bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The release of insoluble antibiotics from collagen ocular inserts in vitro and their insertion into the conjunctival sac of cattle
Authors: PUNCH P. I. , COSTA N. D. , EDWARDS M.E. , ] G. E. WILCOX 
Published: April 2008

Punch, P.I., Costa, N.D., Edwards, M.E. & Wilcox, G.E. The release of insoluble antibiotics from collagen ocular inserts in vitro and their insertion into the conjunctival sac of cattle. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 37–42.The release rate of procaine penicillin, erythromycin and erythromycin estolate from soluble and insoluble collagen films was investigated in vitro to develop an ocular insert for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The release rate and duration of release varied according to the selection of antibiotic and vehicle. The combination of erythromycin estolate and soluble collagen produced the most sustained drug‐delivery system. However, due to the inappropriate physical properties of collagen and poor retention of ocular inserts, it was considered that the development of an antibiotic‐impregnated collagen ocular insert requires further investigation.
Antipyrine disposition in calves. I. Effects of some drugs
Authors: DEPELCHIN B. O. , BLODEN S. , ANSAY M. 
Published: April 2008

Depelchin, B.O., Bloden, S. & Ansay, M. Antipyrine disposition in calves. I. Effects of some drugs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 49–53.The influence of four drugs on antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters was studied after 3 h, 2 and 6 days in 32 Friesian calves. Dexamethasone phosphate and griseofulvin led to increased antipyrine elimination. The effect of dexamethasone remained significant 2 and 6 days later. The rate of antipyrine elimination was markedly but transiently depressed by chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. The apparent volume of antipyrine distribution remained unaltered during treatment.
Clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin: in vitro antibacterial activity and oral bioavailability in calves
Authors: SOBACK S. , BOR A. , KURTZ B. , PAZ R. , ZIV G. 
Published: April 2008

Soback, S., Bor, A., Kurtz, B., Paz, R. & Ziv, G. Clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin: in vitro antibacterial activity and oral bioavailability in calves. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.10, 105–113.The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxycillin and clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin (amoxycillinxlavulanic acid, 4:1 by weight) were compared for 171 Salmonella, 170 Escherichia coli, and 32 Pasteurella isolates recovered from infected neonatal calves. In the presence of clavulanic acid, the MIC of amoxycillin was reduced to levels ≥ 12.5 μg/ml for all the Salmonella group B, all the Pasteurella, and for 12 out of the 44 E. coli isolates which were resistant to amoxycillin (MIC ≥ 100.0 μg/ml). For isolates sensitive to amoxycillin (MIC ≥ 1.56 μg/ml) there was no change in MIC values in the presence of clavulanic acid. A small proportion of Salmonella and E. coli isolates were resistant to clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin. In a cross‐over trial involving 10 preruminant (2 weeks old) calves, amoxycillin trihydrate and clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin were administered orally at 10 mg/kg. An analysis of serum amoxycillin level data showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters t½ab, Cmax, t½β, AUC, Cpo, and f (estimated drug absorption ratio) were the same after treatment with amoxydrate and clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin. Administration of clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin and probenecid resulted in elevation and prolongation of serum amoxycillin levels. Computations showed that in preruminant calves serum amoxycillin concentrations sufficient to inhibit sensitive pathogens can be maintained by oral clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin treatment at 10 mg/kg TID. At two times that dose rate serum drug concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of all types of pathogens examined can be maintained. Amoxycillin was apparently inactivated by the g.i. contents of early ruminant (6 weeks old) calves as oral clavulanate‐potentiated amoxycillin treatment at 20 mg/kg did not result in serum drug levels of potential therapeutic value.
Effect of organic vehicles on the pharmacokinetics of aminophylline administered intravenously to goats
Authors: DAVIS L. E. , NEFF‐DAVIS CAROL A. , KORITZ G. D. , BEVILL R. F. , SHARMA G. C. , LANGSTON V. C. , MUNSIFF IRENE J. 
Published: April 2008

Davis, L.E., Neff‐Davis, C.A., Koritz, G.D., Bevill, R.F., Sharma, G.C., Langston, V.C. & Munsiff, I.J. Effect of organic vehicles on the pharmacokinetics of aminophylline administered intravenously to goats.J, vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 144–149.Aminophylline dissolved in water, propylene glycol, or dimethyl sulfoxide was administered intravenously to goats in a randomized cross‐over experiment. Model‐dependent and model‐independent pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline were compared on the basis of the solvent used in the dosage form administered. No difference was found in any pharmacokinetic parameter. Thus, we found no evidence for the possibility that the organic solvents studied would confound pharmacokinetic investigations of theophylline and similar lipophilic drugs.
Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 in uterine lavage fluid from mares with experimentally induced and naturally occurring endometritis
Authors: WATSON E. D. , STOKES C. R. , BOURNE F.J. 
Published: April 2008

Watson, E.D., Stokes, C.R. & Bourne, F.J. Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 in uterine lavage fluid from mares with experimentally induced and naturally occurring endometritis. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.11, 130–134.Acute endometritis was induced in ovariectomized pony mares by infusion of a 1% solution of oyster glycogen. Maximum concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 in uterine washings coincided with the greatest rate of infiltration of neutrophils into the uterine lumen. Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 decreased to basal levels 6 h after infusion and were unaffected by administration of ovarian steroids to ovariectomized mares. Uterine washings from mares with persistent endometritis did not contain significantly different concentrations of leukotriene B4 from genitally normal mares.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a putative neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory innervation and its relevance to therapy
Authors: VENUGOPALAN C.S. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYNonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) innervation, the third division of the autonomic nervous system, has both inhibitory and excitatory parts. The excitatory part received only limited attention. Substance P has been suggested to be the neurotransmitter of the excitatory part. The NANC‐inhibitory innervation has recently been studied in detail. Although the neurotransmitter has not been conclusively identified, a substantial body of evidence exists to support vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as the neurotransmitter. VIP is widely distributed in the body. Reports show that this innervation in animals and man plays a significant role in both health and disease. Pathological conditions could result from either an increase or decrease in VIP production. An absence of VIP‐producing neurons has been identified to be responsible for Hirschsprung's disease in the alimentary system and hyperactive airways in the respiratory system. An increase in VIP production is associated with chronic water diarrhea syndrome in humans. Taking these factors into consideration, various therapeutic measures are suggested with the use of VIP or its antagonists.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: GRONDEL J.L. , NOUWS J. F. M. , SCHUTTE A. R. , DRIESSENS F. 
Published: April 2008

Grondel, J.L., Nouws, J.F.M., Schutte, A.R. & Driessens, F. Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.12, 157–162.A comparative pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of oxytetracycline (OTC) at a dose rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. Trout and catfish were kept in aerated tap water in tanks at constant temperatures of 12°C and 25°C, respectively. The two‐ and three‐compartment open models adequately described plasma drug disposition in African catfish and rainbow trout respectively, following i.v. OTC administration. Compared to catfish (Cop= 86 ± 10 μg/ml) an eightfold higher extrapolated zero time concentration was obtained in trout (Cop= 753 ± 290 μg/ ml). A significant difference was observed with respect to the relatively large apparent distribution volumes (Vd(area)) after i.v. OTC administration (trout, mean value: 2.1 l/kg; catfish, mean value: 1.3 l/kg). The mean final elimination half‐lives of both fish species were greater than previously reported in mammals (trout, 89.5 h; catfish, 80.3 h). A mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax = 56.9 μg/ml) was obtained in trout at 4 h after i.m. administration of OTC. In catfish a lower Cmax of 43.4 (μg/ml was determined at about 7 h. No significant difference was observed with respect to bioavailability following i.m. administration of OTC (trout, 85%; catfish, 86%).
Chlortetracycline in swine‐bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs
Authors: KILROY C. R. , HALL W. F. , BANE D. P. , BEVILL R. F. , KORITZ G. D. 
Published: April 2008

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra‐arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0‐31.5‐kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area‐under‐the‐curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 ± 0.210 1/kg) was significantly less (P < 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 ± 0.31 1/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P < 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 ± 0.055 1/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 ± 0.053 1/kg/h). The elimination constants (ß) were not found to be statistically different (P < 0.05): 0.1811 ± 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 ± 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 ± 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 ± 5.3% for the fed pigs.In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5‐44.1 kg were fed a corn‐soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6‐day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2= 0.97).
The clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in the dog
Authors: VÄHÄ‐VAHE A.T. 
Published: April 2008

Vähä‐Vahe, A.T. The clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in the dog. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 198–205.The efficacy of atipamezole, a recently introduced α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, in reversing medetomidine‐induced effects in dogs was investigated in a clinical study. Dogs from eight Finnish small‐animal hospitals were sedated with a 40‐μg/kg dose of the α2‐agonist medetomidine i.m. In the first part of the study (n=319), a randomized, double‐blind design with respect to the dose of atipamezole (0, 80, 160 and 240μg/kg i.m.) was used. In a separate study (n=358), which was an open trial, the selected dose of atipamezole was 200μg/kg i.m. Atipamezole at dose rates of 80–240μg/kg rapidly and effectively reversed medetomidine‐induced deep sedation‐analgesia, recumbency and bradycardia. The median arousal time after atipamezole was 3–5 min, and walking time was 6–10 min compared to >30 min for both effects after placebo. Heart rate also increased in a dose‐related manner after atipamezole administration. The investigators' overall evaluation of the ability of atipamezole to reverse the effects of medetomidine was ‘good’ in 90%, and ‘moderate’ in 9% of cases. Relapse into sedation was reported in three individual cases. Side‐effects were minimal. It is concluded that at doses four‐to sixfold the medetomidine dose, atipamezole is a highly effective and safe agent in reversing medetomidine‐induced sedation‐analgesia, recumbency and bradycardia in dogs in veterinary practice. A. T. Vähä‐Vahe, Farmos Group Ltd., Research Center, PO Box 425, SF‐2010I Turku, Finland.
Comparative benzylpenicillin pharmacokinetics in the dromedary Camelus dromedarius and in sheep
Authors: OUKESSOU M. , HOSSAINI J. , ZINE‐FILALI R. , TOUTAIN P. L. 
Published: April 2008

Oukessou, M., Hossaini, J., Zine‐Filali, R. & Toutain, P.L. Comparative benzylpenicillin pharmacokinetics in the dromedary Camelus dromedarius and in sheep. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 298–303.Benzylpenicillin pharmacokinetics were compared in the dromedary Camelus dromedarius (n=5) and in sheep (n=5) after administration of a single intravenous injection of benzylpenicillin. The data were described by an open three‐compartment model with elimination from the central compartment. Body clearance (Clb) was 4.87±0.63 ml/min/kg in the dromedary and 9.17±1.39 ml/min/kg in sheep, the steady‐state volumes of distribution (Vss) were 0.151±0.023 l/kg and 0.165±0.038 l/kg and the mean residence times (MRT) 27.34±1.38 min and 14.95±4.16 min in the dromedary and in sheep, respectively. It was concluded that benzylpenicillin elimination occurs more slowly in the dromedary dian in sheep and that use of the same dosage regimen for the two ruminant species may lead to significant differences in plasma concentrations and therapeutic efficacy. P. L. Toutain, INRA Station de Pharmacologie‐Toxicologie, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse, France.
The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline following intravenous administration in healthy and diseased pigs
Authors: PIJPERS A. , SCHOEVERS E.J. , van GOGH H. , van LEENGOED L. A. M. G. , VISSER I. J. R. , van MIERT A. S. J. P. A. M. , VERHEIJDEN J. H. M. 
Published: April 2008

Pijpers, A., Schoevers, E.J., van Gogh, H., van Leengoed, L.A.M.G., Visser, I.J.R., van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. & Verheijden, J.H.M. The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline following intravenous administration in healthy and diseased pigs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 320–326.The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied in healthy pigs and in pigs endobronchially inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxins. In two groups of seven pigs OTC was administered intravenously in a single dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg, respectively. OTC was administered to clinically healthy pigs and 7 days later at 3 h after a challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae toxins. Pneumonia developed in toxin‐treated pigs. In the challenged pigs there was a decreased distribution‐rate constant (α) and a significantly increased elimination‐rate constant (ß) (P<0.05). Moreover, the apparent volume of distribution (Vdß) was decreased. The elimination half‐lives (t1/2ß) were approximately 6 h in the healthy pigs and 5 h in the diseased animals. There was no difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of OTC following administration of 50 mg/kg compared to 10 mg/kg. A. Pijpers, Department of Herd Health and Reproduction, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Chirality of the sulphoxide metabolites of fenbendazole and albendazole in sheep
Authors: DELATOUR P. , BENOIT E. , GARNIER F. , BESSE S. 
Published: April 2008

Delatour, P., Benoit, E., Gamier, F. & Besse, S. Chirality of the sulphoxide metabolites of fenbendazole and albendazole in sheep. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 361–366.Two prochiral sulphide drugs, fenbendazole (FBZ) and albendazole (ABZ) were administered orally to sheep. Blood samples were analysed for parent drug and S‐oxidation metabolites and the chirality of the sulphoxide metabolites was determined. The plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of the sulphoxides were never a racemate. On the contrary, the ratios were greater than 1 as soon as the sulphoxide compounds could be detected in plasma. They subsequently increased linearly throughout the time course of the kinetics, reaching the level 86:14 after FBZ and 95:5 after ABZ treatment. The major enantiomer represented 74% and 86% of the total AUC of SO FBZ and SO ABZ, respectively. P. Delatour, Department of Biochemistry, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Lyon, BP 83, 69280‐Marcy I'Etoile, France.
Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses
Authors: SNOW D. H. , FRIGG M. 
Published: April 2008

Snow, D.H. & Frigg, M. Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 13, 393–403.The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by intramuscular injection was investigated. For intramuscular injection two preparations were studied, and the percentage bioavailability up to 24h of 10g of ascorbic acid was 95%±22 in four horses and 60% in two horses with preparations A and B, respectively. Bioavailability at 24h in three horses injected subcutaneously with 10g of preparation B was 82%. Intramuscular injection of both preparations was apparently well tolerated while subcutaneous injection of preparation B (pH 6.0) was associated with marked irritancy. In a cross‐over trial in seven thoroughbreds the effect of 13 or 15 days of oral administration of crystalline ascorbic acid (20g) or ascorbyl palmitate (47g) on plasma ascorbic‐acid concentrations was investigated. Marked differences occurred between individuals. There was a greater increase in plasma ascorbic‐acid concentration with ascorbyl palmitate compared to ascorbic acid at 6 and 24h following administration. In two horses there was no increase in plasma ascorbic acid at 6h following either oral preparation. The finding of lowered plasma ascorbic‐acid concentrations following a period of supplementation warrants further investigation to assess its significance. D. H. Snow, 18 Rowe Street, Roseville Chase, 2069 NSW, Australia.
Allometric analysis of doxycycline pharmacokinetic parameters
Authors: RIOND J.‐L. , RIVIERE J. E. 
Published: April 2008

Riond, J.‐L. & Riviere, J.E. Allometric analysis of doxycycline pharmacokinetic parameters.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.13, 404–407.Doxycycline serum concentration‐time profiles and elimination half‐lives in several species were evaluated by allometric techniques. Doxycycline elimination half‐life increased with body weight. Interspecies scaling of total or free doxycycline serum concentration‐time profiles was possible by use of Dedrick plots with the exception of doxycycline total concentrations in cats. The observed difference in cats was attributed to more extensive binding to plasma proteins.Dr Jean‐Luc Riond, Pathophysiologisches Jnstitut, Universität Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, CH‐3010 Bern, Switzerland.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ticarcillin and clavulanate in foals after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: WILSON W. D. , SPENSLEY M. S. , BAGGOT J. D. , HIETALA S. K. , PRYOR P. 
Published: April 2008

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ticarcillin and clavulanate were determined after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of ticarcillin disodium (50 mg/kg) combined with clavulanate potassium (1.67 mg/kg) to groups of healthy foals at 3 days and 28 days of age. After i.v. administration of the combination to five foals, the disposition kinetics of ticarcillin and clavulanate were best described using a two‐compartment open model. Mean plasma elimination‐rate constant (ß) and clearance (Clb) for ticarcillin were significantly less (P < 0.01), and volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) was significantly larger (P < 0.05), in the foals at 3 days compared with 28 days of age. This indicated that renal excretion mechanisms were immature and ticarcillin was more widely distributed in 3‐day‐old foals. The mean elimination rate constant for clavulanate was significantly less (P < 0.01) at 3 days than at 28 days of age. Values of the major kinetic terms describing the disposition of ticarcillin after i.m. administration to five 3‐day‐old foals were not significantly different from values of these parameters in the same foals at 28 days of age. After i.m. administration of the drug combination, plasma clavulanate concentrations peaked significantly later (P<0.01), and the elimination‐rate constant (kd) for clavulanate was significantly less (P < 0.01), in 3‐day‐old foals than in 28‐day‐old foals. The bioavailabilities of ticarcillin and clavulanate after i.m. administration in 3‐day‐old foals were 100% and 88.3%, respectively, and in 28‐day‐old foals were 100% and 27.4%, respectively.Mean plasma ticarcillin concentrations exceeded 16 (μg/ml for a longer period after i.m. administration of the drug combination than after i.v. administration to foals of both age groups. By virtue of the frequency of administration required and the painful response elicited by i.m. injection, it is recommended that when the combination of ticarcillin disodium (50 mg/kg) and clavulanate potassium (1.67 mg/kg) is used in foals to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms (MIC ≤16 μ/ml), it should be administered i.v. four times daily.
The effect of co‐administration of parbendazole on the disposition of oxfendazole in sheep
Authors: HENNESSY D. R. , STEEL J. W. , PRICHARD R. K. , LACEY E. 
Published: April 2008

The effect of intraruminal administration of parbendazole (PBZ) on the flow rate of bile and the pharmacokinetic behaviour of oxfendazole (OFZ) was examined in sheep. PBZ given at 18, 9 and 4.5 mg/kg resulted in a dose‐related reduction in bile flow rate which was also inversely related to changing concentration of PBZ and its metabolites in plasma.Co‐administration of 4.5 mg PBZ/kg with 5.0 mg [14C]‐OFZ/kg resulted in increased concentrations of fenbendazole (FBZ), OFZ and fenbendazole sulphone (FBZ‐SO2) in plasma, although total 14C levels remained unchanged compared with that observed when OFZ alone was administered. The presence of PBZ also reduced biliary secretion of 14C by 22% and ‐altered the relative proportions of OFZ metabolites in bile during the 72‐h experimental period. The ratio of 4′‐hydroxy‐OFZ (OH‐OFZ) to 4′‐hydroxy‐FBZ (OH‐FBZ) changed from 7:1 in the absence of PBZ to approximately 1:1 in the presence of PBZ. There was no change in urinary or faecal 14C excretion. The PBZ‐induced effects were temporary since the pharmacokinetic behaviour of OFZ given alone two weeks before was similar to that given two weeks after PBZ co‐administration.It is suggested that the presence of PBZ temporarily slowed hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion of OFZ metabolites butconcomitantly increased extra‐biliary transfer of OFZ andor its metabolites from plasma into the gastrointestinal tract. Elevated exposure of parasites in the gut wall to plasmaderived drug, coupled with higher concentrations of anthelmintically active OH‐FBZ secreted in bile, could contribute to the previously reported increased efficacy of OFZ when co‐administered with PBZ.