bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student Perceptions of the Insurance Profession
Authors: Cory Suzanne N. , Kerr Dana , Todd Jerry D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo attract students to the risk management and insurance profession, strategies need to be developed to overcome biases in their perceptions of the profession. This study attempts to determine some of those perceptions of students—specifically a group of business career high school students and a group of college students enrolled in an introduction to business course—about the personality traits of insurance professionals. A Personality Factor Questionnaire previously used extensively in other research was used to measure differences in student perceptions of personality profiles of different professions. We also measured how student characteristics such as age, sex, and expected college major influence student perceptions of these traits. The overall general conclusion was that perceptions of the profession are not as negative as many imagine, but do require some substantive work to improve, even among students seeking business careers.
Immigrant Motherhood and Transnationality in Jhumpa Lahiri's Fiction
Authors: Alfonso‐Forero Ann Marie 
Published: March 2007

Abstract This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Twentieth Century & Contemporary Section. This article argues that Jhumpa Lahiri's novel The Namesake offers motherhood as a site of agency for negotiating a transnational identity for the postcolonial female subject in diaspora. Lahiri shows how traditional gender roles – often considered subordinate in the postcolonial context in their appropriation by nationalist agendas – can be read as a source of empowerment when translated into the context of middle class immigrant life in America. The Namesake depicts the cultural and national fluidity offered by this status: the immigrant mother, a central character in this novel, is able to preserve the Indian traditions that link her to her homeland while simultaneously benefiting from the privileges afforded by American citizenship in order to ensure a successful future for her American‐born children. An Indian matriarch living in the suburbs of Boston, she does so through the careful negotiations she makes for her family on a daily basis in response to the often conflicting demands of traditional Bengali culture and the pressure to become an assimilated American. Although in the context of Western feminism it may seem contradictory that it is through the role of wife and mother that a subjectivity which transcends any fixed national identity is achieved, this reading of Lahiri's novel is informed by the arguments of transnational feminists who resist any essentializing understanding of female emancipation. This article concludes that immigrant women from the so‐called ‘third world’ need to be understood not only in the context of their particular national histories, but also through the manner in which they appropriate these histories in forging individual identities in America. Lahiri's The Namesake provides the occasion for such a discussion within ethnic American literary studies, especially as this field continues to engage with postcolonial and transnational paradigms.
‘Rank Imposture’ and ‘Mimic Goblinry’ in Scott's Doom of Devorgoil: A Genre Politics of National Drama
Authors: Van Kooy Dana 
Published: March 2007

Abstract This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section. Scholars seldom associate Sir Walter Scott with nineteenth‐century drama or with the commercial interests of the theatre, including those of playwrights and publishers. However, Scott's dramas reveal his keen interest in dramatic traditions as well as an astute comprehension of the theatre as a commercial institution subject to the complex politics of nation and empire. The Doom of Devorgoil, as an authorial masquerade, exposes Scott's willingness to transgress and manipulate cultural constructions of personal and national identity. However, as a dramatic production created to conform to the templates of the theatre as a culture industry, it unveils a symptomatic and disturbing affiliation between the formation and practices of the so‐called national drama as a melodramatic form and the dramatic reproduction of national identity. A performance and a critique of ‘rank imposture’, The Doom of Devorgoil underscores the critical importance of understanding the production of genre politics on stage and within dramatic discourses of the period.
Nonlinear Rotordynamics of Automotive Turbochargers: Predictions and
Comparisons to Test Data
Authors: San Andrés Luis , Rivadeneira Juan Carlos , Chinta Murali , Gjika Kostandin , LaRue Gerry 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Passenger vehicle turbochargers (TCs) offer increased engine power and efficiency in an ever-competitive marketplace. Turbochargers operate at high rotational speeds and use engine oil to lubricate fluid-film-bearing supports (radial and axial). However, TCs are prone to large amplitudes of subsynchronous shaft motion over wide ranges of their operating speed. Linear rotordynamic tools cannot predict the amplitudes and multiple frequency shaft motions. A comprehensive nonlinear rotordynamics model coupled to a complete fluid-film-bearing model solves in real time the dynamics of automotive turbochargers. The computational design tool predicts the limit cycle response for several inner and outer film clearances and operating conditions including rotor speed and lubricant feed pressure. Substantial savings in product development and prototype testing are the benefits of the present development. The paper presents predictions of the linear and nonlinear shaft motion of an automotive turbocharger supported on a semi-floating ring bearing. The shaft motion predictions are compared to measurements of shaft motion at the compressor nose for speeds up to 240krpm, and for lubricant inlet pressure of 4bar at 150°C. Linear and nonlinear rotordynamic models reproduce very well the test data for synchronous response to imbalance. The nonlinear results show two subsynchronous whirl frequencies whose large magnitudes agree well with the measurements. A large side load predicted for this turbocharger must be considered for accurate prediction of the rotordynamic response.
Key Parameters for the Performance of Impaction-Pin Nozzles Used in
Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Chaker Mustapha A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The application of inlet air fogging to gas turbine engines for power augmentation has become common practice, with more than 1000 installations worldwide, including a large number of advanced gas turbines. In this paper an experimental investigation and empirical analysis of key operating parameters on the performance of impaction pin nozzles will be investigated. To date, no such correlation is available for impaction pin nozzles, which are currently used in about 75% of this type of applications. The correlations are developed from a series of experiments conducted in a wind tunnel equipped with the Malvern Spraytec droplet size measurement system. The conducted analysis covered a wide range of the relevant parameters. Mainly, the water flow rate from the nozzle orifice was (0.00126 to 0.00063 ls−1: 0.02 gpm to 0.1 gpm), the operating pressure was (34.5 to 204.1 bars: 500 to 3000 psi), the airflow velocity was (1.5 to 15.2 ms−1: 295 to 3000 fpm), the distance between the nozzle orifice and the location of measurement was (0.0127 to 0.508 m: 0.5 to 20 in.). Other parameters such as the plume spray cone angle and the surrounding ambient psychrometric conditions, which may affect the droplet size for impaction pin nozzles, is also discussed.
A Study of the Effect of Polymer Solution in Promoting Friction
Reduction in Turbulent Channel Flow
Authors: Cunha F. R. , Andreotti M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In this work, turbulent drag reduction in a pipe is investigated by using laser Doppler velocimetry. The effect of decreasing the friction factor of the flow is obtained by addition of high molecular weight polymers. The mechanism of drag reduction is explained in terms of a stress anisotropy that inhibits the transversal transport of momentum by turbulent fluctuations. Semi-theoretical models based on a nonlinear constitutive equation, which takes into account an extra extensional rate of strain in the flow produced by the local additive orientation, are presented. The semi-theoretical models used to predict the friction factor of the flow in the presence of the polymer have successfully described the experimental measurements. The results have revealed a reduction in the friction factor of 65% for a concentration of 350ppm in volume of polyacrylamide (PAMA) in an aqueous solution. In addition, the flow statistics, such as the axial and radial velocity fluctuations, the normalized autocorrelation functions as well as the power spectra for both velocity fluctuation components, are examined for the Newtonian flow of pure water and the flow of a 120ppm solution of PAMA at the same friction velocity. Next, the results are compared in order to characterize the effect of the additive on the turbulent flow.
Simulation of Fiber Suspensions—A Multiscale Approach
Authors: Mäkipere Krista , Zamankhan Piroz 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The present effort is the development of a multiscale modeling, simulation methodology for investigating complex phenomena arising from flowing fiber suspensions. The present approach is capable of coupling behaviors from the Kolmogorov turbulence scale through the full-scale system in which a fiber suspension is flowing. Here the key aspect is adaptive hierarchical modeling. Numerical results are presented for which focus is on fiber floc formation and destruction by hydrodynamic forces in turbulent flows. Specific consideration was given to dynamic simulations of viscoelastic fibers in which the fluid flow is predicted by a method that is a hybrid between direct numerical simulations and large eddy simulation techniques and fluid fibrous structure interactions will be taken into account. Dynamics of simple fiber networks in a shearing flow of water in a channel flow illustrate that the shear-induced bending of the fiber network is enhanced near the walls. Fiber-fiber interaction in straight ducts is also investigated and results show that deformations would be expected during the collision when the surfaces of flocs will be at contact. Smaller velocity magnitudes of the separated fibers compare to the velocity before collision implies the occurrence of an inelastic collision. In addition because of separation of vortices, interference flows around two flocs become very complicated. The results obtained may elucidate the physics behind the breakup of a fiber floc, opening the possibility for developing a meaningful numerical model of the fiber flow at the continuum level where an Eulerian multiphase flow model can be developed for industrial use.
Evaluation of the Novel
Helicobacter pylori
ClariRes Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of
H. pylori
in Stool Specimens from Symptomatic Children
Authors: Lottspeich Christian , Schwarzer Andrea , Panthel Klaus , Koletzko Sibylle , Rüssmann Holger 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
Helicobacter pylori
ClariRes assay (Ingenetix, Vienna, Austria) for the detection of
H. pylori
infection and the simultaneous clarithromycin susceptibility testing of the
H. pylori
isolates in stool samples from 100 symptomatic children. The results obtained by this novel biprobe real-time PCR method were directly compared with the results obtained from histological examination of gastric biopsy specimens, culturing, the [
13
C]urea breath test, and a monoclonal antibody-based stool antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Fecal specimens from all 54 children who were shown to be noninfected by “gold standard” tests gave true-negative PCR results (specificity, 100%). Of the remaining 46 individuals with a positive
H. pylori
status, 29 were found to be positive by real-time PCR (sensitivity, 63%). For these 29 cases, the
H. pylori
ClariRes assay confirmed all results from phenotypic clarithromycin susceptibility testing by Etest. In summary, this investigation demonstrates that detection of
Helicobacter
DNA in stool samples by real-time PCR is a difficult task and that this method cannot replace the stool antigen EIA (sensitivity, 95.7%) for the accurate diagnosis of
H. pylori
infection in children.
Phenotypic Characterization of Clonal and Nonclonal
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Strains Isolated from Lungs of Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Tingpej Pholawat , Smith Lucas , Rose Barbara , Zhu Hua , Conibear Tim , Al Nassafi Khaled , Manos Jim , Elkins Mark , Bye Peter , Willcox Mark , Bell Scott , Wainwright Claire , Harbour Colin 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

The emergence of virulent
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clones is a threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients globally. Characterization of clonal
P. aeruginosa
strains is critical for an understanding of its clinical impact and developing strategies to meet this problem. Two clonal strains (AES-1 and AES-2) are circulating within CF centers in eastern Australia. In this study, phenotypic characteristics of 43 (14 AES-1, 5 AES-2, and 24 nonclonal)
P. aeruginosa
isolates were compared to gain insight into the properties of clonal strains. All 43 isolates produced bands of the predicted size in PCRs for
vfr
,
rhlI
,
rhlR
,
la
s
A
,
lasB
,
aprA
,
rhlAB
, and
exoS
genes; 42 were positive for
lasI
and
lasR
, and none had
exoU
. Thirty-seven (86%) isolates were positive in total protease assays; on zymography, 24 (56%) produced elastase/staphylolysin and 22 (51%) produced alkaline protease. Clonal isolates were more likely than nonclonal isolates to be positive for total proteases (
P
= 0.02), to show elastase and alkaline protease activity by zymography (
P
= 0.04 and
P
= 0.01, respectively), and to show elastase activity by the elastin-Congo red assay (
P
= 0.04). There were no other associations with genotype. Overall, increasing patient age was associated with decreasing elastase activity (
P
= 0.03). Thirty-two (74%) isolates had at least one
N
-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) by thin-layer chromatography.
rhl
-associated AHL detection was associated with the production and level of total protease and elastase activity (all
P
< 0.01). Thirty-three (77%) isolates were positive for ExoS by Western blot analysis, 35 (81%) produced rhamnolipids, and 34 (79%) showed chitinase activity. Findings suggest that protease activity during chronic infection may contribute to the transmissibility or virulence of these clonal strains.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 ORF50/Rta Lytic Switch Protein Functions as a Tetramer
Authors: Bu Wei , Carroll Kyla Driscoll , Palmeri Diana , Lukac David M. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50 (ORF50) protein (called Rta), is necessary and sufficient for reactivation of the virus from latency. We previously demonstrated that a truncated mutant of ORF50 lacking its C-terminal transcriptional activation domain, called ORF50ΔSTAD, formed mixed multimers with wild-type (WT) ORF50 and functioned as a dominant negative inhibitor of reactivation. For this report, we investigated the requirements for multimerization of ORF50/Rta in transactivation and viral reactivation. We analyzed multimerization of WT, mutant, and chimeric ORF50 proteins, using Blue Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography. WT and mutant ORF50 proteins form tetramers and higher-order multimers, but not monomers, in solution. The proline-rich, N-terminal leucine heptapeptide repeat (LR) of ORF50 (amino acids [aa] 244 to 275) is necessary but not sufficient for oligomer formation and functions in concert with the central portion of ORF50/Rta (aa 245 to 414). The dominant negative mutant ORF50ΔSTAD requires the LR to form mixed multimers with WT ORF50 and inhibit its function. In the context of the WT ORF50/Rta protein, mutagenesis of the LR, or replacement of the LR by heterologous multimerization domains from the GCN4 or p53 proteins, demonstrates that tetramers of Rta are sufficient for transactivation and viral reactivation. Mutants of Rta that are unable to form tetramers but retain the ability to form higher-order multimers are reduced in function or are nonfunctional. We concluded that the proline content, but not the leucine content, of the LR is critical for determining the oligomeric state of Rta.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Bearing a Disrupted Central DNA Flap Is Pathogenic In Vivo
Authors: Marsden Matthew D. , Zack Jerome A. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The central DNA flap is an important component of lentiviral vectors, but its significance in the context of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently unclear. To address this issue, we have compared the in vitro infection kinetics of NL4-3 with those of a flap-deficient mutant and evaluated the in vivo growth characteristics of these viruses by using the SCID-hu mouse model of HIV infection. Flap-deficient virus was only modestly attenuated in vitro, as assessed by single-round and spreading infection assays, and exhibited levels of replication and pathogenesis close to those of the wild-type in vivo. Hence, an intact central flap is not essential for HIV replication.
Structural Basis for the Recognition of Blood Group Trisaccharides by Norovirus
Authors: Cao Sheng , Lou Zhiyong , Tan Ming , Chen Yutao , Liu Yijin , Zhang Zhushan , Zhang Xuejun C. , Jiang Xi , Li Xuemei , Rao Zihe 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Noroviruses are one of the major causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis epidemics in humans. Recent studies on norovirus receptors show that different noroviruses recognize different human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and eight receptor binding patterns of noroviruses have been identified. The P domain of the norovirus capsids is directly involved in this recognition. To determine the precise locations and receptor binding modes of HBGA carbohydrates on the viral capsids, a recombinant P protein of a GII-4 strain norovirus, VA387, was cocrystallized with synthetic type A or B trisaccharides. Based on complex crystal structures observed at a 2.0-Å resolution, we demonstrated that the receptor binding site lies at the outermost end of the P domain and forms an extensive hydrogen-bonding network with the saccharide ligand. The A and B trisaccharides display similar binding modes, and the common fucose ring plays a key role in this interaction. The extensive interface between the two protomers in a P dimer also plays a crucial role in the formation of the receptor binding interface.
The DNA Binding Domain of a Papillomavirus E2 Protein Programs a Chimeric Nuclease To Cleave Integrated Human Papillomavirus DNA in HeLa Cervical Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Horner Stacy M. , DiMaio Daniel 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Viral DNA binding proteins that direct nucleases or other protein domains to viral DNA in lytically or latently infected cells may provide a novel approach to modulate viral gene expression or replication. Cervical carcinogenesis is initiated by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and viral DNA persists in the cancer cells. To test whether a DNA binding domain of a papillomavirus protein can direct a nuclease domain to cleave HPV DNA in cervical cancer cells, we fused the DNA binding domain of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) E2 protein to the catalytic domain of the FokI restriction endonuclease, generating a BPV1 E2-FokI chimeric nuclease (BEF). BEF introduced DNA double-strand breaks on both sides of an E2 binding site in vitro, whereas DNA binding or catalytic mutants of BEF did not. After expression of BEF in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells, we detected cleavage at E2 binding sites in the integrated HPV18 DNA in these cells and also at an E2 binding site in cellular DNA. BEF-expressing cells underwent senescence, which required the DNA binding activity of BEF, but not its nuclease activity. These results demonstrate that DNA binding domains of viral proteins can target effector molecules to cognate binding sites in virally infected cells.
Macaques Infected with a CCR5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) Develop Broadly Reactive Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Kraft Zane , Derby Nina R. , McCaffrey Ruth A. , Niec Rachel , Blay Wendy M. , Haigwood Nancy L. , Moysi Eirini , Saunders Cheryl J. , Wrin Terri , Petropoulos Christos J. , McElrath M. Juliana , Stamatatos Leonidas 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe development of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) neutralizing antibodies and the evolution of the viral envelope glycoprotein were monitored in rhesus macaques infected with a CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), SHIVSF162P4. Homologous neutralizing antibodies developed within the first month of infection in the majority of animals, and their titers were independent of the extent and duration of viral replication during chronic infection. The appearance of homologous neutralizing antibody responses was preceded by the appearance of amino acid changes in specific variable and conserved regions of gp120. Amino acid changes first appeared in the V1, V2, C2, and V3 regions and subsequently in the C3, V4, and V5 regions. Heterologous neutralizing antibody responses developed over time only in animals with sustained plasma viremia. Within 2 years postinfection the breadth of these responses was as broad as that observed in certain patients infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) for over a decade. Despite the development of broad anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses, viral replication persisted in these animals due to viral escape. Our studies indicate that cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies are elicited in a subset of SHIVSF162P4infected macaques and that their development requires continuous viral replication for extended periods of time. More importantly, their late appearance does not prevent progression to disease. The availability of an animal model where cross-reactive anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies are developed may facilitate the identification of virologic and immunologic factors conducive to the development of such antibodies.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Associated CD40 Ligand Transactivates B Lymphocytes and Promotes Infection of CD4+T Cells
Authors: Martin Geneviève , Roy Jocelyn , Barat Corinne , Ouellet Michel , Gilbert Caroline , Tremblay Michel J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTAbnormal activation of B lymphocytes is a feature commonly seen in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for this dysfunction is still poorly understood. Having recently shown that CD40L, the ligand for CD40, is inserted within emerging HIV-1 particles, we hypothesized that the contact between virus-anchored host CD40L and CD40 on the surface of B lymphocytes might result in the activation of this cell type. We report here that CD40L-bearing viruses, but not isogenic virions lacking host-derived CD40L, can induce immunoglobulin G and interleukin-6 production. Furthermore, such viral entities were found to induce B-cell homotypic adhesion. These effects were paralleled at the intracellular level by the nuclear translocation of the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-κB. The presence of host-derived CD40L within virions resulted in an increased virus attachment to B cells and a more-efficient B-cell-mediated transfer of HIV-1 to autologous CD4+T lymphocytes. All the above processes were independent of the virus-encoded envelope glycoproteins. Altogether, the data gathered from this series of investigations suggest that the incorporation of host-encoded CD40L in HIV-1 is likely to play a role in the B-cell abnormalities that are seen in infected individuals.