bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Ionic Liquids with Polysaccharides 1. Unexpected Acetylation of Cellulose with 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Acetate
Authors: Köhler Sarah , Liebert Tim , Schöbitz Michael , Schaller Jens , Meister Frank , Günther Wolfgang , Heinze Thomas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe homogeneous conversion of cellulose in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate with 2‐furoyl chloride, p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride, and triphenylmethyl chloride yields surprisingly pure cellulose acetate samples in any case. From NMR spectroscopic studies, it may be concluded that during the homogeneous functionalization reactive intermediates including furane‐2‐carboxylic acid/acetic acid anhydride and acetic acid triphenylmethyl ester are formed leading to the cellulose acetates with DS values in the range from 0.55 to 1.86.magnified image
Macromolecular Recognition: Interaction of Cyclodextrins with an Alternating Copolymer of Sodium Maleate and Dodecyl Vinyl Ether
Authors: Taura Daisuke , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInteraction of cyclodextrins (CDs) with an alternating copolymer of sodium maleate and dodecyl vinyl ether (pC12MA), which forms micelle‐like aggregates in aqueous media, is investigated by several NMR techniques to explore the competition of the complexation of CDs with the dodecyl (C12) groups and the self‐association of the C12 groups. 1H NMR and two‐dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data demonstrate that α‐CD interacts significantly with the C12 groups in pC12MA but β‐ or γ‐CD does not, which indicates that the competition with self‐association of the C12 groups enhances the selectivity towards α‐CD. Furthermore, the binding isotherm prepared using 1H NMR data exhibits a sigmoidal curve, which is indicative of cooperative complexation of α‐CD with pC12MA.magnified image
Garlic as an anti‐fatigue agent
Authors: Morihara Naoaki , Nishihama Takeshi , Ushijima Mitsuyasu , Ide Nagatoshi , Takeda Hidekatsu , Hayama Minoru 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMore than three thousand publications in the past have confirmed the efficacy of garlic for the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases, acknowledging and validating its traditional uses. Garlic is also used for the treatment of fatigue, although the mechanism involved remain unclear. The anti‐fatigue function of garlic may be closely related to its many favorable biological and pharmacological effects. In animal studies, garlic has been shown to promote exercise endurance. Differences in the methods of processing garlic result in differences in the intensity of its anti‐fatigue effect, and the most favorable form of processing has been shown to be extraction of raw garlic followed by its natural aging for a long period in a water‐ethanol mixture. In human studies, it has been confirmed that garlic produces symptomatic improvement in persons with physical fatigue, systemic fatigue due to cold, or lassitude of indefinite cause, suggesting that garlic can resolve fatigue through a variety of actions. Recently, primarily in Japan, attempts have been made to measure the intensity of fatigue objectively and quantitatively using biomarkers. Currently available data strongly suggest that garlic may be a promising anti‐fatigue agent, and that further studies to elucidate its application are warranted.
Unified fluid–structure interpolation and mesh motion using radial basis functions
Authors: Rendall T. C. S. , Allen C. B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA multivariate interpolation scheme, using radial basis functions, is presented, which results in a completely unified formulation for the fluid–structure interpolation and mesh motion problems. The method has several significant advantages. Primarily, all volume mesh, structural mesh, and flow‐solver type dependence is removed, and all operations are performed on totally arbitrary point clouds of any form. Hence, all connectivity and user‐input requirements are removed from the computational fluid dynamics–computational structural dynamics (CFD–CSD) coupling problem, as only point clouds are required to determine the coupling. Also, it may equally well be applied to structured and unstructured grids, or structural and aerodynamic grids that intersect, again because no connectivity information is required. Furthermore, no expensive computations are required during an unsteady simulation, just matrix–vector multiplications, since the required dependence relations are computed only once prior to any simulation and then remain constant. This property means that the method is both perfectly parallel, since only the data relevant to each structured block or unstructured partition are required to move those points, and totally independent from the flow solver. Hence, a completely generic ‘black box’ tool can be developed, which is ideal for use in an optimization approach. Aeroelastic behaviour of the Brite–Euram MDO wing is analysed in terms of both static deflection and dynamic responses, and it is demonstrated that responses are strongly dependent on the exact CFD–CSD interpolation used. Mesh quality is also examined during the motion resulting from a large surface deformation. Global grid quality is shown to be preserved well, with local grid orthogonality also being maintained well, particularly at and near the moving surface, where the original orthogonality is retained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disease‐associated prion protein is not detectable in human systemic amyloid deposits
Authors: Tennent GA , Head MW , Bishop M , Hawkins PN , Will RG , Knight R , Peden AH , McCardle LM , Ironside JW , Pepys MB 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCerebral and cardiac amyloid deposits have been reported after scrapie infection in transgenic mice expressing variant prion protein (PrPC) lacking the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. The amyloid fibril protein in the systemic amyloid deposits was not characterized, and there is no clinical or pathological association between prion diseases and systemic amyloidosis in humans. Nevertheless, in view of the potential clinical significance of these murine observations, we tested both human amyloidotic tissues and isolated amyloid fibrils for the presence of PrPSc, the prion protein conformation associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). We also sequenced the complete prion protein gene, PRNP, in amyloidosis patients. No specific immunohistochemical staining for PrPSc was obtained in the amyloidotic cardiac and other visceral tissues of patients with different types of systemic amyloidosis. No protease‐resistant prion protein, PrPres, was detectable by Western blotting of amyloid fibrils isolated from cardiac and other systemic amyloid deposits. Only the complete normal wild‐type PRNP gene sequence was identified, including the usual distribution of codon 129 polymorphisms. These reassuringly negative results do not support the idea that there is any relationship of prions or TSE with human systemic amyloidosis, including cardiac amyloid deposition. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic colitis due to an epithelial barrier defect: the role of kindlin‐1 isoforms
Authors: Kern JS , Herz C , Haan E , Moore D , Nottelmann S , von Lilien T , Greiner P , Schmitt‐Graeff A , Opitz OG , Bruckner‐Tuderman L , Has C 
Published: October 2007

AbstractKindlin‐1 is an epithelium‐specific phosphoprotein and focal adhesion adaptor component. Mutations in the corresponding gene (KIND1) cause Kindler syndrome (KS), which is manifested by skin blistering, poikiloderma, photosensitivity and carcinogenesis. Some patients also exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms, but it has remained unclear whether these represent a feature of Kindler syndrome or a coincidence. We examined kindlin‐1 in human gastrointestinal epithelia and showed that it is involved in the aetiopathology of Kindler syndrome‐associated colitis. Kindlin‐1 expression was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, western blot and RT–PCR. Kindlin‐1 is expressed in oral mucosa, colon and rectum. Both the full‐length 74 kDa kindlin‐1 protein and a 43 kDa isoform were detected in CaCo2 cells, the latter resulting from alternative splicing. In the first months of life, patients (homozygous for null mutations) had severe intestinal involvement with haemorrhagic diarrhoea and showed morphological features of severe ulcerative colitis. Later in childhood, histopathology demonstrated focal detachment of the epithelium in all segments of the colon, chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. These findings define an intestinal phenotype for Kindler syndrome as a consequence of a primary epithelial barrier defect. The different clinical intestinal manifestations in Kindler syndrome patients may be explained by partial functional compensation of kindlin‐1 deficiency by the intestinal isoform or by the presence of truncated mutant kindlin‐1. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspirin use and breast cancer risk: a meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of observational studies from 2001 to 2005
Authors: Mangiapane Sandra , Blettner Maria , Schlattmann Peter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo examine the recent epidemiological studies on aspirin use and breast cancer risk published from 2001 to 2005 within a meta‐analysis, to investigate reasons for heterogeneity between the individual studies and to analyse a dose‐response‐relationship considering frequency and duration of use.MethodsWe systematically searched for cohort‐studies and case‐control‐studies from 2001–2005, which evaluated the association between aspirin and breast cancer risk. We calculated a pooled estimate for the relative risk (RR) and investigated reasons for heterogeneity between the individual studies and analysed a dose‐response‐relationship using random effects mixed models.ResultsWe identified 10 studies which met the inclusion criteria. The combined estimate of the RR was 0.75 (95%CI: 0.64, 0.88) using the random effects model. Heterogeneity between the studies could not be explained by the covariates study‐type and study‐population. The combination of frequency and duration of aspirin use resulted in a significant dose‐response‐relationship between aspirin use and breast cancer risk. Each additional pillyear reduced the breast cancer risk to about 2%.ConclusionOur meta‐analysis supports the current evidence that aspirin may reduce breast cancer risk. Moreover, a dose‐response‐relationship seems to exist. However, results have to be interpreted carefully, as exposure categories were defined very heterogeneously among the studies which weakens the validity of the pooled estimates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of p16ink4a‐binding proteins
Authors: Souza‐Rodrígues Elielson , Estanyol Josep M. , Friedrich‐Heineken Erica , Olmedo Eva , Vera Jorge , Canela Nuria , Brun Sonia , Agell Neus , Hübscher Ulrich , Bachs Oriol , Jaumot Montserrat 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe p16ink4a tumor suppressor protein plays a critical role in cell cycle control, tumorogenesis and senescence. The best known activity for p16ink4a is the inhibition of the activity of CDK4 and CDK6 kinases, both playing a key role in cell cycle progression. With the aim to study new p16ink4a functions we used affinity chromatography and MS techniques to identify new p16ink4a‐interacting proteins. We generated p16ink4a columns by coupling the protein to activated Sepharose 4B. The proteins from MOLT‐4 cell line that bind to p16ink4a affinity columns were resolved by SDS‐PAGE and identified by MS using a MALDI‐TOF. Thirty‐one p16ink4a ‐interacting proteins were identified and grouped in functional clusters. The identification of two of them, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and minichromosome maintenance protein 6 (MCM6), was confirmed by Western blotting and their in vivo interactions with p16ink4a were demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies. Results also revealed that p16ink4a interacts directly with the DNA polymerase δ accessory protein PCNA and thereby inhibits the polymerase activity.
Profiling of vitreous proteomes from proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nondiabetic patients
Authors: Kim Taeoh , Kim Sang Jin , Kim Kyunggon , Kang Un‐Beom , Lee Cheolju , Park Kyong Soo , Yu Hyeong Gon , Kim Youngsoo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDiabetes can lead to serious microvascular complications like proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which is the leading cause of blindness in adults. The proteomic changes that occur during PDR cannot be measured in the human retina for ethical reasons, but could be reflected by proteomic changes in vitreous humor. Thus, we considered that comparisons between the proteome profiles of the vitreous humors of PDR and nondiabetic controls could lead to the discovery of novel pathogenic proteins and clinical biomarkers. In this study, the authors used several proteomic methods to comprehensively examine vitreous humor proteomes of PDR patients and nondiabetic controls. These methods included immunoaffinity subtraction (IS)/2‐DE/MALDI‐MS, nano‐LC‐MALDI‐MS/MS, and nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. The identified proteins were subjected to the Trans‐Proteomic Pipeline validation process. Resultantly, 531 proteins were identified, i.e., 415 and 346 proteins were identified in PDR and nondiabetic control vitreous humor samples, respectively, and of these 531 proteins, 240 were identified for the first time in this study. The PDR vitreous proteome was also found to contain many proteins possibly involved in the pathogenesis of PDR. The proteins described provide the most comprehensive proteome listing in the vitreous humor samples of PDR and nondiabetic control patients.
Preparation of Ag nanoparticles termini‐protected side‐chain liquid crystalline azobenzene polymers by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Gao Jiangang , Sun Youyi , Zhou Jingli , Zheng Zhi , Chen Hongwei , Su Wei , Zhang Qijin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new synthetic approach to prepare Ag nanoparticles protected side‐chain liquid crystalline (LC) azobenzene polymers was reported. It is based on the reduction of silver ions in presence of a LC polymer polymerized by RAFT. The formation of Ag colloidal nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM and UV analysis. At the same time, according to the results of DSC, XPS, and FTIR spectra, Ag nanoparticles were protected by the side‐chain LC azobenzene polymers through surface attachment interactions between thiol groups and Ag. The out‐plane orientation of side‐chain LC is confirmed by surface‐enhanced Raman spectra analysis and scanning near‐field optical microscope, resulting from the large electromagnetic field arising from the excitation of surface plasmon polariton of Ag nanoparticles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5380–5386, 2007
Bulk polymerization of p‐dioxanone using a cyclic tin alkoxide as initiator
Authors: Redin Therese , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Mathisen Torbjörn , Albertsson Ann‐Christine 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPoly(p‐dioxanone) with an inherent viscosity of over 1 dL/g has been synthesized using the cyclic tin alkoxide 1‐di‐n‐butyl‐1‐stanna‐2,5‐dioxacyclopentane as initiator. Poly(p‐dioxanone) was synthesized in bulk and the results have been compared with polymerizations using tin (II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. Sn(Oct)2 has often been reported to be an effective catalyst for the synthesis of poly(p‐dioxanone), but here it is compared with an initiator which is less prone to catalyze transesterification reactions. The results demonstrate that the cyclic tin initiator is a promising alternative for the synthesis of poly(p‐dioxanone) with a high inherent viscosity. Poly(p‐dioxanone) is a polymer with mechanical properties and a degradation rate suitable for tissue engineering applications. Both the cyclic tin initiator and Sn(Oct)2 gave, under some reaction conditions, inherent viscosities around 1 dL/g. The best polymer synthesized using the cyclic tin initiator had a strain‐at‐break of 515% and a stress‐at‐break of 43 MPa. The inherent viscosity of this polymer was 1.16 dL/g, while Sn(Oct)2 resulted in a polymer with an inherent viscosity less than 0.4 dL/g under the same reaction conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5552–5558, 2007
Synthesis of star polymers via nitroxide mediated free‐radical polymerization: A “core‐first” approach using resorcinarene‐based alkoxyamine initiators
Authors: Abraham Sinoj , Choi Jae Ho , Ha Chang‐Sik , Kim Il 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of new octafunctional alkoxyamine initiators for nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP), by the derivatization of resorcinarene with nitroxide free radicals viz TEMPO and a freshly prepared phosphonylated nitroxide, is described. The efficiency of these initiators toward the controlled radical polymerization of styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate is investigated in detail. Linear analogues of these multifunctional initiators were also prepared to compare and evaluate their initiation efficiency. The favorable conditions for polymerization were optimized by varying the concentration of initiators and free nitroxides, reaction conditions, etc., to obtain well‐defined star polymers. Star polystyrene thus obtained were further used as macro‐initiator for the block copolymerization with tert‐butyl acrylate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5559–5572, 2007
Chemical synthesis and electric properties of the conducting copolymer of aniline and o‐aminophenol
Authors: Zhang Jing , Shan Dan , Mu Shaolin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA copolymer, poly(aniline‐co‐o‐aminophenol), was prepared chemically by using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidant. The monomer concentration ratio of o‐aminophenol to aniline strongly influences the copolymerization rate and properties of the copolymer. The optimum composition of a mixture for the chemical copolymerization consisted of 0.3 M aniline, 0.021 M o‐aminophenol, 0.42 M ammonium peroxydisulfate, and 2 M H2SO4. The result of cyclic voltammograms in a potential region of −0.20 to 0.80 V (vs.SCE) indicates that the electrochemical activity of the copolymer prepared under the optimum condition is similar to that of polyaniline in more acid solutions. However, the copolymer still holds the good electrochemical activity until pH 11.0. Therefore, the pH dependence of the electrochemical property of the copolymer is improved, compared with poly(aniline‐co‐o‐aminophenol) prepared electrochemically, and is much better than that of polyaniline. The spectra of IR and 1H NMR confirm that o‐aminophenol units are included in the copolymer chain, which play a key role in extending the usable pH region of the copolymer. The visible spectra of the copolymers show that a high concentration ratio of o‐aminophenol to aniline in a mixture inhibits the chain growth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5573–5582, 2007
Morphology and permeability of exfoliated PVAc‐MMT nanocomposite films cast from soap‐free emulsion‐polymerized latices
Authors: Chien An‐Ting , Lin King‐Fu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this study, we exclusively found that the exfoliated poly(vinyl acetate)‐montmorillonite (PVAc‐MMT) nanocomposite latices could be straightforwardly fabricated by soap‐free emulsion polymerization and cast into a film. The as‐fabricated films were transparent with the exfoliated MMT nanoplatelets in flat form uniformly dispersed in the PVAc matrix. Certain bonding of PVAc matrix to the exfoliated MMT nanoplatlets refrained it from removal by acetone in Soxhlet extraction. Exfoliated MMT nanoplatlets (10 wt %) in the film was able to reduce the water vapor permeability coefficient to only 9% that of the neat PVAc. According to the generalized Nielsen's permeability model for the composites containing impermeable fillers in sheet form, the average aspect ratio of exfoliated MMT platelets was calculated as 327, similar to those directly estimated by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5583–5589, 2007
Cyclic and multicyclic poly(ether sulfone)s by polycondensation of 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrahydroxy‐ 3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl spirobisindane and 4,4′‐difluorodiphenylsulfone
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Bornhorst Kirstin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract5.5′,6,6′‐Tetrahydroxy‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl spirobisindane (TTSBI) was polycondensed with 4,4′‐difluorodiphenylsulfone (DFDPS) in DMSO with K2CO3 as catalyst and azeotopic removal of water. The feed ratio of DFDPS/TTSBI was varied from 1.0/1.0 to 2.0/1.0 at concentrations avoiding gelation. At feed ratios around 1.0/1.0 hyperbranched polymers were a minority and cyclic poly(ether sulfone)s were the predominant reaction products. With increasing feed ratio of DFDPS more and more multicyclic polymers were formed, and at a feed ratio of 1.9/1.0 perfect multicycles free of functional groups were the vast majority of the reaction product. Despite variation of the reaction conditions quantitative conversion was not achieved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5597–5605, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of highly refractive polyimides from 4,4′‐thiobis[(p‐phenylenesulfanyl)aniline] and various aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides
Authors: Liu Jin‐Gang , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Shibasaki Yuji , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn aromatic sulfur‐containing diamine 4,4′‐thiobis[(p‐phenylenesulfanyl) aniline] (3SDA) was synthesized and polymerized with a sulfur‐containing dianhydride 4,4′‐[p‐thiobis(phenylenesulfanyl)]diphthalic anhydride (3SDEA) and three nonsulfur aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides, respectively to afford four poly(amic acid)s (PAAs) with the inherent viscosities of 0.54–1.04 dL/g. Flexible and tough polyimide (PI) films obtained from the PAA precursors showed good thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. The glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of the PIs ranged from 179.1–227.2 °C determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 173.8–227.3 °C by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), depending on the dianhydride used. The 10% weight loss temperatures were in the range of 500–536 °C, showing high intrinsic thermal‐resistant characteristics of the PI films. The PI films also showed good optical transparency above 500 nm, which agreed well with the calculated absorption spectra using the time‐dependent density functional theory. The average refractive indices (nav) measured at 632.8 nm were 1.7191–1.7482, and the in‐plane/out‐of‐plane birefringences (Δn) were 0.0068–0.0123. The high refractive indices originate from the high sulfur contents, good molecular packing, and the absence of bulky structures. The relatively small birefringence mainly results from the flexible thioether linkages structures of the diamine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5606–5617, 2007