bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Renal Disease in Small Animals
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Selcer B. A. , Patton Clark S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Real-time ultrasonography was found to be useful in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis, renal calculi, and renal neoplasia in the dog and cat.
One dog with hydronephrosis, one with renal calculi, and a cat with a renal neoplasm were scanned with a real-time ultrasonic scanner. Abnormal enlargement due to fluid accumulation was determined by ultrasonographic imaging in the case of hydronephrosis. The location and mobility of the renal calculus were observed during ultrasonography. An uneven contour and parenchymal masses in the neoplastic kidney were detected by ultrasonographic imaging of the cat. The findings were confirmed either by radiography or by postmortem examination.
Previously, hydronephrosis could be diagnosed only by radiography, especially by excretory urography. Ultrasonography offers a noninvasive method for diagnosis of hydronephrosis. Localization of a urinary calculus at either the proximal end of the ureter or within the renal pelvis may be difficult by radiography. The ability of real-time ultrasonography to detect motion of the calculi within the pelvis offers an improved diagnostic capability to the veterinarian. The inability of radiography to determine the cause of renal enlargement is contrasted with the ability of ultrasonography to detect changes in tissue density that might be compatible with renal neoplasms.
Evaluation of Concentrated Solutions of Guaifenesin for Equine Anesthesia
Authors: Grandy J. L. , McDonell W. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pH, osmolality, stability, and bacteriostatic characteristics of 5%, 10%, and 15% solutions of guaifenesin were studied. In vitro and in vivo experiments were done to determine the hemolytic potential of the more concentrated solutions on equine blood, as compared with the recommended 5% solution. The primary objective was to determine whether more concentrated solutions could be used clinically. The secondary objective was to determine the optimal diluent (water, 0.9% saline, or 5% dextrose). It was concluded that a 10% solution of guaifenesin made in sterile distilled water was most suitable for clinical equine anesthesia. Such a preparation has reasonable storage qualities and does not induce clinically significant hemolysis.
Pharmacotherapeutics of Newer Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Authors: Powers Thomas E. , Garg Ramesh C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The β-lactam group of compounds includes a large number of biologically active substances. Some are important as antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporins) or antibiotic precursors (6-aminopenicillanic acid) and some are important due to their inhibitory action on several β-lactamases. The pharmacologic features of these compounds are discussed on the basis of their structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics, toxicologic properties, interaction, and incompatibilities.
Pharmacotherapeutics of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis
Authors: Kuttler K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in cattle is practical and effective when given early in the course of infection, before the onset of severe anemia or neurologic disorders.
The tetracyclines (usually oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline) are the only effective specific compounds approved for use against anaplasmosis in the United States. Oxytetracycline, at the rate of 6.6 to 11 mg/kg of body weight given one to three times im or iv, effectively moderates the course of infection. Chlortetracycline administered orally in dosages as small as 1.1 mg/kg will prevent infection and in dosages ranging from 2.2 to 11 mg/kg for 30 to 90 days will eliminate carrier infection.
Babesiosis in cattle is effectively treated by a large number of babesiacidal compounds, but in practice, diminazene aceturate (3 to 5 mg/kg, im), amicarbalide (5 to 10 mg/kg, im), and imidocarb (1 to 3 mg/kg, im) are most often used. However, none of these compounds is approved for use in treating babesiosis in cattle in the United States. Larger amounts of these compounds are usually required for the treatment of babesiosis in the horse and in the dog, and the elimination of babesiosis in these species is much more difficult than it is for babesiosis in cattle.
Experiences and Problems Associated with Usage of Prostaglandins in Countries Other than the United States
Authors: Schultz R. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prostaglandins have entered into commercial use with few complaints of problems resulting from action of the drug. Disappointments in the results obtained from their use have stemmed mainly from a lack of understanding or a lack of appreciation of their limitations. Before full realization of their potential benefit as a tool to aid in breeding management is gained, considerable education of the veterinary profession, artificial insemination personnel, extension reproductive advisors, and animal owners must be accomplished.
Values and Limitations of Pet Ownership
Authors: Selby Lloyd A. , Rhoades John D. , Irvin James A. , Carey Gerald E. , Wade Ronald G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A questionnaire was used to collect information concerning the values and limitations of pet ownership. The major reasons given for nonownership were housing limitations, emotional dissatisfaction with animals, destructive habits of pets, and a transient household status. Various stages of the family's “life cycle” had a role in determining pet ownership. The pet's agreeable temperament (eg, intelligence, gentleness, and playfulness) was considered to be the major advantages of pet ownership. The major negative characteristics of pet ownership were the destructiveness and overaggressiveness of the pet.
Efficacy of Albendazole for Prevention of Fascioliasis in Sheep
Authors: Rew Robert S. , Knight Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Daily doses of albendazole administered as a premix in the feed for 35 days were effective in preventing Fasciola hepatica infections in 17 sheep in three groups: 5 mg/kg/day (6 sheep) was 100% effective; 3 mg/kg/day (5 sheep) was 98% effective; and 1 mg/kg/day (6 sheep) was 42% effective.
Infective cysts were given daily for 5 days during the first week of treatment, treatment was continued an additional 28 days, and sheep were necropsied 14 weeks after final cyst inoculation. There were no visible lesions in any livers of sheep given albendazole at the rate of 5 mg/kg/day or in three of five livers of sheep dosed at the rate of 3 mg/kg/day.
Sheep treated with albendazole had a mean weight gain of 2.7 kg, 4.0 kg, and 4.0 kg greater than the controls for the dosages of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Determination of bile duct damage by measurement of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity at 9 weeks after final cyst inoculation revealed increases of 3.0X, 1.0X, and 1.1X for the dosages of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively, and 2.3X for the control, as compared with 7 weeks after final cyst inoculation.
Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media on Results of Urinalysis, with Emphasis on Alteration in Specific Gravity
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Osborne C. A. , Jessen C. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of radiographic contrast medium on the urine specific gravity of ten clinically normal dogs was evaluated. Urinary excretion of different dosages of intravenously administered triiodinated contrast medium caused significant alterations of urine specific gravity. The magnitude of change was related primarily to preinjection urine specific gravity values rather than dosage of contrast medium. In general, preinjection urine specific gravities < 1.040 were increased 15 minutes after injection of contrast material, whereas preinjection urine specific gravities > 1.040 were decreased 15 minutes after injection of contrast medium.
A linear relationship was identified between the concentration of radiographic contrast medium in either distilled water or urine and the specific gravity of these mixtures. This simulated the effects of radiologic contrast medium on urine specific gravity when used for retrograde urethrocystography.
Results of the investigation indicated that urinary excretion of radiographic contrast media significantly alters urine specific gravity values in normal dogs and renders postinjection urine samples unsuitable for diagnostic evaluation of renal tubular concentrating capacity. In addition, previously reported errors in urine protein, glucose, and sediment evaluations attributed to radiographic contrast media were reviewed.
Control of Internal Parasites in Dairy Replacement Heifers by Two Treatments in the Spring
Authors: Herd R. P. , Heider L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven dairy replacement heifers (mean body weight, 262.0 kg) were given two treatments with levamisole in the spring to reduce worm egg output and consequent pasture contamination with infective nematode larvae during the summer/autumn grazing season. The treatments were given 3 weeks and 6 weeks after the heifers were moved from confinement to permanent pastures in May 1979, at which time they were 5 to 12 months old.
Treated heifers gained significantly (P<0.01) more weight than a group of 11 control heifers (mean body weight, 262.4 kg) and outweighed them by mean values of 9.2, 19.7, 31.0, and 39.5 kg at the end of July, August, September, and October, respectively. Control heifers had highest egg counts (47–51 eggs/g) from July to September, but there was a 2-month delay before treated heifers attained peak concentrations (42 eggs/g). This delay occurred at a critical time of the year (July, August), when environmental conditions were favorable for the rapid development of eggs to infective larvae. When the egg count for treated heifers peaked at the end of September, environmental conditions were no longer favorable for optimal development of free-living stages.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Techniques for Canine Prostatic Diseases
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Shotts E. B. , Prasse K. , Crowell W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ejaculation, prostatic massage, prostatic aspiration biopsy, and prostatic punch biopsy were performed in adult male dogs. The dogs had no abnormalities, as determined by physical examination, cbc, urinalysis, and urine culture.
In 7 of 18 dogs, results of bacterial culture of an ejaculate were negative. Bacteria of several species, but primarily gram-positive cocci, were isolated from ejaculates from the remaining 11 dogs. The concentration of bacteria varied from 550/ml to greater than 100,000/ml (1 dog). More than one genus of bacteria was isolated from 8 of the 11 dogs with positive culture results. These organisms were attributed to urethral or preputial contamination during collection. The large numbers of organisms isolated from a few dogs indicated the results of culture of ejaculates must be interpreted cautiously when trying to determine whether prostatic infection is present. Low numbers of neutrophils and occasional squamous cells were found in 66% and 50% of semen samples, respectively, but their presence did not correlate with positive culture results.
Massaging the prostate was not associated with recovery of cells or bacteria from proximal urethral washes.
An adequate specimen of prostatic tissue for microscopic examination was obtained in 8 of 17 dogs by aspiration and in 8 of 12 dogs by punch biopsy. Bacteria were not isolated from 15 of the 16 samples. Small, focal lesions in the prostate were not detected by aspiration or biopsy. Hematuria of less than 4 days' duration and mild periprostatic hemorrhage were the only complications of aspiration or punch biopsy.
Limitations in Equine Fetal Electrocardiography
Authors: Buss Daryl D. , Asbury A. C. , Chevalier Linda 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Technical and interpretive limitations of equine fetal electrocardiography were evaluated in recordings obtained from 45 pregnant mares. Technical limitations were related to the small amplitude of the fetal electrocardiogram and to the variability in the lead configuration providing the best recording. It was found that recording the fetal electrocardiogram at high sensitivity and high base-line fidelity in several different leads was necessary to obtain satisfactory tracings. Interpretive limitations were related in part to the small amplitude of the fetal electrocardiogram and to the marked variability in heart rate between fetuses. The great variability in normal fetal heart rate makes a diagnosis of fetal tachycardia or distress difficult unless serial tracings are available.
Hyperthermic Treatment of Superficial Tumors in Cats and Dogs
Authors: Grier R. L. , Brewer W. G. , Theilen G. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Local current field radiofrequency hyperthermia was applied to 33 superficial tumors in 11 cats and 5 dogs. Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in the cat was the most frequent tumor treated. Of 19 sec in cats, 13 (68%) were reduced completely; combining complete and partial tumor reduction, there was an 89% favorable response to hyperthermia for scc. A small number of other tumors such as fibrosarcoma in the cat and perianal tumors in the dog were favorably responsive.
Local current field hyperthermia (50 C for 30 sec) resulted in destruction of tumor tissue as well as normal tissue. However, tissue destruction did not extend more than 2 to 3 mm from the electrodes. Ulcerative superficial tumors exposed to air rapidly reduced in size, and a dry eschar that developed fell off at 17 to 25 days.
Cryoneurectomy in the Horse
Authors: Tate Lloyd P. , Evans Loren H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cryoneurectomy was performed experimentally on 10 digital plantar nerves of normal horses. All nerves were frozen to − 30 C, using a double freezethaw cycle. Nerves were harvested at 10 days and at 4, 12, 16, and 24 weeks and were examined histologically for evidence of regeneration. The terminal portion of the transected nerves treated with cryosurgery did not have any signs of regeneration or neuroma formation at these periods.
Cryoneurectomy was performed on 101 nerves of 32 horses with diseases requiring neurectomy. Twenty-seven of these nerves had been subjected to previous neurectomy, and painful neuromas had developed. After cryoneurectomy, painful neuroma formation was 15% in this group and was 4% in the nerves that had not had a neurectomy prior to cryoneurectomy. Neuritis lasting 10 days developed in 1 horse.
Poxvirus and Multiple Tumors in an Eastern Gray Squirrel
Authors: O’Connor D. J. , Diters R. W. , Nielsen S. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A moribund juvenile gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) with numerous skin fibromas was submitted to the Northeastern Research Center for Wildlife Diseases. Necropsy revealed multiple firm white nodules in the lungs. On histologic examination, in addition to the skin lesions, fibromatous proliferations were seen in the wall of the alimentary tract, in 1 mesenteric lymph node, and in the myocardium. Tubular adenomas were seen in the renal cortex, and the lung nodules were bronchoalveolar adenomas. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic poxvirus inclusion bodies were seen in both the mesenchymal and epithelial tumors.
Necrotizing Mycotic Dermatitis in Snakes: Clinical and Pathologic Features
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Necrotizing mycotic dermatitis was diagnosed in 6 snakes. Cutaneous lesions involved ventral and lateral scales. Each clinical diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture and light microscopic evaluation of biopsied scales. The differential clinical considerations included contact dermatitis and bacterial dermatitis.
Prevalence and Persistence of Brucella abortus Strain 19 Infections and Prevalence of Other Biotypes in Vaccinated Adult Dairy Cattle
Authors: Nicoletti Paul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence and persistence of Brucella abortus strain 19 shedding from the udder were studied in adult cattle in infected dairy herds that were vaccinated by 4 methods. Specimens were cultured from 1,736 cows in 55 vaccinated herds. Of the 744 brucella isolates, 98 were strain 19 and were from cattle in 25 of the herds. Shedding was highest among conjunctival vaccinates (1.4%) and higher in those given the standard subcutaneous dose (0.83%) than in those given a reduced subcutaneous dose (0.45%). Isolations were not made from intradermally vaccinated cattle.
The persistence of strain 19 shedding was related to the length of time after the initial isolation. Approximately 20% of the shedders that remained in the herds were seropositive 13–18 months later.
Cattle were selected for bacteriologic studies largely on positive results of rivanol or complement-fixation tests inasmuch as the card and tube agglutination tests were unreliable.
Of the 646 field strain isolates, 95.8% were biotype 1, 2.5% were biotype 2, and 1.7% were biotype 4.
Radiographic Detection and Characterization of Palmar Lesions in the Equine Fetlock Joint
Authors: O'Brien Timothy R. , Hornof William J. , Meagher Dennis M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subchondral lesions were identified in the distal palmar region of the third metacarpus in 21 fetlock joints of 15 Thoroughbred horses. The lesions were more commonly identified on the lateromedial and flexed lateral projection, with the flexed lateral projection permitting optimal visualization of the lesion. Lesions appeared as poorly marginated, radiolucent defects and were located at the level of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. The shape and distribution of the radiolucent defects were: crescent, 4; flattened, 4; shallow concavity, 5; deep concavity, 3; oval, 3; and circular, 2. Secondary joint disease was commonly identified in joints with these lesions and was more severe when the lesions increased in size and were irregular at the subchondral bony surface.
Three horses with the palmar lesions were rested and re-examined after 16, 40, or 56 weeks. The lesions appeared smaller and less distinct on a subsequent examination for 2 horses, but the degree of secondary joint disease had increased in all 3 horses.
Identification of palmar lesions when small seems important for the successful return of the Thoroughbred to racing soundness.
Evaluation of an Intravenous Catheter for Use in the Horse
Authors: Gulick Bonnie A. , Meagher Dennis M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A commercially available polyvinyl chloride intravenous catheter was studied in 9 horses for 3 to 10 days to evaluate the catheter's suitability for use in the horse, to develop a new insertion technique, and to establish a protocol for catheter care. Seven of the animals were clinically normal horses receiving parenteral nutrition; one was a horse with hypocalcemia receiving frequent intravenous injections of calcium gluconate, and one was a clinically normal horse receiving no infusions. The catheter dressings were changed every 48 hours, and an aspirate from the catheter and the catheter tip was cultured at the time of catheter removal. One catheter became infected following a break in the protocol.
It was concluded that the polyvinyl catheter is suitable for use in the horse and that the proposed protocol for catheter insertion and maintenance may reduce the likelihood of complications such as catheter sepsis, thrombophlebitis, and embolism.
A Randomized Trial for Evaluation of Bandaging Sole Abscesses in Cattle
Authors: White Maurice E. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Embree I. Craig , Powers Pamela M. , Pearson Erwin G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A randomized clinical trial of treatment of sole abscess in cattle was conducted to determine whether bandaging a foot after debridement of an abscess improved outcome. Sixty-six feet from 63 cows were randomly allocated to bandaged or unbandaged groups, and clinical recovery was graded by comparison of lameness at initial examination and at 2 follow-up examinations. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups at entry into the trial or at 1 month after treatment. Unbandaged feet were significantly less lame 1 week after treatment, and this difference was attributed to rapid healing of small lesions in feet of cows in stanchion and tie-stall barns. There was no group in which bandaging improved outcome.
Use of Cystine, Lactose, Electrolyte-Deficient Medium for Isolation and Identification of Bacteria and Yeasts from the Skin and Ears of Dogs
Authors: McKeever Patrick J. , Ward Gilbert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cystine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient (cled) medium, a culture medium used for isolation and identification of bacteria from the urinary tract of human beings, was evaluated in a clinical setting for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from the skin and ears of dogs. Staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, and Candida sp were isolated in cases of secondary pyoderma, otitis, demodectic mange, and folliculitis in 50 dogs. Proteus sp was found along with other organisms in 5 cases. Spreading of Proteus sp was prevented by the cled medium, permitting isolation of the other pathogenic organisms. Observations of growth characteristics on cled medium and use of 4 additional simple laboratory procedures permitted correct identification of 90.3% of the isolates.
Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis: Clinical Features and Presence of Antibody in Selected Goat Populations
Authors: Crawford T. B. , Adams D. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Features of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, a retrovirus disease of domestic goats, were studied in 60 goats over a 10-year period. The rate of progression and the severity of the disease process were highly variable within and among animals, but the most salient features were chronically swollen joints and bursae, lameness, weight loss, poor coat, mineralization of soft tissue, and death. Of 1,160 goat serum samples from 24 states tested by the immunodiffusion technique, 81% were positive for antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus antigens.
Comparison of Sperm-Rich Fractions of Boar Semen Collected by Electroejaculation and the Gloved-Hand Technique
Authors: Basurto-Kuba V. M. , Evans L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Semen was collected from 8 yearling boars, using electroejaculation and the gloved-hand technique. Four semen samples were collected from each boar by each technique, on an alternating schedule, with a 72-hour interval between collections. Comparison of the volume, motility, live-dead ratio, sperm concentration, and spermatozoal conformation of the sperm-rich fractions showed that there were no significant differences between the 2 techniques for any factor evaluated.
Prevalence of Chronic Teat-End Lesions and Their Relationship to Intramammary Infection in 22 Herds of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Sieber R. L. , Farnsworth R. J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A held study that involved 22 herds of dairy cattle (1,055 lactating cows, 126 nonlactating cows, and 32 heifers) was done to determine the prevalence of teat-end lesions and their relationship to intramammary infection. Teats were grouped into 4 general categories; normal teat ends; smooth, chronic ring lesions; rough, chronic ring lesions; and acute teat-end lesions. Only 15.8% of the teats could be classified as normal; 63.1% had smooth, chronic ring lesions, 13.8% had rough, chronic ring lesions, 0.3% had acute teat-end lesions, and 7% could not be classified.
The level of intramammary infection was determined for each teat-end classification. Milk samples were obtained from each mammary gland of all lactating cows. The prevalence of intramammary infection in glands with normal teat ends and in those with chronic ring lesions was not significantly different. Glands with acute teat-end lesions and those in cows in which the teat had been traumatized or leaked milk had higher rates of infection.