bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivating Students to Read in the Content Classroom: Six Evidence‐Based Principles
Authors: Brozo William G. , Flynt E. Sutton 
Published: October 2008

Teachers who plan content area instruction with evidence‐based principles of reading engagement in mind will seek ways of making learning interesting and worthwhile; will create learning contexts that maximize participation in reading, writing, and thinking; and will always account for motivation and engagement when considering students' classroom experiences.إن الأساتذة الذين يخطّطون لتعليم مجال المحتوى وفي ذهنهم المبادئ المبنية على أدلة إشغال القراءة سيبحثون عن طرق لتجعل التعلم مثيراً ومفيداً وسيخلقون سياقات التعلم التي تستغل المشاركة في القراءة والكتابة والتفكير إلى أقصى حد وسيأخذون بعين الاعتبار الدافع والانشغال حين يتأملون تجارب الطلاّب في غرفة الصف.教师在设计学科教学时，如能考虑到有关投入阅读的循证原则，便会寻找方法使学习成为有趣的和有意义的活动；更会为学生创造一些鼓励充份参与阅读，写作，和思考活动的学习环境；也一定会把学习动机和投入学习这两个因素加进学生课堂学习经验的考虑中。Les enseignants qui préparent un enseignement sur un thème spécifique en ayant en tête des principes basés sur les recherches relatives à l'investissement dans la lecture vont chercher des façons de rendre l'apprentissage intéressant et valable; vont créer des contextes qui maximisent la participation en lecture, écriture, et la réflexion; et tiendront toujours compte de la motivation et de l'investissement quand ils penseront à ce que vivent les élèves dans la classe.Учителя, которые следуют принципам увлекательного чтения по той или иной учебной дисциплине, всегда ищут способы сделать процесс обучения содержательным и ценным в глазах учеников, создают такую учебную среду, которая максимально стимулирует учащихся к активному чтению, письму и размышлению, а при планировании уроков всегда учитывают такие важные его аспекты, как мотивация и поддержание интереса учащихся.Los maestros que planean su instrucción de contenido teniendo en cuenta principios basados en evidencia de la lectura participativa buscarán maneras de hacer la enseñanza interesante y valiosa; crearán contextos de aprendizaje que llevan al máximo la participación en la lectura, la escritura y el acto de pensar; y siempre tendrán en cuenta la motivación y la participación al considerar las experiencias de los estudiantes en el salón de clase.
Catching-Up Strategy: New Member States of the European Union in the European Internal Market for High-Tech and Environmental Products in the Context of the Renewed Lisbon Strategy
Authors: Wysokinska Zofia Maria 
Published: September 2008

The Central and Eastern European countries implemented an economic policy fundamentally reorienting their foreign trade in the nineteen–nineties. This involved a shift in direction from the East (the former Soviet Union and its satellite countries) to the West (primarily the European Union). The economic transformation of those countries as well as integration with the European Union was established and nearly complete in the wake of accession in the year 2004. However, transition periods facilitating the completion of integration processes were established for certain sectors, including adaptation to environmental rules and standards, for example. The aim of this paper is to present certain findings of an international comparison among the "new" European Union member states related to: certain final economic results of the transformation with respect to achievements related to the various states of economic development (verification of the M. Porter and T. Ozawa model), and the ability to adopt selected requirements of the Renewed European Union Strategies after the year 2005, with special reference to the Renewed Sustainable Development Strategy and the Strategy: Global Europe-Competing in the World. Verification of the Ozawa and Porter Model is positive for all Central and Eastern European new members of the European Union. Transformation and integration processes supported these countries on their way to economic development. These positive results on their development path are presented in the paper in detail.
Evaluation of differences between breeds for substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 in the abomasal wall of cattle
Authors: Sickinger Marlene , Leiser Rudolf , Failing Klaus , Doll Klaus 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare the content of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 in biopsy specimens taken from the abomasal wall of healthy cows of 2 breeds.
Sample Population—Biopsy specimens taken from different sites of the abomasal wall from 20 German Holstein cows and 20 German Fleckvieh cows.
Procedures—Biopsy specimens were examined immunohistochemically, and the content of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neurofilament 200 was determined by measuring the immunoreactive areas.
Results—Significant differences between the breeds were detected. Substance P-immuno-reactive area in the corpus abomasi was significantly smaller in the German Holsteins (geometric mean ± geometric SD, 679 ± 1.83 μm2) than in the German Fleckvieh cows (1,020 ± 1.65 μm2). Concerning vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, differences between breeds were not significant. Overall nerve density in the antral abomasal wall was significantly greater in German Holsteins than in German Fleckvieh cows (immunoreactive areas for neurofilament 200 in German Holsteins was 4,842 ± 1.29 μm2 and in German Fleckvieh cows was 3,333 ± 1.63 μm2).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The significantly lower content of substance P in the corpus abomasi could explain why German Holstein cows are predisposed to abomasal displacement, compared with German Fleckvieh cows, in which this disease is a rare finding.
Hemodynamic and serum biochemical alterations associated with intravenous administration of three types of contrast media in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Pollard Rachel E. , Puchalski Sarah M. , Pascoe Peter J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the incidence and type of alterations in heart rate (HR), peak systolic blood pressure (PSBP), and serum biochemical variables (total bilirubin, BUN, and creatinine concentrations) associated with IV administration of ionic-iodinated contrast (IIC), nonionic-iodinated contrast (NIC), and gadolinium dimeglumine (GD) contrast media in anesthetized dogs.
Animals—280 anesthetized dogs undergoing cross-sectional imaging.
Procedures—HR and PSBP were recorded at 5-minute intervals for 20 minutes for untreated control dogs and dogs that received IIC, NIC, or GD contrast medium. The development of an HR of < 60 beats/min or > 130 beats/min that included a ≥ 20% change from baseline was considered a response. The development of PSBP of < 90 mm Hg or > 160 mm Hg that included a ≥ 20% change from baseline was considered a response. Pre- and postcontrast serum biochemical values were recorded.
Results—Of dogs receiving IIC medium, 3% (3/91) had a response in HR and 4% (4/91) had a response in PSBP at ≥ 1 time points. None of the dogs receiving NIC medium had a response in HR; 1 of 16 had a response in PSBP. Of dogs receiving GD contrast medium, 1% (1/92) had a response in HR and 4% (4/92) had a response in PSBP. Of control dogs, 2% (2/81) had a response in HR and 4% (3/81) had a response in PSBP. No serum biochemical alterations were observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of contrast media in anesthetized dogs caused moderate bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, or hypertension.
Assessment of impulse duration thresholds for electrical stimulation of muscles (chronaxy) in dogs
Authors: Sawaya Serge G. , Combet Delphine , Chanoit Guillaume , Thiebault Jean-Jacques , Levine David , Marcellin-Little Denis J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the electrical impulse duration thresholds (chronaxy) for maximal motor contraction of various muscles without stimulation of pain fibers in dogs.
Animals—10 healthy adult Beagles.
Procedures—The dogs were used to assess the minimal intensity (rheobase) required to elicit motor contraction of 11 muscles (5 in the forelimb [supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, lateral head of the triceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis], 5 in the hind limb [gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, and tibialis cranialis], and the erector spinae). The rheobase was used to determine the chronaxy for each of the 11 muscles in the 10 dogs; chronaxy values were compared with those reported for the corresponding muscles in humans.
Results—Compared with values in humans, chronaxy values for stimulation of AA motor fibers in the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles and muscles of the more distal portions of limbs were lower in dogs. For the other muscles evaluated, chronaxy values did not differ between dogs and humans.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Application of the dog-specific chronaxy values when performing electrical stimulation for strengthening muscles or providing pain relief is likely to minimize the pain perceived during treatment in dogs.
Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Yi Na Y. , Barden Curtis A. , Chandler Heather L. , Wendt Jennifer A. , Colitz Carmen M. H. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the role of intraocular bacteria in the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in horses from the southeastern United States by evaluating affected eyes of horses with ERU for bacterial DNA and intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira spp.
Sample Population—Aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum samples of 24 clinically normal horses, 52 horses with ERU, and 17 horses with ocular inflammation not associated with ERU (ie, non-ERU inflammation).
Procedures—Ribosomal RNA quantitative PCR (real-time PCR) assay was used to detect bacterial DNA in aqueous humor and vitreous humor from clinically normal horses (n = 12) and horses with chronic (> 3-month) ERU (28). Aqueous humor and serum were also evaluated for anti-Leptospira antibody titers from clinically normal horses (n = 12), horses with non-ERU inflammation (17), and horses with confirmed chronic ERU (24).
Results—Bacterial DNA was not detected in aqueous humor or vitreous humor of horses with ERU or clinically normal horses. No significant difference was found in titers of anti-Leptospira antibodies in serum or aqueous humor among these 3 groups. Only 2 horses, 1 horse with ERU and 1 horse with non-ERU inflammation, had definitive intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira organisms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses from the southeastern United States, Leptospira organisms may have helped initiate ERU in some, but the continued presence of the organisms did not play a direct role in the pathogenesis of this recurrent disease.
Development of a contagious ecthyma vaccine for goats
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Taylor Charles A. , Guo Jianhua , Tizard Ian R. , Walker John W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify a strain of contagious ecthyma virus from goats that possesses the appropriate characteristics for an effective vaccine for goats.
Animals—25 goat kids used for vaccine development and 100 goat kids used for evaluation of vaccine efficacy.
Procedures—5 strains of contagious ecthyma virus were tested in a vaccination-challenge study to identify the best strain to be the seed strain for a contagious ecthyma vaccine. The vaccine derived from the chosen viral stain was tested at 2 concentrations for efficacy in a vaccination-challenge study.
Results—2 of 5 viral strains induced moderate to severe scabs following infection, and 3 viral strains protected the goats from wild-type virus challenge following vaccination. Viral strain 47CE was selected as the seed source for the production of a contagious ecthyma vaccine because of the larger vaccine-to-challenge scab formation ratio. Vaccine 47CE protected all goat kids (48/48) following challenge with the wild-type contagious ecthyma virus; all goat kids (32/32) in the control group had scab formation following challenge with the wild-type contagious ecthyma virus, which indicated no protection following administration of vaccine diluent.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A vaccine containing a caprine strain of contagious ecthyma virus used in goats appeared to provide the characteristics needed for an effective vaccine, including good scab production and protection from wild-type infection. This vaccine may potentially provide better protection for goats from contagious ecthyma than currently available vaccines labeled for sheep.
A survey to determine public opinion about the ethics and governance of farm animal welfare
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Norwood F. Bailey 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the attitude of the public toward farm animal welfare and identify beliefs regarding how decisions about farm animal welfare should be made.
Design—Telephone survey.
Study Population—A random sample of 1,019 US households.
Procedures—US households were contacted by telephone and asked to take part in a survey consisting of 48 items.
Results—A majority (437/773 [56.4%]) of respondents believed decisions about farm animal welfare should be made by experts rather than being based on the views of the public. Such advocates of expert decision making were less likely to believe the government should regulate farm animal welfare. Most (420/773 [54.3%]) respondents believed decisions about farm animal welfare should be based on scientific measures of animal well-being, as opposed to moral and ethical considerations. Those individuals who believed farm animal welfare decisions should be made by experts and be based on scientific measures were the least concerned about farm animal welfare issues. People who believed animal welfare decisions should be made by experts and be based on scientific measures were most responsive to information about use of gestation crates for sows.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results should help increase recognition that changing public opinion is not simply a matter of convincing the public to support positions established by veterinarians and animal scientists. People's views about the role of the democratic process in regulating technologic change are important determinants of whether people accept the changes in animal agriculture that have occurred during the past century.
Clinical Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in two captive American bison (Bison bison)
Authors: Weiss Rachael B. , Sarver Craig F. , Thilsted John , Wolfe Barbara A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Case Description—2 juvenile (17 and 19 months of age) male American bison (Bison bison) were examined because of acute bilateral hind limb weakness and ataxia; 1 animal also had urinary incontinence.
Treatment and Outcome—Given the clinical signs and rapid deterioration in the condition of these 2 animals, obtaining a definitive diagnosis was considered essential to minimizing the risk of disease in the remaining bison herd and among other animals at the facility. Therefore, both affected animals were euthanized. At necropsy, no gross abnormalities were seen. Histologic examination of sections of the brains from both animals revealed mild to moderate multifocal aggregates of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in perivascular regions of the meninges and gray matter of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Systematic examination of multiple sections of brain and spinal cord revealed evidence of nematode sections and aberrant parasite migration.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that CNS migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in American bison may cause clinical signs. These findings have implications for the management of captive bison and free-ranging bison sharing ranges with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the definitive host, and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis).
Effect of Conventional and More Aggressive Rosuvastatin Treatment on Markers of Endothelial Activation
Authors: Postadzhiyan Arman , Tzontcheva Anna , Kehajov Ivan , Kyurkchiev Stanimir , Apostolova Margarita , Finkov Bojidar 
Published: October 2008

Effect of Conventional and More Aggressive Rosuvastatin Treatment on Markers of Endothelial ActivationTreatment of hypercholesterolemia with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors results in an earlier reduction of morbidity and mortality than expected from trials using conventional cholesterol-lowering therapies. Possible explanations for this effect include improvement of endothelial function, plaque stabilization, and inhibition of the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerosis. In this study we assessed the effects of low and moderate dose rosuvastatin treatment, on circulating markers of endothelial activation in patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation. Thirty patients with unstable angina and non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction were rando - mized into two groups, and received rosuvastatin 10 mg/day (n =16) or rosuvastatin 20 mg/day (n =14) for 12 weeks. Circulating levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured at admission, and at the end of the study. Lipid values were significantly reduced in both treatment groups, but with significantly greater reduction in the aggressively treated group. Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were significantly decreased in both rosuvastatin-treated groups during 12 weeks of follow-up with a more pronounced decrease in the more aggressively treated group. Therefore, rosuvastatin modulates endothelial activation in patients after acute coronary syndromes.
Amplified Spontaneous Emission of Poly(ladder‐type phenylene)s – The Influence of Photophysical Properties on ASE Thresholds
Authors: Laquai Frédéric , Mishra Ashok K. , Müllen Klaus , Friend Richard H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAmplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of a series of blue‐emitting poly(ladder‐type phenylene)s (LPPP)s has been studied in thin film polymer waveguide structures. The chemically well‐defined step‐ladder polymers consist of an increasing number of bridged phenylene rings per monomer unit starting from fully arylated poly(ladder‐type indenofluorene) up to poly(ladder‐type pentaphenylene). The ASE characteristics of the polymers including the onset threshold values for ASE, the gain and loss coefficients as well as the photoluminescence (PL) properties, i.e., the solid state fluorescence lifetimes, decay kinetics and solid state quantum efficiencies have been studied by time‐resolved PL spectroscopy. A fully arylated polyfluorene has been synthesized and its photophysical properties were compared to the step‐ladder polymers. Steady‐state photoinduced absorption and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy have been used to study excited state absorption of singlet and triplet states and polarons present in the solid state. The results demonstrate a minimum regarding the onset threshold value of ASE for a fully arylated poly(ladder‐type indenofluorene) and a successive increase of the ASE threshold for the step‐ladder polymers with more bridged phenylene rings. In particular, carbazole‐containing step‐ladder LPPPs exhibit significantly increased ASE threshold values as compared to their carbazole‐free analogues due to a pronounced overlap of stimulated emission (SE) and photoinduced absorption (PA).
Experimental measurements and multiphase flow models in solid SiC foam beds
Authors: Edouard David , Lacroix Maxime , Pham Charlotte , Mbodji Mamadou , Pham‐Huu Cuong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSolid foam matrices have been recently introduced and present a highly permeable porous structure with a high porosity (0.60–0.95), which enables a considerably reduction of the pressure drops along the catalyst bed even with a high specific surface area. It appears today that despite the hydrodynamics of trickle‐bed reactors operating with conventional packings (spheres, extrudates, monoliths, etc.) has become largely documented in the recent literature, trickle‐bed hydrodynamic behaviour with solid foam packings, on the contrary, largely remains terra incognita. In this context, two phases flows (air–water) in solid foams under cocurrent trickle flow conditions were analyzed in a fixed‐bed at ambient conditions. From Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves, a new set of experimental data based on the hydrodynamics parameters (pressure drop and liquid holdup) of solid foams are presented. A model based on a cubic lattice approach developed in previous work is used to calculate the equivalent diameter for solid foam packings. Finally, through the modified Eötvös number and the relative permeability concept, the two‐phase pressure drop and liquid holdup are well estimated. These news results are important parameters for the design of new process in trickle flow conditions with solid foam packing. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Antagonism of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family controls disease severity in murine collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Sumariwalla Percy F. , Jin Pei , Zhang Juan , Ni Irene , Crawford Damian , Shepard H. Michael , Paleolog Ewa M. , Feldmann Marc 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic potential of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family inhibitor, herstatin, in an animal model of arthritis.MethodsConstructs of herstatin and modified tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)–herstatin were expressed in HEK 293T cells, and secreted protein was analyzed by Western blotting. Tissue PA–herstatin adenovirus (Ad‐tPA‐Her) was prepared, and titers established. Gene expression of Ad‐tPA‐Her was determined by polymerase chain reaction using HeLa cells. Pharmacokinetics of gene and protein expression in vivo in liver tissue and serum samples were confirmed via intravenous administration of Ad‐tPA‐Her. Clinical signs of disease were monitored in arthritic DBA/1 mice after therapeutic administration of Ad‐tPA‐Her, and histologic analysis of hind foot specimens was performed.ResultsNative herstatin was not secreted in supernatants, while modified tPA‐herstatin was detected in abundance. HeLa cells stably expressed the tPA‐herstatin gene when infected with virus. Additionally, tPA‐herstatin gene and protein expression was observed over time in mice treated with virus. Importantly, Ad‐tPA‐Her, when administered therapeutically to arthritic mice, controlled clinical and histologic signs of disease and reduced the number of joints with severe damage.ConclusionOur results support the notion that the human epidermal growth factor receptor family has a role in the progression of collagen‐induced arthritis. The novel tPA‐herstatin fusion protein could be used as an effective therapeutic tool for control of inflammatory disorders involving an angiogenic component.