bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localised upper airway obstruction in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: D'Arsigny C L , Ford S , O'Donnell D E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
We describe a case of rapidly progressive upper airway obstruction due to tracheal Pseudomonas abscesses in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The case highlights the aggressive nature of Pseudomonas infections and the difficulty of eradicating this organism in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
Systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis
Authors: Johal S S , Manjunath S , Allen C , Trash D B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
We describe a case of hydronephrosis as a result of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a patient who had previous sclerosing lobulitis of the breast. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported association between these two conditions in the english literature. We presume these conditions are linked and unify them under the general heading of systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis.
Blurred vision and high blood pressure in a young woman
Authors: Flanagan D E H , Cole C , Crick M D P , Kerr D 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA 41-year-old woman presented with a short history of blurred vision. She had a 6-year history of refractory hypertension which had been treated with a variety of drug regimens. She was found to have bilateral branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal vein occlusion is a recognised complication of hypertension but simultaneous involvement of both eyes is extremely rare. Following this episode, blood pressure control has improved without change in drug therapy, suggesting that treatment compliance may partly explain the previous difficulties.
Copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zargar A H , Shah N A , Masoodi S R , Laway B A , Dar F A , Khan A R , Sofi F A , Wani A I 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A relationship has been reported between trace elements and diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the role of such a relationship in 83 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (40 men and 43 women), with a mean duration of diabetes of 3.9 +/- 3.6 years. Patients with nephropathy were excluded. Thirty healthy non-diabetic subjects were studied for comparative analysis. Subjects were subdivided into obese and non-obese. Diabetic subjects were also subdivided into controlled and uncontrolled groups; control was based on fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine levels. Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels were analysed using a GBC 902 double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Plasma zinc and magnesium levels were comparable between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, while copper levels were significantly elevated (p &lt; 0.01) in diabetic patients. Age, sex, duration and control of diabetes did not influence copper, zinc, or magnesium concentrations. We conclude that zinc and magnesium levels are not altered in diabetes mellitus, but the increased copper levels found in diabetics in our study may merit further investigation of the relationship between copper and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Glaucoma: diagnosis and management
Authors: Infeld D A , O'Shea J G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Glaucoma is the third most prevalent cause of global blindness, accounting for over 5 million blind. It is common in Western Countries; the estimated prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma rises from a total prevalence of 1.1% to approximately 3% of our population as it ages. Ethnicity affects both the risk of developing glaucoma and the outcome. It is an expensive disease both to detect and to treat. Recent scientific advances include elucidation of the genetic mechanism behind the disease and the study of haemodynamic and biochemical co-factors in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, particularly in relation to the pathogenesis of normal tension glaucoma. Several new types of topical medication have recently been developed for use in glaucoma; both the impact of these therapies and their cost effectiveness remain to be evaluated.
There are widely differing regimes which effectively treat glaucoma; some ophthalmologists prefer early surgical intervention whilst others reserve surgery for relatively advanced disease. All methods of current treatment rely on the reduction of intra-ocular pressure; as yet there is no medication which has been definitively proven to be either neuroprotective or to influence favourably optic nerve perfusion. Despite this, most sufferers of glaucoma are able to lead lives of quality. Increased community awareness of glaucoma, and earlier detection of the condition, will doubtless result in decreased morbidity due to glaucoma.
Current status of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Authors: Patel N H , Chalasani N , Jindal R M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The use of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has emerged as an important nonoperative modality for variceal bleeding, intractable ascites, and for selected cases of hepatic venous obstruction. We believe that TIPS should be viewed as a ‘bridge’ to liver transplantation and should be carried out only in experienced centres. The adverse haemodynamic changes on the cardiopulmonary system after TIPS should be borne in mind. Prospective trials to evaluate the role of TIPS versus sclerotherapy in variceal bleeding will be watched with interest. There is, however, an urgent need to improve long-term results of TIPS as stent thrombosis and stenosis occur frequently. We advocate routine surveillance to detect these problems at an early stage.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Johnston S D , Robinson T J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is associated with a uniquely severe headache of acute onset. Classical cases are readily identified as such, although this is not always the case. Four cases who were admitted to a district general hospital within a 3-month period are presented, because they demonstrate a variety of presentations, management options, and outcomes.
Who Gets What? God or Disciples, Human Spirit or Holy Spirit in John 19:30
Authors: Crump David 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInterpretations of John 19:30 historically have divided themselves into three categories: (1) Jesus surrenders his spirit in death (traditional view); (2) Jesus gives the Holy Spirit to disciples at the cross (E.C. Hoskyns); and (3) a combination of these two, wherein the explicit description of death also implies the Spirit's future denouement. Here a new interpretation is offered that is more congruent with Johannine theology and vocabulary: Jesus is actually returning the Holy Spirit to his Father in preparation for the sending of the Paraclete as promised in John 7:39.
Occupational therapy for people with psychotic conditions in community settings: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cook Sarah , Chambers Eleni , Coleman Julie H 
Published: December 2008

Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of a long established intervention, occupational therapy for people with psychotic conditions, and to inform future research designs. Design: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Setting: Two community mental health teams in a UK city. Participants: Forty-four adults with schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions, and functional problems. Interventions: Twelve months of individualized occupational therapy in community settings, as an adjunct to usual care and compared to treatment as usual. A two to one randomization ratio was used in favour of occupational therapy. Outcome measures: Social Functioning Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and employment. Results: Both groups' scores on Social Functioning Scale and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms showed significant improvement over 12 months. The Social Functioning Scale overall mean difference for occupational therapy was 2.33, P=0.020 and for treatment as usual was 6.17, P=0.023. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms total mean difference for occupational therapy was -16.25, P<0.001 and for treatment as usual was -17.36, P= 0.011. There were no differences between the two groups on any of the outcome measures. After 12 months the occupational therapy group showed clinically significant improvements that were not apparent in the control group. These were in four subscales of the Social Functioning Scale: relationships, independence performance, independence competence and recreation. Out of 30 people receiving occupational therapy those with a clinical level of negative symptoms reduced from 18 (64%) to 13 (46%), P=0.055. Conclusion: This pilot study suggested that individualized occupational therapy may contribute to recovery but more focus is recommended on people's cognitive abilities and employment.
The Historical Foundation of Learning Disabilities
Authors: Kavale Kenneth A. , Forness Steven R. 
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews the research of Alfred Strauss and Heinz Werner on the behavioral differences between exogenous (brain injured) and endogenous (familial-cultural) mental retardation using quantitative methods of research synthesis. The concept of exogenous mental retardation evolved into present-day conceptions of learning disabilities. The findings, however, offer little empirical support for the presumed behavioral differences and reveal considerable overlap among the exogenous and endogenous samples studied by Strauss and Werner. Because the behavioral differences were not of sufficient magnitude for presumptive inference about the consequences of brain damage, it is concluded that much of the foundation of the learning disabilities field has been based on overgeneralized assumptions regarding the nature of brain injury. The great tragedy of science—the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. —T. H. Huxley
The Role of IQ in Special Education Placement Decisions
Authors: MacMillan Donald L. , Forness Steven R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT The role of IQ in arriving at placement decisions in special education was portrayed in the 1972 Larry P. case as “primary and determinative” by Judge Peckham. In the present paper the evidence bearing on that portrayal—both past and present—of the emphasis placed on IQ is reviewed. Although IQ is central to state education codes and their criteria for certifying a child as eligible for special education as mentally retarded or learning disabled, the evidence shows that many children exhibiting psychometric scores that would make them eligible are never referred and, if referred, are not placed in the state-sanctioned disability category for which they qualify psycho-metrically. Evidence from ongoing research on classification of children is presented that fails to support the position that IQ is weighted heavily in arriving at eligibility and placement decisions. In fact, the evidence suggests that absolute low achievement seems far more definitive than IQ scores or discrepancies between IQ and standardized achievement. We conclude that IQ has not been, and is not currently, primary and determinative; in fact, the evidence suggests that it is peripheral to placement decisions.
A Psychometric Study of a Criterion-Referenced Assessment Instrument Designed For Infants and Young Children
Authors: Bailey E.J. , Bricker Diane 
Published: December 2008

The Evaluation and Programming System: For Infants and Young Children. Assessment Level I: Developmentally 1 Month to 3 Years (EPS-I) is an experimental assessment Instrument designed for children functioning developmentally between birth and three years of age. This instrument was designed to provide Information that can be used to develop educational programs and as a tool to assess program effectiveness. Although perhaps a viable option for professional working with young handicapped children, the ESP-I lacked technical information reflecting the extent to which it is a reliable and valid Instrument. The purpose of this study was to investigate selected psychometric properties of the ESP-I. Interobserver agreement and temporal stability were examined as a measure of test reliability. Comparisons between ESP-I scores and standardized test scores and parent ratings of childrens' skills and abilities were examined as a measure of test validity. In addition, this study examined the instrument's usefulness for developing educational programs for young handicapped children.
The Implementation of Sample, Mand, and Delay Techniques to Enhance the Language of Delayed Children in Group Settings
Authors: Pearson Mary Ellen , Pearson Algene , Fenrick Nancy , Greene Doug 
Published: December 2008

Two early childhood teachers of integrated delayed children and two special education early childhood teachers of segregated delayed children were taught to use sample, mand, and delay techniques with five young children with language and cognitive delays. From Baseline to Intervention, the teachers changed significantly the types of initiations they directed to the children: They significantly increased samples, mands, and delays and decreased questions, while they maintained comments. The teachers did not significantly increase the number of initiations they directed to the target children. From Baseline to Intervention, the children significantly Increased their word rates, utterance rates, number of words per utterance, and percent of responding to the teachers' initiations. The children made nonsignificant gains in rate of initiations and syntax scores. The authors concluded that the sample, mand, and delay techniques were successfully and easily implemented by teachers of young children with language delays and that the implementation of the techniques was followed by increases in the children's language. The data from this study provided support for the use of the techniques by teachers of young children with language and cognitive delays.
Alendronate Treatment of the Brtl Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mouse Improves Femoral Geometry and Load Response Before Fracture but Decreases Predicted Material Properties and Has Detrimental Effects on Osteoblasts and Bone Formation
Authors: Uveges Thomas E , Kozloff Kenneth M , Ty Jennifer M , Ledgard Felicia , Raggio Cathleen L , Gronowicz Gloria , Goldstein Steven A , Marini Joan C 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Long courses of bisphosphonates are widely administered to children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), although bisphosphonates do not block mutant collagen secretion and may affect bone matrix composition or structure. The Brtl mouse has a glycine substitution in col1a1 and is ideal for modeling the effects of bisphosphonate in classical OI. We treated Brtl and wildtype mice with alendronate (Aln; 0.219 mg/kg/wk, SC) for 6 or 12 wk and compared treated and untreated femora of both genotypes. Mutant and wildtype bone had similar responses to Aln treatment. Femoral areal BMD and cortical volumetric BMD increased significantly after 12 wk, but femoral length and growth curves were unaltered. Aln improved Brtl diaphyseal cortical thickness and trabecular number after 6 wk and cross-sectional shape after 12 wk. Mechanically, Aln significantly increased stiffness in wildtype femora and load to fracture in both genotypes after 12 wk. However, predicted material strength and elastic modulus were negatively impacted by 12 wk of Aln in both genotypes, and metaphyseal remnants of mineralized cartilage also increased. Brtl femoral brittleness was unimproved. Brtl osteoclast and osteoblast surface were unchanged by treatment. However, decreased mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate/bone surface and the flattened morphology of Brtl osteoblasts suggested that Aln impaired osteoblast function and matrix synthesis. We conclude that Aln treatment improves Brtl femoral geometry and load to fracture but decreases bone matrix synthesis and predicted material modulus and strength, with striking retention of mineralized cartilage. Beneficial and detrimental changes appear concomitantly. Limiting cumulative bisphosphonate exposure of OI bone will minimize detrimental effects.
A Simple Risk Score for the Assessment of Absolute Fracture Risk in General Practice Based on Two Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Pluijm Saskia MF , Koes Bart , de Laet Chris , Van Schoor Natasja M , Kuchuk Natalia O , Rivadeneira Fernando , Mackenbach Johan P , Lips Paul , Pols Huibert A , Steyerberg Ewout W 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to develop a risk score, based on putative risk factors in current guidelines, which can be used to identify women at high risk of fractures in general practice. The study sample included 4157 women ≥60 yr of age (mean ± SD: 74.1 ± 9.1 yr), with a median follow-up of 8.9 yr of the Rotterdam Study (ERGO), and 762 women ≥65 yr of age (mean ± SD: 76.0 ± 6.7.yr), with a median follow-up of 6.0 yr of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Potential risk factors were those proposed in risk scores of three recent guidelines on osteoporosis: age, family history of fractures, prior fracture, low body weight/body mass index (BMI), serious immobility, rheumatoid arthritis, current smoking, alcohol consumption &gt;2 units daily, prevalent vertebral fracture, and systemic corticosteroid use. Five-year absolute risk of hip fracture was 3.9% in the Rotterdam Study and 3.1% in LASA, and 10-yr absolute risk of hip fracture was 8.4% in the Rotterdam Study. Using Cox regression analysis, age (70–79 and 80+ versus &lt;60–69) and four other risk factors were included in the risk profiles of hip fractures and fragility fractures: any prior fracture after age 50, body weight &lt;64 kg, use of a walking aid as a proxy measure of serious immobility, and current smoking. Estimated 10-yr absolute risk of hip fracture ranged from 1.4% in women, age 60–69 years, without any of these predictors to 29% in women, ≥80 yr of age, having two or more positive risk factors. A simple risk score can satisfactorily identify older women at high risk of osteoporotic fractures in general practice. Future studies are needed to validate this score.
Retreatment With Teriparatide One Year After the First Teriparatide Course in Patients on Continued Long-Term Alendronate
Authors: Cosman Felicia , Nieves Jeri W , Zion Marsha , Barbuto Nancy , Lindsay Robert 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Patients treated with teriparatide after prior and ongoing alendronate therapy experience spine BMD increases; however, some continue to be at high risk for fracture, based on persistently low BMD and/or fracture history. The objective of this study was to determine whether a second discrete retreatment course with teriparatide could produce similar biochemical and BMD changes as seen during the first teriparatide course. In the original treatment study, 126 women on alendronate for ≥1 yr were randomized to continue alendronate and receive daily teriparatide, cyclic teriparatide (3-mo cycles), or alendronate alone for 15 mo. Of the 72 patients who completed either original teriparatide regimen, 49 completed a 12-mo follow-up on continued alendronate alone. At that time, 32 patients, who remained at high risk of future fracture, were recruited into the retreatment protocol and 27 completed another course of teriparatide administered daily for 15 mo (including 15 from the original daily treatment group and 12 from the original cyclic treatment group). Bone formation indices (propeptide of type I procollagen and osteocalcin) increased during both teriparatide courses with median 3-mo increments of 120% and 72% above baseline during the original course and 60% and 40% above baseline during retreatment, respectively. Mean spine BMD increments were 6.2% after the first daily course and 4.7% after retreatment and 4.1% after the first course of cyclic teriparatide and 4.9% after retreatment. We conclude that retreatment with teriparatide stimulates bone formation and increases spine BMD to a similar extent as seen during the original teriparatide course. Retreatment with teriparatide may be a viable option for some patients with severe osteoporosis who have received prior teriparatide therapy.
Increased Bone Resorption Is Associated With Higher Mortality in Community-Dwelling Men ≥50 Years of Age: The MINOS Study
Authors: Szulc Pawel , Maurice Christelle , Marchand François , Delmas Pierre D 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Low BMD, high concentration of 17β-estradiol (17βE2), and decreased level of 25-droxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] predict mortality. Our hypothesis is that high levels of biochemical bone turnover markers (BTMs) are independent predictors of mortality in home-dwelling men. In 781 men ≥50 yr of age followed up prospectively for 10 yr, we studied the association of BTMs with mortality after adjustment for confounders including BMD, major osteoporotic fractures, and concentrations of 17βE2 and 25(OH)D. Men who died had lower BMD and higher BTM levels. In multivariate models, mortality was higher in men with low BMD (lowest quartile) at the total hip, whole body, and ultradistal radius (HR = 1.49–1.70, p &lt; 0.05). After exclusion of the first 3 yr, higher levels (fourth quartile) of bone resorption markers (free and total deoxypyridinoline and urinary and serum type I collagen C-telopeptide) predicted mortality in multivariate models adjusted for age, BMI, smoking habits, alcohol intake, physical performance and activity, comorbidities, total hip BMD, major osteoporotic fractures, creatinine clearance, season, and concentrations of 17βE2 and 25(OH)D (HR = 1.58–2.44, p &lt; 0.05–0.001). In conclusion, in older community-dwelling men, increased bone resorption markers levels predicted mortality regardless of age and other confounders. Thus, in older men, high bone resorption may reflect poor current health status and poor aging.
Genetic Regulation of Bone Traits Is Influenced by Sex and Reciprocal Cross in F2 Progeny From GK and F344 Rats
Authors: Lagerholm Sofia , Li Luo-Sheng , Jiao Hong , Park Hee-Bok , Ohlsson Claes , Åkesson Kristina , Luthman Holger 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A genome-wide linkage analysis to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bone phenotypes was performed in an F2 intercross of inbred spontaneously type 2 diabetic GK and normoglycemic F344 rats (108 males and 98 females). The aim of the study was to locate genome regions with candidate genes affecting trabecular and cortical bone and to investigate the effects of sex and reciprocal cross. pQCT was used to determine tibial bone phenotypes in the F2 rats, comprising reciprocal crosses with divergent mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Sex and reciprocal cross-separated QTL analyses were performed followed by assessment of specific interactions. Four genome-wide significant QTLs linked to either cortical vBMD, tibia length, body length, or metaphyseal area were identified in males on chromosomes (chr) 1, 8, and 15. In females, three significant QTLs linked to cortical BMC or metaphyseal total vBMD were identified on chr 1 and 2. Several additional suggestive loci for trabecular and cortical traits were detected in both males and females. Four female-specific QTLs on chr 2, 3, 5, and 10 and four reciprocal cross-specific QTLs on chr 1, 10, and 18 were identified, suggesting that both sex and mt genotype influence the expression of bone phenotypes.