bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near IR spectra of long chain vinyl derivatives
Authors: McManis George E. , Gast Lyle E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe near IR spectra of a series of compounds derived from long chain fatty acids and containing the vinyl structure were examined. These included 1‐alkenes; acrylic, allyl and vinyl esters; and allyl and vinyl ethers. The bands caused by the vinyl structure were observed clearly and usually without interference. These bands consist of overtones of the fundamental C‐H stretching vitrations found in the normal IR region and of combination bands. Interactions between the vinyl group and the rest of the molecule were observed by changes in location, shape and intensity of the near IR bands. Quantitative analysis for vinyl derivatives based on near IR bands is usually convenient.
The use of surface active agents in tanning of leather
Authors: Filachione Edward M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThere are about 25 operations in the process of converting hides and skins into leather. Surface active agents are important in a number of these and find wide use in the leather‐making industry. Both anionic and nonionic types are widely used while cationics have more specialized use. Sulfated oils (especially cod, sperm and neatsfoot), soaps, sulfated higher alcohols and alkylbenzene sulfonates are the main anionic surfactants used. The nonionics are principally condensation products of ethylene oxide with a secondary alcohol of 11–15 carbons or with octyl and nonyl phenol, introducing 7–10 oxyethylene units. Examples of the cationic type are the quaternary ammonium salts, i.e., lauryl, cetyl and stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Surface active agents are used at various stages of the leather‐making process. They are used in soaking, unhairing, bating, pickling, tanning and coloring, where they serve principally as processing aids. They find more important use in fatliquoring, impregnation and finishing, where they become a part of the leather composition. Certain surfactants, namely, chrome complexes of fatty acids and perfluoro acids, and long chain alkenyl succinic acid have been used to impart water repellent properties to leather. Recent research shows promise of developing new uses for surfactants in the tanning industry. Long chain quarternary ammonium salts have shown promise as a short term preservative for freshly flayed hides and skins. An amphoteric surfactant, i.e., a long chain fatty amino acid of the structure RNHCH2CH2CO2H, has shown promise as leather lubricant with improved resistance to drycleaning solvents.
Emulsifier choice in design of spin finishes for man‐made fibers
Authors: Redston J. P. , Bernholz W. F. , Nahta R. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpin finishes for diverse, polymeric textiles are necessary for efficient processability and maximum conversion to functional fiber. Such finishes should provide lubricity, cohesion and increased resistance to static development on the fiber. The emulsifiers, lubricants and antistats used in fiber processing differ in reactivity with such polymers. Finish components rely extensively upon derivatives of fats and oils, particularly the numerous emulsifiers used. Certain deficiencies of these finish components, with particular emphasis upon their reactivity with process equipment having polyurethane surfacing, are discussed. Susceptibility of polypropylene to degradation in the presence of conventional finish components is examined. Unique properties of polyglycerol esters and glycerido‐ester ethoxylates, which overcome these processing difficulties, are considered. The relationship of chemical structure to plasticising activity appears as the key to polymeric fiber resistance to loss of breaking strength.
Fatty acid composition of corn endosperm and germ oils as influenced by different extraction procedures
Authors: Jellum M. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGas liquid chromatography was used to determine fatty acid composition of oil obtained from corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines by different extraction procedures. Kernels were separated into endosperm and germ fractions for nine inbreds which had a considerable range in fatty acid composition of oil. Oil obtained from the endosperm by different extraction procedures was significantly different in composition for all fatty acids. Oil obtained from the germ by different extraction procedures was similar in fatty acid composition. The differences in response of endosperm and germ oils to extraction procedures were attributed to the type of lipid found in each fraction. It was concluded that choice of extraction procedures was of little importance in studies of oil from the corn germ, but that specific extraction procedures must be recognized as a factor when studying oil composition of the endosperm.
Fatty acid composition of capsicum oils by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tsatsaronis G. C. , Kehayoglou A. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of oils extracted from various parts (pericarp, seeds and stem) of the fruit ofCapsicum and from samples of Greek red pepper itself were obtained by gas liquid chromatography. Samples from three different varieties ofCapsicum annuum, cultivated in the region of Almopia, Greece, were taken from two crops (1967, 1968) and examined. The results are discussed. No characteristic differences in fatty acid composition of the corresponding samples of the parts ofCapsicum fruit of the three Greek varieties were noticed and there was no difference between the two crops. However, considerable differences in fatty acid composition between Greek and American varieties were observed, probably due to climatic conditions.
NMR chemical shift reagents. Application to structural determination of lipid derivatives
Authors: Swern Daniel , Wineburg John P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChemical shift reagents (csr) markedly expand the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of lipid derivatives thus providing considerably more structural information than it has hitherto been possible to obtain. Preferred csr are rare earth complexes of europium (III) and praseodymium (III) with certain anionic ligands. The use of csr with methyl oleate is described here.
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid byMortierella fungi
Authors: Shimiziu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Akimoto Kengo , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMycelia of arachidonic acid‐producing fungi belonging to the genusMortierella were found to be rich sources of 5,8,11,14,17‐cis‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Production of EPA by these fungi was observed only when they were grown at low temperature (6–16 C). EPA comprised 5–20% of the total extractable mycelial fatty acids in most strains tested. No significant accumulation of EPA was observed on incubation at high temperature (20–28 C), at which the other major mycelial C‐20 fatty acid, arachidonic acid, was still efficiently produced. In a study on the optimization of the culture conditions for EPA production by a selected fungiM. alpina 20–17, a medium containing glucose and yeast extract as major carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, was found to be suitable. Periodic feeding of glucose during growth of the fungus and cultivation at high temperature (20 C) during the early growth phase followed by temperature shift to 12 C were found to be effective at increasing mycelial yield and reducing cultural period, respectively. Under the optimal culture conditions, the EPA production reached 0.49 mg/ml of culture broth (29 mg/g dry mycelia). This value accounted for 13.5% of the total fatty acids in the extracted lipids. Other major fatty acids in the lipids were palmitic acid (6.0%, by weight), stearic acid (5.3), oleic acid (6.2), linoleic acid (3.0), γ‐linolenic acid (3.5) and arachidonic acid (60.0).
Microbial production, structure elucidation and bioconversion of sophorose lipids
Authors: Asmer Hans‐Joachim , Lang Siegmund , Wagner Fritz , Wray Victor 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCultivation of Torulopsis bombicola ATCC 22214 on a mixture of glucose and oleic acid (A) or oleic acid alone (B) produced large amounts of sophorose lipids. In the case of A, 38 g/1 of crude product were finally isolated; fermentation B led to 77 g/1. After separation by MPLC and TLC, six glycolipids were obtained and identified by NMR and fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry (FAB‐MS). In general, a 17‐hydroxyocta‐decanoic acid at the C‐1’ ‐position and acetate groups at the C‐6’ ‐and C‐6’ ‐positions of sophorose were found as substituents in the lactone and acidic forms of these lipids.The composition of product from A was as follows: 62% of sophorolipid 1’,4’ ‐lactone 6’ ,6’ ‐diacetate (SL‐1), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,4’‐lactone 6’‐monoacetate (SL‐2), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,4 ’‐lactone (SL‐3), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,6’‐and l’,6’‐lactones (SL‐4a,b), 4% of sophorolipid 6’‐monoacetate acid (SL‐5), 4% of sophorolipid acid (SL‐6) and finally 17% of other lipids.In B, the principal lactone (40%) had a double bond in the fatty acid moiety; the other components were identical with the above products. Yields of 13% SL‐2 and of 35% lipids containing no carbohydrate were significant. SL‐1 was deacetylated to SL‐3 (yield: 25‐307c) using acetyl‐esterase in a two‐phase system (cyclohexane/water).
Comparison of FTIR and capillary gas chromatographic methods for quantitation oftrans unsaturation in fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Lanser A. C. , Emken E. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA computer‐assisted method has been developed for estimation of isolatedtrans unsaturation using the peak area of thetrans absorbance band at 966 cm‐1from FTIR spectra of fatty acid methyl esters. Peak areas were used to determine thetrans content of weighed standards containing from 0 to 100% methyl elaidate and of hydrogenated soybean oil samples containing up to 36%trans unsaturation. These data for percenttrans by FTIR were compared to corresponding data obtained by capillary gas chromatography and the AOCS Official Method 14‐61. Determination of isolatedtrans composition in oils using peak areas gave values with the smallest standard deviation for weighed standards and values within 4% of those obtained by capillary gas chromatography and the AOCS Official Method for hydrogenated samples.
Analysis of dimerized fatty acids by TLC/FID
Authors: Fritz David W. , Amore Francis , Rashmawi Ken 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA rapid method is described for the analysis of the monomer, dimer and trimer components of polymerized fatty acids by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID) on the Iatroscan. The short‐ and long‐term precisions of the method are discussed, as is the correlation of TLC/FID data with the gas‐liquid Chromatographic (GLC) data for dimerized fatty acids. The TLC/FID method is shown to be the superior technique for process control applications.
The acid‐catalyzed addition of alkoxyl groups to the olefinic double bonds of soybean oil
Authors: Madrigal R. V. , Bagby M. O. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe acid‐catalyzed reaction of soybean oil with the homologous series of straight‐chain alcohols: methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, n‐butyl and n‐hexyl in a pressurized system yielded completely transesterified products and 18‐31% substituted alkyl ethers. Mass spectrometry of the hydrogenated methyl ester derivatives showed that the addition reaction occurred at one of three double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids. The reaction with three secondary alcohols yielded only 0.1‐2.5% substituted alkyl ethers.
The effect of heat treatment on fatty acids of rapeseed oils
Authors: Leszkiewicz B. , Kasperek M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChanges were followed in raw, refined and hydrogenated rapeseed oils subjected to an eight‐hr heating under isothermal conditions within 110–200 C. The oils underwent oxidation, polymerization and changes in unsaturation, the extent of the above changes depending essentially on the kind of oil and the temperature applied.
Quantitative proton NMR determination of linoleic acid mono‐and diesters of polyethyleneglycols via reaction with trichloroacetyl isocyanate
Authors: Stefanova R. , Rankoff D. , Panayotova S. , Spassov S. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA method has been developed for qualitative identification and quantitative determination of linoleic acid mono‐ and diesters of polyethyleneglycols with various molecular masses. The method is based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of the product obtained after in situ reaction of the ester mixture with trichloroacetyl isocyanate.
Determination of sulfur contents of vegetable and marine oils by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet photometry of their combustion products
Authors: Wijesundera R. C. , Ackman R. G. , Abraham V. , deMan J. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA simple method for the determination of total sulfur content in vegetable and marine oils is described. The method involves combustion of the oil sample in an oxygen bomb to convert all forms of sulfur to sulfate ions with subsequent determination of the sulfate by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet detection. The ultraviolet system described is more sensitive than conductivity detection and enables the method to be applied more widely.Application of the method to a variety of vegetable and marine oils showed the general occurrence of sulfur in fats and oils, albeit often at a low level. Among the samples examined, crude Canola oil had the highest sulfur content (25.0 mg/kg) followed by the marine oils (5.8‐15.2 mg/kg) and the non‐Cruciferae vegetable oils (2.0‐6.1 mg/kg).
Isolation of methyl 5c, 13c‐docosadienoate fromLimnanthes alba benth. (Meadowfoam) seed oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography
Authors: Adlof R. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMultigram quantities of methyl 5c,13c‐docosadienoate were isolated from Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography. The fractionation was accomplished on a 4.7 × 45 cm Michel‐Miller column packed with silver ion‐saturated XN1010 resin. Meadowfoam esters (ca. 14 g) were fractionated (acetone as eluent) to yield 2.3‐2.6 g batches (98% pure) of the 5c,13c‐22:2 isomer (>95% recovery).
Recent trends in usage of fats and oils as functional ingredients in the baking industry
Authors: Chung Okkyung Kim , Pomeranz Yeshajahu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThroughout the history of the human race, cereal grains have been a source of staple food throughout this Earth. Except for the rice‐eating countries, bread is the principal food and provides more nutrients than any other single food source. In over half of the countries around the world, bread supplies more than 50% of the total caloric intake. Even in one of the wealthiest nations, the United States, cereal grain products supply over 25% of the food energy, ca. 20% of the proteins, 14‐18% of fats, and over 40% of carbohydrates.
Interpenetrating polymer networks from triglyceride oils containing special functional groups: A brief review1
Authors: Sperling L. H. , Manson J. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough most triglyceride oils contain only double bond functionality, a few oils such as castor oil, vernonia oil, lesquerella oil, etc., contain other functional groups. These functional groups include hydroxy and epoxy groups, permitting the easy formation of polyesters and/or polyurethanes. In addition to the natural formation of epoxy‐bearing oils, the double bond functionality in ordinary triglyceride oils can be epoxidized. When these oils are polymerized to form polyesters or polyurethanes in the presence of polystyrene to synthesize interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN), a new class of tough plastics is formed.
The lipid composition of karaka seeds (corynocapus laevigatus)
Authors: Body Denis R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe kernels of karaka seeds(Corynocapus laevigatus) contained 9.6% oil by wt. The lipid constituents were characterized by silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, and their individual fatty acid compositions by gas liquid chromatography. Of the seed oil, triacylglycerol was the major component which contained high proportions of linoleic (45%) and oleic (26%) acids. The major component of husk oil (0.9% of husk by wt) was polar lipid (glycolipids and pigments).
A novel way for ethoxylation with basic catalysts
Authors: Morgós JenŐ , Sallay Péter , Farkas László , Rusznák István 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEthoxylation of dodecyl alcohol catalyzed by alkali hydroxides are accelerated by adding complexing agents for the alkali ions. The rate of ethoxylation could be increased by crown ether and dodecyl alcohols of a higher degree of ethoxylation. The effect is more pronounced with the crown ether; thus, reactions not taking place under other circumstances could also be carried out. The complexing additives have no significant effect on the molar mass distribution, The reaction could also be accelerated by using more bulky organic cations (e.g., triethylbenzylammonium ion) instead of the alkali cation.
Report of the Oil Color Committee—1948
Authors: Thomson Procter , Stillman R. C. 
Published: May 2008

ConclusionsThe data completed on oils and on nickel sulfate solutions indicate that there is a standard deviation of up to 2% transmittance between measurements made by different laboratories on different instruments. This standard deviation is decreased by one‐half when measurements are made by a single laboratory on a single instrument. The data indicate that nickel sulfate may be a satisfactory solution to use in standardizing the instruments in use in the various laboratories.The results obtained on the 12 oils submitted for readings indicate that about the same degree of reliability is obtained spectrophotometrically as with the Lovibond system at low color levels. At high color levels the spectrophotometer shows considerably more reproducibility.It is impossible to tell from the data obtained whether a single number system, such as a density measurement of 550 mμ., or a color index value, consisting of some function of measurements at two or more wavelengths, would be the most suitable for general measurements.
Metabolic Implications of Severe Burn Injuries and Their Management: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Atiyeh Bishara S. , Gunn S. William A. , Dibo Saad A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundSevere burn patients are some of the most challenging critically ill patients, with an extreme state of physiologic stress and an overwhelming systemic metabolic response. A major component of severe burn injury is a hypermetabolic state associated with protein losses and a significant reduction of lean body mass. The second prominent component is hyperglycemia. Reversal of the hypermetabolic response by manipulating the patient’s physiologic and biochemical environment through the administration of specific nutrients, growth factors, or other agents, often in pharmacologic doses, is emerging as an essential component of the state of the art in severe burn management. The present review aims at summarizing the new treatment modalities established to reduce the catabolic burden of severe burn injuries, for which there is some evidence‐based support.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted. Search tools included Elsevier ScienceDirect, EMBASE.com, Medline (OVID), MedlinePlus, and PubMed. Topics searched were Nutrition and Burns, Metabolic Response and Burns, Hypermetabolism and Burns, Hyperglycemia and Burns, and several more specific topics when indicated. With a focus on the most recently published articles, abstracts were reviewed and, when found relevant, were included as references. Full text articles, whenever available, were retrieved.ResultsMany issues remain unanswered. Unfortunately, the present state of our knowledge does not allow the formulation of clear‐cut guidelines. Only general trends can be outlined, and these will certainly have some practical applications but above all will dictate future research in the field.
Side-effects of cidofovir in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Broekema Ferdinand I. , Dikkers Frederik G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic and difficult to treat disease of the larynx. In 1998, the first article was published that described the use of the antiviral substance cidofovir to treat this disease. Although the results are promising, there remains some concern about the potential carcinogenicity of cidofovir. There is a demand for a qualitative review of the side-effects of this medicine. In this review, the side-effects of cidofovir are investigated. Special attention was given to the potential carcinogenicity of cidofovir. For this review a search is performed in PubMed and EMBASE for relevant articles in which the use of intralesional cidofovir for patients with RRP is described. Eventually, 31 articles could be included for this review. In these articles a total of 188 patients with RRP were described who underwent therapy with intralesional cidofovir. Five of these patients have developed dysplasia of the larynx during the treatment with cidofovir. This is a percentage of 2.7. This percentage is concurrent with the incidence of spontaneous malignant degeneration of RRP (2–3%). Based on this review, it can be concluded that the use of intralesional cidofovir does not increase the risk of laryngeal dysplasia. Apart from the articles that describe the intralesional administration of cidofovir, some articles have been published in which the use of intravenous cidofovir is described as a therapy for RRP. Therefore, a summary is given on the side-effects of intralesional cidofovir as well as a summary on the reported side-effects of the intravenous administration of cidofovir. Based on the outcomes of this review, recommendations are given for a safe use of cidofovir for treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the future.
Fluorescence Anisotropy, FT‐IR Spectroscopy and 31‐P NMR Studies on the Interaction of Paclitaxel with Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Dhanikula Anand Babu , Panchagnula Ramesh 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo understand the bilayer interaction with paclitaxel, fluorescence polarization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 31‐phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR) studies were performed on paclitaxel bearing liposomes. Fluorescence anisotropy of three probes namely, 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene (DPH), 12‐(9‐anthroyloxy) stearic acid (12AS) and 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) were monitored as a function of paclitaxel concentration in the unsaturated bilayers. The incorporation of paclitaxel decreased anisotropy of 12AS and ANS probes, while slightly increased anisotropy of DPH. Paclitaxel has a fluidizing effect in the upper region of the bilayer whereas the hydrophobic core is slightly rigidized. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed an increase in the asymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching frequencies, splitting of methylene scissoring band and broadening of carbonyl stretching mode. These studies collectively ascertained that paclitaxel mainly occupies the cooperativity region and interact with the interfacial region of unsaturated bilayers and induces fluidity in the headgroup region of bilayer. At higher loadings (>3 mol%), paclitaxel might gradually tend to accumulate at the interface and eventually partition out of bilayer as a result of solute exclusion phenomenon, resulting in crystallization; seed non‐bilayer phases, as revealed by 31P‐NMR, thereby destabilizing liposomal formulations. In general, any membrane component which has a rigidization effect will decrease, while that with a fluidizing effect will increase, with a bearing on headgroup interactions, partitioning of paclitaxel into bilayers and stability of the liposomes.