bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OVER HERE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The war's impact on free speech at home, along with Attorney General Mitchell Palmer's brutal raids on suspected radicals, intensified Mencken's belief in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. But with America at war, the New York Evening Mail closed to him, and The Smart Set in peril, Mencken took on a neutral subject that would forever after identify him as a uniquely American voice: a study of The American Language. Simultaneously, he launched Prejudices, a series of essays attacking the Genteel Tradition in literature and intellectual cowardice. After the war, he returned to the Baltimore Sun, his books were widely embraced, and he became hailed as an important new critic. In 1919, Mencken came to the realization that he lived not in a literary age, but a fiercely political age.
THAT MAN IN BALTIMORE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
By 1921, Mencken became known as “That Man in Baltimore”. This chapter presents a rare look into the private life of a very public man. Mencken's relationships with his mother and siblings are explored. His work, including his voluminous correspondence and writing habits ere examined, as is his major source of recreation: making music with The Saturday Night Club.
MARYLAND, MY MARYLAND
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although the end of Prohibition has brought about one civil liberty, many individual rights were still being trampled — namely, those of the American Negro. Throughout the 1930s, the Ku Klux Klan regrouped and public lynching increased, but the atrocities remained unchecked by the Roosevelt Administration. In 1931 and 1932, two horrific lynchings on Maryland's Eastern Shore prompted Mencken to write some of his strongest columns against the subject, resulting in the Baltimore Sun being censored and Mencken himself receiving death threats. Not to be deterred, Mencken joined the NAACP to campaign for the Costigan-Wagner Bill to put an end to lynching.
THE PASSING OF AN ERA
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken instinctively knew that he would continue to make waves long after his death, leaving behind enough manuscripts, including his infamous Diary, to make this inevitable. During his lifetime, when it came to charges of racism, he believed that his work would depend “not on what those people think of me, but on what I've done”. Although Mencken could arouse feelings of disappointment, his actions towards men and women, white or black, whose civil rights were oppressed, were given new perspective. Modern readers are reminded how Mencken's literary influence changed the course of American literature and liberated American thinking. Mencken's style of writing and his courage to express boldly his beliefs continue to inspire readers all over the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter poses the main question of the book: If the ancient Romans (like people in other times and cultures) commonly behaved rightly in accordance with seemingly self-chosen norms without the threat of force or law, why did they do that, and what was going on in their minds when they did? The specific approach to the question is identified — a cluster of socially constructive emotions that exert normative pressure aim to restrain or prevent or correct offense — and a method is described for identifying emotional narratives or scripts that allow us to approach Roman emotion language in a way that is not reductive, anachronistic, or culturally skewed.
Prehistory to the 1880s
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNumerous historical reports of elk numbers by early travelers, when scaled on a temporal basis, show that observations were infrequent, that elk were a much smaller fraction of all ungulate species than today, and were migrating out of the northern-range area in winter. Archaeological investigations in the Yellowstone region show ungulates were a very minor component of the natives' diet, with elk constituting only 3-5% of that small component. A simple population model approximates elk numbers in the northern range in early park years in the order of 5,000-6,000. Plant-ecological studies in the northern intermountain region point to a vegetation poorly adapted to grazing by herbivores implying herbivore scarcity prior to park establishment, possibly held at these levels by large carnivores and aboriginal hunting.
Introduction
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter opens with Howard Fast's Tony and the Wonderful Door (1952), which Fast wrote and self-published when he was blacklisted from most media because of his association with the Communist Party. Fast's tale, about a boy who can travel through time, is likewise an entry point for exploring the questions of why and how radicals, including those suffering from blacklisting, were able to publish children's books at the height of the McCarthy era. Although it is true that children's literature tends to support the dominant power structure, in the mid-20th century, children's literature became a key outlet for the Old Left, or people radicalized in the 1930s and marginalized in the 1950s. The Old Left's prominence in the children's literature field in the years following World War II points to their broader influence on American culture during a period usually seen as closed off to dissent.
Theory Theories and DAM Theories
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChildhood essentialism has implications for theories on cognitive development. There is wide-ranging evidence for what may be called “early competence”. Preschool children appear to be surprisingly skilled: they attend to nonobvious properties, search for underlying causes, draw systematic category-based inferences, and so forth. This chapter discusses why and how children show early competence. This question is approached in two ways, one by reconciling these findings with the seemingly contradictory results from other tasks. The other is by considering which of two radically different accounts best explains why children show this early competence: the theory theory view or the “dumb attentional mechanisms” view. A brief summary of theory-laden essentialism is presented as a launching point from which to consider alternative views.
Unfinished Business
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEssentialism is a vast, untidy topic, and the acquisition of psychological essentialism in children remains unclear. This chapter discusses three sets of unresolved issues: skeptical responses to psychological essentialism (is the essentialist framework necessary? what would disconfirm essentialism?), the scope of essentialism in different populations (different cultures, different species, different phases of development, and individual differences), and broader implications for theories of concepts and of cognitive development (what can children tell us about the nature of concepts, and what can concepts tell us about the nature of children? do we ever transcend essentialist thinking?).
Mercantilists, Colonialists, and Laborers
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores Japan's major attitude to emigration, which helped to produce heterogeneous groups of Issei. As various forms of expansionist thought clashed with the pragmatism of dekasegi laborers, ethnic solidarity or any concept of common identity barely existed among Japanese immigrants at the outset. The chapter sets the stage for the tumultuous beginning of Issei society and its history in America.
Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book is a study of the legal rules affecting the practice of female prostitution at Rome from approximately 200 BC to AD 250. It examines the formation and precise content of the legal norms developed for prostitution and those engaged in this profession, with close attention to their social context. The book explores the “fit” between the law system and the socio-economic reality, shedding light on important questions concerning marginal groups, marriage, sexual behavior, the family, slavery, and citizen status, particularly that of women.
The Lex lulia de Adulteriis Coercendis
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the ancient Roman law lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis, a companion statute to the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus that was brought before the concilium plebes by Augustus acting once more on the authority of his tribunicia potestas. The lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis had as its principal aim the repression of those forms of non-marital sexual relations considered unacceptable by Roman society, particularly adultery. Aside from adultery and criminal fornication, there is disagreement as to what the adultery law punished. There is controversy over whether it punished incest, but the late classical jurists treat this as a separate crime, to the extent that even incestuous marriages might in some cases receive protection under the adultery statute. Before the passage of the lex Iulia, the repression of sexual misbehavior was generally conceded to the private sphere.
Peaceful Coexistence: Collective Leadership and Stalinist Control
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes how, in the wake of the Leningrad Affair, Stalin kept up pressures on individual members of the group by engaging in periodic attacks. It also describes the further rationalization of the Council of Ministers with the establishment of a new military-industrial bureau. It describes the emergence of the rough outlines of “collective leadership” within the council's Presidium Bureau.
Stalin's Last Struggle
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how, despite his frailties, Stalin used the XIX Party Congress as a means of exercising his dominance over the party by, among other things, restructuring “offices” and reassigning his colleagues' duties. It argues that Stalin's final offensive against Molotov and Mikoian starting in October 1952 was part of a rational bid on his part to stave off any thoughts of a succession. The attack on his Politburo colleagues was accompanied by a final lunge at a group of Jewish “doctor-murderers”.
The Landscape of Lost Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of two major forces shaping the workplace today in most industrialized countries: an aging population, and the increasing complexity of knowledge needed in technology-intensive organizations. The information technology impacts of the last generation have caused tremendous changes in the nature of knowledge and knowledge work in organizations. Lost knowledge examples, such as NASA's loss of much of the know-how from the original Apollo moon missions, illustrate why knowledge retention must become a critical management activity, given the looming demographic changes that will impact many industries. A typology of different knowledge types which may be at risk is also presented.
Sources of Inspiration
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines how Native Americana, perceived as a source of profound ecological and spiritual wisdom, has contributed to the formation of the neo-shamanism community in the West. The controversy that sprang up from the use of Native American symbolism by American and European spiritual practitioners is discussed, along with attempts by members of the neo-shamanism community in the West to move away from the Native American dreamlands and toward their own European indigenous spirituality. The manner in which Carl Jung handled non-Western spirituality offers guidelines which many current spiritual seekers interested in the retrieval of pre-Christian European traditions find useful. Jung implied that Europeans concerned about their roots should look into their own indigenous spirituality and mythology; the alien tradition can be helpful to situate one's spiritual experiences, but the materials should be indigenous.
Measuring Plant Diversity
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book provides sampling designs for measuring species richness and diversity, patterns of plant diversity, species-environment relationships, and species distributions in complex landscapes and natural ecosystems. Part I introduces the problem: plant diversity studies are difficult to design and conduct in part because of the history and baggage associated with the evolution of plant ecology into a quantitative science. Issues of scale, resolution, and extent must be effectively commandeered. Part II implores the practitioner to take an experimental approach to sampling plant diversity with a clear understanding of advantages and disadvantages of single-scale and multi-scale techniques. Part III focuses on scaling plant diversity measurements from plots to landscapes. Part IV provides a brief introduction to modeling plant diversity in relation to environmental factors. Examples of common non-spatial (correlative) and spatial analyses are explained. Part V introduces the concept of measuring temporal changes in plant diversity at landscape scales and follows with a case study designed to collect the necessary baseline data to monitor plant diversity. Part VI discusses research needed to understand better changes in plant diversity in space and time. Specific objectives are to: (1) provide a basic understanding of the history of design considerations in past and modern vegetation field studies; (2) demonstrate with real-life case studies the use of single-scale and multi-scale sampling methods, and statistical and spatial analysis techniques that may be particularly helpful in measuring plant diversity at landscape scales; and (3) address several sampling questions typically asked by students and field ecologists.
History and Background, Baggage and Direction
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides a very brief history of plant ecology, and historical figures in the field, focusing on how previous ecologists have influenced the ways ecologists typically measure plant diversity today. It draws additional attention to the authors of two textbooks, Rexford Daubenmire, and Dieter Mueller-Dombois and Heinz Ellenberg, because they seem to reflect best the development of many current plant diversity field methods. Lastly, the chapter discusses the general direction provided by past plant ecologists, and the “baggage” of older ideas — how inertia developed and persists in modern plant ecology regarding measuring plant diversity.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the urgent need to assess rapidly the vulnerability of natural landscapes and specific habitats to plant species invasion. Systematic surveys of where non-native species have successfully invaded are needed to guide research, control, and restoration efforts. Since only a small portion of any large landscape or region can be affordably surveyed, modeled information on native and non-native plant diversity, soil characteristics, topography, and climate may be needed to guide the management of invasive species in the larger, unsampled areas. This is a case study that carefully considered current theories, experimental evidence, and various sampling design strategies before initiating the field studies.
Anglo Cultural Scripts Seen through Middle Eastern Eyes
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the theory of “cultural scripts” and shows how it can help to explain miscommunication between “Anglos” and people from other cultural backgrounds. The notion of “cultural script” refers to a technique for articulating culture-specific norms, values, and communication practices using the metalanguage of universal human concepts. The use of this technique allows cultural scripts to be clear and precise, and accessible to both insiders and outsiders. The chapter approaches Anglo cultural scripts from the point of view of the subjective experience of immigrants to English-speaking countries — specifically Middle Eastern immigrants. The analysis of Anglo cultural scripts is based on linguistic evidence, but it is enriched by the testimony of immigrants, based on their cross-cultural experience.
3Virgil and the Everyday
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the two ancient Virgilian centos on humble topics, namely, breadmaking and dicing. A principal argument is that the presence of modest subject matter defines the texts as parodies, and distinguishes them from the other centos. Upon situating the parodic centos in the context of ancient Virgilian parody, the chapter also explores how they function as comic, deflating poems, and the interpretive options they give their readers.
4 Omnia Iam Vulgata?
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers readings of seven of the ancient Virgilian centos that relate traditional mythological stories. The aim is to show that each text contains elements that permit and indeed demand differentiated assessments, and therefore each is a distinct literary work, rather than just one in an undifferentiated mass of curiosities. How the centos in different ways speak to issues in Virgil's reception and literary studies is also explored.
5Weddings, Sex, and “Virgil the Maiden”
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter returns to the 4th-century CE Ausonius and examines his Cento Nuptialis along with the other Virgilian cento on the topic of a wedding, Luxurius' Epithalamium Fridi. The major interest is to examine the works as occasional poems, and to explore how their identity as centos complicates that status. The chapter also analyzes how the centos contain inset parodies of Virgil in their obscene accounts of a bride's deflowering, and investigates different ways of reading those passages allusively.
New Religious Movements, Countermovements, Moral Panics, and the Media
Authors: Richardson James T. , Introvigne Massimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the development of New Religious Movements (NRMs) in the West, as well as countermovements that were designed to exert control over such movements. Such opposing movements included both counter-cult movements which focused on content of beliefs, and more secular anti-cult movements which attended more to behaviors, but also used the “brainwashing” myth as a major justification for intervention. The development of a major moral panic in the US and other countries concerning NRMs is described, as is the key role played by the media in conjunction with anti-cult organizations. Teaching exercises are recommended for helping students understand the phenomena being described.
New Religious Movements and Violence
Authors: Robbins Thomas , Hall John R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResearch relevant to teaching about NRMs and violence suggests that internal and external factors, and their interaction contribute to the occasional involvement of religious movements in violent episodes. Charismatic leadership, “totalistic” organization, and apocalyptic beliefs are among internal factors that have been implicated in violence, while external situational pressures include persecution and confrontational interaction with opponents. Teaching students about the situated connections between religious movements and violence presents special educational opportunities as well as challenges. An effective teaching program may help students understand both that elements of violence connected to NRMs have their parallels in wider social processes, e.g., in families, and that religion has the potential to exacerbate conflict. Due consideration needs to be given to defining violence, to theoretical explanations of violence, to historical and comparative cases, and to a series of basic questions about violence and religion in order to give students a basis for seeking to explain contemporary cases of NRM violence, extending even to the consideration of religious terrorism.
Charting the Information Field: Cult‐Watching Groups and the Construction of Images of New Religious Movements
Authors: Barker Eileen 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an exercise in the practical application of the sociology of knowledge, the key question being the variety of often-conflicting descriptions that are publicly available on the content and nature of new religions. Various types of perspectives about the movements are delineated with an discussion of “where they are coming from” — that is, what are the underlying interests concerning the movements that motivate the members of different categories of “cult-watching groups” — how the methodology they employ results in their selecting certain aspects of the movements' beliefs, practices, and organization (and ignoring other aspects) in the construction of their images of the movements.
Conversational Strategies Used to Create Crimes
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The single agenda of undercover police work is to capture crime on tape. Conversational strategies are usually considered unconscious behavior, but there is reason to suspect that undercover taping is more intentional. This chapter introduces and illustrates the eleven powerful conversational strategies: ambiguity, blocking, hit and run, contaminating, camouflaging illegality, isolating the target, inaccurate restatements, withholding important information, lying, and scripting.
Eight Questions about the Power of Conversational Strategies in Undercover Police Investigations
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that cooperating witnesses and law enforcement officers use basically the same conversational strategies in their undercover work. It also points out what makes these strategies so powerful, the usefulness of linguistics in revealing them, why targets get trapped by them, why the prosecution does not often make use of forensic linguistic analysis, and what might be done about this situation.
Do Generative Adolescents Become Healthy Older Adults?
Authors: Wink Paul , Dillon Michele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on four questions critical to understanding the long-term connection between generativity and health. First, it examines whether adolescents who manifest generative behaviour in high school grow up to be physically and psychologically healthy older adults. Second, it disentangles the different dimensions of concern for others. Third, it investigates whether the generativity-health connection is related to sociodemographic background and, in particular, to religiousness and social class, both of which have been related to volunteering and health. Finally, the chapter explores the factors associated with generativity in adolescence in order to find out what personal and family characteristics are likely to promote a giving attitude toward others and secure long-term health benefits for the giver. Adolescents who were judged to be generative grew up to be in better physical and psychological health than their less generative peers.