bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth
Authors: Sangeetha Tupili , Periyathambi Ezhumalai 
Published: February 2024

Background
The primary objective is to address the specific needs of plants at different growth stages by delivering precise nutrient concentrations tailored to their developmental requirements. Challenges such as uneven nutrient distribution, fluctuations in pH and electrical conductivity, and inadequate nutrient delivery pose potential hindrances to achieving optimal plant health and yield in hydroponic systems. By overcoming these challenges, the hydroponic farming community aims to enhance the accuracy of nutrient dosing, streamline automation processes, and minimize resource wastage. Hydroponics, a cultivation technique without soil, facilitates the growth of organic vegetation while concurrently minimizing water use and eliminating the necessity for pesticides. In order to achieve effective cultivation of hydroponic plants, it is essential to maintain a controlled environment that encompasses essential factors such as temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, oxygen availability, and appropriate lighting conditions. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure the provision of vital nutrients to maximize output and productivity. Due to the demanding nature of a hydroponic farmer’s schedule, it is necessary to minimize the amount of time dedicated to nutrient management, as well as pH and EC adjustments.

Methods
In order to determine and deliver the proper amount of vital nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, based on the plant growth stage, we presented an automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator in this system. We noticed that the plant’s nutrient consumption varies depending on its stage of growth according to plant psychology. Four peristaltic pumps with the necessary sensors are controlled by an Arduino board in the suggested system. Both filling and draining the water are done using each pump. To identify the plant stage, we apply the Plant Growth Stage Identification algorithm to encompass the seedling, vegetative, flowers, and fruit stages.

Results
The experimental results reveal that the Growth Stage Identification algorithm obtains 97.5% accuracy for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition ingestion, identifying the vegetative state. The flowering stage is identified with 97.5% accuracy in the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, and the fruiting location is determined with 99.4% accuracy in the last 10–15th week with 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption.
Comparative Study on Ethanol Production from Sweet Potato Flour and Sugarcane Juice Using Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Udeh Ifunanya Clara , Ezea Ifeanyi Boniface , Ogbonna James Chukwuma 
Published: February 2024

Renewable energy is widely acknowledged as the fastest growing energy source due to its environmental friendly. The demand for ethanol is increasing but the cost and availability of substrate are the major challenges facing bioethanol production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to compare bioethanol production from sugarcane juice and sweet potato flour. Bioethanol production was carried out using liquefied and pretreated sweet potato flour and sugarcane juice in 250 ml conical flask inoculated with thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus. The result showed that the sugar concentration of sweet potato flour and sugarcane juice were 18 and 25 % respectively. During fermentation the sugar concentration decreased while ethanol concentration increased to maximum of 5.273 and 3.886 % respectively from sugarcane juice and sweet potato flour after 48 hours of fermentation. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that sweet potato and sugarcane, which are efficiently and abundantly cultivated in most parts of Nigeria, can be efficiently utilized for bioethanol production.
Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Condiment Extract Reversed Diarrhoeal Condition in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Olanipekun, O. T.  , Akinloye, O. A.  , Soetan, K. O.  
Published: February 2024

Aims: The goal of the investigation is to verify the anti-diarrhoeal properties of bambara groundnut seed condiment.
Study Design: The study involved thirty male Wistar rats divided into five groups. Rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received different dosages of the methanol extract of Bambara groundnut condiment (BGNCE). Group 1 served as a control and received loperamide, a standard medication for treating diarrhoea, while group 5 received distilled water. The rats were subjected to castor oil to induce diarrhoea, and various parameters were evaluated over a four-hour period.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, and the Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta; between July 2017 and November, 2017.
Methodology: The methodology involved administering castor oil to induce diarrhoea, evaluating various diarrhoea parameters over four hours, and analyzing serum concentrations of albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes (K+, Na+, Cl-) using standard methods.
Results: The rats in group 1 (loperamide) showed the highest level of inhibition of diarrhoea (100%), while rats in group 5 (distilled water) had the least inhibition (21.85%). The treatment with bambara groundnut condiment extract improved kidney and liver functions in rats, as indicated by changes in blood urea nitrogen (18.80 mg/dl vs 10.67 mg/dl); creatinine (0.83 mg/dl vs 0.74 mg/dl); and albumin (2.01 vs 3.21 g/dl), for rat groups 4 and 1 respectively. BGNCE also up-regulated serum concentrations (mmol/L) of (K+, Na+, Cl-) ions close to control.
Conclusion: The study concludes that Bambara groundnut condiment have anti-diarrhoeal potential, and untreated acute diarrhoea can impair liver and kidney functions in rats.
A Study to Assess Occupational Stress among the Farmers of Mahbubnagar District of Telangana, India
Authors: Shravani Kotha , Naberia Seema , Mounika B. , Sravani Settipalli 
Published: February 2024

Aim: The main aim of the study was to analyze the occupational stress of the farmers.
Study Design: The study followed Ex post facto research design.
Place and Duration of study: The current study was carried out purposively in Mahbubnagar district of Telangana during the year 2020-21 because the farmers of Mahbubnagar district are far behind in terms of scientific knowledge of agriculture and the productivity of the crops is being constant despite the huge developments in the technology interventions in the country.
Methodology: The purposive sampling technique was administered and one mandal namely Midjil was selected because most of farmers grow cotton and are far behind the technological interventions and data was collected from a randomly drawn sample of 170 respondents by personal interview method through structured interview schedule.
Results: The results of the study revealed that 70.59% respondents were having medium level of overall occupational stress followed by high stress (15.29%) and low stress level (14.12%) with high level financial stress (68.82%), medium level of weather stress (57.64%), medium level of work overload stress (70.00%), medium level of other people as stress (74.11%), medium level of farming hassles stress (64.70%).
Conclusion: It was concluded to focus on the occupational stress while promoting appropriate strategies with training programmes, demonstrations, develop and regulate policies like minimum support price, and provide subsidies on inputs, provision for storage facilities to avoid distress sale etc. from the state government.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Nutrient Use Efficiencies and Economics of Baby Corn (Zea mays. L): A Review
Authors: Lodh Paramita , Saha Abhijit , Hedayetullah Md. , Saha Debashree 
Published: February 2024

A young, unfertilized, dehusked maize ear that has just started to multiply is called baby corn (the baby phase of the maize cob). It is usually harvested when the silk is between two and three cm long, two to three days following silking. Depending on the agro-climatic circumstances, baby maize can be grown three to four times a year after maturing for 60 to 75 days. As a pre-kharif crop with a brief growing phase, baby maize provides a distinct benefit by making use of fields that would otherwise stay fallow during the periods when rice and wheat are turning over. Higherearnings can be made from the early harvest and selling of baby maize ears. Additionally, untranslocated photosynthates remaining in the green stover can be used as a good source of nutrient-rich green fodder for live stock, which boosts the production of dairy products and meat.
As the crop with the highest nutritional content, baby maize needs exceptionally high-quality nutrients to be used efficiently and to increase yield. Although the production of baby corn can be increased by applying artificial fertiliser, doing so will eventually compromise the sustainability of the expanding field. Furthermore, farmers' financial stability and soil health can be preserved by replacing a portion of chemical fertilisers with organic sources of nutrients. However, the replacement of 25% and 50% of the nitrogen with organic sources (FYM/Vermicompost/Poultry Manure) had a greater positive impact on the production of baby maize, the yield of fodder, the quality and economics of the nutrient uptake, and the soil fertility status.
Mechanism of the trickle‐to‐pulse flow transition in fixed‐bed reactors
Authors: Anadon Laura D. , Sederman Andrew J. , Gladden Lynn F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe formation of local instabilities, identified as isolated pulsing events, in the gas‐liquid distribution within a trickle‐bed reactor is shown to be central to the mechanism of the hydrodynamic transition from trickle‐to‐pulsing flow. The evolution of these instabilities as the bed moves through the transition is imaged in 3‐D using ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The reactor was of internal dia. 43 mm and packed with cylindrical packing elements of length and diameter 3 mm, operating under conditions of air‐water, cocurrent downflow. Superficial gas and liquid velocities in the range 25–300 and 0.9–13.0 mm s−1, respectively, were used. For a given gas velocity, the transition point is defined to be the liquid velocity at which the maximum number of isolated pulses occurs. The transition point determined using this approach is critically compared with the predictions of existing correlations and theoretical models. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Novel splicing mutation in the NEMO (IKK‐gamma) gene with severe immunodeficiency and heterogeneity of X‐chromosome inactivation
Authors: Ørstavik Karen Helene , Kristiansen Marianne , Knudsen Gun Peggy , Storhaug Kari , Vege Åshild , Eiklid Kristin , Abrahamsen Tore G , Smahi Asma , Steen‐Johnsen Jon 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe report on a family with three stillborn males, three affected males who were small for gestational age and died within 8 months, and one male who died at age 5 years. This boy had cone‐shaped teeth and oligoodontia. He had serious bacterial infections and inflammatory bowel disease. Mutations in the NF‐κB essential modulator (NEMO) gene have recently been shown to be the cause of a group of ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency disorders (EDA‐ID). Analysis of the NEMO gene revealed a nucleotide change in the consensus sequence of the splicing donor site of exon 6 IVS6 + 5G → A(1027 + 5G → A), which has not previously been described in EDA‐ID. RT‐PCR analysis of fibroblast RNA from an aborted affected male fetus demonstrated a skipping of exons 4, 5, and 6 which resulted in a truncated protein of about 35 kDa revealed by NEMO antibody. The skipping of exons 4, 5, and 6 did not affect the ORF of the C‐terminal of NEMO encoded by exons 7, 8, 9, and 10, which contains a coiled‐coil motif (CC2), a leucin‐zipper (LZ), and a zinc finger motif (ZF) sub‐domains of NEMO. IκBα degradation was strongly impaired in the fetal fibroblasts, suggesting an impaired NF‐κB signaling. One healthy carrier had a completely skewed X‐inactivation pattern with the normal X active, whereas the two other carriers had a random X‐inactivation pattern. This family may represent a new phenotype within the EDA‐ID disorders. From the heterogeneity in X‐inactivation phenotype, we conclude that this mutation is not deleterious enough to be lethal for peripheral blood cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breakpoint mapping in a case of mosaicism with partial monosomy 9p23 → pter and partial trisomy 1q41 → qter suggests neo‐telomere formation in stabilizing the deleted chromosome
Authors: Kulikowski Leslie D. , Christ Laurie A. , Nogueira Sintia I. , Brunoni Decio , Schwartz Stuart , Melaragno Maria I. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe report on a clinical and molecular cytogenetic study of a patient who presents a complex chromosomal rearrangement with two different cell lines. Using high‐resolution GTG banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with several probes, including bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), the karyotype was defined as 46,XX,del(9)(p23)[54]/46,XX,der(9)t(1;9)(q41;p23)[46], indicating the presence of monosomy 9p23 in all cells and trisomy 1q41 in approximately 50% of the cells. The patient studied presents most of the manifestations of the 9p deletion and 1q duplication syndromes. The breakpoint was mapped at 9p23 with a loss of approximately 13.9‐Mb of DNA. The duplicated segment consists of approximately 35 Mb from 1q41‐qter region. We also suggest that a mechanism for telomere capture and interstitial telomeric sequences (ITs) is involved in a neo‐telomere formation in one of the cell lines. This study highlights the importance of combining high‐resolution chromosome and FISH with BACs in order to make genotype–phenotype correlations and to understand the mechanisms involved chromosomal aberrations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of the prevalent SFTPB indel g.1549C > GAA (121ins2) mutation causing surfactant protein B (SP‐B) deficiency
Authors: Tredano Mohammed , Cooper David N. , Stuhrmann Manfred , Christodoulou John , Chuzhanova Nadia A. , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise , Boëlle Pierre‐Yves , Elion Jacques , Jeanpierre Marc , Feingold Josué , Couderc Rémy , Bahuau Michel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe SFTPB gene indel g.1549C > GAA (121ins2) accounts for about 2/3 of the mutant alleles underlying complete surfactant protein B deficiency. It is unclear, however, whether its prevalence is due to recurrent mutation or a founder effect. The underlying mutational mechanism was therefore sought through the analysis of local DNA sequence complexity. A relatively complex two‐step process was proposed: the first step involving slipped mispairing mediated by a direct repeat and generating an AGAA micro‐insertion, the second step involving hairpin loop resolution resulting in a CA micro‐deletion. The possibility of a founder effect was then assessed by typing 8 intragenic SNPs in 17 independent 121ins2 chromosomes from 10 probands, with parental non‐121ins2 chromosomes serving as controls. The 121ins2 chromosomes were assigned to three discrete haplotypes, whilst control chromosomes were distributed between 10 of the 11 observed parental haplotypes. The 121ins2 mutation was in strong and significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the tightly linked marker g.1580T/C (|D'| = 1; P ≈ 0.024), although only moderate LD was found with the rest of the locus (|D'| ≈ 0.54; P ≈ 0.136). Data on haplotype structure and the locus LD pattern, obtained from 81 independent Western‐European chromosomes, were consistent with the three mutation‐bearing haplotypes having originated from a common ancestor by recombination. Interestingly, all families harboring the 121ins2 indel had ancestors from a region of Northwestern Europe populated by Frankish/Saxon migration. Taken together, these data are consistent with the view that an indel mutation occurred on a relatively common SFTPB haplotype and now accounts for the majority of (and possibly all) extant 121ins2 chromosomes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A large interstitial deletion of 17p13.1p11.2 involving the Smith–Magenis chromosome region in a girl with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Ueda Hideaki , Kawataki Motoyoshi , Yamanaka Michiko , Asou Toshihide , Kondoh Yuki , Harada Naoki , Matsumoto Naomichi , Kurosawa Kenji 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA 6‐month‐old girl had multiple congenital anomalies, including dysmorphic face; tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia and patent ductus arteriosus; congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the right upper lung, and hemilateral kidney defect. Chromosome analysis as well as flurorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymorphic marker analyses in the girl and her parents revealed a de novo large interstitial deletion of 17p13.1‐p11.2 of the paternally derived chromosome 17. The deletion involved the Smith–Magenis chromosome region (SMCR). Lack of involvement of the Miller–Dieker syndrome region at 17p13.3 was confirmed by both FISH analysis and radiological examinations that showed no migrational abnormality. The girl died at age 7 months. This is the first report of a patient with a large interstitial deletion of 17p. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) with smoking initiation and nicotine dependence
Authors: Zhang Lan , Kendler Kenneth S. , Chen Xiangning 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSince PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) has elevated expression in rat brain (amygdala) after chronic administration of nicotine and the PTEN gene is located in the vicinity of the chromosome 10q23 linkage peak in a genome‐scan study of nicotine dependence, PTEN seems a plausible candidate gene for smoking behavior. To test this hypothesis, we use a three‐group case‐control design and genotype five SNPs in the PTEN gene. We compare allele and genotype frequencies between the smokers and nonsmokers and between the low nicotine dependent and high nicotine dependent subjects. Three SNPs in the PTEN gene are significantly associated with smoking initiation (rs1234221, P = 0.0311; rs1234213, P = 0.0002; and rs2735343, P = 0.0028). Rs1234213 also shows association with nicotine dependence (P = 0.0278). Haplotype analyses indicate that a major haplotype, 1‐1‐2‐2‐1 for rs1234221‐rs2299939‐rs1234213‐rs2735343‐rs70184, is associated with smoking initiation. A minor haplotype (about 3%), 1‐2‐2‐2‐1 for the same five SNPs, is observed only in the high nicotine dependence group. These results suggest that the PTEN gene may be involved in the etiology of both smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomewide scan for real‐word reading subphenotypes of dyslexia: Novel chromosome 13 locus and genetic complexity
Authors: Igo Robert P. , Chapman Nicola H. , Berninger Virginia W. , Matsushita Mark , Brkanac Zoran , Rothstein Joseph H. , Holzman Ted , Nielsen Kathleen , Raskind Wendy H. , Wijsman Ellen M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDyslexia is a common learning disability exhibited as a delay in acquiring reading skills despite adequate intelligence and instruction. Reading single real words (real‐word reading, RWR) is especially impaired in many dyslexics. We performed a genome scan, using variance components (VC) linkage analysis and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) joint segregation and linkage analysis, for three quantitative measures of RWR in 108 multigenerational families, with follow up of the strongest signals with parametric LOD score analyses. We used single‐word reading efficiency (SWE) to assess speed and accuracy of RWR, and word identification (WID) to assess accuracy alone. Adjusting SWE for WID provided a third measure of RWR efficiency. All three methods of analysis identified a strong linkage signal for SWE on chromosome 13q. Based on multipoint analysis with 13 markers we obtained a MCMC intensity ratio (IR) of 53.2 (chromosome‐wide P < 0.004), a VC LOD score of 2.29, and a parametric LOD score of 2.94, based on a quantitative‐trait model from MCMC segregation analysis (SA). A weaker signal for SWE on chromosome 2q occurred in the same location as a significant linkage peak seen previously in a scan for phonological decoding. MCMC oligogenic SA identified three models of transmission for WID, which could be assigned to two distinct linkage peaks on chromosomes 12 and 15. Taken together, these results indicate a locus for efficiency and accuracy of RWR on chromosome 13, and a complex model for inheritance of RWR accuracy with loci on chromosomes 12 and 15. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete maternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 4 in a subject with major depressive disorder detected by high density SNP genotyping arrays
Authors: Middleton Frank A. , Trauzzi Marco G. , Shrimpton Antony E. , Gentile Karen L. , Morley Christopher P. , Medeiros Helena , Pato Michele T. , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractUniparental isodisomy (iUPD) is a rare genetic condition caused by non‐disjunction during meiosis that ultimately leads to a duplication of either the maternal or paternal chromosome in the affected individual. Two types of disorders can result, those due to imprinted genes and those due to homozygosity of recessive disease‐causing mutations. Here, we describe the third known case of complete chromosome 4 iUPD of maternal origin. This condition became apparent during whole genome linkage studies of psychiatric disorders in the Portuguese population. The proband is an adult female with normal fertility and no major medical complaints, but a history of major depressive disorder and multiple suicide attempts. The proband's siblings and parents had normal chromosome 4 genotypes and no history of mood disturbance. A brief review of other studies lends support for the possibility that genes on chromosome 4 might confer risk for mood disorders. We conclude that chromosome 4 maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) is a rare disorder that may present with a major depressive phenotype. The lack of a common disease phenotype between this and two other cases of chromosome 4 iUPD [Lindenbaum et al. [1991] Am J Med Genet 49(Suppl 285):1582; Spena et al. [2004] Eur J Hum Genet 12:891–898) would suggest that there is no vital maternal gene imprinting on chromosome 4. However, since there is no reported case of paternal chromosome 4 UPD, paternal gene imprinting on chromosome 4 cannot be excluded. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foot bones from Omo: Implications for hominid evolution
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Schwartz Gary T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe reanalyze a hominid talus and calcaneus from Omo dating to 2.2 mya and 2.36 mya, respectively. Although both specimens occur at different localities and times, both tarsals articulate well together, suggesting a single taxon on the basis of size and function. We attribute these foot bones to early Homo on the basis of their morphology. The more modern‐like tarsal morphology of these Omo foot bones makes them very similar to a talus from Koobi Fora (KNM‐ER 813), a specimen attributed to Homo rudolfensis or Homo erectus. Although the Omo tarsals are a million years younger than the oldest known foot bones from Hadar, both localities demonstrate anatomical differences representing two distinct morphological patterns. Although all known hominid tarsals demonstrate clear bipedal features, the tarsal features noted below suggest that biomechanical changes did occur over time, and that certain features are associated with different hominid lineages (especially the robust australopithecines). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.