bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monkey see, monkey do: Learning relations through concrete examples
Authors: Tomlinson Marc T. , Love Bradley C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPenn et al. argue that the complexity of relational learning is beyond animals. We discuss a model that demonstrates relational learning need not involve complex processes. Novel stimuli are compared to previous experiences stored in memory. As learning shifts attention from featural to relational cues, the comparison process becomes more analogical in nature, successfully accounting for performance across species and development.
On possible discontinuities between human and nonhuman minds
Authors: Wasserman Edward A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe history of comparative psychology is replete with proclamations of human uniqueness. Locke and Morgan denied animals relational thought; Darwin opened the door to that possibility. Penn et al. may be too quick to dismiss the cognitive competences of animals. The developmental precursors to relational thought in humans are not yet known; providing animals those prerequisite experiences may promote more advanced relational thought.
Darwin's triumph: Explaining the uniqueness of the human mind without adeus ex machina
Authors: Penn Derek C. , Holyoak Keith J. , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn our target article, we argued that there is a profound functional discontinuity between the cognitive abilities of modern humans and those of all other extant species. Unsurprisingly, our hypothesis elicited a wide range of responses from commentators. After responding to the commentaries, we conclude that our hypothesis lies closer to Darwin's views on the matter than to those of many of our contemporaries.
Transient signals per se do not disrupt the flash-lag effect
Authors: Howe Piers D. , Horowitz Todd S. , Wolfe Jeremy M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNijhawan's theory rests on the assumption that transient signals compete with predictive signals to generate the visual percept. We describe experiments that show that this assumption is incorrect. Our results are consistent with an alternative theory that proposes that vision is instead postdictive, in that the perception of an event is influenced by occurrences after the event.
What's in a name change? Visual prediction makes extrapolation real and functional
Authors: Khurana Beena 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNijhawan redraws our attention to the problem of accurately perceiving an ever-changing visual world via a sensory system that has finite and significant communication times. The quandary is compelling and stark, but the suggestion that the visual system can compensate for these transmission delays by extrapolating the present is not so unequivocal. However, in this current airing of contradictory issues, accounts, and findings, Nijhawan trades spatial extrapolation – a rather specific concept introduced earlier (in Nijhawan 1994) for visual prediction – a far more expansive notion that forces the issue of both the perceived reality and functional significance of compensation.
Neurophysiology of compensation for time delays: Visual prediction is off track
Authors: Purushothaman Gopathy , Bedell Harold E. , Öğmen Haluk , Patel Saumil S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpeculation by Nijhawan that visual perceptual mechanisms compensate for neural delays has no basis in the physiological properties of neurons known to be involved in motion perception and visuomotor control. Behavioral and physiological evidence is consistent with delay compensation mediated primarily by motor systems.
Empirically testable models are needed for understanding visual prediction
Authors: Trautteur Giuseppe , Datteri Edoardo , Santoro Matteo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNijhawan argues convincingly that predictive mechanisms are pervasive in the central nervous system (CNS). However, scientific understanding of visual prediction requires one to formulate empirically testable neurophysiological models. The author's suggestions in this direction are to be evaluated on the basis of more realistic experimental methodologies and more plausible assumptions on the hierarchical character of the human visual cortex.
Perception-action as reciprocal, continuous, and prospective
Authors: Wagman Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFrom the perspective of ecological psychology, perception and action are not separate, linear, and mechanistic processes that refer to the immediate present. Rather, they are reciprocal and continuous and refer to the impending future. Therefore, from the perspective of ecological psychology, delays in perception and action are impossible, and delay compensation mechanisms are unnecessary.
Visuomotor extrapolation
Authors: Whitney David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAccurate perception of moving objects would be useful; accurate visually guided action is crucial. Visual motion across the scene influences perceived object location and the trajectory of reaching movements to objects. In this commentary, I propose that the visual system assigns the position of any object based on the predominant motion present in the scene, and that this is used to guide reaching movements to compensate for delays in visuomotor processing.
Predictive perceptions, predictive actions, and beyond
Authors: Nijhawan Romi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChallenges to visual prediction as an organizing concept come from three main sources: (1) from observations arising from the results of experiments employing unpredictable motion, (2) from the assertions that motor processes compensate for all neural delays, and (3) from multiple interpretations specific to the flash-lag effect. One clarification that has emerged is that visual prediction is a process that either complements or reflects non-visual (e.g., motor) prediction.
Kinematic analysis of partially decoupled fully-parallel manipulators of type 5-5 and 4-5
Authors: Vertechy Rocco , Parenti-Castelli Vincenzo 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThis paper presents two fully parallel manipulators of type 5-5 and 4-5 with special geometry that makes them partially decoupled. The direct kinematic analysis and the singularity study of these manipulators are addressed, which show that the motion of the manipulators can be easily controlled. Computational considerations are reported, which demonstrate that the algorithms proposed for the direct kinematic analysis are very efficient. Moreover, a comparison with other special geometries illustrates that the proposed manipulators are valuable solutions and represent a good compromise between an efficient controllability and a simple practical feasibility.
The Next Step in History-Writing through Criminal Law: Exactly How Tailor-Made Is the Special Tribunal for Lebanon?
Authors: ELBERLING BJÖRN 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article proceeds from two basic assumptions: that international criminal courts are engaged in writing history, and that this may influence the legal framework in which they operate. Against this background, the article takes a closer look at the Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in order to investigate allegations that the Tribunal has been tailor-made to further a certain view of recent Lebanese history.
SSR and SNP diversity in a barley germplasm collection
Authors: Varshney Rajeev K. , Salem Khaled F. M. , Baum Michael , Roder Marion S. , Graner Andreas , Börner Andreas 
Published: May 2008

Sets of microsatellites extracted from both a genomic library (gSSRs) and from expressed sequence tag sequence (eSSRs), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were applied to assess the levels of genetic diversity in a sample of 70 barley accessions, originating from 28 countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. The eSSR assays detected a mean of 9.5 alleles per locus, and the gSSRs only 5.7 alleles per locus, but the polymorphism information content values for the two assay types were indistinguishable. Strong and statistically significant correlations were observed between the eSSR and gSSR (r = 0.86,P &lt; 0.05), the eSSR and SNP (r = 0.74,P &lt; 0.05) and the gSSR and SNP genotypes (r = 0.67,P &lt; 0.05). Accessions originating from the Middle East and Asia had the highest levels of genetic diversity. Pairwise genetic similarity ranged from 0.16 to 0.87 (mean 0.43), indicating that the sample was genetically diverse. When clustered on the basis of genotype, Asian and African accessions tended to be grouped together, but those originating from the Middle East were not concentrated in any particular cluster.
Aphid feeding response and microsatellite-based genetic diversity among diploidBrachypodium distachyon(L.) Beauv accessions
Authors: Azhaguvel Perumal , Li Wanlong , Rudd Jackie C. , Gill Bikram S. , Michels G. J. , Weng Yiqun 
Published: May 2008

False brome grass,Brachypodium distachyon(L.) Beauv, has been proposed as a new model species to bridge rice and temperate cereal crops for genomics research. However, much basic information for this species is still lacking. In this study, six diploidB. distachyon(2n = 2x = 10) accessions (Bd1-1, Bd2-3, Bd3-1, Bd18-1, Bd21 and BD29) were evaluated for their response to infestation by two cereal aphid pests of common wheat (Triticum aestivumL.): the greenbug,Schizaphis graminumRondani, and the Russian wheat aphid (RWA),Diuraphis noxiaMordvilko. Through database mining ofB. distachyonexpressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic DNA sequences, 160 EST- and 21 genomic microsatellite markers were developed and used to evaluate genetic diversity among theB. distachyonaccessions. All six accessions were resistant to RWA biotype RWA1 but showed distinct responses to feeding by greenbug biotypes C and E, as well as RWA2 RWAs. Although microsatellite-based genetic diversity among different accessions was generally low, Bd1-1 and BD29 were the most diverged from the other four lines. The genetic divergence was correlated with geographical distances between theBrachypodiumaccessions. Comparison of simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in three inbred lines (Bd2-3, Bd3-1 and Bd18-1) with their respective original parental lines revealed no effect of inbreeding on genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis suggested thatAegilops tauschii(Coss.) Schmal., the D genome donor of common wheat, was closer toB. distachyonthan to rice. The greenbug - B. distachyonsystem seems to be a model of choice for plant–aphid interaction studies in the grass genome.
The effect of increased temperature and nitrogen deposition on decomposition in bogs
Authors: Breeuwer Angela , Heijmans Monique , Robroek Bjorn J. M. , Limpens Juul , Berendse Frank 
Published: May 2008

Despite their low primary production, ombrotrophic peatlands have a considerable potential to store atmospheric carbon as a result of their extremely low litter decomposition rates. Projected changes in temperature and nitrogen (N) deposition may increase decomposition rates by their positive effects on microbial activity and litter quality, which can be expected to result in enhanced mass loss and N release from Sphagnum and vascular plant litter. This is the first study that examines the combined effects of increased temperature and N deposition on decomposition in bogs. We investigated mass loss and N release at four bog sites along a gradient from north Sweden to northeast Germany in which both temperature and N deposition increased from north to south. We performed two litterbag experiments: one reciprocal experiment with Eriophorum vaginatum litter and one experiment using recalcitrant (Sphagnum fuscum) and more degradable (Sphagnum balticum) Sphagnum litter collected from the most northern site. We measured mass loss and N release during two (Sphagnum) and three (E. vaginatum) years. The N concentration and decomposability of the E. vaginatum litter did not differ between the sites. Mass loss from E. vaginatum litter increased over the gradient from north to south, but there was no such effect on Sphagnum litter. N loss of all litter types was affected by collection site, incubation site and time and all interactions between these factors. N release in Sphagnum was positively related to N concentration.We conclude that decomposition of vascular plants and Sphagnum litter is influenced by different environmental drivers, with enhanced temperatures stimulating mass loss of vascular plant litter, but not of Sphagnum. Enhanced N deposition increases Sphagnum litter N loss. As long‐term consequences of climate change will presumably entail a higher vascular plant production, overall litter decomposition rates are likely to increase, especially in combination with increased temperature.
Cannabis use and later life outcomes
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Boden Joseph M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the associations between the extent of cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and later education, economic, employment, relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction outcomes.Design  A longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 25 years.Measurements  Measures of: cannabis use at ages 14–25; university degree attainment to age 25; income at age 25; welfare dependence during the period 21–25 years; unemployment 21–25 years; relationship quality; life satisfaction. Also, measures of childhood socio‐economic disadvantage, family adversity, childhood and early adolescent behavioural adjustment and cognitive ability and adolescent and young adult mental health and substance use.Findings  There were statistically significant bivariate associations between increasing levels of cannabis use at ages 14–21 and: lower levels of degree attainment by age 25 (P < 0.0001); lower income at age 25 (P < 0.01); higher levels of welfare dependence (P < 0.0001); higher unemployment (P < 0.0001); lower levels of relationship satisfaction (P < 0.001); and lower levels of life satisfaction (P < 0.0001). These associations were adjusted for a range of potentially confounding factors including: family socio‐economic background; family functioning; exposure to child abuse; childhood and adolescent adjustment; early adolescent academic achievement; and comorbid mental disorders and substance use. After adjustment, the associations between increasing cannabis use and all outcome measures remained statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The results of the present study suggest that increasing cannabis use in late adolescence and early adulthood is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in later life. High levels of cannabis use are related to poorer educational outcomes, lower income, greater welfare dependence and unemployment and lower relationship and life satisfaction. The findings add to a growing body of knowledge regarding the adverse consequences of heavy cannabis use.
Gamma‐aminobutyric acid receptor genes and nicotine dependence: evidence for association from a case–control study
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Pergadia Michele L. , Saccone Scott F. , Hinrichs Anthony L. , Lessov‐Schlaggar Christina N. , Saccone Nancy L. , Neuman Rosalind J. , Breslau Naomi , Johnson Eric , Hatsukami Dorothy , Montgomery Grant W. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G. , Goate Alison M. , Rice John P. , Bierut Laura J. , Madden Pamela A. F. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAims  The gamma‐aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABRA) gene clusters on chromosomes 4 and 5 have been examined previously for their association with alcohol and drug dependence phenotypes. Compelling evidence suggests that GABRA2 is associated with alcohol and drug dependence. However, no study has investigated whether genes in the GABAA gene clusters are associated with nicotine dependence, an important phenotype with a high correlation to persistent smoking, the single most preventable cause of mortality world‐wide.Design  Using data on 1050 nicotine‐dependent cases and 879 non‐dependent smoking controls, we used logistic regression to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 genes in the GABAA receptor system as well as GABBR2 (a GABAB gene).Findings  We found evidence for association between four SNPs in GABRA4, two SNPs in GABRA2 and one SNP in GABRE with nicotine dependence. These included a synonymous polymorphism in GABRA2 (rs279858), lying in a highly conserved region, which has been shown previously to be associated with alcohol and drug dependence. A non‐synonymous polymorphism (rs16859834/rs2229940) in GABRA4, also highly conserved, was associated at P‐value of 0.03. Significant haplotypes associated with nicotine dependence were found for GABRA2. No evidence for epistatic interactions were noted. Our study did not find evidence for an association between GABBR2 gene and nicotine dependence.Conclusions  Given the potential role of compounds that enhance GABAergic neurotransmission in smoking cessation research, these findings have enormous potential for informing the wider field of addiction research.
Effects of voucher‐based incentives on abstinence from cigarette smoking and fetal growth among pregnant women
Authors: Heil Sarah H. , Higgins Stephen T. , Bernstein Ira M. , Solomon Laura J. , Rogers Randall E. , Thomas Colleen S. , Badger Gary J. , Lynch Mary Ellen 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAims  This study examined whether voucher‐based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) contingent upon smoking abstinence during pregnancy is an effective method for decreasing maternal smoking during pregnancy and improving fetal growth.Design, setting and participants  A two‐condition, parallel‐groups, randomized controlled trial was conducted in a university‐based research clinic. A total of 82 smokers entering prenatal care participated in the trial.Intervention  Participants were assigned randomly to either contingent or non‐contingent voucher conditions. Vouchers exchangeable for retail items were available during pregnancy and for 12 weeks postpartum. In the contingent condition, vouchers were earned for biochemically verified smoking abstinence; in the non‐contingent condition, vouchers were earned independent of smoking status.Measurements  Smoking outcomes were evaluated using urine‐toxicology testing and self‐report. Fetal growth outcomes were evaluated using serial ultrasound examinations performed during the third trimester.Findings  Contingent vouchers significantly increased point‐prevalence abstinence at the end‐of‐pregnancy (41% versus 10%) and at the 12‐week postpartum assessment (24% versus 3%). Serial ultrasound examinations indicated significantly greater growth in terms of estimated fetal weight, femur length and abdominal circumference in the contingent compared to the non‐contingent conditions.Conclusions  These results provide further evidence that VBRT has a substantive contribution to make to efforts to decrease maternal smoking during pregnancy and provide new evidence of positive effects on fetal health.
Giant submarine collapse of a carbonate platform at the Turonian–Coniacian transition: The Ayabacas Formation, southern Peru
Authors: Callot Pierre , Sempere Thierry , Odonne Francis , Robert Emmanuel 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe Ayabacas Formation of southern Peru is an impressive unit formed by the giant submarine collapse of the mid‐Cretaceous carbonate platform of the western Peru back‐arc basin (WPBAB), near the Turonian–Coniacian transition (∼90–89 Ma). It extends along the southwestern edge of the Cordillera Oriental and throughout the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental over >80 000 km2 in map view, and represents a volume of displaced sediments of >10 000 km3. The collapse occurred down the basin slope, i.e. toward the SW. Six zones are characterised on the basis of deformational facies, and a seventh corresponds to the northeastern ‘stable’ area (Zone 0). Zones 1–3 display increasing fragmentation from NE to SW, and are composed of limestone rafts and sheets embedded in a matrix of mainly red, partly calcareous and locally sandy, mudstones to siltstones. In contrast, in Zones 4 and 5 the unit consists only of displaced and stacked limestone masses forming a ‘sedimentary thrust and fold system’, with sizes increasing to the southwest. In Zone 6, the upper part of the limestone succession consists of rafts and sheets stacked over the regularly bedded lower part. The triggering of this extremely large mass wasting clearly ensued from slope creation, oversteepening and seismicity produced by extensional tectonic activity, as demonstrated by the observation of synsedimentary normal faults and related thickness variations. Other factors, such as pore pressure increases or lithification contrasts probably facilitated sliding. The key role of tectonics is strengthened by the specific relationships between the basin and collapse histories and two major fault systems that cross the study area. The Ayabacas collapse occurred at a turning point in the Central Andean evolution. Before the event, the back‐arc basin had been essentially marine and deepened to the west, with little volcanic activity taking place at the arc. After the event, the back‐arc was occupied by continental to near‐continental environments, and was bounded to the southwest by a massive volcanic arc shedding debris and tuffs into the basin.
Pistachio vicilin, Pis v 3, is immunoglobulin E‐reactive and cross‐reacts with the homologous cashew allergen, Ana o 1
Authors: Willison L. N. , Tawde P. , Robotham J. M. , Penney R. M. , Teuber S. S. , Sathe S. K. , Roux K. H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground
Patients allergic to cashew nuts often report allergy to pistachio, which could be a result of cross‐reactivity between the two as both are members of the Anacardiaceae family.Objective
Because cashew 7S globulin (vicilin, Ana o 1) is a recognized major allergen, we cloned the pistachio homologue and assayed it for IgE reactivity and cross‐reactivity with Ana o 1.Methods
Degenerate primers for 7S globulin were used in PCR to amplify DNA from a pistachio cDNA library. An isolate was sequenced, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Reactivity to the allergen was screened by dot blot using 19 pistachio and/or cashew‐allergic patients' sera. Cross‐reactivity was investigated by inhibition dot‐ and Western immunoblot assays using pistachio/cashew‐allergic patients' sera, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against recombinant Ana o 1 (rAna o 1).Results
An isolate was found that coded for a 7S vicilin‐like protein, designated Pis v 3. IgE reactivity to Pis v 3 was found in the serum of seven of the 19 (37%) patients with histories of allergy to both pistachio and cashew or who were allergic to cashew but had never eaten pistachio. The seven patients with IgE that recognized rPis v 3 also recognized rAna o 1. Six of nine anti‐rAna o 1 MAbs also showed reactivity to rPis v 3 on dot blots.Conclusion
Of the 37% of pistachio/cashew‐allergic patients' sera that recognized the pistachio allergen, rPis v 3, all showed complete cross‐reactivity with rAna o 1. The data does not identify the primary sensitizing agent but suggests that IgE reactivity to rPis v 3 and rAna o 1 is focused on the most conserved regions of the proteins. Clinical histories suggest that in some cases, cashew was the sensitizing agent. rPis v 3 is a likely contributor to the observed co‐sensitivity to pistachio and cashew in some patients.