bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A replication technique for scanning electron microscopy: Applications for anthropologists
Authors: Rose Jennie J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractScanning electron microscopy has become an increasingly useful tool for anthropologists, particularly because of the development of improved methods of replicating specimens. One of the best replication techniques involves silicone‐based dental impression materials to make negative impressions, in conjunction with epoxy resins, which are used to make positives or casts. The technique outlined here is particularly useful for anthropologists. Using this technique allows the examination of bone surfaces, teeth, and fossils for taphonomic, microwear, and experimental studies. Reproduction of detail is faithful at magnifications of × 1,500 to × 2,000, routinely giving resolutions of .1 to .25 μm.
Seasonal variation in pre‐ and postpartum maternal body measurements and infant birth weights
Authors: Adair Linda S. , Pollitt Ernesto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA sample of 225 rural Taiwanese women were followed longitudinally through two successive pregnancy and lactation periods. Maternal pre‐ and postpartum weight and skinfold thicknesses and infant birth weights showed considerable seasonal variation. The lowest mean maternal weights, irrespective of pregnancy or lactation status, occurred in the summer months of June, July, and August, when temperatures and rainfall reach their yearly maxima. The lowest mean birth weights were also recorded for the warm, rainy summer months. Furthermore, a disproportionate number of infants weighing less than one standard deviation below the mean birth weight were born between May and October. The observed seasonal variations most probably reflect annual cycles of agricultural activities and food availability.
A population genetic study of the Banks and Torres Islands (Vanuatu) and of the Santa Cruz Islands and polynesian outliers (Solomon Islands)
Authors: Blake N. M. , Hawkins B. R. , Kirk R. L. , Bhatia K. , Brown P. , Garruto R. M. , Gajdusek D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs part of a multidisciplinary survey of populations in the Banks and Torres Islands of Vanuatu and the Southern and Central Districts of the Solomon Islands, nearly 2,400 persons have been tested for ABO blood groups and a number of serum protein and red cell enzyme genetic marker systems.For the ABO system, the populations are characterized in general by high gene O and low gene B frequencies except in two of the Polynesian Outlier Islands, Rennell and Bellona, which have high frequencies of B. Among the serum proteins, several alleles have distributions indicating significant movement of people between islands. These include Albumin New Guinea and the transferrin alleles Tf, and Tf, and Tf.Similar specific alleles for red cell enzymes also show distributions reflecting interisland population movement as well as contact with persons from outside the southern Pacific region. Examples are ACP in the acid phosphatase system, PGM and PGM, PGM and PGM, PGK4 and also HbJTongariki.The data available for 11 polymorphic systems were used to generate genetic distances. Of the four Polynesian Outlier Islands, Anuta is most remote genetically, with Rennell and Bellona also relatively isolated. The fourth Polynesian Outlier, Tikopia, occupies a position genetically close to the Melanesian populations of the Banks and Torres Islands and the southern Solomons.The history of early European contact and voyaging in the Pacific, as well as archaeological and linguistic evidence and local legends, indicate that significant movements of people occurred between islands and provided opportunities for genes to be introduced from Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The genetic marker studies give evidence for genes from all these sources, though at a low level. Despite this admixture, the Polynesian Outlier and Melanesian populations have preserved their own distinctive genetic patterns.
Dental formulae and dental eruption patterns in parapithecidae (primates, Anthropoidea)
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe eruption sequence for the lower teeth of Apidium phiomense based on 18 juvenile specimens in dP3, dP4, M1, M2, P2, P4 (P3, M3), C. Only five specimens of Parapithecus grangeri show developing lower teeth. P2, M1, and M2 all erupted before P3 and P4; C and M3 were the last cheek teeth to erupt. Late eruption of the lower canines in parapithecids is a possible shared derived resemblance linking these species with Anthropoidea and Adapidae and distinguishing both from Omomyidae, Tarsiidae, and tooth‐combed lemurs. Late eruption of M3 in parapithecids is a shared derived resemblance with Anthropoidea alone.The lower dental formula of Apidium phiomense is confirmed as 2·1·3·3 by additional specimens which show the incisors. Based in part on tooth socket counts, the deciduous lower dental formula was 2·1·3. New specimens of Parapithecus grangeri now demonstrate an adult mandibular dental formula of 0·1·3·3 (not 2·1·3·3 as previously thought) and a juvenile formula of 1·1·3. The number of incisors possessed by Parapithecus fraasi is again open to debate. Material is insufficient to judge whether this species had a pair of incisors in each lower jaw quadrant, by analogy with Apidium, or had undergone reduction to just one incisor. In any event, the presence of two incisors in another parapithecid Apidium shows anterior tooth reduction of Parapithecus grangeri occurred independent of, and should not be considered a shared derived similarity with, Tarsiidae, as was once thought.
Determination of sex from the Tibia
Authors: İşcan M. Yaşar , Miller‐Shaivitz Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDetermination of sex from the tibial shaft as well as the entire bone itself has not been generally investigated by osteologists. This paper is an attempt to fulfill this need. The purpose is to determine sex from both the complete tibia and the shaft at the nutrient foramen level. The sample was obtained from the Terry Collection and included 159 specimens of whites and blacks. The tibial length, and circumference, anteroposterior, and transverse measurements at the nutrient foramen level were analyzed by means of step‐wise discriminant function analysis. It was found that the circumference alone could give, on the average, 80% accuracy in determining sex. The addition of other dimensions to the function increased the accuracy by about 4%. Comparisons of this study with those on the femur indicated that sexual dimorphism in the tibia was a result not only of the general growth and musculo‐skeletal activity, but also of the genetic structure of the population, i.e., racial variation.
Postembryonic dimensional allometry of the human femur
Authors: Sumner Dale R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDevelopmental constraints can affect evolution. McMahon's (1973, 1975a) hypothesis of elastic similarity is tested as an epigenetic rule. This is an ontogenetic hypothesis that previously has not been tested with ontogenetic data. Cross‐sectional data from the human femur are analyzed. Length‐diameter relationships for phases of growth and aging are calculated with bivariate allometry. McMahon's hypothesis cannot be rejected, although most of the calculations are not consistent with it. Ontogenetic skeletal allometry is complex because both material and geometric properties change during development.
A family study of anthropometric traits in a Punjabi community: II. An investigation of familial transmission
Authors: Byard P. J. , Sharma K. , Russell J. M. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPath analysis is used to characterize family resemblance for anthropometrics in twins and nuclear families from the Punjabi population of India. Significant positive assortative mating exists with respect to many body measurements, but not for cranial or facial variables. Evidence of a maternal effect for five measurements of bone diameter is reported. Twin resemblance is increased by a component not found in other pairs of relatives for all variables except nasal height, facial length, ear length, and head breadth. Although all variables have significant transmissible components, many have parameter estimates which are not consistent with strictly polygenic inheritance. Some form of cultural transmission is implicated for such variables, especially for those related to fatness levels.
Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia coast
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Larsen Clark Spencer , Hayes Wilson C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStructural characteristics of the femur are compared in preagricultural (2200 B.C.–A.D. 1150) and agricultural (A.D. 1150–1550) subsistence strategy groups from the Georgia coast. Using an automated technique, cross‐sectional geometric properties used in structural analyses (areas, second moments of area) were determined at midshaft and distal to the lesser trochanter in 20 adults from each group. A significant decline in magnitude of almost every geometric property occurs in the agricultural group. The differences between groups are reduced but still significant for many properties after standardizing for bone length differences. In addition, a remodeling of the femoral cortex to one of relatively smaller medullary and subperiosteal diameter, as well as a more circular cross‐sectional shape, is characteristic of agricultural femora. Thus, while the relative cross‐sectional area of bone remains the same, the spatial distribution of bone area is different in the two groups. The results strongly suggest a relative reduction in mechanical loadings of the femur in the agricultural group, implying different levels and possibly types of activity involving the lower limb in the two groups. The data are also compared with similar data available for the Pecos Pueblo (agricultural) sample. The comparison indicates that types of activity may have been more similar in the two agricultural samples, but that general levels of activity were more similar in the Pecos Pueblo and Georgia coast preagricultural samples.
Does KNM‐ER 1481A establish Homo erectus at 2.0 myr BP?
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractKennedy (1983) has proposed that the KNM‐ER 1481A femur represents Homo erectus and establishes the presence of this species at ca. 2.0.myr BP. A reconsideration of her criteria for taxonomic attribution indicates that its morphology implies only that it is an archaic member of the genus Homo. Its geochronological position, in conjunction with its morphology, suggest that it is best referred to H. habilis.
The emergence of biomedical anthropology and its implications for the future
Authors: Wienker Curtis W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrimarily during the past 15 years a distinct new area within physical anthropology has emerged, biomedical anthropology. Physical anthropologists have become heavily involved in studying problems of relevance to the health and illness patterns of living humans.There has been a proportionate increase in biomedically focused papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, in biomedically focused papers presented at annual meetings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, and in physical anthropology doctoral dissertations oriented toward modern biomedical phenomena. Proportionately more physical anthropologists are now employed in medical schools and there has been recent growth in the proportion of physical anthropologists in anthropology departments who claim some aspect of biomedical anthropology as a research interest. Increasingly, physical anthropologists are focusing their research on cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in America.These distinct trends are partially a result of the nature of physical anthropology and its unique biocultural perspective. However the growth of applied anthropology, the present academic marketplace, and the availability of research funds are probably also contributing factors.The emergency of biomedical anthropology holds promise for the future of physical anthropology and for its current employment crisis. Careers with academic and nonacademic organizations engaged in biomedical research appear to be a viable alternative to careers in departments of anthropology, for biomedical anthropologists. This will entail some reorientation of graduate training for physical anthropologists. More emphasis will have to be placed on substantive biomedical subjects, research methods, and data management and analysis.
Anthropometry and numerical taxonomy in clinical genetics: An example of applied biological anthropology
Authors: Ward Richard E. , Meaney F. John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological anthropologists can contribute a unique perspective as well as technical expertise to the diagnosis and classification of genetic disorders. Anthropometry has been used with increasing frequency to characterize syndromes and to establish ranges of variation within syndromes. The specific anthropometric‐radiologic technique of metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis has proven useful in discriminating individuals with the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi (PLW) syndrome from unaffected persons. Analysis of these data also indicate a negative correlation between age and Z‐score transformations of individual hand bone lengths. These findings sound a cautionary note to clinical investigators who would use the Z‐score transformation to standardize for age and sex.Problems encountered in the classification of genetic syndromes afford many parallels with those faced by anthropologists in the classification of living and fossil populations. The reliance on “key” traits and the necessity of focusing on pedigree analysis results in a deemphasis of the total range of variation and typological thinking. Application of numerical taxonomic techniques to the classification of the heterogeneous connective tissue disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) illustrates the heuristic value of this technique and points out the need to consider phenotypic overlap when defining typologies.Clinical genetics affords just one example of an area in medicine where the unique training and generalist perspective of the biological anthropologist is in demand. The decline in the availability of positions in the traditional academic habitat for biological anthropologists makes it imperative that graduate students be aware of alternatives and that they obtain training in the practical skills which such alternatives will demand.
Interpretation of scanning electron microscopic images of abraded forming bone surfaces
Authors: Bromage Timothy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe experimental abrasion of forming bone surfaces was conducted so that such surfaces could be characterized. This is particularly important to bone remodeling studies utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of archeological material. Forming surfaces derived from subadult macaque cranial bone were treated by particle abrasion, water abrasion, sliding abrasion, brushing, manual rubbing, weight, exfoliation, chipping and replication. Acetic acid treatments were also performed. The effects of abrasive agents are specific but generally fall into rough (particle and water abrasion) and smooth (sliding abrasion, brushing, rubbing and weight) categories.Protohistoric human and Plio‐Pleistocene hominid subadult craniofacial remains were observed with the SEM for comparison with experimental data. The more recent material appeared smooth, probably as a result of specimen preparation procedures using brushes. Surfaces were still interpretable as forming, however, using a more abrasion‐resistant feature called intervascular ridging (IVR) described in this study. The IVR pattern is also recognized on the hominid sample, confirming the possibility of performing remodeling studies on abraded fossil material. The abrasion characteristics are somewhat more difficult to classify, however.Abrasion is defined and discussed relative to remodeling studies and taphonomy. The usefulness of the experimental data reported here, however, in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, has yet to be fully realized. Acid and mechanical preparation techniques are briefly addressed. It is concluded that it is possible to characterize a forming surface as abraded according to the findings of this study and that acid, if handled with care, will more likely preserve microanatomical surface detail. It would also be in everyone's interest to employ a less abrasive cleaning regime on archeological specimens.
A study of body hair density and distribution in normal women
Authors: Lunde Ottar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution and density of terminal hair growth have been studied in 19 different body regions in 100 normal women of fertile age and 25 normal postmenopausal women. In accordance with earlier investigations an age‐dependent variation in hair growth pattern was observed. None of the women in either group had terminal hair growth on the cheek, and on the breast region hair was limited to a small circumareolar area. Whereas facial terminal hair growth appeared to be less common than that reported in earlier studies of women from other countries, the frequency of terminal hair in other regions was found to be significantly higher in the Norwegian women. No difference in hair growth pattern between blondes and brunettes could be detected.
Assortative marriage for physical characteristics in newlyweds
Authors: Pennock‐Román Maria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the degree of spouse resemblance in the first 6 months of marriage and to compare these estimates with those of previous studies on long‐standing marriages. The participants, 215 couples, were selected from the marriage licenses issued in two counties within the San Francisco Bay Area. They attended one of several group sessions in which questionnaires were filled out and forearm length measurements were taken. Only the results for the couples of European ancestry (N = 164) are presented here since the other subsamples were too small to analyze separately. The husband‐wife correlations for body size were found to be essentially equal to those in long‐standing marriages. Thus, it appears that physical resemblance in couples is the result of initial assortment rather than convergence arising from long cohabitation. A significant residual husband‐wife correlation for weight was found after statistically partialing out height. It may be that assortative marriage for food habits and attractiveness produces spouse resemblance in weight, independently of height. Alternatively, convergence in eating habits may occur during courtship and the early months of marriage which may increase the resemblance in weight. There was very little homogamy for eye color independently of race, and no evidence of assortative marriage for handedness.
Quantitative differences in dental microwear between primate species with different diets and a comment on the presumed diet of Sivapithecus
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Walker Alan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudies of dental microwear have been used to relate tooth form to function in a variety of recent and extinct mammals. Probably the most important aspect of microwear analysis is the possibility of using it to deduce the diet of extinct animals. Such deductions must be based on comparative studies of modern species with known diets, but to date, only qualitative studies have been attempted and all have been based on small samples. Here we report quantitative differences in dental microwear between primate species that are known to have different diets.Occlusal facets with different functions have previously been shown to exhibit different microwear patterns. However, the differences between facets of one species are shown to be far less than those between homologous facets of different species. Study of seven species of extant primates shows that enamel microwear can be used to distinguish between those with a mainly frugivorous diet and those with a mainly folivorous one. Microwear can also distinguish hard‐object feeders from soft‐fruit eaters. The microwear of Miocene Sivapithecus indicus cannot be distinguished statistically from that of the chimpanzee, but it is different from that of the other species. On this evidence S. indicus was not a hard‐object feeder and the adaptive significance of its thick molar enamel is at present unknown.
Tail raising by baboon mothers toward immigrant males
Authors: Busse Curt D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBehavioral responses of adult females to recently immigrated adult males were examined in two groups of chacma baboons in the Moremi Wildlife Reserve, Botswana. Mothers carrying infants respond negatively by raising their tails, avoiding, and screaming when in proximity to immigrant males. These responses are not given by mothers when their infants are away from them or by females who do not have infants. Also, the negative responses by mothers carrying infants are given only to immigrant males and not to long‐term resident males. These observations are in concordance with the growing evidence of infanticide in savanna baboon societies: mothers would be expected to show negative responses to potentially aggressive males, particularly immigrants. There was evidence to suggest that mothers respond negatively to immigrants only insofar as these males could not have sired their infants. If confirmed by subsequent observations, this result would lend support to the sexual selection model of infanticide.
Incisor size and diet revisited: The view from a platyrrhine perspective
Authors: Eaglen Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAllometric relationships between incisor size and body size were determined for 26 species of New World primates. While previous studies have suggested that the incisors of Old World primates, and anthropoids in general, scale isometrically with body size, the data presented here indicate a negative allometric relationship between incisor size and body size among New World species. This negative allometry was exhibited by platyrrhines when either upper or lower incisor row length was regressed against body weight, and when either least‐squares or bivariate principal axis equations were used. When upper incisor length was plotted against skull length, negative allometry could be sustained using both statistical techniques only when the full sample of 26 species was plotted. The choice of variables to represent incisor size and body size, and the choice of a statistical technique to effect the allometric equation, had a more pronounced impact on the location of individual species with regard to lines of best fit.Platyrrhines as a group have smaller incisors relative to body size than do catarrhines, regardless of diet. Among New World primates, small incisors represent a plausible primitive condition; species with relatively large incisors manifest a phyletic change associated with a dietary shift to foods that require increased incisal preparation. The opposite trend characterizes Old World primates. In spite of the taxonomic differences in relative incisor size between platyrrhine and catarrhine primates, inferences about diet derived from an allometric equation for all anthropoids should prove reliable as long as the species with unknown diet does not lie at the upper end of the body size range for platyrrhines or catarrhines.
The taung endocast and the lunate sulcus: A rejection of the hypothesis of its anterior position
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUsing an independent method of direct tape‐arc measurements on six chimpanzee brain casts, it is shown that Falk's (1980, 1983) claims regarding an anterior pongidlike placement of a lunate sulcus on the Taung specimen remain unconfirmed. Thus Holloway's (1981) stereoplotting method of testing Falk's hypothesis is independently confirmed, using the actual specimens rather than photographs of them. Falk's (1980) placement of a lunate sulcus falls at least 2.5 standard deviations anterior to a position expected on the basis of a Pan location.