bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference equations for pulmonary function tests in preschool children: A review
Authors: Stanojevic Sanja , Wade Angie , Lum Sooky , Stocks Janet 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent developments in pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in preschool children (2–5 years of age) have meant that objective assessments of respiratory function are now possible for this age group. However, the application and interpretation of these tests may be limited by the relative paucity of appropriate reference equations. This review summarizes available preschool reference equations, identifies the current gaps and limitations in the methodologies and statistics used and proposes future directions for improving reference data. A PubMed search which included the MeSH terms (preschool [2–5years]), (respiratory function test), and (reference value) yielded 214 publications which were screened to identify 34 publications presenting 36 reference equations for seven techniques. There were considerable differences with respect to population characteristics, recruitment strategies, equipment and methodologies and reported parameters both within and between each measurement technique. Despite an increasing number of reference equations for PFT for preschool children, the extent to which these can be generalized to other populations may be limited in some cases by inclusion of relatively few children less than 5 years of age, a lack of details regarding the sample populations and measurement techniques and/or inappropriate statistical analysis. A fresh approach based on large sample sizes, clearly documented population characteristics, equipment and protocols, and more rigorous modern statistical methods both for developing reference equations and interpreting results could enhance clinical application of these tests. This in turn would maximize the tremendous opportunities to detect early lung disease offered by the recent surge in developing suitable tests for preschool children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:962–972. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The systemic effects of juvenoids on the red firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus and on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum with data on life table response
Authors: Jedlička Pavel , Hrdý Ivan , Kuldová Jelena , Wimmer Zdeněk 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: A series of juvenoid alcohols and their glycosidic derivatives (juvenogens), synthesized at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague, commercially used juvenoids and the natural derivatives of juvabione were evaluated for their systemic juvenilizing effect on the red firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L., and on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. A life table response experiment was designed, and demographic characteristics were computed for a cohort of A. pisum following chronic exposure to a range of concentrations of the selected trans‐isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8 applied via the broad bean (Vicia faba L.) root system.RESULTS: Using the ratio of topical and per os activities, promising effects were found in two alkyl β‐D‐glucopyranosides (3 and 9) and the trans‐isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8 in tests on P. apterus. In A. pisum, the highest systemic activity was found in tests with the trans‐isomer of carbamate juvenoid 8. The longevity, the number of offspring per female and the number of offspring per reproducing female significantly decreased with concentrations of 0.05 mg mL−1 and higher. While the net reproductive rate R0 and the intrinsic rate of natural increase rm displayed similar trends, the generation time G varied slightly between 11.6 and 12.8 days.CONCLUSION: Expected systemic activity of glycosidic juvenogens in P. apterus was not confirmed by exposure of the pea aphid on broad bean treated with aqueous solutions of the compounds. Nevertheless, the carbamate juvenoid alcohol 8 displayed a considerable juvenilizing effect on A. pisum in screening tests. Furthermore, this compound indicated a sublethal effect as the realized fecundity Ux decreased disproportionately to the age‐specific survival Lx with increased concentration. The population parameters are compared with the data in similar demographic studies and are discussed together with the possibilities of using the compounds of this structural type in practice. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimating complete prevalence of cancers diagnosed in childhood
Authors: Simonetti Arianna , Gigli Anna , Capocaccia Riccardo , Mariotto Angela 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA method of estimating the complete prevalence of cancers diagnosed in childhood called CHILDPREV (CHILDhood PREValence), is presented. It is a semi‐parametric method based on cancer registry data and on the completeness index method. It allows estimating prevalence even when no observation is available (typically older patients alive at the
prevalence date may have been diagnosed with cancer before the introduction of the registry). The method was validated on Connecticut Tumor Registry data, which has 62 years of follow‐up and provides complete prevalence, and compared with the fully parametric PIAMOD method. Results of complete childhood prevalence estimates based on SEER‐9 cancer registries data for acute lymphocytic leukemia and all cancer sites combined are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embedding standard distributed object‐oriented middlewares in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Moya F. , Villa D. , Villanueva F. J. , Barba J. , Rincón F. , López J. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of the design space available to middleware developers in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSN). We identify the weaknesses of current communication abstraction layers and propose alternative implementation techniques that preserve most of the useful features but minimize the implementation cost in resource constrained wireless sensor nodes. Our proposal includes a whole WSN development framework based on standard distributed objects and a set of specific services designed to support highly dynamic and scalable WSN applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐efficient geographic multicast routing for error‐prone wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sanchez Juan A. , Ruiz Pedro M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent studies have shown that it is of paramount importance to take into account the error‐prone nature of wireless links when designing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We propose a new protocol called localized energy‐efficient multicast algorithm (LEMA). By using a function to locally estimate the energy due to retransmissions, LEMA is able to deal with the inherent errors of WSN. This allows LEMA to find energy‐efficient paths to multiple destinations. Our simulation results show that LEMA is able to outperform even well‐known centralized heuristics such as minimum incremental power (MIP) and shortest path tree (SPT) based on energy, while still achieving a high packet delivery ratio (PDR). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization and orientational effect in the x‐ray reflection and absorption spectra of sulfur in hexagonal CdS
Authors: Taracheva E. Yu. , Filatova E. O. , André J.‐M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reflection spectra of hexagonal CdS in the vicinity of the SK and SL2, 3 absorption edges were studied using polarized synchrotron radiation. The absorption spectra were calculated using the Kramers–Kronig relationship. It was established that both polarization dependence of the SL2, 3 absorption spectra and orientational dependence of the SK absorption spectra are caused by the transitions into the p symmetry states split by the crystal field and by the photoelectron scattering from the atoms disposed in distant coordination shells. Because of the low probability of the transition of the electrons from the S 2p level into the p symmetry final states of the conduction band, the polarization dependence of the SL2, 3 absorption spectra is weak. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental observation of frequency tunable x‐rays generated by interaction of nonrelativistic electrons with a silicon crystal
Authors: Baryshevsky V. G. , Batrakov K. G. , Feranchuk I. D. , Gurinovich A. , Grubich A. O. , Lobko A. S. , Rouba A. A. , Tarnopolsky B. A. , Safronov P. F. , Stolyarsky V. I. , Ulyanenkov A. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn experimental model of a tunable source of monochromatic x‐rays was developed using nonrelativistic electrons passing through a single crystal silicon target. Theoretical predictions for x‐ray output and characteristics were confirmed experimentally. The distinctive feature of the developed source is the possibility to tune x‐ray frequency at fixed electron beam energy. In the present report, properties and potentialities of the developed source are considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver Volumetry Plug and Play: Do It Yourself with ImageJ
Authors: Dello Simon A. W. G. , van Dam Ronald M. , Slangen Jules J. G. , van de Poll Marcel C. G. , Bemelmans Marc H. A. , Greve Jan Willem W. M. , Beets‐Tan Regina G. H. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Dejong Cornelis H. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundA small remnant liver volume is an important risk factor for posthepatectomy liver failure and can be predicted accurately by computed tomography (CT) volumetry using radiologic image analysis software. Unfortunately, this software is expensive and usually requires support by a radiologist. ImageJ is a freely downloadable image analysis software package developed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and brings liver volumetry to the surgeon’s desktop. We aimed to assess the accuracy of ImageJ for hepatic CT volumetry.MethodsImageJ was downloaded from http://www.rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/. Preoperative CT scans of 15 patients who underwent liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases were retrospectively analyzed. Scans were opened in ImageJ; and the liver, all metastases, and the intended parenchymal transection line were manually outlined on each slice. The area of each selected region, metastasis, resection specimen, and remnant liver was multiplied by the slice thickness to calculate volume. Volumes of virtual liver resection specimens measured with ImageJ were compared with specimen weights and calculated volumes obtained during pathology examination after resection.ResultsThere was an excellent correlation between the volumes calculated with ImageJ and the actual measured weights of the resection specimens (r² = 0.98, p < 0.0001). The weight/volume ratio amounted to 0.88 ± 0.04 (standard error) and was in agreement with our earlier findings using CT‐linked radiologic software.ConclusionImageJ can be used for accurate hepatic CT volumetry on a personal computer. This application brings CT volumetry to the surgeon’s desktop at no expense and is particularly useful in cases of tertiary referred patients, who already have a proper CT scan on CD‐ROM from the referring institution. Most likely the discrepancy between volume and weight results from exsanguination of the liver after resection.
The Sealing Effect of a Fibrin Tissue Patch on the Esophageal Perforation Area in Primary Repair
Authors: Erdogan Abdullah , Gurses Gulsum , Keskin Hakan , Demircan Abid 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the fibrin tissue patch and to analyze its use in patients with esophageal perforation.MethodsWe studied 28 patients who were diagnosed with esophageal perforation between January 1990 and January 2006 at Akdeniz University Hospital. Sixteen (57.14%) were male. The average age was 59 ± 9 years. We performed surgery and primary repair reinforcement even if the diagnosis of esophageal perforation was late.ResultsTwenty‐three (82.14%) perforations were the result of endoscopic instruments; spontaneous perforations occurred in three (10.71%) patients. Postoperative complication (Heller myotomy) caused perforation in one patient (3.57%) and blunt trauma in one patient (3.57%). Three (10.71%) patients had cervical perforation, and 25 (89.29%) patients had thoracic esophageal perforation. Twelve (42.86%) patients underwent emergency surgery (within the first 24 h). Ten (35.71%) patients underwent surgery within 48 h, and the remaining 6 (21.43%) underwent surgery after 48 h. Nine (32.14%) patients had primary repair, 7 (25%) had reinforcement of the primary repair with fibrin tissue patch, 7 (25%) had esophagectomy and gastric pull‐up, and 2 (7.14%) had drainage and placement of metallic stents. In four patients of the nine who had primary repair, fistula complication was detected, whereas in only one of the seven who had reinforcement of the primary repair with fibrin tissue patch was a fistula detected. Three patients (10.71%), two of whom had Boerhaave’s syndrome, died.ConclusionsSurgical primary repair with fibrin tissue patch is the most successful treatment option in the management of esophageal perforation.
Specific Antibiotic Prophylaxis Based on Bile Cultures Is Required to Prevent Postoperative Infectious Complications in Pancreatoduodenectomy Patients Who Have Undergone Preoperative Biliary Drainage
Authors: Sudo Takeshi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Hayashidani Yasuo , Hashimoto Yasushi , Ohge Hiroki , Sueda Taijiro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is associated with bacterial contamination of bile, but the effects of PBD on morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy remain controversial. The aim of this study was to characterize bile contamination to develop successful specific antibiotic prophylactic strategies for pancreatoduodenectomy.MethodsNinety‐one consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary tumor were prospectively evaluated. Prophylactic antibiotics were selected based on preoperative bile cultures. Bile cultures and postoperative complications were compared in 46 patients who underwent PBD (drainage group) versus 45 patients who did not (nondrainage group).ResultsThe incidence of positive bile cultures was higher in the drainage group (78%) than in the nondrainage group (36%) (P < 0.001). In the drainage group, positive bile cultures were frequently polymicrobial (61%) and demonstrated resistance to several antibiotics, including cefazolin (83%), cefmetazole (72%), and cefpirome (64%). Overall morbidity (30% and 22%) and infectious morbidity (13% and 11%) did not differ significantly between the drainage and nondrainage groups, respectively.ConclusionsPBD had a notable influence on bile microbial contamination, including a higher rate of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, specific antibiotic prophylaxis based on bile culture is required for preventing infectious complications in pancreatoduodenectomy patients who undergo PBD.
Objective Follow‐up after Laparoscopic Repair of Large Type III Hiatal Hernia. Assessment of Safety and Durability
Authors: Zaninotto Giovanni , Portale Giuseppe , Costantini Mario , Fiamingo Pietro , Rampado Sabrina , Guirroli Emanuela , Nicoletti Loredana , Ancona Ermanno 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundSymptomatic results of laparoscopic repair of large type III hiatal hernias, with/without prosthetic mesh, are often excellent; however, a high recurrence rate is detected when objective radiological/endoscopic follow‐up is performed. The use of mesh may reduce the incidence of postoperative hernia recurrence or wrap migration in the chest.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 54 patients (10 men, 44 women; median: age 64.5 years) with a diagnosis of large type III hiatal hernia (>1/3 stomach in the chest on x‐ray) who underwent laparoscopic repair at our department from January 1992 to June 2005. Complications, recurrences, and symptomatic and objective (radiological/endoscopic) long‐term outcome were evaluated.ResultsNineteen patients had laparoscopic Nissen/Toupet fundoplication with simple suture; in 35 patients a double mesh was added. The median radiological/endoscopic follow‐up was 64 months (interquartile range (IQR): 6–104) for the non‐mesh group and 33 (IQR:12–61) for the mesh group (p = 0.26). Recurrences occurred in 11/54 (20%) patients: 8/19 (42.1%) without mesh and 3/35 (8.6%) with mesh (p = 0.01). The 3 recurrences in the mesh group all occurred ≤12 months postoperatively; 4/8 recurrences in the non‐mesh group occurred ≥5 years after operation. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, only mesh absence significantly predicted hernia recurrence or wrap migration.DiscussionLaparoscopic repair of large type III hiatal hernias is safe and effective. Short‐term symptomatic results are excellent, but mid‐term objective radiological/endoscopic evaluation reveals a high recurrence rate. Possible reasons for failure of a laparoscopic hiatal repair are tension or poor muscle tissue characteristics in the hiatus. The use of a mesh, either by reducing tension or reinforcing muscle at the hiatus, might be associated with a lower recurrence rate. Longer‐term follow‐up will be needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn, however.
Geographic variation in walnut seed size correlates with hoarding behaviour of two rodent species
Authors: Tamura N. , Hayashi F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeeds of the Japanese walnut, Juglans ailanthifolia, are usually scatter‐hoarded by two rodent species, the Japanese squirrel Sciurus lis and the field mouse Apodemus speciosus, but only by the latter in several areas where S. lis is absent. We examined seed‐size‐mediated interactions of these three species across a wide geographic range. Field tracking of walnuts with miniature radio‐transmitters revealed that squirrels hoarded larger seeds more frequently and at greater distances than smaller seeds. In contrast, mice hoarded smaller seeds more frequently and transported them farther than larger seeds. These seed dispersers could affect the evolution of seed size because seeds hoarded at sites farther from source trees are known to survive better until germination and as seedlings. We expect that larger seeds may be advantageous in regeneration if the main seed dispersers are squirrels, whereas smaller seeds may be advantageous if mice are the dominant dispersers. These predictions were supported by the fact that seed size was smaller on islands inhabited only by mice and at the edge of the squirrel distribution, compared to areas where mice and squirrels are both common.
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy exhibits defective vascularization and vessel formation
Authors: Roura Santiago , Planas Francesc , Prat‐Vidal Cristina , Leta Ruben , Soler‐Botija Carolina , Carreras Francesc , Llach Anna , Hove‐Madsen Leif , Lladó Guillem Pons , Farré Jordi , Cinca Juan , Bayes‐Genis Antoni 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground:Ultrastructural findings of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) include myocyte atrophy and myofilament loss, yet little is known about the vascular abnormalities present in IDCM.Methods and results:Patients with IDCM and controls underwent multi‐slice CT to examine length and diameter of epicardial vasculature. The levels of mobilizing cytokines and circulating EPCs were assessed by endothelial colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine microvessel density and expression of HIF‐1α and β‐catenin.Main epicardial coronary arteries were shorter and smaller, and microvascular density was reduced in the epicardium in IDCM. Epicardial vessel paucity was associated with increased numbers of HIF‐1α+ cells (46.8±13.1% vs. 19.4±9.4%, p=0.006) indicating local epicardial hypoxia and elevation of circulating VEGF‐A (394pg/mL vs. 22pg/mL, p=0.001). The number of mobilized progenitors CD133+/VEGF‐R2+ was 21‐fold higher in IDCM compared with controls (6.5±3.3% vs. 0.3±0.2%; p<0.001). Moreover, this defective vascularization was associated with reduced myocardial expression of vascular β‐catenin, an important angiogenic regulator.Conclusions:This study shows defective vascularization and impaired vasculogenesis (the de novo vascular organization of mobilized endothelial progenitors) and angiogenesis (by which new blood vessels are formed from pre‐existing mature endothelial cells) in human IDCM.
THOMAS HOBBES ON THE POLITICAL THEORIST'S VOCATION
Authors: COOPER JULIE E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThomas Hobbes's Leviathan offers the fiercest modern indictment against pride. Yet seventeenth-century polemicists and contemporary historians of political theory agree that arrogance is one of Hobbes's stylistic signatures. Does Hobbes, the author, fail to practise the modesty which he preaches to political subjects? Against critical consensus, I argue that Hobbes devises protocols of literary self-presentation consistent with his arguments for modesty. I make this argument by way of a close reading of Hobbes's Latin verse autobiography. Although the autobiography is usually cited as evidence of Hobbes's vanity, I read it as Hobbes's perverse profession of modesty. In the autobiography, Hobbes shuns the role of hero, casting himself as a ‘poor worm’ whose endeavours are motivated by fear. Acute consciousness of mortality, rather than lust for renown, moves Hobbes to philosophize. With this account of the affective springs of his own philosophy, Hobbes redefines the political theorist's vocation. Breaking with traditions that define political theory as a vehicle for heroic self-display, Hobbes defines political theory as a vocation for ordinary mortals.
WHO RULED IRELAND? THE IRISH ADMINISTRATION, 1879–1914
Authors: CAMPBELL FERGUS 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn an influential monograph, The greening of Dublin Castle (1991), Lawrence McBride argued that the Irish administration was in a rapid state of transformation between 1892 and 1922. Broadly speaking, he argued that the Protestant and unionist senior administrators were gradually replaced by Catholic and nationalist civil servants during this period. However, a significant body of evidence suggests that McBride may have overstated the changes taking place in the Irish civil service. Using a prosopographical study of the senior civil servants in Ireland in 1891 and 1911, this article suggests that there was significantly less ‘greening’ than McBride claimed. The British state appears to have regarded Irish-born Catholics as potentially disloyal, and to have implemented a subtle system of ethnic discrimination at the upper levels of the Irish civil service. It is argued that the existence of this glass ceiling provided young educated Catholic professionals with a powerful motive for participation in the Irish revolution (1916–23).
BRITISH ATTITUDES TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Authors: MACLEOD EMMA VINCENT 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe study of British attitudes to the French Revolution continues to attract substantial scholarly attention. In recent years, this has resulted not only in the excavation of a substantial volume of new detail, but also in increasing attention being paid to the political experiences of members of the middling and lower orders during the revolutionary and Napoleonic decades. While historians have been interested in radicals and reformers from these social strata since the publication of E. P. Thompson's The making of the English working class in 1963, it is only more recently that their loyalist and less partisan counterparts have been examined by scholars to the same extent. This article begins by summarizing the recent publication of large collections of primary sources and of major biographies in this area. It then discusses recent historiographical advances and debates in the following areas: the British debate over the French Revolution; the political participation of members of the middle and working classes in patriotic and loyalist activities; the culture of popular politics; and the question of national identity.