bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effects of adrafinil, propentofylline, and nicergoline on behavior in aged dogs
Authors: Siwak Christina T. , Gruet Philippe , Woehrlé Frédérique , Muggenburg Bruce A. , Murphey Heather L. , Milgram Norton W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare the efficacy of adrafinil,
propentofylline, and nicergoline for enhancing behavior
of aged dogs.

Animals—36 Beagles between 9 and 16 years old.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive
adrafinil (20 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 24 h; n = 12),
propentofylline (5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; 12), or nicergoline
(0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; 12) for 33 days. Baseline
behaviors in an open field and in kennels (home cage)
were recorded before treatment. After treatment,
behaviors in the open field were recorded 2 hours
after drug administration on days 2, 15, and 28, and 10
hours after administration on days 7, 20, and 33.
Behaviors in the home cage were recorded 2 and 7
hours after drug administration on days 4, 17, and 30.

Results—Treatment with adrafinil resulted in a significant
increase in locomotion in each of the open-field
tests and an increase in locomotion in the home cage.
This latter increase was smaller and more variable
than that in the open field. Locomotion was not
affected by treatment with propentofylline or nicergoline.
In the open field, sniffing decreased over time in
all 3 groups, but the largest decline was observed in
the propentofylline group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment
with adrafinil may improve the quality of life of aged
dogs by increasing exploratory behavior and alertness.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1410–1414)
Effect of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lobetti Remo G. , Joubert Kenneth E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To investigate renal function in clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomies that received nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) before surgery.Animals—40 clinically normal dogs.Procedure—After induction of anesthesia, dogs were given an analgesic. Renal function was assessed before surgery and 24 and 48 hours after surgery by means of serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium (FCNa), urine y-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and urine analysis. Ten dogs in each of 4 groups received ketorolac tromethamine (0.5 mg/kg of body weight), ketoprofen (1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), or morphine (0.1 mg/kg; control group).Results—Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 1.75 to 5 hours, with a mean of 3 hours. Two ketorolac- and 2 ketoprofen-treated dogs had transient azotemia. A significant decrease in the FCNabetween before surgery and 24 hours after surgery, and between before surgery and 48 hours after surgery, was found in ketoprofen- and carprofen-treated dogs. Ketorolac-, ketoprofen-, and morphine-treated dogs had a decrease in urine specific gravity. Two ketorolac- , 1 ketoprofen-, 1 carprofen-, and 4 morphine-treated dogs had increases in renal tubular epithelial cells on urine sediment examination 24 hours after surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery, the use of NSAID as analgesics is not contraindicated. Compared with ketorolac or ketoprofen, carprofen had the least effect on renal function and integrity. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1501–1506)
Growth of the conceptus in alpacas
Authors: Bravo P. Walter , Mayta Mario M. , Ordoñez Cesar A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine growth of the alpaca conceptus
during early gestation, using ultrasonography.

Animals—40 pregnant alpacas (20 multiparous, 20
nulliparous).

Procedure—Transrectal ultrasonography with a 5-
MHz probe was performed 3 times weekly from days
7 through 45 after copulation (day of copulation = day
0). Blood samples were collected for progesterone
assay on days of ultrasonography.

Results—Forty embryonic vesicles and embryos
were identified and measured. Embryonic vesicles
were first detected on day 12 after copulation and
appeared spherical. Cumulative percentage of embryonic
vesicles detected was 50, 82.5, and 100% on
days 12, 14, and 16, respectively. Embryos were first
detected by day 22 and heartbeats by day 24.
Similarly, cumulative percentage of embryos detected
was 17.5, 82.5 and 100% for 22, 24, and 26 days
after copulation, respectively. Embryonic vesicles
occupied both uterine horns beginning on day 19. A
positive correlation existed between length and width
of embryonic vesicles. Size of embryonic vesicles and
embryos and progesterone concentrations did not differ
between multiparous and nulliparous females.
Five sets of twins were detected from days 21
through 33 after copulation, but the conceptus identified
in the right uterine horn became nondetectable
between days 28 and 33.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—
Ultrasonography was useful in detecting the earliest
appearance of alpaca embryonic vesicles and determining
the changes in growth from days 12 through
45 after copulation. Embryos were first detected by
day 22. Transrectal ultrasonography was not harmful
to animals and did not provoke embryonic death in
this study. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1508–1511)
Norepinephrine kinetics in dogs with experimentally induced renal vascular hypertension
Authors: Buranakarl Chollada , Benjanirut Chutamas , Pondeenana Somchai , Bovée Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine norepinephrine (NE) kinetics
in dogs with experimentally induced renal vascular
hypertension.

Animals—4 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—The study comprised a control and
hypertensive period. The hypertensive period followed
induction of renal vascular hypertension
achieved by surgical placement of clips on both renal
arteries to reduce diameter by approximately 80%.
Arterial blood pressure, renal clearance, and NE kinetics
were measured during each period while dogs
were receiving a low-sodium diet. Measurements of
NE kinetics and renal clearance during the hypertensive
period were made 5 days after induction of
hypertension.

Results—Five days after induction of hypertension,
arterial blood pressure increased by 15 to 20 mm Hg.
Mean (± SEM) plasma NE concentration and NE
spillover rate increased significantly from 151.5 ± 14.1
pg/ml and 8.03 ± 0.62 ng/kg/min, respectively, during
the control period to 631.4 ± 30.5 pg/ml and 54.0 ± 5.2
ng/kg/min, respectively, during the hypertensive period.
Norepinephrine clearance rate also increased (54.0
± 2.4 vs 86.0 ± 9.3 ml/kg/min). Positive associations
between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and NE concentration
and spillover rate were detected. However,
MAP and NE clearance rate were not associated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased
blood pressure during the hypertensive period was
likely attributable to increased NE spillover rate, which
resulted in a significant increase in plasma NE concentration.
Analysis of these results suggests that
central sympathetic outflow was increased and may
be responsible for the pathogenesis of high blood
pressure during the acute phase of renal vascular
hypertension in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1534–1541)
Assessment of five portable blood glucose meters for use in cats
Authors: Wess Gerhard , Reusch Claudia 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the clinical and analytic accuracy
of 5 portable blood glucose meters (PBGM) in
cats, with emphasis on the detection of potential
sources of error.

Animals—200 cats.

Procedure—Venous blood glucose readings from 5
PBGM were compared with the results of a hexokinase
reference method. Agreement among methods
was determined by error grid analysis and statistical
methods.

Results—A total of 2,975 PBGM readings and 513 reference
values were analyzed. The accuracy of the
PBGM varied in different glycemic ranges. The largest
differences between PBGM readings and reference values
were in the high glycemic range; 4 PBGM underestimated
and 1 PBGM overestimated the reference
values in most instances. In the low and reference
glycemic ranges, the absolute differences between
PBGM readings and reference values were small.
Despite the analytic differences in accuracy, 4 PBGM
had 100% and 1 PBGM had 98.7% of readings in the
clinically acceptable values of the error grid analysis.
Within- and between-day precisions were good for all
PBGM. Significant differences were not detected
between readings of EDTA and lithium-heparinized
blood and fresh blood without anticoagulant. Compared
with these blood types, 1 PBGM had significantly different
readings with fluoride anticoagulated blood. In
blood samples with a low Hct, all PBGM overestimated
glucose concentrations. Sample volumes < 3 µl resulted
in inaccurate measurements in 3 PBGM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Performance
varied among the 5 PBGM analyzed; however, all
PBGM were deemed acceptable for clinical use in
cats. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1587–1592)
Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosal nerve fibers of horses without nasal disease
Authors: Corcoran Brendan M. , Mayhew Ian G. , Hahn Caroline N. , Prince Dean R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosa of horses.Animals—6 horses without evidence of nasal disease.Procedure—Full-thickness nasal tissue specimens were obtained from the rostral portion of the nasal septum at necropsy, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to assess mucosal distribution of nerve fibers.Results—Nerve fibers with CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-Li) formed a dense subepithelial network, and a large number of fibers were found coursing between epithelial cells. Fibers with CGRP-Li were also associated with blood vessels and mucous glands. Fibers with SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-Li) had a similar distribution and density. In contrast, there were few fibers with VIP-like immunoreactivity. Fibers containing intermediate neurofilaments were prominent and appeared as large nerve fiber bundles mainly adjacent to the nasal septum but also close to mucous glands and within the lamina propria. Intermediate neurofilaments were also identified in single nerve fibers at all sites, but the density of fibers with intermediate neurofilaments did not match that of fibers with CGRP- or SP-Li.Conclusions—The density and distribution of nerve fibers containing SP- or CGRP-Li in nasal mucosa of horses was similar to that reported for other species. However, expression of VIP in nerve fibers was low. Antibodies against intermediate neurofilaments identified many nerve fibers in nasal mucosa of horses but did not appear to identify small diameter fibers expressing SP or VIP. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1619–1624)
Kinematics and ground reaction forces in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis
Authors: Clayton Hilary M. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Willemen Maarten A. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Colborne G. Robert 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure and correlate kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis.Animals—6 sound horses.Procedure—Horses were evaluated before (sound evaluation) and after (lame evaluation) induction of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in 1 forelimb (randomized) by injection of collagenase. As each horse trotted, kinematic data were collected by use of an optoelectronic system, and GRF data were measured by use of a force plate. Three-dimensional kinematic and GRF data were projected onto a 2-dimensional sagittal plane.Results—Lame limbs had significantly lower peak vertical GRF, less flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint, and less extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, compared with compensating limbs. Carpal joint kinematics did not change. Compensating limbs had a more protracted orientation throughout the stance phase and higher braking longitudinal force and impulse; however, total range of rotation from ground contact to lift off did not change. Transfer of body weight from lame to compensating limbs was smooth, without elevation of the body mass into a suspension phase. Propulsive components of longitudinal GRF did not differ between limbs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis, changes in vertical GRF were reflected in angular excursions of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, whereas changes in longitudinal GRF were associated with alterations in the protraction-retraction angle of the entire limb. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:191–196)
Detection of attenuated wavy fibers in the myocardium of Newfoundlands without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of heart disease
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Häggström Jens , Jönsson Lennart 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine whether attenuated wavy fibers may be found in the myocardium of Newfoundlands without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of heart disease.Animals—15 Newfoundlands from a kennel with a known predisposition to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 32 dogs of other breeds that died suddenly or were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to heart disease and did not have gross postmortem evidence of heart disease.Procedure—Echocardiography was performed on all Newfoundlands on a yearly basis. Necropsy specimens from all dogs were evaluated for attenuated wavy fibers (ie, myocardial cells < 6 µm in diameter with a wavy appearance).Results—None of the Newfoundlands had clinical signs of heart disease, and results of echocardiographic examinations were within reference ranges. Seven Newfoundlands had histologic evidence of attenuated wavy fibers, whereas attenuated wavy fibers were not found in the remaining 8 Newfoundlands or in any of the 32 dogs of other breeds.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that attenuated wavy fibers in dogs with a known predisposition for DCM may indicate an early stage of the disease. However, further studies on a larger number of dogs are needed to confirm this hypothesis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:238-241)
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and analgesic effects of morphine after rectal, intramuscular, and intravenous administration in dogs
Authors: Barnhart Matthew D. , Hubbell John A. E. , Muir William W. , Sams Richard A. , Bednarski Richard M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare systemic bioavailability and
duration for therapeutic plasma concentrations and
cardiovascular, respiratory, and analgesic effects of
morphine administered per rectum, compared with IV
and IM administration in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—In a randomized study, each dog
received the following: morphine IV (0.5 mg/kg of
body weight), morphine per rectum (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg
as a suppository and 2 mg/kg as a solution), and a control
treatment. Intramuscular administration of morphine
(1 mg/kg) was evaluated separately. Heart and
respiratory rates, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood
pressures, adverse effects, and plasma morphine concentrations
were measured. Analgesia was defined as
an increase in response threshold, compared with
baseline values, to applications of noxious mechanical
(pressure) and thermal (heat) stimuli. Data were evaluated,
using Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on
ranks and Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc t-tests.

Results—Significant differences were not found in
cardiovascular, respiratory, or analgesia values
between control and morphine groups. Overall systemic
bioavailability of morphine administered per rectum
was 19.6%. Plasma morphine concentration after
administration of the highest dose (5 mg/kg) as a suppository
was significantly higher than concentrations
60 and 360 minutes after IV and IM administration,
respectively. A single route of administration did not
consistently fulfill our criteria for providing analgesia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rectal administration
of morphine did not increase bioavailability
above that reported for oral administration of morphine
in dogs. Low bioavailability and plasma concentrations
limit the clinical usefulness of morphine
administered per rectum in dogs. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:24–28)
Effects of lactoferrin and milk on adherence of Streptococcus uberisto bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Fang Weihuan , Almeida Raul A. , Oliver Stephen P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether lactoferrin (LF) or
milk influenced adherence of Streptococcus uberisto
bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Sample Population—Three strains of S uberis from
cows with mastitis, pooled milk samples from 3 clinically
healthy Jersey cows early in the lactation period, and
bovine mammary epithelial cells from a clonal cell line.

Procedures—Adherence of S uberis to bovine mammary
epithelial cells in the presence of various concentrations
of LF or milk and after pretreatment of
bacteria with LF or milk was tested. Bacteria were
cultured with mammary epithelial cell monolayers for
1 hour. The culture supernatant was removed, and
the epithelial cells were lysed. Adherence index was
calculated as number of colony-forming units (CFU) in
the cell lysate divided by number of CFU in the supernatant
times 10,000.

Results—All 3 strains of S uberis were found to bind
to purified LF and LF in milk. Addition of LF to the culture
medium enhanced adherence of all 3 strains to
mammary epithelial cells, whereas addition of milk
enhanced adherence of 2 strains and decreased
adherence of the third. Pretreatment of bacteria with
LF or milk increased adherence of 1 of the strains but
decreased adherence of the other 2. Increased
adherence was antagonized by rabbit antibovine LF
antibody.

Conclusions—Results suggest that LF may function
as a bridging molecule between S uberis and bovine
mammary epithelial cells, facilitating adherence of the
bacteria to the cells. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:275–279)
Single primer polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting for Pasteurella multocida isolates from laboratory rabbits
Authors: Dabo S. Mady , Confer Anthony W. , Lu Yue Shoung 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate a rapid polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) fingerprinting technique for discriminating
among Pasteurella multocida isolates from laboratory
rabbits.

Sample Population—33 P multocida isolates from
rabbits with clinical pasteurellosis.

Procedure—PCR assays were conducted with 2
minisatellites (core sequence and modified core
sequence of phage M13) and 2 microsatellites
([GTG]5 and [GACA]4). Each bacterium was assigned
to a PCR type for each of the primers used. Boiled
bacterial extracts and purified genomic DNA were
compared by use of PCR assays for phage M13 and
(GACA)4. Plasmids were isolated from each bacterium,
and their influence on PCR fingerprint was determined,
using boiled extracts as a DNA source.

Results—M13 core sequence and M13 modified
core sequence yielded 5 and 8 PCR types, respectively.
The microsatellites (GTG)5 and (GACA)4 yielded
4 and 9 PCR fingerprint types, respectively.
Fingerprint patterns obtained by use of isolated DNA
differed from those obtained by use of boiled
extracts, although discrimination among P multocida
isolates was similar. The presence or absence of plasmids
did not affect PCR fingerprints.

Conclusion—Single primer PCR fingerprinting with
minisatellite and microsatellite primers is an efficient
and reproducible method for the discrimination of
P multocida isolates from rabbits and can be performed
directly, using boiled bacterial extracts as a source of
template, although more bands were obtained from
pure genomic DNA. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:305–309)
Comparison of results of scanning electron microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging before and after administration of a radiographic contrast agent in the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle obtained from horse cadavers
Authors: Asperio Roberto M. , Marzola Pasquina , Sbarbati Andrea , Osculati Francesco , Addis Flaminio 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To analyze the tendon of the deep digital flexor (TDDF) muscle of the forelimb in horses by use of a contrast radiographic agent (gadopentate dimeglumine [Gd-DTPA/Dimeg]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the concentration of water protons in the tendons by use of MRI.Sample Population—8 TDDF harvested from the forelimbs of 6 horse cadavers.Procedure—Examinations were performed on the same portion of each tendon. Tendons were examined by use of two techniques: MRI before and after treatment with Gd-DTPA/Dimeg as well as scanning electron microscopy.Results—Tendons did not have detectable signal intensity on MRI before treatment with Gd- DTPA/Dimeg; however, intravascular injection of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg allowed evaluation of the internal structure of the tendons. Scanning electron microscopy images correlated well with images obtained by use of MRI before and after administration of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg. Localized spectra revealed the concentration of water protons in the TDDF.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The techniques used in this study provided information about internal organization of the TDDF in horses. Analysis of results revealed that the best technique involved vascular injection of contrast medium. Results of MRI correlated well with results for scanning electron microscopy. After administration of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg, MRI provided additional information about tendon morphologic characteristics. This technique may be of value for examination of tendons in lame horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:321–325)
Evaluation of the safety of fenbendazole in cats
Authors: Schwartz Roger D. , Donoghue Ann R. , Baggs Raymond B. , Clark Theodore , Partington Carol 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the safety of fenbendazole in domestic cats.Animals—28 six- to seven-month old domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups or a control group (n = 7/group). Cats in the treatment groups were given fenbendazole at a dosage of 50, 150, or 250 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 9 days; control cats were given a placebo. A fecal examination, coagulation tests, serum biochemical analyses, CBC, and urinalyses were performed before and 5, 9, and 21 days after initiation of treatment; cats were closely monitored for adverse reactions. After the last dose of fenbendazole was given, 4 control cats and 4 cats given fenbendazole at the highest dosage were euthanatized, and necropsies were performed.Results—None of the cats developed any adverse reactions. For cats in the control and all treated groups, laboratory test results were within reference limits, and there were no significant differences in results of laboratory tests among groups. No gross or histologic lesions were identified in the control or treated cats that were euthanatized.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fenbendazole administered to healthy cats at a dosage 5 times the dosage and 3 times the duration approved for use in dogs and wild felids did not cause any acute or subacute adverse reactions or pathologic changes. Results suggest that cats may be safely treated with fenbendazole. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:330–332)