bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of mineral composition of some Assam and Darjeeling black teas
Authors: Kalita Jatindra N , Mahanta Pradip Kr 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBlack teas manufactured in Darjeeling and Assam were analysed for various macrominerals such as P, K, Ca, Mg and microminerals such as Mn, Fe and Cu. A considerable amount of minerals, eg K (40‐46 mg), Mg (2.7‐3.0 mg), Ca (0.48‐0.66 mg) and traces of Mn (0.28‐0.40 mg), Fe (0.16‐0.20 mg), P (29‐41 μg) and Cu (12‐22 μg) were found in a cup of black tea brew. Black teas manufactured from the leaf coming from a pruned section and fine portion usually showed higher mineral content than tea manufactured from unpruned sections and coarse grade teas of Darjeeling. Assam CTC tea was found to be richer in mineral content compared to Darjeeling orthodox tea.
Bioavailability of new synthesised glucooligosaccharides in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic rats
Authors: Valette Pascale , Pelenc Vincent , Djouzi Zakia , Andrieux Claude , Paul François , Monsan Pierre , Szylit Odette 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing germ‐free rats and previously germ‐free rats inoculated with a complex human flora (heteroxenic rats), the digestibility of new glucooligosaccharides (GOS) and the effect of the digestive flora on their fermentation were studied. The GOS were synthesized using a glucosyltransferase reaction and were composed of a mixture of mono‐ to heptasaccharides (degree of polymerisation (DP) from 1 to 7), with α‐1,6 and α‐1,2 linkages. In germ‐free rats, two diets containing GOS (20 g kg−1 diet and 40 g kg−1 diet) were compared to a control diet containing sucrose. The extent of GOS digestion was about 20% and the major component, DP 5, was almost fully resistant to the action of endogenous enzymes. In heteroxenic rats, only GOS (20 g kg−1 diet) was compared to the control diet. Gaseous H2 and CH4 excretions measured in a respiratory chamber significantly increased by GOS fermentation (1.8 and 2.9 times, respectively, P < 0.001). As compared to the control group, there were no modifications of the pH, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), and lactic acid concentrations in the caecum of rats fed with the GOS diet, but there were changes of the SCFA profile, ie butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid proportions significantly decreased (P < 0.01), whereas the caproic acid proportion increased (P < 0.05). GOS appeared to be completely fermented. Changes in the gaseous excretion and in the SCFA profile suggest that the intake of a low amount of this new synthetised GOS led to some decrease in the proteolytic activity and in an enhancement of the glycolytic fermentation.
The influence of pig slurry fertilisation on the mineral content of horticultural crops grown in calcareous soils
Authors: Bernal M Pilar , Roig Asunción 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of pig slurry applications on the nutrient composition of three horticultural crops (pepper, tomato and lettuce) grown on two calcareous soils under irrigated conditions was studied. The optimum dose of pig slurry for nitrogen nutrition of the crops was found to be 100 m3 ha−1 and was independent of the number of previous applications. Soil characteristics had a great influence on the amount of phosphorus taken up by the plants. This is due to the large amount of phosphorus added in the slurry which remained in the soil in a plant‐available form. As the number of applications increased, the amount of slurry required to satisfy the phosphorus requirement of the crops decreased. Amounts of slurry within 100‐150 m3 ha−1 were required for adequate potassium plant nutrition. However, soil characteristics, particularly the amount of clay and thus its exchange capacity, had a significant influence on the plant potassium uptake.
Determination of hydrogen using a novel hydrogen‐specific electronic sensor: A potential method for detecting irradiated food
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher H S 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIrradiated water and the headspace above it has been analysed using a novel hydrogen‐specific electronic sensor, calibrated with standard hydrogen dilutions. The results demonstrate that this detector is well capable of distinguishing between irradiated and non‐irradiated water through the quantitative determination of the hydrogen generated during irradiation. This hydrogen diffuses away within 12 h if the water is left in an open vessel. The potential application of the detector for monitoring irradiated food is therefore limited to packaged or solid foods which retain the characteristic hydrogen marker.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of α‐tocopherol, retinol and retinyl esters in human serum using a monolithic column for the monitoring of anticancer therapy side effects
Authors: Urbánek Lubor , Krčmová Lenka , Solichová Dagmar , Melichar Bohuslav , Opletalová Veronika , Solich Petr 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong other side effects, administration of anticancer agents is accompanied by manifestations of gastrointestinal toxicity and disturbances of antioxidant balance. The monitoring of these toxic effects in clinical practice is impeded by a dearth of reliable laboratory methods. Therefore, a simple and rapid reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography procedure for selective and sensitive determination of retinol, α‐tocopherol, and retinyl esters (retinyl‐palmitate and retinyl‐stearate) in blood serum has been developed and presented in this study. A Series 200 LC HPLC instrument from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, USA) with diode‐array detector (DAD) was used for the analysis. Separations of retinol, α‐tocopherol, retinyl‐palmitate, and retinyl‐stearate were performed using a Chromolith Performance RP‐18e, 100×4.6 mm monolithic column from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Gradient elution was used at a flow rate of 3 mL/min; the mobile phase was methanol‐water (95 : 5, v/v) for 0–2.1 min and methanol‐2‐propanol (60 : 40, v/v) for 2.1–4.9 min. The total time of analysis was 6 min. The injection volume was 20 μL and the analysis was performed at ambient temperature. Detection of retinol, α‐tocopherol, and retinyl esters was carried out at 325, 295, and 330 nm, respectively. For practical assessment of the method, the vitamin A absorption test was performed on seven healthy controls as well as on six patients with non‐small cell lung carcinoma or head and neck carcinoma previously treated by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, six patients with rectal carcinoma before chemoradiotherapy, four patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) before treatment with imatinib, and a breast cancer patient with chemotherapy‐induced diarrhea. Present data demonstrate the feasibility of large scale HPLC determination of vitamin E, vitamin A, and retinyl esters in human serum using a silica monolithic column, and this method may represent a valuable aid in the laboratory monitoring of the toxicity of anticancer therapy.
Metathesis of Unsaturated Fatty Esters
Authors: Verkuijlen E. , Boelhouwer C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe development of a homogeneous catalyst (WCl6Sn(CH3)4) for the metathesis of unsaturated fatty esters encloses new routes in fat chemistry. By these reactions an exchange of alkylidene moities takes place, thus methyl oleate is converted into 9‐octadecene and 9‐octadecenedioic dimethyl ester. The metathesis of poly‐unsaturated esters leads to a much larger number of products, namely polyenes, mono‐ and dicarboxylic esters, and cyclopolyenes. Specially the formation of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene is of great interest. The metathesis of unsaturated fatty oils and the cometathesis with alkenes are also possible. Reactants of technical purity with a low acid value (< 0.1) can undergo metathesis. The reaction is essentially thermoneutral; the distribution of products is statistical and no completion of the reaction occurs in one way or an other. Thus separation of reaction products and unconverted material is necessary. By the metathesis of mono‐unsaturated esters this can be done by fractional crystallization. A review is given of these and other applications on account of the latest research development.
Gemeinschaftsarbeiten der DGF, 78. Mitteilung Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten und verwandten Stoffen, 55. Mitt.: Analyse von organischen grenzflächenaktiven Stoffen IX
Authors: Arens M. , Krusche G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Fachgruppe „Analyse und Einheitsmethoden”︁ der DGF beabsichtigt, die nachfolgenden, vom „Gemeinschaftsausschuß für die Analytik von Tensiden (GAT)”︁ erarbeiteten und zur Publikation freigegebenen Methoden in die „Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten und verwandten Stoffen”︁1 aufzunehmen. Die Methoden werden hiermit zur Diskussion gestellt.
Stanley Fahn Lecture 2005: The staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease reconsidered
Authors: Braak Heiko , Bohl Jürgen R. , Müller Christian M. , Rüb Udo , de Vos Rob A.I. , Del Tredici Kelly 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synucleinopathy known as sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder that severely damages predisposed nerve cell types in circumscribed regions of the human nervous system. A recent staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with PD proposes that, in the brain, the pathological process (formation of proteinaceous intraneuronal Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites) begins at two sites and continues in a topographically predictable sequence in six stages, during which components of the olfactory, autonomic, limbic, and somatomotor systems become progressively involved. In stages 1 to 2, the Lewy body pathology is confined to the medulla oblongata/pontine tegmentum and anterior olfactory structures. In stages 3 to 4, the substantia nigra and other nuclei of the basal mid‐ and forebrain become the focus of initially subtle and, then, severe changes. During this phase, the illness probably becomes clinically manifest. In the final stages 5 to 6, the lesions appear in the neocortex. This cross‐sectional study originally was performed on 168 autopsy cases using material from 69 incidental cases and 41 clinically diagnosed PD patients as well as 58 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Here, the staging hypothesis is critically reconsidered and discussed. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Large‐ring cyclodextrins. Further support for the preferred conformations of CD26 in water solution: Molecular dynamics studies on CD26‐derived conformations of CDn (n = 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30)
Authors: Gotsev Martin G. , Ivanov Petko M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water solution were performed on six large ring cyclodextrins (LR‐CDs) with a degree of polymerization (DP) 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, and 30, using as starting structures geometries derived from CD26, which was studied previously by MD. The present research was aimed at further extending our knowledge on the structural dynamics and the energetics of this new class of compounds, focusing on several representatives flanking CD26, the largest LR‐CD for which X‐ray data are available. The most recent parameterization for carbohydrates, Glycam‐04, and explicit water molecules (TIP3P) were used in the 10.0‐ns simulations. Preceding 10.0‐ns simulations of CD26, with the AMBER parm99 force field, revealed that the overall shape of the macromolecule did not change significantly during the last 5.0‐ns simulations. We now further test for the probability of prevalence of this conformation by using a different force field and by examining the effect of the size of the macro‐ring on the preferred conformations of LR‐CDs with DP within a range of 24–30. Indeed, we found CD26‐like geometries present for CD25, CD27, and CD28, which could be interpreted as an indication for an enhanced stability of the CD26 conformation in water solution. Again, we witnessed high flexibility of the macro‐cycles, and different local structural motifs were detected: twisted helical double parallel strand (CD25, CD30), single helix of three turns (CD29), a spiral (CD25, CD27, CD30), open‐shaped loops and helical turns (CD28; “CD26‐like geometry”), a rectangular cavity (CD24), a triple‐lobe fragment (CD29) or a portion shaped like a jaw (CD24, CD27), and an overall shape of the macromolecule that resembled a butterfly (CD27) or “X” (CD28). Thus, we conclude that the same conformation of CD26 could be also the preferred conformation in water solution of other LR‐CDs with DP in the close vicinity of 26. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Ice‐tethered profilers sample the upper Arctic Ocean
Authors: Toole John , Krishfield Richard , Proshutinsky Andrey , Ashjian Carin , Doherty Kenneth , Frye Daniel , Hammar Terrence , Kemp John , Peters Donald , Timmermans Mary‐Louise , von der Heydt Keith , Packard Gwyneth , Shanahan Timothy 
Published: October 2006

Studies conducted over the past decade indicate that the Arctic may be both a sensitive indicator of climate change and an active agent in climate variability. Although progress has been made in understanding the Arctic's coupled atmosphere‐ice‐ocean system, documentation of its evolution is hindered by a sparse data archive. This observational gap represents a critical shortcoming of the ‘global’ ocean observing system's ability to quantify the complex interrelated atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial changes now under way throughout the Arctic and that have demonstrated repercussions for society [Symon et al., 2005].Motivated by the Argo float program, an international effort to maintain an ensemble of approximately 3000 autonomous profiling instruments throughout the temperate oceans (see http://w3.jcommops.org), a new instrument, the ‘Ice‐Tethered Profiler’ (ITP) was conceived to repeatedly sample the properties of the ice‐covered Arctic Ocean at high vertical resolution over time periods of up to three years.
On “‘Walking on water” and the geoscientists' fear of social controversy”
Authors: Book David L. 
Published: October 2006

In “‘Walking on water’ and the geoscientists' fear of social controversy” (Eos, 87(39), 2006), Doron Nof describes how he and two colleagues published an article in the Journal of Paleolimnology offering a ‘natural explanation’ for the legend that Jesus walked on water. He argues that "the more light we shed on whatever the rest of society thinks and does, the more appreciated science will become.”I can think of at least two objections to that view. The first has undoubtedly occurred already to Nof himself. He writes that of the thousands of e‐mail messages sent to him following publication of the article,“most were hate mail from those who think that science and religion should be kept separate.” He says he received death threats as well. It would seem that religious fundamentalists do not want their miracles to have a scientific basis and do not appreciate any science that provides one.
Longin‐like folds identified in CHiPS and DUF254 proteins: Vesicle trafficking complexes conserved in eukaryotic evolution
Authors: Kinch Lisa N. , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEukaryotic protein trafficking pathways require specific transfer of cargo vesicles to different target organelles. A number of vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion components participate in this process, including various tethering factor complexes that interact with small GTPases prior to SNARE‐mediated vesicle fusion. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae a protein complex of Mon1 and Ccz1 functions with the small GTPase Ypt7 to mediate vesicle trafficking to the vacuole. Mon1 belongs to DUF254 found in a diverse range of eukaryotic genomes, while Ccz1 includes a CHiPS domain that is also present in a known human protein trafficking disorder gene (HPS‐4). The present work identifies the CHiPS domain and a sequence region from another trafficking disorder gene (HPS‐1) as homologs of an N‐terminal domain from DUF254. This link establishes the evolutionary conservation of a protein complex (HPS‐1/HPS‐4) that functions similarly to Mon1/Ccz1 in vesicle trafficking to lysosome‐related organelles of diverse eukaryotic species. Furthermore, the newly identified DUF254 domain is a distant homolog of the μ‐adaptin longin domain found in clathrin adapter protein (AP) complexes of known structure that function to localize cargo protein to specific organelles. In support of this fold assignment, known longin domains such as the AP complex σ‐adaptin, the synaptobrevin N‐terminal domains sec22 and Ykt6, and the srx domain of the signal recognition particle receptor also regulate vesicle trafficking pathways by mediating SNARE fusion, recognizing specialized compartments, and interacting with small GTPases that resemble Ypt7.
Mutational analyses of WNT7A and HDAC11 as candidate tumour suppressor genes in sporadic malignant pancreatic endocrine tumours
Authors: Lindberg Daniel , Åkerström Göran , Westin Gunnar 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjective  We and others have reported loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 3p25 in sporadic malignant pancreatic endocrine tumours (PETs). A common region of deletion on chromosome 3p25 contains numerous genes, including VHL and PPARγ, that have been excluded previously as candidate tumour suppressor genes by DNA sequencing analysis. We have analysed whether WNT7A or HDAC11 was biallelically inactivated in a group of well‐characterized PETs.Patients and design  Ten PETs from eight patients were selected from a previous study, where LOH on chromosome 3p25 was found in 11 out of 22 sporadic PETs. These tumours were examined for inactivating mutations of WNT7A and HDAC11 by direct sequencing of all exons and intron–exon boundaries. Inactivation of WNT7A expression by aberrant CpG island methylation and WNT7A protein expression were evaluated by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. HDAC11 protein expression was also examined.Results  No point mutations, deletion or insertions were detected in either WNT7A or HDAC11 in any of the PETs. Two polymorphisms were identified in the third exon of the WNT7A gene. CpG methylation of the WNT7A gene was not detected and the WNT7A and HDAC11 proteins were normally expressed.Conclusion  The absence of tumour‐specific somatic events in WNT7A and HDAC11 suggests that these genes are unlikely to have a classical tumour suppressor gene role in sporadic malignant PETs. The putative 3p25 tumour suppressor remains to be identified.
Characterization of the protective T‐cell response generated in CD4‐deficient mice by a live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine
Authors: Derrick Steven C. , Evering Teresa H. , Sambandamurthy Vasan K. , Jalapathy Kripa V. , Hsu Tsungda , Chen Bing , Chen Mei , Russell Robert G. , Junqueira‐Kipnis Ana Paula , Orme Ian M. , Porcelli Steven A. , Jacobs William R. , Morris Sheldon L. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe global epidemic of tuberculosis, fuelled by acquired immune‐deficiency syndrome, necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine. We have constructed a ΔRD1ΔpanCD mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mc26030) that undergoes limited replication and is severely attenuated in immunocompromised mice, yet induces significant protection against tuberculosis in wild‐type mice and even in mice that completely lack CD4+ T cells as a result of targeted disruption of their CD4 genes (CD4–/– mice). Ex vivo studies of T cells from mc26030‐immunized mice showed that these immune cells responded to protein antigens of M. tuberculosis in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II‐restricted manner. Antibody depletion experiments showed that antituberculosis protective responses in the lung were not diminished by removal of CD8+, T‐cell receptor γδ (TCR‐γδ+) and NK1.1+ T cells from vaccinated CD4–/– mice before challenge, implying that the observed recall and immune effector functions resulting from vaccination of CD4–/– mice with mc26030 were attributable to a population of CD4– CD8– (double‐negative) TCR‐αβ+, TCR‐γδ–, NK1.1– T cells. Transfer of highly enriched double‐negative TCR‐αβ+ T cells from mc26030‐immunized CD4–/– mice into naive CD4–/– mice resulted in significant protection against an aerosol tuberculosis challenge. Enriched pulmonary double‐negative T cells transcribed significantly more interferon‐γ and interleukin‐2 mRNA than double‐negative T cells from naive mice after a tuberculous challenge. These results confirmed previous findings on the potential for a subset of MHC class II‐restricted T cells to develop and function without expression of CD4 and suggest novel vaccination strategies to assist in the control of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected humans who have chronic depletion of their CD4+ T cells.
Student nurses’ knowledge, skills and attitudes towards the use of portfolios in a school of nursing
Authors: Nairn Stuart , O'Brien Elisabeth , Traynor Victoria , Williams Glenn , Chapple Mary , Johnson Stacy 
Published: October 2006

Aims.  The aims of this study are to examine the knowledge, skills and attitudes of student nurses about the value and purpose of portfolios and their relevance for professional development.Background.  Portfolios have become an integral aspect of student centred learning within nursing. The literature is generally positive about the benefits of portfolios but questions remain about their effective implementation.Method.  A questionnaire was used to survey student nurses about the use of portfolios as a learning tool. The questionnaire was developed specifically for this study and was structured around a knowledge skills and attitude framework.Results.  The sample was 413 preregistration student nurses in one school of nursing in the UK across course, year of study and branch of nursing. The main findings reveal that students are unclear but positive about the purpose and use of portfolios. Specifically, academic tutors do not provide sufficient direction in the development of their portfolios. There is also evidence that students found portfolios more useful for exploring the ‘art’ of nursing, rather than the ‘technical’ skills of nursing. Students also reported that they would welcome a dedicated portfolio module.Conclusion.  Students struggle with what is useful about portfolios and are unsure about its purpose. Nonetheless, they are positive towards portfolios as a learning tool and seem to acknowledge the usefulness of portfolios for professional development.Relevance to clinical practice.  The importance of portfolios for professional development is now being emphasized but how academic tutors and clinical mentors support their development remains unclear. This study provides understanding about what support students would value.