bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual size dimorphism in mammals
Authors: Lindenfors Patrik , Gittleman John L. , Jones Kate E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the pattern of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in mammals and the processes that underlie its evolution. Most mammalian orders have male-biased SSD, although some orders are not sexually-dimorphic for body size or show significantly female-biased SSD. In general, SSD increases with body size across mammals (Rensch's rule). Male-biased dimorphism relates to sexual selection on males through male-male competition for females, since sexual selection as indicated by mating systems is positively correlated with male-biased SSD. Selection pressure on female mass, identified in that age at weaning, is higher in polygynous species. However, the reproductive rate is lower for large females, indicating that fecundity selection selects small females. Although these patterns hold across mammals as a whole, the data presented in the chapter also reveal considerable variation across orders.
Sexual size dimorphism in amphibians: an overview
Authors: Kupfer Alexander 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews patterns of sexual dimorphism in amphibians and discusses their proximal causes and possible adaptive significance. Amphibians are diverse organisms that live in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. Female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is the common pattern in frogs and salamanders, and male-biased SSD is only present in few lineages. Preliminary SSD data for caecilians indicate that many are monomorphic in body size, while others exhibit female-biased dimorphism. The typical female-biased SSD may be partly explained by sex-specific growth trajectories and delayed maturity of females. Male-biased SSD is associated with sexual selection for large males through territoriality and male-male combat. In comparison with other vertebrates, our understanding of SSD in amphibians is still incomplete. Phylogenetic comparative analyses are needed to describe more fully the evolutionary patterns of amphibian SSD and to test hypotheses based on fecundity and sexual selection, life history theory, and ecological divergence.
Sexual dimorphism in the water strider,Aquarius remigis: a case study of adaptation in response to sexually antagonistic selection
Authors: Fairbairn Daphne J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes a series of studies examining the adaptive significance of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the water strider, Aquarius remigis. The data reveal that SSD is negligible until the adult stage, and there is no evidence of sexual bimaturation, ecological niche divergence, or sex-specific selection prior to reproductive maturity. However, once maturity is reached, sexual selection favours longer genitalia but smaller soma in males, fecundity selection favors longer abdomens in females, and longevity selection favours smaller size in both sexes. These patterns lead to net stabilizing selection with both sexes near their optimal sizes. Patterns of genetic correlations indicate that the genetic architecture has evolved in response to this sex-specific selection, and would facilitate rapid response of SSD to changing patterns of selection. This may explain why SSD can be close to equilibrium in local populations in spite of strong between-sex genetic correlations for overall size.
The genetic integration of sexually dimorphic traits in the dioecious plant,Silene latifolia
Authors: Delph Lynda F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates sexual dimorphism in the dioecious, flowering plant, Silene latifolia. Results of comparisons among populations, a half-sib breeding experiment, and artificial selection on flower size indicate strong genetic integration such that selection for sexual dimorphism in any one trait affects the phenotype and extent of sexual dimorphism of many other traits. A flower size/number trade-off and the fact that larger flowers produce more ovules but not more pollen lead to selection for more (and smaller) flowers in males, but larger (and fewer) flowers in females. Strong genetic correlations between flower number and other traits are in accord with the hypothesis that the production of large numbers of flowers leads to a cost of reproduction. These results highlight the utility of taking a multi-trait, quantitative-genetic approach to understanding why the sexes differ from each other.
Development of sexual size dimorphism in lizards: testosterone as a bipotential growth regulator
Authors: John-Alder Henry B. , Cox Robert M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread in lizards but little is known about why males are larger than females in most species, while the opposite is true in many others. This chapter presents case studies of the development of SSD in three species of Sceloporus (Iguania: Phrynosomatidae), representing both male-larger and female-larger SSD. In all three species, SSD derives from sex differences in growth rate, and common garden experiments reveal significant phenotypic plasticity for SSD mediated by greater environmental sensitivity of growth in males. Studies focusing on growth regulation in males reveal that testosterone has opposing effects in closely related species with opposite patterns of SSD. Thus, testosterone serves as a bipotential mediator of sex differences in growth rate. The chapter closes by discussing mechanisms through which testosterone can both stimulate and inhibit male growth, including direct effects on the somatotrophic axis and indirect effects involving energy acquisition and allocation.
Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), both capable of visualizing and manipulating individual atoms, are the cornerstones of nanoscience and nanotechnology today. The inventors of STM, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, were awarded with the Nobel Prize of physics in 1986. Both microscopes are based on mechanically scanning an atomically sharp tip over a sample surface, with quantum-mechanical tunneling or atomic forces between the tip and the atoms on the sample as the measurable quantities. This book presents the principles of STM and AFM, and the experimental details. Part I presents the principles from a unified point of view: the Bardeen theory of tunneling phenomenon, and the Herring-Landau theory of covalent-bond force. The similarity between those two theories, both rooted from the Heisenberg-Pauling concept of quantum-mechanical resonance, points to the equivalence of tunneling and covalent-bond force. The Tersoff-Hamann model of STM is presented, including the original derivation. The mechanisms of atomic-scale imaging of both STM and AFM are discussed. Part II presents the instrumentation and experimental techniques of STM and AFM, including piezoelectric scanners, vibration isolation, electronics and control, mechanical design, tip treatment and characterization, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and atomic force detection techniques. Part II ends with illustrative applications of STM and AFM in various fields of research and technology.
The Clerical Profession in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1680-1840
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.
9 The Promotional Presidency and the New Institutional Toryism: Public Mobilization, Legislative Dominance, and Squandered Opportunities
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChanges in governing norms and the development of institutional capacity and routines that foster public presidential promotion generate incentives and expectations for the presidents to overestimate their personal power and underestimate durable institutional and political constraints. The result is a tendency — especially on major programmatic initiatives — to squander leadership opportunities and to leave presidents in weakened political positions. This chapter examines the rise of presidential promotions and its impact on White House calculations by tracing changes in the White House's institutional capacity for reaching the public, a content analysis of presidential appeals is given, and comparative case studies of institutionally strong presidents — those who enjoyed the rare and advantaged position of unified party government are studied. The chapter's conclusion weighs the implications of what may be an emerging form of institutional Toryism — one that recalibrates the constitutional balance of authority under certain conditions and legitimizes a politically astute future Democratic president to use the new norms of governance for liberal ends.
1 Introduction: Spectacle
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter categorizes narrative theology as a whole as movie-like. It traces the origins of narrative theologies to the transcendental Thomism of Bernard Lonergan. It divides narrative theologians into three groups: story Barthianism (Lindbeck and Frei, grammatical Thomism (McCabe, Burrell and Turner), and story Thomism (Robert Jenson). It notes that a particular legacy of both Thomism and Barthianism to narrative theologies is a recoil from historicity or temporality.
4 From Theodicy to Melodrama
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThomas Aquinas first gave an empirical or inferential argument for the existence of a transcendent God and then dealt with the problem of evil empirically. But if one considers God's existence on a logical or deductive level, the problem of evil will come in pursuit on a logical level, or as the logical concomitant of ‘good’. Because it cannot draw on knowledge of the transcendent reality of God's goodness, modern thought tends to picture good and evil as set in melodramatic confrontation. The ‘Unknowable God’ is easily conflated with his opposite number, Satan. Jenson's narrative theology falls into the trap of melodrama by making evil a necessary feature of reality, existing because of Christ, and grammatical Thomism does so by evading the problem of evil via its agnosticism about our knowledge of God and his goodness. Given that God is not as unknown in Thomas' own theology as in grammatical Thomism, the best way forward is to use our knowledge of God's goodness first to appreciate the value of created reality as such, and second to restate Augustine's merely factual or empirical explanation of evil via the Fall. One may then say that what Job experiences is the love of God.
7 Conclusion: A God Who Is Love
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBecause of their descriptive cast, narrative theologies are oriented to considering the future as the most significant tense; they thus recoup the ancient Christian millennarian tradition, as it surfaces in, for instance, Joachim of Fiore. This focus on futurity indicates that the basic motivation in narrative theologies is the quest for scientific predictability. A philosophical theology which gives metaphysical status to the way in which scientific hypotheses are epistemically verified (in the future) is bound to say, with Hegel, that the truth of a proposition is what it becomes, just as the ‘truth’ of a story is its outcome. Rather than making God the epistemic outcome of human acts of knowledge or story-telling, this chapter proposes that God is a much livelier and energetic thing, love. The two foremost analogies of this dramatic love are tragedy and comedy. The book's thesis thus achieves the aim of narrative theologies to be true to the ‘God of the Gospel’ rather than the gods of our culture.
The Grammar of Words
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book introduces the reader to the basic methods for the study of the internal structure of words, and to the theoretical issues raised by analyses of word structure concerning the organization of the grammars of natural languages. Data from more than sixty languages are used to illustrate these descriptive and theoretical issues. The book is structured into three main parts. In the first part the basic notions of morphology and morphological analysis are introduced, and attention is given to word formation (derivation and compounding), the basics of inflection, and inflectional systems. The second part, reflecting an important characteristic of this book, is the discussion of the interface between morphology and other modules of the grammar such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. It is shown that the formal structure of complex words is not necessarily isomorphic to their phonological or semantic structure. This book is comprehensive since it also deals, in its third part, with the relation between morphology and mind. Facts concerning the processing of complex words are used as a window on the human mind. Language change in the domain of word structure is also approached from that perspective. In a final summarizing chapter, it is shown how the book has taught a theoretically sophisticated notion ‘word’ and that there are different notions ‘word’ that should be recognized in a proper linguistic analysis. An index and glossary of terms, exercises (with answers), a language index, and advice for further reading are also provided.
3 Finance and Ownership
Authors: GLYN ANDREW 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter traces shifts in the financial landscape over the past twenty-five years. These include the rise of the financial sector, the consumer credit boom that resulted in a rise in household consumption, the concentration of shareholdings in the hands of financial institutions, the rise of corporate governance, the costs and benefits of the great drive for shareholder value and the US stock market boom, the growth of international finance, and the eventual financial crises.
Immanuel Kant and Aesthetic Judgement
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that Kant’s Critique of Judgement provides a compelling account of the character and conditions of possibility of what he terms ‘the judgement of taste’ (‘X is beautiful’). The concern is less about expounding Kant in a merely exegetical or antiquarian spirit, than with using him as a guide to the way the aesthetic might be approached today. The chapter explores issues related to aesthetic autonomy, universal communicability, singularity of judgement, disinterest, genius and gender, and the absence of concepts in the aesthetic. It also asks what kind of criticism might be most consonant with the Kantian aesthetic (with an Ode of Horace as an example). It looks at aspects of the Aesthetic Movement of the later 19th century, a movement largely neglected within philosophical aesthetics, in particular, the writings of Walter Pater.
The Aesthetic Turn: Latin Poetry and Aesthetic Criticism
Authors: Martindale Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter asks what an aesthetic criticism of Latin poetry in the 21st century may look like. There is a strong body of aesthetic criticism in English, which, while from a Kantian perspective should not be regarded as an object of imitation, can be construed as exemplary. For both theory and practice, the chapter turns to Pater whose writings sought to isolate the ‘virtue’, the unique aesthetic character of artworks. It offers three short essays in this mode (on Lucretius, Ovid, and Lucan), for which nothing is claimed except that they are gestures towards a revised practice. These authors have been chosen as offering the reader the experience of a unique kind of beauty that he or she will find nowhere else. For instance, the virtue of Lucretius is located in his combined love of things, words, and ideas, and an imaginatively realized vision of the universe grounded in nature and reason.
Japanese and British Management: Alliances and Antagonisms
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the organization and activities of management within these Japanese subsidiaries, and how local managers responded to Japanese innovations in work organization and employment relations. It examines the role of societal differences in the professional formation and orientations of British and Japanese managers, but also addresses variations in the way they were influenced by their specific organizational and occupational careers, and conformed to or challenged received management recipes. This highlights complex processes of alliance and antagonism, not only between British and expatriate Japanese managers, but within each grouping and between different management specialisms. For example, some British managers embraced Japanese management approaches, some distanced themselves using the language of management commonsense, but most emphasized their distinctive competence in managing British labour. The chapter maps and seeks to explain the rather different ways in which such perspectives and patterns of management micropolitics developed in the different firms.
Shop-floor Consent, Accommodation, and Dissent
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolving features of management-worker relations and employee working lives at two large, sectorally dominant Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Telford, and assesses whether these conform to new models of commitment, participation, and unitarism. It documents the persistence of instrumental bases of worker involvement, the mixture of consent, accommodation, and dissent which characterizes work relations, and the scope for individual and collective manifestations of conflict within a constrained industrial relations environment. The chapter rejects idealized accounts of a strategic shift in worker-manager relations, and seeks to document and explain similarities and differences in the contemporary patterns of acceptance and resistance, of survival tactics, and opposition in the two workplaces. Particular attention is given to informal understandings, effort bargains and expectations of promotion, and to labour turnover and absenteeism as expressions of dissatisfaction, which appear closely tied to these modern forms of work and employment.
4 Kings and Elephants
Authors: Bell Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the pomp and circumstance of Hellenistic capitals. By 300 AD, personal monarchy had shown itself to be the only way to control large territory and generate great revenue. And when the Hellenistic kings were not busy making war or superintending their streams of revenue, they were devoting a great deal of energy and resources to managing affairs that concerned ‘what may perhaps be called self-validation’. Kings of self-made dynasties were probably little responsible themselves for introducing all the fiscal improvements which often produced ‘wonderful results’. Rather, one might suspect, they were primarily immersed in the business of wonderment.
5 Elephants and Citizens
Authors: Bell Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the importation of megalomaniacal majesty into the Roman Republic. Over time, kingly conceit became more conspicuous in Rome, and particularly at times of communal festivity. In contrast to the manner in which the behaviour of kings such as Philadelphus or Epiphanes is remembered, there is rather more information in Roman sources about the sentiments of the urban audience, as is seen in reports about the employment of animals in order to advertise personal greatness.
Readers and Writers in Ovid's Heroides
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book presents a study which reconstructs the experiences of the abandoned heroines of the Heroides, which have been largely ignored by past criticism. The book seeks ways to isolate, characterize, and release the female voice and experience within Ovid's male-authored text. Building on a wide range of ancient as well as modern images and reflections on gender and writing, the book attempts to map the relationship between gendered sensitivities and experience and generic expression and choices. The book uses the insight gained by the boom of intertextual studies in recent Latin scholarship to go a step further and address explicitly the ideologies of intertextual studies. This is a book about readers and reading, just as much as about women and gender, and it is also a study of the intricate and heated negotiations behind the interpretative act.
Comparative Management Systems up to the 1940s
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the comparative systems of comparator countries up to 1950, focusing on how and why — much earlier than in Britain — variants of managerial capitalism developed a substantial presence in the American, German, and Japanese economies, despite the subtle differences in the form of these developments. In the USA, a fully-fledged form of competitive managerial capitalism had evolved by the start of the 20th century. In Germany, one might more accurately use the term ‘professional proprietorial capitalism’, while for Japan the term ‘collective managerial capitalism’ was chosen. The three main sections of the chapter are structured around the groups of drivers, illustrating that the drivers were much more propitious for the development of modern management than in Britain. The concluding section addresses the book’s four themes in a comparative sense, producing a rich background for the British story.