bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pathology and histopathology of nephrocalcinosis in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson in fresh water
Authors: HARRISON J. G. , RICHARDS R. H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A detailed histopathological study of naturally occurring and experimentally induced outbreaks of nephrocalcinosis was carried out on rainbow trout from a number of farms.Histopathological effects were confined to the kidney, stomach and skeletal muscle. Lesions of the stomach wall were often found in the absence of renal lesions but muscle lesions were only found in the presence of severe renal damage. It was considered that the calcification was the result of deposition of calcium salts within necrotic tissue, and thus was dystrophic rather than metastatic. Variation between farms was considered to be due to variations in the effects of different aetiological factors in the complex series of physico‐chemical events which appear to induce the condition.
Studies on cryptocaryoniasis in marine fish: effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951
Authors: CHEUNG P. J. , NIGRELLI R. F. , RUGGIERI G. D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Trophonts of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown from infected three‐spot damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus Ruppell, were kept at temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C to observe encystment and development of the tomites. At 30, 25 and 20°C, the percentage of trophonts that had encysted in 16 h were 70, 77 and 64% respectively; at 37°C, 44% encysted and at 7°C only 10% had encysted.The optimum temperature for excystment was 30°C; 50% excysted in 5 days and 100% in 7 days. At 25°C, 60% of the tomites started to excyst on the eighth day, and 70% on the ninth day. At 20°C, 10% started to excyst on the ninth day, reaching 40% on the tenth day. No excystment occurred at 37 and 7°C.Newly encysted tomonts were placed in various dilutions of sea water (31 %0) and kept at temperatures ranging from 7 to 37°C. Low salinities, i.e. 16%0 and lower caused tomonts to rupture. At 37, 20 and 7°C, 35% of the tomonts started to rupture immediately in 50% sea water, while at 30 and 25 C, 30% of the tomonts ruptured in 25% seawater. However, none of the cysts developed normally at these dilutions. The percentage rupturing increased with decreasing salinity.
Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) (Acanthocephala) in the whitefish Coregonm nasus (Pallas) sensu Svärdson from the Bay of Bothnia
Authors: VALTONEN E. TELLERVO 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The occurrence of Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) in the white‐fish Coregonus nasus (Pallas) sensu Svardson from the Bay of Bothnia was investigated in 772 fish obtained as monthly or bimonthly samples during the period July 1975‐January 1977.In both years most parasites were found only in November and December. All of the 402 parasites found were immature and very small. Most of them were in the first third of the intestine, and only a few were attached to the mucosa. No encysted parasites were found in other any tissues. It is thus suggested that the whitefish of the Bay of Bothnia is only an accidental host for N. rutili.A clear correlation was found between the importance of ostracods in the diet and the occurrence of N. rutili. The first intermediate host in the Bay of Bothnia was shown to be an ostracod, Candona neglecta (Sars.).
Epidemiological aspects of proliferative kidney disease amongst rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson in Northern Ireland
Authors: FERGUSON H. W. , BALL H. J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The epidemiology of PKD is described as it relates to one affected farm in Northern Ireland. From 1972–1976 stocking and management practices led to mortality of 10–15% amongst the 0+fish. 1+or older fish were never affected. In 1977 and 1978, however, delaying the stocking of the farm until July eliminated deaths in the 0+fish, and mortality in these 1977‐moved fish the subsequent year remained at an absolute minimum. Preliminary observations suggest that a means of controlling the disease has been found.Experimental work demonstrates that the resistance of 1 +or older fish is due to previous exposure and is not an age‐related immunity. Experimental work also suggests the presence of an incubation period of 6–7 weeks and that the peak time of infectivity is probably around May. None of the evidence detracts from the possibility that an infectious agent is involved although an attempt to transmit the disease failed.
The evaluation of piromidic acid as an antibiotic in fish: an in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: KATAE H. , KOUNO K. , TAKASE Y. , MIYAZAKI H. , HASHIMOTO M. , SHIMIZU M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The activity of piromidic acid (PA, 8‐ethyl‐5, 8‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐2‐prior lidinopyrido [2,3–d] pyrimidine‐6‐carboxylic acid) against bacteria in fish was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PA was effective against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria stocked in this laboratory and freshly isolated from fish. PA was active against organisms showing multiple drug‐resistance and showed no cross‐resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamonomethoxine. In vivo, orally administered PA was effective against experimental infections with Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio spp. in goldfish and eels. The efficacy of PA against these infections was equal to or higher than that of chloramphenicol, and higher than that of tetracycline. Distribution of PA in the Ash was investigated by bioassay and autoradiography. In the bioassay, orally administered PA was easily absorbed and distributed in the blood and tissues of major organs within 1 h after the administration. Peak levels were attained 2 to 4 h post dosing, and no residue was detected in the blood and tissues 48 h post dosing. The results obtained from the autoradiographic investigation in goldfish were similar to those from the bioassay. Therapeutic levels of PA were well tolerated by fish when administered with feed.
The role of melano‐macrophage centres in iron storage in normal and diseased fish
Authors: AGIUS C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The spleen, kidney and liver melano‐macrophage centres of 14 species of clinically normal teleost fish were examined histochemically for ferric iron. Iron was present in varying amounts within the splenic centres of most specimens, but by contrast it was rarely found in the centres of the kidney and the liver.Under conditions of starvation and in diseased fish, a markedly increased deposition of ferric iron occurred in the splenic centres of nearly all fish examined. By comparison, the iron content in the kidney and liver centres was generally still very low. These results suggest that there exist important functional differences between the pigment centres of different haemopoietic tissues of teleosts.
Studies on the pathogenesis of vibriosis in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)
Authors: HARBELL S. C. , HODGINS H. O. , SCHIEWE M. H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), cultured in fresh water, were experimentally infected with highly virulent Vibrio anguillarum, and various haematological and biochemical parameters were compared between moribund and non‐infected control fish. In addition, endotoxin, culture supernatant, and cell lysate preparations of V. anguillarum were tested separately and in combination to assess their roles in mediating pathological effects.The haematocrit, haemoglobin, numbers of red and white blood cells and plasma, total protein, albumin, β2 globulin, chloride, sodium, osmolality and alkaline phosphatase levels were all decreased in infected fish compared to controls. Erythrocyte fragility and plasma glucose, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels were increased in infected fish.No mortality nor significant changes in haematocrit or plasma protein occurred in fish injected intraperitoneally with 35 mg/kg (1 mouse LD50) of V. anguillarum endotoxin, with culture supernatant fluid, cell lysate, or with combinations of the three preparations. There was, however, a decrease in plasma protein concentration in coho injected with 355 mg/kg (10 mouse LD50s) of endotoxin, but no mortality nor significant change in haematocrit.
Light and electron microscopic observations of sporogenesis in the myxosporida, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble, 1950)
Authors: YAMAMOTO T. , SANDERS J. E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The stages of development leading to sporogenesis of Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble) were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Salmonid fishes were infected by exposing them to water containing the infectious stage and intestinal material was fixed at weekly intervals. Signs of intestinal infection were barely detectable by 7 days following exposure where trophozoites and later developmental forms were present, but by 14 days a large number of pansporoblasts could be detected in varying stages of development. By 21 days the majority of caeca were completely occluded and infection had spread throughout the connective tissues attached to the caeca.The early developing trophozoites contained two or more nucleated cells within a mother cell. There was some evidence of multiplication of nuclei by fission. The sporoblasts usually contained twelve nucleated cells that gave rise to two groups of six cells (sporonts) and resulted in the formation of two spores in each mother cell. Each spore was formed by two sets of bilaterally arranged cells consisting of the main germinative cell or sporoplasm, the anteriorly placed capsule cells and the outer envelope or spore valve cell that surrounded the others and formed the spore covering.As the spore matured the two germinative cells interacted with each other by pseudopodial extensions and appeared to fuse to form a diploid cell. The position of the cells laterally and slightly posteriorly to the central suture line formed a bilaterally curved spore. Mature spores when examined with the electron microscope were condensed, dark staining and relatively featureless, with a lateral measurement of 15 μm and an anterior‐posterior measurement of 7μm.
Occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson reared in sea‐water
Authors: GASTRIC JEANNETTE , DE KINKELIN P. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is reported for the first time in sea‐water cultured rainbow trout. Heavy mortalities with typical signs and lesions A VHS virus (serotype 1) was isolated from the diseased fish. The mortalities were caused only by the VHS virus and 80 days post transfer of trout to sea‐water the mortalities reached 85%, of the initial population.The disease was experimentally transmitted to rainbow trout, both in sea‐water 3·104 pfu/ml of virus or by intramuscular injection of various doses of VHS1 (7·101 7·104 or 7·104 pfu per fish). Death occurred in all infected groups and started earlier in sea‐water. Typical signs of VHS were observed in moribund fish. Viral multiplication was demonstrated to have occurred in fish organs.
Studies on the morphology of Uronema marinum Dujardin (Ciliatea: Uronematidae) with a description of the histopathology of the infection in marine fishes
Authors: CHEUNG P. J. , NIGRELLI R. F. , RUGGIERI G. D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A normally free‐living hymenostomatid ciliate was found to be the cause of heavy infections of gills, viscera and body muscle in Atlantic and Pacific marine fishes kept in the New York Aquarium. Of special interest is the fact that the parasites, usually with food vacuoles filled with blood cells and cellular debris, caused extensive damage to the body muscle; the other infected organs showed no characteristic tissue reactions. The immediate cause of death is attributed to the exceptional load of the parasite on the gills, thus interfering with normal respiratory function.The ciliate, isolated from a recent outbreak, is described in detail, and shows many characteristics of Uronema marinum Dujardin, a species that has been reported as free‐living in salt water; the form reported here differs from the type and other members included in this species, by the presence of less than three rows of bipolar meridians. This facultative parasite is described in detail and compared with other genera.
Niacin requirement for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from ultraviolet‐B irradiation
Authors: POSTON H. A. , WOLFE MARILYN J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTriplicate groups of 75 rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, (mean weight 0–76 g) were fed a semipurified diet containing added niacinamide in amounts of 0.0, 1.25, 2.5. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg diet (ppm), for 16 weeks to determine the amount of niacinamide needed for optimum growth, feed conversion, and prevention of dermatopathy induced by UV light. At the end of the study, fish were exposed to a 275‐W sun lamp limiting in the UV‐B spectrum (280–360 UV) for 20h. Trout fed no supplemental niacinamide grew significantly slower than all other fish. Growth increased with each niacinamide increment through 10ppm. but not at higher increments. Feed conversion paralleled growth response to niacinamide. Exposure to UV light induced dermal lesions in trout fed less than 10ppm niacinamide. Initially, focal white spots appeared anterior to the dorsal fin, and caudal and pectoral fins became depigmented and translucent. Later, extensive erosion in caudal and pectoral fins was accompanied by desquamation of the epidermis and underlying tissues of the caudal peduncle, head and snout. Results indicated that rainbow trout need at least 10ppm niacinamide for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection against 'sunburn’caused by UV light.
Attitudes toward participation in a pregnancy and child cohort study
Authors: Daniels Julie L. , Savitz David A. , Bradley Chyrise , Dole Nancy , Evenson Kelly R. , Eucker Barbara , Herring Amy H. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Thorp John M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhile epidemiological studies aim for high participation rates, it is becoming increasingly difficult to recruit and retain participants in lengthy observational studies. We surveyed women who recently participated in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study during their pregnancy to learn more about what initially motivated them to participate in the study, their attitudes about the study protocol, and whether they would allow their child to participate in future studies. Most women were motivated by their interest in science and learning about their pregnancy. In general, women felt quite comfortable with most aspects of the study. Consent forms, telephone interviews and self‐administered questionnaires were the most acceptable components of the study, but even specimen collection was well tolerated by this cohort. Women were less comfortable with the possibility of their child participating in future research. This survey confirmed that once women are enrolled, they tend to be willing to complete most components of an intensive study, suggesting that initial efforts for recruitment are most important.
Arginase activity in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Sosroseno W. , Musa M. , Ravichandran M. , Fikri Ibrahim M. , Bird P. S. , Seymour G. J. 
Published: April 2006

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans could stimulate arginase activity in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells).Methods:  RAW264.7 cells were treated with A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli for 24 h. The effect of polymyxin B, l‐norvaline, dl‐norvaline, dexamethasone and cytokines (interferon‐γ and interleukin‐4) on arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated cells was also determined. The cells were pretreated with anti‐CD14, anti ‐toll‐like receptor 2, or anti‐toll‐like receptor 4 antibody prior to stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide. Arginase activity was determined by a colorimetric assay.Results:  A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide stimulated arginase activity in RAW264.7 cells in a dose‐dependent manner, but was less potent than E. coli‐lipopolysaccharide. Polymyxin B and l‐norvaline, but not dl‐norvaline, blocked the arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated cells. Dexamethasone and interleukin‐4 but not interferon‐γ augmented arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated cells. Treatment of the cells with anti‐CD14 and anti‐toll‐like receptor 4 but not anti‐toll‐like receptor 2 antibody decreased arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated cells.Conclusion:  The results of the present study suggest that lipopolysaccharide from A. actinomycetemcomitans via CD14/toll‐like receptor 4 complex molecules and the regulatory control of glucocorticoid and cytokines may stimulate arginase activity in RAW264.7 cells.
Inhibitory effects of macrocarpals on the biological activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and other periodontopathic bacteria
Authors: Nagata H. , Inagaki Y. , Yamamoto Y. , Maeda K. , Kataoka K. , Osawa K. , Shizukuishi S. 
Published: April 2006

Background/aims:  Macrocarpals, which are phloroglucinol derivatives contained in eucalyptus leaves, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria including oral bacteria. This study examined effects of macrocarpals A, B, and C on periodontopathic bacteria, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis.Methods:  Macrocarpals A, B, and C were purified from a 60% ethanol‐extract of Eucalyptus globules leaves. To investigate antibacterial activity, representative periodontopathic bacteria were cultured in media with or without various amounts of macrocarpals; subsequently, the optical density at 660 nm was measured. Macrocarpal inhibition of P. gingivalis Arg‐ and Lys‐specific proteinases was assessed by spectrofluorophotometric assay and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The effect of macrocarpals on P. gingivalis binding to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite beads was examined with 3H‐labeled P. gingivalis.Results:  Growth of P. gingivalis was inhibited more strongly than growth of Prevotella intermedia or Prevotella nigrescens and Treponema denticola by macrocarpals, however, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum were much more resistant. Macrocarpals inhibited P. gingivalis Arg‐ and Lys‐specific proteinases in a dose‐dependent manner. The enzyme‐inhibitory effect of macrocarpals was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis in which hemoglobin degradation by P. gingivalis proteinase was inhibited by macrocarpals. P. gingivalis binding to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite beads was also strongly attenuated by macrocarpals.Conclusions:  Macrocarpals A, B and C demonstrated antibacterial activity against periodontopathic bacteria. Among tested bacteria, P. gingivalis displayed the greatest sensitivity to macrocarpals; additionally, its trypsin‐like proteinase activity and binding to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite beads were inhibited by macrocarpals. These results indicate that eucalyptus leaf extracts may be useful as a potent preventative of periodontal disease.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular analysis of Enterococcus faecalis originating from endodontic infections in Finland and Lithuania
Authors: Reynaud af Geijersstam A. H. , Ellington M. J. , Warner M. , Woodford N. , Haapasalo M. 
Published: April 2006

Background/aims:  Enterococcus faecalis strains with multiple antibiotic resistances can cause infections that are difficult to treat. The microbial flora in treatment‐resistant apical periodontitis is dominated by E. faecalis, and is a potential source of infections at other sites.Material and methods:  Sensitivities to a range of antibiotics were determined for 59 endodontic E. faecalis isolates from Finland and Lithuania. The DNA sequence of the gene responsible for the species' intrinsic quinupristin‐dalfopristin resistance, lsa, was determined from two isolates with diminished resistance. Four pairs of isolates from the same root canal were typed by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis.Results:  A high prevalence of resistance to rifampicin was found, whereas all isolates were susceptible or showed intermediate susceptibility to penicillin and ampicillin and four isolates were unusually susceptible to cefotaxime. No vancomycin or high‐level gentamicin resistance was detected. Nine of 59 isolates were susceptible to quinupristin‐dalfopristin. A fully quinupristin‐dalfopristin‐susceptible isolate also susceptible to clindamycin produced a truncated Lsa polypeptide, and an isolate with borderline quinupristin‐dalfopristin‐susceptibility had mutations proximal to the predicted ribosomal binding site. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed that the same root canal could harbor two different strains of E. faecalis during the course of the same infection.Conclusion:  Despite the differing antibiotic usage in Finland and Lithuania, E. faecalis from endodontic infections in these countries showed similar susceptibility patterns with levels of resistance considered typical for the species, and decreased resistance to clindamycin and quinupristin‐dalfopristin as well as lesions in the lsa gene which were similar to those described in other clinical isolates.
Actions of Somatostatin on Rat Neocortical Neurons in vitro
Authors: Vidal C. , Zieglgänsberger W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of somatostatin (SS14) on neocortical neurons of the rat were investigated in an in vitro slice preparation. Intracellular recordings were performed in neurons (n=30) in layers 2 and 3 of the frontal cortex.Iontophoretically applied SS14 reduced the responses evoked by iontophoretically applied L‐glutamate (GLU) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). The blocking effect of SS14 was apparent 1–2 min after onset of SS14 application and recovery required 2–3 min. The conductance increase evoked by GLU or GABA was reduced by SS14. In the majority of neurons, SS14 did not produce any measurable changes in passive membrane properties, spike threshold or on orthodromically evoked synaptic potentials. In 5 cells, SS14 induced a slight hyperpolarization (<3 mV).These results lend further support to claims that SS14 plays a neuromodulatory role in the neocortex.
Modular Connections between Areas V2 and V4 of Macaque Monkey Visual Cortex
Authors: Zeki S. , Shipp S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have studied the connections between two visual areas of macaque monkey cortex, V2 and V4, by injecting wheat‐germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (HRP‐WGA) into V4 and examining the distribution of labelled cells and terminals in V2, in relation to its characteristically striped cytochrome oxidase architecture. The cells projecting from V2 to V4 are arranged in bands and the number of bands per cycle of cytochrome oxidase stripes varies (one cycle consists of a thin stripe, a thick stripe and two interstripes). In the Type 1 connectivity pattern, there is just one band per cycle, centred over the thin stripes but normally spreading into the neighbouring interstripes. In the Type 2 connectivity pattern there are two bands per cycle, generally rather narrower and centred over the interstripes. Thick stripes are mostly free of labelled cells. The return projection from V4 to V2, whilst being concentrated in the vicinity of the labelled cells, is more diffusely distributed and invades the territory of all the stripes.