bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second‐Law Based Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Heat Exchanger
Authors: He Y.‐L. , Lei Y.‐G. , Tao W.‐Q. , Zhang J.‐F. , Chu P. , Li R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the present investigation, second‐law based thermodynamics analysis was applied to a new heat exchanger with helical baffles. The helical baffles are designed as quadrant ellipses and each baffle occupies one quadrant of the cross‐section of the shell side. Experimental tests were carried out with cold water in the tube side with a constant flow rate, and hot oil on the shell side with flow rate range from 4–24 m3/h. The temperatures and pressures for the inlet and outlet of both sides were measured. The heat transfer, pressure drop, entropy generation, and exergy loss of the new heat exchanger were investigated and compared with the results for a conventional shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles. The computed results indicated that both the entropy generation number and exergy losses of the new heat exchanger design are lower than those of the heat exchanger with segmental baffles, which means that the novel heat exchanger has a higher efficiency than the heat exchanger with segmental baffles, from the second‐law based thermodynamics viewpoint.
Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Supercritical Extraction of Mannitol from Olive Leaves
Authors: Ghoreishi S. M. , Shahrestani R. G. , Ghaziaskar H. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe experimental feasibility of mannitol extraction from olive leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The experimental data indicated that increasing the pressure from 200 to 350 bar and decreasing the temperature from 80 to 40 °C resulted in an enhancement of the extraction yield and reduced the partition coefficient significantly. In addition, increasing the extraction time from 10 to 90 min increased the extraction yield, while further increases up to 180 min did not cause any further change. Ethanol was utilized as an entrainer and the maximum extraction yield was obtained using 20 % of ethanol. Moreover, modeling of the supercritical fluid extraction was carried out with the relevant mass transfer mechanisms involved in the supercritical and solid phases, and the appropriate numerical method of finite difference. The numerical results show that the model with three adjustable parameters is capable of predicting the experimental data very well.
Absorption of NO in Aqueous NaClO2/Na2CO3 Solutions
Authors: Wei J.‐C. , Yu P. , Cai B. , Luo Y.‐B. , Tan H.‐Z. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe absorption rates of NO into aqueous solutions of NaClO2 blended with Na2CO3 were investigated in a stirred reactor. The experimental results showed that the reaction rate could be expressed as $ N_{\rm NO} = {\sqrt {0.172C_{\rm i}^3 C_{\rm BL}}} $. An equation for a second‐order reaction rate constant between NO and NaClO2, kmn = 5.79 · 1015 exp(–5557.26/T), was obtained. The addition of Na2CO3 into the solution of NaClO2 decreased the reaction rate constant. The optimal absorption conditions involved a NO concentration of 540 ppm, NaClO2 concentration of 50 mol m–3, Na2CO3 concentration of 10 mol m–3, temperature of 333 K and O2 concentration of 4 %, which were determined by an orthogonal experiment. Under these optimal conditions, it was possible for the absorption rate to reach up to 1.9271 · 10–5 mol/(s m2).
Experimental Study and Design of a Submerged Membrane Distillation Bioreactor
Authors: Phattaranawik J. , Fane A. G. , Pasquier A. C. S. , Bing W. , Wong F. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA hybrid process incorporating membrane distillation in a submerged membrane bioreactor operated at elevated temperature is developed and experimentally demonstrated in this article. Since organic particles are rejected by an ‘evaporation’ mechanism, the retention time of non‐volatile soluble and small organics in the submerged membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) is independent of the hydraulic retention time (mainly water and volatiles). A high permeate quality can be obtained in the one‐step compact process. The submerged MD modules were designed for both flat‐sheet membranes and tubular membrane configurations. The process performance was preliminarily evaluated by the permeate flux stabilities. The module configuration design and air sparging used in the MDBR process were tested. Flux declines were observed for the thin flat‐sheet hydrophobic membranes. Tubular membrane modules provided more stable permeate fluxes probably due to the turbulent condition generated from air sparging injected inside the tubular membrane bundles. The experiments with the submerged tubular MD module gave stable fluxes of approximately 5 L/m2 h over 2 weeks at a bioreactor temperature of 56 °C. The total organic carbon in the permeate was consistently lower than 0.7 mg/L for all experiments.
Study of Air‐Liquid Flow Patterns in Hydrocyclone Enhanced by Air Bubbles
Authors: Bai Z. , Wang H. , Tu S.‐T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to improve the oil‐water separation efficiency of a hydrocyclone, a new process utilizing air bubbles has been developed to enhance separation performance. Using the two‐component phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) technique, the velocities of two phases, air and liquid, and air bubble diameter were measured in a hydrocyclone. The air‐liquid mixing pump can produce 15 to 60 μm‐diameter air bubbles in water. There is an optimum air‐liquid ratio for oil‐water separation of a hydrocyclone enhanced by air bubbles. An air core occurs in the hydrocyclone when the air‐liquid ratio is more than 1 %. The velocities of air bubbles have a similar flow pattern to the water phase. The axial and tangential velocity differences of the air bubbles at different air‐liquid ratio are greater near the wall and near the core of the hydrocyclone. The measured results show that the size distribution of the air bubbles produced by the air‐liquid mixing pump is beneficial to the process where air bubbles capture oil droplets in the hydrocyclone. These studies are helpful to understand the separation mechanism of a hydrocyclone enhanced by air bubbles.
Evaluation of variation matrix arrays by parallel factor analysis
Authors: Abdollahi Hamid , Sajjadi S. Maryam 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPARAFAC is one of the most widely used algorithms for trilinear decomposition. The uniqueness properties of the PARAFAC model are very attractive regardless of whether one is interested curve resolution or not. The fact that PARAFAC provides one unique solution simplifies interpretation of the model. But in three‐way data arrays the uniqueness condition can only be expected when kA + kB + kC ≥ 2F + 2, where F is the number of components and k's are the Kruskal ranks of loadings A to C. As much as second order instruments produce data of varying complexity depending upon the nature of the analytical techniques being combined, with some three‐way data it is possible for patterns generated by the underlying sources of variation to have sufficient independent effects in two modes, yet nonetheless be proportional in a third mode. For example, in three‐way data for spectrophotometric titrations of weak acids or bases (pH‐wavelength‐sample), a rank deficiency may occur in two modes, that is closure rank deficiency in the pH mode and proportionality rank deficiency in the sample direction because each analyte will have acidic and basic forms that are linear combinations in the sample mode. The goal of the present paper is to overcome the non‐uniqueness problem in the second order calibration of monoprotic acids mixtures. The solution contains two steps: first each pH‐absorbance matrix is pretreated by subtraction of the first spectrum from each spectrum in the data matrix. This pretreated data matrix is called the variation matrix. Second, by stacking the variation matrices, a three‐way trilinear variation data array will be obtained without the proportional linear dependency problem that can be resolved uniquely by PARAFAC. It is shown, although unique results are not guaranteed by the Kruscal's condition for the original three‐way data, this condition is fulfilled for pretreated three‐way data. Hence, the variation array may be uniquely decomposed by the PARAFAC algorithm. Studies on simulated as well as real data array reveal the applicability of the proposed method to this kind of problem in the second order calibration of monoprotic acids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable scaling and nearest neighbor methods
Authors: Gertheiss Jan , Tutz Gerhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhen employing nearest neighbor classifiers scaling of input variables is often useful. In this paper we propose a small modification in usual data preprocessing: scaling of variables should be done by use of pooled variances instead of overall ones. Thus prediction accuracy is distinctly improved in some situations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of hypnotic analgesia in adults: A review of the literature
Authors: Stoelb Brenda L. , Molton Ivan R. , Jensen Mark P. , Patterson David R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article both summarizes the previous reviews of randomized, controlled trials of hypnotic analgesia for the treatment of chronic and acute pain in adults, and reviews similar trials which have recently been published in the scientific literature. The results indicate that for both chronic and acute pain conditions: (1) hypnotic analgesia consistently results in greater decreases in a variety of pain outcomes compared to no treatment/standard care; (2) hypnosis frequently out‐performs non‐hypnotic interventions (e.g. education, supportive therapy) in terms of reductions in pain‐related outcomes; and (3) hypnosis performs similarly to treatments that contain hypnotic elements (such as progressive muscle relaxation), but is not surpassed in efficacy by these alternative treatments. Factors that may influence the efficacy of hypnotic analgesia interventions are discussed, including, but not limited to, the patient's level of suggestibility, treatment outcome expectancy, and provider expertise. Based upon this body of literature, suggestions are offered for practitioners who are using, or would like to use, hypnosis for the amelioration of pain problems in their patients or clients. Copyright © 2008 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structurally Minimized μ‐Conotoxin Analogues as Sodium Channel Blockers: Implications for Designing Conopeptide‐Based Therapeutics
Authors: Han Tiffany S. , Zhang Min‐Min , Walewska Aleksandra , Gruszczynski Pawel , Robertson Charles R. , Cheatham Thomas E. , Yoshikami Doju , Olivera Baldomero M. , Bulaj Grzegorz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransforming the neuroactive toxins of cone snails into small‐size compounds poses a challenge due to the presence of multiple disulfide bridges. Herein we describe our successful efforts in minimizing the size of μ‐conotoxin while retaining its biological activity.magnified imageDisulfide bridges that stabilize the native conformation of conotoxins pose a challenge in the synthesis of smaller conotoxin analogues. Herein we describe the synthesis of a minimized analogue of the analgesic μ‐conotoxin KIIIA that blocks two sodium channel subtypes, the neuronal NaV1.2 and skeletal muscle NaV1.4. Three disulfide‐deficient analogues of KIIIA were initially synthesized in which the native disulfide bridge formed between either C1C9, C2C15, or C4C16 was removed. Deletion of the first bridge only slightly affected the peptide's bioactivity. To further minimize this analogue, the N‐terminal residue was removed and two nonessential serine residues were replaced by a single 5‐amino‐3‐oxapentanoic acid residue. The resulting “polytide” analogue retained the ability to block sodium channels and to produce analgesia. Until now, the peptidomimetic approach applied to conotoxins has progressed only modestly at best; thus, the disulfide‐deficient analogues containing backbone spacers provide an alternative advance toward the development of conopeptide‐based therapeutics.
Race, treatment preferences, and hospice enrollment: Eligibility criteria may exclude patients with the greatest needs for care
Authors: Fishman Jessica , O'Dwyer Peter , Lu Hien L. , Henderson Hope , Asch David A. , Casarett David J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:The requirement that patients give up curative treatment makes hospice enrollment unappealing for some patients and may particularly limit use among African‐American patients. The current study was conducted to determine whether African‐American patients with cancer are more likely than white patients to have preferences for cancer treatment that exclude them from hospice and whether they are less likely to want specific hospice services.METHODS:Two hundred eighty‐three patients who were receiving treatment for cancer at 6 oncology clinics within the University of Pennsylvania Cancer Network completed conjoint interviews measuring their perceived need for 5 hospice services and their preferences for continuing cancer treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months or until death.RESULTS:African‐American patients had stronger preferences for continuing their cancer treatments on a 7‐point scale even after adjusting for age, sex, finances, education, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, quality of life, and physical and psychologic symptom burden (adjusted mean score, 4.75 vs 3.96; β coefficient, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.22‐1.41 [P = .007]). African‐American patients also had greater perceived needs for hospice services after adjusting for these characteristics (adjusted mean score, 2.31 vs 1.83; β coefficient, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.11‐0.92 [P = .01]). However, this effect disappeared after adjusting for household finances.CONCLUSIONS:Hospice eligibility criteria may exclude African‐American patients disproportionately despite greater perceived needs for hospice services in this population. The mechanisms driving this health disparity likely include both cultural differences and economic characteristics, and consideration should be given to redesigning hospice eligibility criteria. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Absence of the transcription factor Nfib delays the formation of the basilar pontine and other mossy fiber nuclei
Authors: Kumbasar Asli , Plachez Céline , Gronostajski Richard M. , Richards Linda J. , Litwack E. David 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTranscription factors of the Nuclear Factor I (Nfi) family are important for the development of specific neuronal and glial populations in the nervous system. One such population, the neurons of the basilar pontine nuclei, expresses high levels of Nfi proteins, and the pontine nuclei are greatly reduced in mice lacking a functional Nfib gene. Pontine neurons, along with other precerebellar neurons that populate the hindbrain, arise from precursors in the lower rhombic lip and migrate anteroventrally to reach their final location. Using immunohistochemistry, we find that NFI‐B expression is specific for mossy fiber populations of the precerebellar system. Analysis of the Nfib−/− hindbrain indicates that the development of the basilar pontine nuclei is delayed, with pontine neurons migrating 1–2 days later than in control animals, and that significantly fewer pontine neurons are produced. While the mossy fiber nuclei of the caudal medulla do form, they also exhibit a developmental delay. Nfia and Nfix null mice exhibit no apparent pontine phenotype, implying specificity in the action of NFI family members. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Nfib plays an important role in the generation of precerebellar mossy fiber neurons, and may do so at least in part by regulating neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:98–112, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the regeneration‐associated protein SPRR1A in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord of the adult mouse following peripheral and central injury
Authors: Starkey Michelle L. , Davies Meirion , Yip Ping K. , Carter Lucy M. , Wong Danny J.N. , McMahon Stephen B. , Bradbury Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSmall proline‐rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) is expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral nerve injury but it is not known whether SPRR1A is differentially expressed following injury to peripheral versus central DRG projections and a detailed characterization of expression in sensory neuron subpopulations and spinal cord has not been performed. Here we use immunocytochemical techniques to characterize SPRR1A expression following sciatic nerve, dorsal root, and dorsal column injury in adult mice. SPRR1A was not detected in naïve spinal cord, DRG, or peripheral nerves and there was minimal expression following injury to the centrally projecting branches of DRG neurons. However, following peripheral (sciatic) nerve injury, intense SPRR1A immunoreactivity was observed in the dorsal horn and motoneurons of the spinal cord, in L4/5 DRG neurons, and in the injured nerve. A time‐course study comparing expression following sciatic nerve crush and transection revealed maximum SPRR1A levels at day 7 in both models. However, while SPRR1A was downregulated to baseline by 30 days postlesion following crush injury, it remained elevated 30 days after transection. Cell‐size and double‐labeling studies revealed that SPRR1A was expressed by DRG cells of all sizes and colocalized with classical markers of DRG subpopulations and their primary afferent terminals. High coexpression of SPRR1A with activating transcription factor‐3 and growth‐associated protein‐43 was observed, indicating that it is expressed by injured and regenerating neurons. This study supports the hypothesis that SPRR1A is a regeneration‐associated gene and that SPRR1A provides a valuable marker to assess the regenerative potential of injured neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:51–68, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
r‐Adaptation algorithm guided by gradients of strain energy density
Authors: Luo Yunhua 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a r‐adaptation algorithm is presented. The algorithm is based on weighted Laplacian smoothing. In the proposed algorithm, the gradients of strain energy density are used as weight functions; Laplacian smoothing is iterated until the maximum deviation or standard deviation in mesh intensity is smaller than a prescribed value. Numerical results show that the algorithm is sensitive and robust. The algorithm can be extended to other finite element formulations by replacing strain energy density with its corresponding counterpart. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiferromagnetic Ground State of a C60‐Covered Si(001) Surface
Authors: Lee Ji Young , Cho Jun‐Hyung , Kang Myung Ho 
Published: December 2008

AbstractModeling magnetism: The antiferromagnetic ground state of the C60/Si(001)‐c(4×4) surface is predicted by means of density functional theory calculations. Two adjacent dangling bonds (DBs) generated by the adsorption of C60 are antiferromagnetically coupled with each other. This study demonstrates that magnetic Si surfaces can be prepared by engineering single Si DBs with unpaired electrons.magnified image
Dynamic power management in new architecture of wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lin Chuan , Xiong Naixue , Park Jong Hyuk , Kim Tai‐hoon 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDynamic power management (DPM) technology has been widely used in sensor networks. Though many specific technical challenges remain and deserve much further study, the primary factor currently limiting progress in sensor networks is not these challenges but is instead the lack of an overall sensor network architecture. In this paper, we first develop a new architecture of sensor networks. Then we modify the sleep state policy developed by Sinha and Chandrakasan in (IEEE Design Test Comput.2001;18(2):62–74) and deduce that a new threshold satisfies the sleep‐state transition policy. Under this new architecture, nodes in deeper sleep states consume lower energy while asleep, but require longer delays and higher latency costs to awaken. Implementing DPM with considering the battery status and probability of event generation will reduce the energy consumption and prolong the whole lifetime of the sensor networks. We also propose a new energy‐efficient DPM, which is a modified sleep state policy and combined with optimal geographical density control (OGDC) (Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks2005;1(1–2):89–123) to keep a minimal number of sensor nodes in the active mode in wireless sensor networks. Implementing dynamic power management with considering the battery status, probability of event generation and OGDC will reduce the energy consumption and prolong the whole lifetime of the sensor networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy‐aware transmission mechanism for WiFi‐based mobile devices handling upload TCP traffic
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Lee Jongmin , Cha Hojung , Ha Rhan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper presents an energy‐aware transmission mechanism that improves the throughput and reduces the energy consumption of mobile devices in wired‐cum‐wireless TCP networks. The proposed mechanism places an agent at the base station, which identifies the cause of packet losses in the underlying network. When the mobile device acts as a TCP source, it adjusts the size of the congestion window adaptively according to the cause of packet losses with the aids of the agent in order to improve the transmission performance. In addition, the proposed mechanism lets the communication device to stay in sleep mode after completing the transmission in order to reduce the energy consumption. As a result, the cooperation between the mobile device and the agent improves the transmission performance as well as the energy efficiency greatly. To evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism, we analyzed the effect of TCP on the communication device for mobile devices and present a power model. With extensive simulations based on the power model, we demonstrate that the proposed mechanism significantly improves the transmission performance, and reduces the energy consumption over a wide range of both wired and wireless packet losses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of chronic lymphoid leukemias with monoclonal antibodies: current place and perspectives
Authors: Robak Tadeusz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOver the past few years, several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against lymphoid cells have been developed and investigated in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Some of them are highly active in leukemias. At present, the most important clinical value in the patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has two MAbs. The first is the human mouse antibody, rituximab (IDEC C2B8, Rituxan, Mabthera), which targets CD20 antigen. The second is alemtuzumab (Campath‐1H), a humanized form of a rat antibody active against CD52. Recently, several new MAbs have been explored and have shown promise in treating CLL. Novel MAbs are being evaluated in preclinical studies and in early clinical trials. These treatments include new MAbs targeted CD20 molecule (ofatumumab, GA‐101), lumiliximab, epratuzumab, apolizumab, galiximab, and anti‐CD40 MAbs. Alemtuzumab is also a useful drug in previously treated and untreated patients with T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab as well as anti‐CD22 and anti‐CD25 immunotoxins have been also investigated in refractory and/or relapsed hairy cell leukemia with high response rate. MAbs provided new opportunities for effective therapies of these disorders. Drug Dev Res 69:373–387, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.