bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Temptation and Restraint Inventory for measuring drinking restraint
Authors: COLLINS R. LORRAINE , LAPP WILLIAM M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the present study, the measurement of drinking restraint was broadened by developing new items that better characterized its cognitive nature as well as by testing a factor structure which represents restraint as including both the regulation and the failure to regulate alcohol intake. A previously observed (Collins, George & Lapp, 1989) three‐component structure of the Restrained Drinking Scale (RDS; Ruderman & McKirnan, 1984) was confirmed. In addition, two factors were extracted from the new set of cognitive items, which when combined with the RDS clusters formed a new measure of drinking restraint, the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI). The factor structure of the TRI matched the conceptualization of drinking restraint as involving successful and unsuccessful regulation of alcohol intake, and differentially predicted self‐reported weekly consumption and alcohol‐related problems.
Substance misuse and social work qualifying training in the British Isles: a survey of CQSW courses
Authors: HARRISON LARRY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1989, all Certificate of Qualification in Social Work (CQSW) courses in the British Isles were included in a survey of the training offered social work students on responding to psychoactive substance misuse. There was a 74% response rate. Eleven per cent of the courses that responded provided no formal substance misuse training. Those that offered training provided a median of 8 hours, with over 70% of students receiving less than 11 hours, indicating that many students were being given the briefest of overviews. Outside of four or five ‘centres of excellence’, social workers and probation officers training in 1988–89 received less than adequate preparation to work with people with alcohol– and drug–related problems, despite evidence that they account for a large and growing proportion of their caseloads.
Patterns of drug use in Castille and Leon (Spain)
Authors: ALVAREZ F. JAVIER , QUEIPO DANIEL , DEL RIO M. CARMEN , GARCIA M. CLARA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA total of 2500 individuals, aged 14–70years and living in Castille and Leon (Spain), were surveyed in the spring of 1989 with regard to their drug consumption and patterns of use. ‘Lifetime’ drug users' rates were 30.0% for cannabis, 5.4% for cocaine, 5.2% for amphetamines, 2.4% for psychedelic drugs, 1.5% for opiates, 1.1% for tranquillizers, and 0.4% for inhalants. ‘Regular’ drug users were more common among cannabis,–2.8% of the surveyed,–and less frequent among cocaine, opiates and amphetamine users–0.3% of everyone of the substances mentioned above. ‘Lifetime’ drug users were more common among males than among females, among singles than among married, in those younger (18–29 years of age) and with work problems. The starting age of drug consumption ranged between the average of 15.6 years of age for those who consumed inhalants and 19.5 for those who consumed cocaine. The results allow a better understanding of the pattern of drug use in Castille and Leon (Spain), as well as the ‘high’ prevalence of drug use in our region.
The impact of intravenous drug use on mortality of young adults in Rome, Italy
Authors: PERUCCI CARLO A. , FORASTIERE FRANCESCO , RAPITI ELISABETTA , DAVOLI MARINA , ABENI DAMIANO D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo estimate the impact of intravenous drug use (IVDU) on mentality in the general population of young adults in Rome, Italy, the Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was calculated for the overall and cause‐specific mortality in the 15–34 years age group. Relative risks were derived from a previous historical cohort study on mortality among 4200 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in Rome, in which increased mortality from cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases as well as from violence, overdose and AIDS had been observed. The prevalence of the risk factor (i.e. the proportion of IVDUs) in the general population was estimated using the ‘multiplier formula’ and ‘capture‐recapture’ methods. The proportion of all deaths attributable to IVDU in the 15–34 age group in the Roman population was 16% and 9% in males and females, respectively. The cause‐specific attributable proportions were 66% for endocarditis and 37% for cirrhosis in males, and 36% for endocarditis and pneumonia in females. These findings further document the relevant health consequences of IVDU on the general population of a large metropolitan area.
Prevalence and characteristics of at‐risk drinkers among elderly acute medical in‐patients
Authors: BRISTOW M. F. , CLARE A. W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree‐hundred‐and‐twenty‐seven male and 323 female medical and geriatric admissions over the age of 65 were interviewed about their drinking habits. Thirty (9%) of the men were found to drink in excess of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' recommended safety limits. The majority of these were lifelong heavy drinkers. Another 33 (10%) had previously drunk heavily over the age of 65, but had cut down, the majority spontaneously. Alcohol usage among women was less, although there was strong circumstantial evidence of heavy usage in a few. Twenty‐five of the 30 men identified above as ‘at risk’ were interviewed in greater depth. These were compared with 25 age‐matched light drinkers or non‐drinkers. Forty‐eight per cent of the men admitted to one or more alcohol related problem and if the admission diagnosis were included the number rose to 60%. The ‘at risk’ drinkers were significantly more likely to smoke, not to be married and to have some impairment of mobility.
Implications of gender for alcohol treatment research: a quantitative and qualitative review
Authors: JARVIS TRACEY J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrevious reviews of alcohol treatment research have indicated that in the majority of studies there are no sex differences in treatment outcome. The current meta‐analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of trends of sex difference in treatment outcome. The results indicated that women had better treatment outcomes than men in the first 12 months after treatment while men showed greater improvement than women in follow‐ups after 12 months. However, the estimated differences were small and derived from a heterogeneous sample of studies. Evidence from the studies in the meta‐analysis is used to highlight the importance of gender‐related factors which may impact on the processes and outcomes of treatment. In particular, sex differences in physiological responses to alcohol, in social norms for alcohol, and in socio‐cultural experiences are considered important areas for future investigation in alcohol treatment research.
A comparison of women seeking drug and alcohol treatment in a specialist women's and two traditional mixed‐sex treatment services
Authors: COPELAND JAN , HALL WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paucity of research on the treatment needs of women with substance abuse problems has been a serious impediment to the development of empirically validated treatment programmes. Women continue to be seriously under‐represented as research subjects and clients of treatment services. This study compares the characteristics of 80 women attending a specialist women's treatment service with those of eighty women attending two traditional mixed‐sex treatment agencies. Women attending a gender‐sensitive service were significantly more likely to have dependent children, to be lesbian, to have a maternal history for drug or alcohol problems and to have suffered sexual abuse in childhood. These results suggest that gender‐sensitive treatment services may be recruiting women who might not otherwise have sought treatment for their substance dependence problems.
Predicting initiation to and cessation of buprenorphine and temazepam use amongst adolescents
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , LAVELLE TARA , FORSYTH ALASDAIR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo interviews separated by 12 months (mean) were conducted with a purposive sample of Glaswegian adolescent drug misusers. Across that interval, beginning to use buprenorphine and temazepam were predictable by prior extent of other substance use, especially cannabis and tobacco, and by the Drug Misuse Scale, using selected MMPI items. About 50% of those who had been using either drug prior to first interview did not use at all between first and second interview. For temazepam, this cessation was not predictable, but ceasing to use buprenorphine was more likely the less time subjects had used this drug and if they had never injected. It is concluded that personality and frequent substance use predispose to drug misuse, but that additional factors must lead to dependence.
Problem drinking and high‐risk driving: an analysis of official and self‐reported drinking‐driving in New York State
Authors: YU JIANG , WILLIFORD WILLIAM R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe authors collected data from 878 respondents at high risk of problem drinking and drunk driving and tested a hypothesis that stipulates problem drinking and high‐risk driving as two necessary conditions of drunk driving. Controlling for a number of alcohol and non‐alcohol‐related variables, the analysis shows problem drinking to have consistent and significant effects on repeat DWI offenses and on the frequency of self‐reported drinking‐driving events. High‐risk driving increases the frequency of self‐reported drinking‐driving. Males are more likely than females to be arrested for DWI, but there is no gender differences in self‐reported drinking‐driving. The authors further note a possible ‘suppress effect’ in that a negative relationship between DWI arrests and high‐risk driving is concealed by problem drinking. That is, problem drinkers with multiple DWI arrest records may drive more carefully than before so as to avoid further contact with the police and licensing authorities. Public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Cross system agreement for substance use disorders: DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV and ICD‐10
Authors: ROUNSAVILLE BRUCE J. , BRYANT KENDALL , BABOR THOMAS , KRANZLER HENRY , KADDEN RONALD 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis report presents results of a field trial of Substance Use Disorders as defined by DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV (proposed) and ICD‐10. Diagnoses based on the three systems were derived from interviews using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in a heterogeneous sample of 521 adults drawn from clinical and community settings. Two issues are addressed: (1) cross system agreement; and (2) syndrome coherence of proposed criterion sets for Substance Dependence in each of the three systems. Findings were as follows: (1) Cross system agreement for Dependence was generally high, especially between DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV. (2) Cross system agreement was lower for DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV Abuse and very low for DSM‐IV Abuse and ICD‐10 Harmful Use. (3) Agreement varied across drug categories with lowest DSM‐III‐R/DSM‐IV agreement for alcohol abuse and DSM‐IV/ICD‐10 agreement for marijuana use disorders. (4) Overall prevalence differed for the three systems with DSM‐IV yielding highest rates followed by DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10 in that order. (5) Factor analysis of Dependence criteria showed high loadings of all items on a single factor across the three diagnostic systems and for all categories of drugs. Implications for validity of the dependence syndrome construct and for revisions in DSM‐IV are discussed.
Alcohol consumption and sickness absence: from the Whitehall II study
Authors: MARMOT M. G. , NORTH FIONA , FEENEY AMANDA , HEAD JENNY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that problem drinkers have markedly increased sickness absence. However, it is not dear how more moderate alcohol consumption and abstinence relate to sickness absence. As part of the Whitehall II study the relationship between different drinking patterns and, sickness absence is examined. A total of 10314 male and female civil servants completed a baseline questionnaire about their drinking habits—the amount of alcohol consumed over the past 7 days and the frequency of drinking over the past 12 months. All sickness absence has been recorded prospectively. Drinking patterns and sickness absence are examined for short spells (7 days) and long spells (> 7 days) adjusting for other causes of sickness absence: age, grade of employment, smoking, work characteristics and baseline health. Alcohol consumption was strongly related to employment grade, the lower the grade the higher proportion of men and women reporting no alcohol consumption. For men the relation of alcohol intake to short spelts of sickness absence (> 7 days) appeared to be U‐shaped, for long spells (> 7 days) increased rates of absence were found only in frequent drinkers. There was no clear relationship for women, however higher rates of sickness absence were found in non‐drinkers.
Evidence of normal emotional responsiveness in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome in the presence of profound memory impairment
Authors: DOUGLAS JACQUELINE J. , WILKINSON D. ADRIAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMemory and likeability ratings for emotion‐laden and neutral stimuli were investigated in Korsakoff amnesics, former heavy drinkers and light drinkers. Tasks were recall of self‐generated paired‐associates, primed recognition and likeability ratings for faces previously paired with emotional or neutral descriptors, and ratings of the emotionality of items in a 64‐word list. The Profile of Mood States and Geriatric Depression Scale were also administered. Despite severely impaired recall in Korsakoff's amnesics, the effects of emotional versus neutral material were not distinguishable among the three groups. These findings indicate a need to re‐examine the notion that flattening of emotional responsiveness is a central characteristic of Korsakoff's Syndrome.
Opiate users and the first years after treatment: outcome analysis of the proportion of follow up time spent in abstinence
Authors: SHEEHAN MARGARET , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis second report on a follow‐up study of drug users focusses on changes that occurred on a number of variables between intake and follow‐up and during the follow‐up period. The length of abstinence from opiates was considered as a proportion of the total follow‐up period. Overall there was a reduction in opiate use, in injecting and sharing equipment at follow‐up. There had been, however, a high level of these risky activities during the follow‐up period. Sustained abstinence from opiates was associated with increased employment, enhanced social stability and mental health. Intake drug use was strongly related to follow‐up drug status. In particular, those who were injectors of multiple drugs at intake were far less likely to be long term opiate abstainers at fallow‐up than those who were not injectors at intake or injectors of opiates only.
Modelling the interactions between alcohol, crime and the criminal justice system
Authors: ENSOR TIM , GODFREY CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSimilarities in the trends of the number of offences and the level of alcohol consumption are often used as evidence as a link between alcohol and many forms of criminal activity. However, such crude correlations may be misleading as they neither take account of other factors that might be important, not assist the understanding of the causal links between alcohol and crime. In this paper, the role that economic models may play in furthering the understanding of the potential links between alcohol and crime are explored. A complete model is presented which allows for complex interactions between alcohol, crime and the criminal justice system. Results from testing this model with time series data (1960–88) for England and Wales for different types of crime are discussed in detail. Data defined by standard regions and for the years 1980 to 1988 were also compiled and a summary of the results discussed. The argument that alcohol consumption may be one of the determinants of a wide range of crimes receives some support and is also found that alcohol consumption may affect the probability of detection for some types of crime.
Physical, subjective, and social availability: their relationship to alcohol consumption in rural and urban areas
Authors: ABBEY ANTONIA , SCOTT RICHARD O. , SMITH MARY JO 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe alcohol availability literature indicates that under some conditions, physical availability is positively associated with per capita alcohol consumption. Smart (1980) suggested that at the individual level, subjective and social aspects of availability may mediate and outweigh the influence of physical availability. The study described here examined the simultaneous effects of physical, subjective, and social availability on alcohol consumption. Standardized telephone interviews were conducted with 781 adult drinkers. As hypothesized, physical availability was not a significant multivariate predictor of alcohol consumption for residents of high, medium, and low alcohol outlet density counties in Michigan (USA). Subjective and social availability indicators were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. Similar patterns of results were found in multiple regression analyses for blacks and whites and women and men, although blacks and women consumed less alcohol than did whites and men. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Paternal lineage of alcoholism, cohort effects, and alcoholism criteria
Authors: DE JONG JUDITH A. , ROY ALEC 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAdoption studies have led to the suggestion that there may be two distinct subgroups of alcoholics with differing genetic contributions. Among 249 male alcoholics we used discriminant analysis to relate the features of type 1 and type 2 alcoholism it the presence or absence of a family history of alcoholism in male paternal relatives. We found that guilt and hinging, features usually attributed to type 1 (milieu‐limited) alcoholism, were in fact more prevalent m the family history positive group. An additional cohort analysis found cohort‐related variations in type 1/type 2 characteristics. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Doctors and substance misuse: types of doctors, types of problems
Authors: BROOKE DEBORAH , EDWARDS GRIFFITH , ANDREWS TOBY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe casenotes of 144 doctors who had received treatment for substance misuse were analysed. There were no differences between general practitioners (h = 61) and hospital doctors (n = 58) in terms of their substance misuse histories or the problems they incurred. Differences emerged between the consultant (n = 24) and the non‐consultant (n = 34) grades of hospital doctor. The consultants were older at onset of problematic use (42.6 ±8.6 vs. 29.9 ± 9.8 years); they suffered fewer career problems and misused fewer substances. The most frequent pathways into substance use were personality difficulties (76 subjects, 52.8%) and anxiety or depression (46 subjects, 31.9%). A history of depression (n = 36) was associated with perceived stress at work (p = 0.014), and at home (p = 0.06). Past neurotic disturbances (n = 20) were associated with personality difficulties (p = 0.035), anxiety or depression (p = 0.004), and with an earlier onset of problematic substance use (30.2 ± 8.3 vs. 36.5 ± 9.8 years, p = 0.014). Principal components of possible antecedents yielded one major component on which all elements loaded; this was labelled the ‘disturbance score’. This score showed a reduction with increasing age of onset of problematic substance use.
Needle sharing in context: patterns of sharing among men and women injectors and HIV risks
Authors: BARNARD MARINA A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper looks at the social contexts within which needle sharing took place among a sample of Glasgow injectors. The intention is to show that needle sharing is rarely random but instead highly patterned and influenced by circumstance and social relationships. Gender can also be seen to have an important influence on sharing patterns. Consideration of the reported instances of needle sharing provides some indication that women injectors may be at increased risk of HIV transmission relative to their male counterparts.
Drinking contexts and drinking problems among black and white women
Authors: HERD DENISE , GRUBE JOEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study explored whether black and white women differ in how often they drink in particular types of social settings and if drinking in different contexts independently predicts alcohol‐related problems. The analysis was based on the interview responses of 635 black and 663 white women drinkers who represent sub‐samples from a nationwide survey of 5221 respondents conducted in 1984. The findings revealed that white women are more likely to attend restaurants, bars and parties away from home than black women and that a larger proportion of their alcohol consumption occurs in these settings than among black women. Factor analysis was used to develop scales on the the frequency of drinking in different social contexts. The results confirmed a three‐dimensional factor structure that distinguished between drinking at home; drinking in social settings such as bars, restaurants and parties; and drinking in outdoor public areas like street comers and parks. A simultaneous equations path analysis was used to model the relationships among drinking contexts, the frequency of heavier drinking, drinking problems, race and other social characteristics. The major findings of the resulting models were that drinking contexts independently predict drinking problems and that race is not directly associated with drinking contexts or alcohol‐related problems. However racial differences do exert significant indirect effects on social settings and drinking problems through differences in socio‐economic status and normative attitudes. The conclusion emphasizes the complexity of the interrelationships of ethnic and social characteristics that underlie visible racial differences in the social patterns and situational contexts of alcohol use.
The role of alcohol‐related expectancies in the prediction of drinking behaviour in a simulated social interaction
Authors: KNIGHT ROBERT G. , GODFREY HAMISH P. D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between socially‐relevant alcohol‐related beliefs and drinking behaviour in a laboratory‐based study. Ninety male subjects were told they would be videotaped while completing the Simulated Social Interaction Test; they were then assigned to one of three conditions. In the first, alcohol consumption prior to the interaction was optional, in the second, a standard dose was administered, and in the third, no alcohol was offered. The outcome measures included drinking behaviour and rated level of social skill. In the optional condition, beliefs that alcohol would reduce anxiety in social situations and enhance social competence predicted amount consumed. The decision to continue drinking after the compulsory dose was predicted by anxiety level. In the no alcohol condition, rated social skill was negatively correlated with the beliefs that alcohol reduces tension and reduces fear of negative evaluation. Results are discussed with reference to social learning approaches to understanding drinking behaviour.