bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blackburn Meadows Sewage‐Treatment Works: Sludge Incineration into the 1990s
Authors: TOLAN D. J. , BENNETT D. , KWIECINSKI J. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe new sludge‐dewatering and fluidized‐bed incineration plant at Blackburn Meadows sewage‐treatment works, Sheffield, was commissioned in March 1990, replacing the former aged and costly filter presshouse and multiple‐hearth incineration plant. The plant was the second in a ‘new generation’of integrated‐design sewage‐sludge incinerators commissioned by Yorkshire Water to meet the Company's operational, economic and environmental needs for sludge treatment and disposal at the Blackburn Meadows works.This paper details the work undertaken on the project from historical development and contractual issues to plant commissioning, reviewing the first six months’operating experience.
Public Perception of River‐Corridor Management
Authors: HOUSE MARGARET A. , SANGSTER E. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearch into the public's perception of water and river‐corridor quality has been undertaken to assess the importance of these aspects to the public's selection of sites for use in recreation.Preliminary results from two on‐site questionnaire surveys involving a number of river user groups suggested that:

Whilst there was a strong association between perceived water quality and the presence/absence of individual water‐quality variables, the presence of indicators of ‘good’water quality were less likely to influence perceived water quality than the presence of indicators of ‘bad’water quality;
There was an overwhelming desire for trees and a strong preference for vegetational diversity within the public's perceived ideal river corridor setting; and
An equally strong preference for mature, sinuous rivers with natural channels and banks.

These results suggest that there is a close relationship between the type of riverscape preferred by the public in their use of rivers for recreation and amenity, and that desired by conservationists.
Frankley Water‐Treatment Works Redevelopment: Pilot‐Scale Studies
Authors: SCHOFIELD T. , PERKINS R. , SIMMS J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe redevelopment of Frankley water‐treatment works (maximum flow 450 Ml/d), which supplies soft upland‐derived water to the Birmingham area, will enable iron, manganese, colour, turbidity and natural aluminium levels to be significantly reduced below the EC drinking water quality Directive.This paper describes the pilot studies which led to the decision to build what is presently believed to be the largest dissolved‐air flotation plant in the world.The studies demonstrated, amongst other things, the effectiveness of ferric sulphate for treating coloured upland waters; the viability of stablization using carbon dioxide and lime to prevent pH variation in the distribution system; that a membrane press was the most appropriate dewatering process, and that the treated water would reduce the particulate lead concentrations in properties containing lead service pipes.Costing £0.5 million and equating to approximately 1% of redevelopment cost, the pilot study was considered to be excellent value.
A Pilot UK Evaluation of a Rapid Defined Substrate Method for Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water
Authors: ARGENT V. A. , BOOTH N. E. , FLYNN T. , JONES C. E. , KENT J. , MAN B. N. , REED R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple rapid method for determining total coliforms and Escherichia coli in drinking water was evaluated in a preliminary pilot‐scale study at three independent laboratories by comparison with the standard membrane filtration technique. No significant difference was found between the two methods.The method is based on defined substrate technology. It gives confirmed results within 24 h and requires only limited equipment. It was considered particularly suitable for weekend and emergency use and for on‐site testing at remote sampling points.
Water Quality Implications of an Observed Trend of Rainfall and Runoff
Authors: CURRAN J. C. , ROBERTSON M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe catchment of the upper Clyde estuary has experienced a significant and steady increase of rainfall over the past twenty years. The corresponding increase of runoff has had a positive impact on the water quality both of the individual rivers and of the estuary. Examples are provided to show that approximately one third of some observed improvements are attributable to the additional dilution. It is emphasized that comparisons of water quality data, either by region or by period, should allow for climate variability.
New Treatment Processes for Pesticides and Chlorinated Organics Control in Drinking Water
Authors: FOSTER D. M. , RACHWAL A. J. , WHITE S. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSources of pesticides and chlorinated organic compounds potentially found in water sources are reviewed. International and UK drinking water standards for these compounds are discussed and compared with concentrations found in ground and surface waters derived from lowland agricultural and urban areas.Water soluble herbicides including triazines, phenylamides (urons) and chlorophenoxy acids are the most commonly reported types of pesticide compounds found above 0.1 μg/l in water sources. The more toxic, and less water soluble, organo‐chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides are rarely reported.Chlorinated organic solvents are reported as contaminants of some groundwaters. Disinfection by‐products, in particular trihalomethanes, formed during the chlorination of waters containing natural organics, are widely reported, sometimes at concentrations above current UK standards.The effects of conventional water‐treatment processes on the concentrations of these organic compounds are discussed. Additional water‐treatment processes, designed specifically for trace organic micropollutant removal, are identified and reviewed. Ozonation, activated‐carbon adsorption and air stripping are acknowledged as appropriate advanced water‐treatment process solutions. Developments in novel technologies include organics destruction via advanced oxidation processes, biological processes, membrane technology and novel adsorbents.Thames Water Plc is contributing to research in this area, investing over £5 million in pilot‐ and large‐scale trials prior to a £200‐£300 million capital investment programme in advanced water treatment in the 1990s.
Drainage of a Mountain Road in Nepal
Authors: WILLIAMS L. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes the contribution made by the drainage engineer to the design of the Arun Road situated in the Middle Himalaya of Eastern Nepal. A description is given of the way in which a limited amount of hydrometric and meteorological data was synthesized into a relatively simple hydrological model which could be used for drainage design. The mountains crossed by the road are environmentally fragile and populated by subsistence farmers, and this demanded that special care be taken in the hydraulic design of bridges, culverts, and associated works in order to minimize the adverse consequences of the road construction.
Hydrology of Pesticides in a Chalk Catchment: Surface Waters
Authors: GOMME J. W. , SHURVELL S. , HENNINGS S. M. , CLARK L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn an extensive study of pesticides in a Chalk catchment, twenty pesticides were selected for study; and this paper reports the findings of an eighteen‐month programme of river and rainwater sampling. The results of periodic samples and an intensive river monitoring programme over the duration of a flood event are described.Both rain and river water within the catchment were found to contain significant numbers of pesticides at varying concentrations. The paper describes the values and temporal variations which were discovered. Higher concentrations and greater numbers of pesticides appeared to be brought down by floods and high river flows; however, even during low flows, some pesticides were persistently found in the river.
Environmental Implications of Treatment of Coastal Sewage Discharges
Authors: GAY J. , WEBSTER R. , ROBERTS D. , TRETT M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe environmental implications of implementing the requirement for treatment of coastal sewage prior to discharge, which were put forward in an EC draft Directive on municipal waste‐water treatment, are examined. In order to establish the current situation, the results of a national survey of coastal and estuarine sewage discharges are presented. A review of the impact of sewage discharges on the marine environment is presented in conjunction with an assessment of the impact of sewage‐treatment processes on the land and in the air. These aspects are integrated into overall conclusions about net environmental impact. Finally, a decision‐tree approach to the assignment of priority to additional action required at individual locations is developed.
Disposal of Petrochemical Plant Effluents by Shell UK at Stanlow
Authors: SPARSHOTT M. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe co‐disposal of petrochemical plant wastewaters with domestic and industrial effluent is described, with emphasis on pretreatment and effluent management aspects, as conducted by the effluent producer. A brief history of the specific development of co‐disposal of Shell Chemicals (Stanlow manufacturing complex) effluent is given, leading to the recently completed investment of £5.2 million in improved pretreatment facilities, allowing full and failure‐free advantage to be taken of the sewage‐treatment facilities installed by North West Water at Ellesmere Port for the disposal of Shell Chemicals effluent, at a cost of £7.5 million, and commissioned in 1985. Effluent quality problems, and the establishment of dedicated effluent monitoring routines, are described together with the installation of quality and volume monitoring of individual effluents, leading to both processing cost allocation and management accountability. A description is given of the original and redeveloped pretreatment unit for neutralization, de‐oiling and clarification of the effluent. Brief reference is made to liaison arrangements between Shell and North West Water and to the training of staff in effluent management.
Genetic Engineering for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: McCLURE N. C. , FRY J. C. , WEIGHTMAN A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the application of genetic engineering to improved wastewater treatment, with particular emphasis on the enhanced breakdown of recalcitrant pollutants. The genetic construction of bacterial strains capable of degrading problem compounds, especially chlorinated aromatics, is described. In addition, the problems affecting the functioning of these ‘genetically engineered’laboratory strains in situ is addressed. The results of recent studies into the survival and function of both ‘natural’and ‘genetically engineered’bacteria inoculated into laboratory‐scale activated‐sludge units are presented. These results indicate that several factors may affect the expression of catabolic activities in situ, and that those bacteria which are well adapted to growth and survival in target ecosystems are more likely to be successful inoculants than are laboratory strains.
Protecting Water Resources from the Effects of Landfill Sites: Foxhall Landfill Site
Authors: PALMER C. , YOUNG P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the work carried out to protect both ground and surface waters close to the Suffolk County Council Foxhall landfill sites. Monitoring of groundwater showed that a deterioration was occurring, likely to impact adversely on water quality in the adjacent stream. The National Rivers Authority expressed their concern, and measures have been introduced to eliminate this pollution risk. Contaminated groundwaters flowing towards a local watercourse are intercepted by a ‘Trammel’type geotextile cut‐off drain and flow to a central collection sump. Automatic monitoring of contaminant levels at this point controls the treatment and disposal options. Where quality is unacceptable for discharge to the local watercourse, the intercepted groundwaters are treated by irrigation onto the capped surface of a restored landfill. If quality remains unacceptable for discharge, further irrigation treatment or discharge to a percolation area utilizing aquifer attenuation properties is possible.
Aspects of Eutrophication in the Venice Lagoon
Authors: DAMIANI A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Venice lagoon has been the subject of many studies during recent years directed towards the assessment of its ecosystem and to its environmental restoration, as well as to finding a solution to the problem of the high water condition which affects the historical city centre. This paper presents input and output data of the ecosystem and the present situation concering eutrophication and the pollution of the environment.The analysis of nutrients shows that the biological processes do not occur at the same rate. In fact the variation of phosphate concentrations is wider than that of nitrogen because of the greater biological reactivity of phosphate. The analyses show that it is impossible to determine the dominant eutrophication element in the lagoon, therefore its environmental protection needs action to reduce both nitrogen and phosphorus input.
Some Environmental Aspects of the Management of Water Supplies for the Region of Madrid
Authors: CUBILLO F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn the management of water resources it is essential to ensure a pure, adequate and constant supply to consumers. In recent years, however, increasing attention has been directed to ensuring that water resources have no detrimental effects on the environment. The avoidance of adverse environmental effects becomes more difficult during the management of established systems; some, such as that of Madrid, were designed with old environmental requirements and are often complex in nature.This paper analyses the effects of such a system upon the aquatic ecosystems and on the supply of drinking water.
Environmental Auditing in the Public Sector: The Lancashire Experience
Authors: TAYLOR D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTLancashire County Council was one of the first local authorities in the UK to audit the environment of its locality and to review the environmental impact of its operations. The paper outlines the reasons for this and how it has been put into effect. The management structure devised to carry forward and coordinate the initiative is outlined first, encompassing elements internal to the County Council and the establishment of a Lancashire Environment Forum. Secondly, the preparation of a county‐wide state‐of‐the‐environment audit is described, together with the implementation stages which have ensued. The paper is completed by an account of the County Council's internal review of the impact of its own activities.
The Impact of Electricity at Work Regulations on the Operation of a Water Company
Authors: STOKER J. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince 1 April 1990, the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 have placed legal requirements on employers, employees and the self‐employed to take precautions against the risk of death or injury from electricity in work activities. This paper (a) examines the requirements, (b) reports on an initiative by the Lee Valley Water Company, and (c) proposes a management strategy for an organization to comply with the legislation.
Middleton‐in‐Teesdale Supply Area: Improvements to the Supply Network
Authors: ANDREWS T. R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper covers the design of improvements to a water distribution system serving a rural area to eliminate low chlorine residuals and to cater for large potential increases in demand from an agricultural estate. A model of the existing system was analysed at current and increased demands to identify weaknesses in the system. The model was altered by the addition of pumping mains, two storage reservoirs at new locations, and the strengthening of distribution mains to provide a solution to meet the client's requirements.The location and size of the proposed reservoirs were optimized with respect to the construction costs of the reservoirs, pumping and distribution pipelines, and pump running costs.Areas were zoned to provide better strategic storage, whilst also reducing retention times, thus eliminating the problems of low chlorine residuals.
Wellhead Protection Zones in Germany: Delineation, Research and Management
Authors: SCHLEYER R. , MILDE G. , MILDE KARIN 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn Germany there is much legislation to guarantee adequate protection of groundwater quality and quantity. The main objective of the legislation is to maintain the natural high quality of groundwater. The most important Act in this context is the Water Resources Policy Act.One aspect of German groundwater protection is the possibility to delineate up to four wellhead protection zones in the recharge area of a drinking‐water well. The time‐distance integrated protection zone concept, with bans and limitations on use increasing towards the well, was developed in the 1930s. It has guaranteed for decades a safe drinking water supply from the point of view of quality. However, recent scientific investigations have shown gaps especially with regard to (a) the importance of the 50‐days line, (b) the behaviour of micro‐organisms and (c) the mobility and persistence of man‐made pollutants.
Leachate Collection, Treatment and Disposal
Authors: ROBINSON H. D. , BARR M. J. , LAST S. D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAs landfills become larger, the enormous quantities of putrescible wastes which they contain have increased the potential to generate highly polluting leachates as they decompose anaerobically over many years. If severe environmental impacts are to be avoided, operators must control these liquors: many landfill proposals stand or fall on the ability of the operator to demonstrate that leachate can be collected, managed and disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. During the early years of tipping in containment cells, high BOD and COD values (to 50 000 mg/l or more) are measured, with very high ammonia concentrations (to more than 1000 mg/l as N) persisting for many years.The authors have been involved with the full‐scale on‐site treatment of leachates to high standards in automated aerated lagoon plants since the early 1980s. The first plant was constructed in 1982, and a further seven have since been built at landfills throughout the UK, with many more at various stages of design and construction – both in the UK and overseas.This paper describes detailed operational experiences from several of these landfill sites, with particular emphasis on the reduction of ammonia concentrations to low values. The use of reed‐bed treatment schemes as effluent polishing facilities is also discussed.
Reservoir Sedimentation and Colour Problems in Southern Pennine Reservoirs
Authors: BUTCHER D. P. , CLAYDON J. , LABADZ J. C. , PATTINSON V. A. , POTTER A. W. R. , WHITE P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA study of two major environmental issues in upland water management is presented. Discolouration and reservoir sedimentation are seen to affect water managers on different timescales and to different degrees. Rates of reservoir sedimentation, adjusted for empirically derived trap efficiency, are measured and found to be higher than previously believed. A link between sediments found within the reservoir basin and the generation of colour is described.
Environmental Auditing and Management in Local Government
Authors: JACOBS M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTNew holistic approaches to environmental management by local authorities are described. Two kinds of audit, the state of the environment report and the internal audit, are defined. State of the environment reports are assessments of the condition of the local environment, generally based on existing data. They provide information about the environment to the general public and enable councils to determine environmental strategy priorities. They are giving local authorities a new environmental stewardship function. An internal audit is an assessment not only of the authority's impacts as a producer but of its environmental interactions as a regulator, influencer and manager of the environment. For some councils, auditing is becoming a continuous process through which environmental factors can be taken into account as a routine part of policy making and implementation.Both kinds of audit are changing the relationships of local authorities, reducing internal departmentalism and leading to wider consultation and partnership with local communities.
An Incidence of Massive Biofouling of Sand Filters: A Biochemical Detective Story
Authors: G. WALTON N. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA serious biofouling incident at an overseas water treatment plant is described, together with the background information and recorded operational data which provided the subtle, but unheeded, physicochemical clues to the developing biological problem. At the time, however, it was not realised just what was causing the serious filtration problems and even upon discovery of the filter‐clogging algae it was not immediately obvious what had caused their appearance, growth and subsequent rapid death within a sealed groundwater system. However, piecing together the story with hindsight from all the available clues has proved to be a fascinating and illuminating piece of biochemical detective work with unexpected conclusions which have wider ramifications within the water industry.
Atmospheric Inputs to the North Sea and Coastal Waters
Authors: Van JAARSVELD J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe importance of the atmospheric pathway to the pollution of surface waters, and in particular the North Sea, has been confirmed by studies carried out during the last decacde. However, there are still large uncertainties associated, not only with the quantities of pollutants measured, but also with the methodologies followed to obtain estimates for large areas such as the North Sea. A large part of the uncertainties can be attributed to the lack of representative and reliable measurements at open sea. This paper discusses methodologies which have been used and gives an overview of results reported so far. Some model results on the deposition distribution over the North Sea of nitrogen and lead are presented, and the paper considers the research needs to improve the understanding of air–sea exchange processes and the research which is currently being carried out.
Contrasting Problems of Implementing European Community Water Protection Zone Policies in Ireland and the UK
Authors: L. FOSTER I. D. , THORN R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe 1991 EC nitrate Directive has significant implications for agricultural and pollution prevention enforcement agencies throughout the European Community. Contrasting physical backgrounds, water supply sources and leaching rates, together with pre‐existing nationally‐based pollution control policies, means that implementing the Directive will cause different problems for member states. This paper examines the contrasting physical and legislative backgrounds in Ireland and the UK and looks at some of the problems in implementing EC policy.