bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins – Advances in Synthesis and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Sallas Florence , Darcy Raphael 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAmphiphilic cyclodextrins represent a new generation of these oligosaccharides, which are well known previously as host molecules in water. Cyclodextrins are now being modified with polar groups, lipophilic groups and conjugates which elaborate further their amphiphilicity and molecular recognition. The resulting amphiphiles are host molecules capable of forming all the assemblies expected of amphiphiles, but showing additional supramolecular properties. Examples of these macrocyclic amphiphiles are by now known that form thermotropic liquid crystals, while lyotropic assemblies include micelles, unimolecular micelles, nanoparticles, monolayers and bilayer vesicles. The assembly properties are modulated by both the lipidic and hydrophilic additions to the original cyclodextrin, however due to the mesomolecular size range substantial changes such as multiple glycosylation can be carried out without disrupting self‐assembly. The assemblies in certain cases show molecular recognition both by the cyclodextrin cavities and by the conjugated groups such as glycosyls. Multiple noncovalent interactions, delivery to biological cells and DNA delivery are among the capabilities of those amphiphilic cyclodextrins that form bilayer vesicles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Electrochemical‐Mediated Cyclization of 2‐Alkynylanilines: A Clean and Safe Synthesis of Indole Derivatives
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Bianchi Gabriele , Inesi Achille , Marinelli Fabio , Rossi Leucio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe electrochemical‐mediated annulation of 2‐alkynylanilines to the corresponding indole derivatives proceeds in good yields and under conditions that avoid the use of metal catalysts or classical organic acids and bases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease
Authors: Dolinoy Dana C. , Jirtle Randy L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe epigenome consists of the DNA methylation marks and histone modifications involved in controlling gene expression. It is accurately reproduced during mitosis and can be inherited transgenerationally. The innate plasticity of the epigenome also enables it to be reprogrammed by nutritional, chemical, and physical factors. Imprinted genes and metastable epialleles represent two classes of genes that are particularly susceptible to environmental factors because their regulation is tightly linked to epigenetic mechanisms. To fully understand the etiology of the most devastating diseases that plague humans, the full complexity of the human epigenome will ultimately need to be characterized. Moreover, the elucidation of the interaction of the environment with the epigenome should allow for the development of novel epigenetic‐based diagnostic, prevention, and therapeutic strategies for human diseases. Herein, we introduce the emerging field of environmental epigenomics, discuss the importance of imprinted genes and metastable epialleles as epigenetically labile genomic targets, and endorse the genome‐wide identification of the full suite of epigenetically labile targets in both the mouse and human genomes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of white matter pathology in ALS and PLS using tract‐based spatial statistics
Authors: Ciccarelli Olga , Behrens Timothy E. , Johansen‐Berg Heidi , Talbot Kevin , Orrell Richard W. , Howard Robin S. , Nunes Rita G. , Miller David H. , Matthews Paul M. , Thompson Alan J. , Smith Stephen M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:We aimed to investigate differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) between primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the relationship between FA and disease progression using tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS).Methods:Two scanners at two different sites were used. Differences in FA between ALS patients and controls scanned in London were investigated. From the results of this analysis, brain regions were selected to test for (i) differences in FA between controls, patients with ALS and patients with PLS scanned in Oxford and (ii) the relationship between FA and disease progression rate in the Oxford patient groups.Results:London ALS patients showed a lower FA than controls in several brain regions. Oxford patients with PLS showed a lower FA than ALS patients and than controls in the body of the corpus callosum and in the white matter adjacent to the right primary motor cortex (PMC), while ALS patients showed reduced FA compared with PLS patients in the white matter adjacent to the superior frontal gyrus. Significant correlations were found between disease progression rate and (i) FA in the white matter adjacent to the PMC in PLS, and (ii) FA along the cortico‐spinal tract and in the body of the corpus callosum in ALS.Conclusions:We described significant FA changes between PLS and ALS, suggesting that these two presentations of motor neuron disease show different features. The significant correlation between FA and disease progression rate in PLS suggests the tissue damage reflected in FA changes contributes to the disease progression rate. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of atorvastatin and celecoxib synergistically induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells
Authors: Xiao Hang , Zhang Qiang , Lin Yong , Reddy Bandaru S. , Yang Chung S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPrevious studies in animal models have shown enhanced efficacy of a combined treatment of statins and Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs against colorectal cancer development. In our study, we investigated the combinational effects of atorvastatin and celecoxib in 2 human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29. Celecoxib moderately inhibited the growth of both cell lines with a similar IC50 of 40–50 μM, whereas atorvastatin showed stronger growth inhibitory effect in HCT116 cells than in HT29 cells (IC50 of 5–8 μM vs. 30–35 μM) after treatment for 48–72 hr. The combination of these 2 agents produced strong synergistic actions, as determined by isobologram analysis. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the combination treatment for 24 hr caused extensive cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase; whereas at 48 hr or longer, apoptosis was induced significantly. The effects produced by the combination were much stronger than that by atorvastatin or celecoxib alone. Our results further demonstrated that the combinational effects of atorvastatin/celecoxib were associated with increased levels of p21Cip1/Waf1, p27Kip1, and phospho‐JNK; decreased levels of phospho‐AKT and hyper‐phosphorylated Rb; and activation of caspase cascade. Atorvastatin/celecoxib combination also selectively modified membrane localization of small G‐proteins, such as RhoA, RhoB and RhoC, which may contribute to the anti‐cancer effects. Taken together, the results demonstrated a strong synergy between the actions of atorvastatin and celecoxib in growth inhibition and killing of human colon cancer cells. The present work suggests the possible therapeutic application of this combination and provides leads for mechanistic and biomarker investigations in clinical trials. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lysophosphatidic acid‐induced c‐fos up‐regulation involves cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein activated by mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase‐1
Authors: Lee Chang‐Wook , Kim Nam‐Ho , Choi Ho‐Kyew , Sun Yuanjie , Nam Ju‐Suk , Rhee Hae Jin , Chun Jerold , Huh Sung‐Oh 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid growth factor that exerts diverse biological effects through its cognate receptor‐mediated signaling cascades. Recently, we reported that LPA stimulates cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) through mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase‐1 (MSK1). Previously, LPA has been shown to stimulate c‐fos mRNA expression in Rat‐2 fibroblast cells via a serum response element binding protein (SRF). However, involvement of CREB in LPA‐stimulated c‐fos gene expression is not elucidated yet. To investigate the CREB‐mediated c‐fos activation by LPA, various c‐fos promoter‐reporter constructs containing wild‐type and mutated SRE and CRE were tested for their inducibility by LPA in transient transfection assays. LPA‐stimulated c‐fos promoter activation was markedly decreased when SRE and CRE were mutated. A dominant negative CREB significantly down‐regulated the LPA‐stimulated c‐fos promoter activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that LPA induced an increased binding of phosphorylated CREB and CREB‐binding protein (CBP) to the CRE region of the endogenous c‐fos promoter. Immunoblot analyses with various pharmacological inhibitors further showed that LPA induces up‐regulation of c‐fos mRNA level by activation of ERK, p38 MAPK, and MSK1. Taken together, our results suggest that CREB plays an important role in up‐regulation of c‐fos mRNA level in LPA‐stimulated Rat‐2 fibroblast cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 785–794, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of statistical measures for analyzing RNA secondary structures
Authors: Dai Qi , Wang Tian‐Ming 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWith more and more RNA secondary structures accumulated, the need for comparing different RNA secondary structures often arises in function prediction and evolutionary analysis. Numerous efficient algorithms were developed for comparing different RNA secondary structures, but challenges remain. In this article, a new statistical measure extending the notion of relative entropy based on the proposed stochastic model is evaluated for RNA secondary structures. The results obtained from several experiments on real datasets have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Moreover, the time complexity of our method is favorable by comparing with that of the existing methods which solve the similar problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
Collective action in agrobiodiversity management: gendered rules of reputation, trust and reciprocity in Kerala, India
Authors: Padmanabhan Martina Aruna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRising opportunity costs for continuing to grow and conserve traditional plant varieties has led to an erosion of agrobiodiversity. This study compares two institutions of collective biodiversity management in Kerala, India. The traditional mechanisms of a scheduled tribe, the Kurichyas, are contrasted with the new institution of the People's Biodiversity Register (PBR) under the local form of governance, the panchayat. Collective action is analysed for the core variables of reputation, trust and reciprocity. In the tribal institutions, traditional seed exchange rests on reputation and gender complementarities, which are eroded by a diminishing degree of trust and dissolving property rights for women and weakened by failing norms of reciprocity. The new institution of PBR threatens tribal women's reputations and their knowledge by reducing it to a bureaucratic register, the disembodiment of knowledge into information reduces trust and unpredictable returns diminish reciprocity. A massive public investment in strengthening women's capabilities for a transformation from conservers and users to advocates, managers and decision‐makers regarding biodiversity might halt the loss. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial relationships of normal spine shape
Authors: Dryden Ian L. , Oxborrow Neil , Dickson Robert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFamilial correlations in the spinal shape of children are explored using statistical shape analysis. Measurements of the spine on the surface of the back were taken using an optical device, and recorded for several hundred children from the Leeds area of the U.K. A portion of the spine from the distal thoracic to proximal lumbar spine was used for the analysis, and measures of the shape of the spine line were determined using Procrustes analysis and principal components (PCs) analysis. Analysis was carried out on scans repeated in triplicate and scans taken six months apart, and good repeatability was demonstrated. Four groups of children were considered in the main study: monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, same sex siblings and different sex siblings. Intra‐familial correlations were calculated for the shape measures, and also for age and sex matched unrelated controls. The second PC score (which measures possible lordosis) had significant positive correlation in the family groups. It was observed that the familial correlations were higher for the genetically closer groups. Also, the same sex siblings had higher correlation than the different sex siblings. All sibling groups showed greater correlation of sagittal profile for the second PC score than unrelated controls. A significant correlation was observed in same sex pairings for the control data. This work suggests that some elements of spinal profile may be familial but also shows correlation with sex. Both of these observations may be important in the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed models for ordinal data: A pharmacokinetic study on the effectiveness of drug for the reduction of epileptic seizures
Authors: Chakraborty Arindom , Das Kalyan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPopulation pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics analysis is considered as an important component of drug development process in these days. Owing to different standardization techniques in different laboratories, the drug concentrations in blood are reported in intervals in which they lie. For obvious reason the outcomes are then recorded as multiple discrete indicators with natural ordering. But in view of the reduced amount of information, the modeling of such data becomes intrinsically more difficult than that of continuous data. The primary concern in this study is to analyze a one‐compartmental PK model for ordinal data that can be used to describe the change in the concentration of drug over time. A flexible Monte Carlo EM‐based two‐step estimation method is proposed. Such a method is, in general, capable of analyzing a reasonably wide class of nonlinear mixed models. The modeling strategy is applied to a Phase I study of the drug Divalproex and its metabolite, developed for the treatment of epilepsy. The model's performance is evaluated through simulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized limits for energy extraction in a linear constant velocity flow field
Authors: Jamieson Peter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Lanchester–Betz limit has long been established as setting an upper bound on the power performance coefficient of an energy extraction device operating in isolation in a linear constant velocity flow field. However, the ideal limiting performance of energy extraction devices operating in conjunction with ducts, diffusers or any systems that further modify inflow local to the plane associated with energy extraction has not been previously established.The present analysis derives the limiting performance in such cases, with the Lanchester–Betz limit emerging as the special case of energy extraction in open flow. The key to this analysis is the characterization of an ideal system in terms of the axial induction that would exist at the plane of energy extraction in the absence of the energy extraction system. The concept of an ‘ideal system’ as one that matches the flow field in every state of loading of the energy extraction device is also crucial.Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of a system with a diffuser provides preliminary validation of the new theory. Generalization of the standard blade element theory is outlined, and the implications for the development of a rationalized design approach and optimization of a system with a rotor operating in a diffuser are addressed.The theory has obvious applicability to systems that are purposefully designed to augment flow, but a wider relevance to wind technology in situations where terrain or other wind turbines modify the flow field is also suggested. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil for Synthesizing Biodiesel by K/KOH/γ‐Al2O3 as Heterogeneous Base Catalyst
Authors: Ma Hongbin , Li Shufen , Wang Boyang , Wang Ruihong , Tian Songjiang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe heterogeneous base catalyst, γ‐Al2O3 loaded with KOH and K (K/KOH/γ‐Al2O3) was first prepared and used in the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The prepared catalyst was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that when γ‐Al2O3 is loaded with KOH and K, the Al–O–K species is produced, resulting in an increase in the catalytic activity. The impacts of catalyst preparation conditions on the catalytic activities of K/KOH/γ‐Al2O3 were investigated. The results demonstrate that the catalyst K/KOH/γ‐Al2O3 has high catalytic activity when the added amounts of KOH and K are 20 and 7.5 wt% respectively. The transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel with the prepared heterogeneous base catalyst was optimized. It was found that the yield of biodiesel can reach as high as 84.52% after 1 h reaction at 60°C, with a 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst amount of 4 wt%, and a stirring rate of 270 g.
Immunohistochemistry of Whole-Mount Mouse Embryos
Authors: Joyner Alex , Wall Nancy 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe technique presented this protocol is ideal for obtaining an overall, three-dimensional picture of the distribution of an antigen in embryos from the prestreak stage to ~10.5 dpc (days post-coitum). The embryos are fixed and permeabilized so that antibodies can penetrate all of the tissues. However, antibodies will not penetrate the embryo completely if it is too large, and so it is better to dissect specific organs (e.g., brain, lungs, and gut) and process them separately.
Preparation of Biodegradable Nanoparticles and Their Use in Transfection
Authors: Vasir Jaspreet K. , Labhasetwar Vinod 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONBiodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) are colloidal particles with a gene of interest encapsulated inside a polymeric matrix. They are typically 100 nm in diameter, and are formulated using FDA-approved, biodegradable, biocompatible polymers such as poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or polylactide (PLA). The NPs are taken up by cells via an endocytic process, and the encapsulated plasmid DNA entrapped in NPs is protected from degradation by both extra- and intracellular nucleases. It is released slowly, sustaining gene delivery and gene expression. In contrast, higher but transient gene expression is observed with lipid- or polymer-based complexes where most of the delivered DNA is available quickly for transfection. Thus, unlike other nonviral gene delivery systems, NPs thus constitute a sustained gene expression vector. Sustained gene expression is advantageous, especially when the half-life of the expressed protein is very low or when chronic gene delivery is required for therapeutic efficacy. This protocol describes a method for nanoencapsulation of DNA and the subsequent use of NPs for transfection.
The crassicornis species‐group of the genus Anotylusi (Staphylinidae)
Authors: HAMMOND P. M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe crassicornis Group of the genus Anotylus is defined and its species revised. Three of these, garambanus, opacifrons and quadricollis, are described as new; three new synonymies are recognized. A key is provided to the eight species, and the ranges of the species indicated by maps. The phylogeny of the species‐group is discussed, and illustrated by means of a cladogram.
The identification of British limnephilid larvae (Trichoptera)
Authors: Hliley P. D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFifty–six species of Limnephilidae have been recorded from Britain. Larvae of forty–three species were collected, and the identities of forty–two were confirmed by direct association of individual larvae with their resultant adult stage. Information was obtained on the larvae of twelve more species, leaving the larva of only onespecies, Limnephilus fuscinervis, unknown. A key is provided to the fifth instar larvae of fifty–four species. Limnephilus nigriceps is omitted from the keydue to lack of information. The terminology of morphological characters is reviewed.
A rationalized classification of the Burrower Bugs (Cydnidae)
Authors: DOLLING W. R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCydnidae are defined as those Pentatomoidea with setal combs at the apices of the coxae and a strigil on the ventral surface of the metathoracic wing. Eight subfamilies are recognized: Thaumastellinae, Amnestinae, Cydninae, Scaptocorinae, Sehirinae, Garsauriinae, Thyreocorinae (including only Thyreocoris, Carrabas and Strombosoma) and Corimelaeninae. Eumetopia is included in Corimelaeninae. Dismegistus is excluded from Cydnidae.
A new species of flea beetle (Alticinae) showing male‐biased feeding at withered Heliotropium plants
Authors: BOPPRÉ M. , SCHERER G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new species of chrysomelid beetle from Kenya is described and named Gabonia gabriela Scherer. Microscopic peculiarities of the male antennae are characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy. The males of G.gabriela are attracted to and feed at withered plants of the genus Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) at dusk. No females were found. It is assumed that feeding at Heliotropiumprovides pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), but the adaptive significance of the behaviour is not clear. The findings are discussed in the context of utilization of PAs by Lepidoptera.
The maple leaf‐cutter moth and its allies: a revision of Paraclemensia (Incurvariidae s.str.)
Authors: NIELSEN EBBE SCHMIDT 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Holarctic genus Paraclemensia Busck, 1904, is revised and eight species are recognized: cyanella (Zeller) [=europaea Davis] (Europe), caemlea (Issiki) comb.n. (Japan), viridis sp.n. (Japan), oligospina sp.n. (Japan), cyanea sp.n. (Japan), acerifoliella (Fitch) [=hiteiceps (Walker); =iridella (Chambers)] (U.S.A. and Canada), incerta (Christoph) comb.n. (Siberia and Japan) and monospina sp.n. (Japan). The monophyly of the genus is demonstrated and the phylogeny and biogeography of the species are discussed. P. acerifoliella from North America is regarded as most closely related to two of the eastern Palaearctic species, incerta and monospina. A key to species is provided, and adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated (or references are given to illustrations published elsewhere). Three lectotypes are designated. The genus‐group name ‡Tschabia Issiki is demonstrated to be nomenclaturally unavailable.
The larva ofPolposipus herculeanus, with observations on its biology and phylogeny (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae)
Authors: MARSHALL JANE E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The larva ofPolposipus herculeanusSolier from the Seychelles is described for the first time. An historical resume of the taxonomy and distribution of the species is given, along with biological and rearing notes. The relationships of the genus as indicated by larval characters are discussed and a summary of the known larvae of the Coelometopini and Tenebrionini groups of the Tenebrioninae is provided. Supplementary descriptions of the adult defensive glands, female reproductive tube and ovipositor are included and discussed with regard to the recent findings of Tschinkel & Doyen (1980) on the phylogeny of the Tenebrionidae.It is concluded thatPolposipusaccords in both larval and internal adult features to the Coelometopini group(sensuTschinkel & Doyen, 1980) and that the Misolampini (= Eutelini = Nodotelini), in whichPolposipusis at present placed, may be synonymous with the Coelometopinisensu stricto.Larval evidence also supports the view that the Coelometopini is closely allied to the Cnodalonini and Strongyliini which together comprise a group quite distinct from the Tenebrioninisensu stricto.