bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Therapy of Locally Far-Advanced or Inflammatory Breast Cancer with Fixed Perioperative Sequence of Epirubicin, Vinorelbine, and Fluorouracil Chemotherapy, Surgery, and Radiotherapy: Long-Term Results
Authors: Ardavanis Alexandros , Scorilas Andreas , Tryfonopoulos Dimitrios , Orphanos Georgios , Missitzis Ioannis , Karamouzis Michael , Chrysochoou Minas , Sotiropoulou Anastasia , Arnogiannaki Niki , Ioannidis Georgios , Pissakas Georgios , Rigatos Gerassimas 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background. Based on phase II data in advanced breast cancer (BC), the fluorouracil, epirubicin, and vinorelbine (FEN) combination was assessed as perioperative chemotherapy, integrated in a multidisciplinary treatment for locally advanced BC.
Patients and Methods. Patients with newly diagnosed inoperable (stage IIIB or inflammatory) BC. Multimodality treatment protocol consisted of four preoperative courses of fluorouracil (600 mg/m2 day 1), epirubicin (75 mg/m2 day 1), and vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 day1andday8), all i.v. every 21 days, followed by radical or conservative surgery according to clinical response and four postoperative identical chemotherapy courses aimed to eradicate micrometastatic disease. Locoregional radiotherapy was offered to all patients after the completion of chemotherapy followed by hormonotherapy according to hormone receptor status. The primary end points of the study were: (a) clinical and pathological response, (b) downstaging and conversion to operable disease, and (c) recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).
Results. Forty-eight women, one stage IIIA, 27 (56.2%) stage IIIB, two stage IIIC (4.1%), and 12 (25%) with inflammatory BC, aged 34–75 years (median, 52), were accrued. Thirty-eight and 34 patients completed the planned pre- and postoperative chemotherapy, respectively. Totals of 175 and 135 cycles were administered pre- and postoperatively, respectively. Toxicity of both phases, mainly hematologic, was in general acceptable without treatment-related death. Venous reactions were a frequent problem. All but three tumors were converted to operable, 31.3% with breast conservation. The clinical response rate (RR) was 77.7% (22.2% complete) and pathological RR was 73.3% (complete, 20% in both primary and axilla). After a median follow-up of 72 months, 62.5% and 16.7% of patients remain relapse free at 3 and 5 years, respectively, while 83% and 58.3% were alive 3 and 5 years, respectively, after the start of chemotherapy. Median RFS and OS have not yet been reached, and are currently 37+ and 62+ months, respectively.
Conclusion. This fixed number of FEN perioperative courses schedule followed by radiotherapy is safe and highly active in inducing both local and distant control of locally far-advanced BC. This strategy is at least not inferior to other established regimens or strategies for locally far-advanced BC, while the integration of taxanes or new targeted agents may help show its true value for this challenging clinical entity.
Primary Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: Sachelarie Irina , Grossbard Michael L. , Chadha Manjeet , Feldman Sheldon , Ghesani Munir , Blum Ronald H. 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the rationale for using primary systemic therapy (PST) in the treatment of nonmetastatic breast cancer.Discuss the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate as a surrogate marker of PST benefit.Select the most appropriate regimen for a patient with breast cancer considered for PST.Explain the role of sentinel node biopsy and delivery of radiation therapy after PST in breast cancer patients.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Cancer in 15- to 29-Year-Olds by Primary Site
Authors: Bleyer Archie , Viny Aaron , Barr Ronald 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Define the cancers most common in 15- to 29-year-olds.Identify the variations in cancer histology in this age group according to age, sex, and race/ethnicity.Interpret survival trend differences during the past quarter century.Interpret incidence and survival according to sex, race/ethnicity, and age groups.Discuss areas where progress has been suboptimal in managing cancer in 15- to 29-year-olds.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Present and Future Role in Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment: A Review
Authors: Arnold Dirk , Peinert Stefan , Voigt Wieland , Schmoll Hans-Joachim 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background. Despite advances in conventional and targeted anticancer therapy, the prognosis remains poor for many patients with solid tumors. Ongoing research into the molecular basis of malignant disease, however, has yielded many novel agents with potential activity, including the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs).
Design. This review summarizes current clinical data for EGFR-TKIs as monotherapy or in combination with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin, focusing on the rapidly developing area of colorectal, gastroesophageal, and pancreatic cancers.
Results. EGFR-TKIs have limited but valuable activity as monotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients who have received prior anticancer treatment. The potential for application as a single agent in colorectal, gastroesophageal, and pancreatic cancers has yet to be demonstrated conclusively and deserves further investigation, especially as second- or third-line therapy. In combination with oxaliplatin-based regimens and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin-based regimens, TKIs have shown benefits, suggesting that there may be a synergistic effect with chemotherapy. However, combinations with irinotecan-based regimens have been limited by toxicities.
Conclusions. EGFR-TKIs show benefits when used in combination with chemotherapy, and the favorable toxicity profiles observed suggest that these may be of value in frail or elderly patients.
Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Current Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Cardenes Higinia R. , Chiorean Elena G. , DeWitt John , Schmidt Max , Loehrer Patrick 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the natural history of locally advanced pancreatic cancer, compared with resectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer.Describe the palliative management of obstruction, celiac plexus pain, and bleeding.Evaluate various combinations of chemotherapy and radiation.Discuss new strategies to manage locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
End Points for Adjuvant Therapy Trials: Has the Time Come to Accept Disease-Free Survival as a Surrogate End Point for Overall Survival?
Authors: Gill Sharlene , Sargent Daniel 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the benefits and caveats of using disease-free survival as a surrogate end point for overall survival in adjuvant therapy trials.Describe the accepted criteria for validating a surrogate end point.Discuss the current applicability of DFS as an end point in adjuvant trials.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The Role of Perioperative Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Urothelial Cancer
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Goel Anupama , Phillips John , Ennis Ronald D. , Grossbard Michael L. 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain the rationale for perioperative chemotherapy administration in the treatment of operable bladder cancer.Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the preoperative and postoperative administration of chemotherapy in the treatment of operable bladder cancer.Describe the benefits of the perioperative administration of chemotherapy in the treatment of operable bladder cancer shown in randomized clinical trials.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Symptoms and Treatment in Cancer Therapy-Induced Early Menopause
Authors: Boekhout Annelies H. , Beijnen Jos H. , Schellens Jan H.M. 
Published: June 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the therapeutic options when hot flashes disrupt the quality of life or quality of sleep in breast cancer patients.Select appropriate nonpharmacological or pharmacological options in the management of hot flashes in breast cancer patients.Discuss the relative efficacy and safety of interventions in the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Salvage Therapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Factors Influencing Treatment Selection
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh , Sandler Alan B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNovel chemotherapies and molecularly targeted agents have improved outcomes for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several efficacious regimens are available, which allows for selection of therapy based on factors such as schedule, toxicity profile, patient-specific needs, and individual preferences of the patient.Treatment guidelines recommend platinum-based chemotherapy first line for patients with a good performance status. These regimens offer a modest survival advantage over best supportive care. The role of targeted biologic agents in this setting is being assessed in phase II trials. Results to date show promising activity and tolerability.Erlotinib, docetaxel, and pemetrexed are all approved for patients who progress following one prior regimen for advanced NSCLC. These agents have different tolerability profiles and routes of administration but appear to have similar effects on tumor response and survival, though comparative trials are required to confirm this. Based on the results of a phase III trial, erlotinib is also recommended for third-line use in patients with NSCLC.Identifying predictive markers of clinical response to therapy may provide an opportunity to better select patient subsets appropriate for specific treatment. Recent data have linked various clinical characteristics and biologic markers with outcome to HER-1/EGFR-targeted agents. However, many of these studies are retrospective and based on small patient numbers, and there is evidence of broad benefit across diverse patient subgroups with erlotinib. Prospective, randomized trials are required to validate potential predictive markers fully before they are applied to clinical practice.
Liposomal Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and Etoposide and Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients with AIDS-Related Lymphoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Combs Sara , Neil Nancy , Aboulafia David M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate in a pilot study the safety and efficacy of liposomal doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide (LACE) when combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL). The impact of HIV viral control on therapy and survival was also assessed.
Patients and Methods. Between 1994 and 2005, 40 patients at Virginia Mason Medical Center were diagnosed with ARL. Twelve received LACE every 28 days. All patients received intrathecal chemoprophylaxis, ART, and G-CSF.
Results. The median patient CD4+ count was 190 cells/μl (range, 20–510 cells/μl), and the median HIV viral load (VL) was 61,613 copies/ml (range, &lt;50–500,000 copies/ml). Seven patients (58%) had an International Prognostic Index score of 3 or 4. Six patients (50%) were ART-naïve, five were viremic despite ART, and one had an undetectable HIV-1 VL. Nine patients (75%) achieved a complete response (CR), and median overall survival was 107 months. At a median follow-up of 46 months, the recurrence-free survival rate was 50%. Two patients died from relapsed/refractory ARL and one patient achieved a CR with salvage therapy. One CR patient died from complications of pneumonia, and another CR patient died from uncertain causes 5 years after treatment. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 23 of 61 (38%) chemotherapy cycles. Hospitalization was required after 5% of treatment cycles due to neutropenic fever.
Conclusion. LACE is an effective and tolerable treatment for ARL. HIV viral control can be maintained in the majority of patients during and after completion of LACE.
Understanding and Managing Methotrexate Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Widemann Brigitte C. , Adamson Peter C. 
Published: June 2006

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the pharmacology of methotrexate.Describe the current incidence and presentation of high-dose methotrexate-induced renal dysfunction.Discuss conventional and investigational treatment approaches to high-dose methotrexate-induced renal dysfunction.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The Management of Drilling-Engineering and Well-Services Software as Safety-Critical Systems
Authors: Sawaryn S. J. , Sanstrom B. , McColpin G. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Routinely, specialist software is used to perform tasks such as casing design and directional collision-avoidance scans. If undetected, a serious failure in the development or use of any one of these products could result in loss of life or catastrophic environmental damage. Such an event would jeopardize the oil company's licence to operate (Thorogood 1994) and would seriously damage the software vendor's credibility.
The drilling-and well-services software industry has matured over the last 5 years. During this period we have witnessed many commercial and technical changes, including further consolidation of the oil majors, the meteoric growth of Web-based tools, and the increased complexity of the software and types of wells being drilled. Commercial pressures also mean fewer resources are available to perform these tasks. Unless managed, it is clear these changes greatly increase the risk of a serious incident.
BP and Landmark have conducted a series of joint audits to gain a detailed understanding of both the operator's and software vendor's working practices in relation to this software. The paper contains a description of the conclusions and actions arising from the audits. Desired improvements in testing, core competencies, and independent verification were identified. Details of the audit process are included to enable other parties to conduct similar audits for themselves. The risks and potential loss imply that critical applications should be managed formally as "safety-critical systems." It is also concluded that close collaboration between operators and software vendors is needed for the management process to be effective.
Evaluation, Impact, and Management of Casing Deformation Caused By Tectonic Forces in the Andean Foothills, Colombia
Authors: Last Nigel , Mujica Santiago , Pattillo Phillip , Kelso Gary 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Ovalization of casing strings has been detected in the tectonically active foothills of Colombia, South America, initially through operational difficulties, and subsequently, by extensive monitoring. The effect of this ovalization on cross-sectional collapse has been numerically and experimentally analyzed in a previous publication (Pattillo et al. 2004). The current study emphasizes the broader context to which those detailed results were applied. Here, the emphasis will fall on characterizing the deformation, assessing its impact on well integrity, and developing a strategy for managing the consequences to achieve improved business and operational decision making.
Basis of Design for Coiled-Tubing Underbalanced Through-Tubing Drilling in the Sajaa Field
Authors: Suryanarayana P. V. , Smith Bruce , Hasan ABM K. , Leslie Charlie , Buchanan Richard , Pruitt Randy 
Published: June 2006

Summary
This paper describes the technical basis for the design and implementation of a coiled-tubing (CT) underbalanced drilling (UBD) campaign in the Sajaa field in Sharjah, UAE. The campaign calls for up to three multilaterals per well to be drilled underbalanced from the existing wells' through tubing. The paper describes the analysis, modeling, and result, and their implication in the selection of the operational approach. The key issues associated with the campaign, many of which were unique and challenging within the context of UBD, are discussed, with specific reference to the Sajaa-3 well, which was the first candidate. These include
Temperature modeling and thermal considerations because of the high bottomhole temperature (BHT). Compositional pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) behavior of the produced fluid. Feasibility, underbalanced operability, and controllability of through-tubing UBD operations. Risk to underbalance from near-wellbore depletion of the reservoir caused by long-term production from the motherbore. Estimation and impact of the productivity of the motherbore and open laterals while drilling subsequent laterals. Risk from reservoir parameter uncertainties. Hole-cleaning risks. Designing for zero flare. Consideration of mechanical and hydraulic limitations to the drillable lengths. Equipment limitations.
The paper details the analysis approach used, assumptions made, models used, and the results. It should be noted that the Sajaa produced fluid is a retrograde condensate and the inflow performance was nonlinear and, therefore, consideration of these in the basis of design (BOD) becomes critical.
The goal of this work was not only to create the technical BOD for the well, Sajaa-3, but also to set the parametric limitations for a wide range of well types that were likely to be encountered in the continuation of the campaign. On the basis of this work, an approach to drilling and monitoring the well to minimize the risks was developed, and it formed the basis of the drilling operation. The ongoing campaign, now well past 30 wells, has been one of the most successful applications of CT UBD. The results of the drilling operation of Sajaa-3 and the subsequent wells and their implications to the design basis are also discussed.
Helical Buckling of Pipe With Connectors and Torque
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. , Miska Stefan 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIt has been generally recognized that connectors (tool joints and couplings) should have some effect on the buckling of pipe. For instance, the connector outside diameter may be as much as 50% greater than the pipe-body diameter. As a result, the radial clearance of the connector can be substantially smaller than the radial clearance of the pipe body.The analysis of buckling has received extensive attention in the last 20 years. The effect of connectors on pipe stresses has received somewhat less attention. Lubinski (1977) used the beam-column equations to analyze the effect of connectors on pipe-bending stresses for a pipe in tension in a 2D constant-curvature wellbore. Bending stresses were significantly magnified by the connector standoff. Paslay and Cernocky (1991) completed this analysis by analyzing the pipe in compression. Mitchell (2000) extended these results to 3D helical buckling.Torque adds a new dimension to the buckling problem. Without torque, buckling occurs only for positive effective axial force (compressive axial force plus pressure effects). A pipe with applied torque can buckle in tension (Greenhill 1883). The contact force between pipe and wellbore can be increased or decreased, depending on the direction of the applied torque. And, of course, pipe used in rotary drilling always has applied torque'so buckling analysis without torque is not complete.This paper looks at 3D buckling of pipes with connectors with applied torque. The problem formulation is similar to Lubinski et al.'s (1962) buckling analysis: the wellbore is vertical and straight. The beam-column equations considered in the plane-buckling analysis are used, but now there are deflections out of the plane. A solution for helical buckling is developed that produces pipe sag, maximum dogleg angle, contact force, and bending-stress magnification as a function of pipe effective axial force and torque. An application problem is solved, and the relative effects of compressive axial force and torque on sag between connectors, contact loads, and maximum bending stress are examined.Applications include the analysis of bottomhole assemblies, drillpipe, casing, and tubing. The final results are simple enough to be suitable for spreadsheet calculations.
Cuttings Transport With Aqueous Foam at Intermediate-Inclined Wells
Authors: Capo Jesus , Yu Mengjiao , Miska Stefan Z. , Takach Nicholas , Ahmed Ramadan 
Published: June 2006

Summary
An experimental study of cuttings transport with foam at intermediate angles has been conducted in a full-scale low-pressure ambient-temperature (LPAT) flow loop at the U. of Tulsa. An anionic surfactant was used in these water-based foam tests at a concentration of 1 vol%. Air was used as the dispersed fluid. Tests were conducted to obtain flow curves for foams with 70 and 80% qualities in 2-, 3-, and 4-in. pipes. A simulator was developed to predict pressure, flow velocity, specific volume-expansion ratio, and foam quality along the wellbore, on the basis of the volume-equalized power-law model.
Tests were conducted to determine the effects of inclination angle, foam quality, foam velocity, and rate of penetration (ROP) on cuttings transport. Results from this study show that the in-situ cuttings concentration ranged, according to the inclination angles, from 4.8 to 14.6% for 45°, 14.3 to 22.3% for 55°, and 8.5 to 25.7% for 65°. It is shown in this study that the transport of cuttings (in terms of cuttings concentration) has a better performance with foams of low quality. For a given inclination angle and similar foam-flow conditions, increasing the ROP from 20 to 44 ft/hr can lead to an increase in the in-situ cuttings concentration of up to 7%.
A new correlation for the ratio of the cuttings-bed area to the cross-sectional area of the annulus as a function of dimensionless numbers (Ar, NRe, Fr, Ss, and θ) was developed and allows for potential practical applicaitons. The differences between the calculated and measured values are within the range of ±17%.