bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Engineering Perspective of the Promulgation and Application of West Virginia's New Rules and Regulations for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Johnston J. H. , Streit T. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The West Virginia Legislature created the West Virginia Department of Energy in April, 1985, by amending Chapter 22 of the West Virginia Code. This "Energy Act" empowered the Division of Oil and Gas of the Department of Energy to be responsible for all matters pertaining to the extraction of oil and gas resources. Previously, the oil and gas industry had been regulated by several state agencies and the creation of this Department made possible what was termed "one-stop shopping". This concept allows an operator to receive all required permits from one agency and effectively consolidates the regulation of the industry under one agency.
New rules and regulations that correspond to the "Energy Act" were necessary to effectively administer the duties mandated by law. New regulations governing hazardous waste, solid waste, water discharge permits, and underground injection were required in addition to modification of the Department of Mines regulations dealing with oil and gas such as casing and reclamation. Eight series of Rules and Regulations were adopted by the 1987 Legislature to fulfill the requirements created by passage of the "Energy Act".
This paper describes: 1) How the Rules came to be written and how they passed through various hearings and committees prior to being enacted, 2) what purpose they have in the overall scheme of "one-stop shopping", and 3) the application of the rules and regulations in practice and what effect they have on a typical West Virginia operation.
Dimensionless IPR Curves for Predicting Gas Well Performance
Authors: Chase R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Dimensionless IPR curves for predicting the current and future performance of both unfractured gas wells, and fractured gas wells with positive, negative, or zero skin factors are presented in this paper. An example is presented in which the current and future performance of a gas well is forecasted and compared to the results obtained from a modified isochronal test.
Utilization of Gravity Drainage Holes in Shallow Oil Recovery by Mining: Part I—Design Consideration
Authors: Ghalambor A. , Asadi M. , LeBlanc J. L. , Hayatdavoudi A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Selected parameters in gravity drainage of oil mining have been studied. Like others, this method of oil recovery is affected by fluid and rock properties. Furthermore, the recovery is influenced by other parameters such as length, diameter, number of holes and the inclination angle of the drainage holes. A laboratory model of a gravity drainage system was designed and constructed to simulate a reservoir drainage area. The reservoir parameters were scaled down for the experiments. The model was saturated with a 35 degree API oil. A pressure of 40 psi (276 kPa) was maintained in the reservoir as the depleted reservoir pressure. Drainage holes were drilled from the bottom of the reservoir. The holes were drilled 45 and 90 degrees from horizontal. A total of five (5) drainage holes were monitored at various times and the recovery was monitored in three (3) separate stages. First, the model was allowed to produce conventionally from the top (primary recovery) and production was monitored. In the second stage, the model was produced by maintaining a constant injection pressure (secondary recovery). Finally, the model was produced by gravity drainage at the constant depleted reservoir pressure.
In each stage, the parameters were varied and production monitored. The experimental data from the laboratory model proved that the hole angle of inclination was the most critical factor to the rate of recovery than the other parameters. The diameter of the hole was found to be the least effective parameter in terms of recovery. The make up of the laboratory reservoir matrix materials and its mode of construction will certainly affect the rate and amount of oil recovery from the drainage holes. The overall results of the experiments using this specific laboratory reservoir matrix showed that, for optimum conditions of the most effective parameters 87% of the in-place oil was recovered by the drainage hole technique of oil mining compared to 37% recovery by the conventional (primary and secondary) method. The net increase in total production was 50% due to gravity drainage. The total recovery of oil in place by primary and secondary followed by gravity drainage was 91%, of which 37% accounts for primary and secondary recoveries, and 54% due to gravity drainage.
The Effect of Formation Damage Upon Maximum Sandfree Production Rate in Friable Sandstone Formations
Authors: Yassin A. A. M. , Peden J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
For the establishment of the highest sand-free production rate through a perforated completion in friable sandstone formation, the stability of the perforation tunnel is of critical importance. The stability of the perforation tunnel depends on the degree of formation damage in the vicinity of the tunnel, and on both the intrasic strength of the formation and the effective stress distribution around the tunnel.
A prediction model has been developed to predict sand stability in friable sandstone formations from stress analyses around a perforation tunnel whilst the formation is producing. Failure or instability of the perforation tunnel was studied in terms of a failure initiation.
The application of the model allows evaluation of the degree of formation damage upon the maximum sand free production rate. Examples of the application of the model are provided. The concept of a "stability ratio" is introduced to predict the degree of instability which can be anticipated under specific production conditions.
The Effects of Corrosion Inhibitors and Mutual Solvents on Matrix Acidizing Treatments
Authors: Davies D. R. , Lievaart L. , Nitters G. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
The addition of corrosion inhibitors is necessary to protect the tubular goods during acid treatment in wells. Together with the acids, they also enter the formation, where their effects on matrix permeability and acidising results vary with the type of inhibitor.
An experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of these materials on matrix acidising treatment results. Simple bottle and core flushing tests showed that recommended recipes could be incompatible with precipitates being formed. The texture of these precipitates was a function of the particular recipe used. The precipitates may block perforations or filter out at the formation surface and hence have a large impact on acid placement.
Single phase flow tests with compatible solutions showed that filtercake-forming inhibitors have a stronger effect on high-permeability rock, whereas the effects of adsorbing inhibitors are greater in low-permeability rock where they can reduce acid reaction rates. Filtered out or adsorbed inhibitors can be removed from the formation by mutual solvent. However, in the absence of an oil phase, the effects of the corrosion inhibitors tested were so small that they do not appear to justify the use of expensive mutual solvents (assuming acid formulation compatibility).
The experimental programme was extended to evaluate the effects of corrosion inhibitors and mutual solvents in the presence of an oil phase. It was shown that the stimulation of oil and water flow are, unfortunately, frequently not related – an increase in water cut being measured. In addition, adsorbed inhibitor appears to alter the wettability of formation fines, which then help stabilise crude oil/spent acid emulsions. The emulsions formed during acid treatments can severely reduce the effective permeabilities in the treated zones. Core-flooding experiments indicate that mutual solvents, which are frequently used to destabilise these emulsions, are less effective than expected from beaker experiments.
The impact of these observations on field design are evaluated. It has been shown that the use of a mutual solvent – a frequently used co-additive – can compound the permeability impairing effect of the corrosion inhibitor via selective stimulation of water flow. This work needs to be extended to better understand the processes at work, an understanding which will no doubt stimulate the identification if improved products.
Statistical Analysis of Factors that Promote Drilling Fluid Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Okoye C. U. , Agusiegbe C. V. , Hayatdavoudi A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this study, statistical models which incorporate the techniques of linear, non-linear and multiple regression were employed to determine the relationship among corrosion variables such as temperature, corrosion rate, pH and flow rate. The data used in this statistical analysis were obtained from published experimental tests.
Correlation equations were developed showing the relationship among the corrosion variables such as temperature, pH and flow rate, and the rate of corrosion for static and dynamic filtration of drilling fluids, based on mud loop experimental data. Using field data, other correlation equations were developed relating the corrosion variables for drilling, completion and workover corrosive fluids. Because the relationship among these corrosion variables are non-linear in most cases, the statistical models provided linearization of these parameters by correlation.
The intensive corrosion often encountered in deep gas and geothermal wells, as well as in thermal oil recovery wells, can be minimized if adequate corrosion control measures are taken while formulating and treating: drilling, completion and workover fluids. Low pH of these fluids in the acid range, within the wellbore string, will initiate and promote chemical corrosion. The existence, in sufficient amounts of soluble acidic compound in the wellbore fluids will reduce the pH of those fluids enough to generate corrosion. Acid compound gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water and other corrosive agents cause chemical corrosion and must be dealt with in formulating; drilling, completion and workover fluids.
Calculation of Pressure Losses Across Gravel Packs
Authors: Yildiz T. , Langlinais J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An analytical solution has been obtained for laminar flow across a gravel pack by solving the diffusivity equation in three dimensions, using proper boundary conditions. This solution describes the flow into the annular space from a perforation, through the gravel, and arriving at the gravel screen. The solution has the form of an infinite Fourier-Bessel series. Also, an electrical analog experiment was conducted to verify toe mathematical solution. In this experiment, the electrical resistance of a liquid measured between conductors representing perforations and a gravel screen is analogous to the Darcy equation for fluid flow in a porous medium. The mathematical solution compared very favorably with toe experimental results and was then extended to investigate such parameters as perforation density, perforation diameter, perforation phase angle, and gravel anisotropy.
A Theory of Resultant Burst Loads for Designing Production Casing: Principally in Abnormally Pressured Wells
Authors: Vorenkamp A. P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper offers a theory and method of analyzing external back-pressure gradients opposing internal burst loads in order to design production casing. A "worst case" basis is used to analyze both internal burst loads and external back-pressure gradients. Internal burst loads are generally straightforward and accepted in the industry as occurring when the tubing hanger leaks; but views on external back-pressure gradients seem varied and somewhat arbitrary.
This theory strives for an economical and effective production casing design by analyzing the backpressure profile of, (1) the "degraded mud zone" above the mud-cement interface and, (2) the "openhole zone" between the mud-cement interface and TD.
The first zone is governed by the settling of drilling mud into its major constituent parts; generally a distribution of 65X water and 35X barite/solids. Tenets observed in cementing include "the best fluid to cement in is water" and the "next best fluid is thin mud." Settled drilling mud above the cement is the result.
The second zone is governed by open-hole pore pressures. The back-pressure gradient in this part of the annulus is a mirror Image of the pore pressure profile regardless of the condition of the primary cement job.
These opposing pressure systems are resolved into a resultant burst-load line for analysis. The resultant burst-load line identifies the most critical differential burst load to be opposite the degraded mud zone at the base of the water leg. This burst load is considered the most critical—because of its magnitude and proximity to the surface of the ground.
Drilling With Steerable Motors in Large Diameter Holes
Authors: Pruitt G. L. , Ross K. C. , Woodruff J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Steerable motor drilling systems, initially used for intermediate and production hole sizes, have evolved to a point of efficient application in large diameter surface holes. These systems combine directional and straight hole drilling capabilities to provide precise directional control. With better directional control, dogleg severity is more precisely determined and is therefore often reduced in the critical surface hole section.
A brief summary of steerable systems is given, followed by applications and benefits of using these systems in large diameter holes. Also presented is a section that covers system design considerations when using steerable motors and briefly details a typical bottomhole assembly, surveying methods, and drilling parameters.
Finally, a series of case histories, based on successful applications in the Far East and the North Sea, will be presented to demonstrate the range of flexibility possible with steerable systems in large diameter holes.
A Method for Detecting In-Situ PDC Bit Dull and Lithology Change
Authors: Kuru E. , Wojtanowsicz A. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A mathematical diagnostic drilling model was derived from the balance of forces acting at the PDC bit cutter. The model combined the torque and the drilling rate equations, cutter's geometry and rock properties. It was verified using the laboratory drilling data from several research reports as well as the field drilling data collected by the authors.
Based on the drilling model, a new method was developed for the in-situ measurements of the PDC bit condition and for the lithology change detection. In this technique, a diagnostic plot is made by correlating two dimensionless groups containing measured values of torque, weight on bit, rotary speed and penetration rate. Several laboratory and field data (presented in the study) confirmed linearity of such a plot. The diagnostic plot is a unique indicator of the bit-rock interaction and it is independent from the bit operational variables. Moreover, the instantaneous wear of a PDC bit can be computed from coordinates of the straight line points. This method is feasible for a graphical use supplemented with a computer program.
The technique was further verified by comparing the predicted and the measured PDC bit wear from the MWD records in the Gulf Coast area. Also provided, were the examples of a correlation between rapid formation changes and discontinuties in the diagnostic plots.
The new method contributes to the PDC bit drilling theory. Its importance lies in the MWD software development for the purpose of the in-situ rock detection and the PDC bit evaluation and control.
Polymer Deflocculants: Chemistry and Application
Authors: Wilcox R. D. , Jarrett M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents capillary suction time (cst), zeta potential, and rheological properties of drilling grade clays and formation solids treated with a copolymer deflocculant (CPD) and lignosulfonate (LS) in fresh water and various concentrations of seawater. Also, the reaction of calcium with CO2 in the presence of CPD was investigated.
To better explain cst values, they were converted to specific resistance to filtration and slurry permeability. From permeability data, average pore diameter was calculated. Assuming parallel stacking of spheres based on porosity consideration, interparticle distance was calculated using a geometrical model. Interparticle distance calculated by this approach compares favorably to theoretical calculations by Van Olphen for sodium montmorillonite as a function of clay concentration.
Data from systems investigated was treated by the DLVO theory of colloid stability. Results with CPD and LS show that critical volume fraction or interparticle distance occurs with both systems between 5% and 7% by volume solids for the shale studied. Lower calculated attractive force was observed for solids treated with CPD. Also, rheological and shear strength tests on field muds show that CPD reduces colloidal interactions between particles. Studies in acid gas environment show that while CPD can solubilize calcium, calcium is available to react with CO2 in an alkaline environment to precipitate calcium carbonate. Results also show rheology is not affected by acid gas.
Errors Inherent in Rig Measurements of Drillpipe and Casing Pressures
Authors: Holden W. R. , Kelly O. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A common complaint of drilling personnel is that modern well control strategies require pressure measurement accuracies not possible with typical rig equipment. This paper documents a study made (1) to identify and quantify sources of significant error inherent in remote measurements of drill pipe and casing pressures, (2) to determine their cumulative effects on measurement accuracy and (3) to define the pressure response limits of a typical rig system. For this study, the pressure measurement system was duplicated in the laboratory using rig components supplied by several vendors.
Response characteristics of each system component were studied separately and are presented in four graphic displays and one table. A numerical example details their use in the analysis of a complete system. Comparison of predicted and observed pressure responses for several system configurations confirmed the results and method of analysis developed in this study.
Gage-reading correction factors can now be calculated with certainty. Of greater significance, is the ability to predict the upper limit of reliable response for a given pressure measurement system. A detailed analysis can show how it is possible that a system equipped with a 10,000 psi gage can indicate pressure extremes no greater than, say, 5000 psig.
Development and Field Testing of a High-Accuracy Full-Bore Return Flow Meter
Authors: Johnsen H. K. , Skalle P. , Podio A. L. , Sirevaag G. , Vigen A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Measurement of return mud flow is the single most diagnostic indicator of potential well control and lost circulation problems during drilling operations. To date, except for electromagnetic induction flowmeters, which can only be applied for conductive drilling fluids, it has not been possible to have access to accurate measurements of return mud flow rate over a wide range of drilling fluid properties and adverse conditions such as drilling through gumbo shale, gas cut mud and other non ideal conditions.
This paper describes the design, development and field testing of a full bore mass flowmeter based on the measurement of forces generated due to change in momentum of the return flow stream. This is accomplished by attaching a short J-shaped extension to the return flow line just before the shale shaker. This extension is instrumented with force sensors that measure forces caused by the flowing fluid.
The first generation prototype has been extensively tested in the laboratory and in the field over a range of flow rates up to 1700 GPM and over wide ranges of mud weights.
Results indicate that the flowmeter has performed successfully under adverse field conditions for extended periods of time without the need of extensive modification of the existing mud flow system.
Centralized Operations Control: A Driller's Cabin for the 1990's
Authors: Price M. J. , Loevaas E. L. , Netland K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since 1981, work has been carried out at the Rogaland Research Institute in Stavanger, Norway, to develop an integrated system allowing centralized monitoring and control of the whole drilling operation. By combining the most advanced handling and process equipment with a central computer-contro1 system and wider technical competence among the operatives, the project places control of all drillstring, mud and cementing operations in the same room. The benefits to be gained are rationalization of man-power usage, more effective control of the drilling process as a whole, and a considerable improvement in safety and the working environment. Following the building of Rogaland Research Institute's unique drilling-control simulator and its use in a series of personnel experiments, the Institute's work has encompassed drilling automation and the evaluation of mechanical, fluid and computer-control systems and their suitability for integration. Results of these studies are now incorporated in a detailed specification for an integrated control-room for the next generation of dri11ing-rigs. Combined with a specified restructuring of the traditional dri11ing-crew, this aims at achieving as high a degree of control automation in the drilling industry as is already in use in production and processing.
Hazardous Area Classifications and Definitions
Authors: Hinds J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper lists and defines hazardous area considerations typically encountered around drilling rigs. Both North American and European definitions are listed and compared. Memory aids are presented, to help the reader remember the definitions and areas of applicability of such terms as "Division", "Zone", and "T4". Finally, two views of one offshore rig are presented, illustrating how hazardous area definitions differ between North American and European conventions.
New Fiberglass Liner Completion Technique Salvages Old Injection Wells for Use as WAG Injection Wells
Authors: Millard Robert L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fiberglass liners with polished bore seal assemblies are being successfully used to salvage old injection wells at less than half the cost of drilling the wells again. Components of conventional waterflood fiberglass liner completion equipment used in the past to improve well conditions and injection profile control were modified or changed.