bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From naive to effector ‐ alterations with aging
Authors: Linton Phyllis‐Jean , Haynes Laura , Tsui Lisa , Zhang Xiaohong , Swain Susan 
Published: April 2006

Summary: We have used a T‐cell receptor transgenic mouse model to study the role of antigen in the changes that occur as T cells age. We find that the characteristic shift in the CD4 population to a predominance of memory phenotype T cells which accompanies aging in non‐transgenic mice does not occur, suggesting that this shift is a result of antigenic stimulation. Thus at least one component of aging must he antigen dependent. When responses of naive CD4 T cells from aged and young mice are directly compared in vitro, the former are relatively deficient in their ability m pro duce IL‐2 and IL‐3, they express altered levels of P‐glycoprotein and they proliferate less well m the absence of exogenous cytokines. When the ability of both naive populations to generate effectors is compared, the number of effectors generated from aged naive cells is much reduced and the effectors generated express lower levels of IL‐2Ra and produce reduced levels of cytokines. Importantly, addition of IL‐2 restores proliferation of aged naive T cells, restores efficient effector generation and results in effectors seemingly indistinguishable from those derived from young CD4 cells.Similar phenotypic and functional changes seen with aging are also found in T‐cell populations from IL‐2 and IL‐ 2Ra knockout mice. Thus the loss of optimal IL‐2 production may participate in the aging process and may represent the main antigen‐independent defect in the CD4 T‐cell population.
Determinant spreading and immune responses to acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Vincent Angela , Willcox Nick , Hill Marguerite , Curnow John , MacLennan Cal , Beeson David 
Published: April 2006

Summary: In myasthenia gravis (MG), antibodies to the muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cause muscle weakness. Experimental autoimmune myaschenia gravis (EAMG) can be induced by immunisation against purified AChR; the main immunogenic region (MIR) is a conformation‐dependent site that includes α67‐76, EAMG can also occur after immunisation against extracellular AChR sequences, but this probably involves intramolecular determinant spreading.In MG patients, thymic hyperplasia and germinal centres are found in about 50%, and thymoma in 10–15%. The heterogeneous, high affinity, IgG anti‐AChR antibodies appear to be end‐products of germinal centre responses, and react mainly with the MIR or a site on fetal AChR; the latter contains a y subunit and is mainly expressed on myoid cells in the thymic medulla, T cells cloned against recombinant AChR subunits recognise principally two naturally processed epitopes: ɛ201 ‐219 derived from adult AChR which is expressed in muscle, and sometimes in thymic epithelium, and α 146–160, common to fetal and adult AChR. Since AChR is not normally co‐expressed with class II, it is unclear how CD4* responses to AChR a and E subunits are initiated, and how and where these spread to induce antibodies against fetal AChR, Various possibilities, including upregulation of class II on muscle/myoid cells and involvement of CD8+ responses to AChR and other muscle antigens, are discussed.
Heat‐shock protein T‐cell epitopes trigger a spreading regulatory control in a diversified arthritogenic T‐cell response
Authors: van Eden Willem , van der Zee Ruurd , Taams Leonie S. , Prakken A. Berent J. , van Roon Joël , Wauben Marca H. M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary: Adjuvant arthritis (AA) in Lewis rats is T‐cell mediated and seems to depend on T cells recognising the 180–188 epitope of mycobacterial heat‐shock protein (hsp) 60. Analysis of arthritogenic T‐cell clone A2b has revealed a mimicry of this particular epitope with an articular cartilage‐associated target T‐cell epitope. Nasal administration of synthetic peptides covering this 180–188 sequence led to epitope‐.specific tolerance and resistance to AA. Since this tolerisation protocol also inhibited avridine arthritis, one may conclude that this form of epitope‐specific tolerance had effectuated a spreading tolerisation at the level of target antigens that included a diverse set of possible arthritis ‐associated antigens.In vitro anergised T cells exhibited suppressive activity in a co‐culture system. As in this case ‐ depending on the presence of the antigen of the anergic T cell – such T cells suppressed responder T cells of a different antigenic specificity, we postulated that anergic T cells may be responsible for a spreading of tolerance. It seemed that such spreading of tolerance was channelled through the antigen‐presenting cells (APC) and was dependent on direct cell‐cell contact. This and additional forms of spreading of tolerance could be responsible for specific nasal tolerance, causing inhibition of the development of an arthritogenic inflammatory response. This can be similarly che case for the arthritis protection that resulted from immunisation with hsps. Analysis of T‐cell responses following hsp immunisations revealed that the arthritis inhibitory activity resided in T cells with specificity for a conserved part of microbial hsp60. The same T cells cross‐responded to rat self‐hsp60. Low level expression of the latter molecule on non‐professional APC could possibly have induced a suppressive anergic state in these autoreactive cells. Thus, immunisation with microbial hsp would have led to an expansion of such T cells, leading to raised disease‐suppressive potential when selectively trapped and activated in the inflamed self‐hsp‐overexpressing joint. Alternatively the cross‐recognised self‐hsp epitope could have the regulatory qualities of an altered peptide ligand or a partial agonist for T cells that see the microbial homologue as the full agonist.
Cis‐acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
Authors: Slorb Liquid , Peters Andrew , Klotz Emily , Kirn Nayun , Shen Hong Ming , Hackett John , Rogerson Brian , Martin Terence E. 
Published: April 2006

Summary: We review our studies on the mechanism of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Most experiments were carried out using Ig transgenes. We showed in these experiments that all required cisacting elements are present within the 10–16 kb of a cransgene. Only the Ig variable region and its proximate flanks are mutated, not the constant region. Several Ig gene enhancers are permissive for somatic mutation. Association of the enhancer with its natural Ig promoter is not necessary. However, the mutation process seems specific for Ig genes. No mutations were found in housekeeping genes from cells with high levels of somatic hypermutation of their Ig genes. The Ig enhancers may provide the Ig gene specificity. An exception may he the BCL6 gene, which was mutated in but not hut not in mouse B cellsTranscription of a region is required for its mutability When the transcriptional promoter located upstream of the variable region is duplicated upstream of the constant region, this region also becomes mutable. This suggests a model in which a mutator factor associates with the RNA polymerase at the promoter, travels with the polymerase during elongation, and causes mutations during polymerase pausing. The DNA repair systems, nucleotide excision repair and DNA mismatch repair, are not required. Our recent data with an artificial substrate of somatic mutation suggest that pausing may be due to secondary structure of the DNA or nascent RNA, and the specific mutations to preferences of the mutator factor.
Allorecognition in colonial tunicates: protection against predatory cell lineages?
Authors: Magor Brad G. , De Tomoso Anthony , Rinkevich Baruch , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: April 2006

Summary: The MHC molecules have been historically perceived as transplantation antigens, though it is now recognized that their primary, if not sole, role is in eliminating parasites and in surveillance and clearance of aberrant self. Indeed, pregnancy in mammals would represent the closest to a natural transplantation process that occurs in vertebrates. However, among the immediate ancestors to the vertebrates, natural intraspecific allorecognition processes are common. Among members of the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, two individuals that share a single allele of the highly polymorphic fusibility/histocompatibility (Fu/HC) locus are able to fuse with one another. Could this Fu/HC he related to the MHC such that the MHC really did have its origins as a transplantation antigen?Presently we review the genetics and biology of natural transplantation processes in colonial tunicates, comparing it with alloreeognition as mediated through the vertebrate T‐cell receptor, killer cell inhibitory receptor/Ly49, and MHC. Experimental approaches to determining if the molecules regulating allorecognition in tunicates have any ancestral relationship to the vertebrate MHC are discussed, as is a genomic approach to isolating novel mediators of allorecognition. We also explore the biological basis for allorecognition in colonial tunicates and recent work that highlights the costs of not maintaining a system for allorecognition.
Electron microscopy of cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation
Authors: Eda Shigeo , Saito Toshio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Using dogs' teeth, cells displaced into the dentinal tubules due to dry cavity preparation were observed using electron microscopy. In order to obtain adequate fixation a new local‐perfusion method was employed. Most of the cells which moved into the dentinal tubules were odontoblast nuclei and partly neutrophilic leukocytes and erythrocytes. Not only odontoblast nuclei but also cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and lysosomes were displaced into the tubules. The weavings of dentinal fibers in the tubules were observed in some areas.
Altered H‐antigen reactivity as an early indicator of malignant transformation in oral epithelium
Authors: Auclair P. L. 
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to determine whether or not the blood group H‐antigen reactivity of oral epithelium has value in predicting malignant transformation. Tissue from 3 groups of patients was studied retrospectively, using an immunoperoxidase technique. Two biopsy specimens from each patient, obtained at different times but from the same site, were examined for the presence of H‐antigen. Group 1 consisted of 16 patients in which the initial biopsy was histologically benign, but the subsequent biopsy revealed epidermoid carcinoma. The initial biopsies in Groups II (17 patients) and III (17 patients) revealed epithelial dysplasia. Whereas the subsequent biopsy in Group II revealed carcinoma, the subsequent biopsy in Group III remained non‐invasive. Normal epithelium from 64 patients was also studied.The results showed that in normal epithelium, H‐antigen‐negative cells are rarely seen, but 81% of the initial benign specimens of Group I showed antigen‐negative areas. Therefore, it was concluded that altered H‐antigen reactivity in histologically benign epithelium may serve to predict eventual malignant transformation, and that immunologic de‐differentiation precedes histologic dedifferentiation. A comparison between the initial biopsy specimens of Groups II and III yielded nearly identical results and showed that it was not possible, on the basis of the H‐antigen reactivity, to predict which dysplastic lesions would progress to epidermoid carcinoma.
Synthesis of proteoglycans in rat mucosal keratinocytes
Authors: Arnlaugsson S. , Birkedal‐Hansen H. , Rodén L. 
Published: April 2006

The synthesis of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans by rat mucosal keratinocytes of an established cell line (CCL‐10) has been investigated. Proliferating cultures at or near confluency were grown in the presence of [35S] sulfate or D‐[1‐3H] glucosamine for 24 h, and the glycosaminoglycan composition of cells and medium was determined. Characterization of the 35S‐laballedglycosaminoglycans showed that heparan sulfate was the major component (∼90%) and that small amounts (∼10%) of galactosaminoglycans had also been synthesized. Analysis of cultures labelled with D‐[1‐3H] glucosamine demonstrated that hyaluronic acid was also present, most prominently in the medium where approximately one third of the radioactivity in the glycosaminoglycan pool was found in the hyaluronic acid fraction. [35S]‐labelled proteoglycans extracted from the cell layer in the presence of protease inhibitors showed substantial heterogeneity upon chromatography on Sepharose CL‐6B. In contrast, the proteoglycans in the medium gave a major peak which was eluted at a Kav of 0.28. Gel chromatography of the glycosaminoglycan chains in the latter, isolated after proteolytic digestion, indicated a molecular weight of 17,000.
Judicial review and environmental law —is there a coherent view of standing?
Authors: Hilson Chris , Cram Ian 
Published: April 2006

In this article we examine the issue of the standing of individuals and pressure groups in judicial review proceedings, with particular emphasis on standing in planning and environmental law litigation. We begin by developing a particular conception of liberalism to justify a broad, ‘citizen action’ model of standing. The article then proceeds to examine English domestic law on access to the courts against the background of this liberal model.It is right to say at the outset that the choice of planning and environmental materials is not intended to point up issues in standing which are exclusive to that context. Instead, our purpose is to make some more general arguments about standing in public law and then, through an examination of case law in planning/environmental litigation–which features relatively frequently in the law reports–to test for coherence and contradiction in the judicial reasoning there encountered
Completing the Picture: Women and the Female Principle in the Mithraic Cult
Authors: Griffith Alison 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the recently revived debate on the possible involvement of women in the Mithraic cult the main points of contention are the value and reliability of limited archaeological and epigraphic evidence and of two passing references to women's involvement in works by Porphyry and Tertullian. At one end of the spectrum, Richard Gordon proposed an alternate "Mithraic" world that not only excluded women but also subverted the female principle entirely. At the other end, Jonathan David challenged the claim that women were excluded from the Mithraic cult and proposed the possibility of lea and mater grades. The first part of this paper tackles the vexed issue of "evidence" by conducting a more thorough and stringent review of the physical evidence than that offered by David on this subject. The conclusion that none of this evidence is unequivocally Mithraic is hardly new; the aim is to put the debate to rest. The second part of this paper explores Porphyry's distinct but ambiguous reference to women as "hyenas" in the context of the Mithraic cult. In this section Gordon's theory of an alternate Mithraic reality is modified in order to reconcile numerous female sex and gender associations apparent in the iconography of the tauroctony scene.
The Folk Concepts of Intention and Intentional Action: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Knobe Joshua , Burra Arudra 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Recent studies point to a surprising divergence between people's use of the concept of intention and their use of the concept of acting intentionally. It seems that people's application of the concept of intention is determined by their beliefs about the agent's psychological states whereas their use of the concept of acting intentionally is determined at least in part by their beliefs about the moral status of the behavior itself (i.e., by their beliefs about whether the behavior is morally good or morally bad). These findings raise a number of difficult questions about the relationship between the concept of intention and the concept of acting intentionally. The present paper addresses those questions using a variety of different methods, including conceptual analysis, psychological experimentation, and an examination of people's use of certain expressions in other languages.
Folk Intuitions on Free Will
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper relies on experimental methods to explore the psychological underpinnings of folk intuitions about free will and responsibility. In different conditions, people give conflicting responses about agency and responsibility. In some contexts, people treat agency as indeterminist; in other contexts, they treat agency as determinist. Furthermore, in some contexts people treat responsibility as incompatible with determinism, and in other contexts people treat responsibility as compatible with determinism. The paper considers possible accounts of the psychological mechanisms that underlie these conflicting responses.
Theoretical Visions versus Policymaking Realities? Searching for the Logical Grounds of Expansion and Retrenchment Arguments in Studies on Nordic Social Policy Models from the 1960s to the 2000s
Authors: Lin Ka , Carroll Eero 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTheoretical welfare analyses emphasising the Nordic welfare regimes' structural stability have increasingly clashed, above all since the late 1980s, with policy analyses emphasising that Nordic welfare benefits should be cut back. This study analyses the ideological, political and broader institutional reasons for why this disjuncture increased. We argue that theory and policy analyses may be reconciled by "talking past one another" on definitions of universalism, on assessments of whether crisis and systemic change are actually happening, as well as on whether or how citizens' opinions should inform policymaking. Such an analysis enables us to more dispassionately assess the veracity of "resilience analyses" of Nordic welfare regimes, as well as to more critically assess the feasibility of retrenchment policies actually pursued.
Collectio repetitionum tholosana (ca. 1280)
Authors: Maffei Paola 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMs. Seu d'Urgell, Biblioteca Capitular 2042, ff. 105ra–123va, holds a collection of repetitiones, regarding trial, which were given in the University of Toulouse around 1280 (or even in the seventies of that century): it is the oldest collection of repetitiones known for Toulouse, and in any case one of the very first testimonies of that remarkable University's activity. Through the analysis of the collection the author aims to prove their origin, age, cultural influence, and suggests the likely identity of its author with the well-known Toulouse master Guillaume de Ferrières.
Pontiff, praetor, and iurisdictio in the Roman republic
Authors: Tellegen-Couperus Olga 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is generally assumed that from 367 BC the praetor was charged with iurisdictio, i.e. the supervision of civil litigation, and that, before that time, this task was performed by some other magistrate. Pontiffs were legal experts who served as advisers. However, new research has shown that the praetor originally had military duties and that it was only around 200 BC that he became involved in administering the law. In this paper the author suggests that, up to 200 BC, it was the College of Pontiffs which was responsible for supervising civil litigation. Mitchell put forward a similar hypothesis a few years ago, but so far he failed to convince his readers. In the author's view, close reading of Pomp. D. 1,2,2,6 and appreciating the fact that around 200 BC the relationship between pontiffs and magistrates changed fundamentally indicate that, before that year, the pontiffs were directly involved in civil litigation and were more than simply advisers.
'Neque id sine magna Servii laude…', Historisierung der Rechtswissenschaft und Genese von System und Methode bei Donellus
Authors: Avenarius Martin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent literature, the French humanist Hugo Donellus (1527–1591) is generally acknowledged as the creator of a civil law system. His system is generally understood as devised to present and explain Roman law. But in fact, Donellus does not organize the legal rules with the help of systematic elements from outside the law. He tries to reach back to the roots of classical Roman law, i.e. the ars iuris of Servius Sulpicius Rufus. Based on structural elements of the ars iuris that are preserved by the sources, Donellus tries to reorganize the law. He anticipates a methodological strategy that would prove to be successful in the 19th century: to understand law as the result of a long-term development. On the basis of this perspective he tries to reach back to the historical origins of law in order to make further dogmatical development possible. Thus, Donellus appears as a predecessor of the historical school of law.
Some remarks concerning the Disputationum libri XXI of Tryphoninus
Authors: Hallebeek Jan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis contribution discusses the recently published book Die libri disputationum des Claudius Tryphoninus, Eine spätklassische Juristenschrift of Kathrin Fildhaut and more specifically the question, dealt with in the book, whether the fragments of Tryphoninus' Libri disputationum, as preserved in the Digest, have been elaborated in post-classical times or by the compilers. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of Tryph. D. 23,2,67,3.
Trunk performance after stroke and the relationship with balance, gait and functional ability
Authors: Verheyden Geert , Vereeck Luc , Truijen Steven , Troch Mark , Herregodts Iris , Lafosse Cristophe , Nieuwboer Alice , De Weerdt Willy 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To evaluate trunk performance in non-acute and chronic stroke patients by means of the Trunk Control Test and Trunk Impairment Scale and to compare the Trunk Control Test with the Trunk Impairment Scale and its subscales in relation to balance, gait and functional ability after stroke. Subjects: Fifty-one stroke patients, attending a rehabilitation programme, participated in the study. Main measures: Subjects were evaluated with the Trunk Control Test, Trunk Impairment Scale, Tinetti balance and gait subscales, Functional Ambulation Category, 10-m walk test, Timed Up and Go Test and motor part of the Functional Independence Measure. Results: Participants obtained a median score of 61 out of 100 on the Trunk Control Test and 11 out of 23 for the Trunk Impairment Scale. Twelve participants (24%) obtained the maximum score on the Trunk Control Test; no subject reached the maximum score on the Trunk Impairment Scale. Measures of trunk performance were significantly related with values of balance, gait and functional ability. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed an additional, significant contribution of the dynamic sitting balance subscale of the Trunk Impairment Scale in addition to the Trunk Control Test total score for measures of gait and functional ability (model R2 = 0.55-0.62). Conclusions: This study clearly indicates that trunk performance is still impaired in non-acute and chronic stroke patients. When planning future follow-up studies, use of the Trunk Impairment Scale has the advantage that it has no ceiling effect.