bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Framework for Engineering of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride by Focused Ion Beams
Authors: Hennessey Madeline , Whitefield Benjamin , Gale Angus , Kianinia Mehran , Scott John A. , Aharonovich Igor , Toth Milos 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is gaining interest as a wide bandgap van der Waals host of optically active spin defects for quantum technologies. Most studies of the spin‐photon interface in hBN focus on the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB−) defect, which is typically fabricated by ion irradiation. However, the applicability and wide deployment of VB− defects is limited by VB− fabrication methods which lack robustness and reproducibility, particularly when applied to thin flakes (≲10 nm) of hBN. Here, two key factors are elucidated that underpin the formation and quenching of VB− centers by ion irradiation—density of defects generated in the hBN lattice and recoil‐implantation of foreign atoms into hBN. Critically, it is shown that the latter is extremely efficient at inhibiting the generation of optically‐active VB− centers. This is significant because foreign atoms such as carbon are commonplace on both the top and bottom surfaces of hBN during ion irradiation, in the form of hydrocarbon contaminants, polymer residues from hBN transfer methods, protective capping layers and substrates. Recoil implantation must be accounted for when selecting ion beam parameters such as ion mass, energy, fluence, incidence angle, and sputter/span yield, which are discussed in the context of a framework for VB− generation by high‐resolution focused ion beam (FIB) systems.
Facile Fabrication of an SnSx‐SnO2‐Decorated Cobalt Sulfide Film as an Effective Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Yaning , Li Pengju , Luo Huiming , Han Chaohan , Wu Yue , Pan Yiting , Su Yuan , Liu Lei , Jiang Qing‐Song 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMetal sulfide stands out as one of the novel and promising platinum‐free counter electrode (CE) materials for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this work, SnSx‐SnO2‐decorated CoSx films were designed and synthesized by a low‐temperature fabrication process. The small clusters of nanoparticles create a large amount of catalytic active sites, resulting in superior electrocatalytic activity for triiodide reduction. The DSSC with SnSx‐SnO2‐decorated CoSx film has achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 4.57 %, which is close to the efficiency of the DSSC with platinum CE (4.82 %). Furthermore, regarding the attenuation of the photovoltaic performance for the DSSC with SnSx‐SnO2‐decorated CoSx film, negligible change was observed after a prolonged storage under ambient condition for five days. Therefore, it is worthwhile to expect the explorations of novel fabricate technique for synthesizing cost‐effective metal sulfide films with long‐term stability in DSSCs.
Study on the Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of Modified TiO2 Supported by G‐C3N4 in the Degradation of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Authors: Lan Phung Thi , Hao Nguyen Hoang , Cam Le Minh 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe impact of alkaline hydrothermal treatment on the structure and morphology of Degussa P25 was evaluated. The modification results in a larger surface area, which improves 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) adsorption capacity and has a remarkable effect on the 2,4‐D photocatalytic degradation. The 30 % mod. TiO2/g‐C3N4 and 50 % mod.TiO2/g‐C3N4 composites were made by combining the treated Degussa P25 with g‐C3N4 at mass ratios of 30 % and 50 %. Using XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, UV‐vis DRS, and PL, the synthesized materials were physically characterized. When compared to their pure components, the composites show a longer “lifetime” of charge carriers and a reduced energy band gap. The 2,4‐D degradation under visible light irradiation (λ>400 nm) was used to assess their photocatalytic activity. The influence of pH and 2,4‐D initial concentration were investigated. The enhanced 2,4‐D degradation efficiency of more than 80 % is ascribed to the cooperative photocatalytic action of mod.TiO2 and g‐C3N4. Both ⋅OH, O2⋅− radicals and h+ were the ROS dominating the degradation of 2,4‐D under investigated experimental circumstances. The 2,4‐D photocatalytic degradation follows pseudo‐first order kinetics. The findings of this work indicate that Degussa P25/g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts may be employed, depending on the pH conditions, in the wastewater treatment.
A Facile Zinc(II) Chloride Assisted Desulfurization of High‐Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Zuckerman Jake E. , Zeller Matthias , Piercey Davin G. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHigh‐nitrogen heterocycles are important to fields as diverse as pharmaceuticals and energetic materials. However, their synthesis can often be inconvenient or involve toxic precursors. In this work, we synthesize 1‐substituted‐5H‐tetrazoles via the desulfurization of readily available 1‐substituted‐1H‐tetrazole‐5‐thiones via a zinc chloride assisted desulfurization providing a new, safe, and efficient process with higher yields than the traditional desulfurization methods.
Synthesis of CoMn‐LDH@MXene Hybrid Materials as Flame Retardant to Effectively Improve the Fire Safety of Thermoplastic Polyurethane
Authors: Liu Haitao , Liu Wen , Yu Xiaojiao , Qian Yi , Li Long 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn recent years, MXene 2D materials have shown good performance in enhancing the flame retardant properties of composite materials, but it is still tricky to improve the compatibility with the polymer matrix. This work explores a simple method for the synthesis of MXene based nanohybrids (CoMn‐LDH@MXene) by hydrothermal synthesis using MXene and layered double hydroxides (CoMn‐LDH) to construct a flame retardant system with excellent performance. The results show that the MXene nanosheets are less built up and more dispersed in the TPU collective due to the inclusion of LDH, giving the TPU composites excellent flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties. Compared to TPU without flame retardant, TPU composites with 2 wt% CoMn‐LDH@MXene reduced PHRR by 33.7 % and THR by 28.7 %. The TPU/2wt %CoMn‐LDH@MXene composites also showed better flame and smoke suppression performance, PSPR, TSP, PCO and PCO2 were reduced by 44.4 %, 22.7 %, 37.7 % and 27.2 % respectively, the production of Hydrocarbons and HCN were also reduced. Barrier effect of transition metal oxide catalysed carbon layer formation, combustion blocking effect of hybrid material nanosheets, cooling effect of water vapour from thermal decomposition of LDH and the gas phase dilution effect are the main reasons for the increased fire safety of TPU composites.
Rapid detection of major enterotoxin genes and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in the Yazd province, Iran
Authors: Forouzani‐Moghaddam Mohamad Javad , Habibi Sina , Hosseini‐Safa Ahmad , Khanaliha Khadijeh , Mokarinejad Roya , Akhoundzadeh Fatemeh , Oshaghi Mojgan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroductionRaw milk is a nutrient‐rich food, but it may harbour harmful bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk can increase the risk of such infections, particularly among susceptible individuals.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes a, d, g, i and j and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from raw milk samples.MethodsDuring a 6‐month sampling period, 60 raw milk specimens were obtained from diverse locations in Yazd province, Iran. Antibiogram profiling was conducted via the disc diffusion method. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes a, d, g, i, and j were detected through real‐time PCR analysis.ResultsBacteriological assays confirmed the presence of S. aureus in 11 samples (18.3%). All isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to penicillin G but exhibited sensitivity to vancomycin, while resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 36.4% to 45.5%. The prevalence of enterotoxin genes in these strains showed variable distribution, with sea being the predominant SE (45.5%), followed by sed (36.4%), seg (18.2), sej and sei (9.1% each).ConclusionsThis study discovered the presence of multiple enterotoxins in S. aureus strains obtained from raw milk samples. These strains also demonstrated resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Since enterotoxigenic S. aureus is known to cause human food poisoning, monitoring food hygiene practices, especially during raw milk production, is critical.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour and pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic integration of doxycycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intravascular, intramuscular and oral administrations
Authors: Altan Feray , Corum Orhan , Durna Corum Duygu , Uney Kamil , Terzi Ertugrul , Bilen Soner , Sonmez Adem Yavuz , Elmas Muammer 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveDoxycycline (DO) has been used in fish for a long time, but there are some factors that have not yet been clarified regarding its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the PK and PK/PD targets of DO after 20 mg/kg intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (OR) gavage administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).MethodsPlasma samples were collected at specific time points and subsequently analysed by HPLC‐ultraviolet. The PK/PD indices were calculated based on the MIC90 (Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria) values obtained for the respective bacteria and the PK parameters obtained for DO following both IM and OR administration.ResultsAfter IV administration, the elimination half‐life (t1/2ʎz), area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC), apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state and total body clearance of DO were 34.81 h, 723.82 h µg/mL, 1.24 L/kg and 0.03 L/kg/h, respectively. The t1/2λz of the DO was found to be 37.39 and 39.78 h after IM, and OR administration, respectively. The bioavailability was calculated 57.02% and 32.29%, respectively, after IM and OR administration. The MIC90 of DO against A. hydrophila and A. sobria was 4 µg/mL. The PK/PD integration showed that DO (20 mg/kg dose) for A. hydrophila and A. sobria with MIC90 ≤4 µg/mL achieved target AUC/MIC value after IM administration.ConclusionsThese results suggest that when rainbow trout was treated with 20 mg/kg IV and IM administered DO, therapeutically effective concentrations were reached in the control of infections caused by A. hydrophila and A. sobria.
Evaluating alternative temperature measurement sites in cats within a home environment: A comparison with rectal temperature
Authors: Polat Dogukan , Yanmaz Latif Emrah 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to compare rectal temperature (RT) with temperatures measured in the pinna, cornea, medial canthus, gingiva, metacarpal pad and axillary region of cats in a home environment.Animals StudiedFive healthy mixed‐breed cats (two females and three males) owned by a veterinarian were used.ProceduresAll temperature measurements were conducted by the owner by using an infrared camera in the same room and initiated with the pinna, followed by the cornea, medial canthus, gingiva and metacarpal pad. Subsequently, axillary temperature (AT) and RT were recorded by a digital thermometer, respectively. The time taken for a single AT and RT measurements was recorded.ResultsThe average measurement time for RT was 17.34 ± 0.89 s, with a range of 8–32 s, whereas AT measurements took an average of 46.72 ± 1.16 s, with a range of 29–69 s. AT emerged as a superior alternative measurement site compared to others, exhibiting the lowest bias and the highest proportion of readings within the limits of clinical agreement. The mean difference between RT and AT, with 95% limits of agreement for the differences, was −0.26 (−1.13 to 0.61).ConclusionsAnatomical regions were not all interchangeable with the rectum for assessing body temperature (BT), with AT recording the highest level of agreement with RT. When RT is not possible, AT could be considered as an alternative for monitoring BT in clinically healthy cats that live in a home environment.
Molecular characterization of Pasteurella multocida from cats and antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates
Authors: Ziagham Ali , Gharibi Darioush , Mosallanejad Bahman , Avizeh Reza 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundCompanion animals, including dogs and cats, are frequently identified as sources of Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium that can be transmitted to humans and cause infections.ObjectivesThis survey defines the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, capsular types, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) types and virulence factors of P. multocida isolated from cats.MethodsA total of 100 specimens from various cat breeds were collected. P. multocida was characterized using both biochemical tests and PCR. Genotypes of isolates were determined using capsular and LPS typing methods. Additionally, virulotyping was performed by detecting the presence of 12 virulence‐associated genes. Disk diffusion was used to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates.ResultsThe prevalence of P. multocida in cats was 29%. Among the isolates, the majority were capsular type A (96.5%) and type D (3.4%), with a predominant presence of type A. Twenty‐six of the isolates (89.66%) belonged to LPS genotype L6, whereas three isolates (10.3%) belonged to genotype L3. Among the 12 virulence genes examined, sodC, oma87, ptfA, nanB and ompH showed remarkable prevalence (100%). The toxA gene was detected in four isolates (13.8%). Variations were observed in other virulence genes. The nanH gene was present in 93.1% of the isolates, whereas the pfhA gene was detected in 58.6% of the isolates. The exbD‐tonB, hgbB, sodA and hgbA genes showed prevalence rates of 96.5%, 96.5%, 96.5% and 82.8%, respectively. Additionally, particular capsule and LPS types were associated with specific virulence genes. Specifically, the toxA and pfhA genes were found to be more prevalent in isolates with capsular type A and LPS genotype L6. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, clindamycin, lincomycin, streptomycin and penicillin.ConclusionsAccording to this epidemiological and molecular data, P. multocida from cats possess several virulence‐associated genes and are resistant to antimicrobial medicines commonly used in humans and animals. Thus, it is crucial to consider the public health concerns of P. multocida in humans.
Lumpy jaw caused by Nocardia farcinica in a Holstein cow
Authors: Shokrpoor Sara , Darabian Aghdas Reza , Ziafati Kafi Zahra , Abdollahi Mostafa , Ashrafi Tamai Iradj 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA 3‐year‐old Holstein cow was examined in an intensive system due to unilateral swelling in the mandible. A right mandibular mass was associated with painful mastication and Ptyalism. In palpation, the mass was raised, ulcerated, attached to the mandible bone and firm, approximately 17 × 12 × 10 cm3 in size. The lesion was sampled, and after routine bacteriology and histopathology procedures, the occurrence of lumpy jaw caused by Nocardia farcinica was confirmed. The bacterium was analysed using genome sequencing and new strain called Najm 114. Due to the risk of zoonosis of the isolated agent, the cow was euthanized. This is the first report of lumpy jaw caused by N. farcinica in a cow. This study showed that N. farcinica should be considered a possible etiological agent for lumpy jaw in cattle.
A method for treatment of deep and superficial enteroatmospheric fistulas in an open abdomen, ChimneyVAC: Ten years experience
Authors: Seternes Arne , Rekstad Lars Cato , Lossius William , Wasmuth Hans H. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundLeakage of intestinal fluid is a challenging event when it appears in an open abdomen (OA) and surgical deviation does not seem possible. Intestinal contents in the abdominal cavity maintain inflammation and drainage is there for essential. We have developed a method, ChimneyVAC, to treat both deep and superficial enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAF)AimsTo describe this innovative surgical technique and our 10‐year experience.Material & MethodsThis single‐center observational cohort study included all 16 consecutive patients treated with ChimneyVAC. Seven women and 9 men; median age: 47; (interquartile range [IQR]:39–63) years, 15 with a small bowel fistula and 1 with a large bowel fistula. All except of the colonic fistula were classified as a high output fistula; 14 were deep and 2 superficial. In this technique, a negative‐pressure source is applied directly above the fistula opening, in addition to negative pressure wound therapy for the OA. This controls the leakage of intestinal fluid by direct drainage into a vacuum system, thereby avoiding contamination of the abdomen. A controlled enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) then forms as the traction from the ChimneyVAC brings the fistula opening to skin level.ResultsIn 14 patients, an ECF formed after a median of 42 (IQR:28–55) days and 12 (IQR:7–16) dressing changes. The median length of hospitalization was 103 (IQR:58–143) days. Two patients died of multiorgan failure and 14 initially survived.DiscussionThis study showed that 14 out of 16 patients survived the initial treatment for enteric leakage with the ChimneyVAC method. The outcome of ChimneyVAC treatment is a controlled ECF, which was then corrected after a median of six months. However, hospitalization is lengthy, the patients undergo several dressing changes and many needs additional parenteral nutrition until intestinal continuity is reestablished.ConclusionChimneyVAC is a feasible method for treatment of EAF in an OA, with favorable survival.
Applications of lubrication approximation theory in the analysis of the roll‐coating using a tangent hyperbolic fluid model
Authors: Atif Hafiz Muhammad , Zaka Iffat , Radwan Neyara , Javed Muhammad Asif , Nazeer Mubbashar , Saleem Salman 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this study, the process of roll‐over‐web coating for a tangent hyperbolic fluid is theoretically examined. Fundamental laws of fluid mechanics are used to set up the flow equations and then simplified through lubrication approximation theory (LAT). The governing differential equations are solved with the help of the perturbation method in conjunction with the Runge–Kutta method. The outcomes of the study are presented through the graphs and tables. Study shows that enhancing the Weissenberg number upsurges the velocity and pressure while decreasing the pressure gradient. It is also noted that force shows an increasing trend while power is decreasing for bigger values . Results further depict that for a bigger value of the power law index , pressure gradient, pressure, force, and power decrease, and the coating thickness increases. It is worth mentioning here that for the shear thinning case, the tangent hyperbolic model predicts less pressure in the nip region when compared to the Newtonian model.
Gauging non-invertible symmetries: topological interfaces and generalized orbifold groupoid in 2d QFT
Authors: Diatlyk Oleksandr , Luo Conghuan , Wang Yifan , Weller Quinten 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gauging is a powerful operation on symmetries in quantum field theory (QFT), as it connects distinct theories and also reveals hidden structures in a given theory. We initiate a systematic investigation of gauging discrete generalized symmetries in two-dimensional QFT. Such symmetries are described by topological defect lines (TDLs) which obey fusion rules that are non-invertible in general. Despite this seemingly exotic feature, all well-known properties in gauging invertible symmetries carry over to this general setting, which greatly enhances both the scope and the power of gauging. This is established by formulating generalized gauging in terms of topological interfaces between QFTs, which explains the physical picture for the mathematical concept of algebra objects and associated module categories over fusion categories that encapsulate the algebraic properties of generalized symmetries and their gaugings. This perspective also provides simple physical derivations of well-known mathematical theorems in category theory from basic axiomatic properties of QFT in the presence of such interfaces. We discuss a bootstrap-type analysis to classify such topological interfaces and thus the possible generalized gaugings and demonstrate the procedure in concrete examples of fusion categories. Moreover we present a number of examples to illustrate generalized gauging and its properties in concrete conformal field theories (CFTs). In particular, we identify the generalized orbifold groupoid that captures the structure of fusion between topological interfaces (equivalently sequential gaugings) as well as a plethora of new self-dualities in CFTs under generalized gaugings.
Gauge independent logarithms from inflationary gravitons
Authors: Glavan D. , Miao S. P. , Prokopec T. , Woodard R. P. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dependence on the graviton gauge enters the conventional effective field equations because they fail to account for quantum gravitational correlations with the source which excites the effective field and with the observer who measures it. Including these correlations has been shown to eliminate gauge dependence in flat space background. We generalize the technique to de Sitter background for the case of the 1-loop graviton corrections to the exchange potential of a massless, minimally coupled scalar.
New Results on the Robust Coloring Problem
Authors: Garijo Delia , Márquez Alberto , Robles Rafael 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMany variations of the classical graph coloring model have been intensively studied due to their multiple applications; scheduling problems and aircraft assignments, for instance, motivate therobust coloring problem. This model gets to capture natural constraints of those optimization problems by combining the information provided by two colorings: a vertex coloring of a graph and the induced edge coloring on a subgraph of its complement; the goal is to minimize, among all proper colorings of the graph for a fixed number of colors, the number of edges in the subgraph with the endpoints of the same color. The study of the robust coloring model has been focused on the search for heuristics due to its NP-hard character when using at least three colors, but little progress has been made in other directions. We present a new approach on the problem obtaining the first collection of non-heuristic results for general graphs; among them, we prove that robust coloring is the model that better approaches the equitable partition of the vertex set, even when the graph does not admit a so-calledequitable coloring. We also show the NP-completeness of its decision problem for the unsolved case of two colors, obtain bounds on the associated robust coloring parameter, and solve a conjecture on paths that illustrates the complexity of studying this coloring model.