bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pathogenic helminth parasites of eels
Authors: Kennedy C R 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough 63 and 55 species of helminths have been reported from each species of Atlantic eel and from 29 to 19 for each species of Pacific eel only the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae and the nematode Anguillicola crassus, originally specific to species of Pacific eels, can be considered serious pathogens. None of the three are normally pathogenic to their preferred natural eel host species in the wild. Pseudodactylogyrus spp. only cause serious local gill damage when present on a host in large numbers under optimal conditions that facilitate transmission. This is the case in eel aquaculture, where infections can be controlled by drugs. Anguillicola crassus is only pathogenic to Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata when Atlantic eels are introduced to the far east or when the parasites have been introduced to Europe. Here the parasite life cycle differs in that A. crassus can infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, employ paratenic hosts and survive as larvae for months in the swimbladder wall. This makes it an excellent colonizer. Its major pathogenic effects on eels result from haemorrhaging in, and thickening of, the swimbladder wall. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the swimbladder, reducing its ability to function as a hydrostatic organ, and increases the stress response of eels. In shallow lakes at warm temperatures this can result in mass mortalities. It is also feared that the parasite affects the ability of eels to migrate to the Sargasso Sea and so contributes to the decline in eel populations. Control by drug treatment is possible in culture, but not in the wild.
Long‐term effects of translocation and release numbers on fine‐scale population structure among coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: ELDRIDGE WILLIAM H. , NAISH KERRY A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManagement actions, such as translocations, reintroductions and supportive breeding, can have both negative and positive effects on population recovery. Several studies have examined the incidence of introgression following such actions, but few studies have explored the effect of release numbers on gene flow between closely related recipient populations. We examined population structure of coho salmon in Puget Sound (Washington State, USA) to evaluate the relationship between the number of individuals transferred between rivers, and the number released within rivers, on inter‐ and intrariver population divergence. Eleven microsatellite loci were surveyed in 23 hatchery and wild samples collected from 11 rivers within and one hatchery outside Puget Sound. Pairwise genetic divergences between most populations were significant, but the population structure could not be explained by an isolation‐by‐distance model (Mantel test, P > 0.05). In contrast, we detected significant hatchery influence on population structure. The numbers of fish transferred among rivers between 1952 and 2004 was negatively correlated with differentiation between rivers (partial Mantel test, P = 0.005) but not within rivers (t‐test, P = 0.41). Number of fish released from hatcheries that collect broodstock locally was negatively correlated with population structure within rivers (t‐test P = 0.002), and between nearby rivers (partial Mantel P = 0.04). Our results indicate that the population structure can, to some degree, be altered by the number of individuals transferred and by local release number of individuals in ongoing artificial propagation programs. The findings presented here emphasize the need to control the number of individuals that are either inadvertently introduced, or are deliberately released under conservation scenarios.
Effects of recent population bottlenecks on reconstructing the demographic history of prairie‐chickens
Authors: JOHNSON JEFF A. , DUNN PETER O. , BOUZAT JUAN L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrent methods of DNA sequence analysis attempt to reconstruct historical patterns of population structure and growth from contemporary samples. However, these techniques may be influenced by recent population bottlenecks, which have the potential to eliminate lineages that reveal past changes in demography. One way to examine the performance of these demographic methods is to compare samples from populations before and after recent bottlenecks. We compared estimates of demographic history from populations of greater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) before and after recent bottlenecks using four common methods (nested clade analysis [NCA], Tajima'sD, mismatch distribution, andmdiv). We found that NCA did not perform well in the presence of bottleneck events, although it did recover some genetic signals associated with increased isolation and the extinction of intermediate populations. The majority of estimates for Tajima'sD, including those from bottlenecked populations, were not significantly different from zero, suggesting our data conformed to neutral expectations. In contrast, mismatch distributions including the raggedness index were more likely to identify recently bottlenecked populations with this data set. Estimates of population mutation rate (θ), population divergence time (t), and time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) frommdivwere similar before and after bottlenecks; however, estimates of gene flow (M) were significantly lower in a few cases following a bottleneck. These results suggest that caution should be used when assessing demographic history from contemporary data sets, as recently fragmented and bottlenecked populations may have lost lineages that affect inferences of their demographic history.
Sex‐biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: DOUADI MELANIE I. , GATTI SYLVAIN , LEVRERO FLORENCE , DUHAMEL GAËTAN , BERMEJO MAGDALENA , VALLET DOMINIQUE , MENARD NELLY , PETIT ERIC J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe explored two hypotheses related to potential differences between sexes in dispersal behaviour in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Direct observations suggest that immature females have more opportunities to move between breeding groups than immature males. The distribution of kin dyadic relationships within and between groups does not, however, support this hypothesis. At larger geographical scales, dispersal is likely to be easier for males than females because of the solitary phase most blackbacks experience before founding their own breeding group. However, previous work indicates that males settle preferentially close to male kin. By specifically tracing female and male lineages with mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal genetic markers, we found that male gorillas in the 6000 km2area we surveyed form a single population whereas females are restricted to the individual sites we sampled and do not freely move around this area. These differences are more correctly described as differences in dispersal distances, rather than differences in dispersal rates between sexes (both sexes emigrate from their natal group in this species). Differences in resource competition and dispersal costs between female and male gorillas are compatible with the observed pattern, but more work is needed to understand if these ultimate causes are responsible for sex‐biased dispersal distances in western lowland gorillas.
Phylogeography of the invasive seaweed Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) reveals cryptic diversity
Authors: ANDREAKIS NIKOS , PROCACCINI GABRIELE , MAGGS CHRISTINE , KOOISTRA WIEBE H. C. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rhodophyte seaweed Asparagopsis armata Harvey is distributed in the northern and southern temperate zones, and its congener Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan abounds throughout the tropics and subtropics. Here, we determine intraspecific phylogeographic patterns to compare potential causes of the disjunctions in the distributions of both species. We obtained specimens throughout their ranges and inferred phylogenies from the hypervariable domains D1‐D3 of the nuclear rDNA LSU, the plastid spacer between the large and small subunits of RuBisCo and the mitochondrial cox 2–3 intergenic spacer. The cox spacer acquired base changes the fastest and the RuBisCo spacer the slowest. Median‐joining networks inferred from the sequences revealed the absence of phylogeographic structure in the introduced range of A. armata, corroborating the species’ reported recent introduction. A. taxiformis consisted of three nuclear, three plastid and four mitochondrial genetically distinct, lineages (1–4). Mitochondrial lineage 3 is found in the western Atlantic, the Canary Islands and the eastern Mediterranean. Mitochondrial lineages 1, 2, and 4 occur in the Indo‐Pacific, but one of them (lineage 2) is also found in the central Mediterranean and southern Portugal. Phylogeographic results suggest separation of Atlantic and Indo‐Pacific lineages resulted from the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama, as well as from dispersal events postdating the closure event, such as the invasion of the Mediterranean Sea by mitochondrial lineages 2 and 3. Molecular clock estimates using the Panama closure event as a calibration for the split of lineages 3 and 4 suggest that A. taxiformis diverged into two main cryptic species (1 + 2 and 3 + 4) about 3.2–5.5 million years ago (Ma), and that the separation of the mitochondrial lineages 1 and 2 occurred 1–2.3 Ma.
mRNA metabolism of flowering‐time regulators in wild‐type Arabidopsis revealed by a nuclear cap binding protein mutant, abh1
Authors: Kuhn Josef M. , Breton Ghislain , Schroeder Julian I. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe precise regulation of RNA metabolism has crucial roles in numerous developmental and physiological processes such as the induction of flowering in plants. Here we report the identification of processes associated with mRNA metabolism of flowering‐time regulators in wild‐type Arabidopsis plants, which were revealed by an early flowering mutation, abh1, in an Arabidopsis nuclear mRNA cap‐binding protein. By using abh1 as an enhancer of mRNA metabolism events, we identify non‐coding polyadenylated cis natural antisense transcripts (cis‐NATs) at the CONSTANS locus in wild‐type plants. Our analyses also reveal a regulatory function of FLC intron 1 during transcript maturation in wild type. Moreover, transcripts encoding the FLM MADS box transcription factor are subject to premature intronic polyadenylation in wild type. In each case, abh1 showed altered patterns in RNA metabolism in these events compared with wild type. Together, abh1 enhances steps in the RNA metabolism that allowed us to identify novel molecular events of three key flowering‐time regulators in wild‐type plants, delivering important insights for further dissecting RNA‐based mechanisms regulating flowering time in Arabidopsis.
Two novel AP2/ERF domain proteins interact with cis‐element VWRE for wound‐induced expression of the Tobacco tpoxN1 gene
Authors: Sasaki Katsutomo , Mitsuhara Ichiro , Seo Shigemi , Ito Hiroyuki , Matsui Hirokazu , Ohashi Yuko 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe vascular system‐specific and wound‐responsive cis‐element (VWRE) has been identified as a novel cis‐element for wound‐induced and vascular system‐specific expression of the tobacco peroxidase gene, tpoxN1. Here we isolated two independent clones that encode VWRE binding proteins by yeast one‐hybrid screening. As the gene products have an AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene‐responsive factor) domain, and the transcripts were accumulated transiently after wounding, we named them wound‐responsive AP2/ERF‐like factor 1 (WRAF1) and WRAF2. The AP2/ERF domains of the two WRAFs share 97% homology, and are classified into the ERF subfamily B‐4. Gel mobility shift analysis indicated that WRAFs specifically bind VWRE, which contains no known cis‐elements for other AP2/ERF proteins. The binding activity of the WRAFs was found to be localized in the AP2/ERF domain. The WRAFs transactivated a promoter containing four tandem repeats of the VWRE, but not that of the mutated VWRE. Overexpression of the WRAF genes led to constitutive expression of the potential target gene, tpoxN1, in unwounded transgenic plants. These results indicate that the novel transcription factors WRAF1 and WRAF2 bind the VWRE as positive regulators for the expression of the tpoxN1 gene.
A physical map of the highly heterozygous Populus genome: integration with the genome sequence and genetic map and analysis of haplotype variation
Authors: Kelleher Colin T. , Chiu Readman , Shin Heesun , Bosdet Ian E. , Krzywinski Martin I. , Fjell Chris D. , Wilkin Jennifer , Yin TongMing , DiFazio Stephen P. , Ali Johar , Asano Jennifer K. , Chan Susanna , Cloutier Alison , Girn Noreen , Leach Stephen , Lee Darlene , Mathewson Carrie A. , Olson Teika , O’Connor Katie , Prabhu Anna‐Liisa , Smailus Duane E. , Stott Jeffery M. , Tsai Miranda , Wye Natasja H. , Yang George S. , Zhuang Jun , Holt Robert A. , Putnam Nicholas H. , Vrebalov Julia , Giovannoni James J. , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Rokhsar Daniel , Jones Steven J.M. , Marra Marco A. , Tuskan Gerald A. , Bohlmann Jörg , Ellis Brian E. , Ritland Kermit , Douglas Carl J. , Schein Jacqueline E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAs part of a larger project to sequence the Populus genome and generate genomic resources for this emerging model tree, we constructed a physical map of the Populus genome, representing one of the few such maps of an undomesticated, highly heterozygous plant species. The physical map, consisting of 2802 contigs, was constructed from fingerprinted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. The map represents approximately 9.4‐fold coverage of the Populus genome, which has been estimated from the genome sequence assembly to be 485 ± 10 Mb in size. BAC ends were sequenced to assist long‐range assembly of whole‐genome shotgun sequence scaffolds and to anchor the physical map to the genome sequence. Simple sequence repeat‐based markers were derived from the end sequences and used to initiate integration of the BAC and genetic maps. A total of 2411 physical map contigs, representing 97% of all clones assigned to contigs, were aligned to the sequence assembly (JGI Populus trichocarpa, version 1.0). These alignments represent a total coverage of 384 Mb (79%) of the entire poplar sequence assembly and 295 Mb (96%) of linkage group sequence assemblies. A striking result of the physical map contig alignments to the sequence assembly was the co‐localization of multiple contigs across numerous regions of the 19 linkage groups. Targeted sequencing of BAC clones and genetic analysis in a small number of representative regions showed that these co‐aligning contigs represent distinct haplotypes in the heterozygous individual sequenced, and revealed the nature of these haplotype sequence differences.
Symptom experience after lung transplantation: impact on quality of life and adherence
Authors: Kugler Christiane , Fischer Stefan , Gottlieb Jens , Tegtbur Uwe , Welte Tobias , Goerler Heidi , Simon Andre , Haverich Axel , Strueber Martin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Background: Patients’ perceptions of immunosuppression‐ related symptom experience may impact on quality of life (QoL) and medication adherence.Methods: A total of 308 lung transplant recipients were screened for study inclusion. Two hundred eighty‐seven patients (response rate 93%) completed a 91‐item questionnaire consisting of subscales focusing on symptom experiences (frequency and distress), and adherence. QoL was assessed by a 40‐item standardized instrument. Impact of symptom experiences on QoL and adherence were assessed. Potential determinants of immunosuppression induced symptom experiences were evaluated.Results: The most frequent reported symptoms were tremor (70%) and hirsutism (68.1%), whereas Cushingoid appearance (38.6%) and muscle weakness (31.9%) appeared to be the most distressing symptoms. Women (p < 0.001) and younger patients (<40 yr; p < 0.0001) reported a significantly higher level of symptom experience compared with their counterparts respectively. Symptom experiences negatively influenced QoL in all dimensions (p < 0.006). Those who described experiencing adverse effects reported significantly more “drug holidays” (p ≤ 0.004) compared with those reporting minor frequent adverse effects. Patients’ self‐reported strategies to reduce adverse effects were to postpone medication intake (30%), to drop doses (8%), or to reduce doses (9%).Conclusions: This study establishes a relationship between patients’ perceptions of immunosuppression‐related symptom experiences and the impact on QoL and adherence. Immunosuppression is accompanied by significant adverse effects in both symptom frequency and distress. Most frequently experienced symptoms do not necessarily have the greatest impact on perceived distress, and vice versa. High levels of adverse effects tend to negatively influence patients’ QoL and adherence. Future research is required to understand the relationship of these complex variables.
The use of sirolimus in ganciclovir‐resistant cytomegalovirus infections in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Ozaki Kikumi Suzete , Câmara Niels Olsen Saraiva , Nogueira Eliana , Pereira Mauricio Galvão , Granato Celso , Melaragno Cláudio , Camargo Luis Fernando Aranha , Pacheco‐Silva Alvaro 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Background: The widespread use of prophylactic ganciclovir and anti‐lymphocyte/thymocyte therapies are associated with increased induction of ganciclovir‐resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains. The use of sirolimus has been associated with a lower incidence of CMV infection in transplant recipients. We questioned whether it could also be effective as a therapeutic treatment of resistant CMV infection.Methods: Patients with ganciclovir‐resistant CMV infections determined clinically and by DNA sequencing analysis were enrolled. Antigenaemia and DNA sequencing were used to diagnosis and follow the mutations.Results: Nine transplant patients were given sirolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil (n = 4) or a calcineurin inhibitor (n = 5). Seven out of nine recipients were CMV IgG negative before transplantation. We observed a rapid decrease in antigenaemia levels, reaching zero in eight out of nine (88.9%) patients within a median of 20.3 ± 10.1 d. Graft function remained stable and no patient presented acute rejection or recurrence of the CMV infection.Conclusions: This suggests that the use of sirolimus plus ganciclovir therapy could be useful in ganciclovir‐resistant CMV infections.
HLA class II amino acid epitopes as susceptibility markers of sarcoidosis
Authors: Voorter C. E. M. , Amicosante M. , Berretta F. , Groeneveld L. , Drent M. , Van Den Berg‐Loonen E. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology, affecting primarily the lung and characterized by epithelioid granulomas. Disease association studies showed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II to be related to sarcoidosis. Initially, we studied the association of sarcoidosis with DQB1, and in the present study, we evaluated all amino acid variants of the HLA‐DPB1, ‐DQB1, ‐DRB1, ‐DRB3, ‐DRB4 and ‐DRB5 genes to identify possible polymorphisms associated with the disease. Patients and controls were typed for class II genes to the allele level by sequence‐based typing. Multiple logistic regression models showed DRAla71 and DQPhe9 to be independently associated with the disease. Subdivision of patients according to their radiographic stage resulted in identification of DRArg74 as independent associated residue in the RS I group, whereas DRAla71 and DQTyr30 were associated with RS II–IV groups. Polymorphic residues specifically associated with sarcoidosis shed new light on the characteristics of sarcoidosis‐triggered peptides. Overall, pocket 9 of DQ and pocket 4 of DR seem to be the most important areas involved in the association with sarcoidosis.
Blockade of the PD‐1/PD‐1L pathway reverses the protective effect of anti‐CD40L therapy in a rat to mouse concordant islet xenotransplantation model
Authors: Mai Gang , Del Rio Maria‐Luisa , Tian Jiong , Ramirez Pablo , Buhler Leo , Rodriguez‐Barbosa Jose‐Ignacio 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Background: We have previously demonstrated that costimulatory blockade with anti‐CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) prolongs the survival of non‐vascularized concordant rat to mouse islet xenografts. Here, we examine whether signaling through the PD‐1/PD‐1L pathway is required for the anti‐CD40L therapy to prolong concordant islet graft survival using a novel anti‐murine PD‐1 mAb (clone 4F10).Methods: C57BL/6 mice received a cellular concordant islet xenograft under the left kidney capsule and four experimental groups were prepared. Group I: untreated control; group II: recipient mice were treated with three doses of 0.5 mg of anti‐CD40L mAb (clone MR1) on days 0, 2 and 4; group III: mice were treated with 0.5 mg of anti‐PD‐1 (CD279) mAb (clone 4F10) every other day for 8 days; and finally group IV: mice received the combined treatment that consisted of anti‐CD40L plus anti‐PD‐1 mAb.Results: Concordant islet xenografts transplanted in control untreated mice showed a median survival time (MST) of 17 ± 7.43 days, whereas anti‐CD40L treatment led to a significant prolongation of graft survival (MST: 154 ± 65.56, P < 0.0001). The administration of anti‐PD‐1 alone significantly accelerated graft rejection compared to non‐treated controls (MST: 10 ± 2.24 vs. MST: 17 ± 7.43, P < 0.0004). Remarkably, the combined administration of anti‐CD40L and anti‐PD‐1 reversed the protective effect obtained with anti‐CD40L alone (anti‐CD40L, MST: 154 ± 65.56 vs. anti‐CD40L plus anti‐PD‐1, MST: 10 ± 7.72, P < 0.0002).Conclusion: Overall, our data indicate that the PD‐1/PD‐1L pathway is required for the achievement of prolonged graft survival in anti‐CD40L‐treated mice in a setting of rat to mouse concordant islet xenotransplantation.
An open non‐randomized study of recombinant activated factor VII in major postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Ahonen J. , Jokela R. , Korttila K. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Empirical off‐label use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has been reported to be effective in some cases of severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Successful management of these patients has lead to more wide‐spread use of rFVIIa in less severe cases without any evidence for the advantages of its administration.Methods:  Until November 2006, we had administered rFVIIa to 38 parturients. Based on our initial experience with the first 12 patients, we prepared guidelines for the use of rFVIIa. During the existence of these guidelines, we made a retrospective comparison of the 26 women who received rFVIIa with another 22 women who were treated during the same time period without using rFVIIa.Results:  The total amount of blood loss was significantly higher (11.3 ± 4.5 vs. 8.0 ± 3.1 l), and the coagulation screen revealed significantly longer partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) values and significantly lower fibrinogen values in patients receiving rFVIIa. The need for red blood cells, platelets and fibrinogen concentrate was significantly higher in these women. Although the response was considered good in two‐thirds of the women, several patients received rFVIIa with a poor or no response as a result of arterial bleeding.Conclusion:  The decision to use rFVIIa resulted from a more profound haemorrhage. We did not gain any evidence to extend the use of rFVIIa into less severe cases of PPH. Furthermore, this policy would result in a profound increase in the overall costs of the treatment. Randomized placebo‐controlled trials are urgently needed to optimize the use of rFVIIa in obstetric haemorrhage.