bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in exercising horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: BAYLY W. M. , DUVIVIER D. H. , VOTION D. , VANDENPUT S. , ART T. , LEKEUX P. 
Published: April 2007

SummarySix Warmblood horses suffering an acute exacerbation of COPD were tested to investigate whether inhalation of ipratropium bromide (IB) dry powder (2,400 μg) 30 min pre‐exercise would improve their exercise capacity. A cross‐over protocol with an inert powder placebo (P) was used. Mechanics of breathing and arterial blood gases were determined before treatment, aftertreatment but pre‐exercise, and during an incremental exercise test. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) was also measured before and during exercise, and the time to fatigue recorded. Inhalation of IB reduced total pulmonary resistance (RL) and maximum intrapleural pressure changes (ΔPplmax) and increased dynamic compliance before exercise. The onset of exercise was associated with a marked decrease in RLin P‐treated horses but not those receiving IB, so that RLduring exercise was not affected by treatment. Although ΔPplmax was lowerat 8, 9 and 10 m/s with IB, there were no treatment‐related changes in Vo2, blood gases, time to fatigue or any othermeasurement of breathing mechanics. Therefore, although inhalation of IB prior to exercise may have improved ΔPplmax, it had no apparent impact on the horses'capacity for exercise.
Reproductive efficiency of intensively managed Thoroughbred mares in Newmarket
Authors: MORRIS L. H. A. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe findings of a retrospective survey of 1393 Thoroughbred mares visiting 22 studfarms in the Newmarket region of the UK during the 1998 mating season were compared with those of a similar study undertaken in 1983. The effects of mare age and status, stallion, month of mating, application of uterine treatments and other parameters on the rates of singleton and twin conception and subsequent pregnancy losses were analysed. Mare age and status significantly affected the per cycle pregnancy rate and the incidence of pregnancy loss. Overall, the mean number of matings per oestrus was 1.12 and the mean number of times a mare was mated until diagnosed pregnant at 15 days after ovulation was 1.88. An overall mean per cycle pregnancy rate of 59.9% at 15 days after ovulation resulted in 94.8% of the mated mares being pregnant at least once at 15 days after ovulation. This high initial pregnancy rate fell to 89.7% by Day 35 and 87.5% by the time of the October pregnancy test; 82.7% of the mares surveyed gave birth to a live foal at term, which compares favourably with the proportion of mares foaling in 1983 (77%). However, despite improvements in the foaling rates over the last 15 years, the overall rate of pregnancy failure remains high and represents a major loss to the Thoroughbred breeding industry.
Cytological analysis of equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Part 3: the effect of time, temperature and fixatives
Authors: PICKLES K. , PIRIE R. S. , RHIND S. , DIXON P M. , McGORUM B. C. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryBronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples are often subject to time delays, possibly with temperature fluctuations, between collection and processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of time, temperature and 2 different fixatives on equine BALF cytology, in order to develop guidelines for optimal equine BALF storage conditions. Total nucleated cell count (TCC), differential cell counts (DCC), absolute cell counts (ACC), cell viability, cell morphology and bacterial growth of BALF samples stored at 4, 18 (± addition of formalin‐ or alcohol‐based fixatives) and 38°C were monitored serially over a 72 h period. The time taken for a significant reduction in TCC and cell viability of unfixed BALF samples decreased as the storage temperature increased. There was no diagnostically significant difference in DCC or ACC over this time‐course at any temperature. Unfixed BALF samples showed significant bacterial growth by 24 h at 4°C, and 8 h at 18 and 38°C; and poor morphology by 48 h at 4°C, 24 h at 18°C and 8 h at 38°C. Fixed BALF samples showed poor morphology with Leishman's stain compared to unfixed samples.
Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 2: Effects of inhaled HDS on control and heaves horses
Authors: PIRIE R. S. , COLLIE D. D. S. , DIXON P. M. , McGORUM B. C. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryTo evaluate inhaled hay dust suspensions (HDS) as a tool for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves, the pulmonary inflammatory and functional consequences of inhalation challenge with 3 different HDS were determined in 6 control and 7 asymptomatic heaves horses. Heaves horses given HDS challenge developed the characteristic features of heaves, including airway neutrophilia, obstructive airway dysfunction and mucus hypersecretion. While HDS challenge induced a mild airway neutrophilia in controls, the no‐response threshold for controls was greater than that of heaves horses, and there was no overlap in BALF neutrophil ratio of controls and heaves horses. Furthermore, HDS challenge did not induce airway dysfunction or mucus hypersecretion in controls. Therefore, HDS challenges enabled differentiation of control and heaves horses. Interestingly, in both groups, the airway neutrophilia was a dose‐dependent response rather than an ‘all or nothing’ response. This study suggests that HDS challenges are of value in the diagnosis and investigation of heaves.
Water intake and fluid shifts in horses: effects of hydration status during two exercise tests
Authors: NYMAN S. , JANSSON A. , LINDHOLM A. , DAHLBORN K. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIn the present study, the main objective was to study factors affecting postexercise voluntary water intake in horses. Four Standardbred horses (mean ± s.e. bwt 500 ± 8 kg) were used to study water intake and effects of altering hydration status before an incremental exercise test (INCR) and a 40 min constant velocity exercise test (CONST) on a treadmill. Exercise was performed during normohydration (N), after dehydration for 24 h (DEH) and after hyperhydration with 12 l water 30 min before exercise (HH). DEH resulted in a bodyweight loss of 3% and there were signs of some fluid uptake prior to exercise in both HH trials. By the end of the INCR, the calculated change in plasma volume (PVcalc) was −13 ± 1, −21 ± 1 and −11 ± 3% in the N, DEH and HH trials, respectively. During the highest exercise velocities a hypotonic shift of fluid was seen in all INCR trials. There was a greater accumulation of plasma lactate (pLA) in HH‐than in N‐INCR, probably caused by the extra weight to be carried. CONST induced a similar fluid loss (3%) in all trials, but the decrease in PVcalcat the end of exercise was significantly smaller in HH (−7 ± 2%) than in N (−14 ± 1%) and DEH (−19 ± 2%). In DEH‐INCR and DEH‐CONST, plasma sodium concentration (pNa) was higher than in N until drinking water was offered 1 h postexercise. In the presence of both an increased pNa and a decrease in PVcalcwhen dehydrated, the horses drank immediately when offered water postexercise. In N‐CONST, there was a significant decrease in calculated PVcalc(−10 ± 2%) but no increase in pNa when water was given and in this trial the horses rehydrated less rapidly. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) had increased to the same magnitude in all trials afterabout 10 min, irrespective of type of exercise or hydration status. It was concluded that when both an osmotic and hypovolemic thirst stimulus was present, the horses rehydrated more rapidly postexercise.
Small‐world topology of UK racing: the potential for rapid spread of infectious agents
Authors: CHRISTLEY R. M. , FRENCH N. P. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: The topology of the network of contacts between individuals has important effects on infectious disease dynamics within a population. Here we examine for the first time a network of contacts between training yards that occurred through racing.Objectives: To explore the topology of this network and to consider the effects of the network on the potential for disease transmission.Methods: Race data from one week was analysed. Contacts were defined as occurring between trainers that raced horses in the same race and hence one trainer could contact another trainer several times. A connection was said to exist between trainers who contacted each otherat least once. The network of contacts and connections that occurred during the study period was reconstructed and analysed.Results: All 466 trainers formed a single large network. The network of contacts had a short average path length and high clustering and was, therefore, characteristic of a ‘small world network’. The probability distribution of the number of contacts was scale‐free, whereas that for the number of connections followed a single‐scale. The effect of the network would be to increase R0, such that an agent that would tend toward extinction in a homogenously mixing population may persist in the observed network.Conclusions: The observed small world network topology has important implication for the transmission and, therefore, the control of infectious agents in this population.Potential relevance: Effective disease control and surveillance must take account of the contact structure of the population. Further studies investigating other contact definitions and other populations are now required.
In vitroassessment of movements of the sacroiliac joint in the horse
Authors: DEGUEURCE C. , CHATEAU H. , DENOIX J.‐M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) disease is associated with poor hindlimb action, lameness and poor performance in horses. However, little is known about the biomechanics of this low‐motion joint.Objectives: To determinein vitrothe capacities of movement of the SIJ in the sagittal plane, and to test the effect of a sacrosciatic and sacrotuberal desmotomy on its stabilisation.Methods: Six anatomical specimens underwent cycles of flexion‐extension of the lumbosacral joint (LSJ) before and after desmotomy. Kinematic triads were linked rigidly to the sacrum, spinous process of vertebra L5 and iliac wing. Angles were measured using a joint coordinate system based on anatomical frames.Results: The LSJ underwent regular movements of flexion and extension (overall mean ± s.d. range 23.4 ± 0.6°). The only recorded movement of the SIJ was a nutation during LSJ flexion (overall mean ± s.d. 0.8 ± 0.5°). Desmotomy induced an increase of that nutation (overall mean ± s.d. 1.7 ± 0.2°).Conclusions and potential relevance: Movements of the SIJ were small and coupled only with the flexion of the LSJ. The ligaments surrounding the SIJ have a strong effect on the stabilisation of this joint. Due to the limited amount of movement, its biomechanical studyin vivoseems to be difficult. Furtherin vitrostudies would be useful to determine the role of each ligament, to better understand the clinical consequences of the tears frequently observed during necropsy.
Race‐ and course‐level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds
Authors: PARKIN T. D. H. , CLEGG P. D. , FRENCH N. P. , PROUDMAN C. J. , RIGGS C. M. , SINGER E. R. , WEBBON P. M. , MORGAN K. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Considerable variation in the rates of equine fatality at different racecourses draws attention to probable risk factors at the level of course or race that might be partly responsible. Distal limb fractures are the most common cause of equine fatality on UK racecourses and identification of risk factors for such injuries and subsequent implementation of intervention strategies could significantly reduce the total number of racecourse fatalities.Objectives: To identify race‐ and course‐level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in Thoroughbreds on UK racecourses.Methods: A case‐control study design was used. Case races were defined as those in which one or more horses sustained fatal fracture of the distal limb. Controls were selected in 2 different ways. Firstly, 3 races in which no fracture occurred were selected from all races of the same type held within 5 days of the case race (Analysis 1). Secondly, 3 control races were selected for each case race from all races of the same type held in the same year (Analysis 2). One hundred and nine cases were included in the study. Information about the race and the racecourses was collected from Computer Raceform. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between a number of independent variables and the likelihood of fracture in a race.Results: Longer races with a larger number of runners were more likely to contain a fracture. Firmer going and fewer days since the last race on the same course were associated with an increased risk of fracture. The going at the course at the previous race meeting was also associated with the likelihood of fracture.Conclusions: Modifications to the going on the day of a race and greater emphasis on ground maintenance between race meetings may have an impact on the risk of fatal distal limb fracture during racing.Potential relevance: Modification of risk factors such as the going and number of days since the last race meeting could reduce the number of equine fatalities on UK racecourses. The condition of the racecourse may be an important risk factor and future research should focus on the identification of course maintenance techniques that produce the safest possible racing surfaces.
Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy in the horse
Authors: CROWE O. M. , DYSON S. J. , WRIGHT I. M. , SCHRAMME M. C. , SMITH R. K. W. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD) is diagnosed with increasing frequency in horses and radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) is a widely used therapy for painful orthopaedic conditions in man and dogs. There are, however, few published data as to the outcome of its use in PSD. Objective: To evaluate the use of RPWT in the treatment of chronic or recurrent PSD in the horse, an injury which carries a poor prognosis for return to athletic function with conservative management alone. Hypothesis: RPWT and controlled exercise improves the prognosis of chronic or recurrent PSD in the horse when compared to previously published results of controlled exercise alone. Methods: The use of RPWT in the management of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD) was evaluated in 65 horses. Diagnosis was based on response to local analgesia, ultrasonography and radiography. Horses were classified according to severity of ultrasonographic lesions, whether fore‐ or hindlimbs were affected, and duration of lameness prior to diagnosis. Horses were treated 3 times at 2‐week intervals and followed a controlled exercise programme; they were reassessed clinically and ultrasonographically 10–12 weeks after diagnosis, when further exercise recommendations were made dependent upon the animal's progress. Results: Forty‐one percent of horses with hindlimb lameness and 53% with forelimb lameness were nonlame and returned to full work 6 months after diagnosis. The prognosis was significantly affected by the ultrasonographic grade at the time of diagnosis and by ultrasonographic evidence of resolution of the lesion in hindlimb cases. Conclusions: These findings, when compared to previously published results of treatment using controlled exercise alone, suggest that RPWT improves the prognosis for PSD in the hindlimb. Potential relevance: RPWT is a useful treatment modality for chronic or recurrent PSD when combined with controlled exercise. Further studies are required on the effect of RPWT employing histology and biomechanics in order to fully evaluate its use on equine tissues.
Genetic diagnosis of sex chromosome aberrations in horses based on parentage test by microsatellite DNA and analysis of X‐ and Y‐linked markers
Authors: KAKOI H. , HIROTA K. , GAWAHARA H. , KUROSAWA M. , KUWAJIMA M. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Sex chromosome aberrations are often associated with clinical signs that affect equine health and reproduction. However, abnormal manifestation with sex chromosome aberration usually appears at maturity and potential disorders may be suspected infrequently. A reliable survey at an early stage is therefore required. Objectives: To detect and characterise sex chromosome aberrations in newborn foals by the parentage test and analysis using X‐ and Y‐linked markers. Methods: We conducted a genetic diagnosis combined with a parentage test by microsatellite DNA and analysis of X‐ and Y‐linked genetic markers in newborn light‐breed foals (n = 17, 471). The minimum incidence of sex chromosome aberration in horses was estimated in the context of available population data. Results: Eighteen cases with aberrations involving 63,XO, 65,XXY and 65,XXX were found. The XO, XXY (pure 65,XXY and/or mosaics/chimaeras) and XXX were found in 0.15, 0.02 and 0.01% of the population, respectively, based solely on detection of abnormal segregation of a single X chromosome marker, LEX003. Conclusions and potential relevance: Detection at an early age and understanding of the prevalence of sex chromosome aberrations should assist in the diagnosis and managment of horses kept for breeding. Further, the parental origin of the X chromosome of each disorder could be proved by the results of genetic analysis, thereby contributing to cytogenetic characterisation.
Kinetic parameter analysis for propane ODH: V2O5/Al2O3 and MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Malleswara Rao T. V. , Deo Goutam 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of surface metal oxide loading and specific surface metal oxide species on the kinetic parameters associated with the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction is analyzed for several supported V2O5/Al2O3 (VAl) and MoO3/Al2O3 (MoAl) catalysts. The VAl and MoAl catalysts are synthesized and characterized to ensure the kinetic parameters are estimated primarily for the surface metal oxide phase. The kinetic parameters are successfully estimated for a consecutive Mars–van Krevelen reaction model. Analysis of the parameters reveals that the apparent pre‐exponential factors for propene formation and degradation reactions increase with loading for both VAl and MoAl catalysts up to monolayer coverage with the VAl possessing larger values. However, the relative increase of the individual apparent pre‐exponential factors is different. The activation energy for propene formation is relatively invariant and does not contribute to the activity comparison. The difference in activation energies for propene formation and degradation decreases with surface vanadia loading, but is relatively similar with surface molybdena loading. Detailed analysis of the kinetic parameters conclusively reveals that the surface vanadia species provides a better active site in terms of activity and propene yield for the propane ODH reaction. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
A bioarcheological study of maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMaxillary sinusitis was studied as an indicator of poor air quality. Seven skeletal samples were examined from North America, England, and Nubia, and selected to represent different geographic locations, environments, and subsistence economies. Frequency rates varied from 17.2 to 51.5% of individuals affected with one or both sinuses preserved. Hardin Village had the highest frequency (51.5%), followed by the Aleuts (42.9%), “Illinois” (38.6%), Indian Knoll (38.5%), Kulubnarti (21.8%), Christchurch, Spitalfields (18.0%), and “South Dakota” (17.2%). Male frequencies ranged from 16.7 to 36.7%, but the female frequency ranged more widely from 18.0 to 76.5%. At most sites female rates exceeded male. The effect of urban and rural environment on sinusitis occurrence, and also subsistence economy, biological sex, and social status were explored, and comparative sites also considered; urban agricultural sites had a mean frequency of 48.5%, rural agricultural sites had a mean frequency of 45.0%, and hunter‐gatherer sites had a mean frequency of 40.0%. In the urban sites male and female frequencies were near equal, but in the rural agricultural and hunter‐gatherer sites female frequencies exceeded male frequencies. Dental disease was not found to have much impact on sinusitis frequency. The importance of the link between poor air quality and respiratory health is highlighted in clinical studies in both developed and developing countries, but also in bioarcheological studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mtDNA from hair and nail clarifies the genetic relationship of the 15th century Qilakitsoq Inuit mummies
Authors: Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Djurhuus Durita , Melchior Linea , Lynnerup Niels , Worobey Michael , Wilson Andrew S , Andreasen Claus , Dissing Jørgen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe 15th century Inuit mummies excavated at Qilakitsoq in Greenland in 1978 were exceptionally well preserved and represent the largest find of naturally mummified specimens from the Arctic. The estimated ages of the individuals, their distribution between two adjacent graves, the results of tissue typing, and incomplete STR results led researchers to conclude that the eight mummies formed two distinct family groups: A grandmother (I/5), two daughters (I/3, I/4), and their two children (I/1, I/2) in one grave, and two sisters (II/6, II/8) and a daughter (II/7) of one of them in the other. Using mtDNA from hair and nail, we have reanalyzed the mummies. The results allowed the unambiguous assignment of each of the mummies to one of three mtDNA haplogroups: A2b (I/5); A2a (I/2, I/3, II/6, II/8); A2a‐311 (I/1, I/4, II/7), excluded some of the previous relations, and pointed to new ones. I/5 is not the grandmother/mother of the individuals in Grave I, and she is not maternally related to any of the seven other mummies; I/3 and I/4 are not sisters and II/7 is neither the daughter of II/6 nor of II/8. However, I/1 may be the child of either I/4 or II/7 and these two may be sisters. I/2 may be the son of I/3, who may be the daughter of either II/6 or II/8, and these two may be sisters. The observation of haplogroups A2a and A2b amongst the 550‐year‐old Inuit puts a lower limit on the age of the two lineages in Greenland. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant carrying: The role of increased locomotory costs in early tool development
Authors: Wall‐Scheffler C.M. , Geiger K. , Steudel‐Numbers K.L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAmong the costs of reproduction, carrying one's infant incurs one of the greatest drains on maternal energy, simply because of the added mass alone. Because of the dearth of archaeological evidence, however, how early bipeds dealt with the additional cost of having to carry infants who were less able to support their body weight against gravity is not particularly well understood. This article presents evidence on the caloric drain of carrying an infant in one's arms versus having a tool with which to sling the infant and carry her passively. The burden of carrying an infant in one's arms is on average 16% greater than having a tool to support the baby's mass and seems to have the potential to be a greater energetic burden even than lactation. In addition, carrying a baby in one's arms shortens and quickens the stride. An anthropometric trait that seems to offset some of the increased cost of carrying a baby in the arms is a wider bi‐trochanteric width. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.