bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lab technicians and high school student interns—Who is scaffolding whom?: On forms of emergent expertise
Authors: Hsu Pei‐Ling , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: May 2008

AbstractApprenticeship and the associated support mechanism of scaffolding have received considerable interest by educational researchers as ways of inducting students into science. Most studies treat scaffolding as a one‐way process, where the expert supports the development of the novice. However, if social processes generally and conversations specifically are dialogical in nature then we would expect to observe two‐way processes. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an ethnographic study of high school students' internships in a scientific laboratory. Data were collected through observation, fieldnotes, and videotaping. Drawing on discursive psychology and conversation analysis, we find that laboratory technicians and students draw on different forms of discursive strategies to articulate knowledgeability while transacting with each other. We put forth the notion of emergent expertise to describe new forms of expertise that are not a property of individuals but rather the product of collective transactions. Our study illustrates the importance of opportunities generated in the internship for both old‐timers and newcomers to bring about knowledgeability. This study implies a rethinking of the role of the expert and the notion of scaffolding, which puts more emphasis on the transactional process rather than on learners as recipients. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:1–25, 2009
Is heterogeneity of catchability in capture–recapture studies a mere sampling artifact or a biologically relevant feature of the population?
Authors: Crespin Laurent , Choquet Rémi , Lima Mauricio , Merritt Joseph , Pradel Roger 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe heterogeneity of catchability (HC) among the individuals encountered during a capture–recapture study has long been regarded as a liability. However, heterogeneous capture probabilities may reflect interesting but hidden features of the population, such as social status. The difficulty is to distinguish between this intrinsic heterogeneity and the extrinsic heterogeneity induced by the study itself. So far, population ecologists have not been able to distinguish between these two sources of variation in capture heterogeneity because, in the presence of heterogeneity of capture in the data, they have frequently used a too simple approach. This traditional approach, which consists of incorporating two common sources of lack of fit (transience and trap‐dependence), does not directly model the HC and thus cannot investigate its biological meaning. In this context, we propose, for open populations, to directly model the HC by employing multievent models. Multievent models make it possible to break HC into two classes of catchability viewed as uncertain states. With the introduction of a coefficient of heterogeneity to model proportional probabilities of capture over time in the two classes, our approach allows the investigation of HC in a parsimonious way. In this paper, we apply both this new approach and the traditional approach to a long‐term data set of male deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus. We then compare 13 candidate models separately for each approach. Our results indicate that the new approach is superior to the traditional approach.
Use of metabolic control analysis in lactation biology
Authors: WRIGHT T. C. , CANT J. P. , MCBRIDE B. W. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYSensitivity analysis is routinely carried out in the evaluation of simulation models to identify the degree to which parameters influence model outputs. This type of sensitivity analysis is much less frequently applied to real systems, but a technique called metabolic control analysis (MCA) was developed in the 1970s for the purpose of experimentally identifying the degree to which individual enzymes in a metabolic pathway influence flux through the pathway. MCA is applied to the results of inhibition, activation or genetic manipulation of enzymatic steps in a biochemical pathway. Flux control coefficients for each enzyme are defined as the fractional change in steady-state flux through the entire pathway for an infinitesimal change in the activity of that one enzyme. The sum of control coefficients in a linear, non-branching pathway is equal to one. It is a common finding in MCA that the control, or sensitivity, is distributed over multiple enzymes and not in a single rate-limiting enzyme. The fundamental principles of MCA are reviewed and an overview of experimental methods to measure control coefficients is provided, with the objective of introducing this approach to the fields of agricultural biochemistry and modelling, where it is little known. The application of MCA to the study of glucose metabolism and fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary tissue are reviewed. The analyses indicated that mammary hexokinase activity exerts more control than transmembrane transport of glucose over lactose synthesis, and that control of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis is shared between acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, contrary to the widely held view that acetyl CoA carboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme. It is suggested that MCA could be a valuable aid in the integration of proteomic and metabolomic data with metabolic flux measurements to engineer desired changes in the composition of milk from dairy animals.
The Changes of Chinese Labor Policy and Labor Legislation in the Context of Market Transition
Authors: Ngok Kinglun 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article examines the changes to and relations between labor policy and labor legislation in the context of China's market transition with a focus on the 1994 Labor Law and the 2007 Labor Contract Law. The initial impetus to labor policy change came from the unemployment crisis at the end of the 1970s and the early 1980s. Since then, the state has relaxed its control over labor mobility and job allocation. The last two decades of the last century witnessed the most important changes in China's labor policy, that is, the replacement of lifelong employment with contract-based employment and the replacement of government job assignment with the labor market. Such changes indicate the paradigmatic shifts of China's labor policy in the reform era. Under the new labor policy paradigm, the role of law has been strengthened in governing labor relations and other labor-related affairs. Within the policy context of promoting economic growth while maintaining social stability, both policy and law are coordinated and complementary in stabilizing labor relations and protecting labor rights. Given the socioeconomic circumstances and the underdevelopment of the rule of law in China, policy is still important during the period of market transition.
Ziyou (Freedom), Occupational Choice, and Labor: Bangbang in Chongqing, People's Republic of China
Authors: Zhang Xia 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper aims to examine the complicated processes and dynamics of rural migrant workers' occupation choice in post-Mao China among a specific migrant population, the bangbang (porters or carriers) in the city of Chongqing in southwest China. By employing ethnographic data from my year-long anthropological field research among bangbang and following the Foucauldian concept of governmentality, this paper explores the question of whether neoliberalism alone deliberately and vehemently transforms these laborers into self-reliant subjects. It argues that for rural migrants, the discourse on ziyou (freedom), as promoted by the state, plays a significant role in facilitating the migrants' subject formation, transforming them into self-reliant and enterprising laborers even as it makes them vulnerable to fierce exploitation. At the same time, bangbang turn this neoliberal rationality around and use it in their struggle for the security and aid refused to them by the state because it externalizes the “technologies of the self.” Bangbang internalize neoliberal techniques of governance that are framed as ziyou (freedom), not from social responsibility or patriotism but from disappointment with and distrust of the state.
Formation and Early Growth of IFSEM
Authors: Fisher Robert M 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The International Federation of Societies for Electron Microscopy (IFSEM) was established in the mid-1950s out of a postwar desire to foster communications and collaboration among electron microscopists around the world and, to some extent, in response to growing recognition of the need for formal endorsement of an expanding calendar of meetings featuring foreign speakers and soliciting attendance from the rapidly swelling international community of electron microscopists. The present oversight function, pertaining to the scientific program, adequacy of the budgets, capacity of the facilities, and special amenities of the setting, came later. It must be said that the international ”Olympic Committee” system has worked well with an admirable string of successful meetings and no major problems. This short account deals primarily with the early IFSEM period. Developments during the middle and more recent IFSEM years have been described in a joint publication by Arvid Maunsbach and Gareth Thomas (1996)—both past Presidents of IFSEM. A subsequent account of the present structure, membership, and functions of IFSEM will also appear in a later issue of the Journal.
Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry from Then until Now: A Chronology of Innovation
Authors: Friel John J , Mott Richard B 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As part of the Microbeam Analysis Society (MAS) symposium marking 30 years of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), this article reviews many innovations in the field over those years. Innovations that added a capability previously not available to the microanalyst are chosen for further description. Included are innovations in both X-ray microanalysis and digital imaging using the EDS analyzer.
Low-Voltage Energy-Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis of Bulk Biological Materials
Authors: Echlin Patrick 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Low-voltage energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis has a number of distinct advantages for measuring the concentration of light elements (Z = 11−20) in a largely organic matrix. Between 10 and 4 kV, there is a 50-fold decrease in the size of the incident beam-specimen interaction volume which enables discrete subcel-lular compartments to be analyzed. Experiments with mineral and organic samples of known chemical composition show that two of the most widely used analytical algorithms are capable of providing quantitative data at accelerating voltages as low as 5 kV. This technique is used at 5 kV to analyze frozen hydrated fracture faces of leaves of the tea plant which are known to contain aluminium. Higher levels of aluminium are found in the cell walls and are associated with increased levels of silicon and magnesium. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental approach are discussed in relation to analysis carried out at higher voltages.
Standardless Quantitative Electron-Excited X-ray Microanalysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry: What Is Its Proper Role?
Authors: Newbury Dale E 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Electron beam X-ray microanalysis with semiconductor energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) performed with standards and calculated matrix corrections can yield quantitative results with a distribution such that 95% of analyses fall within ±5% relative for major and minor constituents. Standardless methods substitute calculations for the standard intensities, based either on physical models of X-ray generation and propagation (first principles) or on mathematical fits to remotely measured standards (fitted standards). Error distributions have been measured for three different standardless analysis procedures with a suite of microanalysis standards including metal alloys, glasses, minerals, ceramics, and stoichiometric compounds. For the first-principles standardless procedure, the error distribution placed 95% of analyses within ±50% relative, whereas for two commercial fitted standards procedures, the error distributions placed 95% of analyses within ±25% relative. The implication of these error distributions for the accuracy of analytical results is considered, and recommendations for the use of standardless analysis are given.
Statistical Considerations in Microanalysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry
Authors: Lifshin Eric , Doganaksoy Necip , Sirois Jane , Gauvin Raynald 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
X-ray counting statistics plays a key role in establishing confidence limits in composition determination by X-ray microanalysis. The process starts with measurements of intensity on one or more samples and standards as well as related background determinations. Since each individual measurement is subject to variability associated with counting statistics, it is necessary to combine all of the counting variability according to established mathematical procedures. The next step is to apply propagation of error calculations to equations for quantitative analysis and determine confidence limits in reported composition. Similar concepts can also be applied to trace element determination. This approach can then be combined with spectral simulation modeling, making it possible to predict detectability limits without additional measurements.
Measuring Performance of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Systems
Authors: Statham Peter J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As Si(Li) detector technology has matured, many of the fundamental problems have been addressed in the competition among manufacturers and there is now an expectation, implied by many textbooks, that all energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detectors are made and will perform in the same way. Although there has been some convergence in Si(Li) systems and these are still the most common, manufacturing recipes still differ and there are many alternative EDX devices, such as microcalorimeters and room temperature detectors, that have both advantages and disadvantages over Si(Li). Rather than emphasizing differences in technologies, performance measures should reveal benefits relevant to the intended application. The instrument is inevitably going to be a “black box” of integrated components; this article reviews some of the methods that have been applied and introduces some new techniques that can be used to assess performance without resorting to complex software or sophisticated mathematical algorithms. Sensitivity, resolution, artefacts, and stability are discussed with particular application to compositional analysis using electron beam excitation of X-rays in the 100-eV to 10-keV energy region.
Superconducting Tunnel Junction Array Development for High-Resolution Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Friedrich S , Mears CA , Nideröst B , Hiller LJ , Frank M , Labov SE , Barfknecht AT , Cramer SP 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Cryogenic energy-dispersive X-ray detectors are being developed because of their superior energy resolution (10 eV FWHM for keV X-rays) compared to that achieved in semiconductor energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) systems. So far, their range of application is limited because of their comparably small size and low count rate. We present data on the development of superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detector arrays to address both of these issues. A single STJ detector has a resolution of around 10 eV below 1 keV and can be operated at count rates of the order 10,000 counts/sec. We show that the simultaneous operation of several STJ detectors does not dimish their energy resolution significantly, and it increases the detector area and the maximum count rate by a factor given by the total number of independent channels.
Cryopreservation of shoot tips of endangered Hayachine-usuyukiso ( Leontopodium hayachinense (Takeda) Hara et Kitam.) using a vitrification protocol
Authors: Tanaka Daisuke , Niino Takao , Tsuchiya Yoshiko , Shirata Kazuto , Uemura Matsuo 
Published: May 2008

Hayachine-usuyukiso (Leontopodium hayachinense) is an alpine plant native to Mt Hayachine. This unique chrysanthemum is listed as an endangered plant by the Department of Conservation, Iwate Prefecture, and as a threatened plant by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. We successfully cryopreserved the shoot tips fromin vitro-grownL. hayachinenseshoots using a vitrification protocol. Cold-hardened shoot tips were excised and pre-cultured on a solidified Murashige–Skoog medium containing 0.3 M sucrose for 1 d at 5°C. The shoot tips were then treated with loading solution for 20 min at 25°C, dehydrated in plant vitrification solution 2 for 120 min at 25°C and immersed in liquid nitrogen. The survival rate of the vitrified shoot tips was 63.3% after 30 d of regrowth. This protocol appears to be a promising technique for the cryopreservation ofin vitro-grown shoots of this endangered plant.
Temperature thresholds for bacterial symbiosis with a sponge
Authors: Webster Nicole S , Cobb Rose E , Negri Andrew P 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The impact of elevated seawater temperature on bacterial communities within the marine sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile was assessed. Sponges were exposed to temperatures ranging between 27 and 33 °C. No differences in bacterial community composition or sponge health were detected in treatments between 27 and 31 °C. In contrast, sponges exposed to 33 °C exhibited a complete loss of the primary cultivated symbiont within 24 h and cellular necrosis after 3 days. Furthermore, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone sequence analysis detected a dramatic shift in bacterial community composition between 31 and 33 °C. Within the first 24 h most of the DGGE bands detected in samples from 27 to 31 °C were absent from the 33 °C sponges whereas eight bands were detected exclusively in the 33 °C sponges. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that most of the microbes from sponges exposed to 27–31 °C had highest homology to known sponge-associated bacteria. In contrast, many of the microbes from sponges exposed to 33 °C were similar to sequences previously retrieved from diseased and bleached corals. The 16S rRNA clone library analysis also detected a significant shift in bacterial community structure. The 27 °C library was composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Nitrospira, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi whereas the 33 °C library contained sequences from the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The clear shifts in community composition at elevated temperatures can be attributed to the loss of symbionts and to the establishment of alien microbial populations including potential pathogens. Breakdown of symbioses and stress in the sponge occurred at temperatures identical to those reported for coral bleaching, indicating that sponges may be similarly threatened by climate change.
Dietary Fructose During the Suckling Period Increases Body Weight and Fatty Acid Uptake Into Skeletal Muscle in Adult Rats
Authors: Huynh Minh , Luiken Joost J.J.P. , Coumans Will , Bell Rhonda C. 
Published: May 2008

Objective: The suckling period is one potentially “critical” period during which nutritional intake may permanently “program” metabolism to promote increased adult body weight and insulin resistance in later life. This study determined whether fructose introduced during the suckling period altered body weight and induced changes in fatty acid transport leading to insulin resistance in adulthood in rats.Methods and Procedures: Pups were randomly assigned to one of four diets: suckle controls (SCs), rat milk substitute formula (Rat Milk Substitute), fructose‐containing formula (Fructose), or galactose‐containing formula (Galactose). Starting at weaning, all pups received the same diet; at 8 weeks of age, half of the SC rats began ingesting a diet containing 65% kcal fructose (SC‐Fructose). This continued until animals were 12 weeks old and the study ended.Results: At weeks 8, 10, and 11, the Fructose group weighed more than SC and SC‐Fructose groups (P < 0.05). At weeks 8 and 10 of age, the Fructose group had significantly higher insulin concentrations vs. rats in the SC‐Fructose group. 3H‐Palmitate transport into vesicles from hind limb skeletal muscle was higher in Fructose vs. SC rats (P < 0.05). CD36 expression was increased in the sarcolemma but not in whole tissue homogenates from skeletal muscle from Fructose rats (P < 0.05) suggesting a redistribution of this protein associated with fatty acid uptake across the plasma membrane. This change in subcellular localization of CD36 is associated with insulin resistance in muscle.Discussion: Consuming fructose during suckling may result in lifelong changes in body weight, insulin secretion, and fatty acid transport involving CD36 in muscle and ultimately promote insulin resistance.
Profitability of coupled potato and dairy farms in Maine
Authors: Hoshide Aaron K. , Dalton Timothy J. , Stewart Smith N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAfter decades of farm specialization, re-integrating crop and livestock farming systems is being reconsidered as a key step toward sustainable agriculture. The relative profitability of Maine farms integrating crops and livestock is compared to non-integrated or conventional farms. Crop and livestock integration in Maine occurs through either diversified on-farm integration or, more commonly, through coupled interactions between specialized crop and livestock producers. Potato and dairy systems coupled for only 2 years (short-term) had greater profitability compared to conventional systems. Profitability increased in the short term in two ways. First, potato farms grew more of their primary cash crop. Secondly, dairy farms expanded cow numbers, increasing profitability assuming increasing returns to scale. Coupled systems integrated for more than 10 years (long-term) had more favorable profitability than short-term couplers since greater manure-nutrient credits were taken for potatoes and silage corn. The advantages of potato–dairy integration were even greater if potato yields increased in the long term, as suggested by long-term rotation plot studies in Maine. Even if coupling is more profitable than non-integrated systems, it requires that farms be in close proximity and for farmers to have adequate working relationships and management skills. Despite these challenges to re-integrating crops and livestock, short- and long-term economic benefits may encourage farmers in appropriate areas to consider coupling with other producers.
ProBias: a web-server for the identification of user-specified types of compositionally biased segments in protein sequences
Authors: Kuznetsov Igor B. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Summary: Most proteins contain compositionally biased segments (CBS) in which one or more amino acid types are significantly overrepresented. CBS that contain amino acids with similar chemical properties can have functional and structural importance. This article describes ProBias, a web-server that searches a protein sequence for CBS composed of user-specified amino acid types. ProBias utilizes the discrete scan statistics to estimate statistical significance of CBS and is able to detect even subtle local deviations from the random independence model. The web-server also analyzes the global compositional bias of the input sequence. In the case of novel proteins that lack functional annotation, statistically significant CBS reported by ProBias can be used to guide the search for potential functionally important sites or domains.
Availability: Freely available at http://lcg.rit.albany.edu/ProBias
Contact: IKuznetsov@albany.edu
Supplemantary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.