bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Will a New Clinical Decision Rule Be Widely Used? the Case of the Canadian C‐Spine Rule
Authors: Brehaut Jamie C. , Stiell Ian G. , Graham Ian D. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Objectives: The reasons why some clinical decision rules (CDRs) become widely used and others do not are not well understood. The authors wanted to know the following: 1) To what extent is widespread use of a new, relatively complex CDR an attainable goal? 2) How do physician perceptions of the new CDR compare with those of a widely used rule? 3) To what extent do physician subgroups differ in likelihood to use a new rule? Methods: A survey of 399 Canadian emergency physicians was conducted using Dillman's Tailored Design Method for postal surveys. The physicians were queried regarding the Canadian Cervical‐Spine Rule (C‐Spine Rule). Results were analyzed via frequency distributions, tests of association, and logistic regression. Results: Response rate was 69.2% (262/376). Most respondents (83.6%) reported having already seen the Canadian C‐Spine Rule, while 63.0% reported already using it. Of those who did not currently use the rule, 74.2% reported that they would consider using it in the future despite the fact that, compared with another widely used rule (the Ottawa Ankle Rules), the C‐Spine Rule was rated as less easy to learn (z = 6.68, p < 0.001), remember (z = 7.37, p < 0.001), and use (z = 5.90, p < 0.001). Those who had never seen the rule before were older (χ2= 5.10, p = 0.007) and more likely to work part‐time (χ2(2) = 7.31, p = 0.026). The best predictors of whether the rule would be used was whether it had first been seen during training (odds ratio [OR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14 to 6.04), was perceived as an efficient use of time (OR, 4.44; 95% CI = 1.12 to 16.89), and was too much trouble to apply (OR, 0.25; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.77).
Conclusions:
Widespread use of a relatively complex rule is possible. Older and part‐time physicians were less likely to have seen the Canadian C‐Spine Rule but not less likely to use it once they had seen it. Targeting hard‐to‐reach subpopulations while stressing the safety and convenience of these rules is most likely to increase use of new CDRs.
Localization of Electromagnetic Wave in 3D Periodic and Fractal Structures
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshinari , Kirihara Soshu , Takeda Mitsuo Wada 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Localization or confinement of electromagnetic or optical waves is reviewed briefly in respect to the wave interaction with the specific structures of periodic, random, and fractal (self-similar) geometries, which can enhance strong interference, scattering, and resonance of waves. The localization of microwave in photonic crystals with diamond structure and in photonic fractals with Menger sponge structure of dielectric media is reported and discussed about the difference of localization behaviors. These 3D structures are fabricated easily from liquid photosensitive resins or ceramic dispersed ones by a CAD/CAM stereolithography. The localization in photonic fractals is supported with several measurements of transmission, 90° wave scattering, electric field intensity profile, and FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) simulation for localized modes. An empirical equation to predict the localization frequencies shows good agreements with measured results as well. The localization in a photonic crystal can be explained by Bragg scattering, while that in a photonic fractal by resonance in the fractal cavity.
A Facile Zn-mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Trisubstituted Alkenes from Baylis–Hillman Adducts in Water and Its Application
Authors: Das Biswanath , Chowdhury Nikhil , Banerjee Joydeep , Majhi Anjoy , Mahender Gurram 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A simple and efficient stereoselective synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-trisubstituted alkenes has been accomplished by treatment of the acetyl derivatives of the Baylis–Hillman adducts with Zn in saturated aq. NH4Cl solution under reflux. The method has been utilized for the preparation of the two chiral insect pheromones, dominicalure-I and dominicalure-II, of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F).
Tunable Deposition of ZnO on Al Particle Surface: From Nanoparticles to Films
Authors: Hu Peng , Yuan Fangli , Wang Xi , Li Shaohua , Li Jinlin , Chen Yunfa 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO films deposited on surface of Al particles were successfully synthesized via esterification between zinc acetate and ethanol under different solvothermal condition. As-synthesized ZnO particles were nearly spherical with uniform size close to 100 nm and homogeneously distributed on the surface of Al particles. By changing the reaction temperature, ZnO thin films were obtained instead of individual particles.
Synthesis of Polycyclic Coumarin Derivatives by Combined Claisen Rearrangement, Ring-closing Metathesis, and Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Chattopadhyay Shital K , Biswas Titas , Neogi Kaushik 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A new route to several hitherto unknown linearly and angularly architectured polycyclic coumarin derivatives has been developed involving tandem applications of three atom economic processes viz. Claisen rearrangement, ring-closing enyne metathesis, and Diels–Alder reactions.
Labeling Polymeric Nanoparticles with Copper Chlorophyll as Contrast Agent for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Sun Wangqiang , Xie Changsheng , Wang Huafang , Hu Yu , Yang Xiangliang , Xu Huibi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Copper chlorophyll (CC), the hydrophobic pigment applied in food, is employed as a contrast agent instead of Au nanoparticles (NPs) to label polymeric NPs for in vivo observation by electron microscopy. Using the nanoprecipitation method without surfactants CC is aggregated in coordinately saturated form and synchronously encapsulated in the matrix of polymeric NPs without other complex pretreatments, which may ensure the stability of CC in NPs.
Regioselectivity in Nucleophilic Addition of Siloxyalkenes to an Alkylideneallyl Cation
Authors: Fujita Morifumi , Fujiwara Koji , Okuyama Tadashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Alkylideneallyl cation generated from Lewis acid-mediated ring-opening reaction of alkylidenecyclopropanone acetal was employed for the reaction with siloxyalkenes to give [3 + 2] cycloaddition and acyclic addition products. All the products are the result of nucleophilic addition to the sp2 center of the alkylideneallyl cation, and there is no sign of the nucleophilic addition to the sp center. The regioselectivity is independent of the electronic and steric effects of siloxyalkene nucleophiles, and is compatible with charge distribution of the allylic cation.
Catalytic Repair of a Thymine Dimer in DNA via Carbazole Nucleoside
Authors: Yoshimura Yoshinaga , Fujimoto Kenzo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We report the catalytic repair of a thymine dimer incorporated in a DNA duplex via oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing carbazole nucleoside (K). The occurrence of an electron transfer between K and thymine dimer is evidenced by fluorescence quenching measurements. K acts as a good electron donor for the catalytic repair of a thymine dimer.
New Visible Light Active Photocatalyst, Carbon-coated W18O49
Authors: Kojin Fumi , Mori Masanobu , Morishita Takahiro , Inagaki Michio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Visible light active photocatalyst, carbon-coated W18O49, was prepared by the heat treatment of the powder mixtures of ammonium paratungstate with poly(vinyl alcohol) at a temperature of 800 °C for 1 h in Ar gas flow. From the measurements of the decomposition of methylene blue and phenol in water, carbon-coated W18O49 was shown to be active only under visible light.
Controlled Formation of Ni–B Amorphous Alloy Nanoarray via Ultrasound-assisted Reductant-infiltration Strategy
Authors: Chen Xueying , Lou Zhiying , Xie Songhai , Qiao Minghua , Yan Shirun , Zhu Yuanlong , Fan Kangnian , He Heyong 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An effective and facile strategy, ultrasound-assisted reductant-infiltration, was realized in the preparation of hexagonally packed Ni–B amorphous alloy nanoarray, which exhibits superior catalytic properties to their nanoparticle counterpart in selective hydrogenation of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol.
Confined Sol–Gel Reaction Using a Neutral Glycolipid Nanotube as a Template: Aqueous Fabrication of Titania Rod Structures
Authors: Ji Qingmin , Kamiya Shoko , Shimizu Toshimi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A neutral glycolipid nanotube has been used as a template to form titania rod structures in aqueous solutions. By freezing the aqueous solution of the lipid nanotube to an iced solid state, we were able to confine the formation of titania particles on the surfaces of the lipid nanotubes. After removal of the nanotube template by heat treatment, we successfully obtained rod structures of titania.
Career education: An application of latent growth curve modelling to career information‐seeking behaviour of school pupils
Authors: Shevlin Mark. , Millar Rob. 
Published: March 2006

Background. This study applied the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in an attempt to predict longitudinal growth of career exploratory behaviour in school pupils. The importance of information for making considered career decisions is indicated in theories of career development and choice, career education programmes, and concepts of career maturity.Aims. The study aimed to initially model individual and group levels of career exploratory behaviour and then to identify psychological variables that predicted such behaviour.Sample. Longitudinal data from a sample of 325 adolescents (mean age 16.4 years, SD = 0.77, 45% were male) was collected at three points in time.Method. A latent growth curve model was specified to account for initial status and subsequent linear growth of career exploratory behaviour. Variables representing the TPB were included in the model to explain the variation in the intercept and slope factors.Results. The latent growth curve model was found to be an acceptable description of the data, and indicated that there was significant individual variability in terms of the intercept and slope factors. Behavioural intention was found to be a significant predictor of the intercept factor, but not of the slope factor.Conclusions. It was concluded that the TPB remains a useful theoretical framework from which to explain career information‐seeking behaviour.
The educational impact of team‐skills training: Preparing students to work in groups
Authors: Prichard Jane S. , Bizo Lewis A. , Stratford Robert J. 
Published: March 2006

Background. Despite a vast literature on collaborative learning (CL), there is little research on preparing students to work collaboratively.Aims. This two‐phase evaluation investigated whether team‐skills training could enhance the performance of collaborative groups through the introduction of a team development programme to a group‐based undergraduate key‐skills unit.Sample. Phase 1 compared two consecutive cohorts of second‐year students, Cohort 1 (N = 94) who received no preparation, and Cohort 2 (N = 113) who received team‐skills training. Phase 2 added Cohort 3 (N = 88), who also received team‐skills training, to extend the analysis.Method. In Phase 1, students in both Cohorts 1 and 2 worked on a series of curriculum based key‐skill tasks across two semesters. Students worked in one group in Semester 1 and were then formed into new groups for Semester 2. Effects of the training were measured by student group marks and key‐skill ratings.Results. Marks and key‐skill ratings were significantly higher for the trained cohort in Semester 1 (p <.01). However, in Semester 2 performance reduced for the trained cohort in comparison to Semester 1. To explore this further, Phase 2 of the study evaluated Cohort 3, where after training, collaborative groups remained intact throughout the academic year. Results for Cohort 3 showed no attenuation of performance effects in Semester 2.Conclusions. Phase 1 results support the use of team‐skills training to enhance CL group performance. The findings for Phase 2 suggest that these benefits may be lost if training groups are disrupted.
The belief in a negative interdependence of math and verbal abilities as determinant of academic self‐concepts
Authors: Möller Jens. , Streblow Lilian. , Pohlmann Britta. 
Published: March 2006

Background. The internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model by Marsh (1986) assumes intra‐individual dimensional comparisons in which students compare their own achievements in one subject with their achievements in other subjects. These comparison processes should lead to negative paths from achievement in one subject (e.g. maths) on self‐concept in another subject (e.g. verbal domains).Aims. Within this study, we investigated the impact of students' belief in a negative interdependence of maths and verbal abilities, that is, whether students think of maths and verbal abilities as negatively correlated or not, on the impact of dimensional comparisons.Methods. Maths and German grades, academic self‐concepts in maths and German, and a new scale on the beliefs in a negative interdependence of maths and verbal abilities students were assessed (N = 1,443).Results. The importance of the negative interdependence beliefs could be shown: stronger beliefs in a negative interdependence of maths and verbal ability are accompanied by more negative path coefficients from grades in one subject to academic self‐concepts in the other subject.Conclusions. Dimensional comparisons seem to be of particular importance for students with negative interdependence beliefs.
An exploration of the relationship between academic and experiential learning approaches in vocational education
Authors: de Stavenga Jong Jan A. , Wierstra Ronny F. A. , Hermanussen José 
Published: March 2006

Background. Research on individual learning approaches (or learning styles) is split in two traditions, one of which is biased towards academic learning, and the other towards learning from direct experience.Aims. In the reported study, the two traditions are linked by investigating the relationships between school‐based (academic) and work‐based (experiential) learning approaches of students in vocational education programs.Samples. Participants were 899 students of a Dutch school for secondary vocational education; 758 provided data on school‐based learning, and 407 provided data on work‐based learning, resulting in an overlap of 266 students from whom data were obtained on learning in both settings.Methods. Learning approaches in school and work settings were measured with questionnaires. Using factor analysis and cluster analysis, items and students were grouped, both with respect to school‐ and work‐based learning.Results. The study identified two academic learning dimensions (constructive learning and reproductive learning), and three experiential learning dimensions (analysis, initiative, and immersion). Construction and analysis were correlated positively, and reproduction and initiative negatively. Cluster analysis resulted in the identification of three school‐based learning orientations and three work‐based learning orientations. The relation between the two types of learning orientations, expressed in Cramér's V, appeared to be weak.Conclusions. It is concluded that learning approaches are relatively context specific, which implies that neither theoretical tradition can claim general applicability.
Developmental dynamics between mathematical performance, task motivation, and teachers' goals during the transition to primary school
Authors: Aunola Kaisa. , Leskinen Esko. , Nurmi Jari‐Erik 
Published: March 2006

Background. It has been suggested that children's learning motivation and interest in a particular subject play an important role in their school performance, particularly in mathematics. However, few cross‐lagged longitudinal studies have been carried out to investigate the prospective relationships between academic achievement and task motivation. Moreover, the role that the classroom context plays in this development is largely unknown.Aims. The aim of the study was to investigate the developmental dynamics of maths‐related motivation and mathematical performance during children's transition to primary school. The role of teachers' pedagogical goals and classroom characteristics on this development was also investigated.Sample. A total of 196 Finnish children were examined four times: (0) in October during their preschool year; (1) in October and (2) April during their first grade of primary school; and (3) in October during their second grade.Method. Children's mathematical performance was tested at each measurement point. Task motivation was examined at measurement points 2, 3, and 4 using the Task‐value scale for children. First‐grade teachers were interviewed in November about their pedagogical goals and classroom characteristics.Results and conclusions. The results showed that children's mathematical performance and related task motivation formed a cumulative developmental cycle: a high level of maths performance at the beginning of the first grade increased subsequent task motivation towards mathematics, which further predicted a high level of maths performance at the beginning of the second grade. The level of maths‐related task motivation increased in those classrooms where the teachers emphasized motivation or self‐concept development as their most important pedagogical goal.
Die Diagnostik der Toxocara-Infestationen und der Toxokarose des Menschen The diagnosis of Toxocara infestations and of human toxocarosis
Authors: Auer Herbert , Aspöck Horst 
Published: March 2006

Zusammenfassung
Die beiden Askariden-Spezies Toxocara canis (Hundespulwurm) und T. cati (Katzenspulwurm) leben als Adulte im Dünndarm von Hund und Fuchs bzw. der Katze. Durch orale Aufnahme infektionstüchtiger Toxocara-Eier aus den Fäzes von Hund, Fuchs und Katze kann auch der Mensch die Infektion erwerben. Die im Dünndarm des Menschen schlüpfenden Wurmlarven können über den Pfortaderkreislauf, über Herz, Lunge und den großen Blutkreislauf in alle Organe des Menschen gelangen. In den meisten Fällen verläuft die Infestation klinisch inapparent oder subklinisch, in anderen Fällen kann es zu klinischen Manifestationen sehr unterschiedlicher Art kommen: Larva migrans visceralis-Syndrom (VLM), okuläres Larva migrans-Syndrom (OLM), inapparente Toxokarose, gemeine Toxokarose, zerebrale Toxokarose.
Die Laboratoriumsdiagnostik der Toxocara-Infestationen basiert auf dem Nachweis spezifischer Antikörper mittels ELISA und Western Blot, doch stehen zudem auch Verfahren zum Nachweis von zirkulierendem Antigen oder Antigen in situ zur Verfügung. Die PCR hat in der Routinediagnostik (noch?) keine Bedeutung.
Die Vielfalt der durch Toxocara-Larven ausgelösten Symptome ist Anlass, diese Helminthose bei einer Vielzahl von Krankheitsbildern unklarer Genese differentialdiagnostisch einzubeziehen.
Der ausführlichen Darstellung der laboratoriums-diagnostischen Methoden wird ein kurzer Überblick über Biologie, Vorkommen und Häufigkeit der Erreger, Pathogenese und Klinik sowie über die Möglichkeiten der Therapie vorangestellt. Hinweise auf andere Askariden-Arten, die beim Menschen ähnliche Erkrankungen auslösen können, ergänzen diese Übersicht.
Das Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Epidemiologie, Klinik und Labordiagnose Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): epidemiology, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis
Authors: Allwinn Regina , Weber Bernard 
Published: March 2006

Zusammenfassung
Infektionen mit dem Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) sind weltweit die bedeutendsten Atemwegserkrankungen im Säuglings- und Kindesalter. Die RS-Viren werden durch Schmierinfektionen und Aerosole übertragen, der Mensch ist das einzige Erregerreservoir. Im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter finden gehäuft RSV-Infektionen statt. Mit zwei Jahren sind bereits 95% der Kinder seropositiv. Maternale Antikörper gewährleisten im Säuglingsalter keinen ausreichenden Nestschutz. Es ist von keiner sicheren Immunität auszugehen, daher sind Reinfektionen die Regel. Der Häufigkeitsgipfel der RSV-Infektionen liegt in den Winter- und Frühlingsmonaten. Frühgeborene, immundefiziente und immunsupprimierte Patienten können das Virus mehrere Wochen ausscheiden. RSV-Infektionen verursachen zumeist Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis oder Pneumonie. Die Methode der Wahl ist der Erregernachweis über eine Virusisolierung in der Zellkultur im akuten Erkrankungsfall. Benötigt wird Nasenspülwasser oder ein tiefer Rachenabstrich. Auf einen schnellen Transport unter gekühlten Bedingungen ist zu achten (4°C). Die Antikörpernachweise (Serologie) sind die Methode der Wahl für die epidemiologischen Auswertungen und weniger für die Akutdiagnostik geeignet. Nach dem Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) § 6 Abs. 3 sind dem Gesundheitsamt gehäuft auftretende RSV-Infektionen zu melden. Die Therapie erfolgt symptomatisch; in schweren Fällen kann Ribavirin als Aerosol eingesetzt werden. Eine passive Immunisierung mit humanen Antikörpern gegen RSV kann bei Kindern mit erhöhtem Infektionsrisiko i.v. verabreicht werden (RespiGam). Auch sind monoklonale Antikörper gegen RSV (Palivizumab) prophylaktisch wirksam.
Host factors and disease severity in two patients with SARS Wirtsfaktoren und Erkrankungsschwere bei zwei Patienten mit SARS
Authors: Rickerts Volker , Reinhard Brodt Hans , Schneider Bernd , Weidmann Eckhart , Uwe Chow Kai 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Infection with the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)-associated coronavirus results in respiratory failure probably by immunological mechanisms in 10% of patients. Laboratory markers that predict subsequent respiratory failure would therefore be useful in patient management.
We describe the clinical course, hematologic parameters, lymphocyte subpopulations and markers of inflammation in two patients with SARS, i.e., one man with diabetes mellitus and one pregnant woman, infected by the same viral isolate.
The patient with underlying diabetes mellitus developed respiratory failure after admission in the second week of the illness while the second patient developed only a mild disease without respiratory failure. Subsequent respiratory dysfunction was associated with low numbers of Natural Killer (NK) cells at presentation and elevated CRP levels during the illness.
NK cells and CRP levels at the end of the first week of the disease might be related to subsequent respiratory dysfunction and may link underlying conditions to disease severity.
A pediatric perspective on hemochromatosis: not just “an old man's disease” Eine pädiatrische Sichtweise der Hämochromatosis: nicht nur ein Altersleiden
Authors: Lockitch Gillian , Litvinova Mariya M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Hemochromatosis, once considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder of increased iron absorption, predominantly affecting men after the fourth decade of life, is now known to be a syndrome caused by mutations in at least five different genes, one of which results in an autosomal dominant form of the disease. The most severe form, known as juvenile hemochromatosis, is seen in individuals less than thirty years of age and has been described in a child as young as four years. The pediatric significance of hemochromatosis is discussed.