bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of lowland native children of European Ancestry during sojourn at high altitude (3,200 m)
Authors: Schutte James E. , Lilljeqvist Ragnhild E. , Johnson Robert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe moderate growth retardation frequently observed among children living at high altitude is usually assumed to result from hypoxic stress. However, such children are frequently from the poorer socioeconomic strata of their societies and may suffer malnutrition, poor hygiene, inadequate medical care, and overcrowding—factors also associated with growth retardation. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a statistically observable alteration in the growth of middle‐class children of European ancestry during sojourn at high altitude. Semilongitudinal height/weight measurements were gathered retrospectively from medical records of 18 boys and 17 girls who were born at low altitude, were well‐nourished and clinically normal, and who had lived at Achoma, Peru (altitude 3,200 m), continuously for 9–36 months. Measurements were divided, by sex, into four cohorts: I (3–6 months at Achoma), II (6–12 months), III (12–18 months), and IV (18–24 months); initial, presojourn, height and weight were also obtained. All heights and weights were normalized with age‐specific reference values. Changes in Z scores (ΔZ) during sojourn were calculated for each subject by subtracting the score of the presojourn value from those of cohorts I–IV. Paired t‐tests revealed, among the boys, a significant decline in Z score for weight during sojourn in all four cohorts. Weight scores for the girls also declined in all four cohorts, although only the change in cohort III was significant. Height scores showed a decline with time at sojourn in the boys, but in girls there is an initial drop followed by a steady increase to presojourn levels. These results are consistent with the view that moderate hypoxia exerts a primary growth‐limiting effect even on healthy, well‐nourished children.
Relationships between attrition and lingual tilting in human teeth
Authors: Reinhardt Gregory A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAssociations between occlusal dental attrition and the lingual tilting of human teeth were investigated in two aboriginal California populations. A literature survey suggests lingual tilting is related geographically and temporally to the helicoidal occlusal plane in humans; if true, lingual tilting should be expected throughout the Homo osteological record. Buccal alveolar abscesses, exposed pulp chambers, extent of tooth attrition, angle of lingual tilt, and amount of overjet were observed for lingually tilted teeth. These attributes were analyzed statistically, leading to a conclusion that lingual tilting is slight and infrequent unless tooth attrition is pronounced. It is suggested that lingual tilting is due in part to masticatory stress. A feedback model considers lingual tilting as one conspicuous manifestation of a more complex “severe attrition syndrome,” the initial stimulus for which may derive from heavy occlusal tooth wear. Untested possibilities should be examined–e.g., age‐related changes, the impact of the helicoidal occlusal plane, and the role of masticatory forces.
“Hominoid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib
Authors: White T. , Suwa G. , Richards G. , Watters J. P. , Barnes L. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA late Miocene/early Pliocene mammalian fossil from the site of Sahabi, Libya, was identified in previous publications as a clavicle belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea. After studying both a cast of the specimen and previously published descriptions and photographs we have concluded that the fossil is not a clavicle, but a rib fragment. In addition, our study demonstrates beyond reasonable doubt that this rib belongs not to a primate, but to a marine mammal. Following comparisons with 19 species in 14 genera of marine mammals, as well as six hominoid and three cercopithecoid species, both modern and fossil, we conclude that the specimen is best attributed to the Odontoceti, the cetacean suborder containing dolphins and porpoises. The rib indicates an animal in the size range of Recent Tursiops or Lagenorhynchus.
Osteoarthrosis: Sex‐specific relationship to osteoporosis
Authors: Burr David B. , Martin R. Bruce , Schaffler Mitchell B. , Jurmain Robert D. , Harner E. James , Radin Eric L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExamination of an Eskimo skeletal series demonstrated at least two etiologically distinct groups of joint deterioration divided along sex lines. Low bone mineral content (BMC) among women and high BMC among men were associated with osteoarthrosis on the tibial plateau. This finding contradicts conventional wisdom based on clinical observation, which suggests that reduced skeletal mass prevents osteoarthrosis.
Digital dermatoglyphics of the Faroe Islanders
Authors: Harvey Robin G. , Suter Diana 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFinger dermatoglyphics of 446 male and 463 female Faroe Islanders are described. According to birthplace information for their grandparents the individuals sampled are considered to be representative of all regions of the Faroes. Pattern frequencies are given for individual digits and the tables contain mean radial, ulnar, and unilateral maximal ridge counts. Overall frequencies of patterns and mean total ridge counts in both sexes are compared with other populations in northwestern Europe, several of which have had close historical connections with the Faroes.The Faroese have exceptionally high frequencies of arch and ulnar loop patterns, making their mean pattern intensity index values among the lowest in Europe. Low mean total ridge counts are also characteristic of this population. Icelanders show closer dermatoglyphic resemblance to the Faroese than any other European populations. Low mean total ridge counts among Shetland and Orkney Islanders are noteworthy, and it is possible that the resemblance between these North Atlantic island populations is due to common ancestry arising from Viking settlement during the 8th and 9th centuries. The operation of random genetic drift on the gene pool of the Faroe Islanders is another factor to be considered when assessing their biological affinities.
Marital structure and genetic heterogeneity of Ramea Island, Newfoundland
Authors: Devor Eric J. , Crawford Michael H. , Koertvelyessy Tibor 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe population structure of Ramea Island, Newfoundland, is described using surname, marital migration, and serological data. Results presented indicate that Ramea is an open and heterogeneous population. It is shown, however, that this contemporary characterization has a time depth of only three decades and has resulted from a rapid population response to a single historical/economic event.
Transferrin subtypes in four Northwest Indian tribal populations and some remarks on the anthropological value of this new polymorphism
Authors: Walter H. , Stach Martina , Singh Indera P. , Bhasin M. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples from four tribal Populations—Chaudhuri, Kotwalia, Vasava, Gamit—living in Gujarat (Northwest India) were tested for transferrin subtypes. The results are compared with those reported for other Indian populations. Reviewing all the hitherto published Tf subtype data some interestig racial differences in the distribution of gene frequencies emerge. A possible geographical distribution pattern of the variants is explored.
Cytogenetic comparison and phylogeny of three species of hylobatidae
Authors: van Tuinen Peter , Ledbetter David H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRepresentatives of three subgenera of Hylobatidae, Hylobates (Symphalangus) syndactylus, H. (Nomascus) concolor and H. (Hylobates) agilis were compared karyotypically by G‐banding, C‐banding, and silver staining. A greater degree of similarity (30–55%) was found among these groups than previous reports suggest; however, these figures are still considerably lower than chromosome similarities characteristic of all other catarrhine groups. Inversion, translocation, fission, and fusion have all played a role in restructuring hylobatid chromosomes since a common hominoid ancestor. H. syndactylus and H. concolor show the greatest G‐band correspondence, and in addition share an unusual C‐band distribution and an extremely rare nucleolar organizing region placement (on the Y chromosome). The latter two are probably shared derived traits, suggesting that these two species shared a common ancestor not shared by other hylobatids. These data sugest a branching order for these three hylobatid groups different from those derived by other morphological and biochemical methods.
Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin‐deficient phenotype is not maintained by segregation distortion
Authors: Suarez B. K. , Pierce J. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent reports have suggested that the alpha‐1‐antitrypsin allele Piz, which in homozygotes results in severe deficiency of this important protease inhibitor, is maintained at a relatively high gene frequency through the mechanism of segregation distortion. We report here on 121 nuclear families selected because only one parent was segregating the Z allele. After correcting for ascertainment, no evidence of preferential transmission was observed in 278 informative offspring.
Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: Genetic and evolutionary considerations
Authors: Knowler William C. , Pettitt David J. , Bennett Peter H. , Williams Robert C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNon‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus is a common disease in the Pima Indians. It is familial and strongly related to obesity. Neel (1962) suggested that the introduction of a steady food supply to people who have evolved a “thrifty genotype” leads to obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Our findings in the Pimas of differences in insulin sensitivity in different metabolic pathways suggest that the thrifty genotype involves the ability of insulin to maintain fat stores despite resistance to glucose disposal. The recent increase in diabetes incidence following the availability of an abundant food supply suggests that the ability to store energy efficiently during cycles of feast and famine may now lead to obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.
Inbreeding effects on dental morphometrics in Papio hamadryas
Authors: Baume R. M. , Lapin B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dentition of nonhuman primates (Papio hamadryas) was utilized to investigate the hypothesis that inbreeding will affect mean tooth size and shape. More than five hundred dental casts were collected from baboons at the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy in Sukhumi, USSR. In addition, inbreeding coefficients for each monkey were obtained from pedigree records, some going back seven to nine generations. Each tooth was measured and scored for the presence of discrete morphological structures. Inbred and outbred groups were differentiated and divided by sex.Statistical analysis shows that for the most part inbred monkeys exhibit larger teeth than outbred monkeys, in both male and female groups. When the tooth area of inbreds was compared to that of outbreds, the differences were significant. However, there were no significant differences in frequency of discrete traits. Therefore, it can be concluded that primate dentition is affected by inbreeding, although dental metrics is a more sensitive indicator than morphology.
Forelimb musculature and ligaments in Ateles, the spider monkey
Authors: Turnquist Jean E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe forelimb anatomy of Ateles, the spider monkey, is a key factor in its locomotor adaptation because of its extensive use of bimanual suspensory locomotion in addition to climbing and quadrupedal walking (Mittermeier, 1978; and Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980). The detailed description of the muscles and ligaments of the forelimb of Ateles provided in this paper can be of considerable use not only to primate morphologists interested in both extant and fossil primates but also to functional anatomists. All measurements were made on fresh, unembalmed specimens. Standard anatomical descriptions of the musculature, cross‐sectional areas of the muscles, dry weights of muscle bellies, and relative proportions of antagonistic muscles are reported as are the joint ligaments and potential range of motions of the joints. These anatomical data are compared briefly to published data on Alouatta, the howler monkey, which is predominantly a quadruped (Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980; and Schön Ybarra, 1982).
A study of the polymorphism and ethnic distribution differences of human serum paraoxonase
Authors: Mallinckrodt M. Geldmacher‐V. , Diepgen T. L. , Duhme C. , Hommel G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe enzyme serum paraoxonase shows a polymorphism in Europeans which is governed by two alleles. The first allele has a gene frequency plow of 0.716–0.777, and is manifested as a low activity group in homozygotes. More than 50% of all European test subjects can be included in this group. A second allele with a gene frequency qhigh of 0.223–0.284 was found in typical European distributions and is manifested in both the form of a second heterozygotic and a third homozygotic group with high activities. The Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a two‐allele model is valid for the distribution. The gene frequency plow of the first allele decreases as one moves from Europe in the direction of Africa and Asia. In typical Mongoloid and Negroid collectives, less than 10% of the population can be included in the low‐activity group, a group which is not even demonstrable in the Aborigines of Australia. The serum paraoxonase of the Aborigine population shows unimodal distribution.The validity of the Hardy‐Weinberg rule for a three‐allele model must be rejected in all examined collectives. Human serum paraoxonase shows neither age‐related changes in activity nor sex‐dependent activity differences.
New European fossil hominid material from an Acheulean site near Rome (Castel di Guido)
Authors: Mallegni Francesco , Mariani‐Costantini Renato , Fornaciari Gino , Longo Ernesto T. , Giacobini Giacomo , Radmilli Antonio M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew fossil hominid material recovered from an Acheulean Italian archeological site is reported. It consists of two portions of femora, an occipital fragment, a fragmentary right maxilla, and a portion of parietal. Each specimen is described in detail and measurements are given. On the basis of the morphology, which includes primitive traits reminiscent of Homo erectus, and of the archeological, paleontological, and stratigraphical association, these new fossils are referred to the early European group.
Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of finger ridge‐count inheritance: I. Major gene index, midparental correlation, and offspring‐between‐parents function in 125 South Indian families
Authors: Karlin Samuel , Chakraborty Ranajit , Williams Paul T. , Mathew Susan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFourteen dermatoglyphic traits measured on 125 Velanadu Brahmin families were analyzed for mode of inheritance using three Structured Exploratory Data Analysis (SEDA) statistics: the major gene index, the offspring between parents function, and the traditional midparental correlation coefficient. Since the traits are integer valued with restricted ranges of variation, we simulated various transmission models with discrete expression to better understand the nature of the SEDA statistics for such variables. In addition, permutation procedures were employed to aid the interpretation of the SEDA results. These analyses suggest that corresponding homologous fingers on the left and right hands exhibit similar transmission characteristics. The relationship of the parent and child total ridge‐counts of the two hands separately, as well as their combined total, virtually simulate complete Galtonian blending inheritance. Results for the individual digital ridge‐counts as well as the pattern‐intensity‐index variable also suggest a multifactorial mode of transmission or possibly one involving several genes.
Variations of rat skull bone robusticity evoked by malnutrition
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Oyhenart Evelia E. , Terreros María C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWeanling Holtzman rats of both sexes were fed a control (25% protein), a 10% protein, and a 2% protein semisynthetic diet. Protein deficit (PD) and protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) were estimated from comparisons between control and 10% protein, and control and 2% protein‐fed animals, respectively. Animals were killed when they were 56 days old and their skulls cleaned and disarticulated. Individual bones and incisors were ovendried to constant weight. Total weight (TW), maximal projected length (MPL), and robusticity index (RI) were determined on each bone and incisor. It was found that all the bones and incisors did not behave uniformly. They followed two main patterns: (1) Proportional variation. RI values were not affected by nutritional deficiencies. All basicranial bones and 4 of 10 facial bones followed this pattern. (2) Non‐proportional variation. RI values were affected by nutritional deficiencies. This pattern was subdivided into two trends: (2a) PD‐diminished RI values. Both upper and lower incisors and 1 of 10 facial bones followed this trend. (2b) PCM, but not PD, decreased RI values. All vault bones and the remaining five facial bones followed this trend. It was concluded that there was a differential robusticity response among cranial base, calvaria, and incisors, This response may be connected with the differences in both histogenetic characteristics of those components and the functional roles they have to perform. The nonvault intramembranous bones showed a nonspecific behavior. This fact precluded the classification of the facial region in some of the previously defined patterns.
Are the Kow Swamp hominids “archaic”?
Authors: Kennedy G. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInitial reports of hominids recovered at Kow Swamp, in the Murray Valley of Victoria indicated that, on the basis of cranial analyses, there was a “survival of Homo erectus features” in Australia until as recently as 10,000 years ago (Thorne and Macumber, 1972, p. 316). This claim was later refuted by others, who suggested that artificial cranial deformation may have been responsible for at least some of the distinctive and “primitive” traits seen in the Kow Swamp individuals. Previous research by this worker and others has indicated that taxonomic traits at both specific and subspecific levels are present in hominine femora. Therefore, it may be possible to evaluate the “primitiveness” of the Kow Swamp sample on the basis of their femoral anatomy. Morphometric analyses were undertaken, using as controls femora of Romano British, Tasmanian, and other Murray Valley populations. On the basis of bivariate and multivariate analyses it was found that, at least in this single element of the postcranium, no primitive features were present. The Kow Swamp sample, in fact, shows a very close morphometric relationship with all included Homo sapiens controls and is significantly distinct from Homo erectus.
Age‐specific variation in the secular trend for stature: A comparison of samples from industrialized and nonindustrialized regions
Authors: McCullough John M. , McCullough Christine S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge‐specific secular trend patterns for children in industrialized world regions have a regular pattern, beginning low at age 6 and increasing to a maximum at age 10 to 14, then declining. While magnitude differs, the patterns are ordinarily parallel, especially in the female samples. However, age‐specific secular trend values for children from developing regions, or from areas of industrialized countries not benefitting substantially from development, are irregular in pattern and magnitude. Consequently, it is difficult to predict age at maximal secular change. We suggest that fluctuating environmental circumstances in these developing countries influence growth and, hence, the pattern of secular trend. As more stable environmental conditions relating to growth are present in the industrialized countries, this leads to more stable patterns of growth and age‐specific patterns of secular change.
Polymorphism of palmar C‐ and D‐line terminations among the Sikligars of Chandigarh
Authors: Balgir R. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractModal types of palmar C‐ and D‐line terminations of 60 couples of Sikligars from Chandigarh have been evaluated and compared with the populations from Northwestern India. The distribution of palmar C‐ and D‐line terminations among the Sikligars resembles those of the Rajputs and Hindu Gujjars, suggesting a common population origin, an infrequent inflow of genes from the surrounding populations, and their biosocial isolation. Bilateral distribution asymmetry and sexual dimorphism were also observed.
The mylohyoid bridge in four population samples from India, with observations on its suitability as a genetic marker
Authors: Kaul Samvit S. , Pathak R. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour adult skeletal samples from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar in India have been studied for the incidence of mylohyoid bridge. The incidence, varying between 2.98% and 7.14%, has been compared with frequencies reported for other populations of the world. The range of variation for Indians, as a whole, falls within the lower levels of the spectrum of worldwide variation for this trait, ranging between 0.47% for French Europeans and 33.8% observed among Plains American Indians.While noting its possible significance for clinical purposes, the suitability of the mylohyoid bridge as a population genetic marker has been discussed. It is emphasized that its use as a genetic marker in isolation of other discrete traits has serious limitations. For meaningful population definition and relationships as many discrete variants as possible ought to be utilized.
Passive joint mobility in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas): Rehabilitation of caged animals after release into a free‐ranging environment
Authors: Turnquist Jean E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA previous study of passive joint mobility in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) showed that laboratory‐caged animals had significantly greater mobility in most joints than age/sex matched free‐ranging monkeys. Passive joint mobility on 27 of the same animals was measured 6 months after the caged animals were released onto a 40‐hectare island. The results show that within 6 months of becoming free‐ranging, typical passive joint mobility is restored. Thus, although caging directly affects measurements of morphologically‐determined features in patas monkeys, confinement itself does not necessarily prevent rehabilitation if the immature monkeys are released into a free‐ranging environment.
Bone measurement by enhanced contrast image analysis: Ovariectomized and intact Macaca fascicularis as a model for human postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Bowles E. A. , Weaver D. S. , Telewski F. W. , Wakefield A. H. , Jaffe M. J. , Miller L. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an image enhancement and analysis system (DARWIN) based on an inexpensive microcomputer and applies the system to two bone morphometry problems relevant to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Using ovariectomized and intact female Macaca fascicularis as a model, we examined the radiodensity of the sixth lumbar vertebra and the cross‐section area of the right femur. Significantly lower bone density was observed in the vertebral segments of the ovariectomized animals. No significant differences were observed in comparisons of the femoral cross sections. The reduction in radiographic density of the ovariectomized animals' vertebrae is similar to that observed in postmenopausal women, supporting the use of female cynomolgus macaques as models of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.