bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenosine modulates cell growth in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells
Authors: Mittal Rashmi A. , Tan Chee‐Hong , Khoo Hoon‐Eng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAdenosine is known to modulate cell growth in a variety of mammalian cells either via the activation of receptors or through metabolism. We investigated the effect of adenosine on Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cell growth and attempted to determine its mechanism of modulation. In wild‐type BHK cells, adenosine evoked a biphasic response in which a low concentration of adenosine (1± 150;5 μM) produced an inhibition of colony formation but at higher concentrations (up to 50 μM) this inhibition was progressively reversed. However, no biphasic response was observed in an ± 147;adenosine kinase± 148; deficient BHK mutant, ± 147;5a± 148;, which suggests that adenosine kinase plays an important role in the modulation of growth response to adenosine. Adenosine receptors did not appear to have a role in regulating cell growth of BHK cells. Specific A1and A2receptor antagonists were unable to reverse the effect of adenosine on cell growth. Even though a specific A3adenosine receptor antagonist MRS‐1220 partly reversed the inhibition in colony formation at 1 μM adenosine, it also affected the transport of adenosine. Thus adenosine transport and metabolism appears to play the major role in this modulation of cell growth as 5′‐amino‐5′‐deoxyadenosine, an adenosine kinase inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of cell growth observed at 1 μM adenosine. These results, taken together, would suggest that adenosine modulates cell growth in BHK mainly through its transport and metabolism to adenine nucleotides.
Functional food science in Japan: State of the art
Authors: Arai Soichi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 1984, a new science related to functional food was initiated by a National Project team under the auspices of the Japan Ministry of Education and Science. It was followed by a great many academic and industrial studies to occupy a central position in the field of food and nutritional sciences. In 1993, the Ministry of Health and Welfare established a policy of “Foods for Specified Health Uses” (FOSHU) by which health claims of some selected functional foods are legally permitted. Up to now (November 22, 1999), 167 FOSHU products have been born. Since the time (1984) when the concept of “functional food” was proposed, it seems that the science in Japan has been progressing along, among others, a unique path of development. The uniqueness is seen in the development of functional foods by minimizing undesirable as well as maximizing desirable food factors. Hypoallergenic foods, developed from their materials by removing allergens, offer a good example. Another characteristic may be found in the field of sensory science which aims at elucidating a molecular logic of the senses of taste and smell in reference to their effects on physiological systems in the body. The paper discusses some characteristics of functional food science in Japan, with special emphasis on these topics.
Food system‐based approaches to improving micronutrient nutrition: The case for selenium
Authors: Combs Gerald F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies affect nearly half the world's population, impairing child development, reducing work productivity, and increasing mortality and morbidity rates by affecting both infectious and chronic diseases. To feed a growing world, it will be necessary to consider agriculture in the broad context of a food system as an instrument of public health and, thus, to address nutrient balance while also seeking sustainability. Such efforts would include increasing cropping system diversity, enhancing micronutrient outputs and promoting environmental sustainability. Example of this approach are presented for the essential trace element selenium (Se), which at high intakes can reduce cancer risks but is deficient in many parts of the world. Food systems‐based approaches are discussed for preventing Se deficiency by enhancing intakes of any of several biologically available forms of Se, and for reducing cancer risk by enhancing intakes of forms of the element that support anti‐tumorigenic Se‐metabolites.
Role of diet modification in cancer prevention
Authors: Abdulla Mohamed , Gruber Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCarcinogenesis encompasses a prolonged accumulation of injuries at several different biological levels and include both genetic and biochemical changes in the cells. At each of these levels, there are several possibilities of intervention in order to prevent, slow down or even halt the gradual march of healthy cells towards malignancy. Diet modification is one such possibility. A number of natural foodstuffs, especially fruits and vegetables contain substantial quantities of molecules that have chemopreventive potential against cancer development. Such compounds include vitamins, trace elements and a variety of other molecules with antioxidant properties. Carotenoids, flavanoid polyphenols, isoflavones, catechins, and several other components that found in cruciferous vegetables are molecules that are known to protect against the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species. A number of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that vitamin C and E, Beta‐carotene and the essential trace element selenium can reduce the risk of cancer. Consistent observations during the last few decades that cancer risk is reduced by a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, grains and green tea have encouraged research to identify several plant components especially phytochemicals that protect against DNA damage. Many of these substances block specific carcinogen pathways. Dietary supplements are part of an overall health program, along with a high intake of fruits and vegetables that help to combat damage to cells, which in turn may initiate cancer development. This paper will review current knowledge concerning diet modification and cancer prevention with special reference to minerals and trace elements.
High phosphorus feeding decreases the expression of renal PTH/PTHRP‐receptor mRNA in rats
Authors: Masuyama Ritsuko , Suzuki Kazuharu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDietary intake of high phosphorus (P) is well‐described to increase serum levels of PTH, however, how this increased serum PTH affects the PTH actions in major target tissues, particularly in kidney, remains uncovered. We therefore undertook to clarify this point in intact animals fed the high‐P diet by examining various parameters of the PTH actions. Twelve weanling Wistar male rats were assigned randomly into the groups; a control group Ca:P=1:1 and a high‐P group (Ca:P=1:3) fed the standard AIN 76 diet supplemented with P (0.5 and 1.5 g/100 g diet). After 3 week feeding, in the high‐P diet group, we observed that serum Ca is lowered without difference in serum P when compared to those in the control group. Excretion of urine cAMP, an index of the renal PTH action, was also decreased with higher excretion of urine P by feeding the high P diet. In agreement with the decreased cAMP excretion, a clear reduction in the PTH/PTHrP receptor gene expression estimated by Northern blotting was observed in the kidney irrespective of increased levels of serum PTH. Thus, the present study indicated that high P dietary intake rather reduces the PTH actions in kidney though the serum PTH is increased.
Chemopreventive effects of coffee bean and rice constituents on colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Mori Hideki , Kawabata Kunihiro , Matsunaga Kengo , Ushida Jun , Fujii Keiko , Hara Akira , Tanaka Takuji , Murai Hiromichi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPolyphenolic compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) known to be much contained in coffee beans was found to have a regressive effect on induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as well as on development of ACF in azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. Rice germ and γ‐aminobutyric acid‐enriched defatted rice germ inhibited AOM‐induced ACF formation and colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. Ferulic acid (FA) also known to be contained in coffee beans and rice prevented AOM‐induced ACF formation and intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. Both of food factors, coffee and rice may be of benefit to prevention of human colorectal cancers.
Role of antimutagens/anticarcinogens in cancer prevention
Authors: Shankel Delbert M. , Pillai S. P. , Telikepalli H. , Menon S. R. , Pillai C. A. , Mitscher L. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecently it has become increasingly clear that chemicals found in our foods and beverages can prevent the genetic damage that leads to cancer initiation. Such substances may also affect subsequent events in the pathways that lead to cancer, and may have the potential to inhibit the mutations that allow tumor cells to become resistant to antitumor agents.We describe here the antimutagenic potential of Glabrene analogs against EMS‐induced mutations utilizing modified Ames tests in it S. typhimurium TA 100 and E. coli JC 5088. Results of studies of the ability of well‐known antioxidants such as EGCG and related compounds to prevent drug resistance mutations in microorganisms are described, and their possible significance in the prevention of chemotherapeutic drug‐resistance in tumor cells is discussed.
Protein hydrolysates for oral tolerance
Authors: Lipkowski A. W. , Baranowska B. , Marczak E. , Kwiatkowska‐Patzer B. , Gajkowska B. , Walski M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo induce oral tolerance in multiple sclerosis treatment, we proposed to use the predigested protein of pig spinal cord. The most biologically active composition was obtained from the hydrolysis of an undenaturated homogenate of proteins digested with pepsin. Feeding the rats with our preparation, before or after immunization with MS antigens, strongly reduced development of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The biological results obtained in animals suggest that the developed method of induction of the oral tolerance should be effective in human treatment, at least as a support mechanism in combination with other treatment methods.
Metabolic fate of luteolin and its functional activity at focal site
Authors: Shimoi Kayoko , Saka Noriko , Kaji Kazuhiko , Kinae Ryushi Nozawa, Naohide 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLuteolin has been shown to possess potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory/anti‐allergic activities. In order to evaluate a chemopreventive role of luteolin in inflammatory responses involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cancer etc., the metabolic fate of luteolin in rats and humans was investigated by HPLC analysis, and its effect on cell surface expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) was examined by ELISA. Luteolin monoglucuronide, which was a main metabolite, and free luteolin were detected in rat plasma and human serum. Luteolin monoglucuronide was hydrolyzed to free luteolin by β‐glucuronidase released from neutrophils stimulated with Ionomycin and Cytocharasine B. Luteolin suppressed the TNF‐α induced ICAM‐1 expression significantly. Among nine flavonoids (40 μM) examined, chrysin, apigenine, quercetin and galangin also demonstrated suppressive effct on it. These results suggest the posssibility that deconjugation of luteolin monoglucuronide occurs and that free luteolin showed functional acyivities such as suppression of TNF‐α induced ICAM‐1 expression at inflammation site.
Antioxidant activity of soya hypocotyl tea in humans
Authors: Watanabe Shaw , Haba Ryota , Terashima Kayoko , Arai Yusuke , Miura Tsutomu , Chiba Hiroshige , Takamatsu Kiyoharu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAntioxidative activity of isoflavones has not been shown in humans. Newly‐developed isoflavone‐rich soya hypocotyl tea contains about 12 mg isoflavones per liter. 15 tea drinkers and 23 control young female students were randomly selected from volunteers, and underwent physical examination, blood chemistry and urinary analysis before and after one month of tea drinking. A three‐day dietary record was taken before each physical examination. The tea drinkers showed a lower level of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine hydroperoxide (PEOOH) in the red blood cells and a significant reduction of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanine (8ohdG) in the urine compared to the controls.
Effects of isoflavone supplement on healthy women
Authors: Watanabe Shaw , Terashima Kayo , Sato Yuho , Arai Sinsuke , Eboshida Akira 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEffects of the isoflavone supplement on hormonal states in young premenopausal women were studied by cross‐over study design. Administration of 20 mg or 40 mg isoflavones (IF) by tablets, of which 1 g contained 43.5 mg daidzein, 6.0 mg genistein, 24.0 mg glycitein, to 40 young female students for one month caused a prolonged menstruation in 60% in 20% irregular. Larger dose tended to elongate more, but 17beta‐estradiol levels in both follicular and luteal phages were not different between 20 mg and 40 mg isoflavone intake. Equor excreters tended to show low plasma progesteron level in the luteal phase. Detailed hormonal analysis on 3 of students by a cross over study design showed decreased level of 17beta‐estradiol throughout the menstruation cycle. SHBG significantly increased about 10% androstendione, and testosterone showed different responses according to the follicular or luteal phase. T3 and T4 increased as a result of isoflavone tablet administration in the follicular phase, but it decreased in the luteal phase. These changes suggest that isoflavones influence not only estrogen receptor‐related functions but the hypothalamo‐hypophysis‐gonadal axis.
When is dietary fiber considered a functional food?
Authors: Prosky Leon 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBefore answering the question of when dietary fiber can be considered a functional food we must first decide what can be called a dietary fiber. The generally accepted definition of dietary fiber is that of Trowell that dietary fiber consists of the remnants of edible plant cells polysaccharides, lignin, and associated substances resistant to (hydrolysis) digestion by the alimentary enzymes of humans. In Japan the food tables list the dietary fiber content of animal as well as plant tissues, while many countries accept saccharides of less than DP‐10 as dietary fiber (inulin, oligofructose, Fibersol‐2, polydextrose, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides etc.). These shorter chain oligosaccharides do not precipitate as dietary fiber in the standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method, which is accepted by the US Food & Drug Administration, the US Department of Agriculture and the Food & Agriculture Organization of the World Health Organization for nutrition labeling purposes. In the United Kingdom the term dietary fiber has been replaced in nutrition labeling by nonstarch polysaccharides. Therefore the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) commissioned an ad hoc committee of scientists to evaluate continuing validity of the currently used definition, and if appropriate, to modify and update that definition. Obtaining scientific input from the community of analysts, health professionals, and dietary fiber researchers was considered a high priority. To this end three meetings were held in the space of six months to assure input from all persons knowledgeable in the field with the answer expected sometime before 2000. Dietary fiber can be considered a functional food when it imparts a special function to that food aside from the normal expected function and similarly when the dietary fiber is used as an additive to foods. For example, dietary fiber contributes to colonic health, bifidobacterial or lactobacillus stimulation in the gut, coronary artery health, cholesterol reduction, glucose metabolism, insulin response, blood lipids, cancer etc. The author discusses in detail the functional food properties of dietary fiber.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid does not promote tissue lipid peroxide formation to the extent expected from the peroxidizability index of the lipids
Authors: Saito Morio 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChanges in susceptibility of tissues to lipid peroxidation were investigated in rats after ingestion of oxidation‐prone docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3). Lipid peroxide levels in the liver, kidney and testis increased concomitant with increases in the peroxidizability indices calculated from the fatty acid composition of tissue total lipids. However, even in these cases, the lipid peroxides were not increased to the levels expected from the peroxidizability indices of these tissues, and thus no tissue injury was recognized. When low level of vitamin∼E was given to rats, the lipid peroxide levels of liver, kidney and testis nearly coincided with the peroxidizability indices of these tissues, where the cell injuries were observed as well. The mechanisms of defense to suppress lipid peroxide levels below the peroxidizability indices in normal vitamin∼E administration were presumed to be due to enhanced antioxidative function in the tissues mediated primarily by vitamin E, ascorbic acid and glutathione, and also to increased incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into neutral lipids and phosphatidylethanolamine in the tissues, probably leading to acquiring stability against oxidative attack. Owing to these suppressive mechanisms, physiological efficacy of n‐3 fatty acids may be exerted effectively.
Relationship between fatty acids and the endocrine system
Authors: Bhathena Sam J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSignificant interactions exist between fatty acids and the endocrine system. Hormones affect the metabolism of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids. The principal hormones involved in lipid metabolism are insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol and growth hormone. The concentrations of these hormones are altered in chronic degenerative conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which in turn lead to alterations in tissue lipids. Lipogenesis and lipolysis, which modulate fatty acid concentrations in plasma and tissues, are under hormonal control. Neuropeptides are involved in lipid metabolism in brain and other tissues. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are also precursors for eicosanoids including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, which have hormone‐like activities. Fatty acids in turn alter both hormone and neuropeptide concentrations and their receptors. Saturated and trans fatty acids (TFA) decrease insulin concentration leading to insulin resistance. In contrast, PUFA increase plasma insulin concentration and decrease insulin resistance. In humans, omega‐3 PUFA alter the levels of opioid peptides in plasma.
Chemoprevention of lung cancer by lycopene
Authors: Kim Dae Joong , Takasuka Nobuo , Nishino Hoyoku , Tsuda Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to assess the chemopreventive potential of lycopene (LP), a naturally occurring hydrocarbon carotenoid found in tomatoes and their products, administered during the post‐initiation stage in a multiorgan carcinogenesis model. One hundred eighteen B6C3F_1 mice of both sexes were subjected to combined treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN), N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) and 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) from day 11 after birth to week 9 (DMD treatment) (groups 1 and 2) or given their vehicles (group 3). Then group 1 received LP (25 or 50 ppm in drinking water) for 21 weeks from weeks 11 to 32. Group 2 served as a carcinogen alone control and group 3 was given only LP (25 or 50 ppm). The incidences and multiplicities of lung adenomas plus carcinomas combined in male mice in group 1 receiving LP 50 ppm were significantly decreased as compared to the DMD alone or DMD and LP 25 ppm group values (75.0 vs 18.8%, P < 0.02; 0.94 ± 0.17 vs 0.25 ± 0.14, P < 0.001). While hepatocellular carcinomas were lacking in the DMD and LP groups, two cases were found in the DMD alone group (not statistically significant). The values for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors in the colon and kidney did not show any significant variation among the carcinogen‐treated subgroups. The results of this study provide evidence that the tomato carotenoid, lycopene, may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against carcinogenesis in the male lung.
Carotenoids and retinoids as suppressors on adipocyte differentiation via nuclear receptors
Authors: Kawada Teruo , Kamei Yasutomi , Fujita Atsushi , Hida Yoshifumi , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Sugimoto Etsuro , Fushiki Tohru 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe adipocyte differentiation program is regulated by the sequential expression of transcriptional activators, mainly peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) families. In the present study, we have decided to systematically examine the effects of vitamin A and its precursors, carotenoids and retinoids, on terminal differentiation from preadipocytes to adipocytes on the cellular and molecular aspects. The effects of active form of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), are believed to be mediated by specific nuclear receptor proteins [retinoic acid receptor (RAR)] which are members of the steroid and thyroid/retinoid receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcriptional regulators. RARα, RARγ, RXRα, and RXRβ mRNA were abundant in adipose tissue and 3T3‐L1 adipose cells. The autoregulated amplification of RARγ mRNA was observed by these own ligands in 3T3‐L1 cells. And, RA inhibited PPARγ2 expression more effectively and caused concomitantly a greater inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that the inhibitory action of adipocyte differentiation by carotenoids and retinoids are exhibited through the RAR up‐regulation and the suppression of PPARγ2. The nature of the cross talk of vitamin A actions between the RARs, RXRs and PPARs via co‐activator in adipose tissue will likely prove to be important for understanding the process of adipogenesis.
Phenolic antioxidants from herbs and spices
Authors: Nakatani Nobuji 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSpices and herbs are recognized as sources of natural antioxidants and thus play an important role in the chemoprevention of diseases resulting from lipid peroxidation. Our studies on spices and herbs have given us over a hundred compounds, known and new, having high antioxidant activity. From the Labiatae family, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare and O. majorana gave 26 active comopounds. Over 40 antioxidative compounds from Zingiber officinale, 26 compounds from Curcuma domestica = C. longa, C. xanthorrhiza and Z. cassumunar were determined, these belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. From the family Myrtaceae, 25 compounds from the berries of Pimenta dioica were determined and 3 carbazoles were isolated from Murraya koenigii.Structure‐activity relationships of some of the isolated compounds were also discussed.
Recent topics in anti‐oxidative factors
Authors: Yamada Koji , Tachibana Hirofumi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLipids and anti‐oxidative factors regulate immune functions such as immunoglobulin production and chemical mediator release. For example, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enhance IgE production of isolated rat lymphocytes, but not in the presence of α‐tocopherol. In addition, anti‐oxidative factors such as tea polyphenols and flavonoids exert inhibitory effect on chemical mediator release from rat peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Some of these immunoregulatory activities of food components could be expressed in vivo. Oral administrations of perilla and fish oils or tea polyphenols led to a significant decrease of LTB_4 releasing activity of rat PEC, but IgE production enhancing activity of PUFA was not expressed in vivo. On the other hand, α‐tocopherol feeding enhanced serum IgA level as well as IgA productivity of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. These results suggest that dietary fats and antioxidants are effective for the alleviation of allergic symptom and activation of immune functions.