bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peanut proteins as food supplements: A compositional study of selected Virginia and Spanish peanuts
Authors: Conkerton Edith J. , Ory Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree peanut cultivars (Virginia, red‐skinned, and white‐skinned Spanish) were analyzed and compared as potential protein supplements for food uses. The seeds were solvent‐extracted in the laboratory to yield defatted flours with 9–10% nitrogen contents. Protein isolates were prepared from the flours by subsequent extraction with dilute salt solutions buffered at pH 7.0. Various parameters were compared, such as total protein contents, soluble proteins, amino acid compositions of flours and protein isolates, free amino acids and free sugars of defatted flours, and certain trace minerals in flours and soluble proteins. The application of these results to the selection of certain types of peanuts for potential uses as protein supplements in food products is discussed.
Nutrient data bank: Computer‐based management of nutrient values in foods
Authors: Butrum Ritva R. , Gebhardt Susan E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA computerized Nutrient Data Bank has been designed for storage, summary, and retrieval of food composition data. The system is a repository for data from domestic and international sources, including research institutions, industry, and independent laboratories. Source data are carefully screened with regard to identification of the food and conditions which may affect its nutritive value. Variables such as treatment and processing of the food and method of nutrient analysis can be considered in the analysis and retrieval of the data. All primary data will go into Data Base I. After statistical analysis of primary data, unique criteria will be developed for each food for use in summarizing the nutrient data into composite values. Data Bases II and III will be derived from the information in Data Base I by averaging, weighting, and selection. The summarized data will include averages for each nutrient, the number of samples, range values, and standard error. The data can be used for compiling a new nutrition handbook and for rapid retrieval of information for scientists.
Infrared spectroscopy of lipids
Authors: Chapman D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the last ten years, considerable advances have been made in the application of infrared spectroscopy to the study of lipids. This work reviews this contribution.Starting with a brief discussion of the basis of the technique, applications of a qualitative and quantitative kind are described. The lipids discussed include the simple fatty acids, alcohol esters, then the more complicated glycerides, cholesterol esters, soaps, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and finally some recent studies of the myelin sheath.
Lipid analysis by quantitative thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. , Codding D. W. , Nickell E. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTechniques for the quantitative analysis of lipids using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) are reviewed. The general procedures are divided into two groups on the basis of whether or not the methods involve the recovery of substances from chromatoplates.Recovery methods are elaborated under detection of spots, recovery of substances and quantification. Methods are described for the recovery of labile compounds from chromatoplates and for the determination of the structures of triglycerides and lecithins.Methods for the direct quantitative analysis of spots on chromatoplates are reviewed. These include measurements of spot size, reflectance, absorbance of transmitted light, and fluorescence. Details of the photodensitometric method, particularly, spot visualization and instrumentation are described. The analysis of lipid classes using a combination of DEAE cellulose chromatography and TLC by the densitomery of charred spots is illustrated.
Lipid class composition of normal human brain and variations in metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, chronic gaucher舗s and Alzheimer舗s diseases
Authors: Rouser George , Galli Claudio , Kritchevsky Gene 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcedures suitable for obtaining representative samples of whole brain and of total grey and white matter of brain are presented and discussed. A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of lipid class distribution of human brain specimens utilizing in sequence : a cellulose column to separate gangliosides and nonlipid material from the remaining lipids, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography to separate the lipid classes into manageable groups, and finally quantitation of the lipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is made quantitative by correlating the amt of charring of spots on chromatograms with the amt of lipid present by means of transmission densitometry. The use of two‐dimensional TLC for the analysis of brain lipids and its application to the study of pathological brain specimens is also described.The application of these procedures to the study of metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, and Alzheimer舗s diseases and senile cerebral cortical atrophy is described and data are presented. In two cases of Alzheimer舗s disease, a large reduction in fresh weight and total lipid of brain were found; the lipid class distribution of whole brain in one case and of total grey and total white matter in another were essentially normal. The lipid class distributions of the brain in metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs disease, and Niemann‐Pick disease were shown to be similar to that of normal infant brain except that one sphingolipid was greatly increased in each disease (sulfatide in metachromatic leucodystrophy, one ganglioside in Tay‐Sachs disease, and sphingomyelin in Niemann‐Pick disease).
Characterization of some dicarbonyls from autoxidized methyl linoleate
Authors: Cobb W. Y. , Day E. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe 2, 4‐dinitrophenylosazones of dicarbonyl compounds isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate were resolved by means of adsorption and partition chromatography. Individual components were characterized by means of ultraviolet absorption, thin layer chromatographic techniques for class determination and for separation of homologous series, column co‐chromatography of authentics and the unknowns, IR spectroscopy and melting point analysis. Evidence was obtained for the presence of glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, but‐2‐en‐1, 4‐dial, ॅ‐keto hexanal, ॅ‐keto heptanal, ॅ‐keto octanal, and ॅ‐keto nonanal.
A natural soil and mechanism of removal
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Iimori M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNitrogen compounds in natural soils are studied in relation to their effect on the soil removal mechanism in detergency.Nitrogen compounds in various forms and in fairly large amts are found in natural soils, and more than 24% of these nitrogen compounds are presumed to be high mol wt nitrogen compounds or proteins. These high mol wt nitrogen compounds which cannot be removed by water can be removed by the detergent action of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS). When the detergency of DBS was compared with nonyl phenol‐polyoxyethylene adduct, the detergency for artificial soil cloths did not coincide with results obtained with naturally soiled cloths.These data suggest that some interaction between DBS and nitrogen compounds might have contributed to the detergent action. If proteins were added to the present artificial soil formulation, better correlation might be expected between artificial and natural soil detergency results in DBS evaluation.
Free radical additions to esters of unsaturated fatty acids. Preparation of dicarboxylic acids and other polyfunctional products
Authors: Roe Edward , Konen Dolores A. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPeroxide initiated free radical addition of acetic acid, acetic anhydride and ethyl cyanoacetate to methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate gives interesting and important derivatives in fair to excellent yields. Of these, the most important are the dicarboxylic acids, brassylic and carboxymethylstearic acids.Acetic acid and acetic anhydride both give the same ultimate products but because of the greater amount of by‐product in the methyl undecylenate reaction with acetic acid and the need for pressure in the reaction of acetic acid with methyl oleate, acetic anhydride is the preferred addendum for preparing the dicarboxylic acids. There is very little by‐product formed in addition of acetic anhydride to methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate.Ethyl cyanoacetate adds readily to both methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate; however, ethyl cyanoacetate is difficult to remove completely from the reaction products. Hydrolysis to destroy it also causes some hydrolysis of the addition products. On the other hand, it is very difficult to hydrolyze completely and subsequently decarboxylate the ethyl cyanoacetate addition products of methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate to obtain dicarboxylic acids.
Centrifugal evaporation of organic solvents from a series of solutions
Authors: Ontko J. A. , Jones R. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA centrifugal vacuum evaporator designed for the evaporation of organic solvents from a series of solutions has been fabricated and tested. The rotor is driven by a spinning magnetic field resulting from rotating magnets mounted on a wheel connected to the drive shaft of an electric motor beneath the vacuum chamber. The spinning magnetic field produces eddy currents in an aluminum dise in the vacuum chamber, thus rotating the disc and the attached rotor. A variety of organic solvents were readily evaporated in this device. Auxiliary heating was used to increase the evaporation rate of certain solvents. In this evaporator organic solvents are removed from a series of solutions simultaneously, at low temp, and in a partial vacuum, thus minimizing or preventing solute degradation by heat and oxygen.
Dimer acid structures. The thermal dimer of normal linoleate, methyl 9‐cis, 12‐cis octadecadienoate
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , White J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe thermal dimer (290C) of normal methyl linoleate and its hydrogenated form have been examined by mass spectrometry. Parent mass peaks of the hydrogenated dimer show the presence of monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic structures.The monocyclic structure is formed via the conjugation‐Diels‐Alder mechanism.The bicyclic structure is best explained by an extension of the hydrogen transfer free radical coupling mechanism. The noncyclic dehydrodimer resulting from free radical coupling undergoes a relatively rapid intramolecular cyclization to a bicyclic structure, probably by an interval Diels‐Alder reaction. A model noncyclic dehydro‐linoleate dimer was shown to give a bicyclic dimer as the predominant structure under thermal dimerization conditions.The tricyclic dimer may result from intramolecular alkylation of the bicyclic structures.
Binary systems from palmitic‐stearic triglycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMelting‐point and limited diffraction data are presented for the 13 hitherto unreported binary systems of the 15 obtainable from the six palmitic‐stearic triglycerides. Data are presented for metastable ॅ and stabilized states. These and earlier data on the other two systems show continuous solid solution formation and nearly linear melting‐point variation for ॅ states. Stabilized state behavior depends on many factors, such as molecular weight, molecular symmetry, phase tendency. In general, ॆ tending components produce ॆ phase systems and ॆ′ tending components produce ॆ′ systems; ॆ predominates in systems of mixed ॆ and ॆ′ tending components.
Micro‐emulsion process for the preparation of sucrose esters
Authors: Osipow Lloyd I. , Rosenblatt William 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new process, based on micro‐emulsion technology, has been developed for the production of sucrose esters of fatty acids. Sucrose dissolved in propylene glycol, methyl stearate, sodium stearate, and catalyst (K2CO3) are combined to form a transparent emulsion and interacted. The system remains transparent throughout the distillation of the propylene glycol, indicating the formation of a micro dispersion of sucrose. Upon completion of the distillation all of the methyl stearate is converted to sucrose stearate. Starting with a 1.5:1.0:0.9 molar ratio of sucrose, methyl stearate, and sodium stearate, the reaction product, after purification, is 85% sucrose monostearate, 15% sucrose distearate.
An aqueous ethanol extraction process for cottonseed oil
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA bench‐top process for the extraction of cottonseed flakes with aqueous ethanol has been developed. The process consists of cottonseed meat flaking, drying and extraction with boiling, aqueous ethanol (95% by volume) at atmospheric pressure. The resulting miscella is chilled, producing free oil, emulsified oil and mucilaginous gum. The heterogeneous solution is processed through a phase separator where free and emulsified oil and gum are separated from oil‐lean miscella. The oil and gum phases are treated with caustic soda and centrifuged to produce semirefined oil containing about 4% volatiles. The miscella phase, containing about 3.3% lipid‐like material and 1% petroleum ether insolubles, is reheated and recycled to the extractor. After the marc is pressed foots are added, and it is desolventized to produce a meal having a residual oil content less than 1%. Although not yet otpimized, the process shows potential for scaleup to pilot plant processing and adaptability to current oil mill solvent operations.
Autoxidation of linoleic acid and behavior of its hydroperoxides with and without tocopherols
Authors: Koskas J. P. , Cillard J. , Cillard P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of linoleic acid dispersed in an aqueous media and the effect of α‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols were studied. The quantitative analysis of the hydroperoxide isomers (13‐cis,trans; 13‐trans,trans; 9‐trans,cis; 9‐trans,trans) by direct high‐performance liquid chromatography exhibited a prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol at high concentration (3.8% by weight of linoleic acid). On the other hand, α‐tocopherol at lower concentrations (0.38 and 0.038%) and γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols at high concentration (3.8%) were antioxidant. Furthermore, the addition of tocopherols modified the distribution of the geometrical isomers. The formation of thetrans,trans hydroperoxide isomers was completely inhibited by the highest concentration of the three tocopherols independently of their antioxidant or prooxidant activity and only delayed by the lower concentrations of α‐tocopherol. The addition of tocopherols to hydroperoxide isomers reduced the decomposition rate of these isomers in the order α‐tocopherol < γ‐tocopherol < δ‐tocopherol for thecis,trans hydroperoxide isomer and α‐tocopherol ≪ γ‐tocopherol ⋍ δ‐tocopherol for thetrans,trans hydroperoxide isomer. With these hydroperoxides, as during linoleic acid autoxidation, α‐tocopherol was completely oxidized whatever its initial concentration, while γ‐tocopherol underwent partial oxidation and δ‐tocopherol was practically unchanged.
Radiotagged soils. Removal from several substrates and adsorption site character
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Satanek Joseph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubstrates investigated were glass, quartz, porcelain, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, polyethylene, methylmethacrylate, Nylon, and Teflon. Radiotagged (C‐14) soils used were algal protein, stearic acid, and tristearin. Soil removal curves showed that Nylon, Teflon, methacrylate, and stainless steel had few soil‐adsorption sites and that the adsorption was of an ion‐exchange type. Algal protein and stearic acid soils appeared to adsorb through an ion‐exchange type mechanism, with most substrates, while tristearin showed a van der Waals' type of adsorption with glass, quartz, steel, and aluminum. Conclusions as to adsorption type were based upon the shape of the soil‐removal curves.Adsorption studies showed that both anionic and nonionic surfactants were adsorbed by glass, procelain, steel, and aluminum surfaces, apparently by an ion‐exchange type of adsorption. The character of the surfactant adsorbed affected the degree of removal of subsequently applied soil; the more hydrophilie surfactants permitted easier soil‐removal. Tripolyphosphate, orthophosphate, and ethylenediamine tetraacetate anions and tetraethylammonium cations were adsorbed by these same substrates and influenced the ease of removal of subsequently applied soil. Pretreatment of substrate by alkali generally increased the ion or surfactant adsorption more than acid‐pretreated surfaces, and rather marked similarities between the adsorption sites of glass and quartz were apparent from acid pretreatment.Stearic acid soiled substrates were cleaned by a preferential displacement mechanism; the soil was rolled up into globules. Tristearin‐soiled surfaces were cleaned by a similar mechanism.
Improved extraction efficiency by double‐soak, filtration‐extraction process
Authors: D'Aquin E. L. , Graci A. V. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple and inexpensive modification of the filtration extraction process has been described which permits improved extraction efficieney and reduced solvent requirements over that presently obtained. It comprises an additional soaking step, which can be readily incorporated.Bench‐scale data are presented on three different oil‐bearing materials which demonstrate that, at equivalent solvent‐meats ratios, the percentage of residual lipids in the extracted meal products can be reduced about 50% or more by use of the double‐soak over the single‐soak procedure or that, for equivalent percentages of residual oil in extracted meals, the solventmeants ratio can be reduced significantly.A laboratory method is described whihc is recommended for use in the design of commercial‐scale installations employing the double‐soak, filtration‐extraction process.
The measurement of fatty solids by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Miller W. J. , Koester W. H. , Freeberg F. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the measurement of the solids content of vegetable and animal fats by differential scanning calorimetry. Although precision is about half that of existing dilatometric methods, this is a rapid procedure, designed for hydrogenation control. Elapsed analysis time for the determination of solids at two temperatures is about 40 min, compared with 3 to 4 hr by dilatometry. Procedures are outlined employing either of two commercially available instruments.
A comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance and dilatometry for estimating solids content of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Taylor J. R. , Gregory R. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe percent solids values of fats and shortenings using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solid fat index (SFI) have been compared. The samples used were: blends of hard fat and safflower oil, safflower oil hydrogenated to varying degrees, and different types of shortenings.This investigation demonstrated the empirical nature of the SFI technique and shows the nature of the deviations from the solids content determined by the NMR method. The magnitude of the deviation of SFI from the NMR solids content increased with the level of the solids. The SFI values and the NMR solids content were similar at the lower levels (SFI values of 10) but at the upper limit for the SFI method (SFI values of 50) the solids content by the NMR method can be 80% or more, a difference of 30 units.Although the determination of solids content by NMR is reliable, the relationship between SFI values and NMR values for different types of samples is so variable that the calculation of the SFI value from percent solids by NMR, or percent solids from SFI values from prediction equations is not very reliable.Since NMR measures the solids content more accurately than SFI and is applicable over the entire range of solids, 0 to 100%, it will be very useful in fat and oil research and control.
Dietary fatty acids: Their metabolic fate and influence on fatty acid biosynthesis
Authors: Bottino Nestor R. , Anderson Robert E. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdult rats fed a low‐fat diet or diets containing 15% of either tripalmitin, triolein or trilinolein were injected intraperitoneally with H3‐labeled acetate. Those which received fat were also given by mouth, simultaneously with acetate, the 1‐C14‐labeled sodium salt of the respective dietary fatty acid. The fate of the tagged material was followed by time‐spaced biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue and by collection of the expired C14O2.After 72 hr, 51, 64, and 52% of the dietary palmitate, oleate, and linoleate, respectively, were catabolized, as indicated by the corresponding percentages of the label having been excreted as C14O2. Dietary linoleate was relatively less incorporated into body triglycerides than palmitate and oleate. Animals ingesting diets of 15% triolein had only about one‐half the amount of phospholipids in their tissues as had the other groups.The distribution of both the C14 and H3 labels in the tissue triglycerides showed that all diets containing fats decreased fatty acid synthesis but did not inhibit conversion of palmitate to oleate. Conversions of oleate or linoleate appeared to be through acetate. As a result of these factors, the fatty acid composition of the tissue triglycerides after 3 months舗 ingestion of tripalmitin was essentially the same as that of the low‐fat group, whereas the ingestion of triolein produced triglycerides with a very high content of oleic acid. Trilinolein ingestion produced effects similar to triolein but to a less pronounced degree.Both the respiratory C14O2 and the C14‐ and H3‐labeled fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibited a second rise in specific activity 12 to 24 hours after the administration of the label.
The metabolic fate of fatty acids derived from dietary triglycerides
Authors: Bollinger James N. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe metabolic fates of dietary tricaprylin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, triolein, and trilinolein at the 15% level were followed with tracer doses of the corresponding C14‐labeled acids. Distribution of the label in respiratory C14O2 and in fatty acids of adipose tissue and liver lipids as well as the fatty acid composition of these unfractionated tissue lipids led to the following conclusions:Tissue fatty acid compositional homeostasis is limited mainly by the degrees to which dietary fatty acids can be converted to endogenous fatty acids. Other factors, such as their effects on lipogenesis and the relative degrees to which they are catabolized and stored, also play roles.
Studies on the flavor of autoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Hill F. D. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe flavor components of soybean oil in the early stages of autoxidation were isolated by distillation in a molecular still. The distillate consisted of an aqueous layer and an oily film. The oily film did not reproduce the autoxidized flavor when added to freshly deodorized oil. Gas chromatographic and organoleptic analysis indicated that the oily film contained hexanal, vinylamyl ketone, andtrans,cis‐2,6‐nonadienal. The aqueous layer reproduced the autoxidized flavor when added to freshly deodorized oil, and the flavor had a retention time on butandiol succinate columns between those of pentanal and hexanal. Mixtures of vinylethyl ketone and pentanal gave a flavor to freshly deodorized oil similar to the flavor of oil in the early stages of autoxidation. Vinylethyl ketone was identified in the distillate from autoxidized soybean oil as the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone.