bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euthanasia, a Matrix of Cure or Exacerbation – A Legal Perspective of Current Bioethics Issue in China
Authors: Li Grace 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionEuthanasia is an old topic with traditional wisdom stating that everyone should have right to choose the mean of death. In China, there are always arguments about the two extremes of the land of living – birth and death. With the study of birth, which gives rise to eugenics, the study of death has touched off a rational discussion, that is, whether or not people have a right to opt for death; that is also, to take the value of life and sustain dignity in the last moment of life.
The dimensionality of notation
Authors: Polanen Petel Humphrey van 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Elements of notation are variables and sentences are
sequences of different variables. Both listening and reading are processes,
which makes a sentence a stream of variations of a single variable. Thus, a
simple sentence is a one-dimensional object, measured along the stream of
variation. A sentence with coordinated or subordinated material effectively
encodes multiple streams which makes a complex sentence a two-dimensional object
with that second dimension measured across the multiple streams. A single symbol
does not vary and is therefore a zero-dimensional object. Processes exist in
time and the dimensions of notation are therefore abstract
dimensions.
De l’esprit, de la culture, et des signes
Authors: Trabant Jürgen 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Les ‘sciences de l’esprit’ (Geisteswissenschaften)
deviennent sciences de la culture. L’article montre, à l’exemple des études
littéraires en Allemagne, les essais de transformation de ces disciplines,
l’échec de l’approche sémiotique et l’essor de la science de la culture.
Celle-ci tend à négliger ses bases sémiotiques. Ainsi, elle invoque Giambattista
Vico comme son père fondateur sans pour autant tenir compte de la dimension
sémiotique de la philosophie de celui-ci et de la culture en général. Face à cet
oubli l’article plaide pour un nouveau rapprochement de sémiotique et sciences
de la culture.
Attempts to chemically investigate element 112
Authors: Eichler R. , Brüchle W. , Buda R. , Bürger S. , Dressler R. , Düllmann Ch. E. , Dvorak J. , Eberhardt K. , Eichler B. , Folden C. M. , Gäggeler H. W. , Gregorich K. E. , Haenssler F. , Hoffman D. C. , Hummrich H. , Jäger E. , Kratz J. V. , Kuczewski B. , Liebe D. , Nayak D. , Nitsche H. , Piguet D. , Qin Z. , Rieth U. , Schädel M. , Schausten B. , Schimpf E. , Semchenkov A. , Soverna S. , Sudowe R. , Trautmann N. , Thörle P. , Türler A. , Wierczinski B. , Wiehl N. , Wilk P. A. , Wirth G. , Yakushev A. B. , von Zweidorf A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Two experiments aiming at the chemical investigation of element 112 produced in the heavy ion induced nuclear fusion reaction of 48Ca with 238U were performed at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany. Both experiments were designed to determine the adsorption enthalpy of element 112 on a gold surface using a thermochromatography setup. The temperature range covered in the thermochromatography experiments allowed the adsorption of Hg at about 35 °C and of Rn at about -180 °C. Reports from the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), Dubna, Russia claim production of a 5-min spontaneous fission (SF) activity assigned to 283112 for the 238U(48Ca,3n) 283112 reaction. Hence, Experiment I was designed to detect spontaneously fissioning (SF) isotopes of element 112 with half-lives (t
1/2) longer than about 20 s. 11 high-energy events were detected. 7 events exhibit a deposition pattern resembling a chromatographic peak in the vicinity of Rn deposition. However, the energy of the events observed in Experiment I was lower than expected for a SF-decay of 283112. Therefore, these events could not be unambiguously attributed to the decay of 283112. In contradiction with earlier publications newer reports from FLNR Dubna claim that 283112 decays by α-particle emission (E
α = 9.5 MeV) with t
1/2 = 4 s followed by a SF-decay of 279Ds (t
1/2 = 0.2 s). Therefore, Experiment II was designed to be sensitive to both claimed decay properties of 283112. However, during this experiment neither short α-SF correlations nor SF coincidences were detected. The conclusion is that 283112 was not unambiguously detected, neither in Experiment I nor in Experiment II.
Adsorption of lanthanum to goethite in the presence of gluconate
Authors: Pepper S. E. , Hull L. C. , Bottenus B. N. , Clark Sue B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe have examined the effect of the gluconate anion, an analogue for cellulose degradation products, on the adsorption of trivalent lanthanum (La3+)#to goethite. Lanthanum is investigated as an analogue for the trivalent actinides. Batch pH adsorption edge experiments were used to quantify the adsorption of La3+in the absence of gluconate and in solutions where gluconate was present at a 1:1 mole ratio to lanthanum. Using available thermodynamic data, it is calculated that lanthanum is primarily present in solution as the free La3+ion at pH values up to 8.5 in the absence of gluconate. Above pH 8.5, solid La(OH)3precipitates from solution. In the presence of gluconate, complexation decreases the free La3+concentration in solution. The fraction of La3+complexed increases, from 3% to 50%, as the concentrations of La3+and gluconate were increased. Very little effect on the adsorption of La3+to goethite was observed in the presence of gluconate below pH 7. At pH values above 7, however, gluconate doubled the maximum amount of La3+adsorbed when present at concentrations that saturated the goethite adsorption sites. The presence of gluconate did not appear to inhibit the formation of La(OH)3(s) at pH 8.5 and milli molar lanthanum concentrations. Adsorption to the goethite surface was represented with a surface complexation approach using the diffuse double-layer model. Intrinsic binding constants for the surface complexes were estimated from the pH adsorption edge data using the computer code FITEQL 4.0 and visual curve fitting. Two surface reactions were used to fit the adsorption data in the absence of gluconate: 1) a strong binding site with no proton release and 2) a much higher concentration of weak binding sites with release of two protons per La3+adsorbed. In the presence of gluconate, a third surface complex was needed that involved a ternary complex of two lanthanum atoms with one gluconate molecule.
Meine Forschungsreise in Belgisch-Kongo, 1929–1930
Authors: Schebesta Paul 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphGelegentlich meiner letzten Forschungsreise in Belgisch-Kongo durchquerte ich weite Gebiete dieser blühenden Kolonie, besuchte auch Ruanda und auf der Heimfahrt Rhodesia und Portugiesisch-Sambesi. Die längste Zeit hielt ich mich in der Ostprovinz der Kongo-Kolonie auf und durchreiste den Ituri-Urwald nach den verschiedensten Richtungen hin, stets auf der Fährte der Pygmäen, deren Wohngebiet der Urwald des Ituri und seiner Nebenflüsse Nepoko und Lenda ist. Obwohl der eigentliche Zweck der Reise die Erforschung der Pygmäen war, musste ich den umwohnenden Negern grösstmögliche Aufmerksamkeit widmen, da der kulturelle und sprachliche Einfluss, den sie auf die Pygmäen ausüben, ein nicht zu unterschätzender ist. Mehrere Monate brachte ich auch noch bei den Bacwa und ihrem Wirtsvolk den Nkundu in der ‘Province d'Équateur’ zu, brach aber die Arbeit dort ab, da es sich herausstellte, dass die genannten Bacwa keine reinrassigen Pygmäen sind.
The Problem of Mass Education in Africa
Authors: Mumford W. Bryant , Jackson R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Report of the De La Warr Commission on Education in East Africa, the recent Colonial Office pamphlet on Education and Village Communities, and repeated statements and proposals by Directors of Education in British African dependencies are again drawing attention to the pressing need for new advances in the development of educational facilities in Africa. From these studies, proposals and reports it becomes clear that there are three main directions along which the need for advance seems urgent, namely: the development of higher education of a University standing (and the establishment of centres for research at the projected University schools), the increasing of facilities for secondary education which shall, inter alia, open for a greater number of Africans the doors to University studies, and, lastly, an increase in the numbers of some kind of rudimentary schools for the peoples as a whole, which will help to spread the basic tools of modern living—reading, writing, and arithmetic. It is this last line of development which is the subject of the present article.
New Ways for Old in the Treatment of Adolescent African Girls
Authors: Culwick G. M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe custom of shutting young girls up at puberty is not uncommon among Bantu tribes, the period varying from the duration of the first menstruation to a matter of months and even years. In the first case she is merely removed from normal social contacts during a short period of crisis, when certain rites must be performed for her own safety and fertility, and possibly the well-being of society generally, and certain lessons regarding personal conduct, not necessarily heard then for the first time, must be finally driven home in a manner and in an emotional atmosphere calculated to impress them deeply in her consciousness. In the latter cases the idea is that, in addition to undergoing the safeguarding ritual, the girl should afterwards remain in absolute seclusion until the negotiations regarding her marriage are complete and a substantial part of the bride-wealth has been handed over. I am here concerned with the latter.
The Importance of Tribal Markets in the Commercial Life of the Countryside of North-West Morocco
Authors: Fogg Walter 
Published: April 2006

Concerning trading in the countryside of North-West Morocco, Michaux-Bellaire and Salmon writing in 1906 about the Ḫloṭ and Tlīq tribes, state:‘Toute la vie commerciale de la tribu s'écoule cependant sur le marché hebdomadaire. Si on trouve en effet quelques industries, d'ailleurs assez peu développées, dans les douars, le commerce y est totalement inconnu. On n'y rencontre même pas, comme dans quelques dchour djebaliens, de rares baqqâl (épiciers), ou des établissements publics où les paysans, la journée accomplie, viennent boire quelques tasses de thé à la menthe, en fumant le kif’;and Michaux-Bellaire, writing a few years later about the Jbâla tribes, states that the imported goods, tea, sugar, candles, spices, matches, cotton fabrics, and imported fine-wool fabrics,‘se trouvent également dans les villages d'une certaine importance’
Nilotic, ‘Nilo-Hamitic’, and Hamito-Semitic: A Reply
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn my general classification of African languages, the so-called ‘Nilo-Hamitic’ languages of East Africa were placed in the same subdivision as the Nilotic languages within a much larger linguistic stock called Macro-Sudanic. In a recent review of this work Welmers has suggested the geographic designation Chari-Nile as more appropriate, an emendation in terminology which is herewith accepted. In the same work, the traditional Hamito-Semitic family was accepted with some modifications, not relevant to the present discussion, as another major African linguistic stock, distinct from the Chari-Nile family although perhaps distantly related to it. On this view, the term ‘Nilo-Hamitic’ is inappropriate for this group of languages and the name ‘Great Lakes’ was suggested in its place. In his recent work on the Nilotic languages, Oswin Köhler takes a position very similar to my own in regard to the ‘Nilo-Hamitic’ languages. Moreover he suggests that the Bari-Masai group of languages forming the bulk of ‘Nilo-Hamitic’ is as distant from Nandi-Suk, hitherto always included under the same designation, as it is from the Nilotic languages proper. He therefore proposes a threefold division into Western Nilotic (Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer, &c), Eastern Nilotic (Bari, Masai, Lotuko, &c), and Southern Nilotic (Nandi-Suk). I am inclined to agree with him and this view is borne out by the material assembled in the later part of this article.
Economic Sense and the East African Impressions of a Visiting American Economist
Authors: Hoyt Elisabeth 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn Western society children grow up with certain elementary ideas of the costs and values of economic goods. As they mature, their personal contacts and their reading still further impress them with the importance of effort, saving, and sacrifice in relation to reward. Their concepts of reward are enlarged and these concepts become clothed in a great variety of specific forms, which become their standards of living, and serve as incentives to further effort. That is to say, children learn, consciously or unconsciously, from the beginning, to value a large number of economic goods which they recognize as costly and needing to be cared for. They learn also that economic rewards come only with striving. And because they have experience that the opportunities which make rewards possible are precious and somewhat limited they come to prize them, conserve them, and make use of them when they are offered.
Initiation Ceremonies for Luimbi Boys
Authors: Tucker John T. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Luimbi (from the root lui, ‘river’, literally two rivers: mbali) are river-folk
who occupy lands along and between the Kukema and Kuanja rivers in the Bié highlands of Angola. Subject since the eighteenth century to the depredations, aggressions, and pressure of their more powerful neighbours, the immigrant Biéan Ovimbundu, the Luimbi nevertheless maintain their tribal customs and unity and have not been without influence on their rivals and oppressors. European civilization, while it has largely liquidated the ancient tribal sanctions of the Ovimbundu, has not had an equal effect on the Luimbi.
Some Notes on Nilotic, ‘Nilo-Hamitic’, and Hamito-Semitic, by Joseph H. Greenberg
Authors: Hohenberger J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphBy the courtesy of the author and of the editor of Africa I was able to see the proofs of the above-mentioned article in order that I might prepare a reply. As Greenberg deals mainly with the subject-matter of my article ‘Comparative Masai Word List’ (Africa, xxvi. 3, pp. 281-7), I feel that I should make some brief comments on his argument and his criticisms. I shall first examine the specific points of his criticism, and shall then discuss the more important questions and facts concerning the relations of Masai (and Nilo-Hamitic) to Hamito-Semitic.
Notes sur les Marchés mossi du Yatenga
Authors: Zahan D. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphCet article n'a pas la prétention d'être une étude sociologique et économique, même sommaire, des marchés mossi. Il a pour but de montrer simplement quelques aspects de la notion mossi du marché. Nous nous limitons également, en établissant le calendrier des marchés, aux deux Subdivisions du Cercle de Ouahigouya: la Subdivision Centrale et celle des Lacs, les seules où l'élément mossi est prédominant du point de vue démographique.
The Tones of Prefixes in Common Bantu
Authors: Meeussen A. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThose Bantu languages which show the greatest number of correspondences in their concord systems have three kinds of prefixes:1. Nominal prefixes, with m- in classes 1, 3, 4 and 6; they are used in nouns, locatives (as pre-prefixes), and adjectives.2. Pronominal prefixes, usually without m- in classes 1, 3, 4, 6 and without forms for 1st and 2nd person (except in the personal pronoun); they appear in all other concording words except principal (i.e. non-relative) verb forms.3. Verbal prefixes, usually without m- in classes 1, 3, 4, 6, with forms for 1st and 2nd person, and often with a special form in class 1 (e.g. a- as opposed to the pronominal prefix u- or yu-); they obtain as subject-prefixes in the principal verb forms.
Le Consentement au Mariage et son Évolution chez les Betammadibe
Authors: Mercier P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLes populations du cercle de Natitingou sont sans doute, au Dahomey, celles qui ont été le moins profondément affectées par l'influence européenne. Au moins l'apparance extérieure de leur vie a-t-elle fort peu changé. On les presente comme un cas extrême de résistance aux influences étrangères, et c'est en partie exact. Leurs contacts avec les cultures africaines voisines ont été assez réduits dans la période historique récente, et il n'en est pas autrement, jusqu'ici, avec la culture européenne. Mais alors que nul peuple voisin n'avait réussi à s'installer chez eux pour tenter de leur imposer une administration centralisée, les Européens l'ont fait. Ils demeurent, en tant que groupes, réticents devant ces formes nouvelles. Mais les individus ont vite recouru à l'administration et à la justice nouvelles lorsque leurs solutions semblaient permettre, dans tels cas particuliers, de faire échec à l'ordre ancien qui allait à l'encontre de leurs intérêts. Ainsi se sont produitès les premières failles dans la structure traditionnelle. Elles se sont étendues de proche en proche et l'action des conceptions et des solutions nouvelles, par leur seule présence virtuelle, a déjà été grande. Dans le domaine du mariage, en particulier, on peut en constater les effets étendus. C'est l'étude du problème du consentement, familial et individuel, au mariage, qui sera abordée ici dans un de ces groupes, habitant les environs de Natitingou. On verra que l'équilibre très délicat des institutions anciennes pouvait être aisément bouleversé, et l'a été déjà.Les formes mêmes du mariage et les règles de l'attribution des enfants seront seulement décrites dans la mesure où leur connaissance est nécessaire à notre propos.
Il Cannibalismo dei Niam Niam
Authors: Giorgetti Filiberto 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphRenzo Camignani ha stampato un libro di 67 pagine, edito da Collana di Studi Etnografici a Roma, nel 1954, sul Cannibalismo degli Asandè(o Niam Niam). Il termine esatto universalmente adottato sarebbe Azande.L'Autore tratta la questione solo basandosi sulle diverse testimonianze di scrittori e viaggiatori, missionari e antropologi. Troppe testimonianze, forse, che, a volte, sono anche in se stesse contradittorie. L'Autore, dato il materiale che aveva, ha trattato la tesi brillantemente.
Note on the Verbal -E Stem in East African Bantu
Authors: Haddon Ernest B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphEast African Bantuists and others farther south have noticed the -e stem cropping up sporadically and unexpectedly in verbal forms and this exposition is an attempt to explain them.One has realized the dominant importance of ‘state’ in Bantu and seen that, during the development of the languages, time tenses have been formed by inflexion, and in the endeavour to fit these tenses into the framework of the indicative mood one has tended to lose sight of the principles of state. The chaotic diversity of inflexions used to express future or past time in different language groups suggests the comparatively modern development of these tenses.
Some Aspects of Inter-Racial Marriages in South Africa, 1925–46
Authors: Sofer Cyril 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWhere racial antipathies exist there is a tendency on the part of the dominant group to avoid personal contacts with the subordinate race or races. This is perhaps especially the case in the intimate relationship of marriage. The study of inter-racial marriage data may therefore provide useful indices to changes in caste and class relationships in multi-racial communities. In this paper figures are presented for racial intermarriage in the Union of South Africa since 1925, the year in which it became compulsory to state the race of the contracting parties, and suggestions are made as to possible reasons for the trends which can be observed.
La Famille Nucléaire Chez les Bushoong
Authors: Vansina J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDans la société bushoong existent quatre institutions fondées sur la parenté: le clan matrilinéaire, la section de clan, la famille étendue mixte et la famille nucléaire. Cette dernière est la plus importante du point de vue des fonctions qu'elle remplit et de l'intensité des rôles sociaux qu'elle impose à ses membres. Nous décrivons ici ses caractéristiques, ses fonctions, le réseau des rôles sociaux qu'elle régit et enfin ses rapports avec les trois autres institutions citées.
Raffia Cloth Distribution in the Lele Economy
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe distribution of raffia cloth among the Lele raises two questions. One, mainly ethnographic, is that of the various functions served in the course of its circulation from hand to hand. In answering this, the second question arises. In some aspects raffia cloth seems to perform monetary roles. Is it to be classed as a type of primitive money? In the widest sense it seems to be an imperfect type of money, performing in a restricted manner some of the main functions of money: it acts as a store and a standard of value; it is given as payment for services and sometimes used as a medium of exchange. It is not, however, the principal, or usual, means of distribution in the economy. I hope that a discussion of the short-comings of Lele raffia as a form of money may be interesting to others working in societies which are similarly on the verge of a market economy.
Evidence of Human Migrations from the Rock art of Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Cooke C. K. 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThis paper is the result of a study of all the known rock painting copies and photographs, undertaken during 1963 and early 1964—in the first instance to plot the occurrence of patterned giraffe paintings against those only in silhouette. The list has grown, however, and all animals and humans have been indexed and plotted on distribution maps, all information being finally synthesized. An analysis is presented of the human types and domesticated animals recorded in the art of Southern Africa. These items have been plotted on distribution maps, the significance of which is discussed in the following sections. The importance of the Mopani belt and of linguistics are also examined and a possible way from the east of Southern Rhodesia to the Cape of Good Hope indicated. The distribution of animal types is the subject of another paper (Cooke, 1964).
Jural Relations between the Sexes among the Barabaig
Authors: Klima George 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMany accounts of African tribal societies lack information concerning the role of women in social control and political organization. Social control is seen largely as the prerogative of males, even in societies where matriliny serves as a basis for establishing rules of succession to positions of authority. Of course, there are exceptional cases where authority and political leadership has been vested in women, e.g. the Lobedu of the Transvaal, but generally speaking, the establishment and maintenance of law and order by legitimate authority, within a specific territory, has been considered by many anthropologists to be almost exclusively the preoccupation and franchise of the male members of a society.
Ritual Oaths as Instruments of Coercion and Self-Defence among the Adaŋme of Ghana
Authors: Huber Hugo 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThis paper describes a magico-religious practice among the Adanme of the southeastern plains of Ghana. The investigations were carried out during the period 1951 to 1957, mainly among the Krobo, who represent the largest division of the group. But references will also be made to the neighbouring Adarjme-speaking tribes, viz. the Osu, the Sɛ (Shai) and the Nīgo, from whom some comparative data were obtained. No specific information was collected from the coastal areas on this particular point.