bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical comparison of different convergent plate contacts: subduction channel and subduction fault
Authors: De Franco Roberta , Govers Rob , Wortel Rinus 
Published: July 2007

Summary
At convergent plate boundaries, the properties of the actual plate contact are important for the overall dynamics. Convergent plate boundaries both mechanically decouple and link tectonic plates and accommodate large amounts of strain. We investigate two fundamental physical states of the subduction contact: one based on a fault and the other based on a subduction channel. Using a finite element method, we determine the specific signatures of both states of the subduction contact. We pay particular attention to the overriding plate. In a tectonic setting of converging plates, where the subducting plate is freely moving, the subduction channel reduces compression relative to the fault model. In a land-locked basin setting, where the relative motion between the far field of the plates is zero, the subduction channel model produces tensile stress regime in the overriding plate, even though the amount of slab roll-back is small. The fault model shows a stronger development of slab roll-back and a compressive stress regime in the upper plate. Based on a consistent comparison of fault and channel numerical models, we find that the nature of the plate contact is one of the controlling factors in developing or not of backarc extension. We conclude that, the type of plate contact plays a decisive role in controlling the backarc state of stress. To obtain backarc extension, roll-back is required as an underling geodynamic process, but it is not always a sufficient condition.
Desertification in the Sahel: a reinterpretation of a reinterpretation
Authors: PRINCE STEPHEN D. , WESSELS KONRAD J. , TUCKER COMPTON J. , NICHOLSON SHARON E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn semiarid regions the ratio of annual net primary production to precipitation, rain‐use efficiency (RUE), has been used as an index of desertification. In a recent publication (Hein & de Ridder, 2006) it was proposed that an incorrect understanding of the relationship between RUE and rainfall has led to a misinterpretation of the satellite record of desertification in the African Sahel. Here, we examine this suggestion and show that, contrary to Hein and de Ridder's statement, satellite studies of Sahelian RUE have reported increases, decreases, and constant values since 1981. Furthermore, we find that data do not support their proposal that RUE increases with rainfall, even in nondegraded areas. Hence we reject their corollary, that constant RUE is prima facie evidence of desertification. The fundamental difficulty with the use of RUE for detection of desertification remains, that is the difficulty of estimation of the RUE for nondegraded land at a regional scale.
Large‐scale climatic signatures in lakes across Europe: a meta‐analysis
Authors: BLENCKNER THORSTEN , ADRIAN RITA , LIVINGSTONE DAVID M. , JENNINGS ELEANOR , WEYHENMEYER GESA A. , GEORGE D. GLEN , JANKOWSKI THOMAS , JÄRVINEN MARKO , AONGHUSA CAITRIONA NIC , NÕGES TIINA , STRAILE DIETMAR , TEUBNER KATRIN 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent studies have highlighted the impact of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on water temperature, ice conditions, and spring plankton phenology in specific lakes and regions in Europe. Here, we use meta‐analysis techniques to test whether 18 lakes in northern, western, and central Europe respond coherently to winter climate forcing, and to assess the persistence of the winter climate signal in physical, chemical, and biological variables during the year. A meta‐analysis approach was chosen because we wished to emphasize the overall coherence pattern rather than individual lake responses. A particular strength of our approach is that time‐series from each of the 18 lakes were subjected to the same robust statistical analysis covering the same 23‐year period. Although the strongest overall coherence in response to the winter NAO was exhibited by lake water temperatures, a strong, coherent response was also exhibited by concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus and soluble reactive silicate, most likely as a result of the coherent response exhibited by the spring phytoplankton bloom. Lake nitrate concentrations showed significant coherence in winter. With the exception of the cyanobacterial biomass in summer, phytoplankton biomass in all seasons was unrelated to the winter NAO. A strong coherence in the abundance of daphnids during spring can most likely be attributed to coherence in daphnid phenology. A strong coherence in the summer abundance of the cyclopoid copepods may have been related to a coherent change in their emergence from resting stages. We discuss the complex nature of the potential mechanisms that drive the observed changes.
Can the plant‐mediated impacts on aphids of elevated CO2 and drought be predicted?
Authors: PRITCHARD J. , GRIFFITHS B. , HUNT E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of drought and elevated CO2 on the performance of sap‐feeding aphids is considered. It is assumed that, for these stressors, the major influence will act through altering host plant composition and therefore diet. Changes in the plant may affect the ability to locate phloem tissues, while changes in composition of the sieve element forming the aphid diet may have more direct effects. It is concluded that plant response to conditions where carbon is present in excess (elevated CO2) or its consumption is exceeded by its availability (drought) is heterogeneous at the cellular level. The complexities of the response of the plant to components of climate change are paralleled by the diversity of the responses of aphids to drought and elevated CO2. Potential control points are discussed and it is concluded that current knowledge, both descriptive and mechanistic, supports the view that it is unreasonable to expect that a single plant component can predict the general response of aphids to climate change. Instead, it is more likely that aphids use a variety of cues when interacting with their host plants, and individual species respond to changes in their diet differently. Further work examining the response of both plant and aphid transcriptome and metabolome will support or contradict this hypothesis.
Mental health policy and mental health service user perspectives on involvement: a discourse analysis
Authors: Hui Ada , Stickley Theodore 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of an exploration of the concept of service user involvement in mental health nursing using a discourse analysis approach.Background.  Service user involvement has come to be expected in mental health nursing policy and practice. This concept, however, is often applied somewhat ambiguously and some writers call for a clearer understanding of what service users actually want.Method.  A Foucauldian discourse analysis was conducted in 2005, examining literature and health policies published by the United Kingdom government and service users. The discursive perspectives of both were explored and conceptual themes were generated from the data.Findings.  Concepts occurring within government discourse include language relating to service users, the notion of service user involvement and power. Concepts from the service user discourse include power, change and control, theory, policy and practice, and experiential expertise. Differences in perspectives were found within these themes which distinguished government from service user discourses. Greater flexibility in ideas and perspectives was demonstrated by service users, with a seemingly greater range of theoretical underpinnings.Conclusion.  Greater awareness is needed of the significance of language, of how subtle inferences may be drawn from the rhetorical language of policies, of how these might affect the involvement of service users, and of the implications for the role of mental health nurses. Nurses need to be aware of these tensions and conflicts in managing their practice and in creating a mental health nursing philosophy of ‘involvement’. If true ‘involvement’ is to ensue, nurses may also need to consider the transfer of power to service users.
Nutritional status and length of stay in patients admitted to an Acute Assessment Unit
Authors: Thomas J. M. , Isenring E. , Kellett E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground The Redesigning Care initiative at Flinders Medical Centre aimed to improve access to timely, consistent, quality care. This led to the creation of an Acute Assessment Unit (AAU) where all patients are assessed by the Allied Health team on admission. This study aimed to: (i) determine the nutritional status of patients admitted to the AAU using the scored Patient Generated‐Subjective Global Assessment (PG‐SGA); and (ii) determine the association between nutritional status and length of stay (LOS).Methods A prospective, observational study was conducted in 64 patients (mean age 79.9 ± 11 years, 76% female). Nutritional status was assessed within 48 h of admission and LOS data were collected prospectively.Results According to PG‐SGA global rating, 53% (n = 34) of patients were malnourished. There was a weak association between PG‐SGA score and LOS (r = 0.250,P = 0.046). The malnourished patients had a longer LOS by 1 day compared to well‐nourished patients, and while this did not reach statistical significance (Z = −0.988,P = 0.323), it has implications for health care costs. LOS overall was short at a median of 4.5 days (range 1–24).Conclusions A significant proportion of patients admitted to the AAU is malnourished. There was a trend for these patients to have a longer LOS, indicating a critical need for nutritional management; however LOS as a whole was short. While nutrition support in hospital is useful in reinforcing dietary education, the short LOS emphasized the importance of discharge education and follow‐up.
Factors that affect the food choices made by girls and young women, from minority ethnic groups, living in the UK
Authors: Lawrence J. M. , Devlin E. , Macaskill S. , Kelly M. , Chinouya M. , Raats M. M. , Barton K. L. , Wrieden W. L. , Shepherd R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  Lower birth weight, often found in infants from minority ethnic groups, may be partly because of the disproportionate representation of ethnic minority groups in low‐income areas. To develop an intervention, to improve the nutritional intake of young women from populations at risk of low‐birth‐weight babies, which would be culturally sensitive and well received by the intended recipients, a community development approach was used to investigate factors that might influence food choice and the nutritional intake of girls and young women from ethnic minority groups.Methods  Focus group discussions were conducted across the UK, to explore factors that might affect the food choices of girls and young women of African and South Asian decent. The data was analysed using deductive content analysis (Qual. Soc. Res., 1, 2000, 1). Discussions were around the broad themes of buying and preparing food, eating food and dietary changes, and ideas for an intervention to improve diet.Results  The focus group discussions indicated that all the communities took time, price, health and availability into consideration when making food purchases. The groups were also quite similar in their use of ‘Western’ foods which tended to be of the fast food variety. These foods were used when there was not enough time to prepare a ‘traditional’ meal.Conclusion  Many issues that affect the food choice of people who move to the UK are common within different ethnic groups. The idea of a practical intervention based on improving cooking skills was popular with all the groups.
The importance of exposure for healthy eating in childhood: a review
Authors: Cooke L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChildren's food preferences are strongly associated with their consumption patterns. Identifying the factors that influence preferences is therefore crucial to the development of effective interventions to improve children's diets. Perhaps the most important determinant of a child's liking for a particular food is the extent to which it is familiar. Put simply, children like what they know and they eat what they like. From the very earliest age, children's experiences with food influence both preferences and intake, and research suggests that the earlier and broader that experience, the healthier the child's diet. Laboratory studies of children's food acceptance have indicated that repeated opportunities to taste unfamiliar foods results in increased liking and consumption. In order to investigate whether these results can be replicated in real‐world situations, a series of naturalistic studies testing the efficacy of exposure‐based interventions have been carried out. In a school‐based study large increases in liking and intake of raw red pepper were seen in 5‐ to 7‐year olds and two further studies, in which mothers used exposure techniques to increase children's acceptance of vegetables, achieved similar results. If future large‐scale interventions prove to be successful, training could be offered to health professionals or directly to parents themselves.
Phylogeography and population structure of the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) inferred from mitochondrial control region DNA sequence analysis
Authors: LIU ZHIJIN , REN BAOPING , WEI FUWEN , LONG YONGCHENG , HAO YANLI , LI MING 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Rhinopithecus bieti, the Yunnan snub‐nosed monkey, is the nonhuman primate with the highest altitudinal distribution and is also one of the 25 most globally endangered primate species. Currently, R. bieti is found in forests between 3000 and 4500 m above sea level, within a narrow area on the Tibetan Plateau between the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, where it is suffering from loss of habitat and shrinking population size (~1500). To assess the genetic diversity within this species, its population structure and to infer its evolutionary history, we sequenced 401 bp of the hypervariable I (HVI) segment from the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) for 157 individuals from 11 remnant patches throughout the fragmented distribution area. Fifty‐two variable sites were observed and 30 haplotypes were defined. Compared with other primate species, R. bieti cannot be regarded as a taxon with low genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned haplotypes into two divergent haplogroups (A and B). Haplotypes from the two mitochondrial clades were found to be mixed in some patches although the distribution of haplotypes displayed local homogeneity, implying a strong population structure within R. bieti. Analysis of molecular variance detected significant differences among the different geographical regions, suggesting that R. bieti should be separated into three management units (MUs) for conservation. Based on our results, it can be hypothesized that the genetic history of R. bieti includes an initial, presumably allopatric divergence between clades A and B 1.0–0.7 million years ago (Ma), which might have been caused by the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, secondary contact after this divergence as a result of a population expansion 0.16–0.05 Ma, and population reduction and habitat fragmentation in the very recent past.
Genetic variation and population structure in black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), a successful, herbicide‐resistant, annual grass weed of winter cereal fields
Authors: MENCHARI Y. , DÉLYE C. , LE CORRE V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBlack‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) is an allogamous grass weed common in cereal fields of northern Europe, which developed resistance to a widely used family of herbicides, the ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides. Resistance is caused by mutations at the ACCase gene and other, metabolism‐based, mechanisms. We investigated the genetic structure of 36 populations of black‐grass collected in one region of France (Côte d’Or), using 116 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci and sequence data at the ACCase gene. The samples were characterized for their level of herbicide resistance and genotyped for seven known ACCase mutations conferring resistance. All samples contained herbicide‐resistant plants, and 19 contained ACCase mutations. The genetic diversity at AFLP loci was high (HT = 0.246), while differentiation among samples was low (FST = 0.023) and no isolation by distance was detected. Genetic diversity within samples did not vary with the frequency of herbicide resistance. A Bayesian algorithm was used to infer population structure. The two genetic clusters inferred were not associated with any geographical structure or with herbicide resistance. A high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.873) and low differentiation (GST = 0.056) were observed at ACCase. However, haplotype diversity within samples decreased with the frequency of ACCase‐based resistance. We suggest that the genetic structure of black‐grass is affected by its recent expansion as a weed. Our data demonstrate that the strong selection imposed by herbicides did not modify the genome‐wide genetic structure of an allogamous weed that probably has large effective population sizes. Our study gives keys to a better understanding of the evolution of successful, noxious weeds in modern agriculture.
Phylogeography of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis (Hydrophiinae) indicates Pleistocene range expansion around northern Australia but low contemporary gene flow
Authors: LUKOSCHEK V. , WAYCOTT M. , MARSH H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPleistocene sea‐level fluctuations profoundly changed landmass configurations around northern Australia. The cyclic emergence of the Torres Strait land bridge and concomitant shifts in the distribution of shallow‐water marine habitats repeatedly sundered east and west coast populations. These biogeographical perturbations invoke three possible scenarios regarding the directions of interglacial range expansion: west to east, east to west, or bidirectional. We evaluated these scenarios for the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, by exploring its genetic structure around northern Australia based on 354 individuals from 14 locations in three regions (Western Australia, WA; Gulf of Carpentaria, GoC; Great Barrier Reef, GBR). A 726‐bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA ND4 region revealed 41 variable sites and 38 haplotypes, with no shared haplotypes among the three regions. Population genetic structure was strong overall, φST = 0.78, P < 0.001, and coalescent analyses revealed no migration between regions. Genetic diversity was low in the GBR and GoC and the genetic signatures of these regions indicated range or population expansions consistent with their recent marine transgressions around 7000 years ago. By contrast, genetic diversity on most WA reefs was higher and there were no signals of recent expansion events on these reefs. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that GBR and GoC haplotypes were derived from WA haplotypes; however, statistical parsimony suggested that recent range expansion in the GBR‐GoC probably occurred from east coast populations, possibly in the Coral Sea. Levels of contemporary female‐mediated gene flow varied within regions and reflected potential connectivity among populations afforded by the different regional habitat types.
Mediterranean populations of the lesser white‐toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolensgroup): an unexpected puzzle of Pleistocene survivors and prehistoric introductions
Authors: DUBEY S. , COSSON J‐F. , MAGNANOU E. , VOHRALÍK V. , BENDA P. , FRYNTA D. , HUTTERER R. , VOGEL V. , VOGEL P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn earlier study revealed the strong phylogeographical structure of the lesser white‐toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolensgroup) within the northern Palaearctic. Here, we aim to reconstruct the colonization history of Mediterranean islands and to clarify the biogeography and phylogeographical relationships of the poorly documented Middle East region with the northern Palaearctic. We performed analyses on 998‐bp‐long haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochromebgene of 143 samples collected around the Mediterranean basin, including islands and the Middle East. The analyses suggest that the Cypriot shrew belongs to the rare group of relict insular Pleistocene mammal taxa that have survived to the present day. In contrast, the Cretan, Corsican and Menorcan populations were independently introduced from the Middle East during the Holocene. The phylogeographical structure of this temperate Palaearctic species within the Middle East appears to be complex and rich in diversity, probably reflecting fragmentation of the area by numerous mountain chains. Four deeply divergent clades of theC. suaveolensgroup occur in the area, meaning that a hypothetical contact zone remains to be located in central western Iran.
Captive breeding and the reintroduction of Mexican and red wolves
Authors: HEDRICK P. W. , FREDRICKSON R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMexican and red wolves were both faced with extinction in the wild until captive populations were established more than two decades ago. These captive populations have been successfully managed genetically to minimize mean kinship and retain genetic variation. Descendants of these animals were subsequently used to start reintroduced populations, which now number about 40–50 Mexican wolves in Arizona and New Mexico and about 100 red wolves in North Carolina. The original captive Mexican wolf population was descended from three founders. Merging this lineage with two other captive lineages, each with two founders, has been successfully carried out in the captive population and is in progress in the reintroduced population. This effort has resulted in increased fitness of cross‐lineage wolves, or genetic rescue, in both the captive and reintroduced populations. A number of coyote‐red wolf hybrid litters were observed in the late 1990s in the reintroduced red wolf population. Intensive identification and management efforts appear to have resulted in the elimination of this threat. However, population reintroductions of both Mexican and red wolves appear to have reached numbers well below the generally recommended number for recovery and there is no current effort to re‐establish other populations.