bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIED ASSAYS FOR PSP TOXINS IN HEAT SHOCKED PHILIPPINE GREEN MUSSELS (PERNA VIRIDIS)
Authors: AZANZA MA. PATRICIA V. , AZANZA RHODORA V. , VENTURA SHARON R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTToxin assays namely: the mouse bioassay, the receptor binding assay (RBA) and, the immuno‐chromatography assay using MIST Alert™ rapid test kit were used to determine the concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins from untreated and heat shocked Philippine green mussels, Perna viridis contaminated with Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Toxin levels ranging from 4–15 μg STXeq/100 g sample were quantified in the mussel samples analyzed using RBA. Higher levels of PSP toxins at about 30 μg STX eq/100 g sample were recorded using mouse bioassay, which was attributed to interfering factors that could induce mouse death resulting in false positive reactions. The MIST Alert™ test kit showed positive reaction in the samples evaluated based on the reported average profile of PSP toxin analogues at about 40 μg STX eq/100 g sample. The test heat treatments did not elicit definitive change in the PSP toxin profiles of heat shocked mussels relative to the untreated samples.
AN INVESTIGATION ABOUT ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BLACK CROCUS (STENBERGIA FISCHERIANA)
Authors: DOSTBIL NURSEL , AGAOGLU SEMA 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the antimicrobial activity of black crocus (Stenbergia fischeriana), a poisonous herb, on some Gram (+) and Gram (−) microorganisms. Extracts of black crocus were prepared in acetone and tested against Corynebacterium xerosis UC9165, Micrococcus luteus A 2971, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Klebsiella pneumonia FML 5, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with the disk diffusion method Black crocus had inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753 and Klebsiella pneumonia FML 5 but has no inhibitory activity against other bacteria strains.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPORT, LAIRAGE AND HIDE CLEANLINESS ON CAMPYLOBACTER PREVALENCE IN FEEDLOT CATTLE AND DRESSED CARCASSES
Authors: MINIHAN DONAL , WHYTE PAUL , O'MAHONY MICHEÁL , FANNING SÉAMUS , DOYLE MAIREAD , COLLINS JOHN D. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transport and lairage of cattle before slaughter had on the qualitative and quantitative shedding of Campylobacter in cattle feces, and hence on the prevalence of this pathogen on dressed carcasses. A cohort of 109 heifers aged 27 to 30 months from a single Irish feedlot was investigated. Individual rectal fecal samples were taken from all of the cattle at the feedlot, after transport and at the end of lairage. The entire outer and inner surfaces of a carcass side of each animal were then swabbed immediately following slaughter and dressing. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 191 (58%) of the 327 fecal samples analyzed. Of the 191 isolates recovered in the study, 62 (57%), 60 (55%) and 69 (63%) were isolated from farm, posttransport and postlairage samples, respectively. There was no Campylobacter spp. isolated from the dressed carcasses. A trend of decreasing numbers of Campylobacter shed per gram of feces between sampling at farm and postlairage was observed. This reduction was significant for visit 1 (P < 0.05). The key findings of this study were that transport and lairage did not result in an increase in the number of animals shedding Campylobacter spp. in feces and with appropriate standards of abattoir hygiene a low prevalence of this pathogen can be achieved on dressed carcasses.
BEHAVIOR OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES IN MASHED POTATOES
Authors: TRUJILLO FAUSTO TEJEDA , ESCARTÍN EDUARDO FERNÁNDEZ , CEREZO SILVIA GIONO 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pyogenes is widely recognized as a human pathogen. Whereas person‐to‐person transmission is the most common transmission mechanism for this pathogen, some outbreaks of S. pyogenes disease have been reported to occur in association with consumption of contaminated foods such as shrimp or potato salads. In this study, the behavior of S. pyogenes was studied in mashed potatoes as a function of storage temperature, types and amount of background biota and type of ingredients. Combined mashed potatoes (potatoes, butter, milk, egg and table salt) or plain mashed potatoes (potatoes only) were inoculated with a 5‐strain cocktail of S. pyogenes and stored at 7, 25, 35 or 37C. At intervals during storage, samples were collected for counting S. pyogenes in blood agar plates or blood agar added with sodium azide, polymyxin and crystal violet. Mashed potatoes obtained from fast‐food restaurants were used to determine the fate of S. pyogenes as affected by changes in aerobic mesophiles, coliform and lactic acid bacteria counts. S. pyogenes was able to survive in mashed potatoes stored at 7C and to grow in mashed potatoes stored at 25 or 37C with lag phase lengths of 3 and 2 h and generation times of 26.0 and 25.3 min, respectively. The generation time of S. pyogenes in plain mashed potatoes was 30.7 min at 35 C. Presence of active background biota at 2–3 log10 CFU/g concentrations did not prevent growth of S. pyogenes when stored at 35C. These results contribute to a better understanding of the potential for S. pyogenes to cause foodborne outbreaks.
Evaluation of Methods for Determining In Vivo Digestion Coefficients for Adult Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Williams Christopher D. , Robinson Edwin H. , Akiyama Dean M. , Lawrence Addison L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs isosubstituted in experimental diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) coefficients were determined by the total collection and indicator (chromic oxide) methods. Feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal, soybean meal, alpha‐soy protein, casein, gelatin, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat gluten, shrimp meal, crab chitin, cellulose, squid meal, corn starch and diatomaceous sand. Rate of consumption of plant feedstuffs was generally higher than feedstuffs of animal origin. Consumption of fish meal and shrimp meal was low (0.59 and 0.44% body weightlday, respectively). Fecal chromium concentrations were lower than chromium concentrations of experimental diets and precluded calculation of realistic coefficients by the indicator method. Analysis of refused feed samples indicated that crayfish did not consume the indicator in the same proportion as the remainder of the diet; therefore, the total collection method was judged the better approach to determining digestion coefficients. ADMD and ACPD coefficients of plant feedstuffs were generally higher than coefficients determined for animal feedstuffs. ADMD coefficients indicated substantial carbohydrate digestion by crayfish.
Physical Dimension Relationships of Juvenile Penaeus stylirostris1
Authors: Wang Jaw‐Kai , Lam Chee Yin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStocking of juveniles is widely practiced in marine shrimp production. A simple mechanical device is needed to sort juvenile shrimp by their physical dimensions. By analyzing a sample of 551 commercially produced Penacus stylirostris juveniles, ranging from 0.07 to 10.33 g, it was determined that a regression equation of the form Y = (A*X**B)*c can be used to adequately describe the relationships between weight, width and length. In particular:Weight (g) = 0.01223427*(length. cm)**2.943696 R = 0.989978Width (cm) = 0.6172958*(weight, g)**0.3317764 R = 0.989318Width (cm) = 0.1422887*(length, cm)**0.9808952 R = 0.983662
The Formation and History of the World Mariculture Society, 1969–1986
Authors: Avault James W. , Perry W. Guthrie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOn January 20, 1986, at the annual meeting of the World Mariculture Society in Reno, Nevada, Dr. Guido Persoone, President, announced that the name of the World Mariculture Society would be changed to World Aquaculture Society. Eightyeight percent of voting members favored the change. What follows, then, is an historical account of the World Mariculture Society, 1969–1986. We have used as references archives promulgated in the Proceedings and Journals, newsletter materials, and our own first hand knowledge.
Increased Growth and Production of Striped Bass × White Bass Hybrids in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Kerby J. Howard , Hinshaw Jeffrey M. , Huish Melvin T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour 0.1 hectare earthen ponds were stocked with 16,500 hybrid striped bass (female Morone saxatilis × male M. chrysops) per hectare on 22 June 1982. Mean weight at stocking was 5.2 g ± 0.10 SE. Fish were fed to satiation two or three times daily with a dry commercial salmonid diet, and the ponds were aerated mechanically during periods of low dissolved oxygen during warm weather. Survival at harvest on 6 March 1983 averaged 84.7%, and mean weight of the fish was 170.2 g ± 2.66 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 149.0 to 189.7 g. The ponds were restocked on 1 April 1983 with 10,000 fish per hectare averaging 193.6 g. Ten months later, average survival in 3 ponds was 83.9% (range, 81.3–87.0%) and mean weight was 656.3 g ± 5.51 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 632.5 to 690.7 g. All fish in one pond died in June as a result of an aerator failure. Standing crop at harvest in the three remaining ponds averaged 5, 504 kg/ha (range, 5,247–5,765 kg/ha). Improvements in culture techniques resulted in approximately a 138% increase in production per hectare over that reported in a prior study. Results demonstrated that hybrid striped bass offer considerable potential for commercial aquaculture in warm temperate latitudes of the United States.
Changes in Dietary Protein to Metabolizable Energy Needs of 17α‐Methyltestosterone Treated Juvenile Rainbow Trout1,2
Authors: Ostrowski Anthony C. , Garling Donald L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo consecutive feeding trials were used to examine optimum dietary protein to metabolizable energy (P:ME) and ME needs of juvenile rainbow trout fed semipurified diets supplemented with 2.0 mg 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT)/kg of dry ingredients. In trial 1, five diets containing 80,100, 120, 140, and 160 mg protein/kcal ME of dry diet at a constant 390 kcal ME/100 g of dry diet were used. In trial 2, four diets were prepared with 300, 340, 370, and 390 kcal dietary ME at a P:ME ratio of 100. Diets were prepared with and without MT and fed for 8 weeks to 5.4 g initial weight fish in trial 1 and 3.7 g initial weight fish in trial 2. Proximate composition of the whole body (WB) and empty carcass (EC = an eviscerated whole body) of fish was measured at the end of both trials.In trial 1, maximum efficient protein gain (MEPG) values of MT treated fish were correspondingly higher than the values obtained for controls at all dietary P:ME ratios fed except for those fish fed at a P:ME ratio of 80. The optimum P:ME ratio for MT treated fish was 100 and for control fish was 120.In trial 2, all MT treated fish fed diets containing 340 kcal ME/100 g and above had a higher MEPG value than all control fish. The diet containing an ME level of 340 kcal was considered optimum for growth of MT treated fish fed a dietary P:ME ratio of 100.MT treatment increased EC, but did not change WB fat content of fish in both trials.
Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Davis Donald A. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEight isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of inorganic phosphorus were fed to juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus for an 11 week period. Red drum were maintained in a brackish water (5–6 ppt) recirculating system. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion. However, survival was generally lower for fish fed deficient diets. Phosphorus supplements up to 0.86% increased bone calcium and scale ash, calcium, and phosphorus values. Bone ash and phosphorus were not significantly affected above 0.71% dietary phosphorus. It appears that approximately 0.86% dietary phosphorus is needed for maximum tissue mineralization of juvenile red drum.
Evaluation of Three Sorghums as Potential Alternative Forages for Crawfish Culture 1
Authors: Brunson Martin W. , Taylor Richard W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and a sorghum sudangrass hybrid) were evaluated as planted forages for crawfish (Procambarus spp.) in two simulated culture systems, double cropping and crawfish monoculture. Based upon ease of culture, biomass production, and biomass degradation characteristics, grain sorghum and sorghum sudangrass exhibited great potential for either system. With the added advantage of grain production, grain sorghum represents the more attractive option and may provide farmers with a viable alternative to rice for double cropping with crawfish. The sorghum sudangrass produced large amounts of vegetative biomass and also represents a worthwhile forage option for the crawfish fanner. Either of these plants is conveniently incorporated into existing farm operations and could provide options as producers strive to integrate crawfish aquaculture with conventional agriculture.
Demonstrating the Use of Risk Programming for Aquacultural Farm Management:
Authors: Hatch Upton , Sindelar Scott , Rouse David , Perez Hugo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA risk programming method that evaluates production plans based on expected income and risk was demonstrated using representative data from Panama. Results illustrate the usefulness of the program in presenting production choices to decision makers and evaluating those choices under changing conditions.Less experienced or less financially secure farmers may select farm plans that differ quite importantly from those chosen by more experienced or more financially secure farmers. If farm survival is in doubt, more conservative farm plans will generally be adopted. Without consideration of the potential losses, it will often appear that all farmers should pursue the most intensive farm plan within their farming capabilities. However, many farmers will employ less intensive management strategies if the potential for losses associated with more intensive strategies is perceived to be excessive.The model indicated that management strategies were sensitive to changes in shrimp price and feed cost, but less sensitive to the costs of post larvae or energy. Also, shrimp farm managers should give serious consideration to not producing in the dry season due to relatively high risk and low expected returns. Farmers should be most concerned with quality and availability of post larvae, not price. If hatcheries can address these concerns, the higher price of hatchery post larvae will be justified.
Assessing the Status of Rotifer Mass Cultures
Authors: Snell Terry W. , Childress Michael J. , Boyer Emily M. , Hoff Frank H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRotifers are widely used as live larval feed in aquaculture. The stability of rotifer mass cultures, however, remains a critical unresolved problem. It would be useful to develop indicators that can assess the status of rotifer mass cultures and serve as an early warning of trouble. Indicators should be sensitive, easy to measure and have quick response time. Two indicators have been developed that fulfill these criteria: swimming activity and egg ratio (eggs per female). A swimming activity test is described based on the measurement of rotifer swimming over a grid. Results are obtained in minutes and are sensitive indicators of pH, un‐ionized ammonia, starvation and temperature stress in the mass culture. For un‐ionized ammonia, swimming activity is about nine times more sensitive than an LC50 test, and maximum response occurs within ten minutes. Egg ratio is also a sensitive indicator of physiological stress, but there is a 18‐24 h time lag between exposure to stress and a change in egg ratio. Egg ratios during log phase of population growth ranged from 0.5‐1.2 and 0.13‐0.5 during stationary phase. When egg ratio fell below approximately 0.13, rotifer populations declined. Monitoring of swimming activity and egg ratios should make it easier for aquaculturists to keep their rotifer cultures productive and stable.
The Culture of Penaeus semisulcatus in Israel
Authors: Seidman Ephraim R. , Issar Gilad 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrowth performance data on Penaeus semisulcatus under semi‐intensive pond culture conditions were collected in Israel between 1985 and 1987. In 1985, shrimp growth, from PL to 21.5 g, was accomplished in separate nursery and grow‐out phases. Pond production during the grow‐out phase was 3,000 and 3,943 kg/ha, and mean weight was 21.5 g. Shipments to Europe revealed a need to produce larger shrimp to maximize revenues. Any increase in individual shrimp weight at harvest would require new management practices. Juvenile shrimp (3.4 to 6.3 g) were held during the winter of 1986 in open ponds and restocked in grow‐out ponds in the spring of 1987. Shrimp survival during overwintering was 12 and 15%. A maximum mean shrimp weight of 25.6 g and a maximum pond production of 7,451 kg/ha were obtained in 1987 using this strategy. It is possible that comparable pond production results and shrimp weight, but with higher overall shrimp survival, could be obtained by headstarting shrimp in greenhouses. Two major problems that need to be solved before commercial shrimp culture can succeed in Israel are the formulation of a locally produced feed and the out‐of‐season induced maturation and spawning of P. scmisulcarus.
Polyculture of the Giant Malaysian Prawn and the Golden Shiner in Southwestern Louisiana1
Authors: Scott Gregory , Perry W. Guthrie , Avault James W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were stocked at 37,050/ha and golden shiner (Noremigonus crysoleucas) fry at 321,100/ha into 16 earthen ponds at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana. Four replicated treatments were tested: fed prawn monoculture, fed shiner monoculture, fed prawn and fed shiner polyculture, and unfed prawn fed shiner polyculture. The study lasted 149 days.There were no significant differences in growth between prawns fed in monoculture and prawns fed in polyculture (P > 0.05). However, fed prawns grew significantly larger (P < 0.05) than unfed prawns. Prawn survival in all treatments combined averaged 63%. Survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fed prawns than for unfed prawns. Prawn yields averaged 533 kg/ha, when all treatments were combined. Yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for prawns grown with shiners and for prawns that received supplemental feed.Growth was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for shiners grown with fed prawns than for shiners grown with unfed prawns. Shiner survival averaged 33% and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in monoculture than in polyculture. Yield for all ponds averaged 392 kg/ha, with no significant differences between treatments (P > 0.05).
Comparative Economics of Four Aquaculture Species Under Monoculture and Polyculture Production in Guam
Authors: Fitzgerald William J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFinancial analysis, which included breakeven, net present value, internal rate of return, present value index, payback period and financial ratios, was carried out on data from three aquaculture farms located on Guam. The analysis included four primary species, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Chanos chanos, Clarias batrachus, and a hybrid Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus, and two culture methods, monoculture and polyculture. Asian catfish, Clorias batrachus, monoculture showed the greatest capital return. The use of NPV, PVI, IRR, and payback period as decision criteria also resulted in the selection of Asian catfish monoculture from the alternative species and culture methods considered. Tilapia polyculture had the lowest return on investment (less than 1%) and required 92% of the total production to reach the breakeven point. The application of the analysis methods presented provide a means for management to reduce financial risks and make informed choices between alternative strategies.
East Meets West: An Eastern Perspective of Aquaculture 1
Authors: Liao I‐Chiu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe East or perhaps a better term, Asia, is both a major producer and consumer of aquacultural products. Yet with a long history in the field of aquaculture, most countries have made little or no progress in the techniques and methods applied in this field. The Asian needs for aquaculture are also more basic in that aquaculture provides a cheap source of protein for the malnourished and undernourished populations. Development may be significantly affected by the wide income gap existing in these countries, by inequalities in educational quality and opportunity, and by social factors such as religion, taboos, or tradition. But on the whole, a better life for many of Asia's people may possibly be found in the development of its aquaculture potential.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research. I. Evaluation of Two Formulations
Authors: Castell John D. , Kean J. C. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn international cooperative effort to evaluate two possible Standard Reference Diets (SRD) for crustaceans was initiated at an informal discussion on crustacean nutrition during the 1984 World Mariculture Society (WMS) meeting in Vancouver, B.C. One diet, BML 81 S, was developed at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis. The other, HFXCRD 84, was developed at the Halifax laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Details of the formulation, preparation and proximate composition of the diets are provided. Both of these diets, which had been used to culture lobster, Homarus sp., were compared with the usual control diets of several research teams from different countries in feeding trials with many different species of crustaceans including freshwater and marine shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish and crab.The preliminary data on growth and survival ofPandalus danae, Penaeus monodon, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei, P. brasiliensis, P. setiferus, P. aztecus and Homarus americanus suggest that either BML 81 S or HFX CRD 84 would be an acceptable SRD for these species. The only species tested that would not accept either diet were Panulirus argus and Cherux tenuimanus. Use of an SRD will provide a more accurate assessment of non‐nutritional growth factors and permit comparisons among laboratories, species and experiments.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research.: V. Growth and Survival of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Cancer magister
Authors: Bordner Clark E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to measure the survival and growth of juvenile Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) when fed purified crustacean diets in intensive laboratory culture. Wild‐caught juvenile crabs were held individually and fed either a casein‐based diet previously used for lobster experimentation (diet BML‐81 S), a crab protein‐based diet (HFX‐CRD‐84), or a closed‐formula commercial fish (trout) diet. Diets BML‐81 S and HFX‐CRD‐84 have been proposed as possible general crustacean reference diets. The crab protein‐based diet appeared to be more attractive to the crabs, but after a 90 day experimental period there were no significant differences (P < 0.01) in growth or survival between crabs fed the proposed reference diets; however, survival on the trout diet was significantly reduced. Results are discussed in relation to the rearing conditions and the composition and physical characteristics of the diets.