bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between Knowledge and Learning Environments in Teacher Education
Authors: Pickle Judy 
Published: March 2008

The education of teachers, asserts the author, involves three categories of knowledge: particularistic, technical and liberal. Particularistic knowledge, a prod uct of direct experience, is what pros pective teachers understand as a result of their multiple exposures to class rooms and teachers. Technical knowl edge, the body of skills and understand ings that constitute the knowledge base undergirding teaching, results from laboratory instruction in which preser vice teachers practice and reflect on methods and skills. Liberal knowledge, more universal in character, is composed of the concepts and generalizations as sociated with the disciplines. Liberal knowledge is applicable to the broadest social contexts and contains the most objective truth value. The three knowledge areas are differ entially associated with field, laboratory and scholarly/scientific learning environ ments. Effective teacher training matches knowledge acquisition proce dures with appropriate learning environ ments.
Graduate Teacher Education and Teacher Professionalism
Authors: Wise Arthur E. 
Published: March 2008

The time is right, argues Wise, for the professionalization of teaching. For pro fessional status to become reality, teachers must take control of the certifi cation process just as professionals in other fields have done. If decision proc esses are left as they are, lying some where between state departments of education and colleges of education, we will assure, asserts the author, that stan dards are relaxed to whatever level is necessary to provide classrooms with teachers. Wise also advocates graduate educa tion as a necessary next step in the process of professionalizing teaching. The Master's degree approach, he ob serves, can provide an impetus for re conceptualizing teacher education that, when coupled with teacher control of certification, can well result in prepared teachers in whom the public can have confidence.
The Relationship Between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N. 
Published: March 2008

Using the Fishbein-type choice or attitude model, this article demonstrates that preferences for (choice of) tourist destinations are largely dependent on the favorableness of perceptions of those destinations. The more favorable the perception, the greater the likelihood of choice. Data for the study were collected from American Express travel customers through a mail questionnaire. The data included preference rankings of nine tourist-attracting areas (Florida, California, Hawaii, Mexico, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Barbados), perceptions of these regions as tourist destinations, importance ratings of touristic benefits/attributes to respondents (e.g., facilities for golfing, tennis, and water sports), and demographic data. Marketing and methodological implications are discussed.
The recruitment of South Asian people into the nursing profession: a knowledge review
Authors: Darr Aliya , Atkin Karl , Johnson Mark , Archibong Uduak 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper presents a knowledge review, undertaken to identify potential barriers affecting the recruitment of British South Asian people into the nursing profession. The review identified eleven studies, which explored attitudes and levels of knowledge towards nursing within the British South Asian population. Many of these studies, although providing useful insights, have methodological limitations. Studies highlighted perceptions among the South Asian population of nursing as a low status and stressful occupation with unsociable working hours and low pay. Nursing members of the opposite sex was not acceptable to some individuals on religious grounds. Others, however, had no problem with this. The review highlights both similarities and differences in attitudes towards nursing amongst the British South Asian population and the majority white population. Factors such as the lack of exposure to positive role models and limited opportunities to gain an insight into the work of nurses suggest that South Asian people might be less likely to consider nursing as a career than their white counterparts. To gain a better understanding of views held towards nursing within this population however, more comparative studies are needed to take an account of diversity in terms of social class, gender, ethnicity and religion.
“I didn’t tell them. Well, they never ask”. Lay understandings of hypertension and their impact on chronic disease management: implications for nursing practice in primary care
Authors: Higginbottom Gina 
Published: March 2008

Abstract In the United Kingdom, as in other developed nations, there has been an increased research focus on ethnicity and the mediation of ethnicity on health and illness experience. This paper examines how lay understandings may affect chronic disease management and the steps primary care nurses may take to optimize care delivery for patients/families, using the example of hypertension in the African-Caribbean community. A focused ethnographic approach was adopted for this study. Data were first collected using focus group interviews (2), semi-structured interviews (21), and vignette interviews (5). Data were analyzed with the assistance of Atlas/ti qualitative analysis software using the principles developed by Roper and Shapira. Findings are presented using Kleinman’s seminal work as a theoretical framework: a) the aetiology or cause of the condition, b) the timing and mode of onset, c) the patho-physiological processes involved, d) the natural history and severity of the illness, e) the appropriate treatment for the condition. The paper concludes that it is incumbent upon primary health care nurses to recognize and take account of the lay explanations of health illness that patients/families hold. Failure to do so may compromise effective care-giving.
Culture, health, and inequalities: new paradigms, new practice imperatives
Authors: Lynam M Judith , Loock Christine , Scott Lorine , Khan Koushambhi Basu 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper builds upon insights from a programme of research on culture and health that is informed by critical theoretical perspectives. The evidence generated through this research programme is drawn upon to critically examine the assumptions about the prevailing understandings of the links between culture, health, and health inequalities and to illustrate the need for new paradigms of practice. Using the case of children at risk because of their social, cultural, and material circumstances, the tenets of an alternative model of health care practice, the RICH-ER (Responsive, Intersectoral-Interdisciplinary, Child Health – Education and Research) model was introduced and studied.
Towards multi-sensory research: acoustic space, racialisation and whiteness
Authors: Gunaratnam Yasmin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper makes a case for multi-sensory research. By engaging with questions of ethnicity, culture, space and sound, the discussion will show how taken-for-granted, everyday practices can be part of the ways in which whiteness is produced within health care spaces, affecting how different bodies are able to move through and occupy space. The paper addresses questions of ethics and responsibility in multi-cultural contexts, suggesting how a multi-sensory orientation can uncover often hidden relationships of power that can help us to better understand and attend to the demands that ethnic and cultural difference can make upon caring relationships and multi-cultural hospitality.
Sequence and organization of coelacanth neurohypophysial hormone genes: Evolutionary history of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormone gene locus
Authors: Gwee Pai-Chung , Amemiya Chris T , Brenner Sydney , Venkatesh Byrappa 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
The mammalian neurohypophysial hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin are involved in osmoregulation and uterine smooth muscle contraction respectively. All jawed vertebrates contain at least one homolog each of vasopressin and oxytocin whereas jawless vertebrates contain a single neurohypophysial hormone called vasotocin. The vasopressin homolog in non-mammalian vertebrates is vasotocin; and the oxytocin homolog is mesotocin in non-eutherian tetrapods, mesotocin and [Phe2]mesotocin in lungfishes, and isotocin in ray-finned fishes. The genes encoding vasopressin and oxytocin genes are closely linked in the human and rodent genomes in a tail-to-tail orientation. In contrast, their pufferfish homologs (vasotocin and isotocin) are located on the same strand of DNA with isotocin gene located upstream of vasotocin gene separated by five genes, suggesting that this locus has experienced rearrangements in either mammalian or ray-finned fish lineage, or in both lineages. The coelacanths occupy a unique phylogenetic position close to the divergence of the mammalian and ray-finned fish lineages.

Results
We have sequenced a coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) BAC clone encompassing the neurohypophysial hormone genes and investigated the evolutionary history of the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormone gene locus within a comparative genomics framework. The coelacanth contains vasotocin and mesotocin genes like non-mammalian tetrapods. The coelacanth genes are present on the same strand of DNA with no intervening genes, with the vasotocin gene located upstream of the mesotocin gene. Nucleotide sequences of the second exons of the two genes are under purifying selection implying a regulatory function. We have also analyzed the neurohypophysial hormone gene locus in the genomes of opossum, chicken and Xenopus tropicalis. The opossum contains two tandem copies of vasopressin and mesotocin genes. The vasotocin and mesotocin genes in chicken and Xenopus, and the vasopressin and mesotocin genes in opossum are linked tail-to-head similar to their orthologs in coelacanth and unlike their homologs in human and rodents.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the neurohypophysial hormone gene locus has experienced independent rearrangements in both placental mammals and teleost fishes. The coelacanth genome appears to be more stable than mammalian and teleost fish genomes. As such, it serves as a valuable outgroup for studying the evolution of mammalian and teleost fish genomes.
Influence of continental history on the ecological specialization and macroevolutionary processes in the mammalian assemblage of South America: Differences between small and large mammals
Authors: Bofarull Ana Moreno , Royo Antón Arias , Fernández Manuel Hernández , Ortiz-Jaureguizar Edgardo , Morales Jorge 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis paper tests Vrba's resource-use hypothesis, which predicts that generalist species have lower specialization and extinction rates than specialists, using the 879 species of South American mammals. We tested several predictions about this hypothesis using the biomic specialization index (BSI) for each species, which is based on its geographical range within different climate-zones. The four predictions tested are: (1) there is a high frequency of species restricted to a single biome, which henceforth are referred to as stenobiomic species, (2) certain clades are more stenobiomic than others, (3) there is a higher proportion of biomic specialists in biomes that underwent through major expansion-contraction alternation due to the glacial-interglacial cycles, (4) certain combinations of inhabited biomes occur more frequently among species than do others.ResultsOur results are consistent with these predictions. (1) We found that 42 % of the species inhabit only one biome. (2) There are more generalists among species of Carnivora than in clades of herbivores. However, Artiodactyla, shows a distribution along the specialization gradient different from the one expected. (3) Biomic specialists are predominant in tropical rainforest and desert biomes. Nevertheless, we found some differences between small and large mammals in relation to these results. Stenobiomic species of micromammalian clades are more abundant in most biomes than expected by chance, while in the case of macromammalian clades stenobiomic species are more frequent than expected in tropical rainforest, tropical deciduous woodland and desert biomes only. (4) The most frequent combinations of inhabited biomes among the South American mammals are those with few biomes, i.e., the ones that suffered a higher rate of vicariance due to climatic cycles.ConclusionOur results agree with the resource-use hypothesis and, therefore, with a major role of the past climatic changes as drivers of mammalian evolution. Nevertheless, deviations from the expectations indicate the importance of differences in reproductive traits and paleobiogeographic history for the macroevolutionary processes involved. In the case of South American mammals, the Pliocene Great American Biotic Interchange strongly influences the ecological characteristics of this assemblage. Furthermore, the Andes have acted as a fertile ground for speciation in environments prone to vicariance. Finally, the micromammals appear as more prone to biomic specialization than larger species. These factors are responsible for some of the differences found between South America and Africa in the studied pattern. For example, the extensive South American mountain ranges favour a higher number of combinations of inhabited biomes in comparison with Africa.
Two alternative recessive quantitative trait loci influence resistance to spring black stem and leaf spot in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Kamphuis Lars G , Lichtenzveig Judith , Oliver Richard P , Ellwood Simon R 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Knowledge of the genetic basis of plant resistance to necrotrophic pathogens is incomplete and has been characterised in relatively few pathosystems. In this study, the cytology and genetics of resistance to spring black stem and leaf spot caused by Phoma medicaginis, an economically important necrotrophic pathogen of Medicago spp., was examined in the model legume M. truncatula.

Results
Macroscopically, the resistant response of accession SA27063 was characterised by small, hypersensitive-like spots following inoculation while the susceptible interaction with accessions A17 and SA3054 showed necrotic lesions and spreading chlorosis. No unique cytological differences were observed during early infection (<48 h) between the resistant and susceptible genotypes, except pathogen growth was restricted to one or a few host cells in SA27063. In both interactions reactive oxygen intermediates and phenolic compounds were produced, and cell death occurred. Two F2 populations segregating for resistance to spring black stem and leaf spot were established between SA27063 and the two susceptible accessions, A17 and SA3054. The cross between SA27063 and A17 represented a wider cross than between SA27063 and SA3054, as evidenced by higher genetic polymorphism, reduced fertility and aberrant phenotypes of F2 progeny. In the SA27063 × A17 F2 population a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL, LOD = 7.37; P < 0.00001) named resistance to the necrotroph
P

homa

m

edicaginis one (rnpm1) genetically mapped to the top arm of linkage group 4 (LG4). rnpm1 explained 33.6% of the phenotypic variance in the population's response to infection depicted on a 1–5 scale and was tightly linked to marker AW256637. A second highly significant QTL (LOD = 6.77; P < 0.00001), rnpm2, was located on the lower arm of LG8 in the SA27063 × SA3054 map. rnpm2 explained 29.6% of the phenotypic variance and was fine mapped to a 0.8 cM interval between markers h2_16a6a and h2_21h11d. rnpm1 is tightly linked to a cluster of Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) genes and disease resistance protein-like genes, while no resistance gene analogues (RGAs) are apparent in the genomic sequence of the reference accession A17 at the rnpm2 locus.

Conclusion
The induction of defence responses and cell death in the susceptible interaction following infection by P. medicaginis suggested this pathogen is not negatively affected by these responses and may promote them. A QTL for resistance was revealed in each of two populations derived from crosses between a resistant accession and two different susceptible accessions. Both loci are recessive in nature, and the simplest explanation for the existence of two separate QTLs is the occurrence of host genotype-specific susceptibility loci that may interact with undetermined P. medicaginis virulence factors.
The use of advanced tracking technologies for the analysis of mobility in Alzheimer's disease and related cognitive diseases
Authors: Shoval Noam , Auslander Gail K , Freytag Tim , Landau Ruth , Oswald Frank , Seidl Ulrich , Wahl Hans-Werner , Werner Shirli , Heinik Jeremia 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
One of the more common behavioral manifestations of dementia-related disorders is severe problems with out-of-home mobility. Various efforts have been attempted to attain a better understanding of mobility behavior, but most studies are based on institutionalized patients and the assessment usually relies on reports of caregivers and institutional staff, using observational approaches, activity monitoring, or behavioral checklists. The current manuscript describes the research protocol of a project that measures mobility in Alzheimer's disease and related cognitive disorders in an innovative way, by taking advantage of advanced tracking technologies.

Methods/design
Participants are 360 demented persons, mildly cognitively impaired persons, and unimpaired controls aged ≥ 65 in Israel and Germany. Data regarding space-time activities will be collected via a GPS tracking kit for a period of 4 weeks in 3 waves (one year apart) with the same participants (using a repeated measures design). Participants will be interviewed by use of a battery of instruments prior to and following GPS data collection. Further, a family member will complete a questionnaire both before and after data tracking.
Statistical analyses will strive to explain differences in mobility based on a wide range of socio-structural, clinical, affect-related and environmental variables. We will also assess the impact of the use of advanced tracking technology on the quality of life of dementia patients and care givers, as well as its potential as a diagnostic tool. Systematic assessment of ethical issues involved in the use of tracking technology will be an integral component of the project.

Discussion
This project will be able to make a substantial contribution to basic as well as applied and clinical aspects in the area of mobility and cognitive impairment research. The innovative technologies applied in this study will allow for assessing a range of dimensions of out-of-home mobility, and provide better quality data.
Gene targeting in adult rhesus macaque fibroblasts
Authors: Meehan Daniel T , Zink Mary Ann , Mahlen Melissa , Nelson Marilu , Sanger Warren G , Mitalipov Shoukhrat M , Wolf Don P , Ouellette Michel M , Norgren Robert B 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Gene targeting in nonhuman primates has the potential to produce critical animal models for translational studies related to human diseases. Successful gene targeting in fibroblasts followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been achieved in several species of large mammals but not yet in primates. Our goal was to establish the protocols necessary to achieve gene targeting in primary culture of adult rhesus macaque fibroblasts as a first step in creating nonhuman primate models of genetic disease using nuclear transfer technology.

Results
A primary culture of adult male fibroblasts was transfected with hTERT to overcome senescence and allow long term in vitro manipulations. Successful gene targeting of the HPRT locus in rhesus macaques was achieved by electroporating S-phase synchronized cells with a construct containing a SV40 enhancer.

Conclusion
The cell lines reported here could be used for the production of null mutant rhesus macaque models of human genetic disease using SCNT technology. In addition, given the close evolutionary relationship and biological similarity between rhesus macaques and humans, the protocols described here may prove useful in the genetic engineering of human somatic cells.
Developmental patterning of glutamatergic synapses onto retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Morgan Josh L , Schubert Timm , Wong Rachel OL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
Neurons receive excitatory synaptic inputs that are distributed across their dendritic arbors at densities and with spatial patterns that influence their output. How specific synaptic distributions are attained during development is not well understood. The distribution of glutamatergic inputs across the dendritic arbors of mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has long been correlated to the spatial receptive field profiles of these neurons. Thus, determining how glutamatergic inputs are patterned onto RGC dendritic arbors during development could provide insight into the cellular mechanisms that shape their functional receptive fields.

Results
We transfected developing and mature mouse RGCs with plasmids encoding fluorescent proteins that label their dendrites and glutamatergic postsynaptic sites. We found that as dendritic density (dendritic length per unit area of dendritic field) decreases with maturation, the density of synapses along the dendrites increases. These changes appear coordinated such that RGCs attain the mature average density of postsynaptic sites per unit area (areal density) by the time synaptic function emerges. Furthermore, stereotypic centro-peripheral gradients in the areal density of synapses across the arbor of RGCs are established at an early developmental stage.

Conclusion
The spatial pattern of glutamatergic inputs onto RGCs arises early in synaptogenesis despite ensuing reorganization of dendritic structure. We raise the possibility that these early patterns of synaptic distributions may arise from constraints placed on the number of contacts presynaptic neurons are able to make with the RGCs.
Human breast cancer cell lines contain stem-like cells that self-renew, give rise to phenotypically diverse progeny and survive chemotherapy
Authors: Fillmore Christine M , Kuperwasser Charlotte 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Introduction
The phenotypic and functional differences between cells that initiate human breast tumors (cancer stem cells) and those that comprise the tumor bulk are difficult to study using only primary tumor tissue. We embarked on this study hypothesizing that breast cancer cell lines would contain analogous hierarchical differentiation programs to those found in primary breast tumors.

Methods
Eight human breast cell lines (human mammary epithelial cells, and MCF10A, MCF7, SUM149, SUM159, SUM1315 and MDA.MB.231 cells) were analyzed using flow cytometry for CD44, CD24, and epithelial-specific antigen (ESA) expression. Limiting dilution orthotopic injections were used to evaluate tumor initiation, while serial colony-forming unit, reconstitution and tumorsphere assays were performed to assess self-renewal and differentiation. Pulse-chase bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine [BrdU]) labeling was used to examine cell cycle and label-retention of cancer stem cells. Cells were treated with paclitaxol and 5-fluorouracil to test selective resistance to chemotherapy, and gene expression profile after chemotherapy were examined.

Results
The percentage of CD44+/CD24- cells within cell lines does not correlate with tumorigenicity, but as few as 100 cells can form tumors when sorted for CD44+/CD24-/low/ESA+. Furthermore, CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ cells can self-renew, reconstitute the parental cell line, retain BrdU label, and preferentially survive chemotherapy.

Conclusion
These data validate the use of cancer cell lines as models for the development and testing of novel therapeutics aimed at eradicating cancer stem cells.