bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a carnivorous diet on the lipids, fatty acids and condition of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba
Authors: Hagen Wilhelm , Yoshida Toshihiro , Virtue Patti , Kawaguchi So , Swadling Kerrie M. , Nicol Stephen , Nichols Peter D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKrill are thought to be predominantly herbivorous, but a heterotrophic diet might be crucial for their growth and survival. To compare the influence of herbivory and carnivory on krill we conducted a nine month feeding trial. We examined lipid composition of the hepatopancreas, abdomen and remaining body portions of krill fed diatoms at bloom condition levels, and diatoms with the addition of pellets or minced clam meat to simulate a partly carnivorous diet. Mortality, dry mass and lipid content were similar among treatments. We examined lipid class and fatty acid profiles, with emphasis placed on the ratio of storage (triacylglycerol) to structural (polar lipid) lipid and key essential omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. The triacylglycerol : polar lipid ratio increased in krill fed on the mixed diet as did the 20:5ω3 : 22:6ω3 ratio. Overall these findings indicate that provision of clam in the diet improved krill condition, and further suggest that carnivory may aid krill growth in the wild under certain environmental conditions.
Do Children and Adults With Language Impairment Recognize Prosodic Cues?
Authors: Fisher Jennifer , Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca , Gerken LouAnn , Glattke Theodore J. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeProsodic cues are used to clarify sentence structure and meaning. Two studies, one of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and one of adults with a history of learning disabilities, were designed to determine whether individuals with poor language skills recognize prosodic cues on par with their normal-language peers.MethodParticipants were asked to determine whether low-pass filtered sentences matched unfiltered target sentences. Filtered sentences either matched the target sentence exactly or differed on between 1 and 3 parameters that affected the prosodic profile of the sentences.ResultsChildren with SLI were significantly poorer than their normal peers in determining whether low-pass filtered sentences matched or were different from unfiltered target sentences. The children’s performance, measured in terms of response accuracy, deteriorated as the similarities between filtered and unfiltered sentences increased. Adults revealed a pattern of differential reaction time to sentence pairs that reflected their relative degree of similarity. There was no difference in performance accuracy for adults with a history of language/learning disabilities compared with their peers.ConclusionGiven that prosodic cues are known to assist language processing, the weak prosodic skills of preschool children with SLI may limit the amount of benefit that these children derive from the presence of prosodic cues in spoken language. That the adult sample did not show a similar weakness in this skill may reflect developmental differences, sampling differences, or a combination of both.
Regulation of glutamate receptor B pre-mRNA splicing by RNA editing
Authors: Schoft Vera K. , Schopoff Sandy , Jantsch Michael F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRNA-editing enzymes of the ADAR family convert adenosines to inosines in double-stranded RNA substrates. Frequently, editing sites are defined by base-pairing of the editing site with a complementary intronic region. The glutamate receptor subunit B (GluR-B) pre-mRNA harbors two such exonic editing sites termed Q/R and R/G. Data from ADAR knockout mice and in vitro editing assays suggest an intimate connection between editing and splicing of GluR-B pre-mRNA.By comparing the events at the Q/R and R/G sites, we can show that editing can both stimulate and repress splicing efficiency. The edited nucleotide, but not ADAR binding itself, is sufficient to exert this effect. The presence of an edited nucleotide at the R/G site reduces splicing efficiency of the adjacent intron facilitating alternative splicing events occurring downstream of the R/G site.Lack of editing inhibits splicing at the Q/R site. Editing of both the Q/R nucleotide and an intronic editing hotspot are required to allow efficient splicing. Inefficient intron removal may ensure that only properly edited mRNAs become spliced and exported to the cytoplasm.
FISH mapping of 57 BAC clones reveals strong conservation of synteny between Galliformes and Anseriformes
Authors: Fillon V. , Vignoles M. , Crooijmans R. P. M. A. , Groenen M. A. M. , Zoorob R. , Vignal A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryKaryotypes of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus; 2n = 78) and mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos; 2n = 80) share the typical organization of avian karyotypes including a few macrochromosome pairs, numerous indistinguishable microchromosomes, and Z and W sex chromosomes. Previous banding studies revealed great similarities between chickens and ducks, but it was not possible to use comparative banding for the microchromosomes. In order to establish precise chromosome correspondences between these two species, particularly for microchromosomes, we hybridized 57 BAC clones previously assigned to the chicken genome to duck metaphase spreads. Although most of the clones showed similar localizations, we found a few intrachromosomal rearrangements of the macrochromosomes and an additional microchromosome pair in ducks. BAC clones specific for chicken microchromosomes were localized to separate duck microchromosomes and clones mapping to the same chicken microchromosome hybridized to the same duck microchromosome, demonstrating a high conservation of synteny. These results demonstrate that the evolution of karyotypes in avian species is the result of fusion and/or fission processes and not translocations.
Characterization of the human basilar artery contractile response to 5‐HT and triptans
Authors: Silva Sónia A. , Marques Francisco B. , Fontes Ribeiro Carlos A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo study the contractile responses of the human basilar artery to 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), sumatriptan, zolmitriptan and naratriptan, and to characterize the 5‐HT receptor subtypes involved on those responses, human basilar artery rings were prepared for isometric contraction, protein isolation and Western blotting analysis. Concentration–response (CR) curves were made for all agonists in the absence or in the presence of selective antagonists at 5‐HT1B (cyanopindolol), 5‐HT1D (BRL 15,572) and 5‐HT2 (ketanserin) receptors. We also used anti‐5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1D receptor antibodies to search for the expression of protein of these receptor subtypes.From the CR curves, the relative intrinsic activity and potency of these agonists were determined. The ranking order for the intrinsic activity was 5‐HT ≥ sumatriptan > zolmitriptan ≥ naratriptan, whereas that for the potency was zolmitriptan ≥ 5‐HT ≥ sumatriptan > naratriptan.Our results also show that the human basilar artery seems to have a mixed population of 5‐HT1B/1D receptors mediating the contractile response to triptans, which is also suggested by the expression of both receptor subtypes. There is also a population of 5‐HT2 receptors for which the antimigraine drugs used have no apparent affinity. From this study, one can conclude that the second generation triptans have lower contractile capacity than sumatriptan, suggesting that they have a better cerebrovascular safety profile.
Effects of KR‐33028, a novel Na+/H+ exchanger‐1 inhibitor, on ischemia and reperfusion‐induced myocardial infarction in rats and dogs
Authors: Oh Kwang‐Seok , Seo Ho Won , Yi Kyu Yang , Lee Sunkyung , Yoo Sung‐eun , Lee Byung Ho 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study was performed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of KR‐33028, a novel Na+/H+ exchanger subtype 1 (NHE‐1) inhibitor, in rat and dog models of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. In anesthetized rats subjected to a 45‐min coronary occlusion and a 90‐min reperfusion, KR‐33028 at 5 min before occlusion (i.v. bolus) dose‐dependently reduced myocardial infarct size from 58.0% to 46.6%, 40.3%, 39.7%, 33.1%, and 27.8% for 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg respectively (P < 0.05). In anesthetized beagle dogs that underwent a 1.0‐h occlusion followed by a 3.0‐h reperfusion, KR‐33028 (3 mg/kg, i.v. bolus) markedly decreased infarct size from 45.6% in vehicle‐treated group to 16.4% (P < 0.05), and reduced the reperfusion‐induced release in creatine kinase myocardial band isoenzyme (MB), lactate dehydrogenase, troponin‐I, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. In separate experiments to assess the effects of timing of treatment, KR‐33028 (1 mg/kg, i.v. bolus) given 10 min before or at reperfusion in rat models also significantly reduced the myocardial infarct size (46.3% and 44.1% respectively) compared with vehicle‐treated group. In all studies, KR‐33028 caused no significant changes in any hemodynamic profiles. In an isolated rat heart model of hypothermic cardioplegia, KR‐33028 (30 μm), which was added to the heart preservation solution (histidin–tryptophan–ketoglutarate) during hypothermic cardioplegic arrest, significantly improved the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate and dP/dtmax after reperfusion. Taken together, these results indicate that KR‐33028 significantly reduced the myocardial infarction induced by ischemia and reperfusion in rats and dogs, without affecting hemodynamic profiles.
Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s and P‐glycoprotein in the Finnish population
Authors: Hilli Johanna , Rane Anders , Lundgren Stefan , Bertilsson Leif , Laine Kari 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphism of selected cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and ABCB1 (encoding P‐glycoprotein) of central importance with regard to the disposition of clinically used drugs in the Finnish population and to compare the results to pre‐existing data from Caucasian populations. A random sample of 449 Finns was studied. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using blood‐derived genomic DNA and 5′‐nuclease assays. We found that the allele frequencies of CYP1A2 SNP g.‐163C>A, CYP2C8*3, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C19*2 were similar to those seen in other Caucasian populations. However, the allelic frequency of the variant ABCB1 SNP c.3435C>T allele was lower than previously reported. The frequency of the homozygous CYP3A5*1 expression was significantly higher than expected based on Hardy–Weinberg calculations (observed n = 8 vs. expected n = 3, P = 0.01). Other genotype frequencies corresponded to the expected values. The strong linkage between the CYP2C8*3 and the CYP2C9*2 alleles was confirmed in this study and the number of individuals with the rare haplotype CYP2C8*3*3/CYP2C9*2*2 was higher than expected. We conclude that the frequency of mutated CYP alleles in Finns were in agreement with earlier findings in Caucasian populations, but a lower frequency of the ABCB1 variant allele 3435T corresponding to that reported in Asian populations was found. The higher than expected frequency of the CYP3A5*1*1 genotype and the CYP2C8*3*3/CYP2C9*2*2 haplotype may influence the response to treatment with drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Effect of chronic chromium picolinate in animal models of anxiety and memory
Authors: Khanam Razia , Pillai K.K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is associated with certain neurological problems such as depression, anxiety, memory impairment, etc. As chromium picolinate (CrP), a widely used trace element is shown to have beneficial effects in diabetes and depression, we investigated its effects on elevated plus maze and spontaneous alternation behavior paradigm as a measure of anxiety and memory, respectively. CrP (8 μg/mL in drinking water) significantly increased percentage preference to open arm in elevated plus maze in diabetic and normal rats. However, no significant changes were observed in percentage alternation after CrP chronic treatment. The possible anxiolytic effect of CrP might be related to its effect on serotonergic transmission.
Reduction of Dispersion of Repolarization and Prolongation of Postrepolarization Refractoriness Explain the Antiarrhythmic Effects of Quinidine in a Model of Short QT Syndrome
Authors: MILBERG PETER , TEGELKAMP REGINA , OSADA NANI , SCHIMPF RAINER , WOLPERT CHRISTIAN , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , BORGGREFE MARTIN , ECKARDT LARS 
Published: May 2007

Background: Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a newly described ion channelopathy, characterized by a short QT interval resulting from an accelerated cardiac repolarization, associated with syncope, atrial fibrillation, and sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation. As therapeutic options in SQTS are still controversial, we examined antiarrhythmic mechanisms in an experimental model of SQTS.
Methods and Results:
Pinacidil, an IK‐ATP channel opener, was administered in increasing concentrations (50–100 μM) in 48 Langendorff‐perfused rabbit hearts and led to a significant reduction of action potential duration and QT interval, thereby mimicking SQTS. Eight simultaneously recorded monophasic action potentials demonstrated an increase in dispersion of repolarization, especially between the left and the right ventricle. During programmed ventricular stimulation with up to two extrastimuli, pinacidil significantly increased the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation (1 heart under baseline conditions, 29 hearts during pinacidil administration; P = 0.0001). Additional treatment with the IKr blocker sotalol (100 μM) and the class I antiarrhythmic drugs flecainide (2 μM) and quinidine (0.5 μM) randomly assigned to three groups of 16 hearts led to prolongation of repolarization as well as refractory period. Sotalol or flecainide did not reduce the rate of inducibility of ventricular fibrillation significantly (P = 0.63; P = 0.219). However, quinidine reduced the inducibility of ventricular fibrillation by 73% (P = 0.008). The antiarrhythmic potential of quinidine was associated with a significantly greater prolongation of MAP duration, refractoriness, and postrepolarization refractoriness (PRR) as compared with sotalol and flecainide. Moreover, quinidine, in contrast to sotalol and flecainide, reduced dispersion of repolarization. Conclusion: Pinacidil mimics SQTS via increasing potassium outward currents, thereby facilitating inducibility of ventricular fibrillation. Quinidine demonstrates superior antiarrhythmic properties in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation in this model as compared with sotalol and flecainide because of its effects on refractoriness, PRR, and by reducing dispersion of repolarization.
The Pacing to Avoid Cardiac Enlargement (PACE) Trial: Clinical Background, Rationale, Design, and Implementation
Authors: FUNG JEFFREY WING‐HONG , CHAN JOSEPH YAT‐SUN , OMAR RAZALI , HUSSIN AZLAN , ZHANG QING , YIP GABRIEL , LAM KAI HUAT , FANG FANG , YU CHEUK‐MAN 
Published: May 2007

Background: Deleterious effect on left ventricular (LV) function was observed with conventional right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing. Preliminary data suggested that biventricular pacing (BiV) may be superior to RVA pacing in patients with LV systolic dysfunction. However, the optimal pacing mode and site(s) for patients with normal LV systolic function remain controversial. Methods: The Pacing to Avoid Cardiac Enlargement (PACE) trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double blinded, parallel, controlled study aiming to determine if BiV pacing is better than conventional RVA pacing in preserving LV systolic function and preventing remodeling in patients with LV ejection fraction (EF) >45% indicated for pacing. This study targets to recruit 200 patients from various centers in Asia, all of whom will receive BiV pacemaker implantation before being randomized to either atrial‐based RVA or BiV pacing for 1 year. Their echocardiographic parameters including LV volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and dyssynchrony index by tissue Doppler imaging, exercise capacity, quality of life assessment, neurohormone levels, and clinical events will be assessed before and after pacing. The primary endpoints are changes in LV end‐systolic volume and LVEF 1 year after pacing. It is designed with 90% power to detect a 5% difference in the LVEF after 1 year of pacing. The enrollment began in 2006. It is expected to conclude at the end of 2008. Conclusion: The PACE trial will determine whether atrial‐based BiV pacing can preserve LV systolic function and prevent LV adverse remodeling induced by conventional RVA pacing in patients with normal LV systolic function and standard pacing indication.
Histodynamics of bone tissue formation around immediately loaded cylindrical implants in the rabbit
Authors: Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace , Geris Liesbet , Sloten Jozef Vander , Puers Robert , Duyck Joke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: The local mechanical environment influences early peri‐implant tissue formation. It is still unclear whether immediate loading limits or promotes peri‐implant osteogenesis and which mechanical parameters are important herein. The present study evaluated the influence of well‐controlled mechanical stimuli on the tissue response around immediately loaded cylindrical turned titanium implants at two different observation periods.Material and methods: A repeated sampling bone chamber, consisting of dual‐structure perforated hollow cylinders with a cylindrical implant, was installed in the tibia of 14 rabbits and used to conduct three displacement‐controlled immediate loading experiments: (i) 30 μm – 400 cycles/day – 1 Hz frequency – 2 ×/week – 6 weeks; (ii) 30 μm – 400 cycles/day – 1 Hz – 2 ×/week – 6 weeks, followed by another 6 weeks with a 50 μm – 800 cycles/day – 1 Hz – 2 ×/week loading protocol; and (iii) 0 μm implant displacement for 12 weeks. A linear mixed model and logistic mixed model with α=5% were conducted on the data set.Results: The tissue area fraction was significantly the highest after 12 weeks of loading. The bone area fraction was significantly different between all three loading conditions, with the highest values for the 12‐week loading experiment. Twelve‐week stimulation resulted in a significantly higher mineralized bone fraction than 6 weeks. Loading did have a significantly positive effect on the mineralized bone fraction. The incidence of osteoid‐to‐implant and bone‐to‐implant contact increased significantly when loading the implant for 12 weeks.Conclusion: Immediate loading had a positive effect on the tissue differentiation and bone formation around cylindrical turned titanium implants. Controlled implant micro‐motion up to 50 μm had a positive effect on the bone formation at its interface.
Histological evaluation of oral implants inserted with different surgical techniques into the trabecular bone of goats
Authors: Shalabi Manal M. , Wolke Johannes G. C. , De Ruijter Anja J. E. , Jansen John A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of implant surface topography and surgical technique on bone response.Material and methods: For the experiment, 48 screw‐designed implants were used with two different surface finishes, i.e. machined and ‘blasted, etched’. The implants were inserted into the left and right medial femoral condyle of eight goats using three different surgical approaches: press‐fit (implant diameter=implant bed diamete(r), undersized (implant bed diameter<implant diameter) and osteotome. Each femoral condyle received three implants. After an implantation period of 12 weeks, the implants were retrieved and prepared for histological and histomorphometrical evaluation (bone contact and bone mass).Results: Light microscopy revealed that in general, the bone response to all implants was very similar. On the other hand, histomorphometry suggested that the bone‐to‐implant contact for the ‘blasted, etched’ implants inserted by an undersized technique was higher compared with machined implants and the other surgical approaches, but the observed differences were not significant. Bone mass measurements did not reveal the occurrence of clear differences between groups and surgical approaches.Conclusion: Supported by our findings, we conclude that implants provided with a ‘blasted, etched’ surface and installed in trabecular bone using an undersized preparation technique appear to support an enhanced bone–implant contact. The use of an osteotome technique did not lead to improved results.
Infection at titanium implants with or without a clinical diagnosis of inflammation
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Roos‐Jansåker Anne‐Marie , Lindahl Christel , Renvert Helena , Rutger Persson G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: To assess the microbiota at implants diagnosed with peri‐implantitis, implant mucositis, or being clinically healthy.Material and methods: Clinical and microbiological data were collected from 213 subjects (mean age: 65.7±14) with 976 implants in function (mean: 10.8 years, SD±1.5). Forty species were identified by the checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization method.Results: Implant mean % plaque score was 41.8±32.4%. Periodontitis defined by bone loss was found in 44.9% of subjects. Implant mucositis was diagnosed in 59% and peri‐implantitis in 14.9% of all cases. Neisseria mucosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum sp. nucleatum, F. nucleatum sp. polymorphum, and Capnocytophaga sputigena dominated the implant sub‐mucosal microbiota and the sub‐gingival microbiota at tooth sites. Implant probing pocket depth at the implant site with the deepest probing depth was correlated with levels of Eikenella corrodens (r=0.16, P<0.05), the levels of F. nucleatum sp. vincentii (r=0.15, P<0.05), Porphyromonas gingivalis (r=0.14, P<0.05), and Micromonas micros (r=0.17, P=0.01). E. corrodens was found in higher levels at implants with mucositis compared with implant health (P<0.05). Subjects who lost teeth due to periodontitis had higher yields of F. nucleatum sp. vincentii (P<0.02) and N. mucosa (P<0.05). Independent of implant status subjects with teeth had higher levels of P. gingivalis (P<0.05), and Leptotrichia buccalis (P<0.05).Conclusions: At implant sites studied, few bacteria differed by whether subjects were dentate or not or by implant status.
A comparison of bone mineral density in the spine, hip and jaws of edentulous subjects
Authors: Drage Nicholas A. , Palmer Richard M. , Blake Glen , Wilson Ron , Crane Fiona , Fogelman Ignac 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: The aim was to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) of the jaws (mandible and maxilla) and other skeletal sites. In addition, the influence of gender, smoking and the number of years without natural teeth were examined.Materials and methods: 18 edentulous patients (9 females, 9 males) with a mean age of 67.1 (sd 12.6) years had DXA scans to assess the BMD of the lumbar spine and hip, together with the ramus, body and symphysis of the mandible and the anterior of the maxilla.Results: BMD values for the ramus were similar to those for the femur but significantly lower than the lumbar spine. The body and anterior mandible had higher values and the anterior maxilla lower values than both the femur and ramus. The ramus BMD showed moderately strong relationships with the standard measures of BMD in the spine and hip, but the BMD of other areas of the jaws showed no relationship with skeletal sites. The BMD for both the hip and the ramus showed an inverse relationship with increasing age. There was no statistically significant relationship between BMD of hip, spine and jaw and either years edentulous or cigarette years. (207)Conclusions: Although the ramus of the mandible may show correlation of BMD with skeletal sites, the areas of the jaws where implants may be placed do not. Therefore BMD of the skeletal sites could not be used to predict BMD of the jaws.The BMD of the jaws as measured by DXA showed no relationship with either years edentulous or cigarette smoking.