bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and independent risk factors for hearing loss in NICU infants
Authors: Hille Elysée TM , Van Straaten HLM (Irma) , Verkerk Paul H ,   the Dutch NICU neonatal hearing screening working group
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To determine the prevalence and independent relationship between hearing loss and risk factors in a representative neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population.Methods: Automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) hearing screening has been introduced since 1998 in the Dutch NICUs. After a second AABR failure, diagnostic ABR was used to establish diagnosis of hearing loss. Newborns who died before the age of 3 months were excluded. In the present study only the NICU infants who were born with a gestational age <30 weeks and/or a birth weight <1000 g between October 1, 1998 and January 1, 2002 were included. Risk factors included in the study were familial hearing loss, in utero infections, craniofacial anomalies, birth weight <1500g, hyperbilirubinemia, ototoxic medications, cerebral complications, severe birth asphyxia, assisted ventilation ≥5 days and syndromes.Results: A nationwide cohort of 2186 newborns were included. Mean gestational age was 28.5 weeks (SD 1.6) and mean birth weight was 1039 g (SD 256). Prevalence of uni‐ or bilateral hearing loss was 3.2% (71/2186; 95% CI 2.6–4.1). Multivariate analysis revealed that the only independent risk factors for hearing loss were severe birth asphyxia (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.7) and assisted ventilation ≥5 days (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.1–6.0).Conclusion: The prevalence of hearing loss in a representative NICU population was 3.2%. Independent risk factors for hearing loss were severe birth asphyxia and assisted ventilation ≥5 days.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 as an indicator of nutrition during treatment of adolescent girls with eating disorders
Authors: Swenne Ingemar , Stridsberg Mats , Thurfjell Barbro , Rosling Agneta 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: The use of serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentrations as an index of nutrition has been analysed in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss.Method: Blood samples for analysis of IGF‐1 were obtained at 349 assessments of 302 patients and biweekly during 56 treatment periods in 46 patients. IGF‐1 was related to body size, weight loss, degree of leanness (BMI standard deviation score) and rate of weight loss.Results: At assessment, when most of the girls were on a weight‐losing course, serum IGF‐1 concentrations were low. Weight loss immediately prior to assessment was the most important predictor of IGF‐1. Together with measurements of weight, height, weight loss and BMI standard deviation score the rate of weight loss predicted IGF‐1 to 32–55%. During treatment when there was net weight gain, IGF‐1 increased in parallel with the BMI standard deviation score, a measure of leanness, and was also influenced by the short‐term weight trend.Conclusion: The serum IGF‐1 concentration is an indicator of nutritional status in adolescents with eating disorders. It is sensitive to short‐term weight changes measured in a clinical setting and could be used at assessment and to monitor nutritional rehabilitation.
Bone mineral density in children with neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Yilmaz Kutluhan , Ozmen Meral , Bora Goksan Suleyman , Eskiyurt Nurten 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: Our aim was to detect the status of bone mineral density (BMD) in children with NF1, and thus to help the management of the skeletal complications of NF1.Methods: Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed in lumbar spine, total body, proximal femur and forearm in 31 children (3.1–18 years) with NF1. Correlations among the BMD values of four regions were calculated statistically. Z‐scores of lumbar‐ and total body‐BMD were also evaluated in 24 patients at and older than 5 years.Results: Eleven children had skeletal findings, including mild scoliosis in 5 patients. No case with total body‐Z score <–2 was detected. Lumbar‐Z score was lower than −2 in 3 out of 24 cases. Patients with any skeletal involvement of NF1 were likely to have a lumbar‐BMD lower than −2 in comparison with patients with no skeletal finding (odds ratio 4; 95% CI 0.01–4.62). Proximal femur‐BMD values (g/cm2), yet forearm‐BMDs, were correlated with both lumbar‐ and total body‐BMD, regardless of skeletal involvements of NF1.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lumbar‐ or proximal femur‐DEXA, rather than forearm‐ or total body‐DEXA, could reveal significantly decreased BMD in children with NF1, especially in those with skeletal involvement of NF1.
Life in Pre-Cambrian and early Cambrian times
Authors: Cowie John Watson 
Published: May 2008

Summary
Physical and chemical conditions which could have favoured the origin of life on Earth are briefly discussed, together with the evidence of the geological record. Free oxygen may be of critical importance as a factor in the early evolution of life. Recent studies of the occurrence of biogenic materials and the micropalaeontology of ancient rocks have led to striking advances in knowledge of Pre-Cambrian life. Plants and protistids are the oldest known fossils. Pre-Cambrian fossil protozoans and most metazoans are the subject of dispute. The remarkable fauna from Ediacara is partly metazoan, but the age may be Cambrian or Pre-Cambrian. Aspects of the problem of the base of the Cambrian System are discussed and the earliest Cambrian taxa are listed. Selected theories which attempt to explain the manner of appearance and character of the early Cambrian fauna are reviewed in a brief conspectus.
Fluctuations in the evolution of Palaeozoic intertebrates
Authors: House Michael Robert 
Published: May 2008

Summary

The problem of interpreting faunal fluctuations is reviewed and it is stressed that numerical abundance cannot be assessed, and morphological diversity only by comparing taxa or the subjective views of specialists. Comparisons at generic and higher taxon levels are made for the more common Palaeozoic fossil groups for appearance of new and extinction of old stocks. The striking diversification (and often appearance) of many groups with calcareoushard parts during the Ordovician is stressed and related to evidence for particularly widespread shallow seas at that time. In detail, groups do not show precise time agreement in their later evolutionary ‘bursts’, but significant periods seem to be during the early and mid-Devonian and the early Carboniferous, but these are at taxon grades lower than the Ordovician diversification. For extinctions it is often possible to separate intrataxal, presumably competitive, extinctions during the rapid rise of a group, from extinctions which appear to affect unrelated stocks. Significant periods for the latter are around the mid- and late Devonian and the mid- and late Carboniferous. These extinctions occur
pari passu
, rather than as single catastrophic events. Possible long-continued palaeogeographical causes are considered.
Changes in terrestrial vertebrate faunas during the Mesozoic
Authors: Cox C. B. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The precise time-range of any terrestrial group is difficult to establish, due to the uncertainties of preservation and discovery and due to the difficulty of ascertaining the relative ages of faunas from different areas. Differences between such faunas may be due to ecological and zoogeographical factors as well as to age differences. Even when a relative time-sequence has been established, it is difficult to correlate this with the standard section for the period; this is particularly true for the Triassic faunas.
As seen in the South African record, the climate became progressively hotter and drier from the Carboniferous Dwyka glaciation until the deserts of the Upper Triassic. The earliest Triassic fauna is a swamp fauna which still included elements of most of the more conservative, synapsid reptiles. During the remainder of the Triassic, these synapsids were gradually replaced by the evolving diapsids. The more primitive members of the Diapsida were themselves replaced in the Jurassic by more progressive members of the group.
The earliest mammals, those of the Triassic and Jurassic, were probably homoiothermal though not viviparous. None larger than a cat is known until immediately after the disappearance of the dinosaurs. The reasons for this apparent inability of somewhat larger (e.g. pig-sized) mammals to co-exist with the dinosaurs are not obvious.
Some Cretaceous-Tertiary marine faunal changes
Authors: Hancock John Michael 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The progressive disappearance of ammonites and belemnites is described in some detail. The Tertiary range of some of the common Cretaceous echinoids is discussed. References are given for the planktonic foraminifera. It is concluded that the late-Cretaceous disappearances were not simultaneous, were preceded by geographical contraction, and cannot be explained catastrophically.
Biochemical evolution and the fossil record
Authors: Tarlo Lambert Beverly Halstead 
Published: May 2008

Summary
From the sequences of amino-acids in protein molecules and their substitutions in different parts of the molecule, it can be shown how, for example, the four polypeptide chains of the respiratory pigment haemoglobin can be derived from one another, and ultimately from myoglobin. Zuckerkandl & Pauling have estimated the times at which the four chains found in human haemoglobin are likely to have originated—the alpha chain 650 m.y. ago, gamma 380 m.y., beta 150 m.y. and delta 35 m.y. These dates coincide exactly with the first records of crossopterygian fish (380 m.y.) and the anthropoids (35 m.y.) and approximately with the placental mammals (135 m.y.). However, this approach can only be vindicated if it can be applied to proteins actually preserved in the fossil record. The only important protein so preserved is collagen and there are considerable problems still to be overcome in its study (viz. the differential breakdown of the amino-acids with the consequent alteration of the molecule, and also contamination from amino-acids derived from organic debris in the surrounding sediments). With the aid of the ‘Technicon automatic Amino-Acid Analyzer’ it is hoped to eventually resolve these problems. If an evolutionary picture can be built up for collagen, on the lines of that already begun for haemoglobin, and if in the meantine the exact fate of collagen in geological time can be established, it may eventually be possible to test theories of biochemical evolution by direct reference to fossil proteins.
Numerical analysis of
The Fossil Record
Authors: Cutbill J. L. , Funnell B. M. 
Published: May 2008

Summary

A numerical analysis has been carried out based on the ranges of taxa as shown in Part II of
The Fossil Record
. The numbers of first occurrences, last occurrences and totals have been calculated for groups of related taxa for each stratigraphical sub-division. Relative and net changes across all sub-division boundaries have also been calculated. Results for selected groupings are presented in the form of combined histograms and graphs. Smoothing techniques have been applied to some results, and some other numerical measures calculated.
Some principles governing interpretation of structure in the Rocky Mountain orogenic belt
Authors: Fox F. G. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
Any interpretation of the structure of an orogenic belt must be based upon detailed geological maps of the belt or large areas of it, together with sufficient stratigraphical data for sections to be constructed projecting the structure observable at the surface to depth.
In making such structural interpretations a number of principles and ‘rules’ should be observed; some of these are outlined and their application illustrated with selected structural sections.
The measurement of strain and displacement in orogenic belts
Authors: Ramsay J. G. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
Many of the premises that have been used in evaluating the crustal shortening across orogenic belts are open to question. Past estimates of displacement have often depended upon the validity of some preconceived tectonic hypothesis and its mechanical feasibility.
Displacements describe the changes in position of particles in space, and can be defined in three dimensions by a set of three equations. Displacement leads to three main effects: (1) body translation, (2) body rotation, (3) strain. The inter-relationships and properties of these features are discussed to determine which features the geologist can measure in naturally deformed rocks.
Absolute values for the amount of displacement are impossible to determine. Displacement differences between different localities are related to crustal shortening and under special circumstances may be computed with precision. Techniques for determining displacement difference employ two methods, (1) removal of the effects of strain through the deformed zone, and (2) resection of once continuous linear features in the foreland and hinterland. These have been applied successfully in parts of deformed zones but their application to a complete orogenic belt is for the future.
The construction of sections in areas of highly deformed rocks
Authors: Phillips W. E. A. , Byrne J. G. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The construction of sections is essential to the analysis of rock bodies. Qualitative sketch sections and block diagrams help to unravel stratigraphy within complex polyphase structures. They also provide a method of summarizing information. Present methods of constructing quantitative sections, being only applicable to parallel folds, are of limited value.
A new method of constructing quantitative sections is described. In this the rate of change of fold shape with depth is measured, rather than assumed as previously. On profile sections of folds, this rate can be described by constructing stratification isogonal lines joining points of constant dip. Their orientation can be used to classify folds. In cylindrical folds, such isogonal lines lie upon stratification isogonal surfaces, the location of which can be found from structural maps, either by graphic construction, or by using a digitizer and an electronic computer. This information is used to construct, on any section plane, stratification isogonal lines which sub-divide the section into dip zones, and provide control for constructing sections to the depth of topographic or structural relief.
Applications of the method to recognizing faults and palaeoslopes, and to classifying folds and constructing sections in areas of noncylindrical and polyphase deformation, are described.
These methods make fuller use of structural data and provide quantitative descriptions of folds. This could lead to the definition of structural facies and to a better understanding of displacements within the continental crust.
The palaeomagnetic evidence of displacements within continents
Authors: Tarling D. H. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
There are many problems in the utilization of palaeomagnetism in tectonic studies. The major factor is the ignorance of the mechanism of magnetization of sediments, but serious problems may also be encountered in areas subjected to tectonic disturbances. Despite these difficulties, there are many examples of palaeomagnetic techniques applied to tectonic problems within single continents and examples are described from the Appalachians, the Rocky Mountains, the European Alpine system, the Near and Far East. Although the precision of the current palaeomagnetic data is rather low, it is quite clear that these techniques have a very high potential in areas which can be subjected to detailed study in the field and laboratory.
Interpretation of stratigraphical ages in orogenic belts
Authors: Harland W. B. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
This paper discusses some aspects of the dating of specified orogenic events, in terms of a stratigraphical scale, by various methods of correlation.
A standard stratigraphical scale is the common reference to which various data (structural, palaeontological, isotopic, etc.) and events interpreted from them are correlated. Lists of tectonic phases express age estimates of particular tectonic events and cannot usefully substitute for a standard scale.
Some datable elements in orogeny are defined. The direct relation between an orogenic event and a stratigraphical scale, as determined in different ways, yields an age which is limited in precision by distinct components of indeterminacy and uncertainty.
Correlation depends partly on diastrophic gradient which distinguishes the effects of tectonic events that are confined to the immediate neighbourhood from those at greater distance; few events have global effects (e.g., eustatic change). Correlation is generally effected, however, by relatively independent events, (e.g., biological, evolutionary, nuclear decay, climatic, magnetic reversals, etc.).
The primary purpose of dating orogenic events is to enquire into the distribution of earth movements in space and time. The results can be given in a number of ways (e.g., tectonograms, palaeotectonic and palinspastic maps, kinematic tectonic realms). Because the Earth’s surface is a closed system a total synoptic stratigraphical study of many aspects of the time, direction and magnitude of movement becomes possible and is aided by new procedures of co-ordinated research, compilation, and automatic processing of data.
Interpretation of isotopic ages in orogenic belts
Authors: Brown P. E. , Miller J. A. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
K-Ar and Rb-Sr methods of age-determination are the most widely applied; geological interpretation of ages so obtained is in some cases facilitated by U-Pb ages on zircons. On a broad continental scale isotopic ages have been used to delineate the time-span of evolution of structural provinces; the spread of ages so obtained is as great as 800 m.y. Within such a spread, interpretation of isotopic ages is discussed with reference to the orogenic cycle; orogenic belts may be multicyclic and involve rocks formed in a previous cycle, and there may also be repetition of phases within a cycle. The interpretation of ages obtained on rocks developed in the syn-, late- and post-orogenic phases of the orogenic cycle is considered. The question of what is being dated with respect to rocks formed in syn- and late-orogenic plutonism is considered in terms of multi-phase events and of cooling of the orogenic belt to temperatures at which radiogenic daughter products become frozen in; post-tectonic igneous activity may provide valuable datum points in the orogenic cycle. It is emphasized that full geological information is essential to any interpretation of detail within the spread of ages obtained from an orogenic cycle.
A new approach to radio-isotopic dating in orogenic belts
Authors: Fitch F. J. , Miller J. A. , Mitchell J. G. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The theory of conventional K-Ar dating and the opposed ‘overprinting’ and ‘slow-cooling’ interpretations of radio metric age sequences in orogenic belts are examined briefly. A new K-Ar age-spectrum method is described which enables intermediate ages obtained from partially overprinted rocks and minerals to be unmixed. Under ideal conditions one or both of the component ages can be determined. Applications of the K-Ar age-spectrum method to a number of dating problems in the British Caledonides are reported as examples of the importance of the new method in orogenic studies. In particular, there is a discussion of the geochronology of the Moine and Dalradian Series in Scotland and the Tanygriseau microgranite in North Wales. Finally, there is a discussion of the possible implications of the new data for orogenic theory.
Orogenic belts and their parts
Authors: Rast N. 
Published: May 2008

Summary

Geological tectonic literature is at present confused. For instance, in the existing literature the terms
geosyncline
and
orogenic belt
are often used almost synonymously. This usage is misleading and obscures the fact—demonstrated with respect to several orogenic belts—that orogenic belts are structural units of a larger size than geosynclines and may involve a series of geosynclinal furrows. Consequently in discussing geotectonic concepts a proper nomenclature of orogenic belts and their divisions has to be employed; certain proposals are therefore made.

It is also significant that, at least within Phanerozoic time, orogenic belts originated repeatedly in the same sections of continental crust. Such relationships are indicated by both geological and geochronological investigations. The Caledonian belt of the British Isles, for instance, is divided into several parts each affected by separate orogenic movements. The boundaries between these parts are often delineated by major fault lineaments. Else-where such deep fundamental faults are held to be important in the siting and evolution of orogenic belts.
Rates of change within orogenic belts
Authors: Sutton J. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The following types of change are considered: changes in the arrangement of orogenic belts since late Pre-Cambrian times, in particular their reduction in number: rates of vertical and horizontal displacement are given and bring out the contrast between vertical displacement whose rate falls off with time, and horizontal movement which may continue for many hundreds of million years at a few centimetres per annum. The paper ends with a discussion of the migration of plutonically active regions.
The deep structure of orogenic belts—the root problem
Authors: Oxburgh E. R. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
Differences in physical properties between orogenic areas and adjacent inactive regions extend to depths of at least 200, and possibly 400 km, into the upper mantle; these differences are evident from the anomalous travel-times of Love waves traversing orogenic regions. At shallow depths, near the crust-mantle interface, such differences may be investigated by means of seismic refraction and some recent studies in the Alps and the United States are reviewed; it appears that many active orogenic areas are characterized by (1) greater than average crustal thicknesses, (2) higher than average compressional wave velocities at the base of the crust, (3) unusually low velocity contrasts at the Mohorovičić discontinuity and (4) higher temperatures in the lower crust and upper mantle than at equivalent depths in adjacent inactive areas. The magnitudes of these effects are such that the lower crust in orogenic areas must differ, either in phase assemblage or in chemical composition, from the crust in adjacent areas. If the former is the case, the orogenic lower crust could be of intermediate or mafic composition in the granulite facies of regional metamorphism; in inactive regions the same chemical composition could be expressed by hydrous mineral assemblages, characterized by lower velocites and densities. This model is compatible with an origin for the orogenic root by crustal shortening. Alternatively, if the high velocities of the lower orogenic crust reflect differences in bulk chemical composition, this could occur through the addition of mantle-derived magmas as part of the orogenic process; estimates of the volume of such additions necessary to give the observed seismic velocities show that they are comparable with the apparent crustal thickening; this model is incompatible with significant amounts of crustal shortening but is compatible with either no over-all change in horizontal crustal dimensions, or with small amounts of crustal extension. The alternative models are discussed.