bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture Strength of Zirconia Implants after Artificial Aging
Authors: Andreiotelli Marina , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: Zirconia (ZrO2) might be an alternative material to titanium (Ti) for dental implant fabrication. However, no data are available on the fracture strength of one‐piece ZrO2 oral implants.Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of ZrO2 implants after exposure to the artificial mouth.Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty ZrO2 and Ti implants were used. The Ti implants were divided into two control groups (A and B). ZrO2 implants manufactured from yttria‐stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 polycrystal (Y‐TZP) in group C, from Y‐TZP dotted with alumina (Y‐TZP‐A) in group D, and from Y‐TZP‐A with a modified surface in groups E and F were used. In group F, the implant heads were prepared, and in group G, the implants were restored with ZrO2 crowns. Each group included 16 samples with the exception of group D, which included 24 samples.A subgroup of each implant type (eight implants) was subjected to thermomechanical cycling in a chewing simulator prior to fracture testing. Test specimens were then loaded until a fracture occurred.Results: Seven of the 120 samples failed in the chewing simulator. ZrO2 implant fracture occurred at 725 to 850 N when the implants were not prepared, and at 539 to 607 N when prepared. The samples in group A fractured at the level of the abutment screw. All ZrO2 implants fractured at the level of the Technovit® resin (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH & Co., Wehrheim, Germany). No fracture of the ZrO2 crowns in group G was observed.Conclusion: Mean fracture strength values obtained were all within the limits of clinical acceptance. However, implant preparation had a statistically significant negative influence on the implant fracture strength. Long‐term clinical data are necessary before one‐piece ZrO2 implants can be recommended for daily practice.
Reproducibility of the Implant Crown Aesthetic Index – Rating Aesthetics of Single‐Implant Crowns and Adjacent Soft Tissues with Regard to Observer Dental Specialization
Authors: Gehrke Peter , Degidi Marco , Lulay‐Saad Zitta , Dhom Günter 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTAim: The Implant Crown Aesthetic (ICA) Index evaluates the aesthetic outcome of implant‐supported single crowns in the anterior zone by awarding nine points for the shape, color, and surface characteristics of the crowns and surrounding soft tissue. The aim of this study was to measure the reproducibility of the ICA Index and assess the influence exerted by the examiner's degree of dental specialization.Materials and Methods: Ten examiners (two general dentists, two prosthodontists, two oral surgeons, two orthodontists, and two dental technicians) applied the ICA Index to 23 implant‐supported single crowns twice at an interval of 4 weeks. The inter‐ and intra‐examiner ratings were analyzed. Cohen's kappa (K) was used to measure the interexaminer reliability of estimations by two appraisers at a significance level of p < .05.Results: Within the various parameters, the observer agreement ranged 53 to 81%. All the examiners achieved moderate agreement between the first and second ratings, whereby Cohen's kappa was 0.49 (p < .001). The most agreement was obtained by surgeons (K = 0.62, substantial) and the least by orthodontists (K = 0.24, sufficient). The lowest level of agreement with other occupational groups was manifested by the orthodontists (≤44.3%). The ICA Index produced a moderate Cohen's kappa of 0.42 and agreement amounting to 67% between the two ratings within the occupational groups. There was minimum agreement among the occupational groups (Cohen's K = 0.11–0.37, observer agreement: 40.2–66.3%); again, the least agreement was between the orthodontists and others.Conclusions: The ICA Index resulted in poor to moderate intra‐ and interexaminer agreement. The validity and reproducibility of the ICA indexing as an objective tool in rating implant aesthetics is questionable.
Devolving Romanticism: Nation, Region and the Case of Devon and Cornwall
Authors: Moore Dafydd 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis essay considers the ways in which four nations, or archipelagic, criticism has impacted upon the study of eighteenth‐century and Romantic Britain. It traces the history of four nations’ criticism from its impact on the Celtic nations and the study of regional identity and culture. The second half of the essay considers Devon and Cornwall, and in particular the Cornish writer Richard Polwhele as a case study for this four nations approach. It considers Polwhele's literary and other writerly activities (particularly in the field of antiquarianism and topographical county histories) as an example of a possible regional Romanticism.
Social Capital in an Impoverished Minority Neighborhood: Emergence and Effects on Children's Mental Health
Authors: Hanks Carole A. 
Published: July 2008

PROBLEM:  This study aims to describe and analyze neighborhood effects on children's mental health, focusing on the emergence and effects of Social Capital or informal social control. METHOD:  Focus groups of Hispanic and African American families raising children in a low‐income, minority neighborhood. FINDINGS:  Parents’ alienation from and distrust of public sources of formal social control, such as policemen, prevented the emergence of positive informal social control. CONCLUSION:  Psychiatric nurses and nurse practitioners must utilize public health and individual therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat children's mental health problems in disorganized, violent neighborhoods.
Quantifying Bank Storage of Variably Saturated Aquifers
Authors: Li Hailong , Boufadel Michel C. , Weaver James W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNumerical simulations were conducted to quantify bank storage in a variably saturated, homogenous, and anisotropic aquifer abutting a stream during rising stream stage. Seepage faces and bank slopes ranging from 1/3 to 100/3 were simulated. The initial conditions were assumed steady‐state flow with water draining toward the stream. Then, the stream level rose at a constant rate to the specified elevation of the water table given by the landward boundary condition and stayed there until the system reached a new steady state. This represents a highly simplified version of a real world hydrograph. For the specific examples considered, the following conclusions can be made. The volume of surface water entering the bank increased with the rate of stream level rise, became negligible when the rate of rise was slow, and approached a positive constant when the rate was large. Also, the volume decreased with the dimensionless parameter M (the product of the anisotropy ratio and the square of the domain’s aspect ratio). When M was large (>10), bank storage was small because most pore space was initially saturated with ground water due to the presence of a significant seepage face. When M was small, the seepage face became insignificant and capillarity began to play a role. The weaker the capillary effect, the easier for surface water to enter the bank. The effect of the capillary forces on the volume of surface water entering the bank was significant and could not be neglected.
A pristine environment and water quality in perspective: Maliau Basin, Borneo's mysterious world
Authors: Mokhtar Mazlin Bin , Aris Ahmad Zaharin , Abdullah Mohd Harun , Yusoff Mohd Kamil , Abdullah Md. Pauzi , Idris Abd. Rahim , Raja Uzir Raja Ibrahim 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe chemical characteristics of the surface water of Eucalyptus River, in Maliau Basin, were studied based on its major ion chemistry and its suitability for drinking, domestic use and irrigation. Water samples from the river were collected and analysed for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, Cl, SO4, Ca, Mg, Na and K. Besides major elements, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Bi, Cd, Ba, Pb, As, Al, V, Se, Ag, Sr and Li were also determined in this study. The results show that the river water of the area reflects natural factors and is regarded as fresh water and suitable for drinking and domestic use. The calculated values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Mg hazard and salinity hazard indicate that the river water is of high quality and suitable for agricultural and irrigation purposes. This study contributes baseline data for a pristine, forested environment for future reference.
Evidence: Fundamental Concepts and the Phenomenal Conception
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe concept of evidence is among the central concerns of epistemology broadly construed. As such, it has long engaged the intellectual energies of both philosophers of science and epistemologists of a more traditional variety. Here I briefly survey some of the more important ideas to have emerged from this tradition of reflection. I then look somewhat more closely at an issue that has recently come to the fore, largely as a result of Williamson's Knowledge and Its Limits: that of whether one's evidence supervenes on one's non‐factive mental states.
Defining Physicalism
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article discusses recent disagreements over the correct formulation of physicalism. Although there appears to be a consensus outside those who discuss the issue that physicalists believe that what exists is what is countenanced by physics, as we will see, this orthodoxy faces an important puzzle now frequently referred to as ‘Hempel's Dilemma’. After surveying the historical trajectory from Enlightenment‐era materialism to contemporary physicalism, I examine several mainstream approaches that respond to Hempel's dilemma, and the benefits and drawbacks of each.
Virtual Globes: An Overview of Their History, Uses, and Future Challenges
Authors: Tuttle Benjamin T. , Anderson Sharolyn , Huff Russell 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe fusion of the World Wide Web and spatial technologies has led to the emergence of a new and evolving geospatial Web. Multiple virtual globes, or geobrowsers such as Google Earth and National Aeronautics and Space Administration's World Wind, have emerged and are positioned to proceed as the gateway to the geospatial Web. Virtual globes are presently used in such areas as education, scientific research and disaster response. Online discussions and conference presentations highlight the uses to which virtual globes may be put, but the peer‐reviewed literature still contains relatively few examples of these applications. Technical advances, data availability and end‐user expectations are driving the rapid development of virtual globes, making this an ideal time to explore the uses to which virtual globes can be put, ways to identify the challenges involved in their use, and highlight potential pitfalls and opportunities.
Optimality as a Concept to Understand and Model Vegetation at Different Scales
Authors: Schymanski Stanislaus J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObservations made at different scales are often incomparable, because they reveal different patterns within the same entity. The change in observed pattern with the change in scale of observation is often abrupt, a phenomenon referred to as ‘break in scale’. Linking patterns with different scales of observation has become a major challenge in all sciences; however, it appears that the better our ability to observe patterns becomes, the more ‘breaks in scales’ we find. This article links breaks in scales to hierarchical levels of organisation. It is argued that organisation is linked with optimality and that optimality is predictable to a certain degree. It is further argued that in some cases heterogeneity within a level of organisation can be neglected if this heterogeneity is assumed to be a result of optimisation; hence, the implementation of vegetation optimality in models can lead to a new degree of predictability in ecohydrology.
Scoping Geographic Information Systems for Education: Making Sense of Academic and Practitioner Perspectives
Authors: DiBiase David 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGeographic information systems (GIS) education now takes place in most of the world's colleges and universities, where it involves dozens of disciplines, thousands of instructors, and tens of thousands of students annually. Still, no consensus exists about the scope and content of the field that GIS educators should help students understand. Twenty‐five years of inconclusive debate among academic geographers and GIS practitioners are reviewed from a US perspective, culminating in a pivotal lawsuit in US federal court. A broad and inclusive conception called geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) is proposed to help students make sense of the field. GIS&T is an intersection of accredited and non‐accredited disciplines, regulated and unregulated professions, and old and new technologies. The interests of organizations and individual practitioners are at once competing and complementary. One common interest is, or should be, the ‘body of knowledge’ that distinguishes the field from others and defines relationships among its constituent communities of practice. Continuous development of the GIS&T Body of Knowledge is recommended as a vehicle for communication and cooperation among the diverse interests that make up the GIS&T field.
Latin American Social Movements: A Review and Critique of the Geographical Literature
Authors: Perreault Tom 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDrawing on a survey of the academic literature from 1975 to the present, this article examines research by geographers on Latin American social movements. The survey identified over 100 works, distributed in a temporally, spatially, and thematically uneven fashion. Work by geographers on Latin American social movements has increased dramatically since 1990. The article reviews the geographical literature on Latin American social movements, discusses reasons for the increase in social movement activity since 1990 (and the increased attention by geographers to social movements during this period), and outlines an agenda for further research. Of the categories of social movements studied, indigenous movements garnered the most attention, followed by transnational solidarity/Left political movements. Agrarian, environmental, and women's movements have also received considerable attention. Greater geographical attention needs to be paid to movements of the elite and the political Right; gay, lesbian, and transgender movements; and the entry of social movements into formal (electoral) politics.
Making Space for the Economy: Live Performances, Dead Objects, and Economic Geography
Authors: Barnes Trevor J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe article explores the usefulness of the recent literature on markets and performativity for economic geography. The article is divided into two main sections. The first reviews work on performativity, the idea that our statements and representations actively produce reality rather than being mere faithful copies of it. Writers in science studies, in particular, have taken up this notion and used it to understand the making of economic markets. The second argues that economic geography usefully amends the work on performance and economic markets by adding a geographical perspective that plays out in at least four registers: the performance of spatial theory; the geographical performance of economic theory; the spatial performance of market constitution; and the political performance of spatial markets.
Genetically Altering Aβ Distribution from the Brain to the Vasculature Ameliorates Tau Pathology
Authors: Oddo Salvatore , Caccamo Antonella , Cheng David , LaFerla Frank M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is the major genetic risk factor for developing late‐onset Alzheimer disease. In transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP), replacing the endogenous mouse apoE gene with the human apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) gene alters the distribution of amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposits from the brain parenchyma to the vasculature. However, the effects of this distribution on the onset and progression of tau pathology remain to be established. To address this issue, we used a genetic approach to replace the endogenous apoE gene with the human apoE4 allele in the 3xTg‐AD mice. We showed that changing Aβ distribution from the parenchyma to the vasculature drastically reduces the tau pathology. The 3xTg‐AD mice expressing the human apoE4 gene were virtually depleted of any somatodendritic tau deposits. These data strongly suggest that the somatodendritic tau accumulation is dependent on the parenchyma Aβ deposits.
Effects of meloxicam or tolfenamic acid administration on the pain and stress responses of Merino lambs to mulesing
Authors: Paull DR , Lee C , Atkinson SJ , Fisher AD 
Published: July 2008

Objective To determine the effectiveness of two long‐acting non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at reducing the pain and stress responses to mulesing in lambs.Procedures Merino lambs (n = 60) were allocated at 5 weeks of age to six treatment groups: (1) sham mules; (2) mules; (3) tolfenamic acid‐sham mules; (4) tolfenamic acid administered 45 min before mulesing; (5) tolfenamic acid at the time of mulesing; (6) meloxicam at the time of mulesing. Plasma cortisol was measured at −0.75, −0.25, 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h relative to mulesing. Beta‐endorphin concentrations in plasma were determined at 0, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Haematology was performed on blood samples taken at −0.75, 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Plasma haptoglobin was measured at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Rate of wound healing was determined 72 h post mulesing, and animal behaviour, including posture, was measured for 6 h after mulesing.Results The mulesed lambs exhibited large increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol, beta‐endorphin and haptoglobin. All mulesed animals lost weight significantly in the week after mulesing, regardless of analgesic administration, but the difference in weight between mulesed and unmulesed lambs was less at the final measurement, 2 weeks after mulesing. Mulesed lambs spent significantly less time lying ventrally than control lambs. All lambs that were mulesed, including those administered NSAIDs, spent more time standing with a hunched posture and less time walking normally than control lambs.Conclusions The NSAID treatments applied 45 min before or at the time of mulesing at the dose levels used in this study were not effective in reducing the acute response of lambs to mulesing.
UV Radiation: Balancing Risks and Benefits†
Authors: McKenzie Richard L. , Liley J. Ben , Björn Lars Olof 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe use action spectra published by the International Commission on Illumination to examine diurnal, seasonal and latitudinal variations in erythemally weighted (sunburning) UV—a health risk, and vitamin D‐weighted UV—a health benefit. Vitamin D‐weighted UV is more strongly dependent on ozone and solar zenith angle. Consequently, its diurnal, seasonal and geographic variability is more pronounced than for erythemally weighted UV. We then investigate relationships between the two quantities. An algorithm is developed and used to relate vitamin D production to the widely used UV index, to help the public to optimize their exposure to UV radiation. In the summer at noon, there should at mid‐latitudes be sufficient UV to photosynthesize optimal vitamin D in ∼1 min for full body exposure, whereas skin damage occurs after ∼15 min. Further, while it should be possible to photosynthesize vitamin D in the winter at mid‐latitudes, the amount of skin that must be exposed is larger than from the hands and face alone. This raises the question of whether the action spectrum for vitamin D production is correct, since studies have reported that production of vitamin D is not possible in the winter at mid‐latitudes.
Intergroup Emotions and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Mackie Diane M. , Smith Eliot R. , Ray Devin G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIntergroup emotions theory seeks to understand and improve intergroup relations by focusing on the emotions engendered by belonging to, and by deriving identity from, a social group (processes called self‐categorization and identification). Intergroup emotions are shaped by the very different ways in which members of different groups see group‐relevant objects and events. These emotions come, with time and repetition, to be part and parcel of group membership itself. Once evoked, specific intergroup emotions direct and regulate specific intergroup behaviors. This approach has implications for theories of emotion as well as of intergroup relations. Because intergroup emotions derive from self‐categorization and identification and because they strongly influence intergroup behavior, intergroup emotions theory provides an innovative framework for attempts to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations.
Current Controversies in the Study of Personality across Cultures
Authors: Church A. Timothy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractResearch on culture and personality is thriving. In this article, I address several prominent controversies, including: (a) alternative perspectives on the relationship between culture and personality; (b) the cross‐cultural universality versus specificity of personality structure; (c) whether comparisons of mean inventory profiles reveal valid cultural differences in trait levels; and (d) the importance and role of the trait concept across cultures. Greater consensus regarding the relationship between culture and personality will likely be achieved if researchers clarify which aspects of personality they are addressing (e.g., basic tendencies vs. characteristic adaptations). Recent lexical and indigenous studies have weakened consensus regarding the universality and comprehensiveness of the Five‐Factor Model. The validity of cultural mean profiles remains unresolved. Research on the importance of traits across cultures provides support for both trait and cultural psychology perspectives, although more culture‐comparative studies of consistency and predictive validity are needed. Suggestions for research are offered.
A Cultural Analysis of the Experiment and an Experimental Analysis of Culture
Authors: Adams Glenn , Stocks Eric L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhat is it that one can and cannot learn from experiments? The present paper addresses this question from the perspective of cultural psychology. The first half of the paper examines implicit constructions of reality – like individualism, assumptions about the purity of the experimental context and the nature of mind, and the meaning of empirical– that constitute the culture of experimental social psychology. The second half of the paper illustrates an experimental approach to the study of culture with an example from a program of research on enemyship. Overall, the paper suggests that experimental methods may be best suited for arguments about proximal cause, but less appropriate for arguments about the distal causes of events in the everyday world. Rather than advocate that social psychologists abandon the experiment, a cultural psychology perspective suggests the reflexive use of experimental methods in conjunction with multiple techniques of empirical observation.