bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVARY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Peters Hannah , Himelstein-Braw Ruth , Faber Mogens 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The development of the ovary during childhood has been evaluated in 52 organs obtained from autopsy of children who died in accidents or after a brief acute disease. The ovaries at all ages showed follicle growth. 93% of the organs were actively growing ovaries containing healthy and degenerating follicles in progressive stages of development with and without follicle fluid. Three ovaries showed follicle growth up to pre-antral stages. None of the 52 ovaries were quiescent in which follicle development was not in progress. It is therefore argued that the normal ovary in childhood shows follicle growth at all ages. The number and size of antral follicles increases after the age of 6 years coinciding with the progressive increase in FSH and oestrogen output in childhood.
TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION BY ISOLATED RABBIT FOLLICLES IN THE PRESENCE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND INHIBITORS OF STEROIDOGENIC ENZYMES
Authors: YoungLai E. V. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rabbit ovarian follicles were incubated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and various inhibitors of steroidogenesis in order to determine what enzymes were necessary for testosterone production. Incubations were carried out in minimum Eagle's medium: normal rabbit serum: 95: 5 with medium being changed every 15 min and stored at −15° C until assayed for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Inhibitors and LH were added at different times after the start of the incubations. Of the inhibitors tested only SU 10603, an inhibitor of the 17α-hydroxylase enzyme completely prevented the testosterone response to LH while aminoglutethimide (inhibitor of 20α-hydroxycholesterol dehydrogenase) and U 30870 (inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) only showed partial inhibition. These results suggest that cholesterol is an obligatory intermediate for the production of testosterone by rabbit ovarian follicles and that normal LH stimulated endocrine function can resume after treatment with inhibitors. The results are also in agreement with previous data using inhibitors of protein synthesis in the presence of LH.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE TREATMENT OF NEONATALLY OVARIECTOMIZED RATS ON GROWTH AND SUBSEQUENT RESPONSIVENESS TO OESTROGEN
Authors: Tarttelin M. F. , Shryne J. E. , Gorski R. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
There was no significant difference in body weight between neonatally ovariectomized (OvX) rats whether given oil treatment or 90 μg testosterone propionate (TP) on day 3, when examined up to 23 weeks of age. When these two animals were injected with oestradiol benzoate (3 μg/day for 2 weeks), the neonatally OvX TP treated rats showed a significantly smaller depression in body weight than did the control neonatally OxX rats. Measurement of food intake also showed that TP treated rats responded significantly less to the depressant effects of oestrogen than did the controls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ovary does restrain body weight in TP rats but that androgen treatment in the neonatal period may not have a specific effect on growth but may alter the sensitivity of growth regulating processes to the inhibitory effects of oestrogen.
OESTRADIOL STIMULATION OF PROLACTING RELEASE FROM CANINE PITUITARY IN CULTURE
Authors: Jones Gwyneth E. , Boyns A. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Anterior canine pituitaries were maintained in tissue culture for 8 days, and the immunoreactive prolactin released, was measured by a heterologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and thyrotrophic hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) did not affect prolactin release, while theophylline and oestradiol-17β stimulated the release of canine prolactin.
THE DEIODINATION OF THYROXINE IN HYPERTHYROID RATS AS DETERMINED BY RENAL CLEARANCE OF IODIDE
Authors: Edwards Brian R. , Stern Paul , Stitzer L. Kent , Galton Valerie Anne 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Other investigators have reported that whole body clearance of thyroxine (T4) is increased in hyperthyroid rats isotopically equilibrated with radioactive T4, using the 24 h post-injection serum T4 concentration in the clearance calculation. Data from this laboratory indicate that serum T4 concentration is lowest at this point yielding falsely high clearance values, particularly when high doses of T4 are injected. To investigate this problem further, two types of experiments were performed. First, rats were equilibrated with [125I]T4, 5 or 20 μg/day, and the urinary clearance of iodide derived from T4 (deiodinative clearance) was measured from 0–7 and 7–24 h after a T4 injection, using the T4 concentration in serum obtained at the midpoint of each urine collection period. Urine was then collected from the ureters for several 1 h periods during the 4th to 8th h following T4 injection, calculating clearances using the midpoint plasma T4 concentration. Second, normal rats were given a single dose of [125I]T4, 5 or 55 μg/rat, and deiodinative clearance was determined during the subsequent 0–7 and 7–24 h periods. The first experiment indicated that deiodinative clearance was significantly enhanced in rats equilibrated with the large dose of T4 under all conditions studied. In contrast, the clearance in normal rats given a single large dose of T4 was not significantly different from that of normal rats given a small dose of T4. These results support the view that T4 clearance is increased in hyperthyroidism, due in part to an increase in the deiodination of T4.
OOCYTE MATURATION AND GLYCOLYSIS IN ISOLATED PRE-OVULATORY FOLLICLES OF PMS-INJECTED IMMATURE RATS
Authors: Hillensjö Torbjörn 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Graafian follicles were isolated by microdissection from the ovaries of PMS-injected immature rats killed at specific times on the day before ovulation. They were incubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing 5 mm glucose and 1 % bovine serum albumin. The oocytes were recovered after incubation and examined by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy. The amount of lactate and glucose in the incubation medium was analysed enzymatically.
Oocytes recovered from follicles extirpated in the morning, i. e. before the endogenous LH surge, and incubated for 2–10 h were in the dictyate stage, while addition of LH or FSH to the medium resulted in oocyte maturation as revealed by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) and polar body formation. The time-course of GVB in vitro was similar to that seen in vivo after exogenous LH. Both gonadotrophins markedly enhanced lactate accumulation in the medium and, as studied for LH, glucose uptake by the follicles. The effects of LH but not those of FSH, on GVB and lactate formation were prevented by the presence of an antiserum against the β-subunit of LH. The gonadotrophic effects on GVB could be mimicked by the addition of prostaglandin E2 to the medium.
When the follicles were extirpated in the late afternoon, i. e. after the LH surge, and incubated in hormone-free medium for 4 h the oocytes showed GVB in a progressively increasing proportion depending on the time of follicle extirpation. Lactate formation by this group of follicles was markedly enhanced compared to that of "morning" follicles, but it could be even more stimulated by in vitro exposure to LH. A preliminary series of experiments on the effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors showed that theophylline and isobutylmethylxanthine at certain concentrations completely blocked the LH effect on GVB, whereas a newly developed compound, ICI 63.197, in itself induced GVB.
DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE AND ITS DIBUTYRYL DERIVATIVE ON PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE, GLUCOSE, INSULIN AND CORTISOL
Authors: Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M. , Proesmans W. , Eggermont E. , Eeckels R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of the infusion in four different dosages (0.001, 0.005, 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg/min during 60 min) of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate and of its dibutyryl derivative on plasma growth hormone and on glucose, immunoreactive insulin and cortisol were studied in 38 normal subjects and in 10 patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism. In normal subjects cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate provokes an increase in plasma growth hormone levels (only when a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg/min is used) without any changes in plasma glucose, insulin and cortisol. The maximal value of the means is observed 75 min after starting the infusion. Dibutyryl cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (0.2 and 0.02 mg/kg/min) provokes a dose-related rise in plasma growth hormone levels which is always preceded by hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. The peak of the mean growth hormone levels occurs at 135 min after initiation of the infusion. In all but one hypopituitary patients the nucleotides do not promote growth hormone secretion.
It is concluded that exogenous cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate and its dibutyryl derivative may not be considered as analogous and that both compounds may contribute to study growth hormone release in normal subjects and in patients with growth abnormalities.
OOCYTIC MEIOSIS IN CULTURED RAT FOLLICLES DURING INHIBITION OF STEROIDOGENESIS
Authors: Lieberman M. E. , Tsafriri A. , Bauminger S. , Collins W. P. , Ahrén K. , Lindner H. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Steroid release by cultured Graafian follicles explanted from rat ovaries on the morning of pro-oestrus was measured by radioimmunoassay. Addition of cyanoketone (10−4m) or aminoglutethimide (10−3m) to the medium reduced the basal level of steroid secretion (progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol-17β) and abolished the steroidogenic effects of luteinizing hormone (LH; 5μg/ml) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; 10 μg/ml). However, the induction of oocyte maturation by either LH or PGE2 was not impaired by total suppression of the steroidogenic response of the follicles to these hormones by cyanoketone or aminoglutethimide. It is concluded that the meiosis-inducing action of LH on the mammalian egg is not mediated by the effect of the hormone on the rate and pattern of follicular steroidogenesis.
RISE IN DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND OESTROGENS DURING CLOMIPHENE ADMINISTRATION IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: Kampmann J. P. , Jørgensen F. Schønau , Bennett E. P. , Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone, and urinary excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids, oestrogenic substances and free cortisol was investigated in 12 normal men after a daily administration of 50 mg clomiphene citrate for 14 days. A significant increase in the serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone was seen after 8 days with a further increase when measured a week later. The percentual increase in urinary excretion of oestrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone was of the same order as the increase in serum testosterone concentration whereas the increase in androsterone and a aetiocholanolone was significantly lower. The excretion of free cortisol was unaltered. The study indicates that measurements of oestrogens in the urine might be used as a parameter of the stimulatory effect of clomiphene on the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis in man. In addition, the results support the hypothesis of an independent effect of clomiphene on adrenal steroidogenesis, not related to the production of glucocorticoids.
ACTION OF KI, THYROXINE AND CYCLIC AMP ON [3H]URIDINE INCORPORATION INTO THE RNA OF THYROID SLICES
Authors: Pisarev Mario A. , Aiello Leonardo O. , de Pisarev Diana L. Kleiman 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Potassium iodide (KI) has been shown to impair thyroid protein biosynthesis both in vivo and in vitro. The present study was performed in order to clarify its mechanism of action. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was studied in beef thyroid slices with either [32P] or [3H]-uridine as labelled precursors. Both KI and thyroxine (T4) at 10−5 m significantly decreased RNA labelling under our conditions. In other experiments RNA degradation was examined in pulse-labelled and actinomycin D-treated slices. KI did not modify the degradation of the [3H]-RNA thus indicating that it interferes with the biosynthesis rather than with the degradation of RNA. Taking the perchloric acid soluble radioactivity as a rough index of the precursor pool the present results would indicate an action at this level.
Both KClO4 and methylmercapto-imidazole relieved the gland from the inhibitory action of KI, supporting the view that an intracellular and organified form of iodine is responsible for this action. Since T4 also reproduced the effects of KI on RNA synthesis we would like to propose iodothyronines as the intermediates of this action. Cyclic AMP has been shown to stimulate thyroid protein biosynthesis. The present results demonstrate an action at the RNA level. Cyclic AMP increased both the PCA-soluble and RNA-linked radioactivity, thus suggesting an effect at the RNA precursor pool. KI at 10−5 m blocked the action of 2 mm cyclic AMP.
ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: Sinha Tushar K. , Queener Sherry F. , Bell Norman H. , Larson Sarah 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Studies are presented in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism who showed a partial response to parathyroid extract. Resistance to the extract was observed after its short-term administration for the fourth time. Serum from the patient contained antibodies of the γG globulin class which bound 125I-labelled bovine parathyroid hormone. Prior incubation of parathyroid hormone with the serum prevented the activation in vitro of adenylate cyclase from pork renal cortex. The antibodies were directed primarily toward the C-terminal portion of the molecule. Thus, clinical resistance to parathyroid hormone is attributed to specific antibodies.
THE INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST AFTER PRE-TREATMENT WITH DEXAMETHASONE
Authors: Osterman P. O. , Wide L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid and serum GH responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were studied in 25 healthy volunteers. The results of a control insulin tolerance test were compared with those of 2 similar tests which were performed after pre-treatment with dexamethasone 0.5 and 1.0 mg, respectively. The GH response to hypoglycaemia was significantly lower in women than in men in all 3 tests. In men, but not in women, the GH response was lower after pre-treatment with 1 mg dexamethasone than in the other 2 tests. The plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid response was significantly greater after pre-treatment with 0.5 mg dexamethasone than in the control test, and was at least as good after 1 mg dexamethasone. After pre-treatment with dexamethasone the subjects experienced less discomfort and a shorter duration of sweating than in the control insulin tolerance test. Pre-treatment with 1 mg dexamethasone also has other advantages. Thus, the basal plasma cortisol level is low and stable, which facilitates estimation of the magnitude of the cortisol response. Furthermore, information is obtained about the dexamethasone suppression response.
TRH-DEGRADING ENZYME ACTIVITY IN PERIPHERAL AND PITUITARY-PORTAL PLASMA OF THE RAT
Authors: Knigge K. M. , Schock D. , Ching M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The enzymatic degradation of TRH was measured in peripheral and pituitary-portal plasma. Enzyme activity in peripheral plasma was 3.20 pg/min/μg plasma protein; in pituitary-portal plasma the rate of degradation was only 0.83 pg/min/μg protein. After dialysis, which removed virtually all endogenous TRH and LHRH, enzyme activity in peripheral and portal plasma was 2.24 and 0.60 pg/min/μg respectively. These data suggest that portal plasma contains large concentrations of unidentified substances which are competitive inhibitors or substrates for the enzyme or that portal plasma contains less TRH-degrading enzyme.
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) IN PLASMA
Authors: Romaní P. , Robertson D. M. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A recently described in vitro bioassay method for the measurement of biologically active LH (Van Damme et al. 1974) has been applied to the plasma of normally menstruating and post-menopausal women. The specificity of the procedure was established according to the following evidence:
1. Parallelism was observed between dose response curves obtained with serial dilutions of a standard LH preparation (HMG 2nd IRP) and plasma pools collected during the follicular phase, at the LH-peak, during the luteal phase and after menopause.
2. There was no evidence for the presence of any synergistic or antagonistic factor in the various plasma specimens. The assay design used to establish this consisted of assaying the standard and plasma pool separately and then together as a mixture followed by an asssessment of the difference (if any) in the potencies obtained. Strict additivity should yield a relative potency of 1.0. Plasma pools which were obtained every 2–3 days throughout the menstrual cycle were assayed using this design against the standard (HMG 2nd IRP) and against a mid-cycle plasma pool obtained at the time of the LH-peak. The latter was also assayed against partially purified plasma fractions obtained from a post-menopausal plasma pool after gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. With the exception of 3 assays, in which the estimates of relative potency were 0.91, 0.94 and 0.95, respectively, in 19 assays of additivity, the fiducial limits always included unity.
3. Non-detectable LH levels were found in the plasma or serum of either hypophysectomized or hypopituitary hypogonadal men or women treated with oestrogen/progestogen combined pills.
4. The presence of calf or human serum in the assay medium is an essential requirement for a valid comparison of standard and unknown preparations. In their absence, non-parallel dose response curves between plasma and standard were obtained.
The other established criteria of reliability (sensitivity and precision) were also examined. The method is sufficiently sensitive (3.5–8.0 mIU/ml plasma; HMG (2nd IRP) as standard) for the measurement of LH throughout the cycle. The mean index of precision (λ) in 230 multiple assays was 0.040.
It is concluded that the modified bioassay yields valid and reliable estimates of LH when applied to human plasma obtained throughout the menstrual cycle and after menopause.
TESTOSTERONE AND 5α-ANDROSTAN-17β-OL-3-ONE (DHT) LEVELS IN MAN
Authors: Vermeulen A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In order to test the hypothesis that plasma 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (DHT) levels might represent a parameter of androgenicity independent of testosterone (T) levels, the T/DHT ratio was determined at low and high T levels in both sexes. High T levels in males were obtained either by stimulation of endogenous T secretion, by im injection of either short or long-acting T esters and finally by oral administration of 200 mg of crystalline testosterone. In females high T levels were obtained either by im injection of long-acting T esters or by oral administration of 200 mg of T.
It was observed that the T/DHT ratio was not a function of sex but a function of T levels, whether T had an endogenous or a exogenous origin. When, as in patients with porto-caval shunt or cirrhosis of the liver, the liver was bypassed, oral administration of T resulted in relatively higher DHT levels than expected from T levels: this suggests an extra-hepatic origin of plasma DHT and/or a decreased hepatic metabolism of DHT. In a patient with the testicular feminization syndrome the T/DHT ratios both under basal conditions and after im injection of T propionate were similar to those observed in normal subjects.
PITUITARY HORMONE RESPONSES TO HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: Cantalamessa L. , Reschini E. , Catania A. , Giustina G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The pituitary reserve of GH, prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH has been studied in a group of 13 acromegalic patients with the aim of evaluating the pituitary function and the activity of the disease. Plasma GH, TSH and prolactin were determined after thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) administration, plasma gonadotrophins and GH after luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) administration.
The plasma TSH response to TRH was generally blunted in the patients treated with pituitary irradiation; however, none of the patients with diminished TSH reserve had signs of hypothyroidism. Six acromegalics showed prolactin basal levels higher than controls; none had galactorrhoea; 4 of them complained of impairment of the gonadal function. The prolactin response to TRH was variable and not related to prolactin basal levels. A subnormal LH reserve after LH-RH stimulation was observed in 5 out of 10 patients; 4 of them had also clinical signs of hypogonadism. A normal FSH response to LH-RH was present in all patients.
A non-specific GH response to TRH and/or LH-RH was obtained in about half of the acromegalics studied. The GH responsiveness to TRH and/or LH-RH was not related to the activity of the disease or to a specific derangement of the hypothalamo-pituitary function. A concordant response was observed only between GH and prolactin response to TRH; the highest prolactin responses to TRH were obtained in the GH responsive patients. Each patient showed a constant GH pattern of response on repeated testing. Even after pituitary irradiation the pattern of GH response was unchanged in spite of lowered GH plasma levels.
THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR HUMAN URINARY FSH AND FOR HUMAN URINARY LH (ICSH), FOR BIOASSAY
Authors: Storring P. L. , Dixon H. , Bangham D. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the preparation and nature of the First International Standard for Human Urinary Follicle Stimulating Hormone and for Human Urinary Luteinizing Hormone, for Bioassay, and of two batches of working standard which were prepared from the same material.
A collaborative study of these materials was carried out by six laboratories in six different countries. The FSH and LH activities of the Standard were assayed in terms of those of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins, Urinary, for Bioassay, which it replaces. The results from 20 valid FSH assays and 30 valid LH assays (using four different methods) obtained in this way gave a weighted combined potency estimate for FSH of 53.7 IU, with 95 fiducial limits of 47.2–61.1 IU, and for LH of 46.2 IU, with 95% fiducial limits of 43.3–49.3 IU. Accelerated degradation studies of the Standard stored at elevated temperatures suggested that the stability of both FSH and LH activities under normal storage conditions would be satisfactory. The FSH and LH activities of the two batches of working standard (WS-A and WS-B) were compared with those of the Standard and were not found to differ significantly, except for the LH activity of WS-B which appeared to be slightly higher than that of the Standard. Accelerated degradation studies did not show any significant differences in stability between the Standard and batches of working standards.
On the basis of these results the Standard has been established by WHO and allocated a potency for FSH of 54 IU per ampoule and for LH 46 IU per ampoule. The International Units for FSH, Human Urinary, for Bioassay and for LH (ICSH), Human Urinary, for Bioassay are thus defined as the activities contained in 0.11388 mg and 0.13369 mg of the International Standard, respectively.