bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF COLLAGEN FROM NORMAL AND ABNORMAL HUMAN BONE
Authors: Quelch KJ , Murphy WH , Melick RA 
Published: August 2007

SummaryUsing cyanogen bromide digestion of bone collagen, we have studied the type of collagen in normal bone, and in samples from patients with Paget's disease of bone, osteomalacia, osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy. Despite extensive extraction with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and guanidine hydrochloride, not all of the glycoproteins could be removed from bone collagen. Upon electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels, the cyanogen bromide peptides of insoluble bone collagen showed the pattern of type I collagen only in all samples, both normal and abnormal. Amino acid composition of the insoluble collagens and the ratio of hydroxylated and non‐hydroxylated amino acids were similar for all adult bone samples.These results suggest that the type of collagen in bone is not altered in the bone diseases examined.
METABOLISM OF EXOGENOUS NORADRENALINE IN SLICES OF HYPOTHALAMUS AND CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF THE BRUSH‐TAIL POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Minson Jane B , De La Lande IS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, the major catecholamines in the hypothalamus and caudate nucleus are noradrenaline and dopamine, respectively, suggesting that catecholaminergic transmission in these regions is similar to that in eutherian mammalian brain. Comparisons of accumulation and metabolism of 3H noradrenaline by tissue slices of the two regions indicated that in the caudate nucleus there was a seven‐fold greater accumulation of unchanged noradrenaline but a lower rate of deamination to the principal metabolite, dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol (DOPEG). Cocaine inhibited DOPEG formation in the hypothalamus but nut in the caudate nucleus. To explain these results, it is suggested that in the hypothalamus noradrenaline is taken up by noradrenergic nerve terminals where it undergoes extensive deamination. However, in the caudate nucleus it is taken up by, but not deaminated within, the dopaminergic nerve terminals. In the hypothalamus the presence of a corticosteroid‐sensitive O‐methylating system extraneuronal to noradrenergic neurones was indicated by the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the O‐methylation of isoprenaline. The results do not point to any major differences between the metabolism of noradrenaline in metatherian (marsupial) and eutherian brain.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELEASE OF NORADRENALINE FROM HYPOTHALAMIC SLICES OF THE POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Minson Jane B , De La Lande IS 
Published: August 2007

SummarySlices of hypothalamus of the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, were incubated with 3H noradrenaline and the subsequent spontaneous and K+ ‐induced effluxes of 3H measured. Unchanged 3H noradrenaline comprised virtually all the K+‐induced efflux, indicating that there was little, if any, metabolism of the amine after its release. Receptor‐modulation of the K+‐induced efflux of 3H was shown by inhibition of this efflux by noradrenaline, clonidine, angiotensin II and leu‐enkephalin, and by the increase in efflux produced by yohimbine and isoprenaline. It is concluded that, in the possum, the control of spontaneous and K+‐induced release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus is similar to that in eutherian mammalian brain.
THE ISOLATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES AND PARAMYXOVIRUSES FROM FERAL DUCKS IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Austin FJ , Hinshaw Virginia S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTracheal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy ducks, gulls, shearwaters and terns in New Zealand were tested for myxoviruses by inoculation into embryonated eggs. Seven influenza A viruses belonging to three antigenic subtypes (H4N6; H1N3; H11N3) and nine paramyxoviruses of two antigenic subtypes (PMV‐1; PMV‐4) were isolated from feral ducks. The occurrence of the same virus subtypes in birds, including ducks, in other countries suggests that they were introduced into New Zealand by the importation of infected poultry or game birds. Ducks experimentally infected with two of the influenza A virus isolates excreted virus in their faeces for 12 days. Infection with H4N6 subtype prevented reinfection with the same subtype but not with a different one (H11N3).
IMPAIRED RENAL CONCENTRATING CAPACITY IN THE RAT AFTER SURGICAL RESECTION OF THE PAPILLA
Authors: Gobe Glenda C , Axelsen Roy A 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRenal cortical and medullary function was examined in rats 4 weeks after surgical resection of the distal portion of the renal papilla had been performed. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), obtained during the determination of free water reabsorption (TcH2O) at high rates of urine flow, did not differ significantly among controls (1·62 ± 0·19 m1/min, n = 5), sham operated animals (1·45 ± 0·16, n = 4) and papillectomized animals (1·49 ± 0·21, n = 7). Maximum urinary osmolality (Umax) was 2216 ± 293 mOsm/kg in controls, and was significantly reduced in sham operated (1737 ± 261, P <0·05) and papillectomized animals (889 ± 143, P <0·0001). TcH2O was normal in sham operated animals at high rates of osmolar clearance (Coom), but was significantly impaired after resection of the renal papilla. These results suggest that removal of the terminal collecting ducts and interruption of nephrons with long loops extending into the papilla impair the maximal generation of solute free water.
A MATURE MYELOID ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED ON HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Authors: López AF , Triglia T , Werkmeister JA , Burns GF 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA rat monoclonal antibody (MAb), NIMP‐R10, selected for binding to mouse granulocytes was found to identify all mature human peripheral blood neutrophils and a subpopulation of mononuclear cells. By cell sorting experiments the mononuclear cells labelled with NIMP‐R10 were shown to be predominantly large granular lymphocytes encompassing most of the natural killer cell activity of peripheral blood cells. NIMP‐R10 blocks the complement receptor on mouse myeloid cells, but the MAb was found to have no such biological activity when human cells were examined.
INTESTINAL ANTIBODIES IN RATS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO LIVE VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Cooper GN , McNab Christine E , Walker Patricia G , Jackson GDF 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIndirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to characterize the primary, secondary and tertiary antibody responses of rats to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat‐sensitive surface‐associated (HSSA) antigens of V. cholerae in the major immunoglobulin classes of serum, intestinal mucus and bile following intestinal injections of live organisms. Antibody production following the first injection was limited to the IgG and IgM classes of serum and the IgA class of bile but a second dose given 14 days later induced significant responses in all Ig classes of the three materials. Two contacts with the organism established effective, possibly long term, memory; large increases in serum IgG and intestinal mucus IgG and IgA anti‐LPS antibody concentrations occurred when the organism was given 6 weeks later, but anti‐HSSA production following the third injection was not significantly greater than during the secondary response. The results also suggest that while anti‐LPS antibodies of all three Ig classes are formed in the intestinal lymphoid tissues, local anti‐HSSA antibody is restricted to the IgA and IgG classes. Excretion of antibodies in bile does not directly correlate with responses in local and peripheral lymphoid tissues. It is suggested that the hepato‐biliary system may be as important to antibody‐mediated immunity in the intestine as are the active and passive trans‐epithelial mechanisms of antibody secretion.
MICROFIBRILLAR PROTEIN FROM ELASTIC TISSUE: A CRITICAL EVALUATION
Authors: Prosser IW , Gibson MA , Cleary EG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMany workers have claimed to have isolated proteins which have been derived from the microfibrillar components of elastic tissue. Virtually all of these preparations have been derived from extracts made with strong solutions of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) under reducing conditions following Ross and Bornstein (1969). The products have ranged from heterogeneous mixtures of proteins to discrete glycoproteins. In no case has identity between an individual protein and the elastin‐associated microfibrils been confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy.We have undertaken a detailed re‐examination of the extractability of elastin‐associated microfibrils and of the composition of the extracts from foetal bovine nuchal ligament. Finely homogenized samples were subjected to a series of extractions (including cyclical treatments with GuHCl and purified bacterial Collagenase) in the presence of inhibitors of protease activity. Under these conditions it has been shown that—(i) microfibrils were removed progressively by GuHCl, throughout the extraction schedule, without the need for reduction; (ii) all remaining microfibrils were removed by reductive GuHCl extraction; (iii) the product from this reductive extraction consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of proteins including several glycoproteins; (iv) a major antigenic constituent of the mixture of proteins localized to elastin‐associated microfibrils, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy. It is concluded that, while reductive GuHCl extracts do contain components with antigenic activity that is localized on elastin‐associated microfibrils, they have many non‐microfibrillar components. We stress that claims that a macromolecule is microfibrillar must be substantiated by immunoelectron microscopy.
METABOLISM OF BABESIA PARASITES IN VITRO. GLUCOSE AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF B. BOVIS
Authors: Barry DN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe glucose and oxygen consumption, glycolytic ratio, lactate and pyruvate production and change in adenylate energy charge (AEC) and ATP concentration of B strain B. bovis‐infected erythrocytes were measured. Although less than 5% of erythrocytes were infected, glucose and oxygen consumption in basal salts solution (BSS) were more than 2·5 times, and pyruvate production 7 times, those of uninfected erythrocytes. The glucose consumption of B. bovis alone was similar to previously reported values for B. rodhaini alone but the glycolytic ratio of B. bovis was less than half that previously reported for B. rodhaini.Pre‐incubation concentrations of ATP in B strain B. bovis‐infected erythrocytes were significantly lower than in uninfected erythrocytes but increased considerably following incubation in BSS, in contrast to B. rodhaini in which ATP concentrations were previously shown to decrease significantly following incubation in basal salts medium.When monitored every 4 h during 24 h incubation in BSS, the glucose consumption and lactate production of two strains of B. bovis were very similar. The glycolytic ratio of K strain B. bovis in RPMI 1640 medium plus 15% bovine plasma was double that in BSS. Both strains of B. bovis were infective after 24 h incubation in basal medium, in marked contrast to B. rodhaini which had been shown to lose infectivity.
STUDY OF LYMPHOCTYE INTERACTION IN HUMAN MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES IN VITRO
Authors: Cripps AW , Clancy RL , Chipchase H , Hennessy EJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe immune function of lymphocytes isolated from human mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) has been examined. Large yields of viable lymphocytes were obtained from MLN without the need for using enzyme or mucolytic agents. In comparison to gut mucosal lymphocytes MLN lymphocytes (MLNL) were technically easier to manipulate and to use in providing a more quantitative analysis of T‐B cell interaction. The results presented indicate that the pattern of immunoglobulin secretion and immunoregulution of lymphocytes isolated from MLN was similar to that in cells isolated from the lamina propria, supporting that MLN constitute an important component of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO TOXOCARA CANIS USING SERA FROM PARASITE‐INFECTED MICE AND PROTECTION FROM TOXOCARIASIS BY IMMUNISATION WITH ES ANTIGENS
Authors: Nicholas WL , Stewart AC , Mitchell GF 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEvidence for serological cross‐reactions between Toxocara canis and related nematode parasites has been sought using sera from infected mice and the immunodiagnostic excretory/secretory (ES) antigen of T. canis larvae. Sera from mice experimentally infected with either T. canis, T. cati, T. pteropodis, Toxascaris leonina or Ascaris suum were tested for the presence of antibodies to T. canis ES antigen by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti‐mouse IgG. T. canis ES antigen was obtained from the medium used to culture T. canis larvae, this being the same source of antigen as has been used in a highly satisfactory immunodiagnostic test for human toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans). Sera from mice infected with either A. suum, T. cati or T. pieropodis showed definite cross‐reactions with T. canis ES antigen in one or other of the two essays used. No reaction between anti‐T. leonina sera and T. canis ES antigen was demonstrated, although infection levels with this parasite were low in mice. Concerning biological activity of ES antigen, it is of some interest that mice hyperimmunised with T. canis ES antigen in adjuvant were shown to be significantly resistant to infection by T. canis.
THE VECTOR COMPETENCE OF AUSTRALIAN CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS AND KUNJIN VIRUSES
Authors: Kay BH , Fanning ID , Carley JG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAustralian populations of Culex annulirostris Skuse from 10 localities, Brisbane, Townsville, Cairns, Charleville, Kowanyama (Queensland), Darwin (Northern Territory), Mildura (Victoria) and Port Hedland, Karratha and Mt. Tom Price (Western Australia) showed considerable heterogeneity in response to oral infection with low passage level Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) and Kunjin (KUN) viruses. However, there was no consistent pattern of either high or low vector efficiency for populations collected from different regions. Overall, Cx annulirostris was a more competent vector of MVE virus than KUN virus, both in oral susceptibility (suckling mouse intracerebral ID50 of 101.7‐103.9 compared to 102.7‐104.8/mosquito, respectively) and in ability to transmit virus to chicks after 10 d extrinsic incubation (50–89% compared to 0–55%). High or low susceptibility with one virus did not correlate with susceptibility for the other. Although these data were probably subject to some seasonal variation, they generally support the view that Cx annulirostris is the principal vector of MVE in Australia. Poor to moderate susceptibility with KUN suggests that (1) it is only a minor vector in some localities, (2) vertebrate hosts have high viraemias or (3) the strain used may have been atypical.
THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF BIMIDA, A PROSPECTIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCANNING AGENT
Authors: Keayes Gabrielle C , Gallagher Clifford H 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe acute toxic effects of dimethyl benzimidazolyl methyliminodiacetic acid (Bimida), a prospective hepatobiliary scanning agent when labelled with 99mTc, are described. The LD50 in male and female rats was 150 mg/kg, and in mice 100 mg/kg, males, and 75 mg/kg, females, up to 2000 times the diagnostic dose required in patients. Clinical signs associated with administration of lethal and sublethal doses of Bimida suggested the cause of death to be an acute hypocalcaemic episode; this was confirmed. in vivo and in vitro. A significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Ca2+ concentration associated with administration of 100 human equivalent doses (HED) Bimida and 99mTc labelled Bimida was measured in serum and microsomal preparations of liver and intestine. An in vitro system indicated that this response was prevented in the presence of adequate Ca2+, suggesting that ALP activity is depressed because chelation of the metal ion by Bimida causes a shortage of the Ca2+ needed to activate the enzyme.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN TENSION OF LYMPH IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Cheung K , Morris B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA method is described for continuously measuring the PO2 of lymph in conscious sheep. An indwelling polarographic electrode inserted into a plastic cannula has been used to measure the PO2 in efferent popliteal lymph close to the point at which the lymph leaves the node. The mean PO2 of popliteal lymph in normal sheep was found to be 46·6 ± 5·3 mm Hg, equivalent to 7·1 ± 0·8% O2. Following antigenic challenge with killed Salmonella bacteria, the PO2 of the lymph changed significantly. These chances were related to the cellular response in the lymph and in the node. The PO2 values were maximum in the lymph 8 h after the injection of antigen during the ‘shut‐down’ period and minimum at around 80 h when the blast cell response was at its height. These in vivo findings suggest that in vitro studies on sheep lymphocytes should be done wish gas mixtures containing 7% O2.
THE RESPIRATION AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF SHEEP LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Cheung K , Morris B 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe respiration characteristics and energy metabolism of sheep lymphocytes collected from the popliteal lymph before and after antigenic challenge with Salmonella organisms have been studied at various O2 tensions. The O2 consumption of sheep lymphocytes could be related to the PO2 of the medium by the Michaelis‐Menten equation. In resting lymphocytes, Vmax (mean ± S.D.) was 1·70 ± 0·23 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells), critical O2 concentration ([O2]crit) was 2·00 ± 0·20 μM and Km was 0·46 ± 0·11 μM. Significant chances occurred in the respiration characteristics of these cells following antigenic challenge of the nude. Both Vmax and Km reached maxima when the blast cell response in the lymph was at its peak. [O2]crit, however, did not change significantly over an immune response. Lymphocytes collected before antigenic challenge had mean rates of glucose uptake of 0·97 ± 0·29 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells and lactate production of 1·31 ± 0·37 μmoles/h/2 × 108 cells. During the height of immune responses to Salmonella, lymphocytes showed an enhanced glucose uptake, lactate production and C‐1‐ and C‐6‐labelled glucose metabolism. The rates of energy metabolism of sheep lymphocytes varied with changes in the PO2 of the gas phase from 21% to 0% O2. The rates of glucose uptake and lactate production increased while the rates of 14CO2 production from C‐1‐ and C‐6‐labelled glucose decreased as the PO2 decreased.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PLASMID CONTENT OF BACTEROIDES SPP.
Authors: Riley TV , Mee BJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA collection of 50 clinical isolates of Bacteroides was examined for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid content. An attempt was then made to correlate the presence of plasmids with a specific phenotypic property. Of the 20 Bacteroides which contained plasmids, 18 were found to harbour plasmids of ≤ 9·8 megadaltons. The most common plasmid had a molecular weight of 4·8 megadaltons and was found in 9 strains. Most strains had multiple plasmid bands. All strains were examined for resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, arsenate, silver, cadmium, mercury, chromium, lead, nickel and cobalt, and for the production of β‐lactamase, heparinase, deoxyribonuclease, haemolysins and bacteriocins. Using a Chi‐squared analysis, there was no statistically significant correlation between any of these phenotypic traits and the presence of plasmids, except bacteriocin production. A total of 15 out of 20 (75%) of plasmid‐containing strains produced bacteriocins while only 10 out of 30 (33%) of plasmid‐free strains were capable of bacteriocin production (χ2, p < 0·005). Attempts to transfer or cure resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals or bacteriocin production were not successful.
PORTAL VEIN PERFUSION OF THE ISOLATED RAT LIVER: SOME MARKERS OF HYPERTHERMIC LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: Wynne JM , Mack S , McRae D , Pillay SP , Potts J , Boffinger C , Cowley DM , Egerton WS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia on tumours are readily measured. Parameters of injury to normal tissues are needed to evaluate therapeutic potential.Fifty‐five isolated rat fivers were perfused in vitro for 180 min in order to determine parameters of hyperthermic injury. During this period they were healed for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 37° to 45° and then assessed for evidence of hyperthermic injury.The most critical indicator of hyperthermic injury was sustained depression of bile production. Bile secretion decreased by 80% after heating at temperatures above 42°. Aspartate amino transferase (AST) release increased significantly at temperatures of 42° and above.Potassium and variable amounts of glucose were released into the medium during healing, reflecting temporary changes in metabolism at high temperatures.
EFFECT OF AN IRON‐CHELATING AGENT ON LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION
Authors: Bowern N , Ramshaw IA , Badenoch‐Jones P , Doherty PC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effect of the iron‐chelating: agent desferrioxamine on lymphocyte proliferation has been studied. Desferrioxamine at concentrations of 15 μM totally inhibited the proliferation of Concanavalin A‐stimulated lymphocytes, whereas iron‐saturated desferrioxamine was ineffective. Other metal salts, however, had little or no effect on the inhibition induced by this drug. Desferrioxamine was more effective at suppressing proliferation of T lymphocytes than B lymphocytes and additionally suppressed mixed lymphocyte cultures and the generation of cytotoxic T cells.
INFECTIONS WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN MICE SELECTIVELY REARED FOR HIGH OR LOW IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS TO NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Sitepu P , Dobson C , Brindley PJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMice which had been selectively reared over six generations for high (H) and low (L) immune responsiveness to N. dubius (Sitepu and Dobson, 1982) were infected with Salmonella typhimurium and N. brasiliensis to examine the specificity of the selection process for heterologous infections. H mice were marginally more susceptible than L mice to S. typhimurium, whereas H mice were more resistant to infection with N. brasiliensis than L mice. Both H and L mice were protected against N. dubius following immunization with N. brasiliensis larvae.
THE GUT‐ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID SYSTEM OF TWO SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN MARSUPIAL MICE, ANTECHINUS SWAINSONII AND ANTECHINUS STUARTII. DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY AND STRUCTURE OF PEYER'S PATCHES AND LYMPHOID FOLLICLES IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE
Authors: Poskitt David C , Duffey Kerry , Barnett Jennifer , Kimpton Wayne G , Muller H Konrad 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe distribution and number of Peyer's patches (5) in two species of marsupial mice, Antechinus swainsonii and Antechinus stuartii was found to be the same even though the length of the intestine in the latter species was half that of the former. Both species luck a caecum and appendix.The position of the Peyer's patches is unusual in that the first three Peyer's patches are on the right side of the small intestine whereas the penultimate and ultimate Peyer's patches are large, contain many lymphoid follicles and are in an anti‐mesenteric position in the small intestine and sometimes in the large intestine (ultimate Peyer's patch).The number of Peyer's patches in eutherian mice of similar size, and intestinal length is greater (13) although the number of Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles per centimetre intestine is less (1·8) than in A. swainsonii (4) and A. stuartii (4·4). Marsupial mice have most of their lymphoid follicles confined to a few large Peyer's patches, whereas eutherian mice have fewer lymphoid follicles per unit intestinal length, more Peyer's patches (with fewer lymphoid follicles) evenly distributed along the intestine and more single lymphoid follicles interspersed between them.