bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Foulds' Hierarchy Model of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Gilleard Esen 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn order to investigate the validity of Foulds' hierarchical model of psychiatric illness a cross-cultural study was carried out. The DSSI, a self-report symptom inventory, was administered to 100 English psychiatric patients and a translated version was administered to 100 Turkish psychiatric patients. The report of symptoms in both nationality groups conformed to Foulds' hierarchy principles in 93 per cent and 87 per cent of cases respectively.When the reporting of symptoms within classes was investigated, nationality effects were observed to influence the self-reporting of ‘hysterical’ neurotic symptoms, irrespective of diagnostic class. Nationality was also observed to influence the reporting of ‘delusional’ symptoms, but in non-psychotic patients.These results suggest that Foulds' model is a useful one in cross-cultural psychiatry, because it indicates both the universal features of hierarchical ordering of symptoms and the cultural influence on those symptoms which do not define the diagnostic class of the patient.
Marital Coital Rates and Dominance
Authors: James William H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAre heterosexual pairings in which the male is dominant more satisfactory? Coital rates of couples in which husbands were younger than their wives were contrasted with those in which husbands were older, but there was no significant difference. However, the data were not controlled for duration of marriage, and for a constant spouse-age-sum, couples with the husband the younger marry later on average than do the others. So whether younger-husband couples have lower coital rates is undecided.
Withdrawal Symptoms from Lithium
Authors: King J. R. , Hullin R. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvidence from four case reports of heightened anxiety, irritability and emotional lability following withdrawal of lithium was confirmed by a questionnaire survey of 110 defaulters from a lithium clinic: 19 per cent of respondents retrospectively reported these temporary symptoms following withdrawal. The possible mechanisms of such a withdrawal effect are discussed, and a phased withdrawal is advocated in situations where continued clinical benefit from lithium is being evaluated. The questionnaire results also confirm anecdotal evidence that lithium reduces emotional responsiveness. The significance of these findings in terms of the current models of lithium's action is discussed.
Use and Misuse of the PSE
Authors: Wing J. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe principles underlying the development of the Present State Examination and the instruments and computer programmes associated with it are discussed in the light of comments made in three recent papers by psychiatrists trained in the German tradition of clinical phenomenology. Many of their comments are cogent and highly relevant to the future development of the system. Some common misunderstandings are also considered; in particular, those that lead to results being interpreted outside the limits of the specifications laid down. The potential for improvement in the system is emphasized and the next stage of development briefly described.
Quantitative Computed Tomography in Elderly Depressed Patients
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Dolan Raymond J. , Levy Raymond , Baldy Robert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn index of brain tissue density was obtained from the CT scans of 37 elderly depressed patients by measuring Hounsfield Units (HU) in 12 predefined brain areas. Comparisons were made with 23 patients suffering from senile dementia and 36 healthy controls. As a group the depressed patients resembled the dements more than the controls, although analysis of variance indicated differences between all three groups, controls showing the highest HU values and dements the lowest. In the depressed patients ventricular dilatation, which had already been shown to predict increased mortality, was also associated with lower HU levels. The significance of these and other findings is discussed.
A Comparison of Alcoholics with and without Coexisting Affective Disorder
Authors: O'Sullivan K. , Whillans P. , Daly M. , Carroll B. , Clare A. , Cooney J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree hundred male Irish alcoholics were selected from 508 consecutive alcoholic admissions to hospital. Using well defined diagnostic criteria, they were divided into three subgroups (1) primary alcoholics, (2) alcoholics with secondary affective disorder and (3) those with primary affective disorder and secondary alcoholism. Although the three groups reported differences in past history and family history of affective disorder and in time spent in hospital for both alcoholism and affective disorder, there was little to distinguish them in behaviour associated with alcoholism or in family history of alcoholism. The implications of these findings and their significance for the relationship of affective disorder and alcoholism are discussed.
Homosexuality and Lesbianism
Authors: West D. J. 
Published: August 2008

DefinitionsHomosexual behaviour often occurs among persons who do not have a settled homosexual orientation. Sometimes, as among prisoners, it can be the direct result of lack of contact with the opposite sex. Around puberty, especially among males, it may represent the easiest way of testing sexual performance. In Kinsey's great survey of American white males, 37 per cent had had at least some overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm since adolescence, 10 per cent had been more or less exclusively homosexual for at least three years between ages 16 and 55, but only 4 per cent remained so all their lives. Kinsey regarded sexual preference as potentially changeable and a matter of degree, not the clear, permanent dichotomy that had been popularly supposed.
Paraphilias
Authors: Brown J. R. W. Christie 
Published: August 2008

Particular instances of sexual deviation can not be discussed sensibly without first considering certain general issues.The first of these is the question of definition. The notion of what constitutes abnormal sexual behaviour has changed in the course of history and indeed its boundaries have expanded and contracted at different times. What emerges from the history of the concept is that it has been defined by the social and moral climate of the time and indeed sexual deviance can be seen, for the most part, as a social rather than a medical concept (Bancroft, 1974).
Identical Triplets with Asperger's Syndrome
Authors: Burgoine Eyrena , Wing Lorna 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe case histories are presented of three 17 year old identical male triplets with Asperger's syndrome. They show the impairments affecting social interaction, non-verbal communication and imagination, the motor clumsiness, and the circumscribed interests characteristic of that condition. They also have some features in their history and present behaviour more typical of childhood autism. Despite marked overall similarities, the three differ in the severity with which their problems are manifested. A relationship can be found between the amount of peri- and post-natal trauma, degree of intellectual impairment and number of autistic features. The findings support the hypothesis that autism and Asperger's syndrome are on the same continuum of pathology.
Hypertension, Multi-Infarct Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Clair D. St. , Whalley L. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRetrospective review of 89 patients with pre-senile dementia followed by necropsy indicated significant differences between sub types of dementia. Patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID, 27 subjects) more often had cardiovascular abnormalities than patients with Alzheimer's disease (46 subjects). No patients with MID alone had a systolic blood pressure below 140 mm Hg, whereas 23 of 46 Alzheimer subjects and three of 16 patients with mixed features had such a systolic pressure.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test and Serum Prolactin in Dementia Disorders
Authors: Balldin Jan , Gottfries C-G. , Karlsson I. , Lindstedt G. , Långström G. , Wålinder J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed on 21 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), 11 patients with multiinfarct dementia (Ml) and 14 healthy controls. Twelve of the DAT patients and eight of the Ml patients showed abnormal lack of suppression, compared with just one member of the control group. Abnormal DST was related to dementia as such and not to age or depression, or to levels of CSF monoamine metabolites. Basal serum prolactin concentrations were not increased.
Management and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Morgan H. G. , Purgold Joan , Welbourne Jill 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe outcome of 78 patients with anorexia nervosa treated in a special clinic is described, using a standardized follow-up technique. The findings are compared with two previous studies which utilized an identical evaluation procedure. Certain predictors of poor outcome already identified by previous studies (long duration of illness before referral, previous personality problems, difficulties in relationship between family and patient) are confirmed. The findings suggest that early intervention may be an important component of effective treatment. The possible advantages of long term continuity of outpatient care are also discussed and the need for careful scrutiny of criteria for hospital admission emphasized.It is concluded that chronic morbidity due to anorexia nervosa represents an important topic for further research. There is need for further identification of factors associated with chronicity, some of which may be secondary repercussions of the illness itself, and prospective evaluation of treatment programmes which focus on predictors of poor outcome.
Cognitive Vulnerability to Auditory Hallucination
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Blum Nancy , Haas Marilyn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGoldstone and Sarbin proposed that auditory hallucinations occur because imagery in a non-preferred sensory mode is more easily misinterpreted as having an external origin. This led to the hypothesis that auditory hallucinators would show less preference for auditory than for visual imagery. Our results suggest that this is true. We also compared the vividness of internally-generated auditory imagery with that of visual imagery, independently of preference, to see whether vividness was impaired in the non-preferred mode in hallucinators. The evidence suggested that this was not the case, but we did find a significantly deficient capacity for creating vivid images of either kind in process patients (i.e. those with poor premorbid status) compared with reactive (good premorbid) patients, regardless of any history of hallucinations. The withdrawal of external attention which characterizes process patients might also be expected to impair their ability to confirm or disconfirm the external origin of an auditory stimulus. We predicted therefore that process hallucinators would be particularly incompetent in spatial location of sounds: our experimental results confirmed this to be the case.
Are there Anticompulsive or Antiphobic Drugs? Review of the Evidence
Authors: Marks Isaac 
Published: August 2008

SummaryReview of 19 uncontrolled studies of antidepressants in phobic and in obsessive-compulsive disorders suggests that such drugs do not act reliably in the absence of symptoms of anxiety-depression (dysphoria). In dysphoric patients the drugs have a broad-spectrum effect not only reducing phobias and rituals but also anxiety-depression, panic, anger, and hostility, all of which are highly intercorrelated, but none yet demonstrated to be the core disturbance. Phobics, but not obsessive-compulsives, have an unusually high dropout rate from treatment when drugs or placebo are given. When antidepressants are stopped, even after 6–8 months, relapse is likely. The drugs do not reduce the liability of many phobics and obsessive-compulsives to have dysphoric episodes over the years. Exposure treatments are more lastingly effective for phobias and for rituals, but do not reduce the liability to later dysphoric episodes.
Pharmacological Treatment of Agoraphobia
Authors: Mavissakalian Matig , Michelson Larry , Dealy Robert S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighteen agoraphobic patients were randomly assigned to 12 week treatment with imipramine (I) or imipramine and programmed in-vivo exposure practice (l+BT) to investigate the contribution of behavioural instructions to the clinical effects of pharmacotherapy. Significantly greater improvement on phobic measures was found in the l+BT group compared to the I group. Differences were less marked on measures of panic and anxiety. The results suggest that imipramine possesses an antiphobic effect which can be substantially enhanced with programmed practice. Controlled large-scale investigations of the pharmacological and instructional effects of the pharmacotherapy of agoraphobia are needed for a definitive evaluation of the specific antiphobic effect of antidepressant drugs.
A Survey of the Criminal Careers of Restriction Order Patients
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N. , Robertson G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe offenders committed to local hospitals in 1962 and 1964 under a hospital order with restriction of discharge were followed up for 15 years with regard to subsequent court appearances, hospital admissions, and death. One hundred and forty-six were traced. Of these, 49 per cent had been diagnosed as mentally ill: most of this group were committed for violent offences. Thirty-five per cent were mentally subnormal: they were frequently committed for sexual offences, arson and property offences. Twelve per cent were diagnosed psychopathic: this group had a wide variety of committal offences.Fourteen per cent of the mentally ill and 17 per cent of the mentally subnormal were still in hospital after 15 years, but 51 per cent of the mentally ill and 36 per cent of the mentally subnormal were released within three years. Sixty-one per cent of the psychopaths were released within two years. Few of the subsequent offences were serious in any of the diagnostic groups.Since 1973 there has been a dramatic fall in restriction orders, especially for mentally subnormal patients.
The Interaction of Seasonality, Place of Birth, Genetic Risk and Subsequent Schizophrenia in a High Risk Sample
Authors: Machón Ricardo A. , Mednick Sarnoff A. , Schulsinger Fini 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBirths occurring in winter months, which are high viral infection months, have been repeatedly shown to produce a slight excess of later-diagnosed schizophrenics. As a result, some researchers have speculated on the possible aetiological effect of viral infections on some forms of schizophrenia. The implications of the viral hypothesis were indirectly tested in the context of an ongoing prospective study of Danish children at high-risk (HR) for schizophrenia. A third-order analysis of variance interaction was hypothesized. Genetically vulnerable individuals, born in winter, in an urban environment (which increases the likelihood of the presence and transmission of viruses) would be more likely, as foetuses or neonates, to have suffered some CNS damage due to the infection; thus they would show higher rates of schizophrenia diagnoses. This hypothesis was supported. The rate of schizophrenia in the HR-urban-winter birth condition reached 23.3 per cent, considerably above population base rates (1 per cent) or rates for the HR subjects (8.9 per cent). Alternative explanations for the results were explored.
Risk Factors in Schizophrenia: Season of Birth in Maryland, USA
Authors: Pulver Ann E. , Stewart Walter , Carpenter William T. , Childs Barton 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe association between the risk for schizophrenia and season of birth was studied using a standard actuarial life table method. This method of analysis eliminates the possibility of the previously described statistical artifacts from the data. An increased risk for schizophrenia for winter born individuals was demonstrated. The analyses also supported the hypothesis that season of birth is associated with an increased risk for a subtype of schizophrenia.
The Aetiological Importance of Stressful Life Events
Authors: Cooke D. J. , Hole D. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDespite a large research effort, there is still some doubt whether life events can increase the rate of psychiatric morbidity. It is argued that this doubt arises from a confusion between measures of goodness of fit and measures of causal importance. The distinction between these types of measures is discussed.Epidemiological studies of life events and psychiatric cases are reviewed. It is argued that, in general, 32 per cent of psychiatric cases can be attributed to stressful life events. Within female samples, approximately 41 per cent of psychiatric cases can be attributed to life events. It is suggested that the effect of specific types of events on specific psychiatric disorders may be of even greater importance.
The Scottish Survey of ‘New Chronic’ Inpatients
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , Wilson A. Oliver A. , Burton Leslie L 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAll ‘new chronics' (N = 571), defined as patients aged 18–64 years in hospital more than one but less than six years, were identified in 14 psychiatric hospitals serving 56 per cent of the Scottish population. The bed occupancy was 20/100,000 of the general population (range between hospitals 12–29/100,000). First admissions (5.8 beds/100,000) were clearly distinguished from re-admissions. Although for the whole group schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis the majority of first admissions had organic brain disease. First admissions were more disabled and most were well placed in hospital. Thirty-eight per cent of all patients did not need inpatient care; 20 per cent could have been accommodated in staffed hostels. Widespread differences, especially in numbers, found between hospitals may have been due in part to different attitudes among staff towards the prospect of patients' discharge.
Predictability as an Index of Impaired Verbal Communication in Schizophrenic and Affective Disorders
Authors: Ragin Ann Barnett , Oltmanns Thomas F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe cloze procedure was used to examine predictability in speech samples from schizophrenic, depressive, manic, schizoaffective and normal subjects. Each speech sample was also rated for particular indices of thought disorder using the Andreasen Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language and Communication. Schizophrenics were found to be less predictable than other patient groups or normals. Depressives were found to be the most predictable. Correlational analyses of cloze scores and specific thought disorder ratings suggest that reduced predictability is associated with traditional indicators of thought disorder.
The Withdrawal of Benztropine Mesylate in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Baker Linda A. , Cheng L. Y. , Amara I. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn this double-blind, four-week study, 28 chronic schizophrenic patients receiving neuroleptic medication plus the antiparkinsonian drug, benztropine mesylate, were either switched to placebo or maintained on benztropine. Patients withdrawn from benztropine reliably increased their overall scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale in comparison with the drug group. Sub-test scores suggest that deficits in attention and concentration were induced by treatment with benztropine. Psychotio decompensation appeared to develop simultaneously with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in some patients, but only 14.2 per cent of the placebo group experienced extrapyramidal symptoms severe enough to require resumption of benztropine therapy. It is suggested that antiparkinsonian agents should be prescribed only if and when EPS occur.
Caffeine and Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Mathew Roy J. , Barr Deborah L. , Weinman Maxine L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo groups of normal volunteers had regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured, by the133Xenon inhalation technique, before and 30 minutes after 250 mg or 500 mg caffeine given orally. rCBF was measured in a third group of subjects, twice, at a similar interval under identical laboratory conditions. Subjects who received caffeine showed significant decreases in rCBF while the others showed no rCBF change from the first to the second measurement. However, the two caffeine groups did not differ in degrees of rCBF reduction. There were no regional variations in the post-caffeine decrease in cerebral blood flow. The three groups did not show significant changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide, pulse rate, blood pressure, forehead skin temperature and respiratory rate.
Effects of ECT on Pituitary Hormone Release: Relationship to Seizure, Clinical Variables and Outcome
Authors: Deakin J. F. W. , Ferrier I. N. , Crow T. J. , Johnstone E. C. , Lawler P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryProlactin, Cortisol, growth hormone and TSH serum levels (before and 15 minutes after treatment) were measured in 62 patients with endogenous depression randomly allocated to real or pseudo-ECT. Prolactin increased significantly more in those receiving real ECT than in those receiving pseudo-ECT, but the size of this effect had diminished by the time of the last (8th) treatment in the trial. Cortisol secretion was also significantly increased following the first treatment by real ECT, but this increase was of significantly smaller size in patients with delusions. Tolerance to the effects of ECT on Cortisol secretion was not observed. No effects of ECT on growth hormone or TSH secretion were detected, and no clear evidence was obtained that endocrine responses can be used as a predictor of response to ECT.
A Prospective Study of Emotional Disorders in Childbearing Women
Authors: Kumar R. , Robson Kay Mordecai 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of first-time mothers (119) were interviewed repeatedly at fixed intervals during their pregnancies and until their babies were a year old; they were then followed up at four years. A similar investigation was carried out on 38 other primiparae and 39 multiparae, but only postnatally.The incidence of depressive neurosis rose significantly in early pregnancy and in the first three months after delivery (10 per cent and 14 per cent of the main sample respectively). Subjects mainly suffered either from antenatal or postnatal depression, not both. Marital conflict and severe doubts about having the baby were associated with depression at either time. Bereavement and preterm birth were the only life events to relate with the onset of depression and bereavement had a greater impact during pregnancy.Depressed mothers were more likely to express negative or mixed feelings about their three-month-old babies. Many who had become depressed for the first time in their lives continued to experience psychological problems for up to four years after childbirth.
Oxypertine in Tardive Dyskinesia: An 8-week Controlled Study
Authors: Soni S. D. , Freeman H. L. , Hussein E. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind placebo controlled trial of oxypertine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, 33 patients with chronic schizophrenia received either oxypertine or placebo. At the end of eight weeks, the results showed that oxypertine was superior to placebo at a statistically significant level.