bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Function in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gaudieri Patricia A. , Chen Rusan , Greer Tammy F. , Holmes Clarissa S. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—To quantify the magnitude and pattern of cognitive difficulties in pediatric type 1 diabetes as well as the effects associated with earlier disease onset and severe hypoglycemia.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Pediatric studies of cognitive function since 1985 were identified for study inclusion using MEDLINE and PsycInfo. Effect size (ES, Cohen's d) between the diabetic and control groups, expressed in SD units, were calculated within cognitive domains to standardize meta-analysis test performance.
RESULTS—The meta-analysis sample of 2,144 children consisted of 1,393 study subjects with type 1 diabetes and 751 control subjects from 19 studies. Overall, type 1 diabetes was associated with slightly lower overall cognition (ES −0.13), with small differences compared with control subjects across a broad range of domains, excluding learning and memory, which were similar for both groups. Learning and memory skills, both verbal and visual (−0.28 and −0.25), were more affected for children with early-onset diabetes (EOD) than late-onset diabetes (LOD), along with attention/executive function skills (−0.27). Compared with nondiabetic control subjects, EOD effects were larger, up to one-half SD lower, particularly for learning and memory (−0.49). Generally, seizures were associated with a negligible overall cognition ES of −0.06, with slight and inconsistent cognitive effects found on some measures, possibly reflecting the opposing effects of poorer versus better metabolic control.
CONCLUSIONS—Pediatric diabetes generally relates to mildly lower cognitive scores across most cognitive domains. Cognitive effects are most pronounced and pervasive for EOD, with moderately lower performance compared with control subjects. Seizures are generally related to nominal, inconsistent performance differences.
Strategies for the identification of loci responsible for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Stern Joel , Keskin Derin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, debilitating disease, which manifests itself by de-myelination of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is predominantly found in Caucasians of European decent and is more prominent in females than males. MS is one of the most prevalent causes of disability of young adults in the world. The exact cause of MS is not known, however genetic susceptibility to MS is linked to the major histocompability complex (MHC). Self reactive CD4+ T cells, specific for CNS antigens, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and proteolipid protein (PLP), are detectable in MS patients along with pathogenic autoantibodies specific to these CNS antigens produced by B cells. These observations suggest that MS is an autoimmune disease. Epidemiology of MS along with the analysis of sibling pairs and twins suggest that the multiple genetic factors and their interaction with environment contribute to disease susceptibility. Recent developments and advancements in genetic analysis may aid in accurate determination of genetic risk factors for the development of MS. We review these developments, advances in technology and discuss recent results in this article.
Equivalence and symmetries of second-order differential equations
Authors: Tryhuk V. , Dlouhý O. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In this article we investigate the equivalence of underdetermined differential equations and differential equations with deviations of second order with respect to the pseudogroup of transformations $$
\bar x
$$ = φ(x), ȳ = ȳ($$
\bar x
$$) = L(x) + y(x), $$
\bar z
$$ = $$
\bar z
$$($$
\bar x
$$) = M(x) + z(x). Our main aim is to determine such equations that admit a large pseudogroup of symmetries. Instead the common direct calculations, we use some more advanced tools from differential geometry, however, our exposition is self-contained and only the most fundamental properties of differential forms are employed.
Extensions of homogeneous polynomials on c
0(l
2i)
Authors: Lourenço M. , Pellegrini L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We show that a 2-homogeneous polynomial on the complex Banach space c
0
l
2i) is norm attaining if and only if it is finite (i.e, depends only on finite coordinates). As the consequence, we show that there exists a unique norm-preserving extension for norm-attaining 2-homogeneous polynomials on c
0(l
2i).
Early bilingualism: children of immigrants in an English-language childcare center
Authors: Chumak-Horbatsch Roma 
Published: August 2008

Early bilingualism: children of immigrants in an English-language childcare center
In this study, language views and home language practice of sixteen immigrant parents were documented and related to the dual language behaviors of their young children (ages 1:09 to 3;06) who were enrolled in a Toronto English-language childcare center. De Houwer's (1999) model of early bilingualism was applied to the minority language context and external factors were used to explain the short-lived active bilingualism of the younger children and the passive bilingualism of the preschoolers. Presenting mothers and fathers with separate questionnaires proved to be a valuable methodological tool, which revealed similar language thinking but different home language practice. Immigrant mothers were more committed to their children's L1 development than were fathers, a finding, which supports and extends the parental gender difference noted in earlier work (Gleason, 2005; Lyon, 1991; Lyon & Ellis, 1999). Negative effects of early L2 exposure on minority language children's incomplete L1, reported in earlier studies, were confirmed. A concrete outcome of the present study was the creation mylanguage.ca, a website intended to help immigrant parents understand their children's dual language learning. Even though the study presents a somewhat bleak picture of the continuation of L1, it concludes on an optimistic note, encouraging immigrant fathers to join forces with their L1-committed spouses and to help provide a nurturing L1 environment for their young children.
Development of comprehension of ironic utterances in 3- to 9-year-old Finnish-speaking children
Authors: Loukusa Soile , Leinonen Eeva 
Published: August 2008

Development of comprehension of ironic utterances in 3- to 9-year-old Finnish-speaking children
This study explores the comprehension of simple ironic utterances in 210 Finnish children aged from 3 to 9 years. If the child answered the question correctly, he/she was asked to explain correct answers. The results indicated that there was large individual variation within age groups both in answers and explanations. In terms of correct answers there was a significant difference between 6- and 7-year-olds and in correct explanations between age groups of 3-4, 6-7 and 7-8. Analysis of incorrect answers showed that literal interpretation of an utterance was the most common incorrect answer type in all age groups. Totally irrelevant answers occurred only in children aged 3 and 4. In terms of incorrect explanations, "turntaking" and "incorrect focus" categories were the most common incorrect explanation types. Contrary to previous studies, in this study already some of the 3- and 4-year-olds showed an emerging ability to comprehend irony.
Fine mapping of breakpoints in two unrelated patients with rare overlapping interstitial deletions of 9q with mild dysmorphic features
Authors: Kulharya Anita S. , Flannery David B. , Norris Karen , Lovell Carolyn , Levy Brynn , Velagaleti Gopalrao V.N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractApproximately, 20 cases of interstitial deletions of 9q have been reported in the literature spanning the breakpoints from 9q21 to 9q34. Unlike the 9q subtelomeric deletions, the interstitial deletions do not demonstrate a specific recognizable phenotype, although the majority of patients had microcephaly. Lack of precise molecular delineation of the extent of deletions in the published cases makes it difficult to develop an accurate genotype–phenotype correlation. We report on fine mapping of breakpoints using the Affymetrix Human Mapping 500K Array Set in two unrelated female patients with overlapping de novo deletion in 9q. SNP oligonucleotide microarray analysis (SOMA) indicated these to be relatively large deletions with Patient 1 having a 6.47 Mb deletion (>60 genes) spanning 9q32–q33.2 and Patient 2 having a 9.68 Mb deletion (>20 genes) localized to 9q31.1–q33.1. FISH analysis with BAC clones localized to the breakpoints showed discrepant results in Patient 1. Based on the review of previously reported interstitial 9q deletion patients and our patients, the minimal region of overlap (MRO) appears to encompass the 9q32 region and a phenotype characterized by microcephaly, neurological dysfunction and facial dysmorphism can be deduced. Our study shows the investigative nature of the latest array technology and the limitations of this technology in the accurate delineation of breakpoints. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) through phosphorus containing nitrogen heterocyclic moieties
Authors: Karpagam S. , Thangaraj R. , Guhanathan S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFunctional modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with phosphorus containing nitrogen heterocyclic has been believed to have extensive thermal and biological applications in the area of polymers. Efforts have been taken for the synthesis of phosphorus‐containing N‐heterocyclic (5,6 member and fused ring) based PVA. The synthesized compounds were characterized using UV, FTIR, and NMR spectral studies. Thermal studies (DSC‐TGA) scans display phosphorus‐containing five membered and fused heterocyclic‐based PVA has less thermal stability than six‐membered compounds. Modified polymers infer to have excellent bacterial response against micro‐organisms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of γ irradiation on the properties of polyacrylonitrile films
Authors: Pawde S. M. , Deshmukh Kalim 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this study, we examined the effects of γ irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, structural, and electrical properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Irradiation doses of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kGy were used, with nonirradiated PAN films serving as control samples. Microhardness measurements, mechanical tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, color determination, X‐ray diffraction, and electrical properties were investigated to evaluate the effects of the irradiation treatments on the PAN films. A fair consistency was observed between the microhardness results. Irradiation caused a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of the samples. The tensile strength and percentage elongation at break decreased with increasing irradiation dose. Similarly, Young's modulus and toughness also decreased with increasing irradiation dose. The melting and crystallization temperatures decreased, whereas the degree of yellowness increased with increasing irradiation dose. The percentage crystallinity of the PAN film increased with increasing irradiation dose. The FTIR spectra showed that there was a tendency toward a greater effect of γ irradiation on the structure of PAN at higher irradiation doses. The values of the electrical parameters, such as capacitance in parallel, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, resistance in series, resistance in parallel, reactance, and quality factor, increased, whereas the values of capacitance in series, impedance, conductance, susceptance, admittance, and phase angle decreased because of the γ irradiation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polyethyleneimine‐Functionalized Platinum Nanoparticles with High Electrochemiluminescence Activity and Their Applications to Amplified Analysis of Biomolecules
Authors: Li Tao , Du Yan , Wang Erkang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPolyethyleneimine‐functionalized platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) with excellent electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties were synthesized and applied to the amplified analysis of biomolecules. These particles were prepared at room temperature, with hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HBPEI) as the stabilizer. The UV/Vis absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopy images clearly confirmed the formation of monodisperse PtNPs. Such particles proved to possess high stability against salt‐induced aggregation, enabling them to be employed even under high‐salt conditions. Owing to the existence of many tertiary amine groups, these particles exhibited excellent ECL behavior in the presence of tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). An HBPEI‐coated particle possessed an ECL activity that was at least 60 times higher than that of a tripropylamine molecule. Furthermore, these particles could be immobilized on the 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane‐treated quartz substrates to amplify the binding sites for carboxyl groups. Through this approach, PtNPs were applied to the amplified analysis of the hemin/G‐quadruplex DNAzyme by using the luminol/H2O2 chemiluminescence method.
Selective Colorimetric Sensing of Geometrical Isomers of Dicarboxylates in Water by Using Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Chatterjee Amrita , Oh Dong Ju , Kim Kyung Mi , Youk Kyung‐Seog , Ahn Kyo Han 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA colorimetric sensing system based on gold nanoparticles functionalized with a water‐soluble anion‐recognition motif, an o‐(carboxamido)trifluoroacetophenone analogue, has been developed. The nanoparticle system selectively senses specific isomers of dicarboxylates that are geometrically favorable for the binding‐induced aggregation process; thus, it discriminates a trans‐dicarboxylate fumarate from its cis‐isomer maleate, and benzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate from its isomeric benzene‐1,2‐and benzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylates in water, exhibiting a color change from red to blue.
Unterscheidung und Synthese: Rezeptionsformen akustischer Forschung in der Musikliteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Rieger Matthias 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDifferentiation and synthesis. Forms of reception of acoustical research in the musical literature of the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century, both musical scholars and natural scientists discussed the relevance of acoustical research for the theory and practice of music. Whereas some musical theorists and acousticians plead together for an acoustical foundation of musical theory, other scholars questioned the significance of physical and physiological knowledge for a deeper understanding of music. Based on an analysis of musical journals, popular scientific writings, theoretical treatises and musical dictionaries this article demonstrates how musical scholars and natural scientists argued about the question which discipline should have the final say about musical concepts and terminologies. To merge both heterogeneous spheres – music and acoustics – or to carefully distinguish between them – these two positions shaped the dispute over the relationship between music and natural sciences in the nineteenth century.
An integrated solution and analysis of bioluminescence tomography and diffuse optical tomography
Authors: Han Weimin , Cong Wenxiang , Kazmi Kamran , Wang Ge 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWhile diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has been studied for years, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is emerging as a promising optical molecular imaging tool. These two modalities have different goals. DOT is for reconstruction of optical parameters of a medium such as a breast from surface measurements induced by external sources. BLT is for reconstruction of a bioluminescent source distribution in a medium such as a mouse from surface measurements induced by internal bioluminescent sources. However, an important pre‐requisite for BLT reconstruction is the knowledge on the distribution of optical parameters within the medium, which is the output of DOT. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model integrating BLT and DOT at the fundamental level; that is, performing the two types of reconstructions simultaneously instead of doing them sequentially. The model is introduced through minimizing the difference between predicted quantities and boundary measurements, as well as incorporating regularization terms. Then, we show the solution existence, introduce numerical schemes and prove convergence of the numerical solution. We also present numerical results to illustrate the utility of our approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational methods for optical molecular imaging
Authors: Chen Duan , Wei Guo‐Wei , Cong Wen‐Xiang , Wang Ge 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA new computational technique, the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method, is presented to model the photon propagation in biological tissue for the optical molecular imaging. Optical properties have significant differences in different organs of small animals, resulting in discontinuous coefficients in the diffusion equation model. Complex organ shape of small animal induces singularities of the geometric model as well. The MIB method is designed as a dimension splitting approach to decompose a multidimensional interface problem into one‐dimensional ones. The methodology simplifies the topological relation near an interface and is able to handle discontinuous coefficients and complex interfaces with geometric singularities. In the present MIB method, both the interface jump condition and the photon flux jump conditions are rigorously enforced at the interface location by using only the lowest‐order jump conditions. This solution near the interface is smoothly extended across the interface so that central finite difference schemes can be employed without the loss of accuracy. A wide range of numerical experiments are carried out to validate the proposed MIB method. The second‐order convergence is maintained in all benchmark problems. The fourth‐order convergence is also demonstrated for some three‐dimensional problems. The robustness of the proposed method over the variable strength of the linear term of the diffusion equation is also examined. The performance of the present approach is compared with that of the standard finite element method. The numerical study indicates that the proposed method is a potentially efficient and robust approach for the optical molecular imaging. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New gas environment leading to new kinds of state regulations
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOn the state level, several economic developments—open access, prices that will be more fluid from the effect of the futures market, and the outlook for tighter supplies—are leading to new kinds of regulations in the consuming states and to strengthened regulations in the producing states. In all states, the regulators must react to a situation in which they must pick up much of the oversight that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is putting down.To get a more clear idea of these trends, in late February we talked with Charles D. Gray, assistant general counsel of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, the Washington group that represents the interests of state regulators on the national level.
Horizontal drilling for gas when prices, technology improve
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe moss media that occasionally touches on the energy industry has been breathing heavily lately about horizontal drilling (see figure). Dallas's Oryx Energy has had very good, recent success with the technique, and I thought I would find whether companies in general could use it to explore for gas.In this connection, according to financial analyst Paul R. Leibman of Denver's Petrie Parkman & Co., even though today the technique was primarily an oil play, it might eventually be a way to free tight‐sand gas in areas like West Texas. Liebman also told me that the development leader was Houston's Baker Hughes. Accordingly, in late February I interviewed Pat Herbert, president of Baker Hughes Drilling Systems, and David M. Adams, director of operations‐North America for the same company.
Independent component analysis as a model‐free approach for the detection of BOLD changes related to epileptic spikes: A simulation study
Authors: LeVan Pierre , Gotman Jean 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEEG‐fMRI in epileptic patients is commonly analyzed using the general linear model (GLM), which assumes a known hemodynamic response function (HRF) to epileptic spikes in the EEG. In contrast, independent component analysis (ICA) can extract Blood‐Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) responses without imposing constraints on the HRF. This technique was evaluated on data generated by superimposing artificial responses on real background fMRI signals. Simulations were run using a wide range of EEG spiking rates, HRF amplitudes, and activation regions. The data were decomposed by spatial ICA into independent components. A deconvolution method then identified component time courses significantly related to the simulated spikes, without constraining the shape of the HRF. Components matching the simulated activation regions (“concordant components”) were found in 84.4% of simulations, while components at discordant locations were found in 12.2% of simulations. These false activations were often related to large artifacts that coincidentally occurred simultaneously with some of the random simulated spikes. The performance of the method depended closely on the simulation parameters; when the number of spikes was low, concordant components could only be identified when HRF amplitudes were large. Although ICA did not depend on the shape of the HRF, data processed with the GLM did not reveal the appropriate activation region when the HRF varied slightly from the canonical shape used in the model. ICA may thus be able to extract BOLD responses from EEG‐fMRI data in epileptic patients, in a way that is robust to uncertainty and variability in the shape of the HRF. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A [14C]Phenacetin Breath Test to Measure Hepatic Function in Man
Authors: Breen Kerry J. , Bury Ross W. , Calder Ian V. , Desmond Paul V. , Peters Marion , Mashford Laurie M. 
Published: August 2008

Phenacetin, a high-clearance drug, was labeled as [14C-ethyl]phenacetin and used in a breath test of hepatic function. 14CO2 appeared rapidly in breath such that more than 30% of the administered radioactivity was expired in 2 hr. For all means of expression used to describe the appearance of 14CO2 in breath, normal controls and hospitalized patients without liver disease were clearly separated from cirrhotic subjects with moderate and severe liver damage.
The phenacetin breath test was validated by the close correlation of 14CO2 appearance with the disposition of the parent compound examined after its intravenous administration, and by demonstration that the rate-limiting step in 14CO2 generation from labeled phenacetin occurred proximal to 14CO2 generation from [14C]acetate given intravenously. Correcting for the actual volume of CO2 exhaled by control and cirrhotic subjects did not increase the sensitivity of the test. The phenacetin breath test has potential as a simple procedure to quantitate hepatic metabolism of drugs, particularly those mediated by cytochrome P448.