bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of admission to a medium secure psychiatric unit
Authors: Maden A. , Rutter S. , McClintock T. , Friendship C. , Gunn J. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis is the first long-term follow-up of patients discharged from a medium secure unit.AimsTo describe the short– and long-term outcomes of admission for all patients discharged during a 14-year period.MethodA longitudinal cohort study of all 234 patients discharged from the Denis Hill Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, between 1980 and 1994, followed for an average 6.6 years.ResultsAlthough 48% of admissions were from prison, only 8% returned there, with most being transferred to another psychiatric bed. One-fifth of patients spent none of the follow-up time in the community; 75% of patients had at least one readmission; only 24% were convicted of further offences.ConclusionsRe-offending rates are comparable with those for patients discharged from high-security hospitals, and much lower than those for released prisoners. The high readmission rates indicate the need for a range of services to maintain former patients in the community.
Greater occurrence of schizophrenia in dizygotic but not monozygotic twins
Authors: Kläning Ulla 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundA previous study demonstrated a higher rate of first hospitalisation for schizophrenia in twins than in singletons.AimsTo compare the schizophrenia rates in monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins and the general population.MethodThrough record linkage between the Young Cohort of the Danish Twin Register and the Danish Psychiatric Case Register, the rate of schizophrenia in’ monozygotic and dizygotic twins and the rate in the general population were compared.ResultsThe rate of first admission to hospital for schizophrenia in dizygotic twins was 40% greater than that in the general population. The rate in monozygotic twins was not increased. The difference between the rates in mono- and dizygotic twins was statistically significant (P < 0.001)ConclusionsThis result is surprising and is in the direction opposite to that expected, suggesting new possibilities in the study of risk factors.
Operation and organisation of services for people with severe mental illness in the UK
Authors: Schneider Justine , Carpenter John , Brandon Toby 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundSince 1991, English mental health policy guidelines have been explicit in recommending inter-professional working, involvement of patients and carers, harmonisation between health and social services and targeting at people with severe mental illness.AimsTo explore the structure and operation of mental health services in practice and relate them to measurable data.MethodA survey of mental health trusts was conducted in 1997–1998. Responses were compared with a concurrent survey of social services departments. Some qualitative data were collected. Harmonisation and targeting scores were devised and tested for association.ResultsThe response rate was 79%. The frequency with which different professionals, patients and carers were involved in the care process is described. Reasons for this are discussed briefly. Levels of harmonisation and targeting were found to vary widely and to be positively associated.ConclusionsThis survey portrays mental health services' practice in relation to Government policy. However, adherence to guidelines cannot be taken as a guarantee of service quality or efficiency.
Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity
Authors: Berument Sibel Kazak , Rutter Michael , Lord Catherine , Pickles Andrew , Bailey Anthony 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundGood interview and diagnostic measures for autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are available but there is a lack of a good screening questionnaire.AimsTo develop and test a screening questionnaire based on items in the best available diagnostic interview – the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI–R)MethodA 40 -item scale, the Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), was developed and tested on a sample of 160 individuals with PDD and 40 with non-PDD diagnoses.ResultsThe ASQ has good discriminative validity with respect to the separation of PDD from non-PDD diagnoses at all IQ levels, with a cut-off of 15 proving most effective. The differentiation between autism and other varieties of PDD was weaker.ConclusionsThe ASQ is an effective screening questionnaire for PDD.
Conflict between mothers with eating disorders and their infants during mealtimes
Authors: Stein Alan , Woolley Helen , McPherson Klim 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundIn a recent study, 20% of the variance in the weight of infants of mothers with eating disorders was accounted for by mealtime conflict.AimsTo investigate the antecedents and interactive processes involved in the development of such conflict.MethodMothers with eating disorders and their 12-month-old infants (n=34) and a comparison group (n=24) were videotaped during infant mealtimes. Specific classes of antecedents to conflict episodes were identified. An examination was then made of all such antecedents not leading to conflict and the mother–infant responses to each antecedent.ResultsWithin the index group, conflict was less likely when mothers acknowledged infants' cues and were able to put aside their own concerns. The relationship between maternal responses and the evolution of conflictual interaction was confirmed in multiple regression analyses including both index and comparison groups.ConclusionsMothers' and infants' responses to potential antecedents to conflict had an impact on whether mealtime conflict ensued. Conflict arose because maternal eating disorder psychopathology interfered with aspects of responsive parenting.
Socio-economic deprivation and the prevalence and prediction of depression in older community residents
Authors: Wilson K. C. M. , Taylor S. , Copeland J. R. M. , Chen R. , McCracken C. F. M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe Townsend index is a measure of social deprivation. It can be applied to postal districts and has been employed in studies examining the ecological associations of mental illness.AimsWe examine the utility of the Townsend index in identifying older populations with a high prevalence and risk of developing depression.MethodThe study was carried out in the context of a cohort study of an age- and gender-stratified sample of 5222 community residents aged 65 years and over. Subjects were interviewed at intervals of two years. The relationships between Townsend score and psychiatric diagnoses (in particular, depression) were examined.ResultsHigh Townsend scores were associated with increased prevalence and incidence of depression and prevalence of organic psychiatric illness.ConclusionsThe Townsend index can be used to prioritise psychiatric and primary care resources so as to cater for older populations likely to suffer from depression and organic psychiatric conditions.
Active monitoring of 12760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland
Authors: Munro Janet , O'Sullivan Desmond , Andrews Christopher , Arana Alejandro , Mortimer Ann , Kerwin Robert 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPeople prescribed clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia have mandatory haematological monitoring through a case register for identifying reversible neutropenia.AimsTo quantify risk factors for agranulocytosis in subjects receiving clozapine.MethodData from 12 760 subjects registered to receive clozapine from January 1990 to April 1997 were analysed. Risk factors for agranulocytosis were quantified using a Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis.ResultsThe risk for agranulocytosis in Asian subjects was 2.4 times that in Caucasians (P=0.03). There was an age-related increase in risk of 53% per decade (P=0.0001).ConclusionsThe case register yielded valuable information for guiding research into the causes of the haematological reactions.
Randomisation in clinical trials
Authors: Ogundipe Loafe , Boardman Anthony P. , Masterson Amy 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundSeveral studies of papers published in non-psychiatric medical journals that report on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that there is inadequate reporting of the process by which randomisation is carried out.AimsTo examine the adequacy of the reporting of the procedure of randomisation in clinical trials of parallel design published in the British Journal of Psychiatry (BJP) and the American Journal of Psychiatry (AJP).MethodAll issues of the BJP and the AJP published between January 1990 and December 1998 were surveyed, and papers that reported on RCTs were examined to judge the adequacy of the reporting of the process of randomisation.ResultsWe found 183 papers which claimed to report on RCTs (73 in the BJP and 110 in the AJP). Nine (8.2%) of those in the AJP and six (8.2%) in the BJP described the technique of creating the randomisation sequence. Two (1.8%) of those in the AJP and 11 (15.1%) of those in the BJP described the mechanism of allocating treatment. One paper in the AJP and five papers in the BJP described both the generation of random numbers and allocation.ConclusionsAdequate reporting of the method of randomisation was uncommon. The RCT status of some of the papers must therefore be in doubt.
Long-Term Disease-Free Survival After Gemtuzumab, Intermediate-Dose Cytarabine, and Mitoxantrone in Patients With CD33+ Primary Resistant or Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Chevallier Patrice , Delaunay Jacques , Turlure Pascal , Pigneux Arnaud , Hunault Mathilde , Garand Richard , Guillaume Thierry , Avet-Loiseau Herve , Dmytruk Nathalia , Girault Stephane , Milpied Noel , Ifrah Norbert , Mohty Mohamad , Harousseau Jean-Luc 
Published: October 2008

Purpose To determine the antitumor activity and safety of a combination of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), intermediate-dose cytarabine, and mitoxantrone (MIDAM) in patients with refractory or relapsed CD33+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods We treated 62 patients with refractory (n = 18) or relapsed (n = 44) CD33+ AML. Median age was 55.5 years. Salvage regimen consisted of GO 9 mg/m2 on day 4, cytarabine 1 g/m2 every 12 hours on days 1 through 5, and mitoxantrone 12 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 3. Median follow-up time was 26.5 months. Results Thirty-one patients (50%) achieved complete remission (CR), and eight patients (13%) had CR with delayed platelet recovery (CRp); the overall response (OR; CR + CRp) rate was 63%. A significantly higher OR rate was achieved in patients who had relapsed versus refractory AML (73% v 39%, respectively; P = .007) and patients with CD33 expression more than 98% of the blast population versus less than 98% (79% v 52.3%, respectively; P = .03). The overall, event-free, and disease-free survival rates were 41%, 33%, and 53% at 2 years, respectively. Leukocytosis more than 20,000/μL at MIDAM therapy, high-risk cytogenetics, and absence of postremission therapy were adverse prognostic factors. Age, disease status, and/or CD33 expression did not influence survival parameters. Four early toxic deaths occurred; a grade 3 to 4 hyperbilirubinemia rate of 16% was observed, and two patients had veno-occlusive disease (3%). Conclusion The MIDAM regimen seems to be an effective salvage regimen for refractory/relapsed CD33+ AML patients. These encouraging results support the need for a randomized phase III trial before considering this combination of GO and chemotherapy as superior or the standard of care treatment for refractory/relapsed CD33+ AML patients.
Phase III Trial of Consolidation Therapy With Yttrium-90–Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Compared With No Additional Therapy After First Remission in Advanced Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Morschhauser Franck , Radford John , Van Hoof Achiel , Vitolo Umberto , Soubeyran Pierre , Tilly Herve , Huijgens Peter C. , Kolstad Arne , d’Amore Francesco , Diaz Marcos Gonzalez , Petrini Mario , Sebban Catherine , Zinzani Pier Luigi , van Oers Marinus H.J. , van Putten Wim , Bischof-Delaloye Angelika , Rohatiner Ama , Salles Gilles , Kuhlmann Jens , Hagenbeek Anton 
Published: October 2008

Purpose We conducted an international, randomized, phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of consolidation with yttrium-90 (90Y)–ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma in first remission. Patients and Methods Patients with CD20+ stage III or IV follicular lymphoma, who achieved a complete response (CR)/unconfirmed CR (CRu) or partial response (PR) after first-line induction treatment, were randomly assigned to receive 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (rituximab 250 mg/m2 on day −7 and day 0 followed on day 0 by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan 14.8 MBq/kg; maximum of 1,184 MBq) or no further treatment (control). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), which was calculated from the time of random assignment. Results A total of 414 patients (consolidation, n = 208; control, n = 206) were enrolled at 77 centers. 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation significantly prolonged median PFS (after a median observation time of 3.5 years) in all patients (36.5 v 13.3 months in control arm; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.465; P < .0001) and regardless of whether patients achieved PR (29.3 v 6.2 months in control arm; HR = 0.304; P < .0001) or CR/CRu (53.9 v 29.5 months in control arm; HR = 0.613; P = .0154) after induction treatment. Median PFS with consolidation was prolonged in all Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index risk subgroups. After 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation, 77% of patients in PR after induction converted to CR/CRu, resulting in a final CR rate of 87%. The most common toxicity with 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan was hematologic, and grade 3 or 4 infections occurred in 8% of patients. Conclusion Consolidation of first remission with 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in advanced-stage follicular lymphoma is highly effective with no unexpected toxicities, prolonging PFS by 2 years and resulting in high PR-to-CR conversion rates regardless of type of first-line induction treatment.
Preoperative Bevacizumab Does Not Significantly Increase Postoperative Complication Rates in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Authors: Kesmodel Susan B. , Ellis Lee M. , Lin E. , Chang George J. , Abdalla Eddie K. , Kopetz Scott , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas , Rodriguez-Bigas Miguel A. , Curley Steven A. , Feig Barry W. 
Published: October 2008

Purpose Although bevacizumab (BV) increases survival rates when used with chemotherapy (CTX) in patients who have metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), an increase in wound complications has been observed in patients who undergo surgery while receiving BV. We therefore evaluated whether neoadjuvant BV is associated with an increase in postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for CRC liver metastases. Patients and Methods Two subgroups of patients who received neoadjuvant CTX + BV (n = 81) or CTX alone (n = 44) were identified from a database of patients who underwent surgery for CRC liver metastases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of patient and tumor characteristics, neoadjuvant therapy, and operative factors with postoperative complications. Results Postoperative complications developed in 40 patients (49%) who received CTX + BV and 19 patients (43%) who received CTX. The median time from BV discontinuation to surgery was 58 days (range, 31 to 117 days). No significant associations were identified between BV use and timing of BV discontinuation and postoperative complications. On multivariate analysis, lower serum albumin and concomitant surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of developing any complication (P = .035 and .023, respectively), and lower serum albumin was associated with hepatobiliary complications (P = .016). Conclusion Neither the use of BV nor timing of BV administration was associated with an increase in complication rates. These data suggest that the combination of BV with neoadjuvant CTX in patients who have CRC liver metastases does not increase surgical complications. To determine the optimal timing of surgery in patients receiving neoadjuvant BV, confirmatory prospective studies are required.
Nonclassic Actions of Vitamin D
Authors: Bikle Daniel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractContext: Vitamin D receptors are found in most tissues, not just those participating in the classic actions of vitamin D such as bone, gut, and kidney. These nonclassic tissues are therefore potential targets for the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D. Furthermore, many of these tissues also contain the enzyme CYP27B1 capable of producing 1,25(OH)2D from the circulating form of vitamin D. This review was intended to highlight the actions of 1,25(OH)2D in several of these tissues but starts with a review of vitamin D production, metabolism, and molecular mechanism.Evidence Acquisition: Medline was searched for articles describing actions of 1,25(OH)2D on parathyroid hormone and insulin secretion, immune responses, keratinocytes, and cancer.Evidence Synthesis: Vitamin D production in the skin provides an efficient source of vitamin D. Subsequent metabolism to 1,25(OH)2D within nonrenal tissues differs from that in the kidney. Although vitamin D receptor mediates the actions of 1,25(OH)2D, regulation of transcriptional activity is cell specific. 1,25(OH)2D inhibits PTH secretion but promotes insulin secretion, inhibits adaptive immunity but promotes innate immunity, and inhibits cell proliferation but stimulates their differentiation.Conclusions: The nonclassic actions of vitamin D are cell specific and provide a number of potential new clinical applications for 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs. However, the use of vitamin D metabolites and analogs for these applications remains limited by the classic actions of vitamin D leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria.
Lack of Therapeutic Effect of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat in Patients with Metastatic Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Woyach Jennifer A. , Kloos Richard T. , Ringel Matthew D. , Arbogast Daria , Collamore Minden , Zwiebel James A. , Grever Michael , Villalona-Calero Miguel , Shah Manisha H. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Context: Aberrant histone deacetylase activity is seen in a variety of malignancies, and histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat have been shown to induce cell death and sensitize cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy in thyroid cancer cell lines. This phase II study was undertaken to assess objective response to vorinostat in patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
Experimental Design: A total of 19 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (n = 16) and medullary thyroid cancer (n = 3) were enrolled in the study. Patients received oral vorinostat at a starting dose of 200 mg twice daily, with dose adjustments allowed as necessary for toxicity. Patients were treated for 2 wk, followed by 1 wk off therapy (3-wk cycle) until disease progression or study withdrawal. Responses were measured by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria and correlated with tumor markers.
Results: No patient achieved a partial or complete response. Median duration of therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer was 17 wk, whereas in medullary thyroid cancer patients it was 25 wk. Reasons for termination included progression of disease by RECIST criteria (n = 7), clinical progression (n = 3), and adverse events (AEs) (n = 9). AEs were primarily grade 1–3; no clinical grade 4 or grade 5 events were observed. Clinical grade 3 AEs consisted of fatigue, dehydration, ataxia, pneumonia, bruises, and deep vein thrombosis. Severe thrombocytopenia was seen in seven patients (grade 3, n = 5; grade 4, n = 2) and was associated with minor bleeding or bruises.
Conclusions: Vorinostat at this dose and schedule is not an effective treatment for advanced thyroid cancer.
Treatment of Eikenella corrodens and Actinomyces odontolyticus Foot Abscess in a Penicillin-Allergic Patient
Authors: Davanos Evangelia , Rahman Shafiqur M , Nogid Boris 
Published: October 2008

Objective: TO report a case of Eikenella corrodens and Actinomyces odontolyticus foot abscess secondary to a toothpick puncture in a penicillin-allergic patient that was successfully treated with a long-term course of doxycycline. Case Summary: A 39-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus type 2 and hyperlipídemia presented with difficulty ambulating as well as pain and swelling of her right foot. Prior to presentation, she sustained a toothpick puncture to her right foot; she removed the toothpick intact and did not know whether it had been used. Due to a penicillin allergy, she began treatment with levofloxacin, which was changed to clindamycin one day later. The patient was diagnosed with right Achilles tendonitis/cellulitis and was discharged on a one-week course of clindamycin. Twenty-five days later she was readmitted, complaining of pain and swelling in the same area, which this time presented as an abscess. Upon this admission, vancomycin and levofloxacin were initiated and incision and drainage (I & D) was performed. Cultures and sensitivities from I & D were significant for E corrodens and A odontolyticus, and treatment was changed to intravenous doxycycllne 100 mg every 12 hours for 10 weeks. Oral doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours was then used for 3 months, and treatment was successful. Discussion: E. corrodens and A odontolyticus are 2 slow-growing organisms that are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora. Extraoral infections due to either of these organisms may be difficult to treat and might need lengthier treatments than are necessary for most infections. First-line treatment for such infections is penicillins and cephalosporins; however, in a patient with penicillin allergy, treatment options become limited, as there is potential cross-reactivity with other agents. Conclusions: Patients with infections secondary to B. corrodens and/or A. odontolyticus In whom penicillin allergy is a concern can be treated effectively with doxycycline.
Empirical estimation of biota exposure range for calculation of bioaccumulation parameters
Authors: Melwani Aroon R , Greenfield Ben K , Byron Earl R 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) are frequently used to predict contaminant bioaccumulation in risk assessments. Development of these parameters is often hindered by uncertainty regarding the spatial scale of contaminant transfer from sediments to biota. We present a simple statistical method for optimizing bioaccumulation parameters (BAF and BSAF) in aquatic species, such as fish, whose exposure history may occur over broad spatial scales. For 6 finfish species sampled in San Francisco Bay, San Diego Bay, or the Southern California Bight, California, USA, the spatial scale of correlation was optimized using regression analysis. The ranges identified for pairing biota and sediment observations generally corresponded to the known life histories of the species and with laboratory tests comparing relationships observed for 28-d Macoma spp. This procedure may be useful for identifying appropriate species and spatial scales to predict bioaccumulation and for developing data sets of corresponding sediment and tissue residues.