bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical fitness for women
Authors: Rumsey J.A. 
Published: March 2007

THE campaign sponsored by the Health Education Council and called 'Look After Yourself!' was initiated during the academic year in which the Southampton College of Higher Education was running a 'Fitness for Fun' course. It was thought that it might prove a valuable exercise to compare the progress of a small group of women on the course who could be subjected to the exercise programme with that of a control group of women from the secretariat of the college.
The understanding of medical terminology used in printed health education materials
Authors: Cole Rosalind 
Published: March 2007

SELF -ADMINISTERED, multiple-choice question naires were completed by 120 patients and students in order to assess their medical vocabulary knowledge. The fifteen test words were taken from printed health education materials. It was apparent that many respondents had problems with the words, in particular, those of low social status or low educational achieve ment. The scores of students, however, were not signifi cantly higher than those of the patients. It is suggested that all health education materials be carefully screened for medical words, although they may have high readability scores. Even seemingly simple medical words should be explained in simple terms, or should be included in a glossary. This practice should increase understanding and recall.
Market place rubella antibody testing
Authors: Carnegie-Smith Kaetrin , Fairfax Ian C. 
Published: March 2007

THE health education caravan at the Newcastle Summer Exhibi tion was used as a venue to offer rubella antibody screening. A true cross-section of the fer tile female population had the test performed and showed an immunity rate of 82%. Of those proved to be suscept ible, there was only limited com pliance with the suggestion that immunisation should be sought from their GP.
A village health worker's project in the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Mariasy Yvonne 
Published: March 2007

DURING an elective period in India a village health worker's project was studied. The health education of the inhabitants of 32 villages is the main function of the project, which concentrates on the prevention of malnutrition in the under-fives and their immunisation. The villages are linked to the community health centre of the hospital by a weekly village clinic held by nurses, and by the village health worker who attends training sessions at the hospital. She uses the gathering collected around the clinic as an opportunity to give health education talks. She continues the work of the clinic by treating minor illnesses and educating the villag ers in between clinics. Her duties are reported at the training session. The villagers' acceptance of the clinic services and receptivity to the messages of the village health worker increases with the length of time the project has been established in their village. The employment of nurses and health workers in primary care is a pragmatic approach to India's massive health problems.
Experiencing Personality Disorder: a Participative Research
Authors: Ramon Shulamit , Castillo Heather , Morant Nicola 
Published: March 2007

As Personality Disorder continues to be a subject of intense public and professional debate, this study has explored by means of an in-depth interview the views of fifty people to whom this diagnosis has been attributed, to include: demographic data, type of personality disorder and other diagnoses; its meaning for them; how they found out about the diagnosis; its impact; related life events, and value of different types of support. The interviewers were also people with the same diagnosis, who have been trained specifically for this purpose. The findings highlight the mainly negative impact of the label, and the gap between the users' perception of the problems they face in the context of having this diagnosis, and professional perspectives. The likely implications of the findings for the validity and usefulness of the diagnosis are outlined. The methodological innovation of engaging service users with personality disorder is looked at in terms of usefulness and feasibility.
Japanese Responses To the Defeat in World War Ii
Authors: Michio Kitahara 
Published: March 2007

To learn about the defeat in World War II was a most intense shock to the Japanese. Various psychological responses developed, and some committed suicide. Defense mech anisms such as denial, negation, isolation, rationalization, intellectualization, and regres sion were observed. The conditions of the occupation were instrumental in letting the Japanese identify with the Occupation Forces in general and General MacArthur in part icular, and identification with the aggressor soon became the most important defense mechanism to deal with the shock of the defeat. To learn about the defeat in a war is to be placed in an extreme condition which can not be created experimentally. The crisis is extraordinary and the shock is immense. Furthermore, it is not a small number of people who are in such a condition; the residents in the defeated country offer a very unusual opportunity for understanding human beings in large numbers in a state of an intense shock. The purpose of this paper is to ex amine Japanese reactions and responses upon learning about the defeat in World War II in 1945.
Role Demands, Privacy and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Collette John 
Published: March 2007

Data from a 1973-74 survey and a five year follow-up survey in 1979, both conducted in New Zealand, are analyzed with regard to gender differences in role obligations, privacy and psychological well-being. The findings support the hypothesis that women are the primary providers of nurturance to family members. Women, more than men reported reductions in privacy because of their role obligations. Reduced privacy in turn caused a reduction in psychological well-being. Les données de l'enquête de 1973-74, et ceux d'une autre en 1979, poursuivie pendant 5 ans sont analysées. Les deux enquêtes réalisees à la Nouvelle Zelande. Ces données concernent les differences entre les sexes quant aux rôles d'obligation, l'intimité et le bien-être psychologique. Les conclusions soutiennent l'hypothèse selon laquelle les femmes sont les principales fournisseuses de soins aux membres de la famille. L'intimité des femmes est réduite plus que les hommes; ceçi étant dû aux r6les d'obligation. L'intimité diminuée, à son tour provoque une baisse dans le bien-être psychologique.
Cross-Cultural Comparison: Psychiatric Admission of Asian and Indigenous Patients in Leicestershire
Authors: Shaikh Amanullah 
Published: March 2007

Sixty-nine Asian patients were admitted to the psychiatric hospitals of Leicester shire in 1978. A case-note comparison was made with sixty-nine matched indigenous control patients. Four aspects were studied in particular, which showed: a) There was no significant difference in the number of compulsory admissions between Asian and indigenous patients. b) The two groups did not differ in their length of stay in hospital. c) The diagnoses given to the Asian patients were significantly different from those of the control group. d) Major treatment received by the two groups differed according to the diag nostic labels but there was slightly increased use of Electro-convulsive Therapy in the Asian patients with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia.
Burden of Sickle Cell Anaemia On Families of Patients
Authors: Famuyiwa Oluwole O. , Akinyanju Olu O. 
Published: March 2007

This study examines the burden on the families of children with sickle cell anaemia in a naturalistic setting. Compared with a matched group of epileptics (N=76) families of sickle cell anaemia victims aged 12 years and below (N = 85) suffer greater burden on a standardised scale which encompasses several burden parameters. Family size and multiple incidence were the only clinico-demographic variables which exerted tangible total burden effects. Financial expenses incurred on medical care; effect on physical health of family members; sense of despair regarding expectation of crisis; sleeplessness and frustration in any member of the family; and abandonment of joint family activities were the commonest causes of burden. There was a significant correlation between total burden scores and frequency of crisis (r=0.79). It is suggested that clinicians should pay attention not only to deficiencies but also strengths and coping capacity of families which can be reinforced to formulate meaningful intervention programmes.
An Integrated Human Service Program for Teenage Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Sung Kyu-talk 
Published: March 2007

[ Abstract: There have been various programs specially designed to help school age mothers and pregnant teenagers in the United States. The most frequent unmet needs of such special programs have been sacial services, health care, and day care for the mothers and their children. Cantinuing Education for Young Women (CEYW) in Michigan provides all of these essential services plus edu cation which meets credit requirements of the regular junior and senior high school curriculum. The public school system has assumed the responsibility of delivering compre hensive service to young mothers and their children. The paper describes the current operation and developments of Michigan' multi-faceted package of service plus education modalities provided within a single program framework. Social work is an integral part of this comprehen sive program. In particular, the inclusion of a well-organized child care pro gram into the public school setting is considered as a significant development in this area of human service. It appears from the literature and the author's communications with inter national social and health problem specialists that the experience of the Michi gan program has potential applicability to similar efforts elsewhere.]
Measuring the Relationship Between Trade Union Militancy and Wage Inflation in Australia: An Empirical Analysis—1962-1976
Authors: Perry L.J. 
Published: March 2007

Seven indicators of trade union militancy are briefly discussed and sub sequently tested as primary determinants of wage inflation in Australia from 1962 to 1976. It is found that there is a strong positive relationship between the preferred indicator of trade union militancy and Australian wage inflation. The indexation of wages to price level changes in 1975 and 1976 is also seen to be a significant, though secondary, factor explaining wage inflation.
The Rejection of Violence in Gandhian Ethics of Conflict Resolution
Authors: Pontara Giuliano 
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the problem of Gandhi's rejection of violence in situations of group conflict. Two questions have been asked: (1) On the basis of what arguments did Gandhi reject violence ? (2) Why did he on some occasions support violence ? The answer given to the first question is that Gandhi bases his rejection of violence on two different sorts of arguments. On one hand violence is condemned as morally bad in itself, independently of the consequences to which this rejection may lead. On the other hand violence is also rejected because of the consequences to which it leads. Violence, even used in self-defence, is in full contradiction with the democratic values and is not even able to defend them. Moreover it is never able to bring about accepted solutions of conflicts and it brutalizes man. According to Gandhi, Lenin is completely mistaken in his belief that violence can be used as a means to the achievement of the non-violent society of which he speaks in a famous passage of State and Revolution. For only means which are of the same ethical nature as the end sought can be conducive to its reali zation. Gandhi, however, on four occasions took direct part in war and repeatedly advised others to do the same. Our examination of Gandhi's writings and actions has shown that there are situations in which Gandhi believed it to be our duty to fight. These are the situations in which the alternatives open before us are not violence versus non violence but only direct violence versus indirect violence or violence versus cowardice and fear. The greatness of Gandhi, however, is not accounted for by his rejection of violence alone. His main contribution to the history of political ethics lies in his whole philosophy of conflict and in the non-violent techniques of conducting social conflicts which he devised as an effective and practical substitute for the traditional methods of violence.
Ecology and Peace Research
Authors: Gjessing Gutorm 
Published: March 2007

Starting with Johan Galtung's 'Structural theory of aggression', the article empha sizes the ecological background of conflicts, particularly conversion of energy through plants and animals. The role of the horse is dealt with more extensively and exemplified by pastoral nomads, Plains Indians, etc. Group conflicts seem to be concomitant to the introduction of new mechanisms of conversion of energy. One of the most striking characteristics of industrialism is precisely the constant and strongly accelerating stream of new methods of converting energy. 'The white race' has been considered beyond comparison the most warlike of all 'races', and there is much evidence to suggest that its warlike traditions lead back even to the earliest Indo-European migrations in Late Neolithic time and the Bronze Age. As the acquisition of new instruments of conversion of energy seems to promote belligerence - whereas again war means an enormous stimulus to technological development - the 'output — feedback - input' model probably should be applicable to the study of war. Since war is a structural phenomenon apparently endemic in Western industrialized countries, their structures, and accordingly their values, have to be changed in correla tion to inter-state structures in the direction of social and economical equality. This would mean values which make for cooperation rather than rivalry; creative, constructive activity instead of aggression.
Foreign Policy Thinking in the Elite and the General Population
Authors: Hveem Helge 
Published: March 2007

This article presents a profile of the peace thinking of a Norwegian elite sample, and tests some hypotheses derived from Galtung's center-periphery theory. Data were collected in 1967 by interviews and questionnaires, mostly structured, among a foreign policy elite sample and — for comparative purposes — among a so-called opinion- maker sample. These data are to some degree compared with Norwegian opinion survey data. The main findings are that the elite's peace thinking, as shown by its operational peace profile, is centered around stability, evolutionary change, and gradualistic peace policies. Middle-range or regionalistic policies are preferred to long-range (globalistic) and short-range (intra-national or individual); tough policies to soft (or 'idealistic')- ones. The so-called projection hypothesis derived from the center-periphery theory is given substantial backing, and it is established — although with some important modifications — that the elite may be seen as an ultra-center of society.
The Role of I.L.O. Standards in the Global Integration Process
Authors: Dahl Karl Nandrup 
Published: March 2007

This article investigates how the I.L.O. standards have been utilized by the member states as instruments in the integration process. Data are presented to illuminate two basic questions: 1) Which states ratify which conventions, and why? 2) Is the impetus behind the development of the system of I.L.O. conventions into an instrument in the global integration process, political or functional in nature ? The study is based partly on a historical survey and partly on an investigation carried out by methods used in political science and in international law. The two main hypotheses are these: 1) As the I.L.O. conventions are principally adapted to fit into the systems in 'rich countries', the conventions play their greatest rôle in integration processes involving industrialized countries. 2)What is decisive for a government's acceding to an I.L.O. convention is whether the convention calls for expensive national measures, and whether the state has sufficient administrative capacity and/or adequate basis in its national economy. From this survey and investigation we may establish the following: The 'club' of dominating industrial states which created the I.L.O. and formulated its policy managed to get the rest of the world to accept their programme. The number of member states outside Europe grew slowly during the first thirty years of the I.L.O.'s existence, and no strong group of states entered the I.L.O. en bloc, or otherwise con stituted a threatening faction to the established organization. I.L.O. conventions are mostly in use as instruments in the process of integration among the industrialized countries. As the reason for low ratification frequency is not political differences between the member states, we must seek it in lacking adminis trative capacity or weak economy. There is clear correlation between ratification frequencies and the gross domestic product of states concerned. Again, a state's economic conditions are decisive for its ratifying I.L.O. conventions, while political systems seem to be unimportant in this respect. Indeed, it seems quite rare that political considerations prevent ratification of vital I.L.O. conventions.
Financial and Industrial Oligarchy: Present Structure and Some Trends
Authors: Arosalo Uolevi , Väyrynen Raimo 
Published: March 2007

The paper contains an analysis, based on the 300 biggest industrial corporations and commercial banks, of the degree of concentration of various types of capital. First some techniques of concen tration are explored. At the transnational level, the most conspicuous phenomenon is the forma tion of new types of international teams between banks, teams which imply ever-closer ties between banks. Contributing to increasing concentration are the foreign operations - establishment of repre sentative offices and branches - of major banks. Some long-term aspects on the degree of con centration are also touched on. These explorations indicate that the degree of concentration has increased considerably since the beginning of the 20th century. Especially (West) Germany and Great Britain have declined in importance, while countries like the US, Japan, and Italy have increased their financial power. The overall con centration of capital power among nations is marked. In the field of banking and multinational business corporations, the degree of concentration is not so conspicuous, although US banks and BINGOs account for 35-40 % of the total activi ties. Neither is the rank order of various nations completely the same; for example Japan has a more dominant role in banking than in other fields, and Great Britain has gained relatively more dominance in the system of BINGOs. The bulk of the article consists of descriptive analysis of the degree of concentration of capital power and changes in it, but the authors also carry out some explanatory investigations. These investigations indicate, among other things, that the 'free flow' of capital - advocated by OECD - does not change the structure of capital con centration, and that industrial capital alone determines the extent of outflowing capital. Furthermore, the data clearly indicate a division of labor between smaller West European states: relatively speaking, the Netherlands and Switzer land are centers of industrial capital; whereas e.g. Belgium, a political centrum of Western Europe, is much weaker in this respect. The authors also indicate the impact of the war in Vietnam on the banking activities in this region: the most im portant banks of the area have grown very rapidly. This finding is clearly connected with the tendency of finance capital to become involved in large-scale violent conflicts.
Problems in Large-Scale Social Economic Systems
Authors: Gottinger Hans W. 
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to show how complexity can defeat the analysis, prediction and control of large-scale dynamic systems. Some characteristics and facets of complexity are explored, and three research strategies are discussed which lead to a satisfactory treatment of complexity in dynamic systems. The research strategies relate to (i) the control-theoretic, hierarchical approach, (ii) the design-oriented, algebraic approach, (iii) models using catastrophe theory. The virtues of these approaches are compared, and some practical difficulties in dealing with complex systems are discussed.
Research Communication: Global Compassion and Compulsion
Authors: Eckhardt William 
Published: March 2007

Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed. The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion at the global level, drawing upon a 19 nation study covering 14 policy areas. Among other things, the analysis shows that China is the most, the United States the least 'compassionate' nation, the developing countries on the whole being more compas sionate than the developed ones.
The Reporting of Military Expenditures
Authors: Brzoska Michael 
Published: March 2007

Strong assumptions about the military sector are often made from weak data. This is as true for military expenditure data as for other data series. This judgement holds true despite the number of well known and highly reputed institutions putting out military expenditure data. These institutions must either rely totally on figures released by national governments or on information by secret services which cannot be controlled. Besides the problems associated with data origins (definitions of military expenditures, bad reporting by governments), there are problems associated with data preparation. Different sources on military expend iture utilize different modes of data preparation. Rearrangements in time, inflation correction and conversion into a common currency increase the uncertainties about data on military expenditures. The problem revolves around purposes of the data services. Two primary issues for interest in military expenditure data include military strength and opportunity costs. The second issue should be singled out; there are large conceptual dif ficulties with the former. However, some sources frequently confuse the issues. The inter national comparability of military expenditure data is severely limited when common exchange rates are used. This should suggest extreme care for researchers who use military expenditure data taken from what is generally viewed as authoritative sources.
The Many-Pronged Spear: External Military Intervention in Civil Wars in the 1970s
Authors: Dunér Bertil 
Published: March 2007

When external powers intervene in a civil war, this fact seldom remains unknown to the world. There is an abundant documentation of at least the large-scale civil wars which have taken place in modern times. How ever, students of international politics have been fairly slow to make use of this material in order to try to discover the overall patterns. One point of missing knowledge concerns the anatomy of the intervention itself. In this article I am deal ing with the variety of the forms of incursion from abroad. If one distinguishes between various forms (in struments) a more detailed picture of the phenomenon can be arrived at. But differentiation also opens up possibilities of a new kind. Aspects such as the level of intervention and the combination of instruments can be brought into the picture, for instance. A framework for the analysis of military intervention is outlined and an analysis with reference to seven civil wars during the 1970s is presented. The focus is upon hypotheses and questions of different kinds, re lating to scholarly discussions about the nature of external involvement, the interveners, and to aspects of escalation.