bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid reflections in InGaP/GaAs(001) by synchrotron radiation multiple diffraction
Authors: de Menezes Alan S. , dos Santos Adenilson O. , Almeida Juliana M. A. , Bortoleto José R. R. , Cotta Mônica A. , Morelhão Sérgio L. , Cardoso Lisandro P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHybrid reflections (HRs) involving substrate and layer planes (SL type) [Morelhão et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (15), 2194 (1998)] observed in Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE) grown InGaP/GaAs(001) structures were used as a three‐dimensional probe to analyze structural properties of epitaxial layers. A set of (002) rocking curves (ω ‐scan) measured for each 15° in the azimuthal plane was arranged in a pole diagram in ϕ for two samples with different layer thicknesses (#A – 58 nm and #B – 370 nm) and this allowed us to infer the azimuthal epilayer homogeneity in both samples. Also, it was shown the occurrence of (1$ \bar 1 $3) HR detected even in the thinner layer sample. Mappings of the HR diffraction condition (ω:ϕ) allowed to observe the crystal truncation rod through the elongation of HR shape along the substrate secondary reflection streak which can indicate in‐plane match of layer/ substrate lattice parameters. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of long‐term exposure to elevated CO2 conditions in slow‐growing plants using a 12C‐enriched CO2‐labelling technique
Authors: Pardo Antoni , Aranjuelo Iker , Biel Carmen , Savé Robert , Azcón‐Bieto Joaquim , Nogués Salvador 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDespite their relevancy, long‐term studies analyzing elevated CO2 effect in plant production and carbon (C) management on slow‐growing plants are scarce. A special chamber was designed to perform whole‐plant above‐ground gas‐exchange measurements in two slow‐growing plants (Chamaerops humilis and Cycas revoluta) exposed to ambient (ca. 400 µmol mol−1) and elevated (ca. 800 µmol mol−1) CO2 conditions over a long‐term period (20 months). The ambient isotopic 13C/12C composition (δ13C) of plants exposed to elevated CO2 conditions was modified (from ca. −12.8‰ to ca. −19.2‰) in order to study carbon allocation in leaf, shoot and root tissues. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth by ca. 45% and 60% in Chamaerops and Cycas, respectively. The whole‐plant above‐ground gas‐exchange determinations revealed that, in the case of Chamaerops, elevated CO2 decreased the photosynthetic activity (determined on leaf area basis) as a consequence of the limited ability to increase C sink strength. On the other hand, the larger C sink strength (reflected by their larger CO2 stimulatory effect on dry mass) in Cycas plants exposed to elevated CO2 enabled the enhancement of their photosynthetic capacity. The δ13C values determined in the different plant tissues (leaf, shoot and root) suggest that Cycas plants grown under elevated CO2 had a larger ability to export the excess leaf C, probably to the main root. The results obtained highlighted the different C management strategies of both plants and offered relevant information about the potential response of two slow‐growing plants under global climate change conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐ and Nanoprinting into Solids Using Reaction‐Diffusion Etching and Hydrogel Stamps
Authors: Grzybowski Bartosz A. , Bishop Kyle J. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMicropatterned hydrogel stamps soaked in appropriate chemical etchants can imprint various types of micro‐ and nanoarchitectures into metals, conductive oxides, semiconductors, glasses, and crystals. Localized etching is mediated by a reaction‐diffusion process initiated from the stamp microfeatures and gives lateral resolution down to approximately 300 nm. The method is well suited for the rapid prototyping of small‐scale devices including multilevel microfluidic systems and curvilinear optical elements.
Analysis of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Waste Water and Sludge by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Exercise of Validation
Authors: Bengoechea C. , Cantarero A. Samuel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLinear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) an ingredient of many household and industrial detergents can reach the environment after disposal of raw sewage. Its correct detection and quantification in different environmental samples is a critical issue for evaluating its environmental fate. This paper outlines a validation of an entire analytical procedure of LAS in environmental samples, including extraction, pre‐concentration and HPLC detection and quantification with fluorescence detection.
Soya protein reverses dyslipidaemia and the altered capacity of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in the skeletal muscle of sucrose-rich diet-fed rats
Authors: Oliva María E. , Chicco Adriana G. , Lombardo Yolanda B. 
Published: December 2008

The present study investigates the benefits of dietary intake of soya protein upon dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in rats chronically (8 months) fed a sucrose-rich (63 %) diet (SRD). For this purpose, we analysed the effectiveness of soya protein isolate in improving or reversing these metabolic abnormalities. Wistar rats were fed a SRD for 4 months. By the end of this period, stable dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance were present in the animals. From months 4 to 8, half the animals continued with the SRD and the other half were fed a SRD in which the source of protein casein was substituted by soya. The control group received a diet in which the source of carbohydrate was maize starch. The results showed that: (1) soya protein normalized plasma TAG, cholesterol and NEFA levels in the SRD-fed rats. Moreover, the addition of soya protein reversed the hepatic steatosis. (2) Glucose homeostasis was normalized without changes in circulating insulin levels. Whole-body peripheral insulin sensitivity substantially improved. Besides, soya protein moderately decreases body weight gain limiting the accretion of visceral fat. (3) By shifting the source of dietary protein from casein to soya during the last 4 months of the feeding period it was possible to reverse both the diminished insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and disposal in the skeletal muscle of SRD-fed rats. This study provides new data showing the beneficial effect of soya protein upon lipid and glucose homeostasis in the experimental model of dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance.
“Read It Also to the Gentiles”: The Displacement and Recasting of the Philosopher in theVita Antonii
Authors: Urbano Arthur 
Published: December 2008

In his correspondence with the Corinthian community, the Apostle Paul addressed the problem of factionalism, his criticism aimed particularly against a faction of educated members who regarded their knowledge as evidence of social superiority. He countered these types of claims to superiority by proposing a dichotomy of wisdoms—“the wisdom of this world” and “God's wisdom”:Yet among the mature we do speak wisdom, though it is not a wisdom of this age or of the rulers of this age, who are doomed to perish. But we speak God's wisdom, secret and hidden, which God decreed before the ages for our glory.
9-O-acetylated sialic acids enhance entry of virulentLeishmania donovanipromastigotes into macrophages
Authors: GHOSHAL A. , MUKHOPADHYAY S. , CHAVA A. K. , GERWIG G. J. , KAMERLING J. P. , CHATTERJEE M. , MANDAL C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYDistribution of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids (9-O-AcSA) onLeishmania donovanihas been previously reported. Considering their role in recognition, the differential distribution of sialic acids especially 9-O-acetylated sialic acids in avirulent (UR6) versus virulent (AG83 and GE1) promastigotes ofLeishmania donovaniand its role in entry into macrophages was explored. Fluorimetric-HPLC, fluorimetric determination and ELISA revealed 14-, 8- and 5-fold lower sialic acids in UR6 as compared to AG83. Interestingly, on UR6, flow cytometry indicated lower (α2→6)-linked sialoglycoproteins along with minimal 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins by Scatchard analysis. Further, UR6 demonstrated a 9- and 14·5-fold lower infectivity and phagocytic index than AG83. Additionally, de-O-acetylation and de-sialylation of AG83 demonstrated a 3- and 1·5-fold reduced phagocytic index. The role of 9-O-AcSA in entry was further confirmed by pre-blocking the macrophage surface with a cocktail of sugars followed by microscopic quantification. The phagocytic index of AG83 exclusively through 9-O-AcSA was significantly high. Interestingly, AG83 produced higher metacyclic promastigotes containing increased 9-O-AcSA as compared to avirulent UR6 supporting its virulent nature. Taken together; our results conclusively demonstrate the increased presence of 9-O-acetylated sialic acid on promastigotes of virulentLeishmania donovanias compared to avirulent UR6 and their subsequent role in entry within macrophages.
Antarctic winter scientific stations to the International Polar Year, 2007–2009
Authors: Headland R. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe earliest winter scientific station established in the Antarctic was in 1883 as part of the first International Polar Year (IPY) programme. Subsequently, to the IPY of 2007–2009, scientific stations have been deployed on 139 sites (103 on the Antarctic continent, 36 on the peri-Antarctic islands), by 24 countries for a cumulative total of 2666 winters to that of 2008. This paper summarises the winter dates, locations, and national status of all stations in the region. It thus includes all winter stations of the three IPYs and those of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). The positions of 120 of these winter stations are south of 60°S, the boundary of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 (although many of them predate the Treaty).
Analysis of a supra-annual cycle: reproductive phenology of the palmOenocarpus batauain a forest of the Colombian Andes
Authors: Rojas-Robles Rosario , Stiles F. Gary 
Published: December 2008

Abstract:During a 4-y study of the palmOenocarpus bataua, 368 reproductive structures on 102 palms were monitored. A reproductive structure required nearly 2 y for successful completion, from bud to ripe fruit. We found correlations with summed rainfall and averaged relative humidity and/or solar radiation for initiation of bud appearance, flowering and fruit maturation over 0–4 mo prior to the events, and another set of correlations over longer periods up to 11–12 mo before. Climatic variables showing short-term correlations (apparently triggering an event) often differed from those showing long-term correlations (which presumably initiated developmental processes culminating in the event itself). A high degree of asynchrony occurred in production of reproductive structures both within and between individual palms even within major reproductive peaks, and there were pronounced differences between individuals in total reproductive effort. Nearly all palms passed 1–3 y with little or no reproduction despite similar environmental conditions between years. We conclude that the supra-annual cycle of this palm is not the result of inadequate environmental cues in some years. There appear to be at least two different types of supra-annual cycles in tropical plants, differing in the relative importance of extrinsic cues vs. intrinsic physiological rhythms and in intrapopulation synchrony.
The decline of defined benefit plans and job tenure
Authors: SCHRAGER ALLISON 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the consequences of relying on assets accumulated in a defined contribution pension plan compared to an annuity based on salary from a defined benefit plan. Although a defined contribution plan varies with asset returns, it may be more desirable than a defined benefit plan when wage variability and job turnover are adequately considered. It is found that both job separation rates and wage variance increased in the 1990s. The new calibrations of these variables are used in a life-cycle model where a worker chooses between a defined benefit and a defined contribution plan. It is shown that the increase in job turnover made defined contribution the dominant pension plan.
Morita equivalences and KK-theory for Banach algebras
Authors: Paravicini Walther 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVincent Lafforgue's bivariant K-theory for Banach algebras is invariant in the second variable under a rather general notion of Morita equivalence. In particular, the ordinary topological K-theory for Banach algebras is invariant under Morita equivalences.
The Gloomy Prospect Wins: Statistical Significance and Population Stratification in Genome Wide Association Studies
Authors: Turkheimer Eric 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis one-hour lecture by Dr. Eric Turkheimer of the University of Virginia's Department of Psychology explored the following:The contemporary era has seen a convergence of genomic technology and traditional social scientific concerns with complex human individual differences. Rather than finally turning social science into a replicable hard-scientific enterprise, genomics has gotten bogged down in the long-standing frustrations of social science. A recent report of an extensive genome wide association study of human height demonstrates the profound difficulties of explaining uncontrolled human variation at a genomic level. The statistical technologies that have been brought to bear on the problem of genomic association are simply modifications of similar methods that have been used by social scientists for decades, with little success. The motivation for the statistical methods in genomics is the same as it is in traditional social science: An attempt to discern linear causation in complex systems when experimental control is not possible.For an audio recording of Dr. Turkheimer's lecture, please visit "http://cirge.stanford.edu/activities/events.html.":http://cirge.stanford.edu/activities/events.html
Selenium status highly regulates selenoprotein mRNA levels for only a subset of the selenoproteins in the selenoproteome
Authors: Sunde Roger A. , Raines Anna M. , Barnes Kimberly M. , Evenson Jacqueline K. 
Published: December 2008

Gpx (glutathione peroxidase)-1 enzyme activity and mRNA levels decrease dramatically in Se (selenium) deficiency, whereas other selenoproteins are less affected by Se deficiency. This hierarchy of Se regulation is not understood, but the position of the UGA selenocysteine codon is thought to play a major role in making selenoprotein mRNAs susceptible to nonsense-mediated decay. Thus in the present paper we studied the complete selenoproteome in the mouse to uncover additional selenoprotein mRNAs that are highly regulated by Se status. Mice were fed on Se-deficient, Se-marginal and Se-adequate diets (0, 0.05 and 0.2 μg of Se/g respectively) for 35 days, and selenoprotein mRNA levels in liver and kidney were determined using microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Se-deficient mice had liver Se concentrations and liver Gpx1 and thioredoxin reductase activities that were 4, 3 and 3% respectively of the levels in Se-adequate mice, indicating that the mice were Se deficient. mRNAs for Selh (selenoprotein H) and Sepw1 (selenoprotein W) as well as Gpx1 were decreased by Se deficiency to &lt;40% of Se-adequate levels. Five and two additional mRNAs were moderately down-regulated in Sedeficient liver and kidney respectively. Importantly, nine selenoprotein mRNAs in liver and fifteen selenoprotein mRNAs in the kidney were not significantly regulated by Se deficiency, clearly demonstrating that Se regulation of selenoprotein mRNAs is not a general phenomenon. The similarity of the response to Se deficiency suggests that there is one underlying mechanism responsible. Importantly, the position of the UGA codon did not predict susceptibility to Se regulation, clearly indicating that additional features are involved in causing selenoprotein mRNAs to be sensitive to Se status.
Obesity and diabetes: lipids, ‘nowhere to run to'
Authors: Hill Margaret J. , Metcalfe David , McTernan Philip G. 
Published: December 2008

Although specific pathogenic entities contributing to diabetic risk, such as central adiposity, ectopic fat accumulation, hyperlipidaemia and inflammation, are well-characterized, the response of cellular systems to such insults are less well understood. This short review highlights the effect of increasing fat mass on ectopic fat accumulation, the role of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, and selected current therapeutic strategies used to ameliorate these risk factors.
Dysregulation of innate immunity: hereditary periodic fever syndromes
Authors: Bodar Evelien J. , Drenth Joost P. H. , Van Der Meer Jos W. M. , Simon Anna 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe hereditary periodic fever syndromes encompass a rare group of diseases that have lifelong recurrent episodes of inflammatory symptoms and an acute phase response in common. Clinical presentation can mimic that of lymphoproliferative disorders and patients often go undiagnosed for many years. These syndromes follow an autosomal inheritance pattern, and the major syndromes are linked to specific genes, most of which are involved in regulation of the innate immune response through pathways of apoptosis, nuclear factor κΒ activation and cytokine production. In others, the link between the protein involved and inflammation is less clear. The recurrent inflammation can lead to complications, such as renal impairment due to amyloidosis and vasculitis, visual impairment, hearing loss, and joint destruction, depending on the specific syndrome. In recent years, treatment options for these diseases have improved significantly. Early establishment of an accurate diagnosis and start of appropriate therapy improves prognosis in these patients.
BCL2 protein expression in follicular lymphomas with t(14;18) chromosomal translocations
Authors: Masir Noraidah , Campbell Lisa J. , Goff Lindsey K. , Jones Margaret , Marafioti Teresa , Cordell Jacqueline , Clear Andrew J. , Lister T. Andrew , Mason David Y. , Lee Abigail M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation induces BCL2 protein overexpression in most follicular lymphomas. However the expression of BCL2 is not always homogeneous and may demonstrate a variable degree of heterogeneity. This study analysed BCL2 protein expression pattern in 33 cases of t(14;18)‐positive follicular lymphomas using antibodies against two different epitopes (i.e. the widely used antibody BCL2/124 and an alternative antibody E17). 16/33 (49%) cases demonstrated strong BCL2 expression. In 10/33 (30%) cases, BCL2 expression was heterogeneous and in some of these, its loss appeared to be correlated with cell proliferation, as indicated by Ki67 expression. Double immunofluorescence labelling confirmed an inverse BCL2/Ki67 relationship, where in 24/28 (86%) cases cellular expression of BCL2 and Ki67 was mutually exclusive. In addition, seven BCL2 ‘pseudo‐negative’ cases were identified in which immunostaining was negative with antibody BCL2/124, but positive with antibody E17. Genomic DNA sequencing of these ‘pseudo‐negative’ cases demonstrated eleven mutations in four cases and nine of these were missense mutations. It can be concluded that in follicular lymphomas, despite carrying the t(14;18) translocations, BCL2 protein expression may be heterogeneous and loss of BCL2 could be related to cell proliferation. Secondly, mutations in translocated BCL2 genes appear to be common and may cause BCL2 pseudo‐negative immunostaining.
Predisposition to vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia and rickets in females is linked to their 25(OH)D and calcium intake rather than vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism
Authors: Ray Debarti , Goswami Ravinder , Gupta Nandita , Tomar Neeraj , Singh Namrata , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground   Osteomalacia (OSM) and rickets are widely prevalent in developing countries especially in females. The factors associated with such predisposition are not known.Objectives  To identify nutritional, endocrine and genetic factors related to calcium and vitamin D metabolism that are associated with OSM/rickets in females.Subjects and methods  We studied 98 patients with OSM or rickets and their relatives including male and female sibs and parents (n = 221) for the presence of biochemical OSM {low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], raised intact PTH (iPTH) and raised alkaline phosphatase} and associated nutritional and genetic factors. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was used for genotyping vitamin D receptor (VDR) (BsmI and FokI) and PTH gene (BstBI and DraII) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 74 families. The differences in the factors associated with calcium and vitamin D among the different groups were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Logistic regression analysis and the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) were carried out to assess association between nutritional and genetic factors, and the disease, respectively.Results  Most of the patients were female (91·8%). The mean serum 25(OH)D level of the female patients was comparable to that of the female sibs (14·4 ± 5·7 vs. 18·3 ± 9·7 nmol/l). The frequency of biochemical OSM was fivefold higher in female than in male sibs (24·4%vs. 4·9%). Female sibs also had significantly lower 25(OH)D, dietary calcium intake and sunshine exposure than male sibs. The frequency of biochemical OSM was comparable between mothers and fathers. The odds of biochemical OSM in the family members was reduced by 11% per 15‐min daily sunshine exposure [odds ratio (OR) = 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·81–0·98, P = 0·02] and decreased by 20% per 100 mg dietary calcium intake (OR = 0·80, 95% CI = 0·67–0·96, P = 0·02). VDR/PTH gene SNPs showed no association with OSM/rickets on TDT analysis.Conclusion  Among the immediate family members of patients with OSM/rickets, female sibs have features of biochemical OSM in up to 24·4%. Female sibs, unlike male sibs, share with patients features of markedly low serum 25(OH)D levels, poor dietary calcium intake and poor exposure to sunshine. Genetic factors such as VDR and PTH gene SNPs were not associated with OSM/rickets.
Effect of vardenafil on endothelial progenitor cells in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal patients: role of testosterone treatment
Authors: Foresta Carlo , Di Mambro Antonella , Caretta Nicola , De Toni Luca , Zuccarello Daniela , Ferlin Alberto 
Published: December 2008

SummaryContext  Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow‐derived cells required for endothelial repair. Circulating EPC concentration is low in conditions characterized by endothelial dysfunction but their number can be increased by treatment with phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE5) inhibitors. EPCs are also reduced in hypogonadal men and testosterone (T) treatment restores their concentration.Objective  To evaluate the relationship between the effect of PDE5 inhibitors and T on EPCs, we analysed the acute effect of vardenafil on the number of EPCs in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal (HH) patients, before and after T treatment.Design and setting  A case–control study at a university andrology centre.Patients  Fifteen HH subjects and 25 aged‐matched controls.Main outcome measures  The number of circulating EPCs and progenitor cells (PCs) in HH patients was evaluated after acute vardenafil administration at baseline and after 6 months of T supplementation.Results  At baseline, HH men had significantly lower numbers of PCs and EPCs with respect to controls and vardenafil administration had no effect on the number of these cells. After 6 months of T treatment, all HH patients were eugonadal. With respect to baseline, PCs and EPCs were significantly higher and reached the levels observed in controls. Vardenafil administration in HH men at the end of T treatment induced a significant increase in PCs and EPCs in a manner similar to that in controls.Conclusions  This study showed that normal T levels are necessary to restore the responsiveness of EPCs to PDE5 inhibitors, suggesting that T positively modulates PDE5 in bone marrow.