bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verification of Surface Temperature Forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database over the Western United States
Authors: Myrick David T. , Horel John D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Experimental gridded forecasts of surface temperature issued by National Weather Service offices in the western United States during the 2003/04 winter season (18 November 2003–29 February 2004) are evaluated relative to surface observations and gridded analyses. The 5-km horizontal resolution gridded forecasts issued at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times at 12-h intervals from 12 to 168 h were obtained from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Forecast accuracy and skill are determined relative to observations at over 3000 locations archived by MesoWest. Forecast quality is also determined relative to Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses at 20-km resolution that are interpolated to the 5-km NDFD grid as well as objective analyses obtained from the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System that rely upon the MesoWest observations and RUC analyses. For the West as a whole, the experimental temperature forecasts issued at 0000 UTC during the 2003/04 winter season exhibit skill at lead times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h on the basis of several verification approaches. Subgrid-scale temperature variations and observational and analysis errors undoubtedly contribute some uncertainty regarding these results. Even though the “true” values appropriate to evaluate the forecast values on the NDFD grid are unknown, it is estimated that the root-mean-square errors of the NDFD temperature forecasts are on the order of 3°C at lead times shorter than 48 h and greater than 4°C at lead times longer than 120 h. However, such estimates are derived from only a small fraction of the NDFD grid boxes. Incremental improvements in forecast accuracy as a result of forecaster adjustments to the 0000 UTC temperature grids from 144- to 24-h lead times are estimated to be on the order of 13%.
A Preliminary Study of Severe Wind-Producing MCSs in Environments of Limited Moisture
Authors: Corfidi Stephen F. , Corfidi Sarah J. , Imy David A. , Logan Allen L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
An examination of severe wind-producing mesoscale convective systems that occur in environments of very limited moisture is presented. Such systems, herein referred to as low-dewpoint derechos (LDDs), are difficult to forecast as they form in regions where the level of convective instability is well below that normally associated with severe convective weather. Using a dataset consisting of 12 LDDs that affected various parts of the continental United States, composite surface and upper-level analyses are constructed. These are used to identify factors that appear to be associated with LDD initiation and sustenance. It is shown that LDDs occur in mean kinematic and thermodynamic patterns notably different from those associated with most derechos. LDDs typically form along or just ahead of cold fronts, in the exit region of strong, upper-level jet streaks. Based on the juxtaposition of features in the composite analysis, it appears that linear forcing for ascent provided by the front, and/or ageostrophic circulations associated with the jet streak, induce the initial convective development where the lower levels are relatively dry, but lapse rates are steep. This convection subsequently grows upscale as storm downdrafts merge. The data further suggest that downstream cell propagation follows in the form of sequential, downwind-directed microbursts. Largely unidirectional wind profiles promote additional downwind-directed storm development and system sustenance until the LDD ultimately moves beyond the region supportive of forced convective initiation.
An Observational Examination of Long-Lived Supercells. Part I: Characteristics, Evolution, and Demise
Authors: Bunkers Matthew J. , Hjelmfelt Mark R. , Smith Paul L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Observations of supercells and their longevity across the central and eastern United States are examined, with the primary focus on understanding the properties of long-lived supercells (defined as supercells lasting ≥4 h). A total of 224 long-lived supercells, occurring in 184 separate events, are investigated. These properties are compared with those of short-lived supercells (lifetimes ≤2 h) to determine the salient differences between the two classifications. A key finding is that long-lived supercells are considerably more isolated and discrete than short-lived supercells; as a result, the demise of a long-lived supercell (i.e., the end of the supercell phase) is often signaled by a weakening of the storm’s circulation and/or a rapid dissipation of the thunderstorm. In contrast, short-lived supercells commonly experience a demise linked to storm mergers and convective transitions (e.g., evolution to a bow echo). Also noteworthy, 36% of the long-lived supercell events were associated with strong or violent tornadoes (F2–F5), compared with only 8% for the short-lived supercell events. Evolutionary characteristics of long-lived supercells vary geographically across the United States, with the largest contrasts between the north-central United States and the Southeast. For example, 86% of the long-lived supercells across the north-central United States were isolated for most of their lifetime, whereas only 35% of those in the Southeast displayed this characteristic. Not surprisingly, the convective mode was discrete for 70% of the long-lived supercell events across the north-central United States, compared with 39% for the Southeast.
Validation of Polarimetric Hail Detection
Authors: Heinselman Pamela L. , Ryzhkov Alexander V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study describes, illustrates, and validates hail detection by a simplified version of the National Severe Storms Laboratory’s fuzzy logic polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA). The HCA uses four radar variables: reflectivity, differential reflectivity, cross-correlation coefficient, and “reflectivity texture” to classify echoes as rain mixed with hail, ground clutter–anomalous propagation, biological scatterers (insects, birds, and bats), big drops, light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain. Diagnostic capabilities of HCA, such as detection of hail, are illustrated for a variety of storm environments using polarimetric radar data collected mostly during the Joint Polarimetric Experiment (JPOLE; 28 April–13 June 2003). Hail classification with the HCA is validated using 47 rain and hail reports collected by storm-intercept teams during JPOLE. For comparison purposes, probability of hail output from the Next-Generation Weather Radar Hail Detection Algorithm (HDA) is validated using the same ground truth. The anticipated polarimetric upgrade of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler network drives this direct comparison of performance. For the four examined cases, contingency table statistics show that the HCA outperforms the HDA. The superior performance of the HCA results primary from the algorithm’s lack of false alarms compared to the HDA. Statistical significance testing via bootstrapping indicates that differences in the probability of detection and critical success index between the algorithms are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, whereas differences in the false alarm rate and Heidke skill score are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level.
Production of interferons by dendritic cells, plasmacytoid cells, natural killer cells, and interferon-producing killer dendritic cells
Authors: Vremec David , O'Keeffe Meredith , Hochrein Hubertus , Fuchsberger Martina , Caminschi Irina , Lahoud Mireille , Shortman Ken 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe capacity of mouse spleen conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-α was assessed, and compared with that of natural killer (NK) cells and the recently identified interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs), both of which are frequent contaminants in DC preparations. Fully developed cDCs or pDCs, if free of NK cells or IKDCs, showed little capacity for IFN-γ production. However, an early developmental form of the CD4−8+ cDC subtype, and the Ly6C− Ly49Q− pDC subtype, both were able to produce moderate amounts of IFN-γ, although less than IKDCs. In response to toll-like receptor 9 stimuli, both the Ly6C+ Ly49Q+ and the Ly6C− Ly49Q− pDC subtypes were effective producers of IFN-α. However, IKDCs, which efficiently produced IFN-γ and showed immediate cytotoxicity on NK target cells, did not produce IFN-α un-der these conditions.
Differential Noxa/Mcl-1 balance in peripheral versus lymph node chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlates with survival capacity
Authors: Smit Laura A. , Hallaert Delfine Y.H. , Spijker René , de Goeij Bart , Jaspers Annelieke , Kater Arnon P. , van Oers Marinus H.J. , van Noesel Carel J.M. , Eldering Eric 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe gradual accumulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells is presumed to derive from proliferation centers in lymph nodes and bone marrow. To what extent these cells possess the purported antiapoptotic phenotype of peripheral B-CLL cells is unknown. Recently, we have described that, in B-CLL samples from peripheral blood, aberrant apoptosis gene expression was not limited to protective changes but also included increased levels of proapoptotic BH3-only member Noxa. Here, we compare apoptosis gene profiles from peripheral blood B-CLL (n = 15) with lymph node B-CLL (> 90% CD5+/CD19+/CD23+ lymphocytes with Ki67+ centers; n = 9). Apart from expected differences in Survivin and Bcl-xL, a prominent distinction with peripheral B-CLL cells was the decreased averaged level of Noxa in lymph nodes. Mcl-1 protein expression showed a reverse trend. Noxa expression could be reduced also in vitro by CD40 stimulation of peripheral blood B-CLL. Direct manipulation of Noxa protein levels was achieved by proteasome inhibition in B-CLL and via RNAi in model cell lines. In each instance, cell viability was directly linked with Noxa levels. These data indicate that suppression of Noxa in the lymph node environment contributes to the persistence of B-CLL at these sites and suggest that therapeutic targeting of Noxa might be beneficial.
Donor antibodies to HNA-3a implicated in TRALI reactions prime neutrophils and cause PMN-mediated damage to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in a two-event in vitro model
Authors: Silliman Christopher C. , Curtis Brian R. , Kopko Patricia M. , Khan Samina Y. , Kelher Marguerite R. , Schuller Randy M. , Sannoh Baindu , Ambruso Daniel R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality. Antibodies to HNA-3a are commonly implicated in TRALI. We hypothesized that HNA-3a antibodies prime neutrophils (PMNs) and cause PMN-mediated cytotoxicity through a two-event pathogenesis. Isolated HNA-3a+ or HNA-3a− PMNs were incubated with plasma containing HNA-3a antibodies implicated in TRALI, and their ability to prime the oxidase was measured. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were activated with endotoxin or buffer, HNA-3a+ or HNA-3a− PMNs were added, and the coculture was incubated with plasma ± antibodies to HNA-3a. PMN-mediated damage was measured by counting viable HMVECs/mm2. Plasma containing HNA-3a antibodies primed the fMLP-activated respiratory burst of HNA-3a+, but not HNA-3a−, PMNs and elicited PMN-mediated damage of LPS-activated HMVECs when HNA-3a+, but not HNA-3a−, PMNs were used. Thus, antibodies to HNA-3a primed PMNs and caused PMN-mediated HMVEC cytotoxicity in a two-event model identical to biologic response modifiers implicated in TRALI.
Toll-like receptors and their ligands control mesenchymal stem cell functions
Authors: Pevsner-Fischer Meirav , Morad Vered , Cohen-Sfady Michal , Rousso-Noori Liat , Zanin-Zhorov Alexandra , Cohen Shmuel , Cohen Irun R. , Zipori Dov 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widespread in adult organisms and may be involved in tissue maintenance and repair as well as in the regulation of hematopoiesis and immunologic responses. Thus, it is important to discover the factors controlling MSC renewal and differentiation. Here we report that adult MSCs express functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs), confirmed by the responses of MSCs to TLR ligands. Pam3Cys, a prototypic TLR-2 ligand, augmented interleukin-6 secretion by MSC, induced nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) translocation, reduced MSC basal motility, and increased MSC proliferation. The hallmark of MSC function is the capacity to differentiate into several mesodermal lineages. We show herein that Pam3Cys inhibited MSC differentiation into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cells while sparing their immunosuppressive effect. Our study therefore shows that a TLR ligand can antagonize MSC differentiation triggered by exogenous mediators and consequently maintains the cells in an undifferentiated and proliferating state in vitro. Moreover, MSCs derived from myeloid factor 88 (MyD88)–deficient mice lacked the capacity to differentiate effectively into osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. It appears that TLRs and their ligands can serve as regulators of MSC proliferation and differentiation and might affect the maintenance of MSC multipotency.
Mad2 is required for optimal hematopoiesis: Mad2 associates with c-Kit in MO7e cells
Authors: Ito Shigeki , Mantel Charlie R. , Han Myung-Kwan , Basu Sunanda , Fukuda Seiji , Cooper Scott , Broxmeyer Hal E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMitotic arrest deficiency 2 (Mad2) is a component of mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins and is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. We investigated a role for Mad2 in hematopoiesis using Mad2-haploinsufficient (Mad2+/−) mice. Mad2+/− bone marrow (BM) and spleen manifested decreased absolute numbers and cycling status of immature, but not mature, hematopoietic progenitor cells. Mad2+/− BM granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GMs) did not manifest synergistic proliferation in response to stem cell factor (SCF) plus GM-CSF. The percentage of annexin V+ cells was higher in Mad2+/− than Mad2+/+c-Kit+lin− BM after culture with SCF and GM-CSF. However, no significant difference in phosphorylation of extracellular signal–related kinase (Erk1/2) at Thr202/Tyr204 and Akt at Ser473 between Mad2+/− and Mad2+/+BM c-Kit+lin− cells was observed. Immunoprecipitation assays performed in human MO7e cells demonstrated physical association of c-Kit with Mad2. Moreover, stimulation with SCF plus GM-CSF led to dissociation of Mad2 from c-Kit. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Mad2 colocalized with c-Kit in the cytoplasm of MO7e cells. These results suggest that Mad2 is involved in synergistic growth of immature hematopoietic progenitor cells in response to SCF plus GM-CSF, effects that may be mediated via physical association of Mad2 with c-Kit.
The oncoprotein LMO2 is expressed in normal germinal-center B cells and in human B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Natkunam Yasodha , Zhao Shuchun , Mason David Y. , Chen Jun , Taidi Behnaz , Jones Margaret , Hammer Anne S. , Hamilton Dutoit Stephen , Lossos Izidore S. , Levy Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe previously developed a multivariate model based on the RNA expression of 6 genes (LMO2, BCL6, FN1, CCND2, SCYA3, and BCL2) that predicts survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Since LMO2 emerged as the strongest predictor of superior outcome, we generated a monoclonal anti-LMO2 antibody in order to study its tissue expression pattern. Immunohistologic analysis of over 1200 normal and neoplastic tissue and cell lines showed that LMO2 protein is expressed as a nuclear marker in normal germinal-center (GC) B cells and GC-derived B-cell lines and in a subset of GC-derived B-cell lymphomas. LMO2 was also expressed in erythroid and myeloid precursors and in megakaryocytes and also in lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemias. It was rarely expressed in mature T, natural killer (NK), and plasma cell neoplasms and was absent from nonhematolymphoid tissues except for endothelial cells. Hierarchical cluster analysis of immunohistologic data in DLBCL demonstrated that the expression profile of the LMO2 protein was similar to that of other GC-associated proteins (HGAL, BCL6, and CD10) but different from that of non-GC proteins (MUM1/IRF4 and BCL2). Our results warrant inclusion of LMO2 in multivariate analyses to construct a clinically applicable immunohistologic algorithm for predicting survival in patients with DLBCL.
Hereditary hemochromatosis results in decreased iron acquisition and growth byMycobacterium tuberculosiswithin human macrophages
Authors: Olakanmi Oyebode , Schlesinger Larry S , Britigan Bradley E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIron (Fe) acquisition is essential for the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). How thisoccurs is poorly understood. Hereditary hemochromatosis is an inherited disease in which most cells become overloaded with Fe. However, hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages have lower than normal levels of intracellular Fe. This suggests M.tb growth should be slower in those cells if macrophage intracellular Fe is used by M.tb. Therefore, we compared trafficking and acquisition of transferrin (Tf)- and lactoferrin (Lf)-chelated Fe by M.tb within the phagosome of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from healthy controls and subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis. M.tb in both sets of macrophages acquired more Fe from Lf than Tf. Fe acquisition by M.tb within hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages was decreased by 84% from Tf and 92% from Lf relative to that in healthy control macrophages. There was no difference in Fe acquired from Tf and Lf by the two macrophage phenotypes. Both acquired 3 times more Fe from Lf than Tf. M.tb infection and incubation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) reduced macrophage Fe acquisition by 20% and 50%, respectively. Both Tf and Lf colocalized with M.tb phagosomes to a similar extent, independent of macrophage phenotype. M.tb growth was 50% less in hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages. M.tb growing within macrophages from subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis acquire less Fe compared with healthy controls. This is associated with reduced growth of M.tb. These data support a role for macrophage intracellular Fe as a source for M.tb growth.
The Suitability of the Osmotic Technique for the Long-term Testing of Partly Saturated Soils
Authors: Monroy R , Ridley A , Dineen K , Zdravkovic L 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The understanding of partly saturated soil behavior can be enhanced with the help of additional specialist testing in the laboratory. From the various techniques available to do so at present, the osmotic technique is probably the simplest one. However, there are concerns with the response of this system over time, and in particular its ability to sustain suctions for long periods of time. In this study, the response of a synthetic semi-permeable membrane in conjunction with a solution of high molecular weight has been investigated. The behavior of the osmotic system has been studied both in isolation and in full scale tests, by incorporating it into a purposely built oedometer. Not only was it possible to establish a calibration curve of osmotic potential versus concentration of solution but, additionally, it was possible to perform tests which extended for up to five months. The results suggest that with the correct choice of semi-permeable membrane and solution, it should be possible to use the osmotic technique in a satisfactory manner to perform any desired test on partly saturated soils, regardless of its duration.
Prediction of Texture in Cold Flat Rolling of Aluminum Using an Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Model
Authors: Young MJ , Choi SK , Thomson PF 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A continuum dynamic relaxation finite element (FE) model of rolling was used to obtain the boundary conditions for a FE texture model. Grain-to-grain interaction was included successfully, although grains were represented by only one element. Texture in the rolled sheet was predicted well, to moderate deformations, even without including material-specific features of deformation. The transition from a shear texture to a plane strain compression texture in AA3004 as roll diameter increased was predicted successfully. The volume fractions of the major components of texture in the surface and the center of the strip agreed with those previously reported for aluminum alloy 3004.
Microarray Analyses Support a Role for Nurr1 in Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Differentiation in Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Sousa Kyle M. , Mira Helena , Hall Anita C. , Jansson-Sjöstrand Lottie , Kusakabe Moriaki , Arenas Ernest 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNurr1 is an orphan nuclear receptor required for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To better understand the molecular consequences of Nurr1 expression, we compared the transcriptomes of two independent control and Nurr1-expressing NSC lines using Affymetrix cDNA microarrays. These data reveal the regulation of genes involved in promoting cell survival (trophic/growth factors and stress response genes) and in preventing cell death (decreased caspase-3 and caspase-11 expression). We found that conditioned medium from Nurr1-expressing NSC lines enhanced the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures and that Nurr1-expressing NSC lines themselves were more resistant to oxidative stress. These findings are accompanied by a dynamic pattern of gene regulation that is consistent with a role for Nurr1 in promoting both the acquisition of brain-region-specific identity (Engrailed-1) and neuronal differentiation (tubulin β III). Interestingly, our gene expression profiles suggested that tenascin-C was regulated by Nurr1 in developing dopaminergic neurons. This was further confirmed in vitro and in Nurr1 knockout mice where low levels of tenascin-C mRNA were observed. Analysis of tenascin-C-null mice revealed an increase in the number of Nurr1+ cells that become tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) dopaminergic neurons at embryonic day 11.5, suggesting that tenascin-C normally delays the acquisition of TH by Nurr1+ precursors. Thus, our results confirm the presence of both secreted and cell-intrinsic survival signals modulated by Nurr1 and suggest that Nurr1 is a key regulator of both survival and dopaminergic differentiation.
Mechanismus der polarographischen Reduktion des Nitrazepams. 8. Mitt.: Arzneimittelanalysen mittels Polarographie oder Oszillopolarographie
Authors: Oelschläger H. , Volke J. , Lim G. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNitrazepam wird in Abhängigkeit vom pH‐Wert der Pufferlösungen an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode in verschieden großen Stufen reduziert. Mit Hilfe des Amel‐Potentiostaten, der durch einfaches Umschalten die polarographische Kontrolle des Elektrolyseprozesses ermöglicht, gelang die Aufklärung der den Stufen zugrunde liegenden Reaktionsmechanismen. In sauren Puffern wird zunächst die Nitrogruppe des Nitrazepams zur Hydroxylamingruppe reduziert, und bei negativerem Potential folgt in einer additiven Stufe die Reduktion der protonierten Hydroxylaminogruppe und der Azomethingruppe (4, 5). In alkalischen Puffern ist die negativere Reduktionsstufe nur halb so groß wie die erste Reduktionsstufe, weil infolge unzureichender Hydroxoniumionen‐Konzentration in der Grundlösung die NHOH‐Gruppe nicht protoniert und daher nur noch die Azomethingruppe bei negativerem Potential reduziert wird.
Raumerfüllung und Acidität bei Amindehydrierungen
Authors: Möhrle H. , Gundlach P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUntersuchungen bezüglich des üblichen Essigsäurezusatzes bei der Dehydrierung von Aminen ergeben dessen Entbehrlichkeit.Dehydrierungsversuche an sterisch stark gehinderten Aminen zeigen, daß die Raumerfüllung des quecksilberorganischen Restes in der Grüßenordnung einer Methylgruppe liegt.