bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed
Authors: Maes Ludovic D. , Herbin Marc , Hackert Rémi , Bels Vincent L. , Abourachid Anick 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYOnly a few studies on quadrupedal locomotion have investigated symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the same framework because the mechanisms underlying these two types of gait seem to be different and it took a long time to identify a common set of parameters for their simultaneous study. Moreover,despite the clear importance of the spatial dimension in animal locomotion,the relationship between temporal and spatial limb coordination has never been quantified before. We used anteroposterior sequence (APS) analysis to analyse 486 sequences from five malinois (Belgian shepherd) dogs moving at a large range of speeds (from 0.4 to 10.0 m s–1) to compare symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits through kinematic and limb coordination parameters. Considerable continuity was observed in cycle characteristics,from walk to rotary gallop, but at very high speeds an increase in swing duration reflected the use of sagittal flexibility of the vertebral axis to increase speed. This change occurred after the contribution of the increase in stride length had become the main element driving the increase in speed– i.e. when the dogs had adopted asymmetrical gaits. As the left and right limbs of a pair are linked to the same rigid structure, spatial coordination within pairs of limbs reflected the temporal coordination within pairs of limbs whatever the speed. By contrast, the relationship between the temporal and spatial coordination between pairs of limb was found to depend on speed and trunk length. For trot and rotary gallop, this relationship was thought also to depend on the additional action of trunk flexion and leg angle at footfall.
Singing with reduced air sac volume causes uniform decrease in airflow and sound amplitude in the zebra finch
Authors: Plummer Emily Megan , Goller Franz 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSong of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is a complex temporal sequence generated by a drastic change to the regular oscillations of the normal respiratory pattern. It is not known how respiratory functions,such as supply of air volume and gas exchange, are controlled during song. To understand the integration between respiration and song, we manipulated respiration during song by injecting inert dental medium into the air sacs. Increased respiratory rate after injections indicates that the reduction of air affected quiet respiration and that birds compensated for the reduced air volume. During song, air sac pressure, tracheal airflow and sound amplitude decreased substantially with each injection. This decrease was consistently present during each expiratory pulse of the song motif irrespective of the air volume used. Few changes to the temporal pattern of song were noted, such as the increased duration of a minibreath in one bird and the decrease in duration of a long syllable in another bird. Despite the drastic reduction in air sac pressure, airflow and sound amplitude, no increase in abdominal muscle activity was seen. This suggests that during song, birds do not compensate for the reduced physiological or acoustic parameters. Neither somatosensory nor auditory feedback mechanisms appear to effect a correction in expiratory effort to compensate for reduced air sac pressure and sound amplitude.
Heat increment of feeding in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and its potential for thermal substitution
Authors: Enstipp Manfred R. , Grémillet David , Jones David R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYDiving endotherms inhabiting polar regions face potentially high thermoregulatory costs. Unless properly insulated, these animals will lose vast amounts of heat when diving in cold water, which has to be balanced by heat production. Heat generated as a by-product of digestion (heat increment of feeding, HIF) or from exercising muscles might be important in maintaining thermal balance under such conditions, as it would reduce the need for shivering thermogenesis. Recording the rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2),respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and stomach temperature, we studied the magnitude and duration of HIF in seven double-crested cormorants(Phalacrocorax auritus) following the voluntary ingestion of a single herring (Clupea pallasi) while birds rested in air. Conducting trials at thermoneutral (21.1±0.2°C) and sub-thermoneutral temperatures(5.5±0.7°C), we investigated the potential of HIF for thermal substitution. After the ingestion of a 100 g herring at thermoneutral conditions, V̇O2was elevated for an average of 328±28 min, during which time birds consumed 2697±294 ml O2 in excess of the resting rate. At sub-thermoneutral conditions, duration (228±6 min) and magnitude(1391±271 ml O2) of V̇O2elevation were significantly reduced. This indicates that cormorants are able to use the heat generated as by-product of digestion to substitute for regulatory thermogenesis, if heat loss is sufficiently high. Altering meal size during sub-thermoneutral trials, we also found that HIF in cormorants was significantly greater after larger food intake. Based on these experimental results, a simple calculation suggests that substitution from HIF might reduce the daily thermoregulatory costs of double-crested cormorants wintering in coastal British Columbia by ∼38%. Magnitude of HIF and its potential for thermal substitution should be integrated into bioenergetic models to avoid overestimating energy expenditure in these top predators.
Conservation of structure, signaling and pharmacology between two serotonin receptor subtypes from decapod crustaceans,Panulirus interruptusandProcambarus clarkii
Authors: Spitzer Nadja , Edwards Donald H. , Baro Deborah J. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSerotonin (5-HT) plays important roles in the maintenance and modulation of neural systems throughout the animal kingdom. The actions of 5-HT have been well characterized for several crustacean model circuits; however, a dissection of the serotonergic transduction cascades operating in these models has been hampered by the lack of pharmacological tools for invertebrate receptors. Here we provide pharmacological profiles for two 5-HT receptors from the swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii: 5-HT2βand 5-HT1α. In so doing, we also report the first functional expression of a crustacean 5-HT1 receptor, and show that it inhibits accumulation of cAMP. The drugs mCPP and quipazine are 5-HT1α agonists and are ineffective at 5-HT2β. Conversely, methiothepin and cinanserin are antagonists of 5-HT2β but do not block 5-HT1α. A comparison of these two receptors with their orthologs from the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus,indicates conservation of protein structure, signaling and pharmacology. This conservation extends beyond crustacean infraorders. The signature residues that form the ligand-binding pocket in mammalian 5-HT receptors are found in the crustacean receptors. Similarly, the protein domains involved in G protein coupling are conserved between the two crustacean receptors and other characterized arthropod and mammalian 5-HT receptors. Considering the apparent conservation of pharmacological properties between crustacean 5-HT receptors,these tools could be applicable to related crustacean physiological preparations.
Time-variant spectral peak and notch detection in echolocation-call sequences in bats
Authors: Genzel Daria , Wiegrebe Lutz 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Bats are able to recognize and discriminate three-dimensional objects in complete darkness by analyzing the echoes of their ultrasonic emissions. Bats typically ensonify objects from different aspects to gain an internal representation of the three-dimensional object shape. Previous work suggests that, as a result, bats rely on the echo-acoustic analysis of spectral peaks and notches. Dependent on the aspect of ensonification, this spectral interference pattern changes over time in an object-specific manner. The speed with which the bats' auditory system can follow time-variant spectral interference patterns is unknown.
Here, we measured the detection thresholds for temporal variations in the spectral content of synthesized echolocation calls in the echolocating bat, Megaderma lyra. In a two-alternative, forced-choice procedure, bats were trained to discriminate synthesized echolocation-call sequences with time-variant spectral peaks or notches from echolocation-call sequences with invariant peaks or notches. Detection thresholds of the spectral modulations were measured by varying the modulation depth of the time-variant echolocation-call sequences for modulation rates ranging from 2 to 16 Hz. Both for spectral peaks and notches, modulation-detection thresholds were at a modulation depth of ∼11% of the centre frequency. Interestingly,thresholds were relatively independent of modulation rate. Acknowledging reservations about direct comparisons of active-acoustic and passive-acoustic auditory processing, the effectual sensitivity and modulation-rate independency of the obtained results indicate that the bats are well capable of tracking changes in the spectral composition of echoes reflected by complex objects from different angles.
Development of a Power Net simulation tool using SABER®
Authors: Boulos A M , Pickering S R , Gerke T , Burnham K J 
Published: December 2007

Throughout the history of the automotive industry, the average load on the electrical system has been increasing model year by model year. The main driver of this trend has been the increasing use of electric power due to the increasing level of equipment on the average vehicle. The electric power system of a modern vehicle has to supply enough electrical energy to drive numerous electrical and electronic systems and components. Usually, the electric power system of a vehicle consists of two major components, an alternator and a battery, with supplementary control systems sometimes used to aid system operation. For vehicle power supply analysis, a detailed understanding of the operational characteristics of the major components and how they interact as a part of the electric power system, including environmental and road conditions, is essential if the analysis is to aid system optimization. In this study, a simulation tool has been developed using SABERA® to enhance the process of vehicle electrical power system design, development, and optimization, which is becoming important as more electrical features are added to future vehicles.
X-ray Diffraction Study on the Structure of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions Involving Alanine Molecules with Different Optical Activities
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Okuyama Aya , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi , Kohara Shinji 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
X-ray diffraction measurements on aqueous 2.5 mol % Dl-, l-, and d-alanine solutions in D2O were carried out at 26±2 °C in order to obtain information concerning the difference in the hydrogen-bonded structure between aqueous solutions involving amino acid molecules with different optical activities. The difference function, Δiinter(Q), between intermolecular interference term observed for Dl- and l-alanine and between Dl- and d-alanine solutions both exhibited a first peak at Q=1.6 Å−1, followed by oscillatory features extending to higher-Q region, implying that there is a difference in the intermolecular structure is present between these solutions. The difference distribution function, Δginter(r), obtained from the Fourier transform of the Δiinter(Q) between Dl- and l-, and between Dl- and d-alanine solutions showed an obvious negative peak at r=2.8 Å, which was attributed to the nearest neighbor hydrogen-bonded O···O interaction. The least squares fitting analysis of the observed Δiinter(Q) showed that the intermolecular O···O distance and the difference in the coordination number between Dl- and l-, and between Dl- and d-alanine solutions are 2.76(2) Å and −0.18(1), and 2.81(3) Å and −0.18(1), respectively. It was concluded that the intermolecular hydrogen-bonded network in aqueous l- and d-alanine solutions is stronger than that in the Dl-alanine solution.
NMR Study on Solubilization of Sterols and Aromatic Compounds in Sodium Taurodeoxycholate Micelles
Authors: Matsuoka Keisuke , Ishii Shigeaki , Honda Chikako , Endo Kazutoyo , Saito Akio , Moroi Yoshikiyo , Shibata Osamu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The solubility of cholesterol in the binary solubilizates system (cholesterol and β-sitosterol) of a sodium taurodeoxycholate solution decreased to almost half of that in the single cholesterol system. On the other hand, the cholesterol solubilities in other binary other systems (cholesterol and certain aromatics) of those solutions were the same as that of the single cholesterol system. The results of competitive solubilization between sterols and aromatics suggested that both were solubilized at different solubilization sites of a micelle. Their molecular dynamics and solubilization sites were measured by the 1H NMR method. The rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect and exchange spectroscopy (ROESY) contour plot of aromatics solubilized micellar solution exhibited direct cross-peaks between the aromatics and bile salt of 19-methyl protons. The observed ROESY spectra of the sterol-solubilized solutions were almost identical to those of the pure micellar solution. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for aromatics solubilized in the micellar solutions increased for 18-, 19-, and 21-methyl protons of the bile salt in comparison with those of a pure micellar solution, which indicated that the micellar core changed to a loosely packed state owing to the penetration of aromatics. On the other hand, the T1 values for sterols solubilized in micelles were lesser than those for pure micellar solutions for almost all proton positions, which suggested that the sterols were compatible with the micelle. These results indicated that the aromatics were solubilized in micellar palisade layer interacting with bile salt of methyl protons, whereas, the sterols were solubilized to match the micellar structure via the steroids interaction.
Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of a Series of Metal Ion-Containing Dialkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhong Chongmin , Sasaki Takehiko , Jimbo-Kobayashi Akiko , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Tada Mizuki , Iwasawa Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A series of metal ion-containing ionic liquids [Bmim]2[MCl4] (M = Sn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, and Pt; [Bmim] = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [Bmim]2[ZrCl6] were synthesized and their single-crystal structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The crystal structures showed the existence of an interaction between chlorometalate anions and imidazolium cations via C–H···Cl hydrogen bonding as well as an interaction between the cations through C–H···π hydrogen bonding and/or π···π stack interaction. The melting points of the metal salts were found to correlate with the number of halide ions coordinated to each metal ion and the overall symmetry of the chlorometalate anions. Ionic conductivity measured in super-cooled states of the synthesized salts unambiguously confirmed that these salts behaved as ionic liquids. The synthesized salts have a high thermal stability as evaluated by TGA and negligible vapor pressure before decomposition.
Enantioselective Trifluoromethylation of Ketones with (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxides
Authors: Nagao Hitoshi , Kawano Yoshikazu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chiral quaternary ammonium phenoxides were prepared readily from commercially available cinchona alkaloids and employed as novel useful asymmetric organocatalysts. Among these chiral quaternary ammonium phenoxides, a cinchonidine-derived phenoxide that possesses a sterically hindered N(1)-3,5-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzyl group was the most effective for asymmetric trifluoromethylation. In the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis bases, such as cinchonidine-derived quaternary ammonium phenoxides, catalyzed the reaction of various ketones with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane to afford the corresponding trifluoromethylated adducts in high yields and with moderate to high enantioselectivities.
Chalcogenation Reactions of Overcrowded Doubly Bonded Systems between Heavier Group 15 Elements
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Mieda Eiko , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Novel heterocyclic compounds containing chalcogen (S, Se, and Te) and pnictogen (P, Sb, and Bi) atoms were obtained by chalcogenation reactions of the doubly bonded systems between heavier group 15 elements (dipnictenes) kinetically stabilized by 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Bbt) groups. Whereas the sulfurization reaction of BbtP=PBbt (1) with elemental sulfur (S8) gave the Bbt-substituted thiadiphosphirane, i.e., the three-membered ring compound of P–S–P, those of BbtSb=SbBbt (2) and BbtBi=BiBbt (3) afforded the corresponding five-membered ring compounds, i.e., the 1,2,4,3,5-trithiadistibolane and 1,2,4,3,5-trithiadibismolane, as the main products, respectively. From each selenization reaction of dipnictenes 1–3 using elemental selenium, the corresponding three-membered ring compounds (selenadipnictiranes) were obtained as stable compounds. On the other hand, the tellurization reactions of distibene 2 and dibismuthene 3 using (n-Bu)3P=Te gave the corresponding telluradipnictiranes as in the case of their selenization reactions, though diphosphene 1 underwent no tellurization when (n-Bu)3P=Te or elemental tellurium was used as a tellurium source.
Colloidal State of Exfoliated Oxide Nanosheets of Layered Niobate Characterized with a Molecular-Level Spectroscopic Technique and Macroscopic Observations
Authors: Nakato Teruyuki , Sugawara Jun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Inorganic oxide nanosheets, prepared by exfoliation of layered hexaniobate K4Nb6O17, were investigated in a colloidal state with different hierarchies: micrometer to submillimeter level with microscopies and molecular level with visible spectroscopy. A cationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphine (H2TMPyP) was added to the colloid as a spectroscopic probe. The Soret absorption band of porphyrin adsorbed on the niobate nanosheets was split when the colloid was concentrated. The modified spectral profile was retained when the colloid was re-diluted, indicating irreversible alteration that reflected concentration history of the dispersed state of the nanosheets. Fluorescence optical and transmission electron microscopies indicated aggregation and crumpling of the nanosheets in the colloids that were concentrated. The alteration of the colloidal nanosheets upon concentration was ascribed to the enrichment of electrolytes coexisting in the colloid. The results demonstrated that the microscopic status of the colloidally dispersed exfoliated nanosheets is related to the microenvironments formed by functional molecules immobilized on the nanosheets.
Role of Iron Ion Electron Mediator on Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light Irradiation Using Z-Scheme Systems
Authors: Kato Hideki , Sasaki Yasuyoshi , Iwase Akihide , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A combination system consisting of a H2 production photocatalyst, Pt/SrTiO3:Rh, and an O2 production photocatalyst, BiVO4 or WO3, decomposed water into H2 and O2 under visible light irradiation in the presence of an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron mediator. O2 evolution on the BiVO4 photocatalyst was inhibited by Fe2+ ions, because of the oxidation of Fe2+ instead of water. In contrast, H2 evolution on the Pt/SrTiO3:Rh photocatalyst was enhanced when Fe3+ ions co-existed. It is due to the back-reactions between H2 and O2 to form water, and the reduction of Fe3+ by H2, which easily proceeded on the bare Pt cocatalyst surface, being efficiently suppressed by adsorption of [Fe(SO4)(H2O)5]+ and/or [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ on the Pt surface. Overall water splitting was achieved with the suppression of the back-reactions even using a Pt cocatalyst. Thus, it clears that iron ions contributed to the present Z-scheme systems not only as an electron mediator but also as an inhibitor of the back-reactions.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Quaternary Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes
Authors: Kunugi Yoshihito , Hayakawa Hideyuki , Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Sugiya Masashi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells using quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids as their electrolytes have been successfully fabricated. Of these, the best device performance was achieved by using triethyl(pentyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, whose energy conversion efficiencies were determined to be 1.2% and 3.8% under full (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm−2) and low intensity (7 mW cm−2) sunlight illumination, respectively. Interestingly, the energy conversion efficiencies for the quaternary phosphonium ionic liquid electrolytes are higher than those for the corresponding quaternary ammonium ionic liquids.
A General Systems Approach to Public Policy Analysis
Authors: Schaefer Guenther F. 
Published: December 2007

‘Policy’ has become a major preoccupation of political scientists in the last few years. Nevertheless, there is considerable intellectual unease about the published work, which has been characterised by inadequate conceptualisation and the concomitant failure to develop meaningful and useful taxonomies and theories, as well as by the unwillingness of researchers to question their methodology and to critically evaluate their findings in the light of existing theories of politics. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an approach based on general systems theory.
Political analysis has conventionally focused attention on the government and what it does. It has identified institutions and structures which perform certain functions, and the task of political science has been viewed as one of describing and explaining these institutions, structures, and functions. To accomplish this, it has been necessary to incorporate other groups (with structures and functions) that in one way or the other participate in politics. In addition, various kinds of linkages that exist between governmental and non-governmental institutions and processes have been specified and explained. Underlying this has been the assumption that government is somehow different from other social institutions and processes, deserving the special attention of a special discipline, political science.