infer the original subjects' competence in those two areas, and given that our subjects were inactive in both areas, they came systematically to the incorrect conclusion: they reacted to protocols laden with person descriptors as signalling the author's actual competence, a phenomenon consistent with the descriptions of technical societies in Sennett (1977) Subjects who evidenced some degree of competence in the pertinent areas did not commit this error.