bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the Kobe earthquake
Authors: Esper Philip , Tachibana Eizaburo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Kobe earthquake is considered to be one of the most devastating and costly natural disasters in recent history considering the number of buildings destroyed, the number of people killed and injured, the size of the affected area, and the extent and severity of damage to a wide range of structural types. As a result, important questions have been raised about earthquake preparedness, disaster response, seismic design and codes of practice, and upgrading of earthquake-resistant structures. This paper presents an overview of this earthquake, investigates the extent and types of damage caused, studies the factors behind each type of damage, and highlights important lessons learnt from this earthquake. Protective measures and future research that should be undertaken in Japan, and all countries that are at seismic risk, are recommended in order to reduce damage and casualties in future seismic events.
Use of landslide inventory data to define the spatial location of landslide sites, South Wales, UK
Authors: Jennings P. J. , Siddle H. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper presents and analyses the findings of a landslide inventory survey undertaken in deeply dissected upland valleys in layered Carboniferous lithology, Rhondda Valleys, South Wales. This area has one of the highest recorded concentrations of landslides in the UK.
The paper analyses the terrain factors identified at landslide sites (lithology, slope angle, geographical setting) with factors denning the landslide (such as type/depth of movement, age, activity, material, areal extent, geometry). Using these data, a composite profile of probable landslide sites is developed. This provides a valuable tool in further quantifying likely landslide hazard at sites, giving an indication of the potential of, for example, first-time failures or whether degraded relict landslides may be present.
Discussion is provided on the findings, particularly landslide locations within the valley and their age and current state of activity.
The role of engineering geology in the hazard zonation of a Malaysian highway
Authors: Cook J. R. , McGown A. , Hurley G. , Choy Lee Eng 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The University of Strathclyde and the Institut Kerja Raya Malaysia (Public Works Institute) have undertaken a joint research project into the investigation, description, classification and geotechnical analysis of tropically weathered in situ materials (TWIMs) in Malaysia in general and on a major highway in particular. The research project has developed a general approach to TWIM profile characterization and classification which allows specific systems to be developed to deal with particular project requirements.
A key part of the research is to provide practical engineering geological and geotechnical advice to a hazard identification and risk assessment project on the 113 km long East-West Highway in Kelantan, northern Peninsular Malaysia. This highway has an ongoing history of persistant slope failure and contains a large number of significant earthworks in generlly mountainous terrain underlain by a ange of tropically weathered bedrocks including sedimentary, meta-sedimentary and igneous materials. The 3-year long-term project produced hazard maps for the earthworks along the highway. These maps provided a more scientific basis for cost-effective planning and design of maintenance and preventative remedial works along the highway.
This paper outlines the main elements of the project and indicates the key influence that the engineering geological character of the tropically weahered soil-rock profiles has had on the assessment of slope hazard.
Development advice maps: mining subsidence
Authors: Scott M. J. , Statham I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In 1985 the Department of the Environment/Welsh Office commissioned the ’South Wales Desk Study - Mining Subsidence’. This project was to develop a method for preparing Development Advice Maps giving advice to planners and developers on abandoned shallow mining. The pilot area for this study was centred in Ebbw Vale and supplemented by a detailed review of mining subsidence throughout the whole of South Wales. Subsequent to this study a follow on project was undertaken in 1991 in the Borough of Islwyn. The purpose of the study was to confirm the methodology developed during the first study and produce Development Advice Maps which could be introduced into the planning process at Islwyn Borough Council. Maps were introduced into the planning system with planning guidelines and were monitored for 15 months. The monitoring period has indicated that the Development Advice Maps, drafted in accordance with the procedure developed from the South Wales Mining Desk Study, are generally reliable.
This paper discusses the method of preparation of Development Advice Maps in South Wales and proposes a strategy of risk management with which to appraise potential mining subsidence.
Gondwana's movement over the South Pole during the Palaeozoic: evidence from lithological indicators of climate
Authors: Scotese R. Christopher , Barrett Stephen F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A statistical technique is described that uses the geographical distribution of lithological indicators of climate (carbonates, evaporites, coals and tillites) to estimate the past position of the geographic pole. This technique was used to estimate the movement of the South Pole across the supercontinent of Gondwana during the Palaeozoic. Our results indicate that during the Cambrian and Early Ordovician the South Pole was located adjacent to northwestern Africa. The pole moved into the Amazon Basin during the Late Ordovician and into south-central Argentina during the Silurian. Throughout the Devonian and Early Carboniferous the pole moved slowly from a location in southern Argentina to a position near the south coast of Africa. From the Late Carboniferous and into the Permian the South Pole swung eastward across central Antarctica. The Early Palaeozoic and Late Palaeozoic portions of the palaeoclimatically determined APW path are in good agreement with available palaeomagnetic data. The Middle Palaeozoic portion of the palaeoclimatically determined APW path agrees better with the palaeomagnetic data that places the South Pole in southern Argentina, than with the palaeomagnetic results that place the Devonian pole in central Africa.
Graptolite biogeography: implications for palaeogeography and palaeoceanography
Authors: Berry W. B. N. , Wilde P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Two faunal regions, a cool-water, Atlantic and a tropical-water, Pacific, may be distinguished among Tremadoc into Ashgill planktic graptolite faunas. The zenith of graptolite provincialism was during the Arenig-Llanvirn when Laurentia, Australia-New Zealand, North China, South China, Siberia, Argentine Precordillera, and parts of Kazachkstan were provinces within the Pacific Region. Coeval, Southern Hemisphere, Atlantic Region provinces were: England-Wales, Baltoscania, Bolivia-Peru-Northern Argentina, western Europe, North Africa, and possibly part of modern Tien Shan. South China Arenig-Llanvirn faunas include many incursions of Atlantic Region taxa, probably reflective of current circulation changes linked to development of seasonal monsoons. Mid-Ordovician plate motion included northward movement of Baltoscania into the tropics. That motion resulted in Baltoscania becoming a province in the Pacific Region in the Late Ordovician. Late Ordovician glaciation led to restriction of graptolites to the tropics (Pacific Region) during the latest Ordovician. Deglaciation was followed by re-establishment of a tropical, Pacific Region fauna and a cool-water, Atlantic Region fauna during the Llandovery and Wenlock. Graptolite faunas appear to have been only tropical from the Ludlow to their extinction in the Pragian (Early Devonian). The graptolite regions and provinces are essentially consistent with plate positions suggested by palaeomagnetic and lithofacies data.
Graptolite biogeography: recent, future hopes
Authors: Rickards Barrie B. , Rigby Susan , Harris Jonathan H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Recent progress in the plotting of biogeographical distributions is shown to be partly due to improved base maps, some of the notable anomalies detected by earlier workers being explained and easily accommodated in the latest maps. Progress is also in part due to increasingly precise systematics, which results in more accurate biostratigraphical correlation: examples include the
'Didymograptus' bifidus
controversy and its role in the definition of the Pacific and Atlantic provinces of the Arenig-Llanvirn. Analogy with modern planktonic regimes enables recognition of marker species in specific water masses; and in the distinction of neritic from open ocean plankton. Analysis at species level and lower of Wenlock graptolite assemblages has resulted in the recognition of the Rheic and Mediterranean subprovinces within a Pacific province or realm. Hydrodynamic modelling suggests directions for future research which may provide independent support for biogeographical studies.
Brachiopod zoogeography across the Ordovician-Silurian extinction event
Authors: Sheeman P. M. , Coorough P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Extinction event at the close of the Ordovician, one of the largest of the Phanerozoic, had a profound effect on the zoogeographic distribution of brachiopods. Strong endemism in the Ashgill was particularly apparent in the epicontinental seas covering the primary lithospheric plates. Areas in the open ocean and around the margins of the continents had more widely distributed faunas. Glacio-eustatic decline in sea level and climatic deterioration caused by the developing North African glaciation have been widely invoked as the cause of the extinction event. The Hirnantian Stage roughly corresponds to the glacial maximum, and Hirnantian faunas were somewhat more cosmopolitan than were early-middle Ashgill faunas. At the end of the Hirnatian, sea level rise and climatic amelioration accompanying the end of the glacial maximum apparently caused another wave of extinctions. Early Silurian brachiopods were far more cosmopolitan, especially in the epicontinental seas, than they had been in the Late Ordovician. There is a strong correlation between wide geographic distribution of genera and survival of the extinction event. Provincial patterns are consistent with the symposium maps.
Distributions and extinctions of Silurian Bryozoa
Authors: Tuckey M. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Gradient and cluster analyses of bryozoan genera, from a worldwide bryozoan data base has revealed biogeographic patterns for the Silurian. In the Llandovery, three provinces can be distinguished: (1) a north American-Siberian Province; (2) a Baltic Province; and (3) a Mongolian Province, which includes localities on the Siberian and South China plates.
During the Wenlock, the North American-Siberian and Baltic Provinces merged into a single province as the Iapetus Ocean continued to close, with the Mongolian Province still present. A single cosmopolitan province developed during the Ludlow, and little biogeographic differentiation can be observed among Ludlow and Pridoli faunas. Formation of the Mongolian Province may be related to latitudinal climatic zonation, as the northern portion of the Siberian plate had moved into temperate latitudes in the Early Silurian. Loss of the north temperate Mongolian Province in the Ludlow, suggests that the Siberian plate may have moved southward in the Late Silurian.
Increases in extinctions of bryozoan species and genera coincided with loss of provinciality in the Silurian. Merging of the Baltic and North American-Siberian Provinces in the Wenlock coincided with large increases in extinctions in North America and Baltica. Wenlock extinctions may be related to climatic change caused by continental convergence, or competition between faunas. Loss of the Mongolian Province in the Ludlow also coincided with increases in extinctions, which may be related to southward movement of the Siberian plate into a warmer climatic zone.
Biogeography of Silurian stromatoporoids
Authors: Nestor Heldur 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Stromatoporoids were widespread in the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian shallow seas with carbonate types of sedimentation. Their occurrences in reefs and association with bahamitic type carbonate sediments, sometimes replaced by evaporites, allow them to be considered as stenothermal warm-water organisms which lived in the tropical to subtropical climatic belt between 40° N and S. The rapid eustatic deepening after the latest Ordovician glaciation gave rise to ecological stress in the shallow-water stromatoporoids and suppressed their adaptive radiation. Therefore a taxonomically monotonous cosmopolitan fauna of stromatoporoids formed at the beginning of the Llandovery. Few endemic genera existed during the late Llandovery and Wenlock. In Ludlow time a low degree of provincialism appeared when differences developed between the European and Asiatic faunas; these vanished again in the Pridoli. The data on stromatoporoid distribution are in good agreement with the current palaeogeographical reconstructions.
Biogeography of Devonian Algae
Authors: Poncet J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Most of the Devonian calcareous algae are distributed in the Palaeotethyan Realm on carbonate platforms located around the Palaeotethys Ocean. Possible connections by hypothetical palaeocurrents between the different palaeobiogeographical areas have been reported. Palaeogeographic Devonian reconstructions are tested using the latitudinal constraints due to the ecology of calcareous algae.
Biogeography of Lower Carboniferous crinoids
Authors: Lane N. Gary , Sevastopulo G. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The stratigraphic are ranges of all known crinoid genera of Mississippian and Lower Carboniferous age in western Europe and North America compared. Camerate crinoid distribution was published in 1987 (Lane and Sevastopulo). Inadunate and flexible crinoid ranges are presented here. A total of 197 genera are involved, 157 in North America and 93 in Europe, with 53 joint occurrences. Conspicuous endemism occurs at both the familial and generic levels in both Europe and North America. In early Mississippian time camerate crinoid genera are especially endemic in North America and many become extinct. In later Mississippian time many poteriocrinoid and flexible crinoid genera and some families are confined to either North America or Europe. Both environmental and physical barriers contributed to isolation and endemism. Genera tend to originate first, and become extinct first, at about equal rates in North America and in Europe. European genera tend to be somewhat longer ranging than North American genera, perhaps due to differences in breadth of definition on the two continents. Primitive groups like disparid and cyathocrinoid inadunates range up from the Late Devonian. Advanced poteriocrinoid inadunates commonly range up into younger Pennsylvanian-Upper Carboniferous rocks. New families originated in both North America and western Europe with about equal frequency. New Japanese occurrences of Pennsylvanian inadunates and the age relations of Permian Timor crinoids are discussed briefly.
The North Brae Field, Block 16/7a, UK North Sea
Authors: Stephenson Mark A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
North Brae is the first gas condensate field in the UK to be produced by gas recycling. The field lies at the western margin of the South Viking Graben in UK Block 16/7a. Estimated recoverable reserves are 178 MMBBL of condensate and 798 BCF of dry gas. First hydrocarbon production was in April 1988 from the Brae 'B' platform.
The reservoir is composed of coarse clastic sediments of the Upper Jurassic Brae Formation which were deposited by debris flows and turbidity currents in a submarine fan setting adjacent to an active fault scarp. The Brae Formation now abuts impermeable Devonian rocks of the Fladen Ground Spur to the west. The reservoir is capped by the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which also provided the source of the hydrocarbons.
The Central Brae Field, Block 16/7a, UK North Sea
Authors: Turner Colin C. , Allen Philip J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Central Brae Oilfield is the smallest of three Upper Jurassic fields being developed in UK Block 16/7a. The field was discovered in 1976 and commenced production in September 1989 through a subsea template tied back to the Brae 'A' platform in the South Brae Oilfield. Recoverable reserves are estimated as 65 MMBBL of oil and 6 MMBBL of NGL. The Central Brae reservoir is a proximal submarine fan sequence, comprising dominantly sand-matrix conglomerate and sandstone with minor mudstone units. The sediments were shed eastwards off the Fladen Ground Spur and were deposited as a relatively small and steep sedimentary cone at the margin of the South Viking Graben. Mudstone facies border the submarine fan deposits to the north and south, forming stratigraphic seals. The structure is a faulted anticline developed during the latest Jurassic and early Cretaceous possibly in response to large-scale rotational slump movement within the easterly-dipping graben margin sequence. The western boundary of the field is formed by a sealing fault, whilst to the east, there is an oil-water contact at 13 426 ft TVSS. The overlying seal is the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which also interdigitates with the coarser facies basinwards, and provides the source of the hydrocarbons.
The Deveron Field, Block 211/18a, UK North Sea
Authors: Williams R. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Deveron Field lies to the west of the Thistle structure and is a satellite development to the main Thistle Field. It holds separate field status but utilizes Thistle platform facilities. Although Deveron has a similar structural framework and stratigraphic sequence to the Thistle Field, subtle differences in reservoir character and behaviour are evident. The field was discovered by the first well on Block 211/18 but its small size prevented development until installation of the Thistle production facilities. The Deveron appraisal and development wells have all been drilled from the Thistle platform and so far no injection has been required. The current STOIIP is estimated at 41 MMBBL of which 20 MMBBL will ultimately be recovered. Cumulative production to the end of 1988 was 9.96 MMBBL from 3 production wells.
The Dunlin Field, Blocks 211/23a and 211/24a, UK North Sea
Authors: Baumann A. , O'Cathain B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Dunlin Oilfield is located in the East Shetland Basin, 160 km northeast of the Shetland Islands. It lies in UK Blocks 211/23a and 211/24a in about 500 ft of water. The field was discovered in June 1973 by well 211/23-1. The oil accumulation is trapped, in a north-south oriented, tilted fault block at the western margin of the Viking Graben, at a depth of about 8500 ft TVSS. The reservoir is contained in the formations of the Middle Jurassic Brent Group. In the Dunlin area they form a 450 ft thick sequence of sands and intercalated minor shales, which has been deposited by a shore face and delta system prograding northwards across the Viking Graben. The seal is formed by the shales of the Middle/Upper Jurassic Heather Formation. Reservoir properties of the Brent sands are fair to good with porosities of up to 30% and average permeabilities in the range from 10 to 4000 md. Development of the field is carried out from a single platform, from which production started in 1978. To date 40 development wells have been drilled and the total cumulative production amounts to 282 MMBBL of an ultimate recovery of 363 MMBBL.
The Frigg Field, Block 10/1 UK North Sea and 25/1, Norwegian North Sea
Authors: BREWSTER J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Frigg Field was the first giant gas field to be discovered in the northern North Sea. Its position on the boundary line between the UK and Norway called for international cooperation at an early stage in development. The Lower Eocene reservoir sands have extremely good poroperm characteristics but the heterogeneities within the sands control the water influx from the immense Eocene and Palaeocene aquifers below.
The Murchison Field, Block 211/19a, UK North Sea
Authors: Warrender John 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Murchison oil field forms part of the Brent oil province in the East Shetland Basin, northern North Sea. The field, which straddles the UK-Norway international boundary, was discovered in 1975 and began production with Conoco (UK) Ltd as Operator, in 1980. Like many oil accumulations in the East Shetland Basin the trap consists of a northwesterly dipping rotated fault block of Jurassic-Triassic age sourced and sealed by unconformable Upper Jurassic shales. The productive reservoir consists of Middle Jurassic Brent Group sandstones which represent the south to north progradation of a wave/tide influenced delta system. The Brent Group on Murchison has an average thickness of 425 ft with average porosities of 22% and permeabilities in the 500-1000 md range in producing zones. The maximum hydrocarbon column thickness is approximately 600 ft. The oil is undersaturated and no gas cap is present. Recoverable reserves are 340 MMBBL from a total oil in place figure of 790 MMBBL. Oil production which is via a single steel jacket platform peaked at 127 000 BOPD in 1983 and currently averages 45 000 BOPD. Economic field life is expected to be at least 20 years.
The Murchison Field is located in the East Shetland Basin, northern North Sea at approximate latitude 61° 23' N, longitude 1° 43.5' E, 120 miles northeast of the Shetland Islands (Fig. 1). The field straddles the UK-Norway international boundary with the greater portion in the UK Block 21 l/19a and the lesser portion in Norway Block 33/9. Water depth is -512 ft BMSL. In the context of the North Sea the field is of medium size with an areal closure of approximately 7 square miles and contains 790 million barrels of oil in place. The productive reservoir consists of coastal deltaic sandstones of the Middle Jurassic Brent Group which lie between the marine shales of the Lower Jurassic Dunlin Group and the marine, organic-rich shales of the Upper Jurassic Humber Group. The trap is structural comprising a single, northwesterly dipping rotated fault block which has been sourced and sealed by the overlying Upper Jurassic shales. The field is named after the Scottish geologist Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871), who is best known for his contribution to Palaeozoic stratigraphy.
The Cyrus Field, Block 16/28, UK North Sea
Authors: Mound D. G. , Robertson I. D. , Wallis R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Cyrus Oilfield is located in Block 16/28 of the UK sector of the North Sea approximately 250 km (155 miles) NE of Aberdeen and 55 km (34 miles) NE of the Forties Field. The trap consists of a broad, very low relief four-way dip closure developed over a deeper tilted fault block. The reservoir consists of submarine-fan sandstones of late Palaeocene age, belonging to the Andrew Formation. Provenance was to the NW resulting from the early Tertiary sea-level fall which exposed the East Shetland Platform. The reservoir has been sub-divided into two zones, an upper zone of interbedded sandstones and mudstones with net to gross ratios of 0.4 to 0.6 and sandstone porositites of 12% to 18%, and a lower zone of massive fine-grained sandstones plus subordinate thin shales and limestones, with net to gross ratios in excess of 0.9 and porosities averaging 20%. The reservoir is filled with undersaturated oil of 35° API and is normally pressured. The estimate of initial oil-in-place is 75 MMBBL. Development of the field is centred on the use of BP's SWOPS (Single Well Offshore Production System) vessel using two horizontal field development wells which feed into a single seabed template for offtake. Ultimate recovery from the field is estimated to be approximately 12 MMBBL.