bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Linguistic Aspects of Visual Imagery in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Bergen Benjamin K. , Lindsay Shane , Matlock Teenie , Narayanan Srini 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that language comprehension involves the activation of mental imagery of the content of utterances (; ; ; ; ; ; ). This imagery can have motor or perceptual content. Three main questions about the process remain under‐explored, however. First, are lexical associations with perception or motion sufficient to yield mental simulation, or is the integration of lexical semantics into larger structures, like sentences, necessary? Second, what linguistic elements (e.g., verbs, nouns, etc.) trigger mental simulations? Third, how detailed are the visual simulations that are performed? A series of behavioral experiments address these questions, using a visual object categorization task to investigate whether up‐ or down‐related language selectively interferes with visual processing in the same part of the visual field (following ). The results demonstrate that either subject nouns or main verbs can trigger visual imagery, but only when used in literal sentences about real space—metaphorical language does not yield significant effects—which implies that it is the comprehension of the sentence as a whole and not simply lexical associations that yields imagery effects. These studies also show that the evoked imagery contains detail as to the part of the visual field where the described scene would take place.
Adaptive Non‐Interventional Heuristics for Covariation Detection in Causal Induction: Model Comparison and Rational Analysis
Authors: Hattori Masasi , Oaksford Mike 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, 41 models of covariation detection from 2 × 2 contingency tables were evaluated against past data in the literature and against data from new experiments. A new model was also included based on a limiting case of the normative phi‐coefficient under an extreme rarity assumption, which has been shown to be an important factor in covariation detection () and data selection (; , ). The results were supportive of the new model. To investigate its explanatory adequacy, a rational analysis using two computer simulations was conducted. These simulations revealed the environmental conditions and the memory restrictions under which the new model best approximates the normative model of covariation detection in these tasks. They thus demonstrated the adaptive rationality of the new model.
“What if…”: The Use of Conceptual Simulations in Scientific Reasoning
Authors: Trickett Susan Bell , Trafton J. Gregory 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe term conceptual simulation refers to a type of everyday reasoning strategy commonly called “what if” reasoning. It has been suggested in a number of contexts that this type of reasoning plays an important role in scientific discovery; however, little direct evidence exists to support this claim. This article proposes that conceptual simulation is likely to be used in situations of informational uncertainty, and may be used to help scientists resolve that uncertainty. We conducted two studies to investigate the relationship between conceptual simulation and informational uncertainty. Study 1 was an in vivo study of expert scientists; the results suggest that scientists do use conceptual simulation in situations of informational uncertainty, and that they use conceptual simulation to make inferences from their data using the analogical reasoning process of alignment by similarity detection. Study 2 experimentally manipulated experts' level of uncertainty and provides further support for the hypothesis that conceptual simulation is more likely to be used in situations of informational uncertainty. Finally, we discuss the relationship between conceptual simulation and other types of reasoning using qualitative mental models.
Mapping the Color Space of Saccadic Selectivity in Visual Search
Authors: Xu Yun , Higgins Emily C. , Xiao Mei , Pomplun Marc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractColor coding is used to guide attention in computer displays for such critical tasks as baggage screening or air traffic control. It has been shown that a display object attracts more attention if its color is more similar to the color for which one is searching. However, what does similar precisely mean? Can we predict the amount of attention that a display color will receive during a search for a given target color? To tackle this question, two color‐search experiments measuring the selectivity of saccadic eye movements and mapping out its underlying color space were conducted. A variety of mathematical models, predicting saccadic selectivity for given target and display colors, were devised and evaluated. The results suggest that applying a Gaussian function to a weighted Euclidean distance in a slightly modified HSI color space is the best predictor of saccadic selectivity in the chosen paradigm. Hue and intensity information by itself provides a basis for useful predictors, spanning a possibly spherical color space of saccadic selectivity. Although the current models cannot predict saccadic selectivity values for a wide variety of visual search tasks, they reveal some characteristics of color search that are of both theoretical and applied interest, such as for the design of human–computer interfaces.
Tracking the Continuity of Language Comprehension: Computer Mouse Trajectories Suggest Parallel Syntactic Processing
Authors: Farmer Thomas A. , Cargill Sarah A. , Hindy Nicholas C. , Dale Rick , Spivey Michael J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough several theories of online syntactic processing assume the parallel activation of multiple syntactic representations, evidence supporting simultaneous activation has been inconclusive. Here, the continuous and non‐ballistic properties of computer mouse movements are exploited, by recording their streaming x, y coordinates to procure evidence regarding parallel versus serial processing. Participants heard structurally ambiguous sentences while viewing scenes with properties either supporting or not supporting the difficult modifier interpretation. The curvatures of the elicited trajectories revealed both an effect of visual context and graded competition between simultaneously active syntactic representations. The results are discussed in the context of 3 major groups of theories within the domain of sentence processing.
Race Categorization Modulates Holistic Face Encoding
Authors: Michel Caroline , Corneille Olivier , Rossion Bruno 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent studies have shown that same‐race (SR) faces are processed more holistically than other‐race (OR) faces, a difference that may underlie the greater difficulty at recognizing OR than SR faces (the “other‐race effect”). This article provides original evidence suggesting that the holistic processing of faces may be sensitive to the observers' racial categorization of the face. In Experiment 1, Caucasian participants performed a face‐composite task with Caucasian faces, Asian faces, and racially ambiguous morphed face stimuli. Identical morphed face stimuli were processed more holistically when categorized as SR than as OR faces. Experiment 2 further suggests that this finding was not underlain by strategic or training effects. Overall, these results support the view that one's categorization of a face as belonging to the same or another race plays a critical role in the holistic processing of this face.
Flowers for the Doctor: Pro-Natalism and Abortion in Fascist Milan
Authors: Willson Perry R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article explores the reasons for the failure of the Fascist attempts to raise the Italian birth rate through an examination of the pro-natalist campaign in the great industrial and commercial city of Milan and its surrounding province. It then considers one of the specific ways in which the birth rate was kept down - illegal abortion - focusing in particular on the dramatic events surrounding the arrest of an illegal abortionist in the small textile town of Rho in 1928.
Un Americano a Roma: A 1950s’ Satire of Americanization
Authors: Ellwood David 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe satirical film,Un americano a Romais examined as a commentary on the absorption by Italians, and especially Italian youth, of fads and fashions deriving from America during the economic boom. Although no masterpiece, the film is an important reflection on Italian identity at a time of rapid and bewildering change. It reveals that, while America became ‘everyone's second culture’, loyalty to domestic traditions and customs remained strong.
Justice, television and delegitimation: on the cultural codification of the Italian political crisis
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta 
Published: April 2008

Pier Paolo Giglioli, Sandra Cavicchioli and Giolo Fele,Rituali di degradazione. Anatomia del processo Cusani, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1997, 243 pp., ISBN 88–15–05713–7 pbk, 28,000 Lire.Recent developments in Italian politics, such as the emergence ofForza Italia, became possible only after a much deeper process had taken place, the delegitimation of Italian politicians. In the early 1990s, much of the political class which had dominated Italian politics since the Second World War was publicly exposed and removed from politics. The old parties of government, the Christian Democrats (DC) and the Socialists (PSI), were swept aside. What appeared to be a civilized evolution had its visible peak in the difficult struggle conducted by a few magistrates, the Milan-basedMani pulite(Clean hands) team, against political corruption. The so-calledTangentopoli(Kickback city) investigations have been indicated as the turning point of contemporary Italian politics. They certainly represent the moment when a rhetoric of ‘old’ and ‘new’ was divulged, when the Italian Republic began to be felt as a collapsing venture, giving an opportunity for change and reform which has not yet been grasped.
The death (and re-birth) of the hero: charisma and manufactured charisma in modern Italy
Authors: Gundle Stephen 
Published: April 2008

Summary
In the twentieth century Italy has witnessed an unusual variety of charismatic political figures. Given the tradition of the Risorgimento and in particular the influence of Garibaldi, several of these donned the mantle of heroism. However, in modern conditions this heroism was largely a matter of showmanship. With the rise of mass communications, political leaders were compelled to reinvent the nature and forms of their appeal to the people and also to engage with the languages of popular entertainment. It is argued that cinema heralded a profound change in the nature of charisma and that television subsequently undermined it by rendering political leaders familiar and reducing the distance necessary for stage management.
Charisma and social movements: Errico Malatesta and Italian anarchism
Authors: Levy Carl 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article examines the role of charismatic leadership in the Italian anarchist and socialist movements in the period up to the biennio rosso. It focuses on the activities of Errico Malatesta (1853–1932) in 1920 after his return from exile in London. Italian anarchism may have relied upon the informal prestige of leaders such as Malatesta to keep the sinews of its organizations together, however even if Malatesta drew enormous crowds on his return, his oratory was far less demagogic than his maximalist socialist competitors. Malatesta's charisma was a product of the supercharged atmosphere of 1920 and his reputation as the ‘socialist Garibaldi’ or the ‘Lenin of Italy’. In fact his Socratic approach, demonstrated in his written and spoken interventions, was rather closer to the educationalism of Mazzini.
‘Fields of Death’: Malaria in Italy, 1861–1962
Authors: Snowden Frank M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryFor the century following Unification, malaria was the principal Italian public health problem. This article seeks to explain this high incidence and explores its impact both on the sufferer and on society. An eradication campaign began after Unification; gathered momentum at the turn of the century; and achieved victory following the Second World War. Important themes are the growing understanding of malaria; the search for weapons to combat it; and the contrasting approaches of the Liberal and Fascist regimes. Italy was the classic country to eradicate malaria by a national campaign and it is important to relate its success to the ongoing global debate surrounding malaria control and eradication.
Cape Verdean Women on the Move: ‘Immigration Shopping’ in Italy and Europe
Authors: Andall Jacqueline 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe central theme of this article is the notion that migrants ‘shop’ for opportunities of work, income and social advantages in different countries. Taking the case of Cape Verdean women migrants, the research is based on 25 in-depth interviews carried out with domestic workers in Rome and Rotterdam. I explore ways in which these women have negotiated mobility, employment and family and household responsibilities within the context of a largely independent female migration which is well established from Cape Verde. Italy has a nodal role in channelling mobility from Cape Verde to various destinations in the global Cape Verdean diaspora. But while opportunities for stable employment as domestic workers in Italy have been a constant factor encouraging Cape Verdean women to migrate to Italy, difficulties over pay, working conditions, welfare and family reunion have led to much onward movement to the Netherlands and elsewhere.
Mapping spatial variation in demersal fish species diversity and composition in the North Sea: accounting for species- and size-related catchability in survey trawls
Authors: Fraser Helen M. , Greenstreet Simon P. R. , Fryer Rob J. , Piet Gerjan J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Fraser, H. M., Greenstreet, S. P. R., Fryer, R. J., and Piet, G. J. 2008. Mapping spatial variation in demersal fish species diversity and composition in the North Sea: accounting for species- and size-related catchability in survey trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 531–538. The paper maps spatial patterns of groundfish species diversity. It considers how the catchability of different fish species in two different types of bottom trawls, the IBTS GOV and the 8-m beam trawl, influences the estimates of species diversity. Maps of groundfish species diversity derived from these two survey trawls are compared to determine the extent to which the maps of spatial variation in groundfish species diversity are influenced by gear type. Catchability-at-length coefficients were applied to the IBTS data to raise the observed catches to estimates of “actual” numbers of fish present in the path of the trawl, which are then used to produce maps of “actual” species diversity across the North Sea. Finally, these raised maps of “actual” groundfish species diversity are shown to be more explainable based on physical environmental parameters such as depth. We suggest that species diversity maps that take account of catchability provide more reliable information on which to base management decisions than “gear-biased” views. The implications for management are discussed, with particular emphasis on using closed areas to conserve marine biodiversity.
Fibronectin bridges monocytes and reticulocytes via integrin α4β1
Authors: Brittain Julia E. , Knoll Christine M. , Ataga Kenneth I. , Orringer Eugene P. , Parise Leslie V. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryLeucocytes are emerging as critical determinants in the severity of the pathology associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) and recent studies have shown that they can bind to sickle red blood cells (SS RBCs). However, the mechanism of this interaction is unclear. The α4β1 integrin on monocytes and SS reticulocytes was found to mediate the interaction of these cells in in‐vitro adhesion assays and in the blood of SCD patients. Plasma fibronectin (Fn), a ligand for α4β1, could link SS RBCs to monocytes, as peptides derived from both the Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser (RGDS) and CS‐1 site in Fn disrupted the reticulocyte/monocyte interaction. It was further shown in whole blood that 70% of the interacting monocytes were also bound to platelets, suggesting the existence of multi‐cellular aggregates in SCD. Platelet inclusion in these aggregates was mediated by a P‐selectin/P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 interaction, which has been demonstrated to activate the monocyte. These results suggest a new model for understanding the mechanism of attachment of SS RBCs to monocytes and implicate the platelet as a component and contributor to potentially occlusive aggregates that circulate in the blood of SCD patients.
Field and experimental evidence of the effect of Jenynsia multidentata, a small omnivorous–planktivorous fish, on the size distribution of zooplankton in subtropical lakes
Authors: IGLESIAS CARLOS , MAZZEO NÉSTOR , GOYENOLA GUILLERMO , FOSALBA CLAUDIA , TEIXEIRA DE MELLO FRANCO , GARCÍA SOLEDAD , JEPPESEN ERIK 
Published: April 2008

Summary1. Small cladocerans, copepod nauplii and rotifers often dominate the zooplankton community in tropical and subtropical lakes. This is probably because of high predation pressure by small omnivorous–planktivorous fish, but experimental evidence is scarce.2. This study used two approaches to test the effect of the small omnivorous–planktivorous fish species Jenynsia multidentata, which is frequently abundant in (sub)tropical eutrophic lakes in South America, on the size distribution of zooplankton. In Lake Blanca (Uruguay), which lacks any piscivores, we sampled seasonally for both fish and zooplankton. We also conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment with treatments containing or lacking J. multidentata.3. Together, the empirical and experimental data suggest that J. multidentata predation plays an important role in modulating the size structure of the zooplankton community in subtropical lakes. In the absence of J. multidentata, stocked large‐sized zooplankters like Daphnia obtusa were abundant in the experiments, while small‐sized zooplankton dominated in the presence of fish, as they did in the lake itself from spring to the end of the season.
Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study
Authors: Hofmann M , Stoss O , Shi D , Büttner R , Van De Vijver M , Kim W , Ochiai A , Rüschoff J , Henkel T 
Published: April 2008

Aims:  Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression/amplification is implicated in the development of various solid tumour types. Validated methods and scoring systems for evaluating HER2 status exist in breast cancer, but not in gastric cancer. The aim was to establish a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer to identify suitable patients for enrolment in a trial of trastuzumab (Herceptin®) in advanced metastatic gastric cancer.Methods and results:  Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded gastric cancer samples were tested for HER2 status using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) pharmDx™ kit (Dako Denmark A/S). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the HercepTest™ (Dako). Concordance between FISH and IHC was 93.5% in 168 evaluable samples. Eleven samples were scored as FISH+ but IHC− or equivocal.Conclusions:  IHC/FISH discrepancies were attributed to basolateral membranous immunoreactivity of glandular cells resulting in incomplete membranous reactivity and/or a higher rate of tumour heterogeneity in gastric cancer compared with breast cancer. With modifications to the IHC scoring system, the HercepTest™ is considered valid for the identification of HER2+ gastric tumours for this clinical trial. Correlation of HER2 scores with clinical outcomes will be needed to determine which patients might benefit from trastuzumab therapy.
Toll‐like receptor 4 mediates cross‐talk between peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and nuclear factor‐κB in macrophages
Authors: Necela Brian M. , Su Weidong , Thompson E. Aubrey 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in macrophages and plays an important role in suppressing the inflammatory response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which activate Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), reduced PPARγ expression and function in peritoneal macrophages and macrophage cell lines. Moreover, pretreatment with the synthetic PPARγ ligand, rosiglitazone did not prevent LPS‐mediated downregulation of PPARγ. Inhibition of PPARγ expression was not blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is not required for LPS‐mediated suppression of PPARγ. Destabilization of PPARγ messenger RNA (mRNA) was not observed in LPS‐stimulated macrophages, suggesting that LPS regulates the synthesis of PPARγ mRNA. LPS had no effect on PPARγ expression in macrophages from TLR4 knockout mice, whereas LPS inhibited PPARγ expression in cells that had been reconstituted to express functional TLR4. Targeting the TLR4 pathway with inhibitors of MEK1/2, p38, JNK and AP‐1 had no effect on PPARγ downregulation by LPS. However, inhibitors that target NEMO, IκB and NF‐κB abolished LPS‐mediated downregulation of PPARγ in LPS‐stimulated macrophages. Our data indicate that activation of TLR4 inhibits PPARγ mRNA synthesis by an NF‐κB‐dependent mechanism. Low‐density genomic profiling of macrophage‐specific PPARγ knockout cells indicated that PPARγ suppresses inflammation under basal conditions, and that loss of PPARγ expression is sufficient to induce a proinflammatory state. Our data reveal a regulatory feedback loop in which PPARγ represses NF‐κB‐mediated inflammatory signalling in unstimulated macrophages; however, upon activation of TLR4, NF‐κB drives down PPARγ expression and thereby obviates any potential anti‐inflammatory effects of PPARγ in LPS‐stimulated macrophages.
Short‐ and long‐term impact of critical illness on relatives: literature review
Authors: Paul Fiona , Rattray Janice 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTitle.  Short‐ and long‐term impact of critical illness on relatives: literature review. Aim.  This paper is a report of a literature review undertaken to identify the short‐ and long‐term impact of critical illness on relatives.Background.  Patients in intensive care can experience physical and psychological consequences, and their relatives may also experience such effects. Although it is recognized that relatives have specific needs, it is not clear whether these needs are always met and whether further support is required, particularly after intensive care.Data sources.  The following databases were searched for the period 1950–2007: Medline, British Nursing Index and Archive, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and EMB Reviews – Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials.Search methods.  Search terms focused on adult relatives of critically ill adult patients during and after intensive care. Recurrent topics were categorized to structure the review, i.e. ‘relatives needs’, ‘meeting relatives’ needs’, ‘interventions’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘psychological outcomes’ and ‘coping’.Results.  Studies have mainly identified relatives’ immediate needs using the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory. There are few studies of interventions to meet relatives’ needs and the short‐ and long‐term effects of critical illness on relatives.Conclusion.  Despite widespread use of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory, factors such as local or cultural differences may influence relatives’ needs. Relatives may also have unidentified needs, and these needs should be explored. Limited research has been carried out into interventions to meet relatives’ needs and the effects of critical illness on their well‐being, yet some relatives may experience negative psychological consequences far beyond the acute phase of the illness.