bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The central physical observatory of Russia
Authors: Hazard D. L. 
Published: February 2008

The completion of fifty years of activity and usefulness by the Central Physical Observatory of Russia has been deemed by its director, General Rykatchew, a fitting occasion to give a general history of its work during that period.The Part I before us begins with an account of what had been accomplished in the fields of meteorology and terrestrial magnetism prior to the establishment of the Central Physical Observatory, shows the gradual development of that institution from the small beginnings of Kupffer at the University of Kazan, and details its work under the direction of Kupffer from 1849 to 1865, and of Kämtz for the next three years.
Forthcoming advances in the terrestrial magnetism of Antarctica
Authors: Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

Under the imperial flags of Great Britain and Germany, two cooperating expeditions equipped with exceptional completeness, are penetrating into the high southern latitudes for the advance of knowledge concerning the south polar regions.The main purposes are to determine, as far as possible, the extent and nature of the south polar land, to ascertain the nature of its glaciation and the condition of the ice‐cap, to observe the condition of the underlying rocks, and to make a magnetic survey south of 40° of south latitude. Much importance is also attached to the meteorological observations, and especially in the regions south of 74° of south latitude. Deep‐sea soundings with temperatures are to be taken, and biological observations are likewise to be made. Observations of atmospheric electricity and of polar lights are also provided for in the program.
A theorem on Fourier series, and its application in geophysics
Authors: Nippoldt A. 
Published: February 2008

If we put the interval 2 π, in which a Fourier series assumes every possible value, equal to the natural period2 of a geophysical element, we obtain the most natural and appropriate of all the common representations of the periodic process, since in this case the representing function and the function represented have the same periodicity. In addition to this, the individual waves attain a real significance in certain circumstances; for example, when the periodic process is to be attributed to stationary vibrations, as in the case of the diurnal variation of the atmospheric pressure. But even in the case in which the waves of higher order are to all appearances merely computation quantities, the physical analysis of the process represented, according to its causes, can still be effected by the series, though of course only with the assistance of modes of procedure lying quite outside the method (of Fourier); namely, by the comparison of the coefficients for different times and places in which the different causes act in opposite senses.It was with such aid that the author succeeded in showing that that field to which, according to Schuster‐Bezold,3 the diurnal variations of the Earth's magnetism are to be attributed, is composed of two parts, one corresponding to the “solar” part of the weather, the other to the “terrestrial” part. Both parts have the period 24 hours, so that in the Fourier representation the solar part is given by the first term, and the terrestrial part by the sum of all the rest. The solar part is thus represented by a stationary vibration, and the terrestrial part, in a purely mathematical way, by the terms of the second order; while the individual waves have, beyond this, no independent existence.
Note sur l'amplitude de l'oscillation diurne de la déclinaison magnétique et son inégalité mensuelle
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

L'amplitude de l'oscillation diurne de la déclinaison présente une variation annuelle bien connue: on peut se demander s'il n'y a pas aussi une inégalité mensuelle.A Zi‐ka‐wei, l'amplitude est mesurée pour chaque jour sur la courbe photographique elle‐même. Comme 1mm=0′.605, si on admet qu'un calculateur exercé et soigneux ne se trompe pas de plus de 0mm 2, on pourra estimer que l'amplitude est connue pour chaque jour à 0′.1 près, et indépendamment des erreurs des mesures absolues, du déplacement lent de la base, etc. L'oscillation considérés est toujours celle du milieu du jour, dont l'elongation orientale ou minimum a lieu environ 2 heures après le lever du soleil et la digression occidentale, maximum, vers 13h . De fait, même en hiver, cette ondulation est, à peu près sans exception, la principale.
Tromholt's catalogue of Norwegian auroras
Authors: Abbe Cleveland 
Published: February 2008

No one has labored more faithfully to elucidate the problems of the aurora than Dr. Sophus Tromholt, of Rostock, Norway, who died April 17, 1896.Among his most important works was that done when he, in 1882‐3, personally occupied a station at Koutokeino in Finmark, Norway, in order to study the auroras observed by the Norwegian party at Bossekop, Norway, and the Finnish party at Sodan‐Kyla. Tromholt was about sixty‐six miles south of Bossekop and two hundred miles northeast ot Sodan‐Kyla, and observations of the auroras were made at all three stations at prearranged moments of time, for the express purpose of determining their altitudes. The results of these special observations have as yet been only partially published.
The lunar diurnal variation as obtained at the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory from a single complete lunation during February, 1903
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Nyswander R. E. 
Published: February 2008

The attempt, was made to determine how well the lunar diurnal variation of the magnetic elements,could be determined from simply one complete lunation, instead of using records extending over a period of a year or more.For this purpose the comparatively “magnetically calm” month of February, 1903, was selected and the photographic records obtained at the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory of the Coast and Geodetic Survey with an Eschenhagen Magnetograph were utilized. The scale values used were: 1 mm. ordinate, declination = 1.014 minute, 1 mm. ” horizontal intensity = 0.00002 C. G. S. unit.
Department of International Research in Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The Trustees of the Carnegie Institution, founded at the City of Washington by the munificence of the well‐known philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie, at their annual meeting in December, 1903, took the necessary steps to establish what is now to be known as the ”Department of International Research in Terrestrial Magnetism.“ An allotment of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) was made, with the expectation that, if the proposed work should be successfully organized, a similar sum would be granted annually for the period requisite to carry out successfully the plan submitted by the writer and published in Year Book No. 2 of the Carnegie Institution.The Executive Committee at its meeting in February, 1904, considered the organization of this Department, and it was decided to ask the writer to be the Director of the Department, his function to be the planning and directing of the proposed work. This trust he has accepted. Arrangements have been made so that the direction of the magnetic survey and the magnetic observatories of the United States, under the Coast and Geodetic Survey, remains likewise in his charge.
Earthquake records from Agana, Island of Guam, 1892–1903
Authors: Abbe Cleveland 
Published: February 2008

The observations on earthquakes here presented were made by the officers and enlisted men detailed for the Metereological Station at the U.S. Naval Station of Agana, the chief settlement on the island of Guam which is the largest of the islands forming the Marianas Archipelago, and is located in latitude 13° North, longitude 145° East.1The time used in making all these observations is local mean time from which 9 hours and 39 minutes must be subtracted to give Greenwich mean civil time.
Mesures magnétiques en Chine
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

Le R. P. Froc, directeur de l'observatoire de Zi‐ka‐wei, a profité d'un rapide séjour à Hong‐kong, le mois dernier, pour y faire quelques observations magnétiques. Il s'est servi de nos petites boussoles de voyage, par Chasselon, identiques à celles qui sont décrites dans les Annales du Bureau Météorologique de France (1898 B. 59. 60). Les constantes ont été déterminées par des comparaisons répétées avec les instruments fixes de Zi‐ka‐wei, immédiatement avant et après le voyage.Les observations ont été faites, le 20, le 23, le 24, et le 27 décembre, 1904, à Bowen Road, à l'est de Victoria, un peu au S.W. de l'hôpital de la marine; le 22 à Pokfulum, au sud du Pic, sur un petit plateau à 800m environ au S.S.E. des réservoirs; le 26, à Macao, près de la chapelle de Penha, presque au lieu où le R. P. Saderra Mata avait observé en 1892 avec des instruments identiques de Brünner.
Magnetic survey of the Dutch East‐Indies
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

In 1905, circumstances did not permit occupying more than seventeen stations, of which four had been previously visited in 1903 and 1904.Though the maintenance of a group of repeat‐stations, regularly distributed over the whole area, is prohibited by the enormous extension of the region involved, because of “ the availability of but one observer, there has been found opportunity,” nevertheless, to revisit some of the stations.
Magnetic elements determined at Tripoli, Barbary
Authors: Palazzo L. 
Published: February 2008

The Department Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington intrusted me with the task of making magnetic and electric observations at Tripoli in Barbary on the occasion of the total solar eclipse of last August 30, 1905, and provided the necessary funds for the accomplishing of the same.During my brief sojourn at Tripoli it was very natural I should devote my time also to the taking of absolute magnetic measurements, partly because I considered it interesting to know the magnetic elements of Tripoli, and partly in order to get the base‐line values for the registrations obtained with the magnetograph, which I had set up in the Royal Italian Technical‐Commercial School in Tripoli for the purpose of ascertaining the eventual magnetic variations connected with the eclipse.
Some results for magnetic declination and inclination
Authors: Klotz O. J. 
Published: February 2008

The geographic positions given, refer to my astronomical stations at the cable stations, the above results having been obtained in connection with my telegraphic longitude work for the Canadian Government. The instrument was a Tesdorpf Field Magnetometer with dip circle similar to those made for the German Antarctic Expedition.Descriptions of Stations.Suva, Fiji. Magnetic station was on vacant land 158 ft. southwesterly from the pier of the astronomical station and 10 ft. from the low bank bordering the sea beach. The solar observations for azimuth of the reference object were made by G. Heimbrod, and the adopted reduction by O. Klotz.
The diurnal variation of the amount of radioactive emanation in the atmosphere
Authors: Dike P. H. 
Published: February 2008

It is a well‐known fact that the atmosphere contains a radioactive emanation capable of making a negatively charged wire exposed to it temporarily active. It has also been observed that the amount of the emanation present, as measured by the intensity of the excited activity of the wire, exposed for a given time, varies widely and seems to be dependent on a variety of conditions,—the direction and velocity of the wind, the height of the barometer, etc.In view of the fact that experiments at present being carried on at the Cavendish Laboratory show a more or less regular diurnal variation in the spontaneous ionization of the air inside a closed vessel, it was thought to be of interest to determine if the amount of radioactive emanation present in the atmosphere shows a similar variation, as this might be of aid in explaining the former fact.
Records of seismographs in North America and the Hawaiian Islands: no. III
Authors: Reid Harry Fielding 
Published: February 2008

The following contains the records of seismographs in North America and the Hawaiian Islands for the first half of 1905. The times are Greenwich mean civil times beginning at midnight, counting the hours from 0 to 24. The following abbreviations are used:P. T.‐preliminary tremors; P. P.‐principal part, sometimes called long waves.
Das magnetische filial Observatorium bei Seddin
Authors: Schmidt Ad. 
Published: February 2008

In aller Kürze teile ich Ihnen mit, dass unser neues Observatorium bei Seddin (Breite = 52° 16.′7, Länge = 13° 0.′6 E. v. Gr. = 52m 2.S4; h = 45m) am Beginn dieses Jahres seine Tätigkeit aufgenommen hat. Es werden die drei Komponenten X, Y, Z, daneben gelegentlich auch die Deklination, sämtlich mit ungefähr 2 γ Empfindlichkeit (was bei D äquivalent mit 0.′36 ist) registriert.Absolute Beobachtungen werden zunächst nicht gemacht; die Basiswerte der Kurven werden durch Vergleich mit denjenigen des nur 13 km. entfernten Potsdamer Observatoriums unter der im Mittel mehrerer Stunden an ruhigen Tagen berechtigten Annahme einer konstanten Differenz gewonnen. (Der Fehler dieser Annahme liegt weit unterhalb der Fehlergrenze der absoluten Messungen.) Bei passenden Gelegenheiten sollen mit einem zwreiten Satze von Magnetometern Feinregistrierungen vorgenommen werden. Sobald die Störungen durch den elektrischen Bahnverkehr von Berlin (dessen Centrum 40 km. von der Station entfernt ist) die empfindlichen Registrierungen zu beeinträchtigen beginnen sollten, würde für diese eine Aufstellung in einer transportablen Hütte gewählt werden, die nach Bedarf bald hier, bald dort aufgestellt werden kann.
The Earth's residual magnetic field
Authors: Tanakadate A. , Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

“Dr. L. A. Bauer has constructed the map of residual magnetic field after deducing the first harmonics in Gaussian expansion from the observed values of each component, and has shown in a marked way several centers of attractions and repulsions on the Earth's surface. The question naturally arises, What will be the residual field after deducing all the harmonics from the observed values? The following table and map [reproduced on reduced scale], constructed from the differences in Tables III and VIII in Prof. Ad. Schmidt's Paper in the XXI Jahrgang of Aus dem Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte, furnishes the answer. The map was originally constructed on a globe of 30 inches diameter by two of my assistants, Messrs. T. Kato and T. Yasuda.”“Those residuals, though still presenting certain aspect of continuity, the relation between the horizontal and vertical components does not in general show centers of attractions or repulsions, except in few cases which may be real or accidental. Considering the way in which the data (the Beobachtete Werthe at regular intervals of longitude and latitude), these residuals would seem to have but little physical sense, as is duly remarked by Prof. Schmidt himself.”
The solar eclipse of August 30, 1905, and magnetic phenomena
Authors: Chree C. 
Published: February 2008

I have read with interest Mr. Charles Nordmann's contribution1 to the study of the effects produced on the magnetic declination by the total solar eclipse of August 30, 1905. Whilst appreciating, as it deserves, Mr. Nordmann's ingenuity, I must confess that the facts which he advances, p. 23, seem to me to be inconclusive, and to bear most probably a different interpretation from that which he supposes. Before explaining my reasons for this view, I should like to make some preliminary remarks.Mr. Nordmann's curves, p. 22, have no claim to acceptance except as the embodiment of the figures quoted on p. 20. The unit of force employed is said to be only 0.14 γ (γ = 1 × 10‐5 C. G. S.). Of the five stations dealt with, Stonyhurst has the lowest horizontal force, and there I γ answers approximately to 0.′2 of declination. Thus when Mr. Nordmann on p. 20 gives values to 0.1 of his unit, he is practically recording declination changes to 0.′003 or less. It is unusual to measure declination curves to nearer than 0.′1 (answering usually to 0.′1mm approximately), and two observers will often differ by this amount in their estimate. Mr. Nordmann, it is true, has used not his actual curve measurements, but smoothed means of the type (a + 2b + c)/4; but even taking this into account one cannot but regard the figures on pp. 20 and 21 as suggesting an accuracy at least ten times that ordinarily attempted.
The Carnegie Institution marine collimating compass
Authors: Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

The recent cruises of the Galilee in the Pacific Ocean gave many opportunities for observing magnetic declinations at sea and on land, with the various instruments generally used in ordinary navigation. The observations were made with great care and no effort was spared to eliminate errors due to motion at sea and to obtain good determinations on land of the instrumental corrections.The results of this large collection of data indicate that the determination of magnetic declination can be made on land with a Ritchie eight‐inch liquid compass using either the cylindrical mirror, or the dark plane mirror, within an accuracy of two‐tenths of a degree and with special care within one‐tenth. These devices, however, do not afford such precision when used at sea, for it has been found that the results from eight different sets of ten pointings each may differ as much as one‐half degree. The Kelvin azimuth attachment on the dry compass frequently gave even more discordant results, which, however, may have been in some measure due to the near synchronism of the card oscillation and the roll of the ship. The Bamberg compass which is used in the German Navy, has an alidade arrangement like a pocket prismatic compass, but officers who have used it say that the observations are difficult and unsatisfactory when there is much rolling.
Peculiar magnetic disturbances in December, 1908
Authors: Hazard D. L. 
Published: February 2008

In “Nature” for January 7, 1908, Dr. Chree reports that the Messina earthquake of December 28, 1908, was recorded by the Kew magnetograph in the form of 4 burrs on the trace corresponding in time to four maxima recorded by the seismograph. A similar record was made by the magnetographs at four of the Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic observatories at the time of the San Francisco earthquake of April, 1906, as well as at the times of other earthquakes. These, in general, were evidently mechanical disturbances of the magnets, the magnetographs acting as seismographs and recording the principal portions of the earthquakes; however, there are sometimes cases in which this conclusion can not be immediately drawn.On May 8, 1902, there was a magnetic storm of considerable magnitude which began abruptly at the time of the eruption of Mont Pelée, Martinique, as nearly as could be determined. This had the usual characteristics of a magnetic storm and lasted for 40 hours.
Atmospheric electricity observations on the first cruise of the “Carnegie”
Authors: Kidson Edward 
Published: February 2008

Observations for specific conductivity of the atmosphere and the detection of the presence of radio‐active emanations were taken, in accordance with the Director's instructions, on the portions of the cruise between Falmouth and Madeira, Madeira and Bermuda, and Bermuda and New York. The plan was to devote alternate days to conductivity and radio‐activity observations. This program was interfered with by bad weather and by the failure on some occasions of the Zamboni dry pile which was used to charge the collecting wire in the radio‐activity experiments.I. Conductivity Observations.
Times of abruptly beginning magnetic disturbances, as recorded at the coast and geodetic survey magnetic observatories
Authors: Faris R. L. 
Published: February 2008

With the hope that I may in some measure help you to a clearer view of what will be told you by the next speaker2 in his discussion of the propagation of magnetic disturbances, I shall endeavor to briefly put before you a few of the salient features of magnetic storms and to summarize what has chiefly been done in reference to the particular phase of the subject under our title, and then to offer some new data showing the time element in the propagation of a magnetic storm.As far as I am aware no clearly fixed definition of a magnetic storm has found universal acceptance or usage. It would appear, however, that any irregular magnetic disturbance differing in any noticeable degree from the usual periodic or cyclic variations may be termed a magnetic storm. With reference to their general features as shown by the photographic records, they may be divided into two general classes: (1) those in which the disturbance begins gradually, and (2) those in which the disturbance has a sudden or abrupt beginning. In the first‐mentioned class it is generally possible to ascertain the time of beginning of the storm approximately only. In the second class the accuracy in ascertaining the time of beginning is generally dependent upon the accuracy with which the time scale of the record can be mechanically measured. Either of these classes of storms may be of any of the degrees of magnitude or intensity, but the sudden beginnings are generally of moderate intensity.
The circumnavigation cruise of the “Carnegie” for 1910–13 and the perfection of her magnetic work as shown by recent tests
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic survey vessel, “Carnegie,” of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, left Brooklyn, New York, June 20, 1910, on her second cruise, encircling the globe, embracing three years, and covering about 65,000 nautical miles. Her itinerary is sufficiently indicated by the following ports: Greenport, Long Island; Vieques,* Porto Rico, where she arrived July 24; Para, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro;* Montevideo and Buenos Ayres* (Dec., 1910); Tristan da Cunha and Capetown* (Mar., 1911); Colombo (Ceylon) and Bombay,* Mauritius,* and Batavia,* (Oct., 1911); Manila* (Dec., 1911); Samoa* (Mar., 1912); Acapulco, Mexico (June, 1912); Cape Horn and South Georgia Island (Nov., 1912) ; Cape Town* (Jan., 1913); Vieques,* Porto Rico (April, 1913); Greenport, Long Island (June, 1913). [The “Carnegie” left Porto Rico August 18th for Para, at the mouth of the Amazon River.]For the ports marked with an asterisk, there exist magnetic observatories, more or less fully equipped, at which comparisons will be made between the local magnetic standard instruments and those used by the “Carnegie” (both ship and land instruments). Where there are no magnetic establishments, the “Carnegie” ship instruments will be compared ashore with her land instruments. A good control will be had, furthermore, upon the latter by the repeated inter‐comparisons which will be obtained not only at the observatories mentioned but also by direct comparisons with the instruments of land observers of the Institution who will occasionally meet the vessel at a given port. In brief, by the methods pursued in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, an effective system of control of all instrumental constants is continually in progress. The standard instruments adopted by this Department have been found correct within both practical and theoretical requirements.