bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lanthanoid-Catalyzed Aldehyde Dimerization and Its Application to Polyester Synthesis
Authors: Onozawa Shun-ya , Sakakura Toshiyasu , Tanaka Masato 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A wide variety of aldehydes are efficiently dimerized to esters by a catalytic amount of (C5Me5)2LnCH(SiMe3)2 (Ln = Nd, La). The reaction is applicable to the synthesis of polyesters from dialdehydes. A stoichiometric reaction of the lanthanum complex with benzaldehyde indicates the intermediacy of alkoxo complexes in the catalysis.
Deposition of Electrically Conductive, Microwave Shielding, and IR-Detecting Inorganic Coatings on Polymer Films
Authors: Grozdanov Ivan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A simple, inexpensive and pollution free electroless chemical deposition technique was used to deposit thin coatings of inorganic electrically conductive materials (CuxS, x∼2, CuS and Cu2Se), microwave shielding materials (CuS and Cu2Se) and IR-detecting materials (PbS and PbSe) on transparent polyester films. The technique is based on hydrolytic decomposition of thiosulfate and selenosulfate complexes of the corresponding metals in aqueous media.
Synthesis and Copolymerization of a Mesogenic Acrylate Having 4-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl-4-oxy)phenyl Benzoate as a Precursor for Nitroxide-Containing Liquid-Crystalline Side-Chain Polymers
Authors: Morishima Yotaro , Fujita Junko , Ikeda Takahiro , Kamachi Mikiharu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A mesogenic acrylate monomer 4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl-4-oxy)phenyl 4′-(6-acryloyloxyhexyl)benzoate was synthesized and copolymerized with 4-cyclohexyloxyphenyl 4′-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoate. Oxidation of the copolymer yielded a nitroxide-containing liquid-crystalline side-chain polymer.
Sugar-facilitated Incorporation of a Heme Cofactor Bearing Phenylboronic Acid Groups into Apomyoglobin
Authors: Hamachi Itaru , Tajiri Yusuke , Murakami Hiroto , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A semi-artificial myoglobin (Mb) with phenylboronic acid pendant groups was synthesized by the cofactor reconstitution method in the presence of sugars. A sugar with higher affinity for phenylboronic acids more efficiently facilitated the Mb reconstitution from a heme bearing two phenylboronic acid groups.
Effects of Adsorbed Bisulfate Ion, Adsorbed Hydrogen and Surface Structure on the Oxygen Reduction at Platinum Single Crystal Electrodes
Authors: Kita Hideaki , Gao Yunzhi , Ohnishi Koh-ichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Oxygen reduction was studied on Pt(111), Pt(100) and Pt(110) electrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M HClO4 solutions. The specific adsorption of the bisulfate ion retarded the O2 reduction on Pt(111) and slightly on Pt(100). The adsorbed hydrogen atom did not take part in the O2 reduction. The O2 reduction was slow on Pt(110). Innertness of the respective electrodes in a potential range of 1.0–1.23 V was discussed in term of the specific adsorption of water molecule.
Synthesis and Properties of Azuleno[1,2-a]acenaphthylene and Dimethyl acenaphthyleno[1,2-d]heptalene-8,9-dicarboxylate
Authors: Kuroda Shigeyasu , Mouri Masaru , Hayashi Katsuki , Oda Mitsunori , Yamada (the late) Masaki , Shimao Ichiro , Osaki Hiroshi , Yasunami Masafumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The parent compound of azuleno[1,2-a]acenaphthylene (8) was synthesized, and its 1H NMR spectrum suggests no bond alternation in the azulene moiety. The cycloaddition of 8 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave an acenaphthyleno[1,2-d]heptalene derivative.
A Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Using a Chiral Titanium Oxide
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Suda Shinji , Yamada Masaaki , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of [(R)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthalenediolato(2-)-O,O′]oxotitanium, silyl enol ethers of thioesters reacted with α,β-unsaturated ketones to afford the corresponding Michael adducts (1,5-dicarbonyl compounds) in high yields with moderate to high enantiomeric excesses.
A spatial interpolation method of granulometric properties of superficial sediments
Authors: Lepretre Alain , Chapalain Georges , Carpentier Patrice 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The present paper deals with the estimate and the mapping of granulometric characteristics (i.e. grain-size distributions and statistical parameters) of superficial sediments. A spatial interpolation method based on use of a spherical factor analysis (SFA) and a kriging procedure is proposed. Applied to a set of data collected in the bay of Wissant (straits of Dover), this mixed SFA and kriging method proves to be much more efficient than a direct kriging method for reproducing the complex typology of a statistical parameter such as the median. Beyond cartographical uses, this new interpolation method should be helpful (1) to investigate the time-evolution of a sedimentary cover subject to a time-varying sampling plan and (2) to estimate granulometric characteristics, especially the grain-size distributions, at the grid points of a numerical model for hydrodynamics and multicomponents sediment transport.
The Partisan Movement in Postwar Lithuania
Authors: Vardys V. Stanley 
Published: April 2006

The story of armed resistance to Soviet rule in postwar Lithuania is of interest both to historians and to political scientists. On the one hand, it unveils an important period of modern Lithuanian history and offers a glimpse into the dilemma of East European nationalism, caught between Nazis and Communists in World War II. On the other, it allows an insight into the nature of a movement that seeks to produce political changes by the use of violence. In an age when political practitioners use guerrilla warfare and paramilitary tactics as basic means of struggle for power, justification of a study of partisan movements seems hardly necessary. By showing academic interest, the social scientist merely recognizes their growing practical importance.The Lithuanian partisan resistance to the Soviet regime now can be analyzed with the help of varied source material, including firsthand testimony of both nationalist and Communist origin.
The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania , 1506-1548
Authors: Backus Oswald P. 
Published: April 2006

Feudalism is difficult to define. One may follow the example of Marc Bloch by stressing what feudalism is not. Clearly the feudal patterns which various scholars have described are always subject to the objection that some available data do not fit. Indeed, this defect is inherent in virtually any attempt to generalize.However, because scholars have asserted that feudalism existed in sixteenth-century Lithuania, it is of interest to ascertain whether their assertions are reasonably accurate under the more common criteria for determining the existence of feudalism. I have come to the conclusion that when judged by those criteria, the social and political order of sixteenth-century Lithuania may not be regarded as typical feudalism except from a Marxist point of view. I am inclined to regard the early sixteenth century as a period when tendencies were developing which point, rather, in the direction of a dynastic state.
Polyaniline‐coated PET conductive yarns: Study of electrical, mechanical, and electro‐mechanical properties
Authors: Kim Bohwon , Koncar Vladan , Dufour Claude 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntelligent and multifunctional yarns (textiles) have attracted interest because of their high potential in applications such as flexible displays, batteries, or sensors. The main objective of our research was to obtain the flexible and electrically conducting yarn based on the conductive polymer and polyethylene terephtalate (PET) yarns. Among the conductive polymers, polyaniline (PANI) is considered as a promising material and is well adapted for modifications of textile structure because of its excellent environmental, thermal, and chemical stability. Chemical PANI coating on PET yarns was performed by absorption of yarns through PANI solution. The electrical, mechanical, and electro‐mechanical properties of PET conductive yarns prepared were investigated. The environmental effects on the electrical and mechanical properties of the obtained conductive yarns were also studied. These conductive yarns are expected to be used as fibrous sensors, connection devices in smart clothing, and for electromagnetic shielding applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1252–1256, 2006
Unexpected improvement in stability and utility of cytochrome c by solution in biocompatible ionic liquids
Authors: Fujita Kyoko , Forsyth Maria , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Reid Robert W. , Elliott Gloria D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProteins generally are only stable in vitro for short periods of time. This results in challenges during isolation and purification of recombinant proteins and reduces the shelf life of protein‐based pharmaceuticals. Here we show that certain novel, biocompatible ionic liquids provide a stabilizing solvent for proteins, for example, cytochrome c, such that structure and activity are maintained even after 6 months of storage at room temperature. Normally, this protein would be rendered inactive after only 1 week in buffered aqueous solution. The effect of the ionic liquid solvent appears to be related to protection against hydrolysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of lactose fermentation using a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
Authors: Juraščík M. , Guimarães P. , Klein J. , Domingues L. , Teixeira J. , Markoš J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis work presents a multi‐route, non‐structural kinetic model for interpretation of ethanol fermentation of lactose using a recombinant flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing both the LAC4 (coding for β‐galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of Kluyveromyces lactis. In this model, the values of different metabolic pathways are calculated applying a modified Monod equation rate in which the growth rate is proportional to the concentration of a key enzyme controlling the single metabolic pathway. In this study, three main metabolic routes for S. cerevisiae are considered: oxidation of lactose, reduction of lactose (producing ethanol), and oxidation of ethanol. The main bioprocess variables determined experimentally were lactose, ethanol, biomass, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Parameters of the proposed kinetic model were established by fitting the experimental data obtained in a small lab‐scale fermentor with the initial lactose concentrations ranging from 5 g/dm3 to 50 g/dm3. A very good agreement between experimental data and simulated profiles of the main variables (lactose, ethanol, biomass, and dissolved oxygen concentrations) was achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and optical properties of a poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivative and polyfluorenes with bipolar groups along the main chain
Authors: Barberis Vasilis P. , Mikroyannidis John A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivative (PPV–TPA)] and a series of statistical copolyfluorenes (PF–TPA)] containing oxadiazole and triphenylamine segments along the main chain were synthesized by the Heck reaction and nickel‐mediated coupling, respectively. The PF–TPA copolyfluorenes with relatively low contents of oxadiazole and triphenylamine units were readily soluble in common organic solvents, whereas the other copolyfluorenes displayed lower solubility. PPV–TPA showed excellent solubility in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane, chloroform, and toluene. Thin films of the polymers absorbed light in the range of 375–396 nm and had optical band gaps of 2.76–2.98 eV. They emitted blue‐green light with a maximum at 414–522 nm. The fluorescence quantum yields in THF solutions were 0.08–0.53. The copolyfluorene PF–TPA thin films with high contents of oxadiazole and triphenylamine moieties emitted pure blue light that remained stable even after annealing at 150 °C for 4 h in air. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3556–3566, 2006
Dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)–polystyrene binary block copolymers
Authors: Natori Itaru , Sato Hisaya 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)–polystyrene binary block copolymers obtained by anionic copolymerization with alkyllithium/amine systems was investigated for the first time. The dehydrogenation of the poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) block, which was composed of 1,2‐cyclohexadiene (1,2‐CHD) and 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (1,4‐CHD) units, was strongly affected by the polymer chain structure. The existence of 1,2‐CHD units prevented the dehydrogenation of the poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) block in the binary block copolymer. The rate of dehydrogenation was fast on a long sequence of 1,4‐CHD units, whereas it was relatively slow for 1,2‐CHD/1,4‐CHD (≈1/1) unit sequences. The bonding of the polystyrene block to the polymer chain effectively improved not only the rate of dehydrogenation of a long sequence of 1,4‐CHD units but also that of the polymer chain with a high content of 1,2‐CHD units. The dehydrogenation of a poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) block containing a small number of 1,2‐CHD units progressed via step‐by‐step reactions. The dehydrogenation of a long sequence of 1,4‐CHD units proceeded as the first step. Subsequently, in the second step, the 1,2‐CHD/1,4‐CHD (≈1/1) unit sequences remaining in the polymer chain were dehydrogenated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3526–3537, 2006
Analyzing large‐scale structural change in proteins: Comparison of principal component projection and sammon mapping
Authors: Mesentean Sidonia , Fischer Stefan , Smith Jeremy C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEffective analysis of large‐scale conformational transitions in macromolecules requires transforming them into a lower dimensional representation that captures the dominant motions. Herein, we apply and compare two different dimensionality reduction techniques, namely, principal component analysis (PCA), a linear method, and Sammon mapping, which is nonlinear. The two methods are used to analyze four different protein transition pathways of varying complexity, obtained by using either the conjugate peak refinement method or constrained molecular dynamics. For the return‐stroke in myosin, both Sammon mapping and PCA show that the conformational change is dominated by a simple rotation of a rigid body. Also, in the case of the T→R transition in hemoglobin, both methods are able to identify the two main quaternary transition events. In contrast, in the cases of the unfolding transition of staphylococcal nuclease or the signaling switch of Ras p21, which are both more complex conformational transitions, only Sammon mapping is able to identify the distinct phases of motion. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical Features and Epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization and Infection in Spanish Hospitals
Authors: Rodríguez-Baño Jesús , Cisneros Jose M. , Fernández-Cuenca Felipe , Ribera Anna , Vila Jordi , Pascual Alvaro , Martínez-Martínez Luis , Bou Germán , Pachón Jerónimo ,   Grupo de Estudio de Infección Hospitalaria (GEIH)
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To investigate the clinical features and the epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in Spanish hospitals.Design:Prospective multicenter cohort study.Setting:Twenty-seven general hospitals and one paraplegic center in Spain.Methods:All cases of A. baumannii colonization or infection detected by clinical samples during November 2000 were included. Isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The molecular relatedness of the isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.Results:Twenty-five (89%) of the hospitals had 221 cases (pooled rate in general hospitals, 0.39 case per 1,000 patient-days; range, 0 to 1.17). The rate was highest in intensive care units (ICUs). Only 3 cases were pediatric. The mean age of the patients in the general hospitals was 63 years; 69% had a chronic underlying disease and 80% had previously received antimicrobial treatment. Fifty-three percent of the patients had an infection (respiratory tract, 51%; surgical site, 16%; and urinary tract, 11%). Crude mortality was higher in infected than in colonized patients (27% vs 10%; relative risk, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.0; P = .003). Molecular analysis disclosed 79 different clones. In most hospitals, a predominant epidemic clone coexisted with other sporadic clones. Imipenem resistance was present in 39% of the hospitals.Conclusions:A. baumannii was present in most participating Spanish hospitals (particularly in ICUs) with different rates among them. The organisms mainly affected predisposed patients; half of them were only colonized. Epidemic and sporadic clones coexisted in many centers.
Reduced Use of Third-Generation Cephalosporins Decreases the Acquisition of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Lee Sang-Oh , Lee Eun Sun , Park Shin Young , Kim Sue-Yun , Seo Yiel-Hae , Cho Yong Kyun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To identify risk factors for the respiratory acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among patients admitted to a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) and to modify them without changing general infection control measures.Design:Nested case-control and intervention study.Setting:A 1,200-bed, tertiary-care teaching hospital with a 17-bed NSICU.Methods:Sputa of all patients admitted to the NSICU were cultured weekly during the study. From October 2002 through February 2003, 29 case-patients from whose sputum ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was isolated were detected and 59 controls-patients were randomly selected among patients without any positive isolate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. After analyzing the risk factors, we intervened to modify them and compared the acquisition rate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae before (October 2002 to February 2003) and after (April to August 2003) the intervention.Results:Multivariate analysis showed that prior exposure to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs) (OR, 6.0; CI95, 1.9 to 18.6; P= .002) was an independent risk factor of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae acquisition. The neurosurgical team was notified of the result, and the infectious diseases specialist visited the NSICU three times a week to regulate TGC use during the intervention period. Patients admitted before the intervention were older than patients admitted after. The respiratory acquisition of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae per 1,000 patient-days (13.5 [CI95, 8.9 to 18.1] vs 2.7 [CI95, 0.9 to 4.6]) and the antimicrobial use density of TGCs (38.2 ± 5.0 vs 17.3 ± 2.6; P < .001) decreased significantly after the intervention.Conclusion:Prior exposure to TGCs was an independent risk factor for the respiratory acquisition of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, and less use of TGCs was associated with a decrease in acquisition.
Attitudes and Practices Regarding Influenza Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers Providing Services to Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders
Authors: LaVela Sherri L. , Smith Bridget , Weaver Frances M. , Legro Marcia W. , Goldstein Barry , Nichol Kristin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To examine influenza vaccination status and predictors for vaccine receipt among healthcare workers (HCWs)
caring for patients with spinal cord injuries and disorders.Design:Cross-sectional, nationwide anonymous survey.Setting:Twenty-three Veterans Affairs spinal cord injury centers.Participants:One thousand five hundred fifty-six HCWs.Methods:The primary outcome was staff vaccination status. Independent variables included staff demographic and employment characteristics, health status, attitudes and beliefs about the vaccine, and implications for its use.Results:The staff vaccination rate was 51%. Leading motivators of vaccine receipt were self-protection (77%) and patient protection (49%). The most common reasons for nonreceipt were concerns about side effects (49%), preventive quality (20%), and inconvenience (14%). Logistic regression results suggested that age of 50 years or older (OR, 1.47; P = .021), male gender (OR, 2.50; P < .001), strong belief in vaccine effectiveness (OR, 19.03; P = .008), and importance of HCW vaccination (OR, 20.50; P = .005) significantly increased the probability of vaccination. Recommending the vaccine to coworkers, patients, or patients' families was also associated with HCW vaccination (OR, 3.20; P < .001). Providers who did not believe the vaccine was protective (P < .001) or effective P < .001) were less likely to recommend it to patients.Conclusions:Strategies to increase vaccination rates among HCWs should address concerns about side effects, effectiveness, and protective value of the vaccine and access to it. The impact of provider recommendations should be stressed. Vaccination and subsequent prevention of illness may limit morbidity and mortality, thus benefiting HCWs, healthcare facilities, and patients.
Impact of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia on Resource Utilization and Patient Outcome
Authors: Hugonnet Stéphane , Eggimann Philippe , Borst François , Maricot Patrice , Chevrolet Jean-Claude , Pittet Didier 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of ventilator-associated pneumonia on resource utilization, morbidity, and mortality.Design:Retrospective matched cohort study based on prospectively collected data.Setting:Medical intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital.Patients:Case-patients were all patients receiving mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more who experienced an episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Control-patients were matched for number of discharge diagnoses, duration of mechanical support before the onset of pneumonia among case-patients, age, admission diagnosis, gender, and study period.Results:One hundred six cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia were identified in 452 patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The matching procedure selected 97 pairs. Length of stay in the intensive care unit and duration of mechanical ventilation were greater among case-patients by a mean of 7.2 days (P< .001) and 5.1 days (P< .001), respectively. Median costs were $24,727 (interquartile range, $18,348 to $39,703) among case-patients and $17,438 (interquartile range, $12,261 to $24,226) among control-patients (P< .001). The attributable mortality rate was 7.3% (P = .26). The attributable extra hospital stay was 10 days with an extra cost of $15,986 per episode of pneumonia.Conclusion:Ventilator-associated pneumonia negatively affects patient outcome and represents a significant burden on intensive care unit and hospital resources.