bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Sterling-Dollar Crisis on the Maritime Economy
Authors: Petrie J. R. 
Published: June 2006

To understand the peculiar implications of sterling devaluation for the Maritimes, it appears necessary to review briefly the nature of the Maritime economy. The economy of the Maritime region, including Newfoundland, has long been based upon the exploitation of the major resources of the area: the forest, the farm, the sea, and the combination of Newfoundland iron ore and Nova Scotia coal. It was aptly termed by the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations a “wood-wind-water” economy. The Maritimes are essentially a primary producing area, and the secondary industries are for the most part engaged in processing forest, farm, and sea products, and in the production of steel and steel products. There are, of course, other secondary industries producing consumer goods such as textiles, boots and shoes, brushes, and other specialized products. These plants are usually small, and confined to the local market. Many have survived competition from Ontario and Quebec with difficulty.Traditionally most of the Maritimes' key products—lumber, pulp and paper, fish, apples, and potatoes—have been exported. With the exception of pulp and paper produced on the mainland, these exports have gone for the most part to sterling markets; in Newfoundland, even pulp and paper products have gone to Britain. The United Kingdom has been the traditional market for lumber and apples; fish has gone to the United Kingdom, the British West Indies, and Australia. Most of the exported potatoes have gone to the Latin American countries, principally Cuba and the Argentine, as seed stock.
Public Administration and the Public Interest
Authors: Boudreau A. J. 
Published: June 2006

The subject which I have chosen is not one that it is possible to discuss adequately, much less exhaust, in a short paper. I believe, however, that it is fast becoming one of the major fundamental problems of democracies. With a world-wide challenge confronting democratic institutions, no one can feel complacent about our political future in the broad sense, and no amount of wishful or traditional thinking will replace serious reconsideration of some aspects of government as we understand it.It might be appropriate to start with a few definitions. It is relatively easy to find a comprehensive definition of the term “public administration.” A former president of the United States, some fifty years ago, defined it as “a detailed and systematic execution of public law.” Leonard D. White, in his book Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, writes: “In its broadest sense, public administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy, as declared by the competent authorities.”It is not so easy, however, to obtain agreement as to what exactly represents public interest as applied to public administration. In a democracy, the public must reach wide agreement on the duties to be performed by government; or in other words, the objectives of public policy must correspond fairly well with public views concerning the proper functions which should belong to governmental activity. Otherwise the efficient administration of these functions becomes almost a practical impossibility. But the word public is difficult to encompass in a restrictive definition. It is composed of individuals, groups, institutions with different ideals, philosophies, and interests. Consequently, public interest must necessarily represent a working compromise and be subject to continuous redefinition, as need arises, in the process of achieving an often delicate balance among conflicting interests.
The Role of Capital in Canadian Economic Development Before 1875
Authors: Pentland H. C. 
Published: June 2006

This discussion of capital grows out of investigation of the history of labour in Canada. Four major systems of organizing labour for the production of goods may be distinguished in the course of Canadian history. Each of these involved its peculiar methods of production, of organizing the labour market, and its characteristic attitudes of employers and employees. The change from one system to another is what is meant by economic development in this paper. The questions inevitably arise, why a period features one type of labour organization rather than another and why one system is displaced by another. These questions have led to concern with capital accumulation, importation, and investment, for it would appear that the availability and uses of capital are crucial to the answers. The role of capital is important, no doubt, to other fields of study as well. Many useful things about capital have been said by Canadian scholars, but no broad and coherent review of the whole subject appears to exist. The present is an exploratory paper, covering approximately two of the stages of development remarked above, and the change from one to the other.About the middle of the nineteenth century, the Province of Canada was transformed from a raw, staple-producing area to a rounded, integrated economy that might be called metropolitan. Signs of the change were visible in 1830, unmistakable in 1840. By 1850 change had gone too far to be turned back, and 1860 and 1870 can denote only the filling out of the home-market exchange economy already implicit. Purely extractive industry was overlaid with a secondary development involving an elaborate transportation system, a capitalistic agriculture, an extensive list of manufactures that appear to have been efficient in their day, and a creditable financial structure. Probably the most telling evidence of the transformation was the fact that this colony, so recently at the mercy of the fluctuations of imperial markets for one or two commodities, could undertake successfully to swallow an empire of its own in the years after 1867.
Industrial Relations and Government Policy
Authors: Jamieson Stuart 
Published: June 2006

The rapid growth in size and strength of the trade union movement has been one of the most revolutionary developments on the North American continent during the past ten to fifteen years. The very size and scope of this movement, and the tremendous impact which it has had on the national economies of the United States and Canada, have given rise to widespread agitation for greater governmental intervention and control in industrial relations.This agitation has created a serious dilemma. There is as yet no clear and consistent body of principles by which to determine in what manner and to what degree governments should seek to regulate labour-employer relations. There is little agreement as to what the primary objective of governmental policy should be. Should it concentrate on reducing strikes and lockouts to the absolute minimum? Or (which is not the same thing by any means) should it be concerned primarily with encouraging collective bargaining as a means of achieving stable and harmonious day-to-day relations? Should it seek to bring about an exact “balance of power” between organized labour and employers by an equal distribution of legal privileges to and equal restrictions upon each party? Or is its primary duty to protect the rights and liberties of individuals against the possible abuse of power by either or both parties?
Problems of Economic and Social Change in Guatemala
Authors: Britnell G. E. 
Published: June 2006

It is apparent to the most casual observer that Guatemala possesses natural advantages which, if properly utilized, should make it possible for the Republic to achieve a relatively favourable position among the nations of the Americas both in living standards and in economic stability. Yet development down to the middle of this century has barely scratched the surface of these latent possibilities.Behind this paradox lies the unusual nature of Guatemala's endowment. Geological history has given this mountainous, tropical country extremely fertile volcanic soils and a range of altitudes which offers a wide variety of climates. Yet, by the same token, the rugged and broken topography has hampered transportation and communication and created such obstacles to all types of development that potentially productive areas still remain virtually inaccessible. These same factors tend to perpetuate the cultural isolation which continues to characterize large segments of the rural population of the Republic.There are, of course, many other problems besides transportation and communications. For example, the Pacific coastal plain–the most promising agricultural area in Guatemala–will remain largely unproductive until its malaria and other debilitating diseases have been conquered. In a population predominantly rural settlement tends, at present, to be concentrated in the central and western highlands where a large Indian population cultivates marginal land on a subsistence basis, while more productive agricultural areas frequently lack labour.
The Evolution of the Social Credit Movement
Authors: Irving John A. 
Published: June 2006

Although the doctrines of Social Credit have been systematically and extensively promoted throughout many parts of the British Commonwealth and the United States for nearly thirty years, it is only in Alberta that there has emerged a Social Credit movement sufficiently strong to win and maintain political power. It is proposed, in the present paper, to trace the historical development of this movement with specific reference to those data that are essential for its interpretation as a phenomenon of mass psychology. Such an approach must be restrictive and selective: data of primary importance to the economist, the political scientist, and even the sociologist must necessarily be omitted.The Social Credit upsurge in Alberta was essentially a people's movement which sought to reform, but not to revolutionize, the existing social order by changing the pattern of certain existing institutions. It has passed through the four stages which constitute the natural history of a social movement—social unrest, popular excitement, formalization, and institutionalization; and it has exhibited, in the course of its evolution, the five mechanisms of reform movements—agitation, esprit de corps, morale, ideology, and operating tactics. From the perspective of social psychology, the movement may best be understood if, taking its more general sociological aspects for granted we consider its appeal to the people of Alberta in terms of its leadership, its philosophy, and its techniques of organization and promotion. In analysing this particular social movement, the social psychologist is faced with two serious methodological difficulties: he must be careful not to confuse the evolution of the movement with the political history of Alberta, especially after 1935; and he must, as far as possible, present the movement as a dynamic rather than a static social phenomenon.
Post-War International Trade Arrangements
Authors: Urquhart M. C. 
Published: June 2006

International discussions with a view to establishing improved conditions in international trade began early in the war. There was a general feeling that world trading relations during the inter-war period, particularly after 1929, had been most unsatisfactory. It was realized also that at the conclusion of hostilities large quantities of capital equipment would have been destroyed or worn out, that the relative financial position of the major trading countries would be drastically altered, and that the productive structures and capacities of all but a few of the belligerents would be badly disrupted. Since wide reconversion and reconstruction were going to be necessary in any event, national economies could perhaps be moulded with a view to fitting in with more liberal trading policies and, if the type of framework for expanding multilateral trade could be established, there was less possibility of countries developing what they might feel later were vested rights in restrictive business practices.Consequently, as early as 1942, a series of international discussions was begun with the object of establishing those monetary and trade relations which would provide the desired framework for international trade. The outcome has been the establishment of, or provision for, a number of interrelated international institutions. While the whole programme has included many provisions, such as UNRRA., E.R.P. and the like, to meet temporary problems, and while some of these are of great importance in helping to place disrupted economies in a position where they can play their part in a restored world economy, from the long-run point of view the major achievements are four in number: the establishment of an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the establishment of an International Monetary Fund; the preparation of a final draft of a charter to establish an International Trade Organization; and the conclusion of the Geneva Trade Agreement, lowering barriers to trade among the most important trading nations of the world.
The Development of National Accounts in Canada
Authors: Goldberg Simon A. 
Published: June 2006

World events during the past twenty years, the great depression and the war, have challenged economists to improve and enlarge their theoretical framework. The stresses and strains of this period have brought forward vitally important problems which demanded solution. At the same time, these events helped to produce an environment which responded more generously to the social scientist's quest for new data. There can be little doubt that there was an intimate interdependence between developments in economic theory and analysis, and the growth and systematization of quantitative data.Perhaps the most significant of these developments has been in the field of national accounts. The purpose of this paper is briefly to describe and illustrate this development in Canada, as follows: (1) summary of work on national income in Canada, 1918-41; (2) some principles involved in the new departure of national accounting; (3) the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in preparing national accounts for Canada; (4) some illustrative applications of national accounts to economic analysis and policy; (5) problems of concepts and statistics involved in national accounting; and (6) lines of future development.A Summary of Work on National Income in Canada, 1918-41. When it was decided in 1944 to undertake the preparation of a new set of national accounts, in line with Canadian needs and developments elsewhere, we were fortunate in having at our disposal a great deal of pioneer work on national income in Canada.
The Case for Increasing the Price of Gold in Terms of All Currencies: A Contrary View
Authors: Johnson Harry G. 
Published: June 2006

In the past year there has developed a strong campaign for a devaluation of all currencies in terms of gold, a campaign in which the narrowly self-interested arguments of the gold producers have been augmented by the arguments of those who see a rise in the world price of gold as a painless way of solving the present international monetary disequilibrium. The obvious special pleading of the former, and the ignorance or naiveté of the monetary opinions of the latter, should have been sufficient to reveal the weaknesses of the case; but surprisingly enough the arguments for a higher price of gold have been allowed to pass practically unchallenged, with the consequent danger that by sheer reiteration the advocates of the scheme will secure an unthinking acceptance of their proposals.The writer does not deny that a rise in the world price of gold would be of some benefit not only to the gold producers, but also to the non-American world generally; obviously any measure which increases the price which America is willing to pay for imports will provide more dollars for the rest of the world economy. But it is his contention that the arguments which have so far been advanced in support of the measure are of a dubious or fallacious nature, in large part attributable to a lack of understanding of the problems involved; that the arguments over-estimate the gains and under-estimate the difficulties that would follow a rise in the price of gold; and that consequently it would be a major error of policy for the British and other European authorities to commit themselves to a request for a higher price of gold as a substitute for more fundamental international economic reforms. These contentions are substantiated by an examination of the case for increasing the world price of gold, to which the remainder of this article is devoted.
Political Participation and the Organization of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan
Authors: Lipset S. M. 
Published: June 2006

Various observers of the North American scene have called attention to the problem of mass passivity and political apathy in our culture. Myrdal has pointed out that the masses in America “are accustomed to being static and receptive. They are not daring but long for security. They do not know how to cooperate and how to pool risks and sacrifices for a common goal. They do not meet much. They do not organize. They do not speak for themselves: they are the listeners in America. They seldom elect representatives from their own midst to Congress, to state legislatures or to city councils. They rather support friendly leaders from the upper strata, particularly lawyers.”Myrdal's description of American mass passivity is an accurate one for most parts of the United States and Canada. There are, however, certain areas on this continent where the political behaviour of the people contradicts the assertion that the American lower economic classes, the workers and farmers, are politically apathetic. The Wheat Belt regions of the United States and Canada have repeatedly given rise to large-scale “class-conscious” political organizations which were genuine mass movements. The Greenback, Populist, and Non-Partisan League organizations in the United States, and the Progressive party and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (C.C.F.) in western Canada involved large numbers of people in agrarian political action. The recent success of the C.C.F. in attaining power in the Wheat Belt province of Saskatchewan is the latest instance of a mass North American “people's party.”
Newfoundland's Entry into the Dominion
Authors: Mayo H. B. 
Published: June 2006

In view of Newfoundland's long tradition of separation from Canada, and its rich heritage of anti-confederation feeling, how does it happen that union has come about on March 31 of this year? The answer is best seen as it emerges from the background of recent events in Newfoundland.Faced with imminent default in the early nineteen-thirties, the Newfoundland government resorted to all the traditional tactics, such as reductions in the salaries of civil servants and teachers, and increases in the rates of the customs tariff; and under the spur of necessity resorted to more ingenious measures. The stream of willing foreign lenders had dried up by 1932, and the government fell back upon temporary loans from Canadian banks, upon a deal with the Imperial Oil Company, and upon joint advances from the governments of the United Kingdom and Canada. When to these was added a controller of the treasury, Newfoundland had in fact lost full control of its finances, and hence of its political destiny, even before self-government was formally abrogated.It was in the midst of this desperate situation in 1933 that the Royal Commission presided over by Lord Amulree was appointed, at Newfoundland's request, “to examine into the island's future and finances.” The Commission duly found bankruptcy imminent, and the debt burden beyond the capacity of the island to carry. Newfoundland's public debt had grown but slowly in the nineteenth century and early part of the twentieth. Including $13 million added for war purposes, by the beginning of the nineteen-twenties, the debt stood at only $43 million. More spectacular increases occurred after 1920, the total debt being more than doubled in the space of twelve years. Throughout this period the average annual deficit was some $2 million, including losses on operation of the railway system which, early in the decade, passed from private hands to government ownership. The current deficits, together with capital expenditures upon public works, were covered by borrowing from abroad at interest rates from 5 to 6½ per cent, to the extent that in each year some $4.8 million was added to the public debt, which by 1933 reached nearly $100 million. This was the period when, according to the Amulree Commission, the country “was sunk in waste and extravagance,” and displayed “a reckless disregard for the dictates of financial prudence.”
Some French Contributions to Economic Theory
Authors: Lamontagne Maurice 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present a review of French economic thought. It has, however, definite limitations as to content and scope. First of all, it is restricted to the field of economic theory, because it was simply impossible to cover the other subjects of economic science. It is also limited in its scope, since many economists are not even mentioned. It deals especially with the contributions which, although not widely known, are important in the development of economic theory. Going beyond a simple restatement of the theories as originally expounded by their authors, it seeks to stress points of real interest for us. The following analysis is also purely descriptive; scarcely any criticism will be made of the works reviewed. Finally, in order to avoid subjectivism, which is always possible in essays of this kind, we will use the method of quoting abundantly from the original sources, a method less brilliant, perhaps, than summarizing but certainly more objective, offering, as it does, more direct contact with the authors themselves.French contributions to modern economic theory may be viewed as a long cycle containing several phases. The first phase, extending from the Physiocrats to Walras, is marked by important developments which are at the origin of all the modern schools of thought. The second phase, which the outbreak of the Second World War brought to a close, is a period of decline; that downward movement can be explained, as we shall see, by several factors. Finally, many signs of revival have appeared in recent years.