bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Researcher : Engaged Participant or Detached Observer?
Authors: Dreyer Jaco S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between the researcher and the researched is one of the fundamental methodological issues which distinguish different approaches to empirical enquiry. Methodological debates on this issues usually contrast a detached observer (outsider or subject-to-object) perspective with an engaged participant (insider or subject-to-subject) perspective. There seems to be consensus among practical theologians that the observer and participant perspectives respectively correspond to quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The aim of this article is to explore an option that goes beyond the traditional dualism of the researcher's role, namely as detached observer or engaged participant. On the basis of Ricoeur's views on the dialectic between belonging and distanciation, it is suggested that the practical theological researcher embodies the dialectics of belonging (the insider perspective) and distanciation (the outsider perspective) in every research endeavour, whether quantitative or qualitative. The article ends with some methodological implications of this view of the relationship between the researcher and the researched.
The Right to Health
Authors: Hendriks Aart 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The UN Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is seeking to break new grounds to enhance worldwide compliance with the right to health. At its ninth session (Geneva, 22 November - 10 December 1993) the Committee convened a 'general day of discussion' to explore various aspects of this right. The aim of the day was to lay the foundation for a special General Comment on the right to health. A report.
Conflict resolution in South Asia
Authors: De Silva Kingsley M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSouth Asia has some of the most intractable political conflicts in the world today, and at three levels: international, national and subnational. Many of these have their roots in the region's colonial past, and in the manner in which independence was attained. Conflict resolution in South Asia has three unusual features beginning with the Sino-Indian dispute over their common border along the Himalayas. This major international dispute is sui generis. Second, the principal assymetrical feature of the South Asian political system, the overwhelming dominance of India makes multi-lateral negotiations over issues that involve India's vital interests - save in the case of the dispute over Kashmir - virtually impossible. Third, separatist agitation, politicized religion and ethnic conflicts disturb the peace in many parts of South Asia. In these internal conflicts we confront the difficulties inherent in the resolution of conflicts involving ethnicity and politicized religion - such conflicts are less amenable to mediation than most others, including conflicts between states. A complicating factor in the resolution of these conflicts is the impetus given to separatism in general by the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the emergence of new states in these regions. Potential conflicts of the future in South Asia include disputes over the sharing of scarce resources, especially water and irrigation works; and the problem of refugees and displaced persons arising from the region's many disputes, as well as its problem of severe overpopulation.
International law and indigenous peoples
Authors: Marquardt Stephan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndigenous people- international law - self-determination. In recent years, indigenous people have become increasingly active at the international level. Recent developments, in particular the drafting of a UN declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, indicate that new rules of international law may be emerging from this process. The new developments raise the question of the legal status of indigenous peoples. This question has essentially two elements: whether indigenous peoples may claim sovereign rights and whether the right to self-determination of peoples is applicable to them. A number of arguments suggest that a positive answer may be given to these two questions. An important aspect in this context is that indigenous peoples should be distinguished from minorities.
The psychodynamics of ethnic terrorism
Authors: Volkan Vamik D. , Harris Max 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes to examine the phenomenon of ethnic terrorism through a psychological lens. Its intention is not to relegate the importance of "real-world" issues to secondary stature, but to broaden causality to include psychological motivation. In effect, we believe that terrorism is inspired by the complex intertwining of real-world issues and the psychological processes of individuals and large groups.
Religion and politics in contemporary Iran
Authors: Farazmand Ali 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article discusses religion and politics in contemporary Iran, with an emphasis on Shia radicalism, revolution, and national character. The relationship between religion and politics in Iran is analyzed in an historical context from the ancient time, the role of religious leaders in the Iranian political movements is discussed with a focus on the Iranian Revolution and on the Islamic Government, and aspects of Shia radicalism and Iranian national character are analyzed in some details. It is argued that the Iranian innovation in introducing Shi'ism as a minority, radical sect of Islam has been a manifestation of Iranian national character of independence and of her historical tradition as a great regional and world power. Shi'ism is a byproduct of the Iranian ancient traditions of state, religion, and politics, and of her cultural contributions to the Islamic and world civilizations; hence a remarkable continuity in Iran's past heritage of asserting her independence in the modem world of global transformation led by the superpowers. Iran is the motherland and springboard of Shi'ism and Shi'ism is an inalienable part of Islamic Iran, just as Zoroastrianism was of the ancient Sasanid Persia.
La Structure Du Domaine
Authors: Balon Joseph 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSommaire: - 1. L'introduction au cens. - 2. La nature juridique du cens. - 3. Le cens seigneurial. - 4. Le trefonds, les warisels et le cens waris. - 5. La cour tréfoncière et la cour foncière. - 6. Le tréfonds et la tréhalteur. - 7. Le trécens. - 8. Le droit-cens. - 9. Le cens d'accense. - 10. Les autres cens. - 11. L'assignation et le nantissement du cens. - 12. La valeur du cens. - 13. La capacite de contracter. - 14. Les juridictions compétentes - 15. Conclusions.
Natuurrecht of Romeins Recht
Authors: Jansen C.J.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractZweimal wurde zu Anfang des 19. Jhs. in den Niederlanden der Aufbau des juristischen Studiums Gegenstand heftiger Auseinandersetzungen: 1806-1810 und 1819/1820. Beide Male wurde um die Frage gestritten, ob im Lehrplan dem Naturrecht oder dem römischen Recht der Vorrang zu geben sei. Bereits im 18. Jh. war die Frage diskutiert worden. Die Naturrechtler befürworteten im ganzen die subsidiäre Geltung des Naturrechts; diesem Fach sei daher in der Ausbildung des angehenden Juristen vorzuziehen. Die Vertreter des römischen Rechts redeten entgegen der Eleganten Schule einer praktischen Anwendung dieses Rechts das Wort und wiesen auf die Gefahr einer 'aequitas cerebrina' bei der Anwendung des Naturrechts.
Strafbare Poging Bij Damhouder En Wielant En in De 15de- En 16de-Eeuwse Vlaamse Rechtspraktijk
Authors: Monballyu J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLa manière dont une société punit la tentative criminelle est un indice pour mesurer aussi bien l'opinion pénale que l'abstraction juridique de cette société. En effet, il s'est produit une longue évolution entre l'impunité de principe de la tentative au moyen âge et la peine atténuée d'aujourd'hui. Les juristes des 15e et 16e siècles ont emprunté plusieurs éléments au droit romain pour marquer l'importance de l'intention criminelle. Ainsi ont-ils renoncé au principe germanique de la responsabilité relatée au résultat matériel de la tentative. Aux Pays-Bas, ce nouveau principe de la punition basée sur l'intention a été introduit par les officialités au 14e siècle et généralisé grâce aux cours centrales comme le Grand Conseil de Malines. Les jurisconsultes Wielant (1441-1520) et Damhouder (1507-1581) ont grandement contribué à ce processus de généralisation. Dans leurs ouvrages, ils ne traitent la tentative que dans les chapitres concernant les violences (crime de lèse-majesté, homicide, viol). Suivant la doctrine italienne, ils divisent l'iter criminis en trois phases: cogitare, agere et perficere. La tentative se situe dans les deux premières. La seule pensée de commettre un crime (cogitare) n'était en principe pas punissable. Pour Wielant, l'incendie volontaire constituait une exception à la règle générale. Damhouder étend l'exception au crime de lèse-majesté. Par contre, la tentative est incriminée dès que le malfaiteur a trahi ses desseins par un acte externe (agere). Damhouder distingue encore entre les actes éloignés et les actes proches du crime, une distinction importante pour la gravité du châtiment. Comment les cours flamandes ont-elles suivi les principes de Wielant et de Damhouder? En matière de crime de lèse-majesté, elles se sont réglées sur les auteurs cités. Par contre en cas d'attaque contre la vie ou contre l'intégrité physique, la jurisprudence suivait l'ancienne coutume en tenant compte du déroulement matériel de la tentative. Si la victime mourait, on appliquait la peine pour meurtre, si elle guérissait, on infligeait la peine pour coups et blessures. Néanmoins en cas de crimes atroces (meurtre commandé, assassinat) l'auteur était puni comme s'il avait consommé son crime. Par contre, les juges flamands étaient plus cléments en cas d'incendie où la menace verbale n'était pas punie par le feu (comme prévu par les auteurs en question), mais par une peine atténuée. Enfin, il est remarquable que Wielant et Damhouder ne traitent pas la tentative de vol. Pour eux, le vol ne commence qu'au moment où on se saisit de quelque chose (contrectatio). Cette opinion matérialiste ne s'est pas introduite dans les cours flamandes. Le Conseil de Flandre, les échevinages et les cours féodales punissaient chaque acte précédant le vol, dans lequel la tentative était manifeste.
Fatawa in Malaysia 1960-1985 Third Coulson Memorial Lecture
Authors: Hooker Barry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo summarise, the British legacy on Shari'a comprised: (1) Sharia in Anglo-Muhammadan precedent; (2) Sharia as a part of "native law"; and (3) Shari'a as an element of Malay sovereignty. So far as private law was concerned, it was restricted to family law, wakaf and (in some places only) mosque attendance and payment of zakat. It was also circumscribed by custom in all places. Between 1945 and 1957, at the approach to independence a considerable rationalisation of this legacy was achieved in the following ways. First, in the Federation, which came into being in 1957, each of the component states retained all rights over religious matters in each individual state. This was and remains specified in the Federal Constitution. Second, beginning in 1952 each state produced its own "Administration of Islamic (or Muslim) Law Enactment".4 While the individual Enactments vary in some details, and some are rather more elaborate than others, they all deal with three elements. These are: (1) An explanation of substantive rules of Shari'a (family law); (2) The structure and jurisdiction of Shari'a courts; and (3) The official determination of Islamic principle. The position now, therefore, is that Islam has: (1) A constitutional reference; and (2) A legislative and judicial form. It has become incorporated into the institutions of the state of Malaysia. From the point of view of this article the most important provision of the legislation is that dealing with what I have called the "official determination of principle". By this I mean to refer to the "Majlis Ugama Islam ..." or "Council of Religion" (the exact title varies from state to state) which each state has. The function of the Majlis is to aid and advise the Ruler on matters of Islam and Malay custom. The exact composition of the Majlis varies from state to state but the single most important duty is to issue fatawa, usually through the medium of a "Shariah Committee" or Fatawa Committee (terms and compositions vary) of the Majlis. A fatwa, once formally published in the State Gazette is binding on all Muslims in the state. Fatawa may be issued only by properly appointed persons through the medium of the appropriate committee(s). This, in short, is the constitutional and legislative structure. I shall now turn to the fatawa themselves.
Thoughts and Circumstances of Sébastien Basson. Analysis, Micro-History, Questions
Authors: Luthy C.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Philosophiae naturalis adversus Aristotelem libri XII of 1621 is the first textbook in natural philosophy to combine anti-Aristotelian arguments with explicit corpuscularianism. While its uniqueness resides in the pioneering role it played in the history of the neo-atomist movement, its fateful attraction lies in the almost complete anonymity of its author. No other novator in the history of early modern thought has been as elusive as the man known as Basso, Basson, Bassus, or Bassone. This essay consists of two parts. The first part places the Philosophia naturalis within its time and summarizes its main theories, emphasizing the larger themes and the tensions found between its conflicting accounts of causality. Special attention is drawn to Basson's dual approach to atomism, namely physical and theological, which are not complementary, but contradictory. The fortuna of Basson from his own age down to his current status in the history of science is examined next. In combination with his methodological heterogeneity, Basson's anonymity are found to have led to disparate assessments of his aims. In the current literature, Basson figures as a Neoplatonist, a pre-Cartesian occasionalist, the earliest molecular chemist, a Renaissance studioso, a Stoic philosopher and a Calvinist zealot. The second part of this essay tries to improve this situation. Recently discovered documents show that Basson, after a Jesuit education in the 1590's and subsequent medical studies, became a Protestant. He spent the years 1611 to 1625, to which our documents relate, at the smallest of French Huguenot academies in the mountain town of Die (Dauphiné) where he taught at the local Collège. An analysis of Die's difficult historical circumstances, of its little academy and its official natural philosophy, and finally of Basson's own uneasy sojourn in the Dauphiné elucidates several aspects of the Philosophia, notably the theological motifs in Basson's atomism, the outdatedness of his astronomical and optical expertise, the argumentative reliance on late scholasticism, its "eloquent" style, and the timing of the publication. Yet it is undeniable that the context cannot account for the Philosophia itself, whose relation to Basson's circumstances remains perplexing. The author's conflict with the Genevan censors demonstrates that an explanation of his views in terms of Calvinist theology alone cannot explain the contents of his book. Our findings point towards the variegated nature of the forces behind the neo-atomism of the early modern period, and they force us to reconsider the coherence of the movement itself and the motifs of its proponents.
Daniel Sennert On Matter and Form: At the Juncture of the Old and the New1
Authors: Michael Emily 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDaniel Sennert (1572-1637), a prominent physician and a prolific and influential writer, was both an atomist and an Aristotelian. He was influenced by a distinctive and now little known Aristotelian approach to matter and form, and this promoted his development over time of a hierarchical account of atoms, with elementary atoms and grades of molecules. The first section provides a study of Sennert's Aristotelian foundation. The final two sections consider, in turn, Sennert's development over time of an atomistic theory, and the nature and significance for him of substantial forms.
Leibniz On the Unicorn and Various Other Curiosities
Authors: Ariew Roger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI discuss some of Leibniz's pronouncements about fringe phenomena__various monsters; talking dogs; genies and prophets; unicorns, glossopetrae, and other games of nature__in order to understand better Leibniz's views on science and the role these curiosities play in his plans for scientific academies and societies. However, given that Leibniz's sincerity has been called into question in twentieth-century secondary literature, I begin with a few historiographical remarks so as to situate these pronouncements within the Leibnizian corpus. What emerges is an image of Leibniz as a sober, cautious interpreter, a skeptic one might say, but one who is prepared to concede the possibility of many strange phenomena. Leibniz expects these fringe phenomena to take their place among the natural curiosities catalogued as part of a hoped for empirical database intended as means toward the perfection of the sciences.
Galen and Greek Neuroscience
Authors: Rocca Julius 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe brain for Galen is the ηγεμOνiÓνand ãOΧηof the nervous system. Anatomical demonstration enabled him to advance his claims for its nervous function. His conception of the brain and the nerves hinges on his employment of some psychic pneuma. Galen's system of pneumatic physiology is, however, largely dependent on the demonstration of a functioning vascular system. This paper focuses on two vascular structures-essential for the proper functioning of the brain and nerves-which carry the psychic pneuma. They arc the retiform plexus, or rete mirabile, and the choroid plexuses. The former is a well-established arterial structure at the base of the brain in some higher mammals (but not in humans); the latter is a vascular plexus in the ventricles of the brain. Taken together, the account Galen gives of these structures is both internally consistent and convincing and sheds useful light on Galen's understanding of the brain and the nerves.
A Time to Mourn
Authors: Danbolt Lars Johan 
Published: April 2008

This article gives brief results of a Norwegian empirical project where the main purpose has been to study the burial rite versus bereavement and the role of religiousness in relation to the disposing of the dead. The theoretical perspective is that loss of a significant close, as well as religiousness are primary life experiences which flow together in the bereaved person's grieving conduct during the burial rite. 70 bereaved persons who had lost a close relative during a certain time period have filled in questionnaires with information about the death, the funeral, religiousness and bereavement. The sample is treated statistically by means of indexes for grieving conduct during the burial week, religiousness, and grief. The sample is coherent and unambiguous, and shows that those who let the burial rite be a time to mourn experienced more benefit from the funeral service and had less anxiety, depression and intrusive experiences during the first year of bereavement. But sadness was independent of the grieving conduct during the burial rite, a result which makes sadness an aspect of mourning which qualitatively differs from the other aspects described. External conditions as urbanity and institutionalizing, as well as internal matters as the dramatical character of the loss, and personal religiousness affected the bereaved person's grieving conduct during the burial rite.
African culture, African intellectuals and the white academy in South Africa - some implications for Christian theology in Africa
Authors: Maluleke T.S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAttitudes towards African culture are central to the crisis of African intellectuals. This crisis is manifest in the issues of African identity, black self-love, black poverty, the stranglehold of the Western academy and white racism. For the debilitating aspects of the crisis to be converted to our advantage, African intellectuals must reconnect to African culture. However, such a reconnection must include not only an analysis and problematisation ofwhatAfrican culture is, but also the question of how best to connect to it. The call for African intellectuals to reconnect to African culture is not a call for the resuscitation of romantic views on African culture. Nor is it a call for a rehash of the often strident views of Western missionaries, philosophers and colonialists on African culture. It is also not a call for the self-hating castigation of African culture by Africans themselves. It is rather a call to a mature reappropriation of past and present manifestations of African culture within, because of and in spite of oppressive and racist conditions. This kind of appropriation will help African intellectuals emerge from the crisis. Such a reappropriation has significant implications for the teaching and the shape of Christian theology of Africa. Basic to these implications is the necessity to return to black and African theologies of liberation.
Unexpected Waves
Authors: Gemmrich Johannes , Garrett Chris 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExtreme, or “rogue,” waves are those in the tail of the probability distribution and are a matter of great concern and considerable research. They may be partly associated with non-Gaussian behavior caused by resonant nonlinear interactions. Here it is shown that even in a Gaussian sea, “unexpected” waves, in the sense of, for example, waves twice as large as any in the preceding 30 periods, occur with sufficient frequency to be of interest and importance. The return period of unexpected waves is quantified as a function of the height multiplier and prior quiescent interval for various spectral shapes, and it is shown how the return period is modified if allowance is made for nonlinear changes in wave shape and/or a buildup of one or more waves prior to the unexpected wave. The return period of “two-sided” unexpected waves, with subsequent as well as prior quiescence, is also evaluated.