bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclicity of katatectic layers in anhydrite caprocks, U.S. Gulf Coastal Region
Authors: Kirkland Douglas W. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
An anhydrite caprock overlies 65% of the 329 onshore salt stocks of the U.S. Gulf Coastal Region, south-central U.S. The caprock consists of a succession of katatectic (downward-building) layers of anhydrite (typically 1–4 cm thick) each overlain by an upper, black pyrite lamina (∼ 0.1 mm thick). The older (upper) katatectic layers are usually highly deformed. During four stages, these fundamental layers formed at the crest of shallow (&lt; 1,200 m) salt stocks. Repetition of sets of the stages resulted in the cyclicity.

The closed stage
A flush, nearly planar contact separated mature anhydrite caprock from an underlying salt-stock crest. As the diapir elevated by a few mm/yr, it arched the caprock; it also opened conduits at the stock’s uppermost anhydrite sheath, allowing NaCl-undersaturated water from outside the diapir to contact the salt stock.

The open-dynamic stage:
Along the perimeter of the uppermost salt stock, a narrow, annular halite cave advanced inward and upward directly below the slightly convex base of the anhydrite caprock. The most NaCl-aggressive water rose by free convection to the highest elevations and dissolved halite. The dense, solute-enhanced water then reversed direction and, again, by free convection, flowed past the stock’s margin into country rock; NaCl-undersaturated water replaced the departing brine. A water-filled, commonly ring-shaped, planar cave up to several meters high expanded over the stock’s crest. Sparse physical supports, buoyancy, arched caprock, and high artesian water pressure prevented the cave’s collapse. The cave’s halite floor dissolved vertically downward faster than it moved diapirically upward. As the crestal halite dissolved, a small amount of residual pyrite and, typically, a layer up to ∼ 10 cm thick of residual anhydrite (generally 3–8 wt % of the stocks) accumulated on the cave floor.

The open-static stage:
The persistent “attack” of halite highs by the NaCl-undersaturated water eventually caused the slope of the cave’s floor to approach horizontality. The density-driven flow slowed markedly, and a static cover of NaCl-saturated brine thwarted the dissolution of the halite floor. The downward movement of the cave’s floor reversed, and it moved slowly upward via diapirism. Concurrently, an anhydrite sheath evolved around the uppermost stock.

The accretionary stage
The cave closed in a few thousand years, and active diapirism underplated the admixed residual minerals onto the base of the caprock. The uppermost, now compact, residual anhydrite dissolved in the high-pressure environment, leaving the discrete, topmost, thin, black pyrite lamina. With the accretion of the residual minerals, a katatectic layer formed at the base of a succession of such layers. The closed stage recurred, and a new katatectic cycle began forming.
Variations of the four genetic stages probably occurred during the formation of anhydrite caprocks in other worldwide salt-dome provinces, but because of insufficient data, they are usually unrecognizable.
A Deep Learning Framework for Predicting the Heterogeneous Stiffness Map of Brain White Matter Tissue
Authors: Chavoshnejad Poorya , Li Guangfa , Liu Dehao , Razavi Mir Jalil 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Finding the stiffness map of biological tissues is of great importance in evaluating their healthy or pathological conditions. However, due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy of biological fibrous tissues, this task presents challenges and significant uncertainty when characterized only by single-mode loading experiments. In this study, we propose a new theoretical framework to map the stiffness landscape of fibrous tissues, specifically focusing on brain white matter tissue. Initially, a finite element model of the fibrous tissue was subjected to six loading cases, and their corresponding stress-strain curves were characterized. By employing multiobjective optimization, the material constants of an equivalent anisotropic material model were inversely extracted to best fit all six loading modes simultaneously. Subsequently, large-scale finite element simulations were conducted, incorporating various fiber volume fractions and orientations, to train a convolutional neural network capable of predicting the equivalent anisotropic material properties solely based on the fibrous architecture of any given tissue. The method was applied to local imaging data of brain white matter tissue, demonstrating its effectiveness in precisely mapping the anisotropic behavior of fibrous tissue. In the long-term, the proposed method may find applications in traumatic brain injury, brain folding studies, and neurodegenerative diseases, where accurately capturing the material behavior of the tissue is crucial for simulations and experiments.
Bio-energy By-product as an Enhancer of the Biomethanation Process
Authors: Devi Jyoti Moni , Kataki Rupam 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Biomethanation plays a significant role in energy generation from biodegradable wastes. It is also regarded as a feasible and effective method in food waste management. Biogas production can be enhanced by using various additives in the anaerobic digestion system. Biochar, a bio-energy by-product, is a porous, carbonaceous material produced from the thermochemical conversion of a wide variety of biomass, including agro-industrial by-products. Due to biochar’s various distinctive properties, it has numerous environmental applications, including their uses as an additive in the biomethanation process. Even though biochar prepared from different biomasses has been explored in the field of biomethanation, biochar from some feedstocks is yet to be studied. The purpose of this work is to study the CH 4 composition in the anaerobic digestion (AD) system of food waste using two different biochar, i.e., Coir-pith biochar (CPB) and mustard de-oiled cake biochar (MCB). Additionally, digestate was studied to observe the effect of biochar addition on issues like Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation, and pH drop in the AD system. Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of biochar revealed that MCB had more alkaline earth metals in comparison to CPB. The MCB-amended system showed an alleviation of acidification caused by the accumulation of VFAs to some extent by recovering the pH to a normal range and promoting the consumption of VFAs. Moreover, the MCB-treated system showed an average of 17.47% increase in the methane composition of biogas when compared with CPB-amended digesters. In comparison with the control treatment (CT), the results showed that MCB addition enhanced CH4% by 28.9%.
Anxiety Levels in Caregivers of Transitional ICU Patients: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Ouyang Yan , Yu Peng , Luo Li , zhan yuxin , Li suyun , Liu Min 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background: Transitional care from ICU to the ward requires the full involvement of patient caregivers. Anxiety has been confirmed as a vital factor for the health of patient caregivers and the quality of care. However, large sample studies have been rarely conducted to explore the factors for the anxiety of patient caregivers.This study was conducted to identify the anxiety level of caregivers of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) during the ICU transition period.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2022 in accordance with a Self-rating anxiety scale, Parent Perception of Uncertainty Scale-Family Member, and Care Preparedness Scale. The participants were caregivers of critically ill patients from multiple tertiary general hospitals in China.
Results: The incidence of anxiety reached 67.4% among the participants. Anxiety was predicted in accordance with the patients’ activity of daily living, the caregivers’ daily sleep time, the Parent Perception of Uncertainty Scale-Family Member, as well as the Care Preparedness Scale.
Conclusions: The level of anxiety among participants reached over the normal level. Interventions based on factors should be implemented to relieve caregivers’ anxiety.
Synthetic fuels may be a cheaper way to achieve climate-neutral aviation
Authors: Brazzola Nicoletta , Meskaldji Amir , Patt Anthony , Tröndle Tim , Moretti Christian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Mitigating the impact of aviation on climate change faces significant challenges due to growing demand and limited scalable mitigation options. As a result, direct air capture (DAC), a novel technology, may gain prominence due to its versatile applications as either an emissions offset (DACCS) or a synthetic fuel production technology (DACCU). Through a comprehensive analysis of cost-effectiveness, life-cycle emissions, energy consumption, and technology scale-up, we explore the conditions under which synthetic fuels from DACCU can become competitive with an emit-and-offset strategy. We find that DACCU is competitive with an emit-and-offset strategy once we explicitly include non-CO2 climate impacts and under favorable conditions such as low electricity and high fossil fuel prices and emissions pricing. By highlighting strategic interventions that favor these conditions and thus enhance the competitiveness of DACCU in the aviation sector, our results provide valuable insights into how policymakers could move the aviation sector away from fossil fuels.
Isolated and combined causes of equine dystocia
Authors: Ellerbrock Markus , Krohn Judith , Büttner Kathrin , Wehrend Axel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Dystocia is not common in horses, but is life-threatening for both mare and foal. For this reason, veterinary research is dependent on up-to-date data for optimising dystocia management. In addition, knowledge about the prognosis of dystocia cases is necessary for providing advice to animal owners. The present retrospective study of equine dystocia is intended to enrich the existing data set with up-to-date information. For the first time, the focus is on which causes of dystocia occur alone or in combination. Over a period of 10 years, 72 cases of dystocia were analysed using a standardised, predetermined diagnosis code.
Results
Of 72 cases of dystocia, an isolated cause of dystocia was identified in 31 cases (43%) and 41 animals showed a combination of two or more causes (57%). Foetal causes were significantly more common at 95.7% (95% confidence interval = [87.8%, 99.1%]) than maternal causes at 4.4% (95% confidence interval = [0.1%, 12.2%]) (p < 0.0001). Incorrect posture of the foetal forelimbs and head was the most common combination at 22% (9/41). The most common isolated cause of dystocia was found to be the incorrect posture of the foetal forelimbs (22.6% – 7/31). A fetotomy was performed in 68% of cases of dystocia (49/72). A caesarean section or an extraction was performed in 13.9% (10/72) of the cases. No obstetric procedures were performed in 3 of 72 cases of dystocia (4.2%). These mares died before obstetric care was provided. Nine mares (12.5% – 9/72) were not discharged alive after dystocia. 73 foals were born in 72 cases of dystocia (one twin pregnancy). 55 foals were already dead before veterinary treatment began. In relation to the total number of births in which the foetus was alive at the start of obstetric care, the foetal mortality rate was 61.1% (11/18) and 88.9% (16/18) by the time the mare was discharged.
Conclusions
It has been shown for the first time that combined causes of dystocia are more common in horses than isolated causes of dystocia. Neonatal mortality remains high, meaning that the timely detection and treatment of dystocia has the highest priority.
Factors Associated with Under-5 Mortality in South-South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Airemen Iziengbe , Danat Isaac M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) have declined drastically globally. However, it remains high in Nigeria, with variations across the Country’s six geo-political zones. Understanding the factors associated with under-5 mortality (U5M) among lesser-explored subpopulations will inform strategies to curtail U5M. We investigated the factors associated with U5M in the south-south geopolitical zone (SSGZ) of Nigeria and population attributable risk percent (PAR%).
Method
We analysed population-based data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) for 2013 and 2018. The U5MR was determined by survival analysis, and logistic regression analysis was used in SPSS version 26.0 to calculate the Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Internals (CI) for U5M associated with various factors, while the PAR% was computed using the Levine’s formula.
Results
The under U5MR for the SSGZ was 73 deaths per 1000 live births. The adjusted logistic regression analysis model showed maternal overweight (OR = 1.39,95% CI:1.12–1.72 p < 0.05), primary education (OR = 2.18. 95%CI:1.18–4.04 p < 0.05) and secondary education (2.05 95%CI:1.13–3.72, p < 0.05) levels, male gender (OR1.22, 95%CI 1..01-1.47,p < 0.05), birth interval of two years (OR = 2.9household (09-4.09, p < 0.001), and small birth size (OR = 2.54, 95% C11.94-3.31, P < 0.001) significantly increased U5M risk, while having seven or more household members (OR = 0.73, 95%CI:0.59–0.89, p < 0.05) and 2 under-five children in the household (OR = 0.66, 95% CI;0.52–0.83, p < 0.001) were protective factors with PAR% ranging from 4.5–47.1%
Conclusion
Increased interventions on maternal weight, maternal education, low birth size, and child spacing could reduce U5M in the SSGZ of Nigeria.
Impact of two intervention methods of using Sanyrene liquid dressing on the skin microenvironment
Authors: Wang Fenfen , Chen Mianmian , Xie Xueying , Liao Bifang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of Sanyrene liquid dressing (Urgo Medical, Cremorne, Australia), either alone or in combination with silicone foam dressing, on the skin microenvironment to provide an empirical foundation for the clinical application of these interventions. This study included 48 participants. Each participant’s right arm received a combination of Sanyrene liquid dressing and silicone foam dressing, while the left arm received Sanyrene liquid dressing alone. An additional intervention was conducted after 6 h. Skin temperature, moisture, and sebum content were measured and compared before intervention and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h post-intervention. After the intervention, skin moisture and sebum on both sides significantly increased compared to pre-intervention levels (p<0.001). The right skin temperature post-intervention was significantly higher than that of pre-intervention (p=0.040); however, the left skin temperature did not differ significantly (p=0.584). No significant differences in skin temperature, moisture, and sebum were observed between the two arms post-intervention (p>0.05). Both intervention methods demonstrated the ability to supplement local skin moisture and sebum and can be safely reused after a certain interval. Although the use of foam dressings led to an increase in local skin temperature, the temperature elevation was deemed insufficient to risk additional damage.
Postpartum Depressive Symptoms among Bangladeshi Women: A hospital-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Saha Bristi Rani , Tohan Mortuja Mahamud , Zaman Sayeeda , Moon Mymuna Islam , Islam Md. Amirul , Howlader Md. Hasan , Kundu Satyajit , Rahman Md. Ashfikur 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental condition that generally arises among women during the initial 12 months of post-delivery. Untreated PPD might be associated with negative outcomes for mothers, children, and families. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms among women in the Khulna region of Bangladesh and identify its potential associated factors.
Methods: A hospital-based quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Khulna, involving a sample size of 187 women who had given birth within the past 2-12 weeks. The sample was selected using a convenience sampling technique. The dependent variable chosen for the study was postpartum depression, which was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with a cutoff score of greater than 10. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and interdependent sample t-test were conducted to identify any mean differences of EPDS scores among sub-groups of independent variables along with binary logistic regression was done to identify the potential factors associated with increasing PPD where both univariate and multiple linear regression were done. Reliability of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was measured by using Cronbach’s alpha (0.890).
Results: The overall prevalence of PPD was found 35.3%. The findings of this study reveal a significant association between PPD and various factors. Factors such as residing in urban areas, unemployment, having more than two children, dissatisfaction in marital relationships, a history of miscarriage, complications during pregnancy, exposure to stressful life events, unplanned pregnancy, experiencing post-delivery illness, difficulties with the baby's sleeping patterns, receiving minimal to occasional emotional support from family members, lack of family support for child care, and experiencing physical violence were identified as significantly risk factors related to PPD.
Conclusion: This study reveals various factors associated with PPD that should be considered during the postpartum period of women. Based on the findings, the need for targeted interventions by healthcare providers and caregivers to support women during this critical phase of their lives is recommended. By addressing these factors, it is possible to improve the well-being of women and provide them with the necessary care during the postpartum period.
HIV-1 Pretreatment and Acquired Antiretroviral Drug Resistance before tenofovir/ /lamivudine /dolutegravir (TLD) roll-out in Mozambique Running title: Pretreatment and Acquired HIV Drug Resistance in Mozambique
Authors: Ismael Nália , Gemusse Hernane , Mahumane Isabel , Laurindo Osvaldo , Magul Cacildo , Baxter Cheryl , Wilkinson Eduan ’ , Wagar Nick , Bila Dulce , Mabunda Nédio , Silva Juliana , Oliveira Túlio , Raizes Elliot , Presier Wolfgang , Manuel Pedro , Ramos Artur , Vúbil Adolfo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that HIV treatment scale-up is accompanied by a robust assessment of drug resistance emergence and transmission. Included in the WHO HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) monitoring and surveillance strategy is HIVDR testing in adults both initiating and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Due to limited information about HIVDR in Mozambique, we conducted two nationally representative surveys of adults initiating and receiving first-line ART regimes to better inform the HIV program.
Methods
We carried out a cross-sectional study between March 2017 and December 2019. HIV-1 infected adults (re)initiating or receiving first-line treatment for 9–15 months were included in 25 health facilities across all 11 provinces in Mozambique. HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) was assessed on dried blood spot (DBS) samples with a viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL. Resistance for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) were determined using the Stanford HIV database algorithm 9.5 and calibrated population resistance 8.1.
Results
A total of 828 participants were enrolled (419 new initiators and 409 ART experienced), the majority were females (58.4% new initiators and 62.6% ART-experienced) with a median age of 36 and 32 years for ART initiators and ART experienced, respectively. Of the new initiators, pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) for NNRTI and PI was found in 17.4% and 1.4% of the participants, respectively. Among the patients on first-line treatment, 81.2% (n = 332) had suppressed viral loads (VL) and the remaining 18.8% (n = 77) had unsuppressed VL. Of these 90% (n = 70) were successfully sequenced and 56.6% (30/70) (95% CI 43–70) showed high-level resistance for NNRTI. Mutations Acquired drug resistance (ADR) for both NRTI and NNRTI were identified in 24.5% (13, 95% CI: 13–36) among the treatment-experienced participants.
Conclusion
High rates of PDR and ADR for NNRTI and ADR for NRTI were observed in our study. These findings support the replacement of NNRTIs with dolutegravir but high levels of NRTI resistance in highly treatment-experienced individuals still requires attention when transitioning to new regimens. Moreover, the study underlines the need for robust routine VL testing and HIVDR surveillance to improve treatment management strategies.
Mechanisms of sinkhole formation and hydrothermal dynamics at the Oana Crater on Azumayama Volcano, Northeast Japan
Authors: Oishi Masayuki , Yamamura Takuya , Yamagishi Ryo , Suzuki Kota , Koshiya Hideki , Sakuno Kai , Akimoto Ryotaro , Okada Jun , Abe Shuji 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

In 2021, a sinkhole emerged at the base of the Oana Crater on Azumayama Volcano in northeastern Japan, prompting investigation into its potential link to volcanic activity. Our study examines the phenomenon of sinkhole formation within active volcanic craters. Through meticulous field observations, we provide detailed insights into the sinkhole’s characteristics and explore its underlying causes. Examining the site’s history, we uncover predisposing factors contributing to sinkhole formation. Changes in heat distribution beneath the crater, notably from the northwest to the northeast side, are estimated, affecting the activity of nearby fumaroles. This redistribution of thermal energy triggers significant changes, including the emergence of molten sulfur and heightened fumarole activity. Further analysis reveals the sinkhole’s connection to past hydrothermal activity, notably a similar event in 1966, which served as a conduit for subsurface thermal energy. We posit that weakening of surface geology by hydrothermal fluids and volcanic gases facilitated the sinkhole’s formation in 2021. Notably, while past sinkhole formations at Azumayama Volcano preceded eruptions, the 2021 event occurred independently of mud eruptions but signals a potential shift in thermal energy pathways within the shallow subsurface. Our findings emphasize the importance of studying local topographical changes within volcanic edifices to elucidate the behavior of hot water and contribute to understanding eruption mechanisms.