bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of psychosis in people of African–Caribbean family origin
Authors: Harrison Glynn , Amin Shazad , Singh Swaran P. , Croudace Tim , Jones Peter 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAn increased incidence of psychotic disorders has repeatedly been reported among African–Caribbeans in the UK.AimsTo test whether the increased incidence of psychotic disorders in first-and second-generation African–Caribbeans in the UK could be caused by a relative excess of affective-related psychoses with good prognosis.MethodThirty-three patients of African–Caribbean family origin identified in a population-based study of first-episode psychoses were compared with the remaining cases. Three-year outcomes and patterns of course were compared.ResultsThere was a trend for better outcomes in African–Caribbean patients for symptoms and social disability, but patterns of course were similar (odds ratio=0.9 (–0.50 to –2.00)). Pattern of course improved after adjustment for confounding by gender, social class, age, diagnosis and duration of untreated illness (odds ratio=0.59 (–0.21 to –1.66)). Diagnostic profiles were similar, with no evidence of greater diagnostic instability in the African–Caribbean group.ConclusionPattern of course of psychosis did not differ significantly by ethnic family background. An excess of good-prognosis affective psychoses is an unlikely explanation for increased rates of psychosis in African–Caribbeans.
British psychiatry and homosexuality
Authors: King Michael , Bartlett Annie 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundOpposition to homosexuality in Europe reached a crescendo in the 19th century. What had earlier been regarded as a vice evolved as a perversion or psychological illness. Official reviews of homosexuality as both an illness and (for men) a crime led to discrimination, inhumane treatments and shame, guilt and fear for gay men and lesbians. Only recently has homosexuality been removed from all international diagnostic glossaries.AimsTo review how British psychiatry has regarded homosexuality over the past century.MethodReview of key publications on homosexuality in British psychiatry.ResultsThe literature on homosexuality reflects evolving theories on sexuality over the past century. The assumptions in psychoanalysis and the behavioural sciences that sexuality could be altered led to unscientific theory and practice.ConclusionsMental health professionals in Britain should be aware of the mistakes of the past. Only in that way can we prevent future excesses and heal the gulf between gay and lesbian patients and their psychiatrists.
Paroxetine in social phobia/social anxiety disorder
Authors: Baldwin David , Bobes Julio , Stein Dan J. , Scharwächter Ingebor , Faure Michel 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundPreliminary studies have suggested that paroxetine may be effective in social phobia/social anxiety disorder.AimsTo assess the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in the acute (12-week) treatment of social phobia.MethodTwo-hundred and ninety patients with social phobia were assigned randomly to paroxetine (20–50 mg/day flexible dose) or placebo for 12 weeks of double-blind treatment. Primary efficacy outcomes were the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total score (patient-rated) and the Clinical Global Impression (GGI) scale global improvement item. The secondary efficacy variables included CGI scale severity of illness score and the patient-rated Social Avoidance and Distress Scale.ResultsParoxetine produced a significantly greater reduction in LSAS total score (mean change from baseline: –29.4 v. –15.6; P 0.001) and a greater proportion of responders (score $2 on CGI global improvement) (65.7% v. 32.4%; P < 0.001) compared with placebo at the end of the 12-week study period. Both primary efficacy variables were statistically significant compared with placebo from week 4 onwards. Paroxetine was generally well tolerated.ConclusionsParoxetine is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for patients with social phobia.
Prevalence and characteristics of patients with severe mental illness and borderline intellectual functioning
Authors: Hassiotis Angela , Ukoumunne Obioha , Tyrer Peter , Piachaud Jack , Gilvarry Catherine , Harvey Kate , Fraser Janelle 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundLow cognitive ability and developmental delays have been implicated in the causation of mental illness.AimsTo examine the prevalence, socio-demographic characteristics, psychopathology and social functioning profiles of people with low intelligence and recurrent psychotic illness.MethodA multi-centre randomised controlled trial of case management provided the opportunity to explore associations between mental illness and borderline intellectual functioning (assessed using the National Adult Reading Test)ResultsOverall prevalence of borderline intelligence was 18%. Significant positive associations were shown with: being Black Caribbean; having a father who worked in a manual occupation; lower educational achievement; having had special education; longer course of illness. Those with borderline intelligence had greater disability and were more likely to suffer extrapyramidal side-effects and show evidence of negative symptoms. Educational achievement, history of special education and social class were the best socio-demographic predictors of intellectual level.ConclusionsMany patients who attend generic psychiatric services have considerable intellectual deficits. This may lead to difficulties in other domains of adaptive functioning, and merits further investigation as well as clinical vigilance.
Characteristics, context and consequences of memory recovery among adults in therapy
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Brewin Chris R. , Ochera Jennifer , Morton John , Bekerian Debra A. , Davies Graham M. , Mollon Phil 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThere are concerns that memories recovered during therapy are likely to be the result of inappropriate therapeutic techniques.AimsTo investigate systematically these concerns.MethodOne-hundred and eight therapists provided information on all clients with recovered memories seen in the past three years, and were interviewed in detail on up to three such clients.ResultsOf a total of 690 clients, therapists reported that 65% recalled child sexual abuse and 35% recalled other traumas, 32% started recovering memories before entering therapy According to therapists' accounts, among the 236 detailed client cases very few appeared improbable and corroboration was reported in 41%. Techniques to aid recall were used in 42%, but only in 22% were they used before memory recovery started.ConclusionsSome of the data are consistent with memories being of iatrogenic origin, but other data clearly point to the need for additional explanations.
Case register study of suicide risk in mental disorders
Authors: Baxter David , Appleby Louis 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThere have been few large-scale studies of long-term suicide risk in mental disorders in the UK.AimsTo estimate the long-term risk of suicide in psychiatric patients.MethodA sample of 7921 individuals was identified from the Salford Psychiatric Case Register. Mortality by suicide or undetermined external cause during a follow-up period of up to 18 years was determined using the NHS Central Register; suicide risks were estimated as rate ratios.ResultsSuicide risk was increased more than ten-fold in both genders: the rate ratio for males was 11.4; for females it was 13.7. The risk was highest in young patients, but high risk continued into late life. The diagnoses with the highest risk were schizophrenia, affective disorders, personality disorder and (in males) substance dependence. Risk was also associated with recent initial contact and number of admissions but not comorbidity.ConclusionsThe suicide risks estimated in this study are generally higher than those previously reported, notably in schizophrenia and personality disorder, and in previous in-patients. Patients with these high-risk diagnoses, an onset of illness within the previous 1–3 years, or more than one previous admission should be regarded as priority groups for suicide prevention by mental health services.
Sensorimotor and cognitive development of infants of mothers with schizophrenia
Authors: Yoshida K. , Marks M. N. , Craggs M. , Smith B. , Kumar R. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe parenting environment provided by mothers with schizophrenia is likely to contribute to the cognitive impairment observed in their offspring.AimsTo assess the relative contribution of maternal schizophrenia, obstetric factors and mothers' lifestyle to the cognitive development of infants in their first year.MethodThe Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 19 infants of mothers with schizophrenia, 34 with non-psychotic depression in the mother, 29 with affective psychosis in the mother and 24 normal controls when the babies were two and seven months of age.ResultsAt two months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia and of those with affective psychosis had lower mental development index (MDI) scores than controls. At seven months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia had lower MDI scores than all other groups. When infant birth weight and mothers' social class were taken into account there was no effect of maternal schizophrenia on infants' MDI scores.ConclusionsInfants of mothers with schizophrenia are likely to have impaired cognitive development. This may be due in part to environmental factors such as the mother's lifestyle.
Undifferentiated dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: Age- and gender-related incidence in Liverpool
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , McCracken Cherie , Dewey M. E. , Wilson K. C. M. , Doran Mark , Gilmore Chris , Scott Anne , Larkin Bernie 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundDoes incidence of dementia follow the age pattern of prevalence? Is gender a risk factor? Do patterns of incidence differ between dementias?AimsTo assess age-specific incidence rates of undifferentiated dementias, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.Method5222 individuals aged $65 years, were interviewed using the Geriatric Mental State/History and Aetiology Schedule. The AGECAT package was used to identify cases at three interviewing waves at two-year intervals. Diagnoses were made using ICD −10 Research Criteria and validated against neurological and psychological examination, with imaging and neuropathology on unselected subsamples.ResultsIncidence rates of the dementias increase with age. Age patterns are similar between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Gender appears influential in Alzheimer's disease. In England and Wales, 39 437 new cases of Alzheimer's disease (4.9/1000 person-years at risk); 20 513 of vascular dementia (2.6/1000 person-years) and 155 169 of undifferentiated dementia (19/1000 person-years) can be expected each year.ConclusionsIncidence rates for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia appear to behave differently with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease for women compared to vascular dementia.
Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gail Model in Women With Atypical Hyperplasia
Authors: Pankratz V. Shane , Hartmann Lynn C. , Degnim Amy C. , Vierkant Robert A. , Ghosh Karthik , Vachon Celine M. , Frost Marlene H. , Maloney Shaun D. , Reynolds Carol , Boughey Judy C. 
Published: October 2008

Purpose An accurate estimate of a woman's breast cancer risk is essential for optimal patient counseling and management. Women with biopsy-confirmed atypical hyperplasia of the breast (atypia) are at high risk for breast cancer. The Gail model is widely used in these women, but has not been validated in them. Patients and Methods Women with atypia were identified from the Mayo Benign Breast Disease (BBD) cohort (1967 to 1991). Their risk factors for breast cancer were obtained, and the Gail model was used to predict 5-year–and follow-up–specific risks for each woman. The predicted and observed numbers of breast cancers were compared, and the concordance between individual risk levels and outcomes was computed. Results Of the 9,376 women in the BBD cohort, 331 women had atypia (3.5%). At a mean follow-up of 13.7 years, 58 of 331 (17.5%) patients had developed invasive breast cancer, 1.66 times more than the 34.9 predicted by the Gail model (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.15; P < .001). For individual women, the concordance between predicted and observed outcomes was low, with a concordance statistic of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.55). Conclusion The Gail model significantly underestimates the risk of breast cancer in women with atypia. Its ability to discriminate women with atypia into those who did and did not develop breast cancer is limited. Health care professionals should be cautious when using the Gail model to counsel individual patients with atypia.
Roles of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in the Development of Contralateral Breast Cancer
Authors: Hooning Maartje J. , Aleman Berthe M.P. , Hauptmann Michael , Baaijens Margreet H.A. , Klijn Jan G.M. , Noyon Ruth , Stovall Marilyn , van Leeuwen Flora E. 
Published: October 2008

Purpose Few studies have examined whether modern radiotherapy and chemotherapy affect the risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC), and results are inconclusive. Patients and Methods We assessed long-term risk of CBC in a predominantly young breast cancer (BC) population (n = 7,221), focusing on the effects of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and family history of BC. Risk of CBC was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results Radiotherapy-associated risk of CBC increased with decreasing age at first treatment (age < 35 years, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.78; 95% CI, 0.85 to 3.72; age > 45 years, HR = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.45). Postmastectomy radiotherapy using direct electron fields led to a significantly lower radiation exposure to the contralateral breast than postlumpectomy radiotherapy using tangential fields. Women treated before age 45 years with postlumpectomy radiotherapy experienced 1.5-fold increased risk of CBC compared with those who had postmastectomy radiotherapy. The joint effects of postlumpectomy radiotherapy and strong family history for BC on risk of CBC were greater than expected when individual risks were summed (HR = 3.52; 95% CI, 2.07 to 6.02; Pdeparture from additivity = .043). Treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) was associated with a nonsignificantly decreased risk of CBC in the first 5 years of follow-up but did not reduce CBC risk in subsequent years. Conclusion Young patients with BC irradiated with breast tangentials experience increased risk of CBC, especially in those with a positive family history of BC. This finding should be taken into account when advising breast radiation with tangential fields to young patients with BC. Adjuvant chemotherapy seemed to reduce the risk of CBC during the first 5 years after treatment only.
Bevacizumab Beyond First Progression Is Associated With Prolonged Overall Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From a Large Observational Cohort Study (BRiTE)
Authors: Grothey Axel , Sugrue Mary M. , Purdie David M. , Dong Wei , Sargent Daniel , Hedrick Eric , Kozloff Mark 
Published: October 2008

Purpose Bevacizumab provides a survival benefit in first- and second-line metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In a large, observational, bevacizumab treatment study (Bevacizumab Regimens: Investigation of Treatment Effects and Safety [BRiTE]) in patients who had mCRC, a longer-than-expected overall survival (OS) of 25.1 months was reported. The association between various pre- and post-treatment factors (including the use of bevacizumab beyond first progression [BBP]) and survival was examined. Patients and Methods The 1,445 of 1,953 previously untreated patients with mCRC who were enrolled in BRiTE and who experienced disease progression (PD) were classified into three groups: no post-PD treatment (n = 253), post-PD treatment without bevacizumab (no BBP; n = 531), and BBP (n = 642). Relevant baseline and on-study variables, including BBP, were analyzed with a Cox model with respect to their independent effect on survival beyond first PD. Results Median OS was 25.1 months (95% CI, 23.4 to 27.5 months), and median progression-free survival was 10.0 months in the overall BRiTE population. Baseline and postbaseline factors were well balanced between the BBP and no-BBP groups. Median OS rates were 12.6, 19.9, and 31.8 months in the no post-PD treatment, no-BBP, and BBP groups, respectively. In multivariate analyses, compared with no BBP, BBP was strongly and independently associated with improved survival (HR, 0.48; P < .001). Hypertension that required medication was the only bevacizumab-related safety event that occurred more frequently in the BBP group (24.6% v 19.2%). Conclusion These results from a large, prospective, observational study suggest that continued vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition with bevacizumab beyond initial PD could play an important role improving the overall success of therapy for patients who have mCRC.
Secondary student motivation orientations and standards‐based achievement outcomes
Authors: Meyer Luanna H. , McClure John , Walkey Frank , Weir Kirsty F. , McKenzie Lynanne 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundIndividual student characteristics such as competence motivation, achievement values, and goal orientations have been related in meaningful ways to task attainment. The standards‐based National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) was developed in New Zealand with the intention of strengthening connections between student learning behaviours and achievement outcomes.AimThis study investigates interrelationships between self‐reported motivation orientations and achievement outcomes on the NCEA, a standards‐based, criterion‐referenced assessment system for senior secondary students.SampleParticipants were 3,569 Year 11–Year 13 students at 20 nationally representative secondary schools in New Zealand.MethodSurvey data were factor analysed followed by regression analyses to examine relationships across demographic factors, self‐report survey results, and NCEA achievement outcomes.ResultsSeveral theoretically meaningful self‐reported motivation orientations were strongly related to actual achievement includingdoing my best(high achievement) anddoing just enough(low achievement). These dimensions varied by gender, ethnicity, and school zone decile.ConclusionsThese findings illustrate how particular design features of a standards‐based assessment system relate to student attitudes and achievement. They also highlight the need for longitudinal research to investigate patterns over time as well as the possible impact of interventions to alter motivation and/or academic task performance.
Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia
Authors: Stevens Stephan , Rist Fred , Gerlach Alexander L. 
Published: October 2008

ObjectivesIndividuals with social phobia are at an increased risk to develop alcohol problems. However, the mechanism responsible for this association is unclear. It has been suggested that alcohol reduces anxiety by impairing initial appraisal of threatening stimuli. Information that is especially threatening, however, may be resistant to such an effect of alcohol. We tested the influence of alcohol on the appraisal of five emotional facial expressions.Methods40 social phobia patients and 40 controls performed a dot probe task, after drinking either alcohol or orange juice. Stimuli were faces with happy, angry, neutral and also two ambiguous expressions that were formed by blending angry or happy faces and neutral faces. Stimuli were presented for either 175 or 600 ms.ResultSober patients showed an attentional bias towards angry faces, indicating preferential processing of threat stimuli. Alcohol significantly reduced this bias. Only in sober participants, this attentional bias correlated with measures of social anxiety. In controls, no biases were observed.ConclusionsAlcohol seems to attenuate the impact of threatening social stimuli on social phobia patients, which may negatively reinforce the consumption of alcohol and at least partially explain the heightened comorbidity with alcohol related problems known from epidemiological studies. The dot probe task with short stimulus presentation times seems to provide an adequate method to demonstrate alcohol effects on information processing.
Overgeneral autobiographical memory and age of onset of childhood sexual abuse in patients with recurrent suicidal behaviour
Authors: Crane Catherine , Duggan Danielle S. 
Published: October 2008

ObjectiveTo explore the association between age of onset of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and overgeneral memory (OGM) in a clinical sample.MethodPresence and age of onset of CSA and levels of OGM were assessed in 49 patients attending hospital following a recurrence of suicidal behaviour.ResultsTwenty six participants reported CSA. Earlier age of onset of CSA was associated with greater OGM, indexed by fewer specific and more categoric memories. The association was not accounted for either by elevated levels of depression in those reporting earlier abuse, nor by levels of general verbal fluency.ConclusionsThe findings are consistent with previous work and support the hypothesis that abuse occurring earlier in development results in more pronounced OGM.
Charakterisierung von Hohlfasern für kompakte Infrarot-Gasmesszellen Characterization of Hollow Fibres for Compact Infrared Gas Measurement Cells
Authors: Hartwig Susanne , Lambrecht Armin 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die Nachweisempfindlichkeit von infrarotoptischen Gassensoren ist von der Wechselwirkungsstrecke zwischen Gas und Strahlung abhängig — d. h. eine Verkleinerung der Absorptionsstrecke bedeutet zugleich eine geringere Nachweisempfindlichkeit. Einer Miniaturisierung sind damit Grenzen gesetzt. Die Verwendung von gasdurchströmten Hohlfasern ist eine Möglichkeit, kompakte Gassensoren mit geringen Gasvolumina bei relativ langer Wegstrecke zu realisieren. Verschiedene Hohlfasertypen wurden charakterisiert und auf ihre Eignung als Gassensor untersucht. Simulation und experimentelle Ergebnisse zur Realisierung eines kompakten Alkoholsensors auf Hohlfaserbasis zeigen sehr gute Übereinstimmung.
Ellipsen- und Kreisdetektion zur Bestimmung der Orientierung von Stahl- und Glasfasern in Beton Detection of Ellipses and Circles to Determine the Orientation of Steel and Glass Fibres in Concrete
Authors: Lange Johannes , Rauscher Sabine , Benning Wilhelm , Hegger Josef 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die Detektion von Fasern im Beton wird mittels Bildverarbeitungsmethoden durch Kreis- und Ellipsenerkennung durchgeführt. Eine Herausforderung bei der Auswertung stellen neben der geringen Fasergröße die große Faseranzahl, Überlappungen, Berührungen, Formfehler sowie die Qualität der Bilder dar. Anhand der zufällig verteilten Stahlfasern oder der in Lastrichtung orientierten Glasfasern werden an grundlegend unterschiedlichen, aber ähnlich auszuwertenden Beispielen aus dem Bauwesen Methoden wie die Mathematische Morphologie, die Randomisierte Hough-Transformation und Nachverarbeitungsmethoden erläutert.
Freiheitsgradregularisierte Entfaltung von Messdaten aus AFM-Sondermodi DoF-Restricted Deconvolution of Measured Data from AFM Special Modes
Authors: Nestler Rico , Machleidt Torsten , Franke Karl-Heinz , Sparrer Erik 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Seit geraumer Zeit werden durch Forschergruppen an verschiedenen Stellen Anstrengungen unternommen, bildhafte Messdaten von Rasterkraftmikroskopen (AFM) mit dem aus der Bildverarbeitung verfügbaren Methodenrepertoire zu verbessern. Im Fall der Potenzialmessung nach der Kelvin-Methode (KFM) bieten sich aufgrund der linearen Zusammenhänge bei der Datenentstehung sehr gute Voraussetzungen, um die prinzipbedingt geringere laterale Auflösung der KFM-Messdaten durch Entfaltung zu erhöhen. Im Beitrag wird in diesem Zusammenhang ein adaptives freiheitsgradbeschränktes Bildmodell zur Verfahrensregularisierung vorgestellt. Derartige Modelle wurden von den Autoren bereits erfolgreich im Bereich der Restauration astronomischer Himmelsüberwachungsaufnahmen eingesetzt.