bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormones, receptors, and growth in hyperplastic enlarged lobular units: early potential precursors of breast cancer
Authors: Lee Sangjun , Mohsin Syed K , Mao Sufeng , Hilsenbeck Susan G , Medina Dan , Allred D Craig 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The hyperplastic enlarged lobular unit (HELU) is a common alteration in adult female human breast and is the earliest histologically identifiable lesion with premalignant potential. Growth and differentiation in normal epithelium are regulated by estrogen and progesterone, whose effects are mediated through estrogen receptor (ER)-α and progesterone receptor (PR). We assessed correlations between growth (proliferation and apoptosis), endogenous hormone levels (using age as a surrogate for menopausal/estrogen status), and ER-α/PR expression in HELUs versus adjacent normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) to gain insight into potentially premalignant hyperplasia.

Methods
Proliferation (Ki67 antigen), ER-α, and PR were assessed by immunohistochemistry, apoptosis using the TUNEL (terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling) assay, and nuclear colocalization of ER-α and Ki67 by dual-labeled immunofluorescence in HELUs and adjacent TDLUs (n = 100–584, depending on the factor) from 324 breasts. All factors were quantified under direct microscopic visualization. ER-α/PR expression was semiquantified by estimating the proportion of positive cells (0 = none, 1 = <1/100, 2 = 1/100 to 1/10, 3 = 1/10 to 1/3, 4 = 1/3 to 2/3, and 5 = >2/3). Ki67, TUNEL, and colocalization of ER-α and Ki67 were scored by absolute counting (%positive).

Results
ER-α and PR expression were significantly elevated in HELUs versus adjacent TLDUs (average score: 4.5 versus 3.1 and 3.5 versus 2.1; P < 0.0001). Proliferation was also significantly higher in HELUs versus TDLUs (average 6.3% versus 2.0%; P < 0.0001). In contrast, apoptosis was significantly lower in HELUs versus TDLUs (average 0.61% versus 0.22%; P < 0.0001). Changes in proliferation and receptor expression were similar between premenopausal and postmenopausal TDLUs and HELUs, suggesting that hyperplastic cells remain responsive to regulation by estrogen. The proportion of ER-positive/proliferating cells was much higher in HELUs than TDLUs (27.6% vs. 4.9%; P < .0001).

Conclusion
Development of HELUs is associated with increased proliferation and decreased cell death relative to normal cells. ER-α and PR are highly elevated in HELUs, which may contribute to the hyperplasia because they mediate hormonal regulation of growth. An understanding of the fundamental causes of increased levels of receptors and growth may lead to new strategies to prevent breast cancer.
Primary and secondary transcriptional effects in the developing human Down syndrome brain and heart
Authors: Mao Rong , Wang Xiaowen , Spitznagel Edward L , Frelin Laurence P , Ting Jason C , Ding Huashi , Kim Jung-whan , Ruczinski Ingo , Downey Thomas J , Pevsner Jonathan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Background
Down syndrome, caused by trisomic chromosome 21, is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation. Recent studies demonstrated that dosage-dependent increases in chromosome 21 gene expression occur in trisomy 21. However, it is unclear whether the entire transcriptome is disrupted, or whether there is a more restricted increase in the expression of those genes assigned to chromosome 21. Also, the statistical significance of differentially expressed genes in human Down syndrome tissues has not been reported.

Results
We measured levels of transcripts in human fetal cerebellum and heart tissues using DNA microarrays and demonstrated a dosage-dependent increase in transcription across different tissue/cell types as a result of trisomy 21. Moreover, by having a larger sample size, combining the data from four different tissue and cell types, and using an ANOVA approach, we identified individual genes with significantly altered expression in trisomy 21, some of which showed this dysregulation in a tissue-specific manner. We validated our microarray data by over 5,600 quantitative real-time PCRs on 28 genes assigned to chromosome 21 and other chromosomes. Gene expression values from chromosome 21, but not from other chromosomes, accurately classified trisomy 21 from euploid samples. Our data also indicated functional groups that might be perturbed in trisomy 21.

Conclusions
In Down syndrome, there is a primary transcriptional effect of disruption of chromosome 21 gene expression, without a pervasive secondary effect on the remaining transcriptome. The identification of dysregulated genes and pathways suggests molecular changes that may underlie the Down syndrome phenotypes.
The new role of D-dimer as a predictor of recurrent venous thromboembolism D-Dimere: Ihre neue Rolle als Prädiktoren für rezidivierende venöse Thromboembolien
Authors: Cosmi Benilde , Palareti Gualtiero 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) tends to recur after oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) withdrawal, regardless of the duration of treatment. As a result, the optimal duration of OAT after VTE is still a matter of debate. Patients are currently stratified in risk categories for recurrence on the basis of the clinical characteristics of the index event. Distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or VTE due to a transient risk factor are associated with a low risk of recurrence and a brief three-month course of anticoagulation is usually recommended. An event which is either idiopathic or with known thrombophilic defects, such as FV Leiden or the G20120A prothrombin mutation, is associated with a high risk of recurrence and an OAT course of at least six months is recommended.
More recently, D-dimer (D-d) levels have been shown to be additional risk factors for recurrence. D-d has been evaluated both during OAT and after its withdrawal. In some patients, after VTE D-d levels are persistently elevated during anticoagulation in spite of apparently adequate antithrombotic treatment, which could indicate insufficient anticoagulation. D-d is more frequently altered during anticoagulation in patients with idiopathic or cancer-associated VTE than with secondary VTE. After idiopathic DVT, the time spent at near normal International Normalized Ratio (INR) values (<1.5) during the first three months of OAT is associated with higher D-d values measured during OAT and after its interruption and is a significant risk factor for late VTE recurrences. Moreover, altered D-d significantly increases the risk of recurrence associated with inherited thrombophilic conditions, while residual venous obstruction does not increase the risk of recurrence associated with abnormal D-d. Results of a management study (PROLONG study) indicate that subjects with negative D-d at one month after OAT withdrawal have a low risk of recurrence, while those with altered D-d have a significantly higher risk and deserve prolonged OAT treatment.
ZNS-Proteine im Liquor: Einflussfaktoren auf ihre Konzentration im Liquor und klinische Relevanz Brain specific proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): factors influencing their concentration in CSF and clinical relevance
Authors: Tumani Hayrettin , Brettschneider Johannes 
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung
Lösliche ZNS-Proteine können als Marker für Krankheitsaktivität und die Beurteilung von Therapieeffekten nützlich sein. Die Kenntnis der Herkunft der ZNS-Proteine erlaubt es, zellspezifische Reaktionen zu erkennen und Pathomechanismen genauer zu studieren.
Der Liquorraum wird vom vaskulären System getrennt durch die Blut-Liquor-Schranke. Zuverlässigster Laborparameter für die Beurteilung der Blut-Liquor-Schranke ist der Liquor/Serum-Konzentrationsquotient des Albumins (Qalb). Eine Erhöhung des Qalb als Ausdruck einer “Dysfunktion” der Blut-Liquor-Schranke findet sich bei unterschiedlichen neurologischen Erkrankungen. Als zugrunde liegende Pathomechanismen werden eine Verlangsamung der Liquorzirkulation und ein Anstieg der Permeabilität an den Liquor-nahen Kapillaren diskutiert. Das ausschließlich aus dem ZNS stammende Liquorprotein Beta-Trace kann einen Beitrag zur Klärung des Pathomechanismus von Schrankenstörungen unklarer Ätiologie leisten. Die Konzentration der ZNS-Proteine im Liquor läßt keinen Zusammenhang mit der Molekülgröße bzw. dem Molekulargewicht erkennen. Dagegen kann die Lokalisation eines pathologischen Prozesses im Gehirn die Konzentration von Liquorproteinen wesentlich beeinflussen. Bestimmte Regionen des Gehirns, z.B. frontale, parietale oder occipitale Rindenareale gelten als Liquor-fern. Entzündliche Prozesse in diesen Regionen können mit einem normalen lumbalen Liquorbefund einhergehen. Am Beispiel des Tau-Proteins und anderer Liquorproteine wurde gezeigt, dass Liquorproteine neuronalen und glialen Ursprungs bei sehr unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen pathologisch erhöhte Konzentrationen aufweisen können. Diese fehlende Spezifität der Liquorproteine schränkt die klinische Relevanz deutlich ein. Andererseits zeigten insbesondere Untersuchungen zur Liquordiagnostik dementieller Erkrankungen, dass krankheitsspezifische Informationen durch Liquorproteine dann möglich sind, wenn Kombinationen mehrerer Parameter untersucht werden.
Die Wertigkeit der quantitativen und qualitativen IgG Analyse im Liquor Quality rating of quantitative and qualitative IgG analysis in liquor
Authors: Mayringer Irmgard , Deisenhammer Florian 
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung
Die intrathekale IgG Synthese kann zum einen quantitativ und zum anderen qualitativ nachgewiesen werden und ist oftmals ein wichtiges Kriterium zur endgültigen Diagnosestellung vor allem bei demyelinisierenden Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems (z. B. der Multiplen Sklerose). Die qualitative IgG Bestimmung mittels isoelektrischer Fokussierung ist die Methode mit der höchsten Sensitivität und ist daher als erste Wahl zu empfehlen. Die quantitative Bestimmung hat den Vorteil der wesentlich rascheren Verfügbarkeit und kann im Falle eines positiven Ergebnisses als Nachweis einer intrathekalen IgG Synthese gewertet werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die gängigsten Methoden und ihre Wertigkeit in der neurologischen Labordiagnostik besprochen.
An Integrated Approach to the Determination and Consequences of Residual Stress on the Fatigue Performance of Welded Aircraft Structures
Authors: Edwards L , Fitzpatrick ME , Irving PE , Sinclair I , Zhang X , Yapp D 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Although residual stress in welded structures and components has long been known to have an effect on their fatigue performance, access to reliable, spatially accurate residual stress field data has been limited. Recent advances in neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction allow a far more detailed picture of weld residual stress fields to be obtained that permits the development and use of predictive models that can be used for accurate design against fatigue in aircraft structures. This paper describes a fully integrated study of the three-dimensional residual stress distribution accompanying state-of-the-art fusion welds in 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, and how it is affected by subsequent machining and service loading. A particular feature of this work has been the development of techniques allowing the nondestructive evaluation of the residual stress field in the full range of specimens used to provide the design data required for welded aircraft structures and the integration of this information into all aspects of damage tolerant design.
Trends in High Temperature Structural Integrity Assessment
Authors: Webster GA 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFailure in components that may contain defects and that operate at elevated temperatures can occur by creep, fatigue, or fast fracture, or some combination of these processes. Frequently, these components include welds and repairs to welds. Codes and standards are available for assessing the structural integrity of these types of components. This paper addresses the main issues of concern in making safety assessments and reliable lifetime predictions for situations where creep processes dominate. Emphasis is placed on the creep component of cracking. Initially, models of crack initiation and growth are reviewed. The creep fracture mechanics parameter C* is used to make predictions. The influence of constraint on the mechanisms responsible for void nucleation and growth is considered and creep crack growth rate laws derived. Methods of calculating C* in components from the plastic fracture mechanics parameter J or, approximately, from stress intensity factor K and limit analysis using reference stress concepts are described. A procedure for making remaining life assessments for cracking into progressively deteriorating material is considered. Techniques for dealing with an initial transient phase, or incubation period, during which damage builds up at a crack tip are presented. An indication of the scatter to be expected in creep crack growth data, for use in sensitivity studies, is provided. The role of residual stress on the early stages of cracking and subsequent crack propagation is discussed.
Fast Neutron Dosimetry and Spectrometry Using Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Detectors
Authors: Ruddy FH , Seidel JG , Dulloo AR 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Silicon carbide semiconductor neutron detectors have been irradiated with 252Cf fission neutrons, thermal-neutron induced fission neutrons from 235U, and 14-MeV neutrons from a deuterium-tritium neutron generator. In the latter case, reaction peaks corresponding to 12C(n, α)9Be and 28Si(n, α)25Mg reactions have been observed. Multiple reaction branches to the 25Mg ground state and several excited states are observed for the 28Si(n, α)25Mg reaction, and the detector energy calibration for these reactions can be derived from the peak positions. Although only the ground state branch is observed for the 12C(n, α)9Be reaction, the shift of the reaction energy with angle relative to the 14-MeV source can be used to derive an energy scale based on this reaction. These energy response measurements will form the basis for neutron spectrum unfolding methods for inferring incident neutron energy spectra from the resulting recoil-ion energy spectra in silicon carbide detectors.
High-Speed Balancing of Rotors with Overhangs: When Is Overhang Likely to Cause Problems?
Authors: Hidalgo JI , Dhingra AK 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In high-speed balancing of flexible rotors with overhangs, it is important to determine ahead of time if the overhang needs to be restrained while the rotor is being tested in the bunker. This is done by adding a stub shaft to the rotor and a third pedestal to the overall system. Since the bearing properties are rarely known precisely and have a considerable influence on the rotor's dynamics, the model complexity increases tremendously if a third pedestal is needed during the balancing operation. From a balance engineer's viewpoint, it is therefore important to know ahead of time, without modeling the entire rotor, if the overhangs are likely to cause a problem during the balancing operation. This paper presents a criterion for identifying rotors with shaft overhangs that are likely to exhibit dangerous behavior while balancing. The proposed approach provides quick estimates of the L-mode frequency of the overhang using the influence coefficients and Dunkerley's formula. Two additional criteria based on further simplifications of the influence coefficient approach are also presented. Numerical results from four industrial rotors recently balanced indicate that the proposed methods are effective in determining the need for a third pedestal without having to resort to extensive rotor modeling.
Control of Noise and Specimen Temperature During 1 kHz Fatigue Experiments
Authors: Tian H , Fielden D , Kirkham MJ , Liaw PK 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Both sound-proofing and sound-conditioning methods were employed in the construction of a sound-insulation room to house a 1 kHz servohydraulic fatigue testing machine to protect researchers from excessive noises caused by the running machine. The “box inside a box” construction and acoustical foams were used to improve the sound insulation of the room. Special attention was paid to a door, a window, and cable holes. In addition, the specimen self-heating effect during a high-frequency fatigue experiment was found to influence the fatigue life of materials. The specimen temperature in air during fatigue tests at 700 Hz is much higher than at 10 Hz. The fatigue resistance was lessened by a higher specimen temperature. A cooling method using nitrogen gas was employed to control the specimen temperature during fatigue testing. The fatigue lives of specimens in air were generally longer for the tests conducted at 700 Hz with cooling using nitrogen gas, as compared to those without cooling, and were comparable with those at 10 Hz in air.
Characterization of an Experimental Indoor Larval Production System for Red Snapper
Authors: Ogle John T , Lotz Jeffrey M 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Over the past several years, we have developed an experimental-scale rearing system for larval red snapper Lutjanus campechanus that combines extensive outdoor production of live-feed zooplankton with intensive larval fish rearing. The salient features of the system are (1) use of size-graded copepods as live feed; (2) culture in clear water; (3) three-phase water management consisting of an initial static water phase followed by a volume-doubling phase in which water is gradually added and, finally, a recirculation-biofiltration phase; (4) a lowered salinity of 25 g/L water; and (5) an indoor location at constant temperature under artificial light. A total of 19,835 juvenile red snapper were produced from 12 larval rearing tanks in three separate batches with an overall survival of 16.5%. Survival varied from 1% to 31% in individual larval rearing tanks. Water quality variables (oxygen, temperature, salinity, total and un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, and alkalinity) were not significantly correlated with larval fish survival. A mean number of 5.36 copepods/mL was added daily to larval tanks during the culture period, with a range of 0.57–23.48 copepods/mL. There was no correlation between mean feed rates and survival in individual tanks. The mean residual copepods per milliliter averaged 2.24, with a range of from 0 to 15.86. There was a significant negative correlation between residual copepod density and survival.
Defining a Developmental Path to Neural Fate by Global Expression Profiling of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Aiba Kazuhiro , Sharov Alexei A. , Carter Mark G. , Foroni Chiara , Vescovi Angelo L. , Ko Minoru S.H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo understand global features of gene expression changes during in vitro neural differentiation, we carried out the microarray analysis of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), embryonal carcinoma cells, and adult neural stem/progenitor (NS) cells. Expression profiling of ESCs during differentiation in monolayer culture revealed three distinct phases: undifferentiated ESCs, primitive ectoderm-like cells, and neural progenitor cells. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that these cells were aligned on PC1 over the course of 6 days. This PC1 represents approximately 4,000 genes, the expression of which increased with neural commitment/differentiation. Furthermore, NS cells derived from adult brain and their differentiated cells were positioned along this PC axis further away from undifferentiated ESCs than embryonic stem–derived neural progenitors. We suggest that this PC1 defines a path to neural fate, providing a scale for the degree of commitment/differentiation.
Single‐Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Ameliorative Effect of Oridonin on Septic Liver Injury
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Qian , Wong Yin Kwan , Luo Piao , Chen Junhui , Xie Lulin , Chen Jiayun , He Xueling , Shi Fei , Gong Ping , Liu Xueyan , Wang Jigang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSepsis is a life‐threatening syndrome leading to hemodynamic instability and potential organ dysfunction. Oridonin, commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), exhibits significant anti‐inflammation activity. To explore the protective mechanisms of oridonin against the pathophysiological changes, the authors conducted single‐cell transcriptome (scRNA‐seq) analysis on septic liver models induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). They obtained a total of 63,486 cells, distributed across 11 major cell clusters, and concentrated their analysis on four specific clusters (hepatocytes/Heps, macrophages, endothelial/Endos and T/NK) based on their changes in proportion during sepsis and under oridonin treatment. Firstly, biological changes in Hep, which are related to metabolic dysregulation and pro‐inflammatory signaling, are observed during sepsis. Secondly, they uncovered the dynamic profiles of macrophage's phenotype, indicating that a substantial number of macrophages exhibited a M1‐skewed phenotype associated with pro‐inflammatory characteristics in septic model. Thirdly, they detected an upregulation of both inflammatory cytokines and transcriptomic factor Nfkb1 expression within Endo, along with slight capillarization during sepsis. Moreover, excessive accumulation of cytotoxic NK led to an immune imbalance. Though, oridonin ameliorated inflammatory‐related responses and improved the liver dysfunction in septic mice. This study provides fundamental evidence of the protective effects of oridonin against sepsis‐induced cytokine storm.
Identification and evaluation of the evolution stage of the agricultural machinery industry cluster in Shandong Province
Authors: He Qiong , Li Qixiao , Wan Zhenlong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAgricultural machinery industry clusters have great potential to solve key technological problems in China, and it is crucial to accurately identify the stage of cluster evolution. Based on the location entropy method, this paper finds that the location quotient coefficient is greater than 1.2 and the average annual growth rate is 1.11%, which indicates that the agricultural machinery industry in Shandong Province has a high degree of agglomeration, but the agglomeration speed is slow. Using the Groundings agglomeration—Economic network—Social network—Service system model, it is found that the agricultural machinery industry cluster in Shandong province is in the growth stage, in which the service system has the most significant influence on its development level. The weights of service system, social network, economic network, and basic resource aggregation derived from the Analytic Hierarchy Process model are 0.410, 0.321, 0.151, and 0.118, respectively, where agglomeration degree of the agricultural machinery industry, raw material production of agricultural machinery enterprises, exchange of tacit knowledge and intermediary service level are the four indicators with the greatest weights in the influences on sustainable development of the agricultural machinery industry. Because of the strong fuzzy nature between the indicators, this paper applies the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method to quantify the stage of evolution of Shandong Province's agricultural machinery industry cluster.