bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leachability and Phytoavailability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium from Different Bio‐composts under Chloride‐ and Sulfate‐Dominated Irrigation Water
Authors: Ahmad Zahoor , Yamamoto Sadahiro , Honna Toshimasa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractConcerns over increased phosphorus (P) application with nitrogen (N)‐based compost application have shifted the trend to P‐based composed application, but focusing on one or two nutritional elements does not serve the goals of sustainable agriculture. The need to understand the nutrient release and uptake from different composts has been further aggravated by the use of saline irrigation water in the recent scenario of fresh water shortage. Therefore, we evaluated the leachability and phytoavailability of P, N, and K from a sandy loam soil amended with animal, poultry, and sludge composts when applied on a total P–equivalent basis (200 kg ha−1) under Cl− (NaCl)‐ and SO42− (Na2SO4)‐dominated irrigation water. Our results showed that the concentration of dissolved reactive P (DRP) was higher in leachates under SO42− than Cl− treatments. Compost amendments differed for DRP leaching in the following pattern: sludge > animal > poultry > control. Maize (Zea mays L.) growth and P uptake were severely suppressed under Cl− irrigation compared with SO42− and non‐saline treatments. All composts were applied on a total P–equivalent basis, but maximum plant (shoot + root) P uptake was observed under sludge compost amendment (73.4 mg DW−1), followed by poultry (39.3 mg DW−1), animal (15.0 mg DW−1), and control (1.2 mg DW−1) treatment. Results of this study reveal that irrigation water dominated by SO42− has greater ability to replace/leach P, other anions (NO3−), and cations (K+). Variability in P release from different bio‐composts applied on a total P–equivalent basis suggested that P availability is highly dependent on compost source.
Evaluating Phosphorus Loss from a Florida Spodosol as Affected by Phosphorus‐Source Application Methods
Authors: Agyin‐Birikorang S. , O'Connor G. A. , Brinton S. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIncorporating applied phosphorus (P) sources can reduce P runoff losses and is a recommended best management practice. However, in soils with low P retention capacities, leaching can be a major mechanism for off‐site P loss, and the P‐source application method (surface or incorporation) may not significantly affect the total amount of off‐site P loss. We utilized simulated rainfall protocols to investigate effects of P‐source characteristics and application methods on the forms and amounts of P losses from six P sources, including five biosolids materials produced and/or marketed in Florida, and one inorganic fertilizer (triple superphosphate). A typical Florida Spodosol (Immokalee fine sand; sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods) was used for the study, to which the P sources were each applied at a rate of 224 kg P ha−1 (approximately the P rate associated with N‐based biosolids applications). The P sources were either surface‐applied to the soil or incorporated into the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Amended soils were subjected to three simulated rainfall events, at 1‐d intervals. Runoff and leachate were collected after each rainfall event and analyzed for P losses in the form of soluble reactive P (SRP), total dissolved P (TDP), total P (TP), and bioavailable P (BAP) (in runoff only). Cumulative masses (runoff + leachate for the three rainfall events) of P losses from all the P sources were similar, whether the amendments were surface‐applied or incorporated into the soil. The solubility of the amendment, rather than application method, largely determines the P loss potential in poorly P‐sorbing Florida Spodosols.
Possible limitations of the classical model of orientational optical nonlinearity in nematics
Authors: Sierakowski Marek , Teterycz Małgorzata 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Orientational nonlinearity is the major mechanism of nonlinear optical phenomena observed in liquidcrystalline phase while it does not appear to such extent in any other materials. It is caused by distortion of initial molecular arrangement of an anisotropic medium induced by optical field. Deformation of the anisotropic structure means spatial changes of refractive index of the medium. This effect has been studied in earnest since the 1980s as its application became more apparent. In this paper, some results of experimental examination of molecular reorientation in nematics by optical field are presented, which are not explained in frame of existing Oseen-Frank model and Erickson-Leslie continuous theory. Possible reasons of this discordance are considered and a way of explanation is suggested.
Evaluation of a spectroscopic tandem method using information theory
Authors: Ružičková Silvia , Matherny Mikuláš 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo obtain vital spectroscopic data, a specific tandem spectroscopic method consisting of excitation in the DC are separated from the evaporation process was applied. Recently developed tandem spectroscopic methods require a complex evaluation process that can be described by metrological characteristics and from them derived parameters. Evaluation of the novel method optimization process is a part of the application of some chosen, specific, and generally accepted statistical methods. For this purpose, it is suitable to determine parameters of the information theory. It is necessary to compare experimental parameters of the information theory with tolerance parameters representing the values which are supposed to be achieved. To evaluate the given parameters, influence of the concentration range used was taken into account.
Complexes of transition metals bonded to silica via β-diketonate groups — synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity
Authors: Rykowska Iwona , Urbaniak Włodzimierz 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTransition metal complexes bonded to silica via silanes with β-diketonate groups can be used as packings for complexation gas chromatography or as immobilized homogenous metal complex catalysts. On basis of elemental analysis and the determination of surface area, possible structures of the complexes formed on the silica surface have been proposed. The possibility of using the immobilized complexes as catalysts has been indicated. Especially nickel complexes were taken into consideration. These immobilized complexes were used previously as packings for complexation gas chromatography.
Herbicide Systems for Control of Horse Purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.), Smellmelon (Cucumis melo L.), and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) in Peanut
Authors: Grichar W. James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Field studies were conducted during the 2003 through 2005 growing seasons to evaluate soil-applied herbicides alone or in combination with postemergence (POST) herbicides for horse purslane, smellmelon, and Palmer amaranth control in peanut. Pendimethalin alone applied preplant incorporated (PPI) failed to control any of the three weeds (&lt; 70% control). Pendimethalin in combination with diclosulam, followed by imazethapyr applied preemergence (PRE), or followed by either acifluorfen or imazapic applied postemergence (POST) controlled all three weed species at least 80%. The soil-applied herbicides flumioxazin, imazethapyr, S-metolachlor, or dimethenamid applied alone failed to control horse purslane and smellmelon (&lt; 75%). Pendimethalin controlled Palmer amaranth less than 42% while flumioxazin at 0.07 kg/ha or dimethenamid at 1.12 kg/ha controlled Palmer amaranth less than 75%. Imazethapyr alone or pendimethalin applied PPI followed by imazethapyr applied PRE or imazapic applied POST controlled Palmer amaranth at least 99%. Pendimethalin applied PPI was present in all herbicide systems that yielded greater than the untreated check. In addition, 80% or greater control of at least 2 of 3 weed species resulted in the highest yields, with the exception of pendimethalin followed by acifluorfen.
Interactions of Chlorpyrifos and Herbicides Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Brandenburg Rick L. , Johnson P. Dewayne , Royals Brian M. , Watson Brenda 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 in North Carolina to determine peanut injury, pod scarring, pod yield, and percentages of extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) following chlorpyrifos applied as a granular at pegging or as emulsifiable concentrate applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in mixture with pendimethalin. In one experiment, preemergence (PRE) herbicides consisted of S-metalochlor, S-metalochlor plus diclosulam, and S-metalochlor plus flumioxazin following chlorpyrifos. In a separate experiment, the postemergence (POST) herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, and paraquat plus bentazon were applied when peanut diameter was 10 to 15 cm. Chlorpyrifos did not interact with diclosulam or flumioxazin applied PRE or with the POST herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, or paraquat plus bentazon with respect to visual injury and pod yield. Applying chlorpyrifos at pegging was more effective than PPI applications in reducing pod scarification caused by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) feeding. Although PRE and POST herbicides injured peanut in a manner consistent with standard application of these herbicides, pod yield, %ELK and %TSMK were not affected by early season injury. However, pod yield was lower in the experiment with POST herbicides when chlorpyrifos was applied PPI compared with granular application at pegging. No differences in pod yield, %ELK, %FP, and %TSMK were noted when comparing PPI and pegging applications of chlorpyrifos in the PRE herbicide experiment.
Peanut Response to Naturally-Derived Herbicides Used in Organic Crop Production
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Mullinix Benjamin G. , Boudreau Mark A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Weed-free irrigated trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to quantify phytotoxic effects of herbicides with the potential to be used in organic peanut production. Clove oil and citric plus acetic acid were each applied at vegetative emergence of peanut (VE), two weeks after VE (2 wk), four weeks after VE (4 wk), sequentially VE/2 wk, sequentially VE/4 wk, sequentially VE/2 wk/4 wk, and a nontreated control. Clove oil was more injurious (maximum of 28% visual injury) than citric plus acetic acid (maximum of 4% visual injury), with significant injury occurring with clove oil applied at 4-wk or sequentially. Citric plus acetic acid caused minimal peanut injury. There were no consistent effects of clove oil on peanut yield, although sequential applications of clove oil tended to reduce peanut yield. Peanut yield was not affected by citric plus acetic acid.
Synthesis of a novel benzoxazine precursor containing phenol hydroxyl groups and its polymer
Authors: Men Weiwei , Lu Zaijun , Zhan Zongrui 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA novel benzoxazine precursor containing phenol hydroxyl groups was synthesized from bisphenol A, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane, and formaldehyde with a molar ratio of 2:1:4. The benzoxazine precursor was characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and size exclusion chromatography. The curing reaction was monitored by the gel time, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared. The obtained polybenzoxazine showed high thermal stability and a high glass‐transition temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Sorption kinetics for the removal of dyes from effluents onto chitosan
Authors: Wong Y. C. , Szeto Y. S. , Cheung W. H. , McKay G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe ability of chitosan, a biosorbent obtained by the processing of waste seafood shells, to remove five acid dyes from effluents has been studied. Chitosan is a deacetylated bio‐polymer of chitin. The effect of varying initial dye concentration on the rate of adsorption has been investigated. The rate data have been analyzed using three kinetic models, namely, a pseudosecond order, the Ritchie modified second order, and the Elovich models. The sorption kinetics of Acid Green 25, Acid Orange 10, Acid Orange 12, Acid Red 18, and Acid Red 73 onto chitosan can be best correlated by the Elovich equation. The kinetic model was determined in accordance with the agreement between the rate equations and the differentiation of kinetic equations. The values of rate constants for the three models are in the range of 0.003–2.230, 0.004–0.237, and 0.0173–405 for the pseudosecond order, the Ritchie modified second order and the Elovich models, respectively. The sensitivity analysis, by plotting the reciprocal of the rate, ZL = (dq/dt)−1 against time, is used to identify the true kinetic model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Pheromone, juvenile hormone, and social status in the male lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea
Authors: Kou Rong , Chang Huan‐Wen , Huang Zachary Y. , Yang Rou‐Ling 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this study, the major pheromone component, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (3H‐2B), released by dominants was measured during early scotophase. Both the JH III titer in the hemolymph and the 3H‐2B content of the sternal glands of the dominants and subordinates were then measured during late scotophase and late photophase. These investigations were performed on encounter days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 20. The results showed that, for non‐aggressive posture (AP)‐adopting socially naïve males (SNMs), both the 3H‐2B release and the hemolymph JH III titer were maintained at a low level. Once a fight occurred, 3H‐2B release was raised significantly in the AP‐adopting dominants, but not in non‐AP‐adopting subordinates, and remained raised throughout the entire experimental period. At 30 min after the first encounter, the hemolymph JH III titer was significantly increased in dominants, but not in subordinates. A significantly higher hemolymph JH III titer was observed in dominants during late scotophase on days 3, 5, 12, and 20 and during late photophase on days 3, 5, and 20. After fighting, the sternal gland 3H‐2B content of the dominants or subordinates was significantly lower than in SNMs. In dominants, the sternal gland 3H‐2B content during late scotophase was significantly lower than that during late photophase in the first 9 domination days, while, in the subordinates, the 3H‐2B content during late scotophase was either similar to, or significantly higher than, that in late photophase. In the dominants, 3H‐2B release and JH III titer were positively correlated. In rank switchers, the switched social status was positively correlated with both 3H‐2B release and JH III titer. Comparison of 3H‐2B release and JH III titer in 1‐time, 3‐time, or 5‐time dominants showed that, although winning significantly increased both 3H‐2B release and JH III titer, there is no significant difference in 3H‐2B release between 3‐ and 5‐time winners, while the JH III titer was most significantly increased in the 3‐time winners. The possible relationship between pheromone release, JH III titer, and social status is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyridalyl inhibits cellular protein synthesis in insect, but not mammalian, cell lines
Authors: Moriya Koko , Hirakura Setsuko , Kobayashi Jun , Ozoe Yoshihisa , Saito Shigeru , Utsumi Toshihiko 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo gain insight into the mechanism of action and selectivity of the insecticidal activity of pyridalyl, the cytotoxicity of pyridalyl against various insect and mammalian cell lines was characterized by measuring the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. When the effect of pyridalyl on the cellular protein synthesis in Sf9 cells was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine, rapid and significant inhibition of protein synthesis was observed. However, pyridalyl did not inhibit protein synthesis in a cell‐free protein synthesis system, indicating that pyridalyl does not directly inhibit protein synthesis. No obvious cytotoxicity was observed against any of the mammalian cell lines tested. In the case of insect cell lines, remarkable differences in the cytotoxicity of pyridalyl were observed: the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 mM) was found against Sf9 cells derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, whereas no obvious cytotoxicity was observed against BmN4 cells derived from Bombyx mori. Measurements of the insecticidal activity of pyridalyl against Spodoptera litura and B. mori revealed a correlation between the cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines and the insecticidal activity. From these observations, it was concluded that the selective inhibition of cellular protein synthesis by pyridalyl might contribute significantly to the insecticidal activity and the selectivity of this compound. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High gas pressure effects on yeast
Authors: Espinasse V. , Perrier‐Cornet J.‐M. , Marecat A. , Gervais P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDried microorganisms are particularly resistant to high hydrostatic pressure effects. However, exposure to high pressures of nitrogen proved to be effective in inactivating dried yeasts. In this study, we tried to elucidate this mechanism on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. High‐pressure treatments were performed using different inert gases at 150 MPa and 25°C with holding time values up to 12 months. The influence of cell hydration was also investigated. For fully hydrated cells, pressurized gases had little specific effect: cell inactivation was mainly due to compression effects. However, dried cells were sensitive to high pressure of gases. In this latter case, two inactivation kinetics were observed. For holding time up to 1 h, the inactivation rate increased to 4 log and was linked to a loss of membrane integrity and the presence of damage on the cell wall. In such case cell inactivation would be due to gas sorption and desorption phenomena which would rupture dried cells during a fast pressure release. Gas sorption would occur in cell lipid phases. For longer holding times, the inactivation rate increased more slightly due to compression effects and/or to a slower gas sorption. Water therefore played a key role in cell sensitivity to fast gas pressure release. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain this phenomenon: the rigidity of vitrified dried cells and the presence of glassy solid phases which would favor intracellular gas expansion. Our results showed that dried microorganisms can be ruptured and inactivated by a fast pressure release with gases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 729–738. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A test of the Samuelson Hypothesis using realized range
Authors: Kalev Petko S. , Duong Huu Nhan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study examines the Samuelson Hypothesis, which postulates that futures price volatility increases as the futures contract approaches its expiration. Investigating intraday data and drawing on the recently developed concept of realized range, this study provides empirical evidence regarding the Samuelson Hypothesis for 14 agricultural, metal, energy, and financial futures markets in six futures exchanges. While utilizing a nonparametric test, a simple linear regression model and a system of seemingly unrelated regressions, the study finds strong support for the Samuelson Hypothesis in agricultural futures. In contrast, no support for the Samuelson Hypothesis is observed in any of the metal and financial futures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:680–696, 2008
Probable trajectories associated with the transport of Ochlerotatus albifasciatus during a strong wind event in Buenos Aires city (Argentina)
Authors: Bejarán R. , Fischer S. , De Garin A. , Schweigmann N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBecause of its capacity to infect human beings and domestic animals with a number of different viruses, the study of the mosquito Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Macquart, 1938, (Diptera: Culicidae)) assumes great importance from the point of view of sanitation. It is a well‐known fact that the abundance of this species peaks after drought periods in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Cordoba. This article aims at explaining the presence of the high abundance of adult O. albifasciatus in Buenos Aires city in February 2005. As no breeding immatures were recorded during the previous weeks, the most likely hypothesis was that mosquitoes entered the city from breeding sites located in the outskirts. Wind observations, the existing knowledge on this species biology, atmospheric dynamic models, and meteorological data were used to support this hypothesis and identify the sources.Mass transport of these individuals was apparently the consequence of a convective process. It was demonstrated that the occurrence of a convective process transported air masses from the periphery towards the City of Buenos Aires. Air‐parcel trajectories, Ezeiza radar images, and the flood zones observed in satellite images indicated that the source was located in the lowlands of Ezeiza in the Rio Matanza basin, some 50 km to the southwest of the City. The evidence suggests that O. albifasciatus is transported by wind, and the trajectory models are a very useful tool to locate the sources of proliferation of these insects. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Microsystem for the immunomagnetic detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Mujika M. , Arana S. , Castaño E. , Tijero M. , Vilares R. , Ruano‐López J. M. , Cruz A. , Sainz L. , Berganza J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA hand held microsystem has been designed for the immunomagnetic detection and quantification of the pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food and clinical samples (see abstract figure). In this work a technology that facilitates the integration of 3D microfluidic networks with any microfabricated biosensor to manufacture a Lab On a Chip has been developed. With this aim, the design of the microfluidic circuitry, the sensing film optimization, the packaging needed to carry out the assays in a safe and straightforward way and, finally, the development of the biological protocols involved in the measurements have been completed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
One‐pot preparation of gold–elastomer nanocomposites using PDMS‐graft‐PEO copolymer micelles as nanoreactors
Authors: Hoppe C. E. , Rodríguez‐Abreu C. , Lazzari M. , López‐Quintela M. A. , Solans C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPDMS/gold elastomeric nanocomposites were obtained in a one‐pot process based on the use of micelles of a random graft amphiphilic copolymer as reducing nanoreactors for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles within the elastomeric matrix. Optical characteristics of the nanocomposites were very dependent on the composition of the sample, which affected the size and aggregation level of the nanoparticles. Homogeneous dispersions of spherical nanoparticles were obtained for high copolymer/metal solution ratios and low copolymer concentrations. The optical clarity of the materials was retained after polymerization, which is fundamental for optical applications. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)