bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the β to α transformation of polypropylene crystals in compatibilized blend of polypropylene/polyamide‐6
Authors: Zhang R. H. , Shi D. , Tjong S. C. , Li R. K. Y. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBy using a commercial β‐nucleating agent (TMB‐5) for polypropylene (PP), it was observed that high β‐crystal content in a compatibilized blend of polypropylene/polyamide‐6 (labeled as Blend‐03 in this work) can be achieved for samples prepared by compression moulding. As β‐PP possesses more superior impact strength then α‐PP, and the β to α transformation is an important mechanism of energy absorption for β‐PP, it is of obvious interest to understand the possibilities of β to α transformation in β‐polypropylene/polyamide‐6 blends. Tensile tests were performed at temperatures of 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C, and the occurrence of β to α transformation was monitored by differential scanning calorimeter and wide angle X‐ray diffraction measurements. It was observed that the β to α transformation in Blend‐03 could only be activated at elevated tensile testing temperatures. This was related to the increase in tensile elongation at break with the increase in tensile testing temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2674–2681, 2007
Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil
Authors: Scorza Júnior Rômulo P , Jarvis Nicholas J , Boesten Jos JTI , van der Zee Sjoerd EATM , Roulier Stéphanie 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTesting of pesticide leaching models against comprehensive field‐scale measurements is necessary to increase confidence in their predictive ability when used as regulatory tools. Version 5.1 of the MACRO model was tested against measurements of water flow and the behaviour of bromide, bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one‐2,2‐dioxide] and imidacloprid [1‐(6‐chloro‐3‐pyridylmethyl)‐N‐nitroimidazolidin‐2‐ylideneamine] in a cracked clay soil. In keeping with EU (FOCUS) procedures, the model was first calibrated against the measured moisture profiles and bromide concentrations in soil and in drain water. Uncalibrated pesticide simulations based on laboratory measurements of sorption and degradation were then compared with field data on the leaching of bentazone and imidacloprid. Calibrated parameter values indicated that a high degree of physical non‐equilibrium (i.e. strong macropore flow) was necessary to describe solute transport in this soil. Comparison of measured and simulated bentazone concentration profiles revealed that the bulk of the bentazone movement in this soil was underestimated by MACRO. Nevertheless, the model simulated the dynamics of the bentazone breakthrough in drain water rather well and, in particular, accurately simulated the timing and the concentration level of the early bentazone breakthrough in drain water. The imidacloprid concentration profiles and its persistence in soil were simulated well. Moreover, the timing of the early imidacloprid breakthrough in the drain water was simulated well, although the simulated concentrations were about 2–3 times larger than measured. Deep groundwater concentrations for all substances were underestimated by MACRO, although it simulated concentrations in the shallow groundwater reasonably well. It is concluded that, in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessments for surface water, MACRO can give reasonably good simulations of pesticide concentrations in water draining from cracking clay soils, but that prior calibration against hydrologic and tracer data is desirable to reduce uncertainty and improve accuracy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Response of wild Brassica juncea populations to glyphosate
Authors: Huangfu Chao‐He , Song Xiao‐Ling , Qiang Sheng , Zhang Hong‐Jun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Wild Brassica juncea (L.) is a troublesome arable land weed and ruderal. It is critical to understand the responses of this weed to herbicides, because the assessment of its susceptibility profile has important ecological and evolutionary consequences for future cultivation of herbicide‐tolerant oilseed rape. The response of 31 wild populations from different geographic origins in China to glyphosate was evaluated with two bioassay methods, and variable responses were found in initial studies. Dose‐response assays were conducted to characterize the extreme populations further, and shikimate accumulation in vivo was determined using a spectrophotometric method.RESULTS: On the basis of ID50 values, the resistance ratios (R/S) were 5.85 and 4.19 for two glyphosate‐resistant B. juncea populations in germination tests, whereas they were 4 times more resistant to glyphosate in spray tests. There were differences in shikimate accumulation patterns between the two biotypes. Shikimate concentrations in resistant populations began to decline from 6 days after treatment (DAT), while they increased continually in susceptible populations.CONCLUSION: The results obtained suggest that the populations responded differentially to glyphosate, and this variability may provide the genetic basis for evolution of individuals with increased resistance to glyphosate, with important implications for herbicide resistance management, especially in the context of risk assessment of glyphosate‐tolerant crops. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Dissipation behaviour of spinosad insecticide in soil, cabbage and cauliflower under subtropical conditions
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Srivastava Anjana , Ram Bali , Srivastava Prakash Chandra 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pesticides used on cauliflower and cabbage, which are important vegetable crops for India, must be investigated for the persistence and magnitude of their residues in the crops and soil to ensure human and environmental safety. The behaviour of spinosad, an effective insecticide with a favourable environmental profile, was investigated in field trials under subhumid and subtropical conditions.RESULTS: The persistence of spinosad in soil, cabbage and cauliflower was evaluated at two application rates (17.5 and 35.0 g ha−1) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 17.5 g ha−1, spinosad persisted up to 7 days in soil, cabbage and cauliflower. However, at 35.0 g ha−1, spinosad residues persisted up to 7 days in soil and 10 days in cabbage and cauliflower.CONCLUSION: The dissipation of the insecticide from soil, cabbage and cauliflower appeared to occur in a single phase and conformed to first‐order kinetics. The half‐lives of spinosad residues in cabbage, cauliflower and soil were calculated as 1.5, 2.8 and 2.8 days respectively for the 17.5 g ha−1 treatment, and as 2.6, 2.0 and 2.0 days for the 35 g ha−1 treatment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Pyrethroid resistance discovered in a major agricultural pest in southern Australia: the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae)
Authors: Umina Paul A 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: The redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor Tucker) is an important pest of field crops and pastures. Control of this pest relies heavily on chemicals, with few genuine alternatives presently available. Pesticide responses of H. destructor from the field with reported chemical control failures were compared with mites from susceptible ‘control’ populations. Toxicology bioassays were conducted on adult mites across multiple generations.RESULTS: Very high levels of resistance to two synthetic pyrethroids, bifenthrin and alpha‐cypermethrin, were detected in this species for the first time. For bifenthrin, LC50 estimates showed a difference in resistance of greater than 240 000‐fold. Resistance to alpha‐cypermethrin was almost 60 000‐fold. This resistance was shown to be heritable, persisting after several generations of culturing. There was no evidence that resistance to organophosphorus chemicals had evolved, which is likely to be a direct consequence of the history of chemical applications these mites have experienced.CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need for more judicious management decisions in order to control pest species in a sustainable manner. The implications of these findings in regard to the management and future research of the redlegged earth mite are discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Review Article: ZnO: From basics towards applications
Authors: Klingshirn C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe cover picture of the current issue depicts a selection of luminescence colours of zinc oxide and relates to the Review Article by Claus Klingshirn (University of Karlsruhe) [1]. Zinc oxide is a wide band gap semiconductor which shows intrinsic luminescence in the blue and near‐UV spectral range as well as extrinsic emission from the blue to the infrared. The author discusses in detail why ZnO is a promising material for optoelectronics, in particular for the blue and ultraviolet region of the spectrum. His fields of research include the (non)linear, temporally or spatially resolved spectroscopy of semiconductors and their growth by molecular beam epitaxy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In honour of Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Alfred Seeger on the occasion of his 80th birthday
Authors: Stutzmann Martin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOn 31 August 2007, Alfred Seeger, Emeritus Professor of Solid State Physics at the University of Stuttgart and former Director at the Max‐Planck‐Institut für Metallforschung in Stuttgart will celebrate his 80th birthday. This is a perfect occasion for the Editors and the Staff of physica status solidi to express their deepest appreciation and gratitude to an eminent scientist, who has shaped our journal as a Founding Editor, a member of the Editorial Board, as well as an author and referee for more than 40 years!Alfred Seeger was born in Stuttgart in 1927 and studied Physics at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart from 1946 to 1949. He received his Ph.D. in March 1951 at the tender age of 24 and, following post‐doctoral stays in Bristol and Cambridge, obtained the newly founded Chair of Solid State Physics in Stuttgart in 1959. In 1965, he also became the Director of the Institute of Physics at the Max‐Planck‐Institut für Metallforschung. Alfred Seeger's scientific oeuvre includes more than 650 publications in international scientific journals, which so far have been cited more than 13000 times. In recognition of his important contributions to solid state physics, Alfred Seeger has received numerous awards and honours, e.g. the Gold Medal of the Japanese Institute of Metals and the German–South African Alexander von Humboldt Prize.Almost in parallel to his outstanding career as an internationally renowned scientist, Alfred Seeger also has had a strong influence on the fate and on the scientific impact of physica status solidi ever since he agreed to become a Founding Editor of the journal in 1960. We all value him as a very productive and reliable member of the Editorial Board, always willing to help and giving honest and critical advice when needed. Most impressive are also his scientific contributions to the journal. Starting from three papers published in Volume 1 of physica status solidi, Alfred Seeger has contributed on the average four articles per year between 1961 and 1971, and about one article per year from 1972 to 2004. These sum up to a total of 79 papers published in physica status solidi so far with Alfred Seeger as first author or as a co‐author, which have been cited more than 2500 times as up to now. The two contributions with the highest impact are the 1968 paper of Seeger and Chik on “Diffusion Mechanisms and Point Defects in Silicon and Germanium” [phys. stat. sol. 29, 455 (1968)] and the article on “Interpretation of Self‐Diffusion and Vacancy Properties in Copper” [Mehrer and Seeger, phys. stat. sol. 35, 313 (1969)].On behalf of all Editors of physica status solidi, the entire editorial staff, as well as many friends and colleagues, I personally want to thank Alfred Seeger for nearly 50 years of invaluable support of our journal as an Editor and a scientist. We all wish him good health and many more productive years to come. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sequential design approaches for bioequivalence studies with crossover designs
Authors: Potvin Diane , DiLiberti Charles E. , Hauck Walter W. , Parr Alan F. , Schuirmann Donald J. , Smith Robert A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe planning of bioequivalence (BE) studies, as for any clinical trial, requires a priori specification of an effect size for the determination of power and an assumption about the variance. The specified effect size may be overly optimistic, leading to an underpowered study. The assumed variance can be either too small or too large, leading, respectively, to studies that are underpowered or overly large. There has been much work in the clinical trials field on various types of sequential designs that include sample size reestimation after the trial is started, but these have seen only little use in BE studies. The purpose of this work was to validate at least one such method for crossover design BE studies. Specifically, we considered sample size reestimation for a two‐stage trial based on the variance estimated from the first stage. We identified two methods based on Pocock's method for group sequential trials that met our requirement for at most negligible increase in type I error rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple stable isotope (18O,13C,15N and34S) analysis of human hair to identify the recent migrants in a rural community in SW England
Authors: Bol Roland , Marsh Jen , Heaton Tim H. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRelationships between recent migration and hairδ18O values were examined for 40 people living in a rural community in SW England. The isotopic contents of 35 ‘local’ hair samples were compared with those of 5 recently arrived individuals (from Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany and the USA). The hairδ18O values of these ‘visitors’ were +7.9 (Omaha, USA), +11.2 (Jena, Germany), +12.1 (Osorno, Chile), +12.6 (Montreal, Canada) and +14.3‰ (Adelaide, Australia). The hair value for the USA visitor (+7.9‰) fell outside the range for the 33 local adult residents, +10.5 to +14.3‰ (+12.7 ± 0.8‰). Hairδ18O values did not identify the individuals from Adelaide, Montreal and Osorno as ‘visitors’, but hairδ13C orδ34S data did. Combining the hairδ18O,δ13C andδ34S values using principal components analysis (two components explained 89% of the overall variation among the 40 subjects) helped to more clearly distinguish European from non‐European individuals, indicating the existence of global overall isotope (geo‐origin) relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring and evaluation of dechlorination processes using compound‐specific chlorine isotope analysis
Authors: Sakaguchi‐Söder Kaori , Jager Johannes , Grund Harald , Matthäus Felix , Schüth Christoph 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simple, quick and sensitive method for the compound‐specific stable chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated solvents by conventional quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. With this method, compound‐specific stable chlorine isotope ratios of typical chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) can be determined quantitatively within 30 min by direct injection. The chlorine isotope ratios of target substances are calculated from the peak areas of several selected molecular ions and fragment ions of the substances, using a set of unique mathematical equations. The precision of the method was demonstrated through reproducibility tests. An internal precision of ±0.4‰ to ±1.1‰ was obtained when analyzing PCE and TCE in the 10–1000 pmol range. The validity of the method was further demonstrated by determining the chlorine isotopic fractionation factor during the reductive dechlorination of TCE in a batch experiment using zero‐valent iron. The chlorine isotopic fractionation factor was calculated as 0.9976 ± 0.0011 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9469 (n = 38). The high correlation coefficient indicates that compound‐specific stable chlorine isotope analysis can be performed with sufficient accuracy using conventional quadrupole GC/MS when significant fractionation takes place during a reaction. For the first time, the chlorine isotope fractionation factor of TCE during an abiotic anaerobic dechlorination process was determined using quadrupole GC/MS, without offline sample preparation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine hydrogen isotope measurement of cellulose nitrate by high‐temperature pyrolysis – reference materials and precision
Authors: Knöller Kay , Boettger Tatjana , Haupt Marika , Weise Stephan M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe determination of isotope ratios of non‐exchangeable hydrogen in tree‐ring cellulose is commonly based on the nitration of wood cellulose followed by online high‐temperature pyrolysis and isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurement of cellulose nitrate samples. The application of this method requires a proper calibration using appropriate reference materials whoseδ2H values have been reliably normalized to the V‐SMOW/SLAP scale. In our study, we achieve this normalization by a direct alternating measurement of reference waters (V‐SMOW and SLAP) and three cellulose nitrates chosen as reference materials. For that purpose, both water and solid organic samples are introduced into the pyrolysis reactor by silver capsule injection. The analytical precision of the water measurement using the capsule method is ±1.5‰. The hydrogen isotopic composition of three cellulose nitrate standards measured ranges from −106.7 to −53.9‰. The standard deviation of the calculated means from five measurement periods of those standards is better than 1‰. Twenty‐four different measurements of the hydrogen isotope composition of cellulose nitrate were evaluated in order to assess the precision of the described method. We obtained an analytical precision of ±3.0‰ as representative for the 95% confidence interval applicable for routine measurements of cellulose nitrate samples. Evidence was found for significant differences in the behavior of cellulose nitrate and PE foil during the pyrolitic conversion that emphasizes the need for a proper calibration of the routine measurements. This calibration can only be successful if the reference materials used have a very similar chemical composition and undergo the same preparation procedure as the samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma using micro solid‐phase extraction tips and aqueous normal‐phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shen Jim X. , Xu Yan , Tama Cristina I. , Merka Eric A. , Clement Robert P. , Hayes Roger N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCation‐exchange micro solid‐phase extraction (SPE) tips and aqueous normal‐phase (ANP) chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were explored for the rapid, selective and sensitive quantitation of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma. A novel micro‐SPE device was evaluated for analyte capacity, extraction efficiency and its ability to maximize recovery of an analyte of interest from bioanalytical matrices by successive replicates of linked extraction steps. Ion suppression using two different methods with micro‐SPE tips was negligible when compared to protein precipitation. The use of ANP chromatography eliminated the need for sample reconstitution following extraction and was found to be highly selective. A reliable chromatography system was developed with a short duty cycle of 2 min/sample. The proposed bioanalytical method required 50 µL of plasma for the determination of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine at limits of quantitation of 0.1 and 1.25 ng/mL, respectively. The analytical method was validated in accordance with the FDA guidance on bioanalytical method validation; selectivity, linearity, reproducibility and accuracy were all acceptable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid diagnosis of drug intoxication using novel NAGINATA™ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry software
Authors: Ishida Tomomi , Kudo Keiko , Naka Satoko , Toubou Kenichi , Noguchi Toshimichi , Ikeda Noriaki 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn Japan, not only the classical stimulant, methamphetamine, but also a wide variety of illicit drugs and designer drugs are abused by juveniles. It is, however, difficult to screen these drugs in human urine due to the poor availability of high‐quality standards. Therefore, it is important to develop a screening method that does not require the use of standard compounds. Furthermore, if we can obtain approximate drug concentrations in biological fluids by the first screening procedure, the subsequent treatment of the patient and forensic diagnosis can be carried out more rapidly and exact quantitative analysis performed more efficiently. We have devised a rapid screening method for the simultaneous semi‐quantitative analysis of 30 abused drugs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with a retention time locking technique. Based on this method, an ‘abused drugs database’ was constructed including retention time (RT), qualifier ion/target ion (QT) percentage and calibration curve (values of slope and intercept) using the novel GC/MS software, NAGINATA™. We compared the analytical results obtained by this method using the constructed database with those from conventional methods in six forensic cases. The number of confirmed drugs and concentrations obtained by the established method was comparable with that obtained by conventional methods. We found a significant improvement in the time for data analysis, and qualitative and quantitative information about each drug was obtained without using standards. Therefore, this new screening procedure using NAGINATA™ has potential for the rapid identification of poisoning and should be useful in clinical and forensic toxicological analyses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of probe electrospray using a solid needle
Authors: Hiraoka Kenzo , Nishidate Kentaro , Mori Kunihiko , Asakawa Daiki , Suzuki Shigeo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractElectrospray using a solid needle probe for the analysis of liquid samples was developed. The needle was moved up and down a vertical axis by a motor‐driven system. At the lowest position of the needle, the tip of the needle touched the surface of the liquid sample and a small amount of liquid was picked up by the needle. At the highest position, a high voltage of ∼3 kV was applied to the needle and the sample loaded on the tip of the needle was electrosprayed. The ions formed were measured by an orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. A single sample loading by the needle gave reasonably strong ion signals for amino acids, peptides, proteins and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in aqueous solution. The addition of salts or acids to aqueous solution led to dramatic enhancement of the ion signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.