bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabis use and psychosis
Authors: HALL WAYNE 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews evidence on two hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. The first hypothesis is that heavy cannabis use may cause a “cannabis psychosis”—a psychosis that would not occur in the absence of cannabis use, the symptoms of which are preceded by heavy cannabis use and remit after abstinence. The second hypothesis is that cannabis use may precipitate schizophrenia, or exacerbate its symptoms. Evaluation of these hypotheses requires evidence of an association between cannabis use and psychosis, that is unlikely to be due to chance, in which cannabis use precedes psychosis, and in which we can exclude the hypothesis that the relationship is due to other factors, such as other drug use, or a personal vulnerability to psychosis. There is some clinical support for the first hypothesis. If these disorders exist they seem to be rare, because they require very high doses of THC, the prolonged use of highly potent forms of cannabis, or a pre‐existing (but as yet unspecified) vulnerability. There is more support for the second hypothesis, in that a large prospective study has shown a linear relationship between the frequency with which cannabis has been used by age 18 and the risks over the subsequent 15 years of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It is still unclear whether this means that cannabis use precipitates schizophrenia, whether it is a form of “self‐medication”, or whether the association is due to the use of other drugs, such as amphetamines, which heavy cannabis users are more likely to use. There is stronger evidence that cannabis use can exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia. Mental health services should identify patients with schizophrenia who use alcohol, cannabis and other drugs and advise them to abstain or to greatly reduce their drug use.
The Australian Study of HIV and Injecting Drug Use. Part I: Prevalence for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C among injecting drug users in four Australian cities
Authors: LOXLEY WENDY M. , PHILLIPS MIKE , CARRUTHERS SUSAN J. , BEVAN JUDE S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess differences in HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence among injecting drug users (IDU) in four Australian cities. Eight hundred and seventh‐two current IDU were recruited in approximately equal numbers from each of Adelaide, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, and interviewed individually using a structured questionnaire. Fingerprick blood samples were taken from the majority of respondents, and tested for past exposure to the three viruses. HIV and hepatitis B and C raw seroprevalences were compared across cities, and comparisons were made of age‐standardized seroprevalences for hepatitis B and C. Three percent of all respondents were HIV seropositive; 19% (23% age‐standardized) were hepatitis B seropositive and 55% (60% age‐standarized) were hepatitis C seropositive. There were general city differences and gender, sexual preference and treatment status group differences between the cities. Sydney respondents had the highest risk of infection for all three viruses in all comparisons. This was particularly striking for HIV among non‐heterosexual men. Various explanations for the findings were considered, including city differences in demographic and drug use variables, underlying patterns of risk behaviour, and period/cohort effects. It was concluded that none of these explanations appeared to fit the pattern of findings, and that these probably represented true underlying differences in size of pools of infection. The reasons for this, however, cannot be ascertained from this study.
Researchers' views about priorities for research on alcohol, tobacco and other drugs
Authors: WALSH RAOUL A. , LOW ALLISON , SANSON‐FISHER ROB W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere have been few attempts to study systematically researchers' views about priorities for addiction research. This mail/telephone survey of 101 Australian researchers achieved a 90% response rate. Respondents believed there should be a 50/50 split between the agency‐directed and researcher‐initiated methods of funding allocation. The top four drugs in terms of desired proportions of research spending were alcohol 32%, tobacco 18%, opiates 9% and prescribed drugs 9%. Researchers' preferences for high funding allocations on prevention research were at odds with the low level of Australian studies in this area. Complexities of design and methodology were nominated as the most important barriers to prevention research. The divide between qualitative and quantitative approaches was not identified as a major barrier to personal or prevention research. In addition to increases in both overall and specific funding, greater collaboration and political support were viewed as important facilitating factors for research efforts. Improved researcher training and the need to integrate research into quality assurance programmes were also nominated as useful means of encouraging prevention studies.
Arterial compliance in young children: the role of aerobic fitness
Authors: Reed Katharine E. , Warburton Darren E.R. , Lewanczuk Richard Z. , Haykowsky Mark J. , Scott Jessica M. , Whitney Crystal L. , McGavock Jonathan M. , McKay Heather A. 
Published: October 2005

BackgroundReduced arterial compliance is reflective of vascular dysfunction, which promotes the atherosclerotic process, and is therefore an important predictor of vascular disease. In adults, obesity, age, aerobic fitness, oestrogens and race influence arterial compliance. Although stature and blood pressure are known to influence compliance in children, other determinants are less established. This investigation sought to determine the predictors of arterial compliance in children, assess the extent to which aerobic fitness is related to compliance, and compare compliance between girls and boys.MethodsParticipants (99 children aged 9-11 years, 55 boys) were assessed for aerobic fitness, physical activity level, blood pressure, body mass, percentage fat mass, height, maturity and arterial compliance (large and small). Predictors of compliance were determined using stepwise regression. Second, children were divided into quartiles according to fitness, and arterial compliance was compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Finally, differences in compliance between girls and boys were assessed using ANCOVA.ResultsWe found that fitness, blood pressure and height accounted for 37% of the variance in large artery compliance. Mass, fitness, maturity and blood pressure accounted for 44% of the variance in small artery compliance. Children in the highest fitness quartile had greater compliance than children in the two lowest quartiles, by as much as 34%. There were no differences in compliance between girls and boys after adjusting for covariates.DiscussionThese data show that aerobic fitness is associated with arterial compliance in 9-11-year-old children, supporting the concept that physical fitness may exert a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.
Effects of Human Milk and Spermine on Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Oxidative Damage in IEC‐6 Cells
Authors: Shoji Hiromichi , Oguchi Satoshi , Fujinaga Shuichiro , Shinohara Koichi , Kaneko Kazunari , Shimizu Toshiaki , Yamashiro Yuichiro 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:Oxidative stress is intimately involved in the pathologic processes of serious diseases in the perinatal period. Human milk (HM) contains various bioactive substances, some of which are known as antioxidants, including polyamines such as spermine (SPM). We examined the antioxidative properties of HM and SPM in an intestinal epithelial cell line.Method:Confluent Intestinal Epithelial Cells‐6 (IEC‐6) cells were preincubated with 100‐fold dilutions of defatted HM, bovine milk, or three artificial milks for 24 hours, followed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) challenge (0.5 mM, 30 min) for oxidative stress. Cells were preincubated with either HM or increasing concentrations (within the range of HM) of SPM for 24 hours followed by an H2O2 challenge (0.25 mM, 30 min).Results:HM‐treated cells showed the highest survival rate (50%) compared with no pretreatment (27%), bovine milk‐treated (6%), or artificial formula‐treated (13‐16%) cells. Significantly higher survival rates were observed in the cells treated with HM (44.0%) and in those treated with 0.5, 1, or 5 μM of SPM (12.6, 13.1, or 22.2%, respectively) in comparison with the nontreated cells (7.0%).Conclusion:Our results demonstrated that HM and SPM alleviated H2O2‐induced oxidative damage in IEC‐6 cells, whereas bovine milk and artificial formula did not show any antioxidative capacity. These results suggest that HM acts as an antioxidant in the gastrointestinal tract of infants and that SPM plays an important role in the antioxidative properties of HM.
Influence of Feeding Patterns and Other Factors on Early Somatic Growth of Healthy, Preterm Infants in Home‐Based Kangaroo Mother Care: A Cohort Study
Authors: Charpak N , Ruiz‐Peláez J G , Figueroa Z ,   Kangaroo Research Team
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:Breast‐milk fortifiers recommended for premature infants are seldom available in developing countries. We describe the characteristics of growth in preterm infants under ambulatory Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) who eventually required supplemental formula because of failure to thrive with exclusive breast feeding. We evaluated the relationship between growth indices at term, nutritional status of the infant at birth, and feeding pattern.Design:Prospective cohort study conducted in the Neonatal Unit at Clínica San Pedro Claver and the KMC program, an ambulatory clinic from the Clínica del Niño tertiary care clinics in Bogotá, Colombia. Included were 115 mothers and their 129 healthy, preterm infants. One hundred twenty‐six (98.4%) infants were available for evaluation at term. Infant weights were monitored daily until they achieved 15 g/kg per day for 2 days and then weekly until term. Formula was offered only to infants who did not gain 15 g per kg per day for 3 consecutive days.Results:Sixty (47.6%) infants gained weight adequately with exclusive breast feeding. In 14 of those who needed supplements, adequate weight gain was achieved before reaching term and supplements could be stopped. The more immature infants required supplementation more frequently. With or without supplementation, infants with lower weight for gestational age at birth were less likely to achieve adequate weight by term.Conclusions:Growth indices at term in premature infants were close to those expected for term infants born in Bogotá (between percentile 10 to percentile 25). Decision on formula supplementation of breast milk should be made not only based on birth weight or gestational age but on a careful monitoring of weight gain while the mother is receiving continuous support to enhance and maintain successful breast‐feeding. Small‐for‐date premature infants thrive less well than other infants even with supplementation.
Evaluation of the Pediatric Crohn Disease Activity Index: A Prospective Multicenter Experience
Authors: Hyams Jeffrey , Markowitz James , Otley Anthony , Rosh Joel , Mack David , Bousvaros Athos , Kugathasan Subra , Pfefferkorn M , Tolia Vasundhara , Evans Jonathan , Treem William , Wyllie Robert , Rothbaum Robert , del Rosario J , Katz Aubrey , Mezoff Adam , Oliva‐Hemker M , Lerer Trudy , Griffiths Anne ,   Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Longitudinal assessment of disease activity is necessary for studies of therapeutic intervention in children with Crohn disease. The Pediatric Crohn Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) was developed a decade ago for such a purpose, but it function has only been examined in a small number of studies with a limited number of patients. The primary objectives of the present study were to develop cut scores reflecting disease activity as determined by physician global assessment (PGA) and to evaluate the responsiveness of the PCDAI to changes in patient condition after therapeutic interventions.Methods:Data were derived from a prospective database of newly diagnosed children with inflammatory bowel disease established in 2002 at 18 pediatric gastroenterology centers in the United States and Canada. At diagnosis, at 30 days and 3 months after diagnosis, and quarterly thereafter, children (<16 years of age) with Crohn disease had disease assessment performed by PGA and PCDAI. Disease management was provided according to the dictates of the attending gastroenterologist and not by predetermined protocol.Results:181 patients had concomitant PGA and PCDAI performed at diagnosis, and 95 of these had similar assessment at short‐term follow up. Mean ± SD PCDAI scores for mild, moderate, and severe disease by PGA at diagnosis were 19.5 ± 10.4, 32.2 ± 12.7, and 47.8 ± 14.9, respectively (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Mean ± SD PCDAI for inactive disease after treatment was 5.2 ± 5.4. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested that: 1) activity of moderate/severe disease was best reflected by a PCDAI of ≥30 points, 2) clinical response (moderate/severe disease improving to mild/inactive) was best reflected by a decrease in PCDAI of ≥12.5 points, and 3) a PCDAI < 10 best reflected inactive disease.Conclusions:PCDAI scores accurately reflect disease activity as assessed by physician global assessment. A PCDAI score of ≥30 has acceptable sensitivity and specificity to indicate disease of moderate/severe activity. A PCDAI decrease of 12.5 points or greater following therapeutic intervention accurately reflects a clinically significant response. The PCDAI is an appropriate tool for intervention trials in Crohn disease in children.
Evaluation of interactive online courses for advanced practice nurses
Authors: Huckstadt Alicia , Hayes Karen 
Published: October 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the effectiveness of two interactive online learning modules for advanced practice nurses (APNs) and (b) to examine the participants’ demographic characteristics and their perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of online learning.Data sourcesA purposive sample of 73 registered nurses and APNs enrolled in graduate study or continuing education completed an online learning course. These participants were pretested and post‐tested using a knowledge test developed by the authors. Participants were also surveyed for demographic characteristics and perceptions toward online learning.ConclusionsThe findings of this study support case‐based online learning as a successful method in the education of APNs. The evaluation of the online modules and the enthusiasm from students indicated success of this teaching/learning method. The majority of learners responded positively toward the online method of learning and included comments that indicated they enjoyed learning using this method, would like to have the site available at their practice locations for reference, and would like to have other courses designed and delivered in this manner.Implications for practice and educationThe effectiveness and quality of the online instruction ultimately matter most to student satisfaction in online courses. The future of online education is dependent on well‐structured, interactive, and substantive programs. Educators are challenged to continually assess and evaluate the changing learning needs of APNs.
Mapping of genes expressed in activated porcine Peyer's patch
Authors: Dvorak C. M. T. , Flickinger G. H. , Hendrickson J. A. , Fahrenkrug S. C. , Murtaugh M. P. , Rutherford M. S. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryTo determine the chromosomal locations for genes expressed in porcine Peyer's patches, polymerase chain reaction‐based mapping of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) isolated from a porcine Peyer's patch‐specific cDNA library was performed across a 6500‐rad swine radiation hybrid panel. A total of 116 ESTs were mapped with LOD scores >6.0, and another 11 ESTs had LOD scores between 5.0 and 6.0. Of these 127 ESTs, 63% matched known genes (<e‐25), 26% matched genes of unknown function, and 11% matched no sequences in the public mammalian databases. Comparative mapping information for 91% of the unknown ESTs was obtained in silico by sequence matching to human chromosomes. Placement of these ESTs on the porcine map will assist in the development of high density and comparative genetic maps for positional cloning and identification of genes responsible for immune function in the gut.
The evaluation of remedial treatments for wine affected by Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Pickering Gary , Lin James , Reynolds Andrew , Soleas George , Riesen Roland 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThis study evaluated the efficacy of a range of commercially available fining agents and other interventions on reducing 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine (IPMP) concentration and taint characteristics of white and red wine affected by Harmonia axyridis (HA). Wines fermented in the presence of HA beetles were treated with bentonite, activated charcoal, oak chips, deodorized oak chips and either ultraviolet (red wine) or visible (white wine) light. IPMP concentrations were lowered by activated charcoal in white wine and deodorized oak in red wine. Treatment with oak chips reduced the intensity of HA‐associated sensory attributes (‘ladybug taint’) in both white and red wines, while other applications generally had no effect on white wine and limited effect on red wines.
The derivation of the GAB adsorption equation from the BDDT adsorption theory
Authors: Caurie Matthew 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe BET‐like adsorption equation, popularly known as the GAB equation, was derived from the BDDT adsorption equation without changes to the bulk liquid properties of multilayer molecules. Without these changes the third parameter K in the GAB equation cannot be said to measure changes in the bulk liquid properties of the multilayer molecules. Instead K measures the range of application of the GAB equation and differentiates multilayer adsorption, when K > 0.5, from singular layer adsorption, when K ≤ 0.5. The GAB equation, derived from and based on the BDDT theory is argued, in this paper, to provide a greater insight into the mechanism of water adsorption than the same equation derived from and based on the BET theory.
Heterokaryon formation and parasexual recombination between vegetatively incompatible lineages in a population of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica
Authors: McGUIRE I. C. , DAVIS J. E. , DOUBLE M. L. , MacDONALD W. L. , RAUSCHER J. T. , McCAWLEY S. , MILGROOM M. G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHeterokaryosis was recently reported in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, in which individuals contain nuclei that are isogenic except at the mating‐type locus (MAT). MAT heterokaryons were found in several natural populations, including a putatively clonal population in West Salem, Wisconsin, providing an opportunity to address the question of how heterokaryons arise. We represented relationships among RFLP fingerprint haplotypes as networks in which loop formation is considered evidence of recombination. From 1990 to 1995, this population was clonal, as indicated by a simple haplotype network without loops, and the correlation of vegetative compatibility (vc) types and mating types with haplotype lineages. By 1999, we observed loops in the haplotype network involving isolates of two vc types (WS‐2 and WS‐3). Isolates with haplotypes in the loops were either MAT heterokaryons, carried the opposite mating type from other isolates of the same vc type, and/or had two alleles at two or more codominant SCAR (sequence‐characterized amplified region) loci. Segregation of markers and recombination were evident among single‐spore isolates from one heterokaryon; these single‐spore isolates had novel fingerprint haplotypes, also within the loops. In contrast, vc type WS‐1, which comprises 85% of the population, was represented by a simple network with no loops, indicating a clonal lineage varying only by mutation. Almost all isolates of WS‐1 had the same mating type; the exceptions were five isolates that were MAT heterokaryons. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that heterokaryons formed between vegetatively incompatible individuals, and recombination occurred by a parasexual process.
Multiple origins and incursions of the Atlantic barnacle Chthamalus proteus in the Pacific
Authors: ZARDUS JOHN D. , HADFIELD MICHAEL G. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Chthamalus proteus, a barnacle native to the Caribbean and western Atlantic, was introduced to the Pacific within the last few decades. Using direct sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (COI), we characterized genetic variation in native and introduced populations and searched for genetic matches between regions to determine if there were multiple geographical sources and introduction points for this barnacle. In the native range, we found great genetic differences among populations (max. FST = 0.613) encompassing four lineages: one endemic to Panama, one endemic to Brazil, and two occurring Caribbean‐wide. All four lineages were represented in the Pacific, but not equally; the Brazilian lineage was most prevalent and the Panamanian least common. Twenty‐one individuals spread among nearly every island from where the barnacle is known in the Pacific, exactly matched six haplotypes scattered among Curaçao, the Netherlands Antilles; St John, US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; and Brazil, confirming a multigeographical origin for the Pacific populations. Significant genetic differences were also found in introduced populations from the Hawaiian Islands (FCT = 0.043, P < 0.001), indicating introduction events have occurred at more than one locality. However, the sequence, timing and number of arrival events remains unknown. Possible reasons for limited transport of this barnacle through the Panama Canal are discussed. This and a preponderance of Brazilian‐type individuals in the Pacific suggest an unexpected route of entry from around Cape Horn, South America. Unification in the Pacific of historically divergent lineages of this barnacle raises the possibility for selection of ‘hybrids’ with novel ecological adaptations in its new environment.