bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Feasibility Studies for the Design of the Leningrad Flood Barrier
Authors: MANEVICH Ya. Z. , MISHCHENKO S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlood events in Leningrad occur almost every year and are caused by the propagation of long waves forming as a result of serious depressions in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland. The flood‐defence works extend along the boundary between Neva Bay and the Gulf of Finland. One of the main requirements is to maximize the existing natural hydraulic conditions when there is no danger of flooding.During the course of hydraulic studies, the currents and water levels in the enclosed water area were investigated during and after construction of a flood barrier. Model studies were carried out at the design stage and throughout the entire construction period.
Groundwater Abstraction and River Flows
Authors: OWEN M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConsiderable attention has been focused in the last few years on certain rivers which are perceived to be experiencing increasingly frequent low flows. A common feature of these is a high level of abstraction, predominantly of groundwater. The mechanics of the effect of groundwater abstraction on river flow are outlined in the paper and illustrated by reference to the River Colne in the Chilterns. The National Rivers Authority is actively investigating these low flow conditions both regionally and nationally. Approaches to the philosophy of alleviation schemes and two national research and development projects relevant to general principles are discussed. The issue of low flows is set in the context of achieving a balance between the uses of water resources for supply and to support the environment.
Water Quality of the North Sea: Concerns and Control Measures
Authors: ZABEL T. F. , MILLER D. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe quality of the North Sea has become a topic high on the political agenda. Various claims have been made about quality deterioration but hard evidence has been less available. The paper reviews these concerns, summarizes the scientific evidence and considers the specific contaminants involved, together with estimates of inputs and the available controls. The new initiatives stemming from the Ministerial conferences and the evolving legislation should go a long way towards producing reassurance on the one hand and solutions to real problems on the other.
Protection of the Mediterranean Marine Environment
Authors: SALIBA L. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe specific problems of the Mediterranean, leading to progressive deterioration of the marine environment as a result of an interplay of climatic, oceanographic and socio‐economic factors requiring cooperative in addition to individual intervention, are briefly described, and areas of concern are identified. Events leading to the adoption of the Mediterranean Action Plan in 1975 by governments of the region, to control the situation, are outlined.The main components of the Action Plan (legal, environmental assessment and environmental management) and institutional and financial framework, together with its gradual evolution from a mainly marine pollution orientated programme into a comprehensive environmental one for the whole of the Mediterranean basin, are described.The Plan's achievements in (i) the progressive reduction of marine pollution at source, (ii) the establishment and enhancement of national pollution monitoring programmes, (iii) the formulation and adoption of common environmental quality criteria and standards, (iv) the creation of alternative scenarios for Mediterranean development, and (v) orientation towards integrated coastal zone planning and management programmes, are discussed, together with technical and political problems in implementation.The role of the Mediterranean Action Plan as a potential model for other regions is appraised.
The Impact of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
Authors: WRIGHT P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the last two years significant policy and legislative developments have taken place in the UK and in the EC in respect of sewage treatment and disposal and the dumping of sewage sludge at sea. Details of the UK Government's sewage‐treatment initiative and its decision to stop the dumping of sewage sludge at sea by 1998 are described. An outline is given of the provisions of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, in particular those provisions concerned with sewage treatment, trade effluent discharges from prescribed industrial sectors, and the termination of dumping of sewage sludge at sea. The implications of these developments for Scottish sewerage authorities are summarized and provisional estimated costs of meeting these new obligations are given. The opportunities available to contractors and equipment manufacturers are highlighted.
A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Surface and Groundwaters in the UK
Authors:   THE NATIONAL CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SURVEY GROUP
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Badenoch Group of Experts on Cryptosporidium recommended that a survey should be made of river and borehole sources to assess the incidence of oocysts. This paper presents the results of a national survey of three river stretches and six boreholes carried out between January 1990 and March 1991. A total of 1754 samples were analysed and 266 (15%) of these were subjected to independent checks in reference laboratories. The results show a low incidence of oocysts in the sources (range 0–4 oocysts/1). One river stretch gave consistent positive results but with low concentrations (range 0.04–3 oocysts/1, n = 318). Parallel epidemiological studies showed a low incidence of cases in the community, none of which could be related specifically to water supplies. The concentrations of oocysts found are generally lower than those found in studies in the US particularly in comparison with published results for large industrialized rivers.
National Rivers Authority Initiatives in the Development of Portable Monitoring Equipment
Authors: ADAMS J. R. W. , DOLBY J. C. , WILLIAMS P. N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of automated equipment for monitoring water quality is a concept which has received considerable impetus since the Water Act 1989 was introduced. This paper reports on two initiatives by the National Rivers Authority to develop systems for use in their role as the guardians of the water environment. Portable systems have been developed for detection of episodic pollution events and instantaneous spot measurement of water quality.This paper outlines the principal activities of the development of the systems and their use.
Water Quality and Management Strategies in London's Docklands
Authors: DAWSON J. B. , GUGANESHARAJAH K. , THAKE BRENDA 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTRegeneration and changes in land use in London's Docklands have resulted in new water quality requirements. Areas previously occupied by docks now form part of redevelopment projects which have made a feature of the water.The paper describes a project to provide water that is aesthetically pleasing and of a quality suitable for water contact recreational activities.An extensive programme of water sampling and analysis was carried out to gain an understanding of the processes affecting water quality, including the monitoring of algal growth. The river is the main source of nutrients in the docks, which results in large concentrations of algal biomass and bacterial contamination. The principal strategy is to limit light via artificial mixing systems supplemented by limiting the inflow of nutrients from the river.The results from the water sampling programme have been used to build a 3D computer model with a supporting graphic information system to attain (a) qualitative evaluations of management and development options, and (b) short‐term predictions of changes in water quality.
Experiences of Biological Iron and Manganese Removal in Finland
Authors: SEPPÁNEN H. T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTEven though groundwater resources in Finland are adequate, and theoretically the total water consumption could be supplied from this source, in practice only about 50% of the total consumption is from groundwater. There are thousands of unconnected small aquifers dispersed all over the country, and the use of these as water supplies is not economically possible.Biological iron and manganese removal systems appear to be a promising alternative to chemical treatment. In Finland the following biological treatment systems are in use: (i) VYREDOX method; (ii) overland flow method; (iii) slow sand filtration; (iv) re‐infiltration; and (v) biological reactors.Active iron and manganese bacteria play the most essential role in all these applications, and different methods of removal are discussed in detail in the paper.
Speciation as an Aid to Understanding the Chemistry of Water Treatment
Authors: KERR C. A. , BUCKLEY C. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe deliberate formation of solid precipitates is a treatment process commonly used to remove undesirable ions from solution. Where the chemistry of the water to be treated is complex, a knowledge of the chemical species present, and their concentrations, can be an effective tool in evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment process and in optimizing reagent dosage and operator control. The use of chemical equilibrium speciation computer programs offers a relatively rapid method to determine the type and concentrations of chemical species present at equilibrium. Some sulphate‐rich waters of significance to South Africa have been speciated using the MINTEQA2 computer program. The effects of treating these waters with barium carbonate have been evaluated. The computer predictions of treated water quality have been experimentally verified.
Cryptosporidium and Water: A Review
Authors: SMITH H. V. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTInfection with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is now recognized to cause acute self‐limiting gastroenteritis in immunocompetent human beings, and in certain groups of immunocompromised individuals symptoms can persist indefinitely. There is no effective specific drug treatment for cryptosporidiosis. Transmission of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts via the waterborne route has received attention recently because of the outbreaks which have occurred both in the US and the UK, affecting large numbers of people. This paper reviews the disease in humans, the significance of the waterborne route of infection, and identifies gaps in our current knowledge which the National Cryptosporidium Research Programme attempts to address.
Biological Wastewater Treatment under the Influence of Pressure
Authors: ELLIS K. V. , MORTIMER G. H. , BERKTAY A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAn investigation is reported into the effect of pressures of up to 6 bar on the operation of a laboratory‐scale rotating biological contactor. All results are compared with those of an identical reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. Few previous results relating to the effect of pressure on biological wastewater treatment could be found in the literature. Although improved BOD and COD removal (compared to that of the reference unit) was evident as the pressure was increased, the principal benefits of increasing pressure were recorded as being (a) significantly improved nitrification, and (b) a decrease in the sludge yield coefficient. Both these factors improved regularly with increasing pressure, although there is some indication that the production of total oxidized nitrogen might have been affected at the highest pressure employed.
Effect of the EC Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive on Marine Treatment Practice
Authors: HUNTINGTON R. , CHAMBERS B. , DEMPSEY P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe EC Directive on urban wastewater treatment will have a considerable impact on the methods used for the treatment and disposal of sewage at coastal locations. The Directive requires the natural processes involved in marine treatment to be enhanced by the use of land‐based treatment to meet the same standards.This paper discusses the implications of this change, in particular the problems involved in constructing and operating conventional treatment plants at coastal locations. Planning problems, both locally and on a catchment basis, are considered. It is concluded that these difficulties point to a need for new thinking in catchment planning and in the design and construction methods used for treating wastewaters in coastal communities. This is illustrated with UK and continental examples.In addition, the implications in terms of outfall design are discussed. It is shown that the change of emphasis towards land‐based treatment does not necessarily reduce the need for a high degree of dilution and dispersion in the sea in order to meet environmental standards. As a result, sound planning, design and operation of long sea outfalls remain as important as ever.
EC and UK Legislation on Environmental Assessment and its Effect on the UK Water Industry
Authors: TURPIN T. , BSc FRANCES FREARS 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of the practice and purpose of environmental assessment (EA) both in the UK and overseas is reviewed, and the implementation of European Commission EA legislation into the UK planning system is examined, together with its relevance to the water industry. The effects and obligations on the industry are discussed with reference to practice prior to and since the introduction of EA legislation. The process of EA is illustrated by reference to the River Avon Sluices Scheme being undertaken by NRA (Severn Trent), and the environmental statements being prepared in accordance with SI 1217. Likely future developments in EA are suggested.
Development of a Decision Support System for Drought Management within North West Water
Authors: WALKER SUSAN , JOWITT P. W. , BUNCH A. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhilst droughts, by their nature, are not frequently occurring events, it is essential, for prudent management of water‐resources systems, to have analytical tools available for the effective management of the risks to water supplies when such events do occur.Within North West Water Limited, modelling techniques have been developed and applied over a number of years, which allow water‐supply managers to be provided with information concerning risks to supply within the Company's water‐resources systems.The paper describes how these modelling techniques have been integrated within a decision support system for drought management. Two different approaches have been used. Firstly, enhancement by the implementation of a user‐friendly interface and, secondly, the development of a knowledge‐based system. The problems and benefits of each approach are discussed.
Operational Aspects of Three ‘Selectors’in Relation to Aeration Tank Ecology and Stable Foam Formation
Authors: FOOT R. J. , ROBINSON M. S. , FORSTER C. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of ‘selectors’to control the filamentous bacteria which promote bulking in activated sludge is a well‐established concept. However, their use as a control measure for stable foams is still to be optimized. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation into the use of selectors at three sewage‐treatment works where stable foams occurred regularly. Chemical and biological data are reported together with the redox potentials in the selector zones. Taken overall, the results suggest that selectors cannot be designed or built on an ad hoc basis if the foam‐producing filaments are to be controlled.
Sustainable Development for River Catchments
Authors: GARDINER J. L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with some of the strategic issues arising from the consideration of the sustainable development of river catchments. Principles and best practice are discussed, both in general terms and as challenges to professionals involved with the coordinated planning and management of river catchments.Points are illustrated with reference to experience in the highly developed River Thames catchment, where the many demands made on the water environment require complex multifunctional decision‐making.Sustainability offers a new paradigm and common language to support decision‐making for sustainable development. The appropriate institutional and legislative framework will be supported by tools such as environmental appraisal, strategic environmental assessment and economic instruments. Within this context, the implicit partnership between asset management planning, catchment management planning and land‐use planning has the potential to deliver sustainable development for the water environment, through a process which may be called ‘total’ catchment planning.It is suggested that source control will play a major role in the search for ‘prevention rather than cure’ as a basic principle of sustainability.
Operation of Submerged Filters by Anglian Water Services Ltd
Authors: MEANEY B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince the introduction of submerged filters for sewage treatment in Europe, process improvements have been rapid. Downflow submerged filters using natural medium have been superseded by upflow filters using synthetic floating medium. Many advantages have been claimed for these systems and Anglian Water have investigated the operation of the Biobed and Filtabed submerged filters for carbonaceous oxidation, nitrification and suspended‐solids removal. The process is based on the use of a bed of floating plastic beads (2–5 mm) through which the sewage flows in an upward direction. The reactor is aerated or non‐aerated according to the required application. Results have shown the process to be capable of producing an effluent containing less than 2 mg/l amm.N and 5 mg/l SS. Backwash water requirements are less than 1%. The Biobead/Filtabead systems are designed to be competitive with regard to area, capital and operating costs.
A Gradual Rehabilitation Programme for Combined Sewerage Systems
Authors: KIRYU T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Kannai‐Yamashita district, which is Yokohama's administrative and economic heart, was the first part of the city to be installed with a modern sewerage system. This district is served by combined sewers, many of which have extensive pipe deterioration, shallow covering, and insufficient capacity. Whilst rehabilitation of these sewers has therefore been an urgent priority, flood alleviation has been given even greater precedence.It was consequently decided (a) to construct supplementary storm trunk sewers and a stormwater pumping station to mitigate flooding, and (b) to implement a systematic rehabilitation of the sewers on a gradual basis. Studies of branch sewer rehabilitation also used a surcharge model in the interest of achieving an economical and efficient design.
Developments in European Water Policy
Authors: ZABEL T. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSignificant changes to the existing European Community (EC) legislation for the protection of the aquatic environment are being contemplated by the EC Commission. In addition, the emphasis on sustainable development in the Fifth EC Environmental Action Programme will focus attention on economic instruments to be applied in support of legislation. The EC eco‐labelling and auditing schemes, although voluntary, will lead to more environmentally acceptable products and processes. The paper discusses the likely future EC regulatory system for the protection of the aquatic environment and how the supporting EC initiatives will contribute to environmental improvements.
Guessing or Assessing the World's Water Resources?
Authors: RODDA J. C 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIt is something of a paradox that, at this time when the global demand for water is rising faster than ever before, knowledge of the world's water resources is waning. The networks of instruments which provide the basis for this knowledge are considered, with the errors of measurements involved. Work on reducing these errors, particularly the introduction of total quality management, is discussed. The conclusion is reached that a reliable assessment of the world's water resources is some distance away. This presents problems to bodies involved in their development and management and to those organizations who wish to provide the United Nations' Commission for Sustainable Development with an assessment of global water resources for its session in 1997 ‐ an assessment which will then be presented to a special session of the UN General Assembly.
Aeromonads in Drinking‐Water Supplies: Their Occurrence and Significance
Authors: HOLMES P. , NICOLLS L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTraditionally, bacteriological monitoring of drinking‐water supplies has focused on the detection of Escherichia coli and related coliform bacteria. However, attention has recently been given to the occurrence of biofilms and associated organisms which occur in distribution systems. One group of bacteria which have been isolated from water supply systems are the Aeromonads. This group is gaining increased recognition as they have been implicated as causal agents of gastro‐enteritis in humans and are indicators of regrowth potential. In order to obtain a better insight into these organisms and their relationship with other parameters, a number of laboratory and field‐based studies were undertaken. These included (a) comparison of isolation media, (b) examination of biofilms, (c) temperature growth studies, (d) toxicity testing, and (e) sampling and analysis at treatment works and in distribution systems.
Changes in the Distribution of Annual Rainfall in the British Isles
Authors: MAYES J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe spatial distribution of annual rainfall in the British Isles is analysed from 1881 to 1990 with reference to changes in the frequency of airflow types. The influence of more frequent westerly airflows earlier this century is evident in higher rainfall in western areas. Changes from 1941 to 1970 show no evidence of a reversal of this change despite a reduction in the dominance of westerlies. Evidence for an abrupt return to a more vigorous westerly circulation since the mid‐1970s, and associated wetness in north‐west Britain, is found to have parallels with scenarios of future climates produced by recent climate models caused by a strengthening of the temperature gradients which drive the mid‐latitude westerly circulation.
Research and Development in Methods of Soakaway Design
Authors: Pratt C.J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSoakaways have been a traditional method of disposal of stormwater for decades, and their usage has mainly been determined by the absence of a convenient watercourse, drain, or sewer into which to discharge runoff arising from roofs and paved surfaces. Today, soakaways are still being installed at a rate of tens of thousands per annum, despite the extensive storm‐sewer systems in the UK. It is therefore surprising that little systematic research and development has been undertaken into their design and performance, or into the appropriate forms of maintenance to be conducted to extend operational life.The paper briefly describes the recent research into, and design approaches for, the sizing of soakaways. An example is given of the use of Building Research Establishment Digest 365 to review alternative soakaway designs and to assess the cost implications. Some field data are reported which (a) illustrate the seasonal variability and difficulties of determination of the soil infiltration rate, and (b) provide some insight into the pollution issues from the use of soakaways.