bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Capacity for Social and Emotional Growth: An Action Research Project
Authors: DOVESTON MARY 
Published: May 2007

This article reports an action research project in which children, their teacher and the author, and an advisory teacher from a Local Authority collaborated as co‐researchers in a project to improve working relationships in the classroom. Both appreciative enquiry and emancipatory research informed the project. This article focuses on one aspect of the project: the development of active listening skills. In an initial consultation, the teacher described her difficulty in teaching a mixed‐year class of 7–9‐year‐old children who had difficulties in functioning as a group. During the initial whole class consultation, the themes that emerged as pertinent for making the class more fun to be in were: listening, caring and co‐operating. Three strands: greetings, active listening and co‐operative activities were explored during eight multi‐sensory sessions and applied during class time over a period of three months.The results produced evidence of improvement in promoting listening and social skills. It was, however, the inductive aspects of the Action Research process that were the most illuminating, leading to a better understanding of the complex interplay of factors that contribute to improved working relationships within a class. The knowledge and insights discovered through action research and collaborative working are at least as important as specific skill training and were seen as integral to the emotional and social development of teachers and children.
Seepage forces, important factors in the formation of horizontal hydraulic fractures and bedding‐parallel fibrous veins (‘beef’ and ‘cone‐in‐cone’)
Authors: COBBOLD P. R. , RODRIGUES N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBedding‐parallel fibrous veins (‘beef’ and ‘cone‐in‐cone’) are common to a number of sedimentary basins, especially those containing black shale. The type locality is SW England. The commonest mineral in the fibres is calcite. The fibres indicate vertical opening, against the force of gravity. In the past, this has been attributed to fluid overpressure. However, a simple analysis, based on Von Terzaghi's concepts, leads to the conclusion that, for the fractures to be horizontal, either the rock must be anisotropic, or it must be subject to horizontal compression. By means of a more complete analysis, supported by physical models, we show that horizontal fractures are to be expected, even if the rock is isotropic and there are no tectonic stresses. Upward fluid flow, in response to an overpressure gradient, imparts seepage forces to all elements of the solid framework. The seepage forces counteract the weight of the rock, and even surpass it, generating a tensile effective stress. The process may lead, either to tensile hydraulic fracturing, or to dilatant shear failure. We suggest that these two failure modes, and the availability of suitable solutes, explain the frequent occurrence of ‘beef’ and ‘cone‐in‐cone’ respectively.
The contribution of fetal drug exposure to temperament: potential teratogenic effects on neuropsychiatric risk
Authors: Weiss Sandra J. , Jonn‐Seed Mary St. , Harris‐Muchell Carolyn 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Preliminary evidence indicates that fetal drug exposure may be associated with alterations in temperament. However, studies often do not dissociate the potential effects of drug exposure from other perinatal or environmental factors that could influence temperament phenotypes.Methods:  High risk children (n = 120) were followed from birth to 6 months of age to determine the effects of fetal drug exposure on temperament, after controlling for the child's gender, gestational age, medical morbidity, ethnicity, and maltreatment as well as the mother's stress, income adequacy, and quality of caregiving. Methods included medical chart review, questionnaires, and videotapes of mother–child interaction.Results:  Preliminary analyses indicated that fetal drug exposure was associated with both distractibility and intensity of children's responses to the environment at 6 months of age. After adjusting for potentially confounding variables, drug exposure accounted for 12% of the variance in distractibility but was not a significant predictor in the regression model for intensity.Conclusions:  Findings suggest that drug‐exposed children may experience difficulty sustaining their focus of attention and be more easily distracted by environmental stimuli than non‐drug‐exposed children. Results converge with previous research to implicate cortical hyperarousal, stemming from teratogenic effects on the dopaminergic system during fetal development.
Neural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Durston Sarah , Davidson Matthew C. , Mulder Martijn J. , Spicer Julie A. , Galvan Adriana , Tottenham Nim , Scheres Anouk , Xavier Castellanos F. , Van Engeland Herman , Casey B.J. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood with established problems in cognitive control and associated fronto‐striatal circuitry. More recently, fronto‐cerebellar circuits have been implicated in this disorder. Both of these circuits are important in predicting the occurrence and timing of behaviorally relevant events and in detecting violations of these predictions. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ability to predict the occurrence of frequent events would be compromised in ADHD, as well as the ability to adapt behavior when expectancy was violated.Methods:  We used rapid, mixed‐trial, event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cognitive and neural processes in two independent samples of children and adolescents with ADHD and matched controls. Subjects performed a variation of a go‐no/go task where the predictability of stimulus identity (what) and timing (when) was manipulated.Results:  Behaviorally, children and adolescents with ADHD had increased variability in reaction times, and decreased benefit in reaction time when events were predictable. Differences in accuracy between groups were most reliable for temporally unpredictable trials. Functional imaging results from both samples showed that relative to the control children and adolescents, individuals with ADHD had diminished cerebellar activity to violations of stimulus timing and diminished ventral prefrontal and anterior cingulate activity to violations in stimulus timing and identity.Conclusions:  These findings are consistent with the view that disruptive behaviors in inappropriate contexts, a major criterion in diagnosing ADHD, may be related to an impaired ability to predict temporal and contextual cues in the environment, thus hindering the ability to alter behavior when they change. This ability requires intact fronto‐cerebellar, as well as fronto‐striatal circuitry.
Heart rate and reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD
Authors: Luman Marjolein , Oosterlaan Jaap , Hyde Christopher , Van Meel Catharina S. , Sergeant Joseph A. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Both theoretical and clinical accounts of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) implicate a dysfunctional reinforcement system. This study investigated heart rate parameters in response to feedback associated with reward and response cost in ADHD children and controls aged 8 to 12.Methods:  Heart rate responses (HRRs) following feedback and heart rate variability (HRV) in the low frequency band (.04–.08 Hz), a measure of mental effort, were calculated during a time production paradigm. Performance was coupled to monetary gain, loss or feedback‐only in a cross‐over design.Results:  Children with ADHD exhibited smaller HRRs to feedback compared to controls. HRV of children with ADHD decreased when performance was coupled to reward or response cost compared to feedback‐only. HRV of controls was similar across conditions.Conclusions:  Children with ADHD were characterised by (a) possible abnormalities in feedback monitoring and (b) motivational deficits, when no external reinforcement is present.
The verbal information pathway to fear and heart rate changes in children
Authors: Field Andy P. , Schorah Hannah 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Although many studies have now demonstrated that threat information is sufficient to change children's beliefs and behaviours towards novel animals, there is no evidence to suggest that it influences the physiological component of the fear emotion.Methods:  An experiment is reported in which children (N = 26) aged between 6 and 9 were given threat, positive or no information about three novel animals and then asked to place their hands into boxes that they believed to contain each of these animals. Their average heart rate during each approach task was measured.Results:  One‐way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the average heart rate when approaching the three boxes: heart rates were significantly higher when approaching the box containing the animal associated with threat information compared to when approaching the control animal.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that fear information acts not only upon cognitive and behavioural aspects of the fear emotion, but also on the physiological component.
Fair trade and global cognitive orientation: a focus on Spanish fair trade consumers
Authors: Goig Ramón Llopis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the past few years, there has been an increase in the ‘ethical consumer’, characterized by more reflexive values like solidarity, social responsibility, multiculturalism and ecology. This idea has found support in the appearance and development of proposals like fair trade, along with others, such as responsible consumption, the recycling business or sustainable development. In a parallel way, also during the past few years, various analysts have pointed out that the phenomenon of globalization is changing not only the aspect of the world but also our way of perceiving it, which is progressively becoming a ‘global orientation’. In the framework of these two tendencies, this paper examines the extent to which ‘global orientation’ is also a characteristic of consumers of fair trade products. The paper presents a two‐phase exploratory study. The first phase, of a quantitative nature, showed the greater global orientation of Spanish consumers of fair trade products, and it obtained a typology of them. This typology showed, however, that not all the clusters of consumers of fair trade products have a high global orientation, which reveals that the relationship between this dimension and the consumption of fair trade products is not a direct, straightforward one. The subsequent qualitative study examined the components of this global orientation in each of the three clusters where the consumption of fair trade products was the highest. The results showed that the purchase of fair trade products is influenced by the ‘global orientation’ of the consumer, although other factors, such as a sense of social responsibility and trust in international non‐governmental organizations, can condition this influence.
Two pools of Triton X‐100‐insoluble GABAA receptors are present in the brain, one associated to lipid rafts and another one to the post‐synaptic GABAergic complex
Authors: Li Xuejing , Serwanski David R. , Miralles Celia P. , Bahr Ben A. , De Blas Angel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRat forebrain synaptosomes were extracted with Triton X‐100 at 4°C and the insoluble material, which is enriched in post‐synaptic densities (PSDs), was subjected to sedimentation on a continuous sucrose gradient. Two pools of Triton X‐100‐insoluble γ‐aminobutyric acid type‐A receptors (GABAARs) were identified: (i) a higher‐density pool (ρ = 1.10–1.15 mg/mL) of GABAARs that contains the γ2 subunit (plus α and β subunits) and that is associated to gephyrin and the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex and (ii) a lower‐density pool (ρ = 1.06–1.09 mg/mL) of GABAARs associated to detergent‐resistant membranes (DRMs) that contain α and β subunits but not the γ2 subunit. Some of these GABAARs contain the δ subunit. Two pools of GABAARs insoluble in Triton X‐100 at 4°C were also identified in cultured hippocampal neurons: (i) a GABAAR pool that forms clusters that co‐localize with gephyrin and remains Triton X‐100‐insoluble after cholesterol depletion and (ii) a GABAAR pool that is diffusely distributed at the neuronal surface that can be induced to form GABAAR clusters by capping with an anti‐α1 GABAAR subunit antibody and that becomes solubilized in Triton X‐100 at 4°C after cholesterol depletion. Thus, there is a pool of GABAARs associated to lipid rafts that is non‐synaptic and that has a subunit composition different from that of the synaptic GABAARs. Some of the lipid raft‐associated GABAARs might be involved in tonic inhibition.
AMPA‐mediated excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes: role for Na+–K+–Cl−co‐transport and reversal of Na+/Ca2+exchanger
Authors: Chen Hai , Kintner Douglas B. , Jones Mathew , Matsuda Toshio , Baba Akemichi , Kiedrowski Lech , Sun Dandan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated the role of Na+–K+–Cl−co‐transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) and reversal of Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCXrev) in glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes obtained from rat spinal cords (postnatal day 6–8). An immunocytochemical characterization showed that these cultures express NKCC1 and Na+/Ca2+exchanger isoforms 1, 2, and 3 (NCX1, NCX2, NCX3). Exposing the cultures to alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) plus cyclothiazide (CTZ) led to a transient rise in intracellular(), which was followed by a sustainedoverload, NKCC1 phosphorylation, and a NKCC1‐mediated Na+influx. In the presence of a specific AMPA receptor inhibitor 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2, 3‐dione (CNQX), the AMPA/CTZ failed to elicit any changes in. The AMPA/CTZ‐induced sustainedrise led to mitochondrial Ca2+accumulation, release of cytochromecfrom mitochondria, and cell death. The AMPA/CTZ‐elicitedincrease, mitochondrial damage, and cell death were significantly reduced by inhibiting NKCC1 or NCXrev. These data suggest that in cultured oligodendrocytes, activation of AMPA receptors leads to NKCC1 phosphorylation that enhances NKCC1‐mediated Na+influx. The latter triggers NCXrevand NCXrev‐mediatedoverload and compromises mitochondrial function and cellular viability.
Retracted: Chronic NMDA administration to rats up‐regulates frontal cortex cytosolic phospholipase A2and its transcription factor, activator protein‐2
Authors: Rao Jagadeesh S. , Ertley Renee N. , Rapoport Stanley I. , Bazinet Richard P. , Lee Ho‐Joo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExcessiveN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) signaling is thought to contribute to bipolar disorder symptoms. Lithium and carbamazepine, effective against bipolar mania, are reported in rats to reduce brain transcription of an arachidonic acid selective calcium‐dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2), as well as expression of one of its transcription factors, activator protein (AP)‐2. In this study, we determined if chronic administration of NMDA (25 mg/kg i.p.) to rats would increase brain cPLA2and AP‐2 expression, as these antimanic drugs are known to down‐regulate excessive NMDA signaling. Administration of a daily subconvulsive dose of NMDA to rats for 21 days decreased frontal cortex NMDA receptor (NR)‐1 and NR‐3A subunits and increased cPLA2activity, phosphorylation, protein, and mRNA levels. The activity and protein levels of secretory phospholipase A2or calcium‐independent phospholipase A2were not changed significantly. Chronic NMDA also increased the DNA‐binding activity of AP‐2 and the protein levels of its α and β subunits. These changes were absent following acute (3 h earlier) NMDA administration. The changes, opposite to those found following chronic lithium or carbamazepine, are consistent with up‐regulated arachidonic acid release due to excessive NR signaling and may be a contributing factor to bipolar mania.
More than just synaptic building blocks: scaffolding proteins of the post‐synaptic density regulate dendritic patterning
Authors: Vessey John P. , Karra Daniela 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe dendritic arbor is responsible for receiving and consolidating neuronal input. Outgrowth and morphogenesis of the arbor are complex stages of development that are poorly understood. However, recent findings have identified synaptic scaffolding proteins as novel regulators of these important events. Scaffolding proteins are enriched in the post‐synaptic density where they bind and bring into close proximity neurotransmitter receptors, signaling molecules, and regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. This property is important for dendritic spine morphogenesis and maintenance in the mature neuron. Scaffolding proteins are now being described as key regulators of neurite outgrowth, dendritic development, and pattern formation in immature neurons. These proteins, which include post‐synaptic‐95, Shank and Densin‐180, as well as many of their interacting partners, appear to regulate both the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton to influence dendrite morphology. Through a large array of protein–protein interaction domains, scaffolding proteins are able to form large macromolecular complexes that include cytoskeletal motor proteins as well as microtubule and actin regulatory molecules. Together, the new findings form a persuasive argument that scaffolding proteins deliver critical regulatory elements to sites of dendritic outgrowth and branching to modulate the formation and maintenance of the dendritic arbor.
Skin Colour, Perception of Racism and Depression among Adolescents in Urban Brazil
Authors: Santana Vilma , Almeida‐Filho Naomar , Roberts Robert , Cooper Sharon P. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  The relation between race, ethnicity and health has been recognised as having an important role in the understanding of social inequalities in health. In Brazil, miscegenation (the mixing of different ethnicities or races, especially in marriage) is recognised as a sign of racial tolerance, but individuals with black skin colour have poorer social and health indicators than whites. The hypothesis that perceived racial discrimination is associated with depression and depressive symptoms among adolescents living in a Brazilian urban area is analysed, taking into consideration sociodemographic variables, socioeconomic status and skin colour.Method:  This paper presents results from a cross‐sectional study carried out with a random one‐stage cluster sampling of households in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study population comprises 973 individuals from 10 to 21 years of age who answered questionnaires about racial discrimination, socio‐demographic and health‐related variables. Major depression according to DSM‐IV criteria was assessed using a validated Portuguese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The overall prevalence of major depression was estimated as 10.4%.Results:  No statistically significant differences were found for prevalence of major depression or any depressive symptom according to skin colour (Black versus non‐Black). However, adolescents who reported racial discrimination were more likely to have major depression, even after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, skin colour and self‐esteem (Adjusted Prevalence ratio = 2.00, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.37–2.97). Low self‐esteem was not associated with racial discrimination.Conclusion:  Depression among adolescents is a common disorder. Skin colour, a biological component of ethnic differences, was not a factor associated with depression or depressive symptoms. Instead, the perception of racial discrimination was a strong potential risk factor for major depression in this population group, which needs to be addressed in further studies and considered in preventive and mental health care programs.
Characterization of the biological behaviour of appendicular osteosarcoma in Rottweilers and a comparison with other breeds: a review of 258 dogs*
Authors: McNeill C. J. , Overley B. , Shofer F. S. , Kent M. S. , Clifford C. A. , Samluk M. , Haney S. , Van Winkle T. J. , Sorenmo K. U. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this retrospective study was to compare Rottweilers diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OSA) with other breeds to determine whether Rottweilers experienced a more aggressive form of the disease. Two hundred and fifty‐eight dogs were evaluated (102 clinical and 156 necropsy cases). In the necropsy population, Rottweilers had a younger mean age at death (7.3 versus 9 years,P= 0.006). There were no significant differences between Rottweilers and other breeds in age at diagnosis, median disease‐free interval or survival time. However, Rottweilers were more likely to have metastasis to the brain (7 versus 0%,P= 0.03). These results suggest that OSA in Rottweilers may have a different biological behaviour, but this study did not confirm that these differences were associated with a worse outcome.
Inhibition of telomerase in canine cancer cells following telomestatin treatment
Authors: Long S. , Argyle D. J. , Gault E. A. , Nasir L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTelomere shortening in normal somatic cells has been proposed as a major barrier to unlimited cellular proliferation. Telomerase is an enzyme capable of maintaining telomere length, and thus bypassing this barrier. In human beings, telomerase activity is restricted to cancer cells and cells of stem or germ cell lineages. Dogs represent a potentially useful clinical model for the development of telomerase‐based therapies because telomerase activity is also restricted to cancer cells and stem cells in this species. We examined the ability of telomestatin to inhibit telomerase activity in telomerase‐positive D17 and CMT7 canine cancer cell lines. At a concentration of 2 μM, telomestatin treatment resulted in a decrease in telomerase activity, telomere shortening, growth inhibition and apoptosis in telomerase‐positive cancer cells. These effects were not seen in telomerase‐negative skin fibroblasts or negative controls. These results confirm that telomestatin specifically inhibits telomerase activity in canine cancer cells and strengthens the usefulness of dogs as a model for testing telomerase‐based therapies.
HIV/HCV co‐infection: histopathologic findings, natural history, fibrosis, and impact of antiretroviral treatment: a review article
Authors: Petrovic Lydia M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) co‐infection has emerged as a leading cause of liver morbidity in the last two decades. Liver failure is also frequently a cause of death in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients. Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has revolutionized the HIV treatment, leading to a significantly decreased morbidity, prolonged survival, and an overall better outcome of HIV infection. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral treatment, however, has been recognized as one of the serious complications of the treatment. The effects of HIV infection on the natural history and progression of HCV‐associated chronic liver disease that had been well documented in the pre‐HAART treatment era have been changing, and there are now many indications that HIV/HCV co‐infection should be recognized as an evolving and a challenging disease entity.