bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delusion formation and reasoning biases in those at clinical
high risk for psychosis
Authors: Broome M. R. , Johns L. C. , Valli I. , Woolley J. B. , Tabraham P. , Brett C. , Valmaggia L. , Peters E. , Garety P. A. , McGuire P. K. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundCognitive models propose that faulty appraisal of anomalous experiences
is critical in developing psychosis, particularly delusions. A data
gathering bias may be fundamental to abnormal appraisalAimsTo examine whether there is a data gathering bias in people at high risk
of developing psychosisMethodIndividuals with an at-risk mental state (n=35) were
compared with a matched group of healthy volunteers
(n=23). Participants were tested using a modified
version of the ‘beads’ reasoning task with different levels of task
difficultyResultsWhen task demands were high, the at-risk group made judgements on the
basis of less information than the control group (P <
0.05). Within both groups, jumping to conclusions was directly correlated
with the severity of abnormal beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty
(P<0.05). In the at-risk group it was also
associated with impaired working memory (P<0.05),
whereas in the control group poor working memory was associated with a
more conservative response style (P<0.05)ConclusionsPeople with an at-risk mental state display a jumping to conclusions
reasoning style, associated with impaired working memory and intolerance
of uncertainty. This may underlie a tendency to develop abnormal beliefs
and a vulnerability to psychosis
Cognitive decline following psychosis onset
Authors: Wood Stephen J. , Brewer Warrick J. , Koutsouradis Penny , Phillips Lisa J. , Francey Shona M. , Proffitt Tina M. , Yung Alison R. , Jackson Henry J. , McGorry Patrick D. , Pantelis Christos 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundThe origin of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders is still unclear. Although some deficits are apparent prior to the onset of frank illness, it is unknown if they progressAimsTo investigate whether cognitive function declined over the transition to psychosis in a group of ultra-high risk individualsMethodParticipants consisted of two groups: controls (n= 17) and individuals at ultra-high risk for development of psychosis (n= 16). Seven of the latter group later developed psychosis. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at baseline and again after at least a 12-month intervalResultsBoth the Visual Reproduction sub-test of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and Trail-Making Test B showed a decline over the follow-up period that was specific to the group who became psychotic. In addition, both high-risk groups showed a decline in digit span performance. No other task showed significant change over timeConclusionsThese preliminary data suggest that as psychosis develops there may be a specific decline in visual memory and attentional set-shifting, reflecting impairments in efficient organisation of visual stimuli. This may be caused by either the illness itself or treatment with antipsychotic medication
Effects of cognitive therapy on the longitudinal development of
psychotic experiences in people at high risk of developing
psychosis
Authors: French P. , Shryane N. , Bentall R. P. , Lewis S. W. , Morrison A. P. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundThere have been recent advances in the identification of people at high
risk of psychosis and psychological treatments have shown promise for
preventionAimsTo compare the longitudinal course of psychotic experiences and emotional
dysfunction in high-risk participants receiving cognitive therapy with
those receiving treatment as usualMethodData from a recent randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for
people at risk of developing psychosis were utilised to examine three
different statistical models that were based on 432 measurements of
psychotic experiences and 421 of emotional dysfunction
(anxiety–depression) contributed by 57 participants across the 13
measurement occasions (monthly monitoring for a year)ResultsPsychotic experiences and emotional dysfunction were correlated and
decreased significantly over the course of the study, with most
improvement in the early months. The reduction in positive symptoms, but
not emotional dysfunction, was enhanced by allocation to cognitive
therapyConclusionsPsychotic experiences and emotional dysfunction appear to interact in
people at risk of developing psychosis. There appears to be a specific
benefit of cognitive therapy
Aripiprazole in the treatment of the psychosis
prodrome
Authors: Woods Scott W. , Tully Elizabeth M. , Walsh Barbara C. , Hawkins Keith A. , Callahan Jennifer L. , Cohen Shuki J. , Mathalon Daniel H. , Miller Tandy J. , McGlashan Thomas H. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundResearch studies for the treatment of the putative prodromal phase of
psychotic disorders have begun to appearAimsTo obtain preliminary evidence of the short-term efficacy and safety of
aripiprazole treatment in people with the psychosis prodromeMethodFifteen participants meeting prodrome criteria (mean age 17.1 years,
s.d.=5.5) enrolled in an open-label, single-site trial with
fixed-flexible dosing of aripiprazole (5–30 mg/day) for 8 weeksResultsIn the mixed-effects repeated-measures analysis, improvement from
baseline on the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms total score was statistically
significant by the first week. No participant converted to psychosis and
13 completed treatment. Neuropsychological measures showed no consistent
improvement; mean weight gain was 1.2 kg. Akathisia emerged in 8
participants, but the mean Barnes Akathisia Scale score fell to baseline
levels by the final visit. Adverse events were otherwise minimalConclusionsAripiprazole shows a promising efficacy and safety profile for the
psychosis prodrome. Placebo-controlled studies are indicated
Provision of child and adolescent mental health in-patient services in England between 1999 and 2006
Authors: O'Herlihy Anne , Lelliott Paul , Bannister Debbie , Cotgrove Andrew , Farr Hannah , Tulloch Simon 
Published: November 2007

AIMS AND METHODIn 1999, child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) in-patient provision was unevenly distributed across England. A repeat of a1999 bed count survey was conducted in 2006 to determine whether change had occurred in response to government policy.RESULTSTotal bed numbers in England were found to have increased by 284; 69% of the increase is due to the independent sector, whose market share has risen from 25% in 1999 to 36% in 2006. Regions with the highest number of beds in 1999 have increased bed numbers more than areas with the lowest number of beds in1999 (8.3 v. 3.6 beds per million population). In units that admit only children under the age of 14, there has been a 30% reduction in beds available (123 to 86).CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSInequity in provision of CAMH inpatient services has increased despite government policy to the contrary. We speculate that this might be partly due to fragmented and local commissioning, and the effects of market forces operating as a result of increasing privatisation.
Combination of Trastuzumab and Tanespimycin (17-AAG, KOS-953) Is Safe and Active in Trastuzumab-Refractory HER-2–Overexpressing Breast Cancer: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Study
Authors: Modi Shanu , Stopeck Alison T. , Gordon Michael S. , Mendelson David , Solit David B. , Bagatell Rochelle , Ma Weining , Wheler Jennifer , Rosen Neal , Norton Larry , Cropp Gillian F. , Johnson Robert G. , Hannah Alison L. , Hudis Clifford A. 
Published: November 2007

Purpose This phase I study examined whether a heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor tanespimycin (17-AAG; KOS-953) could be administered safely in combination with trastuzumab at a dose that inhibits Hsp90 function in vivo in lymphocytes. Patients and Methods Patients with an advanced solid tumor progressing during standard therapy were eligible. Patients were treated with weekly trastuzumab followed by intravenous tanespimycin, assessed in escalating dose levels. Results Twenty-five patients were enrolled onto four tanespimycin dose levels: 225 (n = 4), 300 (n = 3), 375 (n = 8), and 450 mg/m2 (n = 10). Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed at the third and fourth cohort (1 patient each): more than 2-week delay for grade 4 fatigue/grade 2 nausea and anorexia (375 mg/m2); more than 2-week delay for thrombocytopenia (450 mg/m2). Drug-related grade 3 toxicity included emesis, increased ALT, hypersensitivity reactions (two patients each), and drug-induced thrombocytopenia (n = 1). Common mild to moderate toxicities included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, emesis, headache, rash/pruritus, increased AST/ALT, and anorexia. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated no difference in tanespimycin kinetics with or without trastuzumab. Pharmacodynamic testing showed reactive induction of Hsp70 (a marker of Hsp90 inhibition) in lymphocytes at all dose levels. Antitumor activity was noted (partial response, n = 1; minor response, n = 4; stable disease ≥ 4 months, n = 4). Tumor regressions were seen only in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive metastatic breast cancer. Conclusion Tanespimycin plus trastuzumab is well tolerated and has antitumor activity in patients with HER-2+ breast cancer whose tumors have progressed during treatment with trastuzumab. These data suggest that Hsp90 function can be inhibited in vivo to a degree sufficient to cause inhibition of tumor growth.
Physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of selecting zebra finches for divergent levels of corticosterone
Authors: Roberts M. L. , Buchanan K. L. , Hasselquist D. , Bennett A. T. D. , Evans M. R. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe effects of environmental stress on the physiology and behaviour of higher vertebrates has become an important avenue of research in recent years. Evidence from recent studies has suggested that the avian stress-related hormone corticosterone (CORT) may play a role in immunocompetence and sexual selection. We tested whether CORT is immunosuppressive by studying humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in populations of captive zebra finches selected for divergent peak levels of CORT. We also investigated whether selection for peak CORT has an effect on the quality of several sexually selected regions of the male zebra finch; in addition we compared morphometric parameters and the dominance ranking in males from the different selection lines. We also tested whether different components of the immune system compete for limited resources. We found that selection for divergent levels of peak CORT had little effect on humoral immunity, male sexual signal quality or dominance ranking. However, contrary to expectations, we did find a positive relationship between CORT titre and cell-mediated immunity, as well as a greater cell-mediated response in the birds selected for high CORT titre than those selected for low CORT titre. Consistent with predictions, significant negative relationships were found between both testosterone and CORT titre on humoral immunity. Birds from the low CORT lines were significantly larger in terms of skeletal size than those from the high CORT lines. Overall, our results suggest that the cell-mediated immune response is associated with a reduction in the humoral response, but only in males, and that there is no simple relationship between peak CORT levels and immune function.
Mechanical and energetic factors underlying gait transitions in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Kendall Jennifer L. , Lucey Kaitlyn S. , Jones Emily A. , Wang Jasmine , Ellerby David J. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYAs their swimming speed increased, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) switched from pectoral-fin-powered labriform swimming to undulations of the body axis. This gait transition occurred at a mean swimming speed of 0.24±0.01 m s–1 and a pectoral fin beat frequency of 2.79±0.11 Hz (mean ± s.e.m., N=6). The power output available from the main upstroke (adductor profundus) and downstroke (abductor superficialis) muscles, measured using the work-loop technique was maximal at the gait transition point. The cost of transport,measured by respirometry, increased as the fish switched from labriform to undulatory swimming. Our data show that bluegill changed gait as swimming speed increased to recruit additional muscle mass, rather than to maximize economy, as is the case for many terrestrial animals.
Holdfast heroics: comparing the molecular and mechanical properties ofMytilus californianusbyssal threads
Authors: Harrington Matthew J. , Waite J. Herbert 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe marine mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad inhabits the most wave-exposed regions of the rocky intertidal by dint of its extraordinary tenacity. Tenacity is mediated in large part by the byssus, a fibrous holdfast structure. M. californianus byssal threads, which are mechanically superior to the byssal threads of other mytilids, are composed almost entirely of a consortium of three modular proteins known as the preCols. In this study,the complete primary sequence of preCols from M. californianus was deduced and compared to that of two related species with mechanically inferior byssal threads, M. edulis Linnaeus and M. galloprovincialisLamarck in order to explore structure–function relationships.The preCols from M. californianus are more divergent from the other two species than they are from one another. However, the degree of divergence is not uniform among the various domains of the preCols, allowing us to speculate on their mechanical role. For instance, the extra spider silk-like runs of alanine-rich sequence in the flanking domains of M. californianus may increase crystalline order, enhancing strength and stiffness. Histidine-rich domains at the termini, in contrast, are highly conserved between species, suggesting a mechanical role common to all three. Mechanical testing of pH-treated and chemically derivatized distal threads strongly suggests that histidine side chains are ligands in reversible,metal-mediated cross-links in situ. By combining the mechanical and sequence data, yield and self-healing in the distal region of threads have been modeled to emphasize the intricate interplay of enthalpic and entropic effects during tensile load and recovery.
Metabolic inactivation of the circadian transmitter, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), by neprilysin-like peptidases in Drosophila
Authors: Isaac R. Elwyn , Johnson Erik C. , Audsley Neil , Shirras Alan D. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
Recent studies have firmly established pigment dispersing factor (PDF), a C-terminally amidated octodecapeptide, as a key neurotransmitter regulating rhythmic circadian locomotory behaviours in adult Drosophila melanogaster. The mechanisms by which PDF functions as a circadian peptide transmitter are not fully understood, however; in particular, nothing is known about the role of extracellular peptidases in terminating PDF signalling at synapses. In this study we show that PDF is susceptible to hydrolysis by neprilysin, an endopeptidase that is enriched in synaptic membranes of mammals and insects. Neprilysin cleaves PDF at the internal Ser7–Leu8 peptide bond to generate PDF1-7 and PDF8-18. Neither of these fragments were able to increase intracellular cAMP levels in HEK293 cells cotransfected with the Drosophila PDF receptor cDNA and a firefly luciferase reporter gene, confirming that such cleavage results in PDF inactivation. The Ser7–Leu8 peptide bond was also the principal cleavage site when PDF was incubated with membranes prepared from heads of adult Drosophila. This endopeptidase activity was inhibited by the neprilysin inhibitors phosphoramidon (IC50, 0.15 μmol l–1) and thiorphan (IC50, 1.2 μmol l–1). We propose that cleavage by a member of the Drosophila neprilysin family of endopeptidases is the most likely mechanism for inactivating synaptic PDF and that neprilysin might have an important role in regulating PDF signals within circadian neural circuits.
Infant Botulism: A 30-Year Experience Spanning the Introduction of Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous in the Intensive Care Unit at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
Authors: Underwood Karen , Rubin Sarah , Deakers Timothy , Newth Christopher 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. To report a tertiary care hospital's 30-year experience with the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of infant botulism in the PICU before and after the availability of Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous.METHODS. This was a retrospective medical chart review of the 67 patients who had received a diagnosis of infant botulism and were admitted to the ICU from 1976 to 2005. The ages on presentation, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and type of botulism toxin were recorded and compared for patients who had received Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous and those who had not. On the basis of our results, conclusions were drawn regarding the effect of Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous on the morbidity of infant botulism.RESULTS. Sixty-seven patients’ charts were reviewed; 23 male and 29 female patients did not receive Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous. Of patients who did not receive Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous, the median age at presentation was 71 days, median length of hospital stay was 35 days, ICU stay was 24 days, and duration of mechanical ventilation was 17 days. A total of 40% had type A toxin, and 60% had type B toxin. There was a significant difference between patients with toxin types A and B in length of hospital stay but not length of ICU stay or mechanical ventilation. Patients with type A toxin were significantly older than patients with type B toxin. Fifteen children received Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous. There were statistically significant differences in length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, and length of mechanical ventilation between patients who received Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous and those who did not.CONCLUSIONS. The use of Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous significantly decreased the length of ICU stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and overall hospital stay in children with infant botulism.
State of the Evidence on Acute Asthma Management in Children: A Critical Appraisal of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Boluyt Nicole , van der Lee Johanna H. , Moyer Virginia A. , Brand Paul L. P. , Offringa Martin 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate clinical, methodologic, and reporting aspects of systematic reviews on the management of acute asthma in children.
METHODS. We undertook a systematic review of systematic reviews on acute asthma management in children. We identified eligible reviews by searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Medline, and Embase 1990 to March 2006. Data were extracted on clinical issues, methodologic characteristics, and results of the reviews. Methodologic quality was assessed with the Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire and with additional questions on heterogeneity. Separate reporting on children in mixed adult-pediatric population reviews was assessed. Methodologic quality of systematic reviews published in peer-reviewed journals was compared with Cochrane reviews.
RESULTS. A total of 23 systematic reviews were included: 14 were published in the Cochrane Library, and 9 were published in peer-reviewed journals. Eight reviews included children only, and 15 were mixed-population reviews. The majority of reviews defined the study population as having “acute asthma” without a more precise definition, and 16 different health outcomes were reported. The overall quality according to the Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire was good, with Cochrane reviews showing minimal flaws and journal reviews showing minor flaws (median scores: 7 vs 5). Results on children were reported separately in 8 of 15 mixed-population reviews. Clinical heterogeneity was explored in only 2 of 23 reviews, and the methods used to identify and address heterogeneity were diverse.
CONCLUSIONS. The methodologic quality of both the Cochrane and journal reviews on the management of acute asthma in children seems good, with Cochrane reviews being more rigorous. However, their usefulness for clinical practice is hampered by a lack of clear definitions of included populations, clinically important health outcomes, and separate reporting on children in mixed reviews. A major threat to these reviews’ validity is the insufficient identification and handling of heterogeneity.
Preventive Care for Children in Low-Income Families: How Well Do Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Programs Do?
Authors: Perry Cynthia D. , Kenney Genevieve M. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. Child health problems that are caused or exacerbated by health behaviors remain a leading cause of medical spending for children. We examined receipt of clinician advice by low-income children, comparing children who had public insurance with those who had private insurance, as well as with children who were uninsured for part or all of the year.METHODS. We used children who were aged 3 to 17 and living in families with incomes of &lt;250% of the federal poverty level in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2001 to 2003 to estimate linear probability models on receipt of preventive advice. The main outcome measures were receipt of clinician's advice about healthy eating, physical activity, the harmful effects of smoking in the home, proper safety restraints in a car, and use of a bicycle helmet. We also examined 2 related barriers to receiving clinician advice: whether the child had any preventive care visits in the past year and whether the child had a usual source of care other than a hospital emergency department.RESULTS. Publicly insured children were more likely than privately insured, full-year–uninsured children, and part-year–uninsured children to have had a preventive care visit in the past year, but regardless of health insurance group, many children went without preventive care. Even conditional on having had a preventive care visit, 48% did not receive clinician advice in any of the areas measured, and 41% of the overweight children were advised about neither healthy eating nor exercise in the past year.CONCLUSIONS. Enrolling more uninsured children in Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Programs could improve the chances that families receive advice about health behaviors and injury prevention; however, nearly half of the children who were insured for the entire year did not receive important advice from their clinicians.