bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of some enzyme inducers, fluids, and methionine-thiosulfate on induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Mahaffey Edward A. , Weiss Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of four 6- to 12-month-old male goats were injected intraruminally with a lethal dose (3 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Drugs were administered parenterally before (pretreatment) or beginning 8 hours after goats were dosed with AFB1. These drugs were phenobarbital (pb), phenylbutazone (pbz), piperonyl butoxide (pbo), benzoflavones, water, and 5% glucose solution (D5W). Most groups given the drugs after AFB1 was administered also were given intraperitoneal injections of methionine-sodium thiosulfate (met-ts) solution.
Clinical signs of toxicosis, serum aspartate aminotransferase activities, serum bilirubin concentrations, duration of illness, mortality, and gross and microscopic pathologic findings taken together indicated that toxicosis was increased with met-ts + pb therapy, pbz pretreatment, pbz therapy, benzoflavone pretreatment, benzoflavone therapy, met-ts + benzoflavone therapy, and met-ts + water therapy. Toxicosis was not altered appreciably by met-ts + pbo therapy.
Beneficial effects (less severe toxicosis) were produced by pb pretreatment; these effects were prolonged maintenance of strength, vigor, and appetite and (in 1 goat that recovered) absence of pathologic changes or serum bilirubin increase. Therapy with met-ts + D5W (but not met-ts alone) also lengthened maintenance of strength, vigor, and appetite, but did not prevent pathologic changes. The beneficial effect of met-ts therapy reported in a previous study (AFB1 dosage of 4 mg/kg) was not observed with the 3 mg/kg lethal dose.
In conclusion, therapy for acute aflatoxicosis with inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes is ineffective (pbo) or contraindicated (pb, pbz, benzoflavones). Therapy with D5W may be a useful adjunct to other therapeutic drugs, but multiple intraperitoneal injections of D5W may decrease survival time because of stress.
Toxicity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to goats
Authors: Goeger D. E. , Cheeke P. R. , Schmitz J. A. , Buhler D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dried tansy ragwort, which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, was fed as 25% of a complete diet to goat kids and to lactating dairy goats. Of 11 animals, 4 died, showing signs of chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis, including hepatocellular degeneration, hepatocyte swelling, megalocytosis, and bile duct proliferation. The chronic lethal dose of tansy ragwort ranged from 1.25 to 4.04 kg/kg of body weight. Goats are more resistant to tansy ragwort toxicosis than are cattle and horses, in which tansy ragwort intakes of 0.05 to 0.20 kg/kg of body weight are lethal.
Duration of protection of calves against rhinovirus challenge exposure by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-induced interferon in nasal secretions
Authors: MacLachlan N. James , Rosenquist Bruce D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six calves were inoculated intranasally with a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus and 6 control calves were given a placebo. All calves were subsequently challenge exposed (by aerosol) with rhinovirus—3 of the calves from each group at 2 days after they were inoculated with ibr virus or with placebo and the remaining calves at 6 days. Nasal excretion of viruses, interferon (ifn) concentrations in nasal secretions (ns), and neutralizing antibody in sera and ns were determined.
All calves given the vaccinal ibr virus subsequently had ifn in their ns. Interferon was detected as early as 1 day, reached maximal titers at 2 to 4 days, and persisted in individual calves for 5 to 10 days after inoculation.
Rhinovirus shedding was not detected from ibr virus-inoculated calves whose ns contained both rhinovirus antibody and ifn at the time of challenge exposure; such calves were protected at either 2 or 6 days after ibr virus inoculation.
The outcome of rhinovirus challenge exposure of calves whose ns contained ifn, but not rhinovirus antibody, varied with the day of challenge exposure. Rhinovirus excretion was detected from 2 of these calves challenge exposed 2 days after ibr virus inoculation, but was not detected from a calf challenge exposed 6 days after inoculation. However, while ifn was present in ns from the former 2 calves, rhinovirus shedding was markedly reduced as compared with that from control calves without ifn or ns antibody at the time of challenge exposure.
Consistent relationship was not observed between the rhinovirus neutralizing antibody titer of calves’ sera and ns. The antibody titer of ns more closely correlated with protective immunity to rhinovirus infection than did the serum antibody titer.
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: Examination of vaccine preparations by electron microscopy
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Rimler R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, freeze-thawing, and chemical lysis on the morphology of Pasteurella multocida from the blood of infected turkeys were examined by electron microscopy. Morphologic differences were not seen between thin-section preparations of P multocida after differential and density gradient centrifugation procedures. The internal ultrastructure of in vivo-grown cells was different from that observed previously for P multocida grown in vitro. Large membranous blebs were also observed on the surface of negative-stained preparations of organisms from the plasma, but not in thin sections of cells from the same preparation. Freeze-thaw of bacterial suspensions in sucrose resulted in partial lysis, revealing bacteria in different phases of degradation. Complete lysis (but not solubilization) was enhanced by treatment with EDTA, lysozyme, and Triton X-100. Centrifuged lysate pellets were thin-sectioned or negative-stained. Pellets consisted of vesicles, ranging in size from 0.05 to 1.0 μm, that had a characteristic trilaminar membranous appearance similar to those reported from other gram-negative bacteria grown in vitro and treated similarly.
Inactivation of African swine fever virus in tissues by gamma radiation
Authors: McVicar John W. , Mebus Charles A. , Brynjolfsson Ari , Walker Jerry S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infectiousness of African swine fever virus in pieces (approx 8 × 6 × 3 mm) of spleen, tonsil, and lymph node from pigs killed during the acute stage of the disease was destroyed by gamma radiation in doses of 20 kilogray (kGy) or greater. Infectivity titers of virus in tissues before irradiation ranged from 104.6 to 107.8 median hemadsorption U/g. Immunofluorescence of virus-infected tissue irradiated at a 50-kGy dose and stored at −70 C for 18 months was the same as that of comparable tissues from recently killed pigs.
Recrudescence of bovine herpesvirus-5 in experimentally infected calves
Authors: Krogman Linda A. , McAdaragh John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A latent infection of bovine herpesvirus-5 (bhv-5) was established in 4 calves. These calves, plus 2 controls, were given dexamethasone (dm) to reactivate the latent virus.
The 4 principal calves developed antibodies to bhv-5 by postinoculation day (pid) 21. Antibody titers increased until pid 42 before decreasing to low levels at pid 75. After the first dm treatment (started on pid 76), an anamnestic antibody response was demonstrated in the 4 principal calves.
Calves 2, 3, and 4 were euthanatized and necropsied at pid 121, and their antibody titers were again decreasing. The virus bhv-5 was not isolated from the tissues by conventional techniques of viral isolation but was isolated from the trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord of calf 3 by explantation techniques. The bhv-5 was isolated, using conventional viral isolation techniques, from a nasal swab sample of calf 1 on pid 91 (15 days after the first dm treatment) and from the thoracic lymph node 6 days after the start of a 2nd dm treatment.
Seemingly, bhv-5 may be latently harbored in the nerve tissues of calves and this virus may be reactivated from the upper respiratory tract following subsequent dm treatment.
Stability of the canine shoulder joint: An in vitro analysis
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Moore D. , Brown S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The stability of the canine shoulder joint was assessed with and without the restraining effects of selected supporting structures. Shoulder joints from medium-sized (15 to 30 kg) canine cadavers were dissected, and all soft tissues were removed except for the 4 cuff muscles (supraspinous, infraspinous, teres minor, subscapular), the biceps muscle (m. biceps brachii) and the joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments.
The humerus was fixed in position, and with the shoulder extended, the joint was stressed into abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. The range of motion was measured from transverse pins placed above and below the joint. Measurements were made before and after severance of the cuff tendons and joint capsule. In selected joints, medial and lateral luxations were created. The biceps tendon was then transposed medially or laterally, respectively, to aid joint stability. Selected medial luxations were stabilized by transferring a portion of the insertion of the supraspinous tendon to a medial location. All joints were stressed as just described, and the range of motion was measured before and after tendon transfer.
The joint capsule with its associated glenohumeral ligaments was an important restraint of joint motion. Lateral transfer of the biceps tendon partially corrected lateral joint instability by imposed marked rotational constraints on the joint. Medial transfer of the biceps tendon or the supraspinous tendon partially corrected medial joint instability, but did not resolve rotational abnormalities.
Evaluation of seven commercial oxidase test products with Pasteurella
Authors: Weaver Nancy , Collins Michael T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven commercial oxidase reagents were tested with 50 isolates each of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica. Each group of organisms consisted of a variety of serotypes from many locations and animal sources. Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica were expected to be 90% oxidase-positive; however, only 2 commercial reagents were positive for > 90% of P multocida isolates. These were the Taxo N Discs and the Bacto-Differentiation Disks Oxidase. Only the Taxo N Discs were positive for > 90% of P haemolytica isolates. The 5 other commercial reagents demonstrated a variety of results. Pathotec Cytochrome Oxidase Strips were not positive with any of the 100 isolates tested. Correlation was not observed between dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine vs tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and the percentage of positive reactions.
Experimental maedi virus infection in sheep: Early cellular and humoral immune response following parenteral inoculation
Authors: Larsen Hans Jørgen , Hyllseth Bjørn , Krogsrud Johan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The early immune response (19 weeks) in sheep inoculated parenterally with maedi virus was studied, using the lymphocyte transformation test, immunodiffusion test, complement-fixation test, and neutralization test. Cellular immune responses were detected between 3 and 7 weeks after the sheep were inoculated. Antibodies were detected by immunodiffusion test in 3 of 5 animals in weeks 7 to 11 and by complement-fixation test in weeks 15 to 19. Neutralizing antibodies were not detected. There was no sign of virus-induced immunosuppression as determined by lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens or by in vivo and in vitro immune responses following BCG vaccination.
Experimental maedi virus infection in sheep: Cellular and humoral immune response during three years following intranasal inoculation
Authors: Larsen Hans Jørgen , Hyllseth Bjørn , Krogsrud Johan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A long-term experiment in sheep inoculated intranasally with 2 strains of Norwegian maedi virus was carried out in 2 groups of Norwegian Dala sheep (7 sheep/group). Virus-specific cellular immune response was assayed in the lymphocyte transformation test sequentially during 3 years after sheep were inoculated in group 1 and 4 times in the 3rd year in group 2. Humoral immune response was assayed by immunodiffusion, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests on sequential serum samples collected from the 2 groups. Attempts to isolate virus were made.
All group 1 sheep showed transient and irregularly recurring cellular immune responses. In group 2, 6 of the 7 sheep gave similar responses. The frequency of virus isolations was low compared with that reported by various research workers using other breeds for studying experimental maedi-visna infection.
Precipitating antibodies were detected earlier, and in more animals, than were complement-fixing antibodies. Both were, however, detected later and less frequently than were reported by other research workers. There was a marked difference in the capability of the 2 maedi virus strains to induce neutralizing antibodies. The sequential sera usually showed distinct differences in neutralizing capacity of the virus strains, indicating that they are antigenically different.
Distribution of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in the bovine lung following vaccination and challenge exposure as an indicator of lung resistance
Authors: Newman P. R. , Corstvet R. E. , Panciera R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental calves were vaccinated with virulent strains of Pasteurella haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida or with phosphate-buffered saline solution either by an aerosol method or by subcutaneous injection. Calves were subsequently challenge exposed by intrapulmonic inoculation of the homologous virulent Pasteurella species. Sections obtained from the resulting pulmonic lesion were stained, using a fluorescent antibody technique, to determine relative number, location, and integrity of the challenge organism. The resistance of the calf to challenge exposure, as determined by other factors, was compared with the capacity of the components of the lung to engulf or destroy pasteurellae. Calves vaccinated with an aerosol of the bacterium were most resistant to challenge exposure; most bacteria were engulfed or degraded by the phagocytic cells. Vaccination by subcutaneous injection was less effective in inducing resistance. Tissue sections from these calves contained many more extracellular intact bacteria and fewer intracellular intact or degraded bacteria than were seen in the sections of calves vaccinated by the aerosol method. The control calves were the least resistant; bacteria seen in tissue sections from these calves were numerous, predominantly extracellular, and intact.
A group of nonvaccinated calves experimentally inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus 5 days before intrapulmonic challenge exposure with P haemolytica developed severe pulmonic lesions. The lesions were larger and more invasive and contained many more extracellular bacteria than did the lungs of calves in control groups. As in other nonvaccinated calves, there were few intracellular bacteria; however, unlike in other calves, the extracellular bacteria were seen in large numbers, particularly in alveolar lumens.
Effect of localized trauma and temporary splinting on immature skeletal muscle and mobility of the femorotibial joint in the dog
Authors: Shires Peter K. , Braund Kyle G. , Milton James L. , Liu Wendy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The right pelvic limbs of 2 groups of dogs were splinted in extension for 3 weeks. In 1 of these groups, the dogs were anesthetized and the distal portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle was traumatized before splinting. Two groups of control dogs were also used; neither group was splinted, but 1 group was anesthetized, and their muscles were traumatized. The range of motion of the femorotibial joint was measured in all 4 groups before splinting and 3 and 9 weeks after splinting. Types I and II muscle fiber diameters and percentages were also recorded at 3 and 9 weeks in all groups.
Flexion of the femorotibial joint was limited after splinting (P < 0.001), but less so after trauma and splinting than after splinting alone (P < 0.0001). A reversible type I fiber atrophy occurred in most restricted muscles (P < 0.001) and early type II fiber atrophy was seen in a few muscles after trauma and splinting (P < 0.002). Multifocal fiber necrosis was the only irreversible change seen after 3 weeks of splinting with or without concurrent muscle trauma. Relative fiber percentages did not change appreciably during splinting or recovery.
Evaluation of treatment for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in dogs with ligated pancreatic ducts
Authors: Pidgeon Guy , Strombeck Donald R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical evaluations and measurements of maldigestion and malabsorption were made in dogs before and after ligation of pancreatic ducts. Fecal wet and dry weights were 300% greater after duct ligation. Fecal fat excretion of dietary intake increased from 9% to 84%. An indirect test of pancreatic function revealed a disappearance of intestinal chymotrypsin activity. All values tested improved during replacement with 5 ml of enzyme powder/day. Little additional improvement was observed after doubling or quadrupling this dose. Little or no additional improvement was seen with the following additions to enzymes: 30-minute preincubation of enzymes with food, antacids, cimetidine (except high dose), neomycin, or bile acids. Enzymes in uncoated tablets were less effective, unless the tablets were crushed.
Epizootiologic patterns of diabetes mellitus in dogs
Authors: Marmor Michael , Willeberg Preben , Glickman Lawrence T. , Priester William A. , Cypess Raymond H. , Hurvitz Arthur I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A case-control study of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in dogs was undertaken, using 2 veterinary data bases. The Veterinary Medical Data Program (VMDP) contained records of 1,019 cases of canine diabetes from 14 university-affiliated veterinary hospitals. The Animal Medical Center (AMC), a private veterinary hospital which has not participated in the VMDP, contained records of 449 diabetes cases. Each data base was analyzed separately, control groups being chosen from all admissions, excluding diabetic animals.
Summary odds ratios by sex adjusted for age and breed indicated significantly (P < 0.05) elevated risks for entire females and neutered females compared with that for entire males. The VMDP data indicated a significantly elevated risk for castrated males, whereas the risk derived from AMC data was not significantly different from 1. Analysis of risks by breed adjusting for age and sex identified Poodles as being at significantly excess risk, and German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, Collies, and Boxers at significantly decreased risk in both data sets. The male:female risk ratio changed with age from 1 at less than 1 year of age to a predominance of females at older ages. In the AMC data base, diabetes was significantly associated with cataracts in dogs of both sexes combined. Diabetes was also significantly associated with benign mammary tumors in female dogs.
Vaccination studies of aspergillosis in turkeys: Subcutaneous inoculation with several vaccine preparations followed by aerosol challenge exposure
Authors: Richard J. L. , Thurston J. R. , Cutlip R. C. , Pier A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five vaccines were prepared from an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus: a culture filtrate vaccine (I), a spore vaccine (II), a mycelial vaccine (III), and 2 germling vaccines (IV and V). The 2 germling vaccines were produced on different media. Two experiments were conducted to test the vaccines for efficacy in groups of 21 turkey poults by giving each bird 2 subcutaneous inoculations of the respective vaccine at 1 and 2 weeks of age. The birds were challenge exposed to an aerosol of spores of A fumigatus at 1 month of age. The 2 experiments differed only in the challenge exposure. In experiment 1, 38% of the poults were protected when vaccinated with an A fumigatus germling vaccine (IV) and challenge exposed with a dose of aerosolized A fumigatus spores that killed 100% of the nonvaccinated controls. Onset of postchallenge-exposure deaths were delayed by 2 days in the turkeys given vaccine IV. In experiment 2, 48% of the poults were protected when given germling vaccine IV, whereas 62% to 86% of the poults in the nonvaccinated and 3 other vaccine groups died. In experiment 2, 50% of the poults given a mycelial vaccine (III) were protected. Torticollis was a frequent sign of the disease in experiment 2.
In vitro evaluation of B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Emery D. A. , Patel B. L. , Pomeroy B. S. , Newman J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted on B-lymphocyte function in turkeys infected with hemorrhagic enteritis (he) virus. Hemolytic plaque-forming technique was used to detect antibody-forming cells in turkeys. The plaque-forming cell responses in he virus-infected and noninfected controls were compared. Results of this study indicated a decreased capability of he virus-infected turkeys to produce antibodies to sheep rbc. The greatest inhibition of antibody-forming cell production was seen in the turkeys 19 days after exposure to the virus. However, after this period, the turkeys gradually recovered their immunocompetence to sheep rbc.
Characterization and chemical nature of Haemophilus avium hemagglutinin
Authors: Iritani Y. , Yamaguchi T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Haemophilus avium hemagglutinin properties were studied. Hemaggutination titer was decreased by proteolytic enzyme treatments, but was not affected by glycosidase, lipase, phospholipase, and neuraminidase treatments. Cell-free hemagglutinin was found in supernatants of centrifuged sonicate and centrifuged agitate of H avium and was precipitated with ammonium sulfate with no loss of hemagglutinating activity. The H avium hemagglutinin showed different patterns of activity against the rbc of different avian species. Hemagglutination of chicken rbc was not inhibited by d-mannose.
Reduced intestinal absorption in broilers during Eimeria mitis infection
Authors: Ruff M. D. , Edgar S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The absorption of glucose and l-methionine was as much as 52% less in the intestine of broilers inoculated with 2 strains of Eimeria mitis than in the intestine of noninoculated controls. This malabsorption was observed in the region of, and caudad to, the yolk sac diverticulum. Malabsorption was greater in birds given 500,000 sporulated oocysts than in those given 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird. Depigmentation of the plasma was also considered an indication of malabsorption. Gross lesions were not evident in the intestine of these infected birds, even though histopathologic sections showed the presence of numerous parasites. Body weight was also less in inoculated birds, but pcv and plasma protein concentrations were not affected.
Neutrophilic movement of a Basenji with Pelger-Huët anoxmaly
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Prasse Keith W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Random and chemotactic neutrophilic movements in a Basenji with Pelger-Huët (P-H) anomaly was compared with such movement in 5 healthy control dogs. Duplicate samples of neutrophils were quantitated after 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes of incubation. On the basis of population mean responses, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between P-H and control neutrophils for any type of movement at any time interval examined. These findings indicate that the movement of neutrophils with P-H anomaly may be unaffected by the nuclear abnormality.