bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a genetically modified yeast phytase on phosphorus bioavailability in a corn‐soybean meal based diet for growing pigs
Authors: CHU Gyo‐Moon , KOMORI Motoharu , NAKAYAMA Akira , ASANAGI Mineko , YANO Hideo , MATSUI Tohru 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTWe investigated the efficacy of genetically modified yeast (GMY) phytase on phosphorus (P) bioavailability in growing pigs fed a corn–soybean meal based diet. Crossbred barrows were fed a P‐adequate, a low‐P or a P‐deficient diet containing 0.37, 0.27 and 0.14% non‐phytate‐P, respectively. The P‐deficient diet was supplemented with wild‐type yeast (WTY), Aspergillus (ASP) or GMY phytase at 750 PU per kilogram of food. Dietary ASP and GMY phytases increased plasma inorganic P (Pi) concentration and the apparent absorption of P, and decreased the concentration of a bone resorption marker, plasma type‐I collagen C‐terminal telopeptide (ICTP). Wild‐type yeast phytase also increased the apparent absorption of P, but the changes in plasma Pi and ICTP concentrations were not significant. Although the dietary Pi‐equivalencies based on plasma Pi and ICTP concentrations did not differ between WTY and ASP phytases, the equivalency of ASP phytase based on apparent absorption of P was higher than that of WTY phytase. The equivalency of GMY phytase calculated from each parameter was higher than that of WTY phytase, and did not differ from that of ASP phytase. These results suggest that efficacy of GMY phytase on P bioavailability was higher than WTY phytase, and as effective as ASP phytase in growing pigs.
Effects of the rearing system on the quality traits of the carcass, meat and fat of the Chato Murciano pig
Authors: GALIÁN Miguel , POTO Ángel , SANTAELLA Marina , PEINADO Begoña 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the performance of the Spanish autochthonous pig breed Chato Murciano under different rearing conditions, a total of 30 castrated male pigs were used. Eighteen pigs were reared in an outdoor system, and sent to slaughter with an average age of 210 days and live weight (LW) of 124.41 kg; and 12 pigs were reared in an indoor system, and slaughtered with 119.58 kg of LW and 236 days old. The pigs reared outdoors showed a better growing rate and final live weight in relation to age, as well as higher hot and cold carcass yields, and superior weights for the most valuable meat cuts, but their morphometric parameters were similar to those of the pigs reared indoors. The rearing system did not affect many of the meat quality traits (intramuscular fat (IMF) content, pH, color, tenderness and cooking loss), but drip losses were higher in the outdoor group. The levels of IMF found in this study in both rearing systems (2.65–3.19%) were notably lower than those from previous studies, probably due to differences in the diet used. The rearing system affected the mineral and fatty acid (FA) composition. The distribution of fatty acids in both groups, with a low Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) content, can be expected to produce good quality processed products.
Short‐term transportation in a small vehicle affects the physiological state and subsequent water consumption in goats
Authors: AOYAMA Masato , NEGISHI Akihito , ABE Akiko , MAEJIMA Yuko , SUGITA Shoei 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTWe investigated the physiological effects on goats of transportation for one hour in a small truck. We also investigated food and water consumption after transportation. Eight adult goats (four castrated males and four ovariectomized females) were used. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids increased significantly within 15 min of the start of transportation, and these higher levels were maintained throughout transportation. These results indicate that transportation in a small truck activates the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. Despite activation of the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate (HR) in subjected animals during transportation did not differ from during the control animals, which were housed in their usual pen. However, after the transportation had ended and the goats started to eat fodder, HR increased significantly. There was no difference in the amount of food consumption between the control and transported goats. Water consumption in the first three hours after transportation was significantly lower in the transported goats than in the controls for the equivalent period. In the subsequent three hours, however, the transported goats consumed more water than the controls. Consequently, the total water consumption of the transported goats did not differ from that of the controls during the six hours after transportation. In conclusion, short‐term transportation with a small vehicle activated the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system in goats. HR was not increased during transportation, but after the transportation had ended HR in transported goats was higher than that in control goats. After transportation, goats had consumed the same amount of food as control goats, but water consumption during three hours after the transportation was lower than that of control goats.
Discovery of Gynoecium Color Polymorphism in an Aquatic Plant
Authors: Huang Shuang‐Quan , Tang Xiao‐Xin 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Flower color polymorphism exhibited by natural populations provides an opportunity for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms contributing to the diversity of floral morphology. However, little is known about the color polymorphism of female organs in flowering plants. Here we report gynoecium color polymorphism in Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae), an emergent, aquatic monocot. Populations from Mishan, northeastern China comprised two morphs; gynoecia are either pink, as observed in other areas, or white. We measured floral traits and female fecundity in the two gynoecium color morphs in the field. There was no significant difference in plant height, pedicel length, and flower size including petal, sepal and gynoecium between the two morphs, but plants with pink gynoecia had wider inflorescence stalks, larger inner whorl anthers and produced more pollen and ovules than those with white gynoecia. Correspondingly, we found that seed production was significantly higher in the pink than in the white morph. This new finding suggested selection against white gynoecia in part because of low fecundity, consistent
with the rarity of the white gynoecium morph in this species.
CHEMOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE TUNISIAN VARIETALS OF OLEA EUROPAEA L. OLIVE FRUIT ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT MATURATION INDICES
Authors: ISSAOUI MANEL , MECHRI BELIGH , ECHBILI ADEL , DABBOU SAMIA , YANGUI ABDELMAJID , BELGUITH HASSEN , TRIGUI AHMED , HAMMAMI MOHAMED 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT The usefulness of some chemical parameters as a tool to discriminate five varietals of olives was evaluated. Fruits were collected from the same orchard in order to eliminate geographical and climatic effects. Biochemical and quality characteristics in the fruits at complete ripeness were also investigated. Results showed that pomological characteristics and fatty acid composition may differ, depending on the variety and ripeness state, which is confirmed by an analysis of variance. A linear trend between mannitol and oil content was observed (r = 0.665; P < 0.001). Jeddaria Chaal olive oil had both the highest triolein (39.33%) and oleic acid value (74.43%). However, Chemlali Chouamekh olive oil showed the highest pigment (59.29 and 26.37 mg/kg of chlorophylls and carotenes, respectively) and α‐tocopherol content (201.40 mg/kg). Thus, the cultivars were clearly differentiated in their metabolic behavior and the biochemical characteristics of their oils. Ripening state is used mainly as a guideline to establish the olive harvest time. The present data provide information about the maturation patterns of different cultivars and how it can influence the quality of the final product.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research is strongly oriented to the agronomic application. The obtained results can orient an agronomist to the optimum ripening date of olive fruits with a good amount of oil and a balanced fatty acid composition.
8‐HYDROXY‐2′‐DEOXYGUANOSINE AS A BIOMARKER FOR DETECTION OF THE EARLY STAGE INDUCED ADENOCARCINOMA IN RATS
Authors: TOKARZ ANDRZEJ , BOBROWSKA BARBARA , GORZATA KOSK MAŁ 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT The influence of fats on carcinogenesis is associated with oxidative DNA lesions. In this study, the effect of heated (for 10 min at 200C) and unheated olive and sunflower oils on oxidative DNA damage (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine [8‐OhdG]) in rats in which breast cancer was simultaneously induced with 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]antracene (DMBA) was assessed. The research focused on the kinetics of alterations in urinary 8‐OHdG at the early stage of carcinogenesis, as well as the influence of dietary factors on the process. Urine samples were obtained from animals placed individually in metabolic cages for 24 h. The study results showed that both the quantity and quality of dietary fats exert their influence on urinary 8‐OHdG in rats. In addition, DMBA‐induced carcinogenesis was accompanied by increased urinary 8‐OHdG levels in rats, regardless of their diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIt is estimated that approximately one‐third of human cancers are associated with inappropriate dietary habits and lifestyle. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of olive and sunflower oils, heated and unheated, on the severity of oxidative DNA lesions (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine) in rats in which breast adenocarcinoma was simultaneously induced with 7,8‐dimethylbenz[a]antracene. The results presented in this work can be useful in the analysis of fats' influence on cancer process in humans.
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DESI CHICKPEA VARIETIES COMMONLY CONSUMED IN PAKISTAN
Authors: ZIA‐UL‐HAQ MUHAMMAD , IQBAL SHAHID , AHMAD SHAKEEL , BHANGER MUHAMMAD IQBAL , WICZKOWSKI WIESLAW , AMAROWICZ RYSZARD 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT Antioxidant potential of four Desi chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties indigenous to Pakistan, namely Balksar 2000, CM98, Dasht and Winhar 2000, was evaluated. All studied varieties exhibited appreciable total phenolic content (0.92–1.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), total flavonoid content (0.79–0.99 mg catechin equivalent [CAE]/g) and condensed tannin content (0.58–0.69 mg CAE/g). In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (1.05–1.24 µmol trolox/g), 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (37.24–45.32 µmol trolox/g), ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (0.73–0.90 mmol Fe2+equivalents/100 g) and oxygen radical‐absorbing capacity (8.58–11.4 µmol trolox/g). All varieties exhibited appreciable antioxidant potential and significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the varieties in different systems of antioxidant activity evaluation. The results of the present analytical study showed Desi chickpea (C. arietinum L.) indigenous to Pakistan to be a potentially valuable legume crop with high antioxidant potential.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe analytical findings of this study provide a regional database for this valuable legume crop, which has not been explored so far. The data obtained will be useful to both producers and consumers. Chickpeas may be used as functional ingredients for processing into health foods in the food industry.
LIPID CLASSES, FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROL MOLECULAR SPECIES FROM ADZUKI BEANS (VIGNA ANGULARIS)
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROMI , TOMIYAMA YUKA , YOSHIDA NAOKO , SAIKI MASAYUKI , MIZUSHINA YOSHIYUKI 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT The lipids extracted from adzuki beans grown in Japan were classified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) into eight fractions. Molecular species and fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols (TAGs) isolated from the total lipids in the beans were determined from a combination of argentation‐TLC and gas chromatography. The major lipid components were phospholipids (PL; 63.5%) and TAG (21.2%), while hydrocarbons (5.1%), steryl esters (7.5%), free fatty acids (0.9%), diacylglycerols (1.3%) and monoacylglycerols (0.5%) were also present in minor proportions. Both major samples had high amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids, representing 62.1% for TAG and 65.9% for PL. Seventeen different molecular species were detected. The major TAG components were SMD (5.0%), S2T (19.3%), SD2 (13.8%), SMT (9.3%), MD2 (4.5%), SDT (7.0%), D3 (8.8%) and ST2 (15.9%), where S, M, D and T denote a saturated fatty acid, a monoene, a diene and a triene, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis article describes the characteristics of lipid components, fatty acid compositions as well as the profiles of triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species of adzuki beans. α‐Linolenic (18:3n‐3) acid was detected as 24.8, 21.2 and 15.2% in the TAG, total lipids and phospholipids, respectively. The oil from legumes, except the profitable fatty acid content, could be a potential source of tocopherols. The data obtained in this study would be useful to both consumers and producers for manufacturing traditional adzuki confectionaries (wagashi) in Japan and elsewhere.
EXTRACTION OF VICTORIA AND RED GLOBE GRAPE SEED OILS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE WITH AND WITHOUT ETHANOL
Authors: DA SILVA TERESA LOPES , BERNARDO ELINA C. , NOBRE BEATRIZ , MENDES RUI L. , REIS ALBERTO 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT SFE of the oils of two varieties of grape seeds (Victoria and Red Globe) was performed in a flow apparatus at 40C and 250 bar. The effect of the solvent on the extraction yield was studied using CO2 and CO2 modified with ethanol, and the yield of extraction was compared with conventional extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Soxhlet using hexane). SC CO2 + ethanol extracted higher lipid amounts from both varieties, compared with SC CO2 extraction. The comparison between SFE and conventional extraction methods showed that the highest extraction yield was obtained with SC CO2 + ethanol (10%, w/w) (14.7 and 11.8% for Red Globe and Victoria grape seeds, respectively), while pure SC CO2 afforded the lowest lipid yields. The fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained by SFE were analyzed. Fractions containing higher proportions of PUFAs were obtained at lower solvent/dry grape seed ratios, while fractions richer in SFAs and MUFAs were obtained at higher solvent/dry grape seed ratios.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSFE could fractionate grape seed oil and afford various grades of oil containing different proportions of fatty acids. The highest grape seed lipid yield obtained was with SC CO2 + ethanol, making this solvent a promising and powerful one for grape seed oil extraction, showing a great advantage compared with conventional extraction methods.
LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF THE GENUS BOLETUS
Authors: HANUŠ LUMÍR O. , SHKROB ILIA , DEMBITSKY VALERY M. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT Fifteen species of wild edible mushrooms belonging to the genus Boletus (phylum Basidiomycota) were examined by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HP‐TLC) analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis for the presence of neutral, glyco‐, phospholipids, betaine lipids and fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic acid (9‐18:1, 15–42%), linoleic acid (9,12‐18:2, 38–58%) and palmitic acid (16:0, 7–17%), but a great variation of the ester composition from one to another one was found. A comparison of neutral lipids, glycolipids, polar lipids and fatty acid composition of four species was done. Diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and phosphatidylcholine were found as major components among polar lipids. Chemical constituents were characterized by GC‐MS, HP‐TLC and other chemical methods. Biologic activity of some isolated compounds from the genus Boletus is also discussed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMushrooms are important wildlife food in the Mediterranean countries. The lipids of mushrooms, sampled from the Upper Galilee, Golan Heights and Mount Carmel areas, and also from the forest around Jerusalem, were examined. The benefits of including fatty acids in the diets of humans are well documented. Fatty acids play a major role in the functioning of the immune system and the maintenance of all hormonal systems in the body. Mushrooms from the genus Boletus are an excellent source of both fatty acids and neutral and polar lipids. Boletus mushrooms are one of the most popular treats in Israeli houses.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ENGLISH WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.)
Authors: SAMARANAYAKA ANUSHA G.P. , JOHN JENNY A. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT Phenolic contents of different fractions (contents of whole nut, skin and kernel) of English walnut (Juglans regia L.) were determined and their antioxidative capacities investigated using a number of in vitro model systems. Phenolic compounds extracted from walnut skin into 95% ethanol contained the highest amount of total phenolics and exhibited the highest antioxidative capacity as evaluated by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Extracts of walnut phenolics showed a high ferrous ion chelating ability and effectively scavenged 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals, the latter considerably stronger for the skin with 50% inhibition concentration of 3.4 µg extract per mL. Further, inhibition of 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation in a bulk corn oil model system was also significant (P < 0.05) for all three phenolic extracts and for pure gallic acid at 10 ppm gallic acid equivalents final assay concentration after four days of storage at 60C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWalnut is a healthful nut that contains alpha‐linolenic acid in its lipid fraction, and its skin is rich in polyphenolics with strong antioxidant properties, as demonstrated in this study. Thus, walnut with skin and skin of walnuts serve as good free radical scavengers and could be effective in reducing oxidative stress among other beneficial health effects, which could be exploited for product development.
Brain Extracellular Matrix in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Bonneh‐Barkay Dafna , Wiley Clayton A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in neurological development, function and degeneration has evolved from a simplistic physical adhesion to a system of intricate cellular signaling. While most cells require ECM adhesion to survive, it is now clear that differentiated function is intimately dependent upon cellular interaction with the ECM. Therefore, it is not surprising that the ECM is increasingly found to be involved in the enigmatic process of neurodegeneration. Descriptive studies of human neurodegenerative disorders and experimental studies of animal models of neurodegeneration have begun to define potential mechanisms of ECM disruption that can lead to synaptic and neuronal loss.
Ceftibuten Resistance and Treatment Failure ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeInfection
Authors: Lo Janice Y. C. , Ho K. M. , Leung Anna O. C. , Tiu Felisa S. T. , Tsang Grand K. L. , Lo Angus C. T. , Tapsall John W. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTNeisseria gonorrhoeaeinfections have been empirically treated in Hong Kong with a single oral 400-mg dose of ceftibuten since 1997. Following anecdotal reports of the treatment failure of gonorrhea with oral extended-spectrum cephalosporins, the current study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and molecular characteristics of isolates ofN. gonorrhoeaeamong patients with putative treatment failure in a sexually transmitted disease clinic setting. Between October 2006 and August 2007, 44 isolates ofN. gonorrhoeaewere studied from patients identified clinically to have treatment failure with empirical ceftibuten. The ceftibuten MICs for three strains were found to have been 8 mg/liter. These strains were determined byN. gonorrhoeaemultiantigen sequence typing to belong to sequence type 835 (ST835) or the closely related ST2469. The testing of an additional eight archived ST835 strains revealed similarly elevated ceftibuten MICs. ThepenAgene sequences of these 11 isolates all had the mosaic pattern previously described as pattern X. Of note is that the ceftriaxone susceptibility results of these strains all fell within the susceptible range. It is concluded that ceftibuten resistance may contribute to the empirical treatment failure of gonorrhea caused by strains harboring the mosaicpenAgene, which confers reduced susceptibility to oral extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Screening for such resistance in the routine clinical laboratory may be undertaken by the disk diffusion test. The continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics ofN. gonorrhoeaeisolates is important to ensure that control and prevention strategies remain effective.
Mutator Genes Giving Rise to Decreased Antibiotic Susceptibility in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wiegand Irith , Marr Alexandra K. , Breidenstein Elena B. M. , Schurek Kristen N. , Taylor Patrick , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

Screening of the PA14 genomic transposon mutant library for resistance to ceftazidime, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin led to the discovery of several mutants that appeared in more than one screen. Testing of the frequency of mutation to ciprofloxacin resistance revealed previously known mutator genes, including
mutS
and
mutL
, as well as mutators that have not yet been described for
P. aeruginosa
, including PA3958 and RadA (PA4609).
CYP56 (Dit2p) in
Candida albicans
: Characterization and Investigation of Its Role in Growth and Antifungal Drug Susceptibility
Authors: Melo N. R. , Moran G. P. , Warrilow A. G. S. , Dudley E. , Smith S. N. , Sullivan D. J. , Lamb D. C. , Kelly D. E. , Coleman D. C. , Kelly S. L. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

The complete DNA sequence of
Candida albicans DIT2
, encoding cytochrome P450 family 56 (CYP56), was obtained, and heterologous expression was achieved in
Escherichia coli
, where CYP56 was targeted to the membrane fraction. In reconstituted assays with the purified enzyme, CYP56 was shown to catalyze the conversion of
N
-formyl tyrosine into
N
,
N
′-bisformyl dityrosine, a reaction that was dependent on cytochrome P450 reductase, NADPH, and oxygen, yielding a turnover of 21.6 min
−1
and a

k
s

of 26 μM. The Hill number was calculated as 1.6, indicating that two molecules of the substrate could bind to the protein. Azole antifungals could bind to the heme of CYP56 as a sixth ligand with high affinity. Both chromosomal alleles of
CYP56
were disrupted using the
SAT1
flipper technique, and
CYP56
was found to be nonessential for cell viability under the culture conditions investigated. Susceptibility to azole drugs that bind to cytochromes P450 was tested, and the mutant showed unaltered susceptibility. However, the mutant showed increased susceptibility to the echinocandin drug caspofungin, suggesting an alteration in 1,3-glucan synthase and/or cell wall structure mediated by the presence of dityrosine. Phenotypically, the wild-type and mutant strains were morphologically similar when cultured in rich yeast extract-peptone-dextrose medium. However in minimal medium, the
cyp56
Δ mutant strain exhibited hyphal growth, in contrast to the wild-type strain, which grew solely in the yeast form. Furthermore,
CYP56
was essential for chlamydospore formation.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Old and Recent
Staphylococcus aureus
Isolates from Poultry: First Detection of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Strain ST398
Authors: Nemati Mostafa , Hermans Katleen , Lipinska Urszula , Denis Olivier , Deplano Ariane , Struelens Marc , Devriese Luc A. , Pasmans Frank , Haesebrouck Freddy 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

The susceptibilities of 12 antimicrobial agents for two collections of
Staphylococcus aureus
, isolated in the 1970s and in 2006 from poultry, were determined. For eight antibiotics, the percentage of resistance was significantly higher in the recent isolates. Ten recent isolates were methicillin resistant and had
spa
types t011 and t567, belonging to multilocus sequence type 398. This is the first report of “livestock-associated” methicillin resistant
S. aureus
from healthy poultry.