bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct regulation of CD40‐mediated interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐12 productions via mitogen‐activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB‐inducing kinase in mature dendritic cells
Authors: Yanagawa Yoshiki , Onoé Kazunori 
Published: February 2006

SummaryThe role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) pathways, especially NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK)‐mediated alternative pathway, in CD40‐mediated interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐12 productions by immature or mature dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated. Murine myeloid DCs were matured by treatment with lipopolysaccharide. CD40 ligation induced modest or vigorous cytokine productions in immature or mature DCs, respectively. After CD40 ligation, p38 MAPK was significantly activated in either immature or mature DCs. SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, markedly decreased CD40‐mediated IL‐6 and IL‐12 productions in immature DCs. In mature DCs, SB203580 significantly decreased CD40‐mediated IL‐6 but not IL‐12 production. On the other hand, CD40 ligation induced vigorous activation of the NF‐κB alternative pathway including p100 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocations of p52, a processed form of p100, and RelB in mature but not immature DCs. The CD40‐mediated phosphorylation of p100 was completely abolished in NIK‐mutated mature DCs. The NIK mutation markedly reduced CD40‐mediated IL‐12 but not IL‐6 production by mature DCs. Taken together, we concluded that IL‐6 and IL‐12 productions in response to CD40 ligation were controlled by p38 MAPK and NIK mediated alternative pathway, respectively, in mature DCs.
The impact of sulphur dioxide and oxygen on the behaviour of 2‐furaldehyde in beer: an industrial approach
Authors: Carneiro José Ricardo , Guido Luis Ferreira , Almeida Paulo José , Rodrigues José António , Barros Aquiles Araújo 
Published: February 2006

Summary2‐Furaldehyde is often used as an analytical indicator of beer flavour deterioration. Although 2‐furaldehyde itself has a flavour threshold far above levels generally present in beer, it can be used as a good marker of heat damage of beer. A reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic assay, using ultraviolet‐visible detection, was applied to investigate the behaviour of 2‐furaldehyde throughout the brewing process and during extended storage of beer. The impact of storage temperature, sulphur dioxide and oxygen content on the level of 2‐furaldehyde was studied. It was found that the concentration of 2‐furaldehyde markedly increases during wort boiling and is rapidly reduced by yeast during the first hours of fermentation, emphasising the yeast reducing capacity as a determinant factor for the 2‐furaldehyde content found in the final beer. The results obtained suggest that sulphur dioxide and oxygen content play a key role on the 2‐furaldehyde content in packaged beer. 2‐Furaldehyde increase during ageing is oxygen dependent and sulphur dioxide retards its development by possibly protecting beer against the occurrence of oxidative reactions.
Mantram repetition for stress management in veterans and employees: a critical incident study
Authors: Bormann Jill E. , Oman Doug , Kemppainen Jeanne K. , Becker Sheryl , Gershwin Madeline , Kelly Ann 
Published: February 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study assessing the usefulness of a mantram repetition programme.Background.  Complementary/alternative therapies are becoming commonplace, but more research is needed to assess their benefits. A 5‐week programme teaching a ‘mind–body–spiritual’ technique of silently repeating a mantram – a word or phrase with spiritual meaning – to manage stress was developed. A mantram was chosen by individuals, who were taught to repeat it silently throughout the day or night to interrupt unwanted thoughts and elicit the relaxation response.Methods.  Participants who attended a 5‐week course were invited to participate in the study. Of those who consented, a randomly selected subset (n = 66) was contacted approximately 3 months after the course for a telephone interview using the critical incident interviewing technique. Participants were asked whether the intervention was helpful or not, and if helpful, to identify situations where it was applied. Interviews were transcribed and incidents were identified and categorized to create a taxonomy of uses. The data were collected in 2001–2002.Results.  Participants included 30 veterans, mostly males (97%), and 36 hospital employees, mostly females (86%). Mean age was 56 years (sd = 12·94). Fifty‐five participants (83·3%) practiced the technique and reported 147 incidents where the programme was helpful. Outcomes were organized into a taxonomy of incidents using four major categories that included managing: (a) emotions other than stress (51%); (b) stress (23·8%); (c) insomnia (12·9%); and (d) unwanted thoughts (12·3%). A group of raters reviewed the categories for inter‐rater reliability.Conclusions.  The majority of participants from two distinct samples reported that the mantram programme was helpful in a variety of situations. The critical incident interviewing method was found to be practical, efficient, and thorough in collecting and analyzing data. Such qualitative methods contribute to understanding the benefits of mind–body complementary therapies.
HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among Nepalese adolescents
Authors: Mahat Ganga , Scoloveno Mary Ann 
Published: February 2006

Aim.  This paper reports an exploration of Nepalese adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of HIV/AIDS.Background.  Nepal is confronted with an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS among adolescents and young adults. A priority of nurses and other health professionals in Nepal is the prevention of the spread of HIV infection. The first step in prevention is assessing the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of adolescents.Methods.  A cross‐sectional correlational design was carried out in 2003 in a private school in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 150 adolescents participated in the study. Two instruments were used: a demographic questionnaire and the Youth Survey, which included questions on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.Findings.  The majority of the adolescents had a moderate level of overall HIV/AIDS knowledge, but lacked knowledge in the areas of mode of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Approximately 79% thought that AIDS was a big problem and 67% were afraid of getting AIDS. However, only 16·7% reported that they were likely to get AIDS, and 18·7% did not perceive living in Kathmandu as a risk for HIV/AIDS.Conclusion.  The findings of this study will help policymakers and healthcare professionals develop a culturally sensitive and needs specific educational programme for urban Nepalese adolescents. The findings may also have lessons for public health and school nurses working in similar contexts. Nurses, and more specifically public health nurses in Nepal, need to play an active role in the development and implementation of educational programs on HIV/AIDS. Research needs to be done in rural as well as urban areas of Nepal on adolescents’ HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.
Feasibility and acceptability of providing nurse counsellor genetics clinics in primary care
Authors: Westwood Greta , Pickering Ruth M , Latter Sue , Lucassen Anneke , Little Paul , Karen Temple I. 
Published: February 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a pilot study to test the feasibility of providing genetic nurse counsellor clinics in primary care in the United Kingdom, to develop a questionnaire to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with their genetics appointments, and to establish patient and provider costs.Background.  Genetic counsellors are healthcare professionals with experience in medical genetics and counselling and often have a professional background in nursing, science, genetics, psychology, or public health and work as members of multidisciplinary teams. Professional genetic counsellor accreditation is possible in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia and Canada. Increasing referrals to specialist genetics services have precipitated a review of models of service delivery in the United Kingdom.Methods.  A random half of 74 general practices in three primary care trusts were selected for the study, and the patients registered with these practices and referred to the clinical genetics service, were offered an appointment in primary care with a genetic nurse counsellor. A clinic follow‐up postal questionnaire was developed.Results.  Between July 2002 and May 2003, 64 appointments were offered to patients referred and registered with the selected general practices, 45 (79%) patients attended their appointment and 34 (77%) returned their follow‐up questionnaire. Total mean satisfaction score was high and patients were most satisfied with the information and affective domains of the appointment. Those referred with a family history of cancer were more satisfied than those referred with a non‐cancer diagnosis. Forty‐eight per cent of patients seen by the genetic nurse counsellor did not need to attend a further appointment with a doctor in secondary care. Patients were satisfied with the travel time and distance to clinic and patient clinic costs were low.Conclusion.  Patients do attend genetic nurse counsellor clinics in primary care, and are satisfied with the new location. A large cluster randomized controlled trial is now being conducted to obtain a controlled comparison of clinic attendance rates and patients’ satisfaction with clinics in primary vs. secondary care settings.
Geographic patterns of diversity in streams are predicted by a multivariate model of disturbance and productivity
Authors: CARDINALE BRADLEY J. , HILLEBRAND HELMUT , CHARLES DONALD F. 
Published: February 2006

Summary
Univariate explanations of biodiversity have often failed to account for broad‐scale patterns in species richness. As a result, increased attention has been paid to the development and testing of more synthetic multivariate hypotheses. One class of multivariate hypotheses, founded in successional diversity theory, predict that species richness is jointly influenced by periodic disturbances that create new niche opportunities in space or time, and the production of community biomass that speeds displacement of inferior by superior competitors.
While the joint response of diversity to disturbance and productivity has gained support from theoretical and small‐scale experimental studies, evidence that corresponding patterns of biodiversity occur broadly across natural systems is scarce.
Using a data set that employed standardized methods to sample 85 streams throughout the mid‐Atlantic United States of America, we show that biogeographical patterns of primary producer diversity in stream ecosystems are consistent with the predictions of a multivariate model that incorporates disturbance frequency and community biomass production as independent variables. Periphyton species richness is a concave‐down function of disturbance frequency (mean no. floods year−1) and of biomass production (µg of biomass accrual cm−2 day−1), and an increasing function of their interaction.
Changes in richness across the disturbance × productivity response surface can be related to several predicted life‐history traits of the dominant species.
Our findings complement prior studies by showing that multivariate models which consider interactive effects of community production and ecosystem disturbance are, in fact, candidate explanations of much broader patterns of richness in natural systems. Because multivariate models predict synergistic effects of ecological variables on species diversity, human activities – which are simultaneously altering both the disturbance regime and productivity of streams – could be influencing biodiversity more than previously anticipated.
Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles induce an indirect defence in neighbouring plants
Authors: KOST C. , HEIL M. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryMany plant species respond to herbivory with increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): these attract carnivorous arthropods and thereby function as an indirect defence mechanism. Whether neighbouring plants can ‘eavesdrop’ on such airborne cues and tailor their defences accordingly, remains controversial.We used Lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) to investigate whether herbivore‐induced VOCs induce another indirect defence strategy, i.e. the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) in conspecific plant neighbours, and whether this enhances the defence status of the receiving plant under natural conditions.EFN secretion was induced by VOCs released from herbivore‐damaged bean tendrils as well as by a synthetic VOC mixture resembling the natural one. One constituent of the herbivore‐induced blend – the green leaf volatile (3Z)‐hex‐3‐enyl acetate – was sufficient to elicit the defence reaction.A long‐term experiment comparing the defensive effect of EFN alone with the VOC‐mediated effect (EFN induction plus attraction of plant defenders) suggested that Lima bean benefits from both indirect defences. Repeated treatment of tendrils with either an artificial blend of VOCs or with EFN led to the attraction of a higher cumulative number of predatory and parasitoid insects (i.e. ants and wasps) as well as to less herbivore damage and an increased production of inflorescences and leaves.Our results demonstrate that one indirect defence mechanism can induce another one in conspecific plants, and that Lima bean plants can benefit from this VOC‐induced EFN secretion under natural conditions. Both extrafloral nectaries and the capability to release VOCs upon herbivory are present in many plant taxa and airborne signalling may thus represent a common mechanism for regulating the secretion of EFN in plant parts which face an increased risk of herbivory.
Genetic variation and relationships among eight Indian riverine buffalo breeds
Authors: KUMAR SATISH , GUPTA JALAJ , KUMAR NIRAJ , DIKSHIT KIRTI , NAVANI NAVEEN , JAIN PRADEEP , NAGARAJAN MUNIYANDI 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwenty‐seven microsatellite loci were used to define genetic variation and relationships among eight Indian riverine buffalo breeds. The total number of alleles ranged from 166 in the Toda breed to 194 each in the Mehsana and the Murrah. Significant departures from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were observed for 26 locus‐breed combinations due to heterozygote deficiency. Breed differentiation was analysed by estimation of FST index (values ranging from 0.75% to 6.00%) for various breed combinations. The neighbour‐joining tree constructed from chord distances, multidimensional scaling (MDS) display of FST values and Bayesian clustering approach consistently identified the Toda, Jaffarabadi, and Pandharpuri breeds as one lineage each, and the Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Surati, Mehsana and Murrah breeds as admixture. Analysis of molecular variance refuted the earlier classification of these breeds proposed on the basis of morphological and geographical parameters. The Toda buffaloes, reared by a tribe of the same name, represent an endangered breed from the Nilgiri hills in South India. Divergence time of the Toda buffaloes from the other main breeds, calculated from Nei's standard genetic distances based on genotyping data on seven breeds and 20 microsatellite loci, suggested separation of this breed approximately 1800–2700 years ago. The results of the present study will be useful for development of rational breeding and conservation strategies for Indian buffaloes.
Effect of disturbances on the genetic diversity of an old‐forest associated lichen
Authors: WERTH SILKE , WAGNER HELENE H. , HOLDEREGGER ROLF , KALWIJ JESSE M. , SCHEIDEGGER CHRISTOPH 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLichens associated with old forest are commonly assumed to be negatively affected by tree logging or natural disturbances. However, in this study performed in a spruce‐dominated sylvopastoral landscape in the Swiss Jura Mountains, we found that genetic diversity of the epiphytic old‐forest lichenLobaria pulmonariadepends on the type of disturbance. We collected 923 thalli from 41 sampling plots of 1 ha corresponding to the categories stand‐replacing disturbance (burnt), intensive logging (logged) and uneven‐aged forestry (uneven‐aged), and analysed the thalli at six mycobiont‐specific microsatellite loci. We found evidence for multiple independent immigrations into demes located inburntandloggedareas. Using spatial autocorrelation methods, the spatial scale of the genetic structure caused by the clonal and recombinant component of genetic variation was determined. Spatial autocorrelation of genotype diversity was strong at short distances up to 50 m inloggeddemes, up to 100 m inuneven‐ageddemes, with the strongest autocorrelation up to 150 m forburntdemes. The spatial autocorrelation was predominantly attributed to clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules. After accounting for the clonal component, we did not find significant spatial autocorrelation in gene diversity. This pattern may indicate low dispersal ranges of clonal propagules, but random dispersal of sexual ascospores. Genetic diversity was highest inloggeddemes, and lowest inburntdemes. Our results suggest that genetic diversity of epiphytic lichen demes may not necessarily be impacted by stand‐level disturbances for extended time periods.
Correlates of genetic differentiation and isolation by distance in 17 congenericSilenespecies
Authors: MOYLE LEONIE C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe contemporary pattern of intraspecific genetic variation can indicate the relative role of gene flow and local differentiation in shaping the evolutionary history and future trajectory of a species. To assess the recent influence of contrasting life history and demographic characteristics on genetic structure within a group of closely related species, patterns of genetic differentiation (FSTand related statistics) and isolation by distance (IBD) were compared among 17 congeneric herbaceous plant species. Data came from 35 published studies of 16 species, and a previously unpublished analysis of chloroplast genetic variation in the rare endemicSilene rotundifolia. Among‐population genetic variance was most strongly influenced by the type of genetic marker used; cytoplasmic markers showed larger values than allozyme and anonymous nuclear markers. Other independently significant factors were geographical range size and, for allozyme studies, reproductive system; in particular, endemism and hermaphroditism were associated with higher among‐population genetic variance, whereas large native geographical range and dioecy were associated with lower among‐population variance. Over equivalent spatial scales, dioecious populations also showed weaker IBD than hermaphrodites, perhaps because increased population transience and/or variance in the spatial pattern of gene flow are more closely associated with dioecy in this genus. Invasive populations had both highly variable among‐population genetic variance, and no evidence for IBD, consistent with nonequilibrium conditions. Other analysed factors including predominant pollinator had no discernable influence on genetic structure or patterns of IBD. In general, this comparative approach appears to be valuable for synthesizing the complementary information provided byF‐statistics and IBD, and for indicating the relative importance of particular biological factors in shaping genetic variation within different species of a closely related plant group.
Population genetic structure of Japanese wild soybean (Glycine soja) based on microsatellite variation
Authors: KURODA Y. , KAGA A. , TOMOOKA N. , VAUGHAN D. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe research objectives were to determine aspects of the population dynamics relevant to effective monitoring of gene flow in the soybean crop complex in Japan. Using 20 microsatellite primers, 616 individuals from 77 wild soybean (Glycine soja) populations were analysed. All samples were of small seed size (< 0.03 g), were directly collected in the field and came from all parts of Japan where wild soybeans grow, except Hokkaido. Japanese wild soybean showed significant reduction in observed heterozygosity, low outcrossing rate (mean 3.4%) and strong genetic differentiation among populations. However, the individual assignment test revealed evidence of rare long‐distance seed dispersal (> 10 km) events among populations, and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that populations within a radius of 100 km showed a close genetic relationship to one another. When analysis of graphical ordination was applied to compare the microsatellite variation of wild soybean with that of 53 widely grown Japanese varieties of cultivated soybean (Glycine max), the primary factor of genetic differentiation was based on differences between wild and cultivated soybeans and the secondary factor was geographical differentiation of wild soybean populations. Admixture analysis revealed that 6.8% of individuals appear to show introgression from cultivated soybeans. These results indicated that population genetic structure of Japanese wild soybean is (i) strongly affected by the founder effect due to seed dispersal and inbreeding strategy, (ii) generally well differentiated from cultivated soybean, but (iii) introgression from cultivated soybean occurs. The implications of the results for the release of transgenic soybeans where wild soybeans grow are discussed.
Microsatellite analysis of the phylogeography, Pleistocene history and secondary contact hypotheses for the killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: ADAMS STEPHANIE M. , LINDMEIER JAMES B. , DUVERNELL DAVID D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mummichog,Fundulus heteroclitus, exhibits extensive latitudinal clinal variation in a number of physiological and biochemical traits, coupled with phylogeographical patterns at mitochondrial and nuclear DNA loci that suggest a complicated history of spatially variable selection and secondary intergradation. This species continues to serve as a model for understanding local and regional adaptation to variable environments. Resolving the influences of historical processes on the distribution of genetic variation within and among extant populations ofF. heteroclitusis crucial to a better understanding of how populations evolve in the context of contemporary environments. In this study, we analysed geographical patterns of genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci among 15 populations ofF. heteroclitusdistributed throughout the North American range of the species from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Genetic variation in Northern populations was lower than in Southern populations and was strongly correlated with latitude throughout the species range. The most common Northern alleles at all eight loci exhibited concordant latitudinal clinal patterns, and the existence of an abrupt transition zone in allele frequencies between Northern and Southern populations was similar to that observed for mitochondrial DNA and allozyme loci. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was observed both within and between northern and southern regions. This pattern was unexpected, particularly for northern populations, given the recent colonization history of post‐Pleistocene habitats, and was inconsistent with either a recent northward population expansion or a geographically restricted northern Pleistocene refugium. The data provided no evidence for recent population bottlenecks, and estimates of historical effective population sizes suggest that post‐Pleistocene populations have been large throughout the species distribution. These results suggest thatF. heteroclituswas broadly distributed throughout most of its current range during the last glacial event and that the abrupt transition in allele frequencies that separate Northern and Southern populations may reflect regional disequilibrium conditions associated with the post‐Pleistocene colonization history of habitats in that region.