bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Age on the Creatine in Red Cells
Authors: Griffiths W. J. , Fitzpatrick Margaret 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe creatine in packed red cells was estimated by the diacetyl‐i‐naphthol technique. The error due to the presence of other guanidino compounds in the cells was found to be small.The mean value for creatine in the packed red cells of normal females was found to be 5.6 (S.D. ± 1.3) mg. per 100 ml., and in normal males 4.4 (S.D. ± 1.5) mg. per 100 ml. The sex difference is statistically significant.When red cells were segregated according to age by centrifugation the young red cells contained more creatine than the old cells. The creatine in the mixed population of red cells of patients under treatment for anaemia in whom there was increased erythropoiesis was greatly elevated; values as high as 50 mg. per 100 ml. were observed. With a decline in marrow activity and reticulocytosis there was a persistence of the high red‐cell creatine for a long time, suggesting that the loss of creatine from the cells with age is a gradual process.It is concluded that the level of creatine in the circulating red cells is a sensitive parameter of the mean age of the population.
Regulation of Platelet Production: ‘Thrombopoietin’
Authors: Gabriele Geswalda de , Penington D. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma from thrombocytopenic animals induces thrombocytosis in normal recipients. Thrombocytopenia induced by platelet antiserum or bleeding is followed by a reactive thrombocytosis and animals in this phase of increased platelet count provide a more sensitive system for the demonstration of ‘Thronibopoietin’. This humoral factor may be inactivated or removed by viable platelets suggesting the mode of operation of the thrombopoietic ‘feed‐back’ mechanism.
Separation of Lymphocytes of Rat Bone Marrow by Combined Glass‐Wool Filtration and. Dextran‐Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Morrison J. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe two‐step separation of rat bone marrow involving glass‐wool filtration combined with dextran‐gradient centrifugation yields viable cell suspensions composed predominantly of lymphocytes with a minimum of contamination by granulocytes (less than 10 per cent). Because filtration of rat bone marrow through glass wool removes the larger marrow cells and most of the immature forms of the red cell series, it is useful as a first step in the separation of lymphocytes from bone marrow.Density‐gradient centrifugation of the glass‐wool filtrate serves to differentially settle out lymphocytes and granulocytes when dextran solutions of appropriate densities are used. The middle or layer 2 (density 1.0600) of the dextran gradient yields the greatest absolute numbers of lymphocytes. Small numbers of transitional and blast cells are also present in this layer.The separation procedure results in excellent preservation of cell morphology as evidenced by Jenner‐Giemsa staining. A high level of viability of the separated cells is indicated by dye exclusion, characteristic fluorescence in the presence of acridine orange, and capacity for oxygen consumption. In vivo viability of the separated cells is also indicated by their capacity to confer protection following their infusion into lethally irradiated rats.
The Nature and Significance of Platelet Products in Human Plasma
Authors: Wolf Peter 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFresh plasma freed of intact platelets can be shown to contain minute particulate material (platelet‐dust) which can be separated by ultracentrifugation. Much of this material is rich in phospholipid and shows coagulant properties resembling those of Platelet Factor 3. The supernatant plasma, freed of these particles, shows a corresponding deficiency in Platelet Factor 3 activity.Electron microscopic studies suggest that the lipid‐rich particles may originate from the osmophilic granules of platelets and that they are extruded on storage of platelets, even in the absence of coagulation. It is suggested that the liberation of this material is the basis of the process of ‘activation’ of platelets known to occur with storage.When clotting occurs, coagulant particulate material is released from platelets, considerably in excess of what is required for thrombin generation and it can be detected in serum. Its presence accounts for the platelet‐like activity of serum.The material can be distinguished from intact platelets, red cell stroma and chylomicra. It was observed that chylomicra, freed of platelet‐dust, were inactive in a thrombin generation test, which thus appeared responsive only to platelet type lipid. Both chylomicra and platelet‐dust were effective in a Stypven time test. Attention is drawn to possible errors of interpretation which may arise from the use of the latter test as an index of Platelet Factor 3 activity.Preliminary immunological investigation of platelets revealed the presence of fibrinogen and at least three other constitutents which appear to be primarily platelet components.
Histochemical Studies on Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase in Non‐Leukaemic Granulocytosis: Effects of Anticoagulants and Role of Zinc and Magnesium
Authors: Perillie P. E. , Finch S. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYStudies were performed to determine the effects of a variety of anticoagulants on the increased granulocyte alkaline phosphatase activity present in patients with non‐leukaemic granulocytosis and to determine the metallic requirements of the phosphatase activity present in the cells of such patients. The results indicated that although the anticoagulant ethylene‐diamine tetra‐acetic acid produced varying degrees of inhibition of LAP in the majority of patients studied, the degree of inhibition did not result in levels of LAP that could be confused with those observed in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. It is concluded that anticoagulated blood can be used for the histochemical evaluation of LAP without detracting from the clinical usefulness of the procedure.In all patients studied the addition of zinc resulted in almost complete restoration of EDTA inhibited LAP.
The Effect of Cortisol on the Rate of Autohaemolysis of Red Cells Incubated in vitro
Authors: Morley A. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEvidence is presented for a direct effect of cortisol on the rate of red cell lysis in vitro. It is suggested that this effect is due to the mineralocorticoid action of cortisol. The finding may be relevant to certain disease states especially paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, in which the rate of haemolysis is inversely related to plasma steroid levels.
Potentiation of Purified Erythropoietin with Serum Proteins*
Authors: Gardner E. , Wright C.‐S. , Lewis J. P. , Moores R. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY

Non‐neutralizing antiserum, normal rabbit, human and mouse sera potentiate the erythropoietic activity of anaemic human urinary Fraction II + III. This substantiates the concepts introduced by Kuratowska, Lewartowski and Lipinski.
Orosomucoid (alpha‐1 acidic‐glycoprotein) similarly potentiates the erythropoietic activity of anaemic human urinary Fraction II + III.
The erythropoietic activity of Standard B was not enhanced by the addition of serum proteins.
The erythropoietic activity of human urinary concentrates was enhanced by the addition of normal serum proteins and suggestive enhancement of anaemic human serum and plasma was noted.
Atypical Hereditary Spherocytosis: Biochemical Studies and Sites of Erythrocyte Destruction
Authors: Zail S. S. , Krawitz P. , Viljoen E. , Kramer S. , Metz J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA family with hereditary spherocytosis has been investigated and found to have the following unusual features: atypical pre‐ and post‐incubation red cell osmotic fragility and absence of splenic sequestration of red cells. Ouabain, an inhibitor of active cation transport, was found not to inhibit the corrective effect of glucose on the rate of autohaemolysis of whole blood, a finding present in some cases of known hereditary spherocytosis, but not in others. The red cells of the propositi showed evidence of increased A.T.P.‐ase activity as well as increased utilization of A.T.P. for purposes other than for active cation transport, and are metabolically similar to hereditary spherocytic cells in this respect. The reason for the absence of splenic sequestration of red cells was not established.
In vitro and In vivo Studies with Trasylol, an Anticoagulant and a Fibrinolytic Inhibitor
Authors: Dubber Anne H. C. , Mcnicol G. P. , Uttley D. , Douglas A. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Trasylol is a competitive inhibitor of plasminogen activation by streptokinase and urokinase. The proteolytic activity of plasmin and trypsin is inhibited non‐competitively and the esterolytic activity of urokinase is inhibited in a mixed competitive and non‐competitive manner. These inhibitory effects are observed at high substrate concentrations. At low substrate concentrations, the inhibitory effects of Trasylol are relatively increascd. Trasylol is considerably more effective in vitro as an inhibitor of fibrinolytic activity than tranexamic acid and EACA: and in contrast to these amino acid inhibitors, Trasylol is more effective as an inhibitor of formed plasmin than of plasminogen activation.Trasylol possesses anticoagulant effects probably due to inhibition of prothrombin conversion and of intrinsic thromboplastin formation. Irt vivo in high dosage Trasylol imparts antifibrinolytic, anticoagulant and anti‐tryptic effects to plasma. It may accelerate platelet aggregation in vivo.In one patient with hypofibrinogenaemia, its administration was associated with a fall in the platelet count. In another patient there was evidence of a rise in fibrinogen Factor V, antihaeinophilic globulin (Factor VIII) and in the platelet count.An initial dosage of 100,000 units as a single injection or as an infusion given over 1 hour followed by maintenance dosage of 50,000 units/hr. seems appropriate in the treatment of pathological fibrinolysis. For the therapy of intravascular coagulation, higher dosage may be required, possibly 100,000 units/hr. This latter dosage would also be required in the treatment of systemic proteolysis due to trypsin.
Metabolism of 5‐MethyItetrahydrofolate in Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Chanarin I. , Perry Janet 
Published: March 2008

Summary 5‐Methyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid was given intravenously to control subjects and to patients with untreated megaloblastic anaemia. The rate of clearance of this substance from the plasma and excretion into the urine after an intravenous dose of 5 μg./kg. of body weight was followed.The rate of clearance was faster in patients with folate deficiency as compared to control subjects. In pernicious anaemia the clearance was either within the normal range or more rapid than normal if there was associated folate deficiency. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that in pernicious anaemia there is a failure to utilize 5‐methylfolate.
The Haemoglobin Picture in Cooley's Disease
Authors: Silvestroni E. , Bianco I. , Graziani B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary The haemoglobin picture has been studied in 38 patients with Cooley's anaemia, all homozygous for β‐microcythaemia. In 10 of the patients Hb A1 was completely absent, in the remaindcr it was present on agar gel electrophoresis in amounts varying from minute traces to a rather abundant quota.In 34 of the Cooley's patients studied Hb A2 was present in amounts comparable to those found in normal non‐microcythaemic subjects. In the rest it was raised as in heterozygous carriers of β‐microcythaemia. There was no correlation between the haemoglobin picture and the severity of clinical findings.The genetic significance of the different types of haemoglobin picture found in Cooley's patients is discussed.
The Autohaemolysis Test: Appraisal of the Method for the Diagnosis of Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency and the Effect of pH and Additives
Authors: Grimes A. J. , Leets Irene , Dace J. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

The autohaemolysis test has been compared in its original form with a modified procedure in which the blood is mixed continuously throughout the 48‐hour period.
Continuous mixing of blood from ten PK‐deficient subjects yielded values unequivocally outside the normal range. Two of these subjects gave autohaemolysis results within the normal range when tested by the original method.
Glucose added to the PK‐deficient blood did not significantly reduce the autohaemolysis values by whichever method was used.
Normal or PK‐deficient blood incubated at different pH values with lactic, hydrochloric and orthophosphoric acid, or in phosphate buffer, gave minimum haemolysis at pH 6.7–7.1.
Adenosine triphosphate added to normal or PK‐deficient blood does not sustain glycolysis and its effectiveness in diminishing autohaemolysis is considered to be partly due to pH.
Adenosine, inosine and guanosine added to normal blood maintain glycolysis, which explains their beneficial effect upon autohaemolysis.
Interrelationship of Pyrrole and Globin Metabolism in β‐Thalassaemia *
Authors: Kreimer‐Birnbaum Martha , Bannerman R. M. 
Published: March 2008

Detailed metabolic studies in a case of β‐thalassaemia intermedia following 14C‐2‐glycine administration demonstrate some of the interrelationships of pyrrole pigments and haemoglobins, and some secondary effects of a β‐thalassaemia mutation.Marked increase in the early‐labelled fraction of faecal bile pigment was confirmed; labelling rose to a maximum at 5 days, in advance of the haem peak, and was approximately three times greater than maximum haem labelling.Urinary coproporphyrins were increased in quantity, thus allowing complete serial determinations of radioactivity, which was at its maximum within 24 hours. The urine also contained a brown pigment, probably a dipyrrole, which had a labelling pattern resembling that of the urinary coproporphyrins, with maximum activity in the first sample. It is suggested that the ‘dipyrrole’may arise by early destruction of redundant haem associated with α‐chains.At all times, haemoglobin F was more highly labelled than haemoglobin A in both the haem and the globin moieties. Mean cell survival estimated graphically from the various curves was approximately 32 days. Haem/globin ratios were similar to those reported previously in normal subjects and in thalassaemia.
Marrow‐Suppressing Factors in the Blood in Pure Red‐Cell Aplasia, Thymoma and Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Field E. O. , Caughi M. N. , Blackett N. M. , Smithers D. W. 
Published: March 2008

1. A stem cell suppressing factor has been found in the serum of a patient with Hodgkin's disease, a thymic tumour and pure red‐cell aplasia. This factor disppeared when active erythropoiesis returned following radiotherapy to the tumour.2. The suppressing activity was assayed in mice by measuring the capacity of their bone marrow to restore erythropoiesis in heavily irradiated recipients.3. Failure to demonstrate a raised erythropoietin level, as well as the finding that IgA and IgM immunoglobulins were reduced, suggested that autoimmune processes might be involved. However, it appeared unlikely that the factor was an autoantibody since suppressing activity was destroyed by storage at −20° C.4. The sera of nine other patients, one with a thymoma associated with erythroid and megakaryocyte aplasia, three with anterior mediastinal tumours and five with secondary marrow aplasia, were assayed. Three of these showed mild suppressing activity, but this could have been due to non‐specific causes, the nature of which is discussed.
Creatine and Phosphocreatine in the Human Red Cell
Authors: Griffiths W. J. 
Published: March 2008

In vitro experiments showed that the concentration of creatine in a mixed population of normal red cells was either unchanged or slightly diminished during incubation at 37° C. for 48 hours in plasma or a buffered medium. If young cells were present there was always a fall in creatine during the early stages of incubation. Creatine lost in this way appeared in the cell‐free supernatant fluid. The ability of the red cell to retain some creatine throughout its life span is due to the relative impermeability of the cell membrane to this substance.Traces of phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase were detected in a population of young cells but not in mature cells. It is unlikely, therefore, that creatine takes part in energy transformations in the non‐nucleated red cell, although it may do so in an earlier phase of its development. The origin of the red‐cell creatine is obscure. Synthesis of creatine by young, non‐nucleated, red cells was not detected in vitro and its derivation from plasma creatine is considered unlikely because of the impermeability of the cell membrane. It is suggested that the creatine is acquired by the cell at some stage in its development from nucleated precursors.
Review of Fifty‐Four Subjects with Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: Axelsson Uno , Hällén Jan 
Published: March 2008

Of 6995 persons examined in a population study, 64 were found to have M‐components in the serum. One of these was diagnosed as having myelomatosis and another as having asymptomatic chronic lymphatic leukaemia. Two‐and‐a‐half years later 52 of the 62 subjects who were considered to have benign monoclonal gammopathy were re‐examined. The M‐components were still demonstrable in all subjects in similar concentrations to those observed at the first examination. This, together with the subjects’clinical condition, strongly supports the original diagnosis of benign monoclonal gammopathy. Myelomatosis was excluded in two subjects in whom it had originally been suspected. Of the ten patients not re‐examined, one had left the district, four refused re‐examination and five had died. In none was there any evidence of myelomatosis or Waldenström's macro‐globulinaemia.The results lend further support to the view that benign monoclonal gammopathy is more common than myelomatosis or Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.
A Cytochemical Study of Marrow Enzymes in Megaloblastic Anaemia
Authors: Stuart J. , Skowron Pryma N. 
Published: March 2008

A cytochemical study of the enzyme content of megaloblasts compared with normoblasts under comparable conditions of erythroid hyperplasia has shown an increased activity of representative enzymes of the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway, pentose phosphate shunt and tricarboxylic acid cycle in individual megaloblasts at all stages of maturation. The finding of a mixed population of cells with regard to enzyme content in late megaloblasts may be related to reported variations in prolongation of the intermitotic period at an earlier stage of maturation in megaloblasts. An increased cell content of soluble, NAD‐linked, α‐glycero‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the megaloblast contrasts with reports of a selective decrease of this enzyme in homogenate studies of human and animal tumours which has been claimed to be a specific metabolic change in neoplastic cells.It is concluded that the increased serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in megaloblastic anaemia are derived from the intramedullary destruction of large numbers of megaloblasts containing an increased amount of this enzyme.
Some Effects of Electrical Fields on Red Blood Cells with Remarks on Electronic Red Cell Sizing
Authors: Ur Amiram , Lushbaugh C. C. 
Published: March 2008

Sizing normal RBC by an electronic method showed that with certain aperture currents a skewed bimodal size‐distribution curve is obtainable. In these studies some possible causes for such distributions were investigated. The experiments show that an electrical field can cause change in shape, size, and staining properties of RBC as well as lysis. Extrapolation of the results of these experiments to the conditions of the RBC sizing method indicate that these changes are not responsible for the skewed bimodal distribution. We believe, therefore, that normal RBC vary among themselves in some structural or physiologic way, not necessarily size, that was measured by this system.The use of aperture currents within the range that displays the bimodal distribution is helpful in diagnostic practice, because the bimodal size distribution enhances the discrimination of the system for detection of simultaneously existing different red cell populations.
Peripheral Blood Eosinophilia in Guinea‐pigs following Implantation of Anaphylactic Guinea‐pig and Human Lung
Authors: Parish W. E. , Coombs R. R. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Samples of anaphylactic guinea‐pig lung implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal guinea‐pigs induced an eosinophilia in the peripheral blood 24 hours later; samples of normal, non‐anaphylactic lung caused only a slight rise in the number of eosinophils. Samples of diaphragm from guinea‐pigs killed by anaphylaxis stimulated a smaller increase of eodnophils in the recipients than that caused by lung, but diaphragm taken from normal animals depressed the eosinophil count of the recipients to zero.The eosinophil‐stimulating factor was present in cell‐free extracts of anaphylactic lungs tested by intraperitoneal injection, though it was unable to diffuse through Millipore membranes in vivo. Antigen‐antibody complexes prepared in vitro, and sensitized tissue treated with antigen, stimulated an eosinophilia in normal guinea‐pigs, and such complexes are believed to be the eosinophil‐stimulating factor in anaphylactic lung.Intraperitoneal injections of 2 and 20 μg. histamine were followed by an eosinophilia in the peripheral blood 3–6 hours later. However, histamine does not appear to be the eosinophil‐stimulating factor in post‐mortem anaphylactic tissue.Fresh human lung from infants dying suddenly from unexplained causes, possibly an anaphylactic cot death, implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal guinea‐pigs depressed the eosinophil counts, though not completely and to a lesser extent than lung from infants dying of other causes, which depressed the eosinophil counts to zero.This test in guinea‐pigs is not reliable evidence of anaphylaxis in post‐mortem tissue and therefore cannot be used to put to a crucial test the hypothesis that cot death may result from anaphylaxis. Nevertheless, there was some indirect evidence for an eosinophil‐stimulating factor in the lungs of all of four cot‐death cases, and this was absent from the lungs of all of three infants dying of other causes; this is slight evidence, more in favour of the anaphylactic hypothesis than against it.
Hageman Factor (Factor XII) in an Affected Kindred and in Normal Adults
Authors: Kasper C. K. , Whissell Buechy D. Y. E. , Aggeler P. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Assays for Hageman‐factor (Factor‐XII) activity were performed on plasma obtained from 80 normal adults and from 39 members of an inbred kindred including a subject with severe Factor‐XII deficiency. Two normal alleles of the gene governing Factor‐XII production are postulated: Hh, associated with higher levels of Factor XII, and H1, associated with lower levels of Factor XII. In addition, the existence of two abnormal alleles is suggested: Ho, associated with almost no Factor‐XII activity, and Hm, with moderate Factor‐XII deficiency. Based on this hypothesis, the mother of the proposita (with 13 per cent Factor‐XII activity) has a probable H1Ho genotype. The father (with 58 per cent Factor‐XII activity) has a probable HhHo genotype.As well as a plasma Factor‐XII activity of 13 per cent, the mother of the proposita had a prolonged partial thromboplastin time, but no other abnormalities were observed in non‐specific coagulation tests. The results of all these tests, including the partial thromboplastin time, were normal in subjects with Factor‐XII levels of 22 per cent or more.