bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The availabilities of lysine, methionine and tryptophan in Pruteen by chick growth assay
Authors: Abbey Bene W. , Boorman K. Neil , Lewis Dyfed 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe concentrations of available lysine, methionine and tryptophan in the single‐cell protein, Pruteena (ICI), have been determined by growth assay with young chicks. Symmetrical, six‐point, parallel‐line assays were used with weight gain and gain: food ratio as responses. All diets were balanced as far as possible, especially with respect to essential amino acid composition. Concurrently with the determination of each amino acid in Pruteen, its contents in typical fish and soya bean meals were determined. The assays were acceptable by the statistical criteria used. They yielded estimates of potencies that were realistic in relation to the total contents of lysine, methionine and tryptophan in Pruteen, fish and soya bean meals. The variances of potency estimates were typical of such assays. The values obtained for Pruteen considering both weight gain and gain:food ratio as responses, were about 40 g lysine, 18 g methionine and 8.7 g tryptophan kg−1 air‐dry matter. For lysine and methionine these represent high availabilities of total amino acids. The availability of tryptophan is less clear because of uncertainty about the total content of tryptophan in Pruteen.
Effect of heat treatment of legumes on available lysine
Authors: Almas Kausar , Bender Arnold E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe newer dye‐binding capacity difference method of measuring available lysine in legumes was shown to agree extremely well with the established but laborious fluorodinitrobenzene method. This was true both with raw legumes and with heated samples in which there had been a considerable reduction in the amount of available lysine present. Nine samples of commercially obtained dried legumes were cooked for 1, 2 and 8 h at atmospheric pressure and for 30 min under 15 lb pressure. Losses of available lysine varied with the length and severity of heat treatment and with the type of legume. The variation with the type of legume appears to be due to the amount of reducing sugars in the legumes since both reducing sugars and available lysine fell during heat treatment, and the amount of lysine lost appears to be linked with the amount of reducing sugars initially present or added as glucose.
Desorption of cations from scottish soils by electro‐ultrafiltration
Authors: Sinclair Alex H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSoil cations were desorbed by electro‐ultrafiltration (EUF), i.e. by applying an external electric field to aqueous suspensions, and collecting the cations by ultrafiltration. Three different field strengths were used to obtain several cation fractions in a single extraction run lasting 35 min. Potassium desorbed in 10 min (K10) was closely correlated with the equilibrium activity ratio (AR0) of soil K measured in 0.01M CaCl2, for all but the sandy loam soils, while that desorbed in 35 min (K35) was less than the exchangeable K, but correlated closely with it. EUF values compared favourably with other soil K parameters, determined by conventional methods, for predicting uptake of K by rye‐grass from ten soils during intensive cropping in the glasshouse. Sodium desorbed in 35 min (Na35) approximated to the exchangeable Na, although most of it was desorbed in the first 15 min. Na10 and Na35 accounted for about 56% of the variation in Na uptake by ryegrass at the first cut, and 68% of the variation in the cumulative uptake at the sixth cut. Between 9–24% of the exchangeable calcium was desorbed in 35 min, and magnesium desorbed was closely correlated with both the Mg concentration of the soil saturation extract and the exchangeable Mg. EUF extraction of Mg is less satisfactory than for K, Na and Ca owing to the precipitation of Mg(OH)2 on the cathode filter.
The use of pimaricin as an additive to improve the aerobic stability of silage
Authors: Woolford Michael K. , Cook John E. , Hall D. Malcolm , Bonis Annie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPimaricin was added to samples from each of five crop species to give the following nominal rates of application: 0, 0.011, 0.022, 0.034, 0.045, 0.09 and 0.27 kg t−1 fresh weight and the materials were ensiled in 100 g and 10 kg fresh weight quantities. Pimaricin applied at ensiling at 0.011 or 0.022 kg t−1 reduced aerobic deterioration in three of the five crops—ryegrass, lucerne and tall fescue; a much higher rate of 0.27 kg t−1 was required with silages made from red clover and maize. This beneficial effect occurred even though only from 1‐66% of the pimaricin initially applied was recovered after the period of anaerobic storage in the silos. Pimaricin had no apparent effect on the course of fermentation nor on the composition of the silages, all of which were well preserved.
Growth and body composition of young entire male pigs fed diets of differing ingredient composition and nutrient quality
Authors: Tullis J. Bronwyn , Henderson Ruth , Whittemore Colin T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐eight pairs of entire male Large White pigs of 5.59 kg liveweight were grown to 25 kg. They were offered two diets of different nutrient density and ingredient content: the diets (S and C) contained 16 and 15 MJ DE (digestible energy) and 235 and 214 g CP (crude protein) kg−1 dry matter, respectively. A liveweight of 25 kg was reached in 43.4 days by pigs given diet S and in 57.5 days by pigs given diet C (P < 0.001). Total feed intakes were 33.6 and 42.5 kg( P < 0.001), respectively, but differences in daily feed intake (0.81 and 0.76 kg) were not significant. Chemical composition of the empty body was not affected by nutritional regime (12.4% lipid, 15.8% protein). The mean daily rates of protein deposition over the 5.59 to 25 kg growth phase were 64 g (S) and 55 g (C).
A comparison of two sampling methods for the estimation of dry matter and mineral content of swede roots
Authors: Dyson Peter W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe composition of swede roots is normally estimated from samples of cores, from which the outer tissue is cut off to minimise soil contamination. Cylindrical cores contain a disproportionally large amount of xylem tissue which has a relatively low dry matter (DM), N, Ca, Na and Mg content and a high K content. Segments are the only subsamples of swede roots which have the correct proportions of xylem, phloem and skin. Several hundred samples of cores and segments were analysed to determine whether correction factors could be applied to data obtained from the less laborious method of taking cores. The mean correction factors for the cultivar Doon Major were 1.08 for DM content and 1.11, 1.01, 0.75, 1.30, 1.48 and 1.55 for N, P, K, Ca, Na and Mg, respectively. However, these factors varied, depending on site, season, fertiliser treatment and root size. Therefore, constant correction factors can not be generally applied and cores must be regarded as unsatisfactory for estimating the composition and nutrient uptake of swedes. The errors involved in determining P content from core samples appeared to be relatively insignificant.
Gross interference by sulphur dioxide in standard determinations of wine phenolics
Authors: Somers T. Chris , Ziemelis Guntis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere is a very strong interaction between sulphur dioxide (SO2) and 0‐dihydroxy phenols in response to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, currently the established procedure for analysis of total phenols in wines and plant extracts. Because of this previously unsuspected interference, the method is shown to be generally quite invalid in application to white wines; measures of total phenols may be magnified several‐fold by the SO2 artefact. By use of model solutions, it has been shown that the extent of interference depends primarily on the molar ratio of SO2:0‐dihydroxy phenols. The mechanism of the artefact can be interpreted with reference to the chemistry of the photographic process, in which the oxidation‐reduction reactions involved in image development are similarly mediated by the presence of bisulphite in alkaline solution.
Determination of phytic acid in rapeseed meal
Authors: Uppström Bengt , Svensson Rita 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new method has been developed for the determination of phytic acid in rapeseed meal based on extraction of the phytate with 15% trichloroacetic acid. After enzymatic hydrolysis with phytase from wheat, the phosphate is determined spectrophotometrically. The method has been applied to a number of varieties of rapeseed. The variation within a variety was nearly as high as within a population of varieties of the same species. The results imply that the phytic acid content of rapeseed is mostly influenced by environmental factors such as the availability of phosphorus in the soil.
Cellulose xanthate as a soil conditioner: Field trials
Authors: Page E. Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe soil conditioning effects of cellulose xanthate were investigated in eight field trials conducted at widely distributed sites, which were chosen for their records of depressed seedling emergence caused by soil capping. At those sites where weather conditions produced a cap strong enough to reduce seedling emergence, cellulose xanthate, as a 1% aqueous solution applied at 22 kg cellulose ha−1, prevented capping and improved emergence. At other sites, where caps developed only after emergence, cellulose xanthate also prevented capping and increased the water stability of soil aggregates on the treated plots. The material had no depressive effect on growth of any of the crops (lettuce, onions, carrots, leeks, sugar beet), nor was there any interaction with herbicides. Tasting trials failed to detect any taint in lettuce or parsnips grown on treated plots.
A simulation model for the leaching of borate in soils and pulverised fuel ash
Authors: Burns Ian G. , Collier Graham F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA layer model for predicting the leaching of unadsorbed anions from unstructured soils has been extended to enable forecasts of the effects of rainfall on the redistribution and losses of weakly adsorbed ions, such as borate, to be made. The model is based on easily measured parameters including field capacity and the initial water and borate contents of each of the soil layers and calculates the redistribution of borate from the excess rainfall over evaporation. The partitioning of borate between the adsorbed and solution phases during leaching is calculated using a modified Langmuir isotherm equation. An advantage of the model is that it requires no specially fitted parameters which must be derived from separate leaching experiments. The model was tested against the results of published experiments on the leaching of borate from soil columns. Agreement with the experimental data was good and only marginally inferior to the agreement obtained using a more sophisticated model which required more detailed input information. The model was also used to forecast the amount of rainfall needed to reduce the concentration of borate in a sample of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) to a non‐toxic level. The results were consistent with the limited experimental data available. There was also reasonable agreement between the predictions of the model and the results of an experiment in which borate was leached from columns of PFA using a limited range of irrigation treatments.
Effects of fine‐particle amendments on the hydraulic properties of coarse soils
Authors: Stone David A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree coarse‐textured soils were amended with pulverised fuel ash and two similar fine‐particle materials, fluidised combustor ash and ground silica sand. Incorporation of the amendments to the Ap horizon of the soils increased available water retention by up to 70%. The additional water was mainly held at matric potentials between −0.05 and −1 bar. A concomitant increase in hydraulic conductivity and soil water diffusivity over the same potential range indicates, however, that the increase in water retention was at least partially offset by greater evaporation from the soil surface. This could explain the poor crop response to increases in available water capacity (AWC) reported in previous work and questions the importance placed on AWC in current soil productivity classification.
The glucosinolate content of Brassica vegetables. A chemotaxonomic approach to cultivar identification
Authors: Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuantitative differences in the relative glucosinolate content of Brussels sprouts have been used to assist differentiation between cultivars. The glucosinolate pattern of each individual cultivar, determined directly using gas chromatography, has been found to vary only slightly with growing site. Differing patterns of glucosinolates have been noted amongst the corresponding seeds, thus complementing the data obtained from the mature vegetable.
The relationship between the in vivo digestibility of hay and its solubility in pepsin–hydrochloric acid and fungal cellulase solutions
Authors: Adamson Alan H. , Terry Geoffrey R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe determination of the solubility of the organic matter (OM) of hay in pepsin‐hydrochloric acid and fungal cellulase solution according to the method of Jones and Hayward1 gave reproducible results when applied to four hays with solubilities of 51.5, 49.1, 63.5 and 40.2%. In addition the correlation of the soluble OM determined by the cellulase solubility technique and in vivo digestibility studies for 34 hays produced highly significant correlations for the digestibility of the OM in the dry matter (DM) (r=0.91, RSD ± 2.180) and the OM digestibility (r=0.91, RSD ± 2.362). These data indicate that the determination of the solubility of OM in fungal enzyme solution is an acceptable method for the prediction of in vivo digestibility of the OM in the DM of hays.
The uptake and distribution of copper in perennial ryegrass and white clover grown in flowing solution culture with a controlled supply of copper
Authors: Jarvis Stephen C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe uptake and distribution of copper was examined in perennial ryegrass and white clover when these were grown in flowing solution culture with a controlled supply of copper at 0.025 mg litre−1 (0.4 μM). Although the concentration of copper in the shoots of white clover was greater than that in those of ryegrass, there was no difference between the two species in (i) absorption per unit of root or (ii) the transport of copper from roots to shoots. Differences in the growth patterns of the two plants may be responsible for differences in copper concentration in their dry matter. The proportion of the shoot's copper that was associated with cell walls fell, during growth over 33 days, from 23 to 12% in ryegrass and from 35 to 7% in white clover. There was some indication that terminating the supply of phosphate to the plants (which did not affect absorption by roots or transport to shoots) may have increased the degree of association of copper with the cell walls of the shoots.
The effect of fermentation temperature on the quality parameters and price evaluation of Central African black teas
Authors: Cloughley John B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTea was fermented at 15, 25 and 35°C and otherwise manufactured according to commercial practice on several occasions in early May and mid‐November 1977. Fermentation at 15°C resulted in teas containing greater amounts of the desirable theaflavin class of pigments. Teas produced at the higher temperatures contained more of the thearubigin pigments, including the polymeric fraction known as the non‐dialysable material. Colour development was also more rapid at 25 and 35°C. Teas produced at the low temperature were accorded higher evaluation and a linear relationship between evaluation and theaflavin content was established which explained > 70% of the variation in value data. It is suggested that, since the price premium for quality is high and the market stable, the installation of temperature control equipment to regulate the production of oxidation products would improve the quality of the product and benefit Central African tea industry.
Phenolic constituents of mesophyll and non‐mesophyll cell walls from leaf laminae of Lolium perenne
Authors: Harris Philip J. , Hartley Roy D. , Lowry Katharine H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstracttrans‐Ferulic acid was the main phenolic constituent released when walls of mesophyll and non‐mesophyll cells from leaf laminae of Lolium perenne L. were treated with sodium hydroxide. cis‐Ferulic, trans and cis‐p‐coumaric, p‐hydroxybenzoic and diferulic acids were also present. Mesophyll and non‐mesophyll cell walls contained similar amounts of ferulic acid (approximately 6 mg g−1 cell wall), but mesophyll walls contained only small amounts of p‐coumaric acid (0.4 mg g−1 cell wall) compared with those of non‐mesophyll (3 mg g−1 cell wall).
A gas chromatographic method for the determination of pentosans
Authors: Folkes David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of pentosans by gas chromatographic analysis of furfural produced by acid treatment is presented. Samples are treated with 3.85m hydrochloric acid and the furfural produced partitioned in situ into di‐butyl ether. Furfural is measured by gas chromatography with acetophenone as internal standard. The method is calibrated against xylose which is taken through an identical hydrolysis procedure. When applied to starch and flour samples, the method showed good precision with a coefficient of variation of 2–4% depending upon sample type.
Methods for methionine and cyst(e)ine determination. A comparison between two institutes
Authors: Chavana Suparath , Haque Azizul , Njaa Leif R. , Pettersen Jan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethods for determination of sulphur‐containing amino acids in protein concentrates were compared between two institutes. Methionine determined by gas‐liquid chromatography and colorimetrically by iodoplatinate gave comparable results. For cyst‐(e)ine three modifications of liquid chromatography determination after performic acid oxidation, one determination with a cysteine specific ninhydrin reagent and one determination based on transforming cyst(e)ine‐S to cadmium sulphide and atomic absorption determination of cadmium, were compared. It is concluded that the best which can be hoped for in a cyst(e)ine method is to obtain results which may be used for comparisons within a laboratory.
The effect of low level exposure to dietary cadmium, on cadmium, zinc, copper and iron contents of selected tissues of growing lambs
Authors: Dalgarno Alexander C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐four, 13–14 week pregnant Cheviot ewes were offered either a basal grass cube diet containing 0.3 mg cadmium (Cd) kg−1, or the same diet supplemented with Cd to give dietary Cd contents of 3.4 or 6.4 mg Cd kg−1. Increasing dietary Cd had no effect on numbers of viable offspring or mean birth weight of lambs. After weaning, some of the lambs were maintained on the same diets as their respective dams for approximately 280 days. Increased dietary Cd had no effect on food intake or carcass weight at slaughter. The liver zinc content of lambs consuming the diet with the highest Cd content declined significantly. Increasing the dietary content of Cd decreased the retention of copper by the liver. At slaughter, Cd could not be detected in blood nor in muscle tissues selected to represent prime cuts of edible carcass meat. In contrast, increased dietary Cd resulted in significantly elevated liver and kidney Cd contents.
The nutritive value of field peas (Pisum sativum) in an oat‐based diet for laying hens
Authors: Davidson John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn an experiment with laying hens, an oat‐based diet containing one‐third ground field peas (Pisum sativum) supported egg production which was only half that on a control diet containing fishmeal. Either the addition of methionine to the diet or processing the peas by heating and flaking, increased egg production to about three‐quarters of the control output. Methionine supplementation in addition to heat processing of the peas allowed full egg production.
The transnitrosation of N‐methylaniline by a protein‐bound nitrite model system in relation to N‐nitrosamine formation in cured meats
Authors: Dennis M. John , Massey Robert C. , McWeeny David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reactions of sodium nitrite, S‐nitrosocysteine hydrochloride, S‐nitrosoglutathione and a ‘protein‐bound nitrite’ model system with N‐methylaniline at pH 5.5 and 37°C have been compared. The results show that the rate of nitrosamine formation from sodium nitrite and S‐nitrosocysteine is greater than that from the model system although the latter depends upon the local concentration of nitrosothiol groups on the matrix. Transnitrosation by S‐nitrosoglutathione is considerably slower than the other reactions. The implications of the results with respect to nitrosamine formation in cured meat are discussed.
An extraction method for evaluating the seed proteins of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp]
Authors: Tella Ayoni F. , Ojehomon Ojeaga O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSimple procedures were tested for the rapid extraction and estimation of albumins, globulins, glutelins and gliadins in cowpea seeds. The extraction methods were based on the differential solubilities of these fractions in buffered 2% NaCl, 0.01M NaOH and 80% aqueous ethanol. Further analysis of the fractions was carried out by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which showed that each fraction was a distinct entity. The total extractable protein contents of the varieties analysed varied from 19.0 to 25.7% but the relative amounts of the protein fractions changed between each other in a complementary way, such that some varieties were rich in a particular protein fraction but deficient in another. The procedure finally adopted appeared to be reasonable and convenient but it was not suitable for very dark‐coloured seeds.
Spectrophotometric determination of inorganic chloride in butter and margarine
Authors: Lau O. W. , Mok C. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of inorganic chloride in butter and margarine has been developed. The new method is based upon the aqueous mercury(II) thiocyanate method in which thiocyanate liberated by chloride reacts with iron(III) to give an iron(III)‐thiocyanate complex with an absorption maximum at 476 nm.
The measurement of sulphur‐containing amino acids in some scottish soils
Authors: Scott Norman M. , Bick Walter , Anderson Hamish A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCysteic acid and methionine sulphone were measured in soil hydrolysates by ion exchange chromatography, after pretreatment of the soil with performic acid. In four mineral soils these amino acids accounted for 19‐31% of the carbon‐bonded sulphur measured by difference between total organic sulphur and total organic sulphate, but only 8% in a peat. When carbon‐bonded sulphur is measured directly by reduction with Raney‐Nickel, however, the amounts are lower, and cysteic acid and methionine sulphone together account for 80‐100% of the values for the mineral soils and 50% of that for the peat. It seems therefore that Raney‐Nickel reduces only a fraction of the carbon‐bonded sulphur consisting mainly of amino acid sulphur.