bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ozone
Authors: Wojtowicz John A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This article discusses solubility, absorptivity, explosivity, as well as thermodynamic, spectral, structural, and other physical properties of ozone in the gaseous, liquid, and solid states; it reviews both organic and inorganic chemistry and offers various analytical methods for determining ozone in the solution and the gas phase. It examines, from a mechanistic viewpoint, not only the thermal and photochemical decomposition of gaseous and aqueous ozone, but also its generation, including gas preparation, electrical requirements and characteristics, efficiency, costs, and design. In addition, the article investigates atmospheric ozone formation in the troposphere and the stratosphere from the standpoint of photochemical smog, surveying the effect of natural and anthropogenic contaminants on ozone decomposition. Finally, the article considers numerous health and safety issues, including such topics as the depletion of ozone layer, environmental and human exposure, and ozone disinfection by‐products. Ozone can be used in drinking water, high purity water for bottling and canning plants, as well as the pharmaceutical and electronics industry; it can be used to bleach textiles and natural products, to control industrial wastewater pollution and sewage, to disinfect wastewater as well as water for large aquariums and shrimp hatcheries, to treat process water, swimming pools, and spas; it can also be used for pulp bleaching, organic synthesis, medical applications, and food preservation.
Plant Location
Authors: Meissner Roland E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The primary siting factors that influence the selection of a plant location are as follows: environmental and safety considerations, labor availability and productivity, raw material availability, accessibility to transportation, proximity to market, property cost, tax incentives, electric power availability and cost, and living conditions. In the selection of a plant site, it is a good idea to get broad‐based input, including information from sales, production, plant engineering, and from the general manager. The first objective is to narrow the range of possible choices. This involves focusing on the most important criteria, which differ widely for each type of facility. Table 3 presents some of the factors to consider for plant siting. An objective rating system needs to be used; a listing of the important criteria and a point system which affords the evaluation committee a means of scoring the pluses and the minuses has been found to be useful. The scoring may need to be weighted so that the factors which most heavily affect the bottom‐line profit are more heavily counted. At the end of this phase, the less desirable sites should be discarded so that a more in‐depth evaluation of the final candidates can be made.
Vanadium Compounds
Authors: Woolery Mike 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Vanadium is widely dispersed in the earth crust. Primary industrial compounds produced directly from vanadium raw materials are principally fused pentoxide, air‐dried pentoxide, the sesquioxide and technical‐grade ammonium metavanadate. Recovery of vanadium from titaniferous magnetites by salt roasting, acid leaching, and amine solvent extraction is common. Conversion of fused pentoxide to alloy additives is by far the largest use of vanadium compounds. Air‐dried pentoxide, ammonium vanadate, and some fused pentoxide are used as such, purified, or converted to other forms for catalytic, chemical, ceramic, or specialty applications. Physical and chemical properties, manufacturing, health and safety factors, and economic aspects are discussed.
Metathesis
Authors: Delaude Lionel , Noels Alfred F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn organic synthesis and polymer science, the metathesis reaction consists of a unique metal‐catalyzed carbon skeleton redistribution in which a mutual exchange of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds takes place. The reaction is generally reversible and limited to an equilibrium. In its most common embodiment, alkenes serve as reagents. Hence, olefin metathesis constitutes a powerful catalytic method for both cleaving and forming CC double bonds. Alkyne metathesis and ene–yne metathesis are also important synthetic pathways. All three types of metathesis occur intra‐ or intermolecularly and numerous combinations thereof are possible (ring‐closing metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, cross‐metathesis, etc).Metathesis has opened up new routes to important petrochemicals, oleochemicals, polymers, and specialty chemicals. The transformation often gives access with remarkable atom economy to structures that are not available by any other means, or only via multistep painstaking procedures. Major industrial processes rely on metathesis for the production of olefins. They are usually based on inexpensive, ill‐defined, multicomponent catalytic systems derived from tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, or ruthenium salts. Research laboratory applications take advantage of well‐defined metal‐alkylidene complexes of molybdenum and ruthenium that combine high activities and ease of set‐up under reproducible conditions, albeit at the price of a higher cost.
A General Method for the Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‐Keto Esters using Monodentate Binaphthophosphepine Ligands
Authors: Hagemann Bernhard , Junge Kathrin , Enthaler Stephan , Michalik Manfred , Riermeier Thomas , Monsees Axel , Beller Matthias 
Published: December 2005

Abstract17 monodentate phosphepine ligands with a 4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐dinaphtho[2,1‐c;1′,2′‐e]phosphepine structural motif have been synthesized and tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of various β‐keto esters. By variation of the substituents of the aryl group on the phosphorus atom a fine tuning of the selectivity of the catalytic system is possible. Quantitative yield and enantioselectivities up to 95% ee have been achieved for the hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate (7a), methyl 3‐oxovalerate (7b) and ethyl 4‐phenyl‐3‐oxo‐propionate (7d) using 4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐dinaphtho‐[2,1‐c;1′,2′‐e]phosphepine (4g) as ligand. Best enantioselectivities were obtained at comparably high temperatures (100–120 °C), which had the advantage of increased reaction rates.
Silica‐Supported Vanadium‐Catalyzed N‐Oxidation of Tertiary Amines with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Rout Laxmidhar , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA recyclable silica supported vanadium 1 catalyzes the oxidation of tertiray amines to the corresponding N‐oxides with 30% H2O2 in high yield.
Nickel(II) Chloride‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrothiolation of Alkynes
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Malyshev Denis A. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Aleksandrov Grigory G. , Eremenko Igor L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRegioselective Markovnikov‐type addition of PhSH to alkynes (HC≡C‐R) has been performed using easily available nickel complexes. The non‐catalytic side reaction leading to anti‐Markovnikov products was suppressed by addition of γ‐terpinene to the catalytic system. The other side reaction leading to the bis(phenylthio)alkene was avoided by excluding phosphine and phosphite ligands from the catalytic system. It was found that catalytic amounts of Et3N significantly increased the yield and selectivity of the catalytic reaction. Under optimized conditions high product yields of 60–85% were obtained for various alkynes [R=n‐C5H11, CH2NMe2, CH2OMe, CH2SPh, C6H11(OH), (CH2)3CN]. The X‐ray structure of one of the synthesized products is reported.
Highly Efficient and Metal‐Free Aerobic Hydrocarbons Oxidation Process by an o‐Phenanthroline‐Mediated Organocatalytic System
Authors: Tong Xinli , Xu Jie , Miao Hong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA highly efficient o‐phenanthroline‐mediated, metal‐free catalytic system has been developed for oxidation of hydrocarbons with dioxygen in the presence of N‐hydroxyphthalimide; various hydrocarbons were efficiently and high selectively oxidized, e.g., ethylbenzene to acetophenone in 97% selectivity and 76% conversion, under mild conditions.
Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide‐Stabilized Palladium(0): An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Suzuki and Stille Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides
Authors: Lakshmi Kantam M. , Roy Sarabindu , Roy Moumita , Sreedhar B. , Choudary B. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA nanocrystalline magnesium oxide‐stabilized palladium(0) catalyst is prepared by counterion stabilization of PdCl42− with nanocrystalline MgO followed by reduction. This ligand‐free heterogeneous nanocrystalline MgO‐stabilized nanopalladium [NAPMgPd(0)] catalyst using the basic MgO in place of basic ligands exhibits excellent activity in Suzuki and Stille cross‐coupling of haloarenes (chloro, bromo and iodo) to afford the unsymmetrical biaryls. The catalyst is quantitatively recovered by simple filtration and reused for four cycles with almost consistent activity.
Highly Air‐ and Water‐Stable Fluorinated Ferrocenylphosphine‐Aminophosphine Ligands and their Applications in Asymmetric Hydrogenations
Authors: Li Xingshu , Jia Xian , Xu Lijin , Kok Stanton H. L. , Yip C. W. , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAir‐ and water‐stable fluorinated ferrocenylphosphine‐aminophosphine ligands have been synthesized and applied to the Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides and α‐dehydroamino acid derivatives. These reactions afforded the corresponding products in good to excellent ees (up to 99.7% ee) and nearly quantitative yields. The combination of the remarkable air‐ and water‐stability with excellent catalytic performance makes these catalysts excellent choices for practical applications.
Cyanation of N‐Acylhydrazones with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide Promoted by a Brønsted Base and a Lewis Acid
Authors: Konishi Hideyuki , Ogawa Chikako , Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCyanation of N‐acylhydrazones using trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) proceeded well in the presence of an amine to afford the corresponding α‐hydrazinonitriles in high yields. For less reactive substrates, the combined use of an amine and a catalytic amount of scandium triflate [Sc(OTf)3] was effective to promote the reactions. The mechanistic study suggested that the amine worked as a Brønsted base.
Nevo syndrome with an NSD1 deletion: A variant of Sotos syndrome?
Authors: Kanemoto Nobuko , Kanemoto Katsuyoshi , Nishimura Gen , Kamoda Tomohiro , Visser Remco , Shimokawa Osamu , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA 17‐month‐old girl with clinical manifestations of Nevo syndrome and NSD1 (nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1) deletion is described. Nevo syndrome is a rare overgrowth syndrome showing considerable phenotypic overlap with Sotos syndrome—another, more frequent overgrowth syndrome caused by NSD1 mutations or deletions. About a half of Japanese Sotos syndrome patients carry a 2.2‐Mb common deletion encompassing NSD1 and present with frequent brain, cardiovascular, or urinary tract anomalies. The girl we described had the common deletion and showed patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, vesicoureteral reflux, and bilateral hydronephrosis. It was thus concluded that the clinical manifestations, including the Nevo syndrome phenotype, were caused by the microdeletion. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses and supramolecular structures of two 5‐nitrosalicylate titanocene complexes
Authors: Gao Ziwei , Zhang Caiyun , Dong Mingyuan , Gao Lingxiang , Zhang Guofang , Liu Zhaotie , Wang Gaofeng , Wu Denghui 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo 4‐coordinated titanocene complexes, [(η5‐C5H5)2Ti(O,O′)(5‐NO2‐OCC6H3)] (I) and [(η5‐C5H5)2Ti(2‐OH‐5‐NO2‐O2CC6H3)2] (II), have been synthesized by reaction of Cp2TiCl2and 5‐nitrosalicylic acid in aqueous media. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses of I and II display the mononuclear forms of TiIV, and geometries at titanium atoms are distorted tetrahedrons, while the coordination environment at TiIVin complex I is different from that in complex II. Crystallographic characterization revealed that each of the complexes exhibits a three‐dimensional framework constructed through weak interactions, which are H‐bonding, π–π stacking and C–H·π interactions, but they differ greatly when forming the three‐dimensional network structure in both complexes. The results show that the dramatic change of conditions has great effect on the molecular structure of 5‐nitrosalicylate titanocene, thereby significantly influencing the weak interactions and the specific framework structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention and reversal of lupus in NZB/NZW mice by costimulatory blockade with adeno‐associated virus–mediated gene transfer
Authors: Ye Xiaojing , Zhu Tong , Bastacky Sheldon , McHale Teresa , Li Juan , Xiao Xiao 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potency of costimulatory blockade with adeno‐associated virus (AAV)–mediated gene transfer in the prevention and reversal of lupus in a murine model.MethodsAAV vectors expressing CTLA‐4Ig or CD40Ig were injected into NZB/NZW mice. Serum levels of transgene expression and autoantibody titers were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The therapeutic effects on proteinuria, renal pathologic features, and survival rate were evaluated. Splenic T cell phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The humoral immune response to a foreign antigen was also examined in treated mice.ResultsA single injection of AAV serotype 8 (AAV8)–CTLA‐4Ig in neonatal NZB/NZW mice before the onset of lupus effectively delayed and inhibited autoantibody production, proteinuria, and kidney damage and prolonged their lifespan. In addition, coinjection of AAV8‐CTLA‐4Ig and AAV8‐CD40Ig vectors into neonatal mice achieved a synergistic effect and the best efficacy. The preventive effects were attributed to suppression of CD4+ T cell activation and the transition from naive to memory T cells. Moreover, coinjection of these 2 vectors in adult mice reversed the existing autoantibody levels, suppressed the development of proteinuria, and prolonged their lifespan. The therapeutic effects were found to be dependent on the vector dose. In addition, AAV‐mediated long‐term gene expression did not severely suppress the host humoral response to foreign antigen.ConclusionOur findings show that delivery of costimulatory inhibitor transgenes by AAV vectors could prevent and reverse lupus in this murine model, suggesting the potential of AAV‐mediated gene transfer as an alternative treatment for lupus.
Immunomodulatory effects of etanercept on peripheral joint synovitis in the spondylarthropathies
Authors: Kruithof Elli , Rycke Leen De , Roth Johannes , Mielants Herman , Bosch Filip Van Den , Keyser Filip De , Veys Eric M. , Baeten Dominique 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveBecause different tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers may have distinct immunomodulatory effects on specific disease manifestations, the present study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulating effects of etanercept on peripheral synovitis in the spondylarthropathies (SpA).MethodsPeripheral joint disease was assessed clinically, histologically, and radiologically in a prospective 2‐year study of 20 patients with SpA treated with etanercept. Synovial tissue biopsy samples obtained at weeks 0, 12, and 52 were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry for the extent of inflammation, changes to tissue architecture, and matrix degradation. Serum levels of myeloid‐related protein 8 (MRP‐8)/MRP‐14, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP‐3), and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsEtanercept induced a rapid and sustained clinical improvement of peripheral joint disease. Histologic synovitis was down‐regulated, with a profound reduction in global cellular infiltration and T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes. The most prominent change in markers of inflammation was a reduction in the different macrophage subsets (CD68, CD163, MRP‐8, and MRP‐14), but this was not paralleled by a decrease in serum MRP‐8/MRP‐14. Structural changes included normalization of lining layer hyperplasia and a moderate reduction in vascularity. However, no effect on the microarchitecture of lymphoid aggregates was observed. In terms of an effect on matrix degradation, the synovial expression of MMP‐3 and MMP‐9 was down‐modulated in correlation with a rapid and profound decrease in serum MMP‐3. At week 52, serum COMP levels were also reduced. No significant radiologic disease progression was observed in these patients over a 2‐year period.ConclusionUse of etanercept effectively down‐modulated the immunopathologic processes of SpA synovitis, both in the short term and in the long term.
Immune modulation of collagen‐induced arthritis by intranasal cytokine gene delivery: A model for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Woods Andrew M. , Thompson Stephen J. , Wooley Paul H. , Panayi Gabriel , Klavinskis Linda S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a passively targeted, patient‐compliant, intranasal interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) gene therapy delivery system and to investigate its therapeutic benefit in experimental collagen‐induced arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsArthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice and monitored following intranasal administration of an IL‐10 plasmid (pG‐IL‐10) or the empty vector 2 days (days −2 and 19) prior to collagen injection (prophylactic group, as a single dose after collagen boost on day 21 (early therapy group, or as a single dose upon acquisition of a disease score of 3 (late therapy group. IL‐10–induced alterations in cytokine secretion and proliferation by spleen and lymph node cells were assessed on days 31 and 65 and correlated with histologic changes and bone erosions assessed on day 65.ResultsIntranasal delivery of pG‐IL‐10 significantly delayed arthritis onset and reduced disease severity in the prophylactic group and early therapy group, reduced cellular infiltration and bone loss in the early therapy group, and reduced T cell proliferation in response to collagen on days 31 and 65 in these two groups, with a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor α production on day 65. Within the late therapy group, disease progression was arrested for the rest of the study. The intranasally administered pG‐IL‐10 targeted monocytes and macrophages and showed dissemination to inflamed joints and draining lymph nodes in vivo. Importantly, systemic levels of IL‐10 (in serum) were transient (peaking on day 2) and undetectable by day 4.ConclusionIntranasal IL‐10 gene delivery significantly reduces bone destruction, shows evidence of reducing joint inflammation, and may be mediated by high local levels of IL‐10 produced by transfected monocytes trafficking to inflamed joints and draining lymph nodes.
Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Xing Y , Foy M , Cox D D , Kuerer H M , Hunt K K , Cormier J N 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
Women with breast cancer are more frequently being treated with preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) following chemotherapy has not been determined. This was a meta-analysis of studies that examined the results of SLNB after preoperative chemotherapy.

Methods
Included articles had to meet two criteria. First, patients had to have had operable breast cancer and to have undergone SLNB after preoperative chemotherapy and, second, patients had to have undergone subsequent axillary lymph node dissection. Meta-analyses were performed in which Bayesian hierarchical models were created to estimate the identification rate (IR) and sensitivity of SLNB in this setting.

Results
Twenty-one studies were identified that included a total of 1273 patients. The IRs reported ranged from 72 to 100 per cent, with a pooled estimate of 90 per cent. The sensitivity of SLNB ranged from 67 to 100 per cent, with a pooled estimate of 88 (95 per cent confidence interval 85 to 90) per cent. Meta-analyses performed using Bayesian modelling resulted in (posterior) estimates for IR and sensitivity of 91 (95 per cent credible interval 88 to 94) and 88 (95 per cent credible interval 84 to 91) per cent respectively.

Conclusion
SLNB is a reliable tool for planning treatment after preoperative chemotherapy.
Randomized clinical trial of Lichtenstein patch or Prolene Hernia System® for inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Vironen J , Nieminen J , Eklund A , Paavolainen P 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
In this randomized prospective study the short- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair with either Lichtenstein mesh or the Prolene Hernia System® (PHS) were evaluated.

Methods
Postoperative pain and time to return to work, driving and sporting hobbies were recorded after 300 inguinal hernia repairs done by one of the two methods. Long-term sequelae and complications were assessed at follow-up visits 1 week, 1 month and 1 year after the operation.

Results
The median duration of operation for unilateral primary hernia was 37 min for the Lichtenstein operation and 27 min for the PHS procedure (P &lt; 0·001). Postoperative pain was similar after both operations. Median sick leave was 7 days in both groups. Time to driving a car was 4 versus 3 days, and time to return to sporting hobbies 13 versus 11 days, in the Lichtenstein and PHS groups, respectively. Apart from a residual femoral hernia after Lichtenstein repair, no recurrent inguinal hernias were detected.

Conclusion
Both Lichtenstein and PHS methods resulted in rapid recovery and low recurrence rates. The PHS operation was significantly quicker.
Randomized clinical trial of day-care versus overnight-stay laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Johansson M , Thune A , Nelvin L , Lundell L 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed as a day-care procedure for many years. Few studies have been conducted with primary focus on patient acceptance and preferences in terms of quality of life for this practice compared with overnight stay.

Methods
Data from 100 patients with symptomatic gallstones randomized to laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed either as a day-care procedure or with overnight stay were analysed. Complications, admissions and readmissions, quality of life and health economic aspects were assessed. Two instruments were used to assess quality of life, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB).

Results
Forty-eight (92 per cent) of 52 patients in day-care group were discharged 4–8 h after the operation. Forty-two (88 per cent) of 48 in the overnight group went home on the first day after surgery. The overall conversion rate was 2 per cent. Two patients had complications after surgery, both in the day-care group. No patient in either group was readmitted. There was no significant difference in total quality of life score between the two groups. The mean direct medical cost per patient in the day-care group (€3085) was lower than that in the overnight group (€3394).

Conclusion
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed as a day-case procedure with a low rate of complications and admissions/readmissions. Patient acceptance in terms of quality of life variables is similar to that for cholecystectomy with an overnight stay. The day-care strategy is associated with a reduction in cost.