bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in high‐risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors
Authors: Bos Albert P. , Hussain Shahid M. , Hazebroek Frans W. J. , Tibboel Dick , Meradji Morteza , Molenaar Jan C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia is a congenital malformation associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. It often leads to respiratory failure, requiring artificial ventilation with high inflation pressures and high percentages of oxygen. We evaluated radiographic evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in survivors, who presented with respiratory distress within 6 hours after birth, by a radiographic scoring system measuring the severity of BPD by the Toce score and the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia by the Touloukian score. Fifteen of 45 survivors (33 percent) had clinical and radiological lung disease resembling BPD. As a group they had significantly higher Touloukian and Toce scores than survivors without BPD. Morbidity expressed as the duration of artificial ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and hospital stay was much higher in the BPD group. The hypoplastic lung in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia appears to be as susceptible to barotrauma and pulmonary oxygen toxicity as the lungs of prematurely born infants. To what extent BPD occurring in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors might influence the future development of lung function is not yet known. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of anti‐mouse EGF antiserum on prenatal lung development in fetal mice
Authors: Yasui S. , Nagai A. , Oohira A. , Iwashita M. , Konno K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo clarify the precise role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on fetal lung development, rabbit anti‐mouse EGF (anti‐mEGF) antiserum was administered to pregnant mice from days 10 to 17 during late gestation. Control mice were administered either normal rabbit serum (NRS) or physiological saline (PS). Serum EGF was not detected in fetuses from anti‐mEGF antiserum treated mothers, but the level in NRS treated control animals was 4.73 ± 0.66 ng/mL. One day prior to birth, the fetuses were removed and their body and lung weights were measured. There was no difference between body weights and lung weights of anti‐mEGF antiserum treated animals and NRS‐treated control animals. On light microscopic morphometry, there was no obvious difference between pulmonary architecture of anti‐mEGF antiserum treated animals and NRS treated control animals. On transmission electron microscopy, osmiophillic lamellar inclusion bodies were less prominent in the type II epithelial cells in anti‐mEGF antiserum treated animals. Electron microscopic morphometric study revealed that the osmiophillic lamellar inclusion bodies in type II epithelial cells of anti‐mEGF antiserum treated animals were fewer in number and had decreased area fraction. These findings support the previous finding that EGF promotes epithelial cell differentiation of the fetal lung without affecting body weight and lung weight. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host inflammatory responses to first isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Elborn J. S. , Cordon S. M. , Shale J. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the respiratory tract in patients with cystic fibrosis is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. However, it has been postulated that the earliest phase of colonization is not associated with injury. To test this hypothesis we determined the association of the first recorded isolation of P. aeruginosa from the sputum on circulating markers of the inflammatory response in 6 patients with cystic fibrosis. At this time circulating C‐reactive protein was increased in all 6 and neutrophil elastase α1‐antitrypsin complex (elastasecomplex) was increased in 5 patients compared with healthy controls. This inflammatory response was associated with a reduction in the FEV, and FVC of all patients [FEV, 1.42 ± 0.87 L (mean ± SD) at first isolation vs. 2.08 ± 0.74 L before isolation; P < 0.05; FVC, 1.94 ± 0.93 L vs. 2.87 ±1.01 L, P < 0,05]. At a median interval of 10 months, 5 patients had raised titres of positive IgG antibody to P. aeruginosa, indicating significant exposure to this organism. At this time, lung function had returned to preinfection levels, whilst 3 patients showed continuing features of an inflammatory response, and the group mean value for elastase‐complex was raised. Our findings demonstrate that at the time of first isolation of P. aeruginosa from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, there is a concomitant systemic host response and an acute deterioration of pulmonary function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to added dead space in ventilated preterm neonates and outcome of trial of extubation
Authors: Fox Grenville F. , Alexander John , Marsh Michael J. , Milner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ventilatory response to an added external dead space was assessed in preterm babies, recovering from respiratory distress syndrome, immediately prior to extubation. All babies were ready for extubation as defined by routine clinical criteria. Baseline measurements of respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were made over a 2 min period using a computerized system consisting of a pneumotachometer connected directly to the proximal end of the endotracheal tube. The measurements were repeated after addition of an external dead space equivalent to 2 anatomical dead spaces (4.4 mL/kg body weight). Thirty‐four babies were studied on 40 occasions. Twenty‐four infants (60%) were successfully extubated and 16 (40%) required reintubation. Infants in the success and failure groups were matched for gestation at birth, postconceptional age and weight at the time of study, maximum ventilatory requirements, and treatment with methylxanthines. The added external dead space resulted in an increase in minute ventilation in 38 out of the 40 studies. Extubation success and failure groups were compared by expressing the minute ventilation after addition of the external dead space as a percentage of the baseline minute ventilation (OhMVl). Successful extubation was associated with a higher median %MV1 compared with babies who failed extubation (156; range, 89.3 to 230; compared to 131; range, 75.2 to 165; P = 0.006). This test may be useful in deciding which babies could be successfully extubated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atrial natriuretic factor and pulmonary status in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome: Preliminary investigation
Authors: Pesonen Erkki , Heldt Gregory P. , Allen Merritt T. , Sahn David J. , Elias William , Tikkanen Ilkka , Fyhrquist Frej , Andersson Sture 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the correlation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) with lung compliance in a series of 16 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The infants were followed during the first week of life by sequential Doppler echocardiography, lung compliance, and ANF measurements. Plasma ANF concentration varied between 38 and 2220 pg/mL; mean concentrations of 393 and 123 pg/mL with the ductus open and with it closed, respectively (P < 0.01). The arteriolar/alveolar oxygen‐tension ratio showed an inverse correlation with the logarithm (In) of the ANF concentration (r = −0.55, P = 0.0002). Both mean airway pressure and In ANF showed an inverse correlation with the arteriolar/alveolar oxygen tension ratio (R = −0.77, F = 20.5 and 13.8, respectively). Plasma ANF was inversely correlated to lung compliance (r = −0.64, P < 0.0001). In infants with RDS, plasma ANF concentrations increase with the severity of respiratory distress. Because ANF increases endothelial permeability, in this preliminary investigation lead to the hypothesis that it may contribute to respiratory distress by causing extravasation of fluid from the pulmonary circulation in these patients. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary sarcoidosis in children: Serial evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells during corticosteroid treatment
Authors: Chadelat Katarina , Baculard Armelle , Grimfeld Alain , Tournier Guy , Boule Michelle , Boccon‐Gibod Liliane , Clement Annick 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe clinical course of sarcoidosis in children has not been well defined. Eight children with symptomatic sarcoidosis included in this study underwent pulmonary function tests and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) before treatment and during steroid therapy. At the start of therapy, functional parameters, mostly dynamic lung compliance and lung transfer factor for CO, were impaired. This was associated with abnormalities of BAL cell populations: increased total cell number with a high proportion of lymphocytes, modifications of lymphocyte subpopulation with an elevated CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and enhanced ability of alveolar macrophages to release hydrogen peroxide. Although respiratory abnormalities seemed to be similar at the initial stage of sarcoidosis in children and adults, the course of the disease appeared to be different. Despite the absence of respiratory symptoms and disappearance of chest radiographic abnormalities on prolonged steroid treatment, we found slow improvement of pulmonary functions associated with persistence of BAL lymphocytosis and elevated CD4+/CD8+ ratios. However, the ability of alveolar macrophages to release hydrogen peroxide was significantly reduced after 6 months of steroid treatment, and it remained identical to the control group. Therefore, the evaluation of disease activity appears to be critical for therapy in pediatrics, and for this purpose studies of alveolar macrophage activation may be of particular interest. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:41–47. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractal and morphometric analysis of lung structures after canine adenovirus‐induced bronchiolitis in beagle puppies
Authors: Witten Mark L. , McKee Joseph L. , Lank R. Clark , Hays Allison M. , Quan Stuart F. , Sobonya Richard E. , Lemen Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcute viral respiratory infections are commonly associated with alteration in lung growth and with chronic obstructive disease. However, it is difficult to quantify these changes in lung function. We determined that the recently described techniques of fractal analysis gave additional information about the changes in lung function after viral illness compared to standard morphometric techniques. Fractal and morphometric parameters change with lung growth after acute infection with canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2, n = 5) or no infection (controls, n = 6) in beagle puppies. Lung pathological studies showed areas of obliterative bronchiolitis and chronic small airways inflammation but no emphysema in the CAV2‐infected puppies. Morphometric studies at −236 days of age demonstrated accelerated lung growth in the CAV2‐infected dogs as evidenced by significant increases in lung volume (VL ) and internal surface area (ISA). Fractal analysis showed an increased fractal dimension (Df) of the alveolar perimeter length in the CAV2 group associated with increased growth that was similar to the percentage change in VL and ISA. These data suggest that a single infection with CAV2 in beagle puppies accelerates lung growth and increases the complexity (Df) of the alveolar structure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:62–68. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simplified method for determining the frequency response of pneumotachographs used in infants
Authors: Vallinis P. , Retfalvi S. , Davis G. M. , Coates A. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn all rapidly changing systems, an appropriate response time of all sensing devices is essential for the accurate conversion of a physiological parameters to a proportional electrical signal. The frequency response of equipment is the ability to accurately reflect both the magnitude and temporal relationship of dynamic events over a defined frequency range. The phase lag expresses the temporal delay between the physical event being measured and the output signal. The attenuation expresses diminution of the amplitude ratio of the output signal in relation to the input signal over a range of frequencies. We have developed a method that specifically addresses the measurement of frequency response and attenuation of pneumotachographs and low pressure transducers. The system consists of a 81 liter rectangular box separated in the middle by a 30.5 cm acoustic loudspeaker, the cone sealed by latex, and driven by a signal generator coupled to a low frequency amplifier. This system can produce an undistorted sinu‐soidal signal between 0 and 20 Hz, and the peak flow through the pneumotachograph is only minimally affected by changes in frequency. Rapid analysis is possible using an oscilloscope to produce Lissajou loops. There is no measurable attenuation between the electrical signal and the pressure generated over frequencies from 1 to 20 Hz. The system is accurate at low frequencies and can generate appropriate signals over the frequency range of interest for respiratory applications, and it can be inexpensively constructed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:109–115. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive value of measurements of respiratory mechanics in preterm infants with HMD
Authors: Freezer Nicholas J. , Sly Peter D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractConventional methods for measuring respiratory mechanics model the respiratory system as a single compartment. The interrupter technique allows the respiratory system to be considered as a two compartment model with “flow resistance” of the conducting airways (Pinit), calculated from the initial pressure drop (Pinit), considered separately from Pdiff, as a measure of the viscoelastic properties of the lung and chest wall and any pendelluft present. The pulmonary mechanics of 50 intubated and mechanically ventilated preterm infants (≤1500 g) were studied during the first week of life using conventional methods and the interrupter technique to determine whether it was possible to predict which infants would develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Pulmonary mechanics of preterm infants intubated and ventilated for apnea of prematurity were also studied. The dynamic compliance of the respiratory system (Crsdyn) was significantly lower on day 1 (P<0.001) and during the first week of life in the infants with HMD who developed BPD (ANOVA, P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in the respiratory system resistance (Rrs), Rinit, or Pdiff between BPD and no‐BPD groups. However, Pdiff was significantly higher in infants with HMD, regardless of the outcome, when compared to the infants ventilated for apnea of prematurity. This suggests that the pathology of HMD is distal to the conducting airways and significantly alters the viscoelastic properties of the lung on day 1. Using stepwise logistic regression, Crsdum on day 1 and birth weight or gestational age were significant independent predictors of the development of BPD, correctly classifying 92% of infants. Due to the correlation between birth weight and gestational age (r = 0.72, P<0.0001). only one of these variables was necessary in the prediction model. In conclusion, Crsdyn is a better independent predictor of the development of BPD in preterm infants with HMD than gestational age or birth weight. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:116–123. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An isotopic study of nasal mucociliary transport in newborns: Preliminary investigation
Authors: Escribano A. , Armengot M. , Marco V. , Basterra J. , Brines J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) depends on electron microscopic examination of cilia obtained from mucosal biopsies of the nasal turbinates or the trachea. This is an invasive, time‐consuming, and expensive technique. The low incidence of this abnormality, the large number of infants and children with suggestive symptoms, and the lack of a reliable screening test make the decision to proceed with diagnostic biopsy a common problem in recurrent or chronic respiratory pediatric conditions. To improve this situation early in infancy, nasal mucociliary transport was evaluated in 10 normal newborns using the Tc‐99m‐labeled seroalbumin technique, and the results obtained were compared with those corresponding to a newborn with Kartagener's syndrome. Transport velocity in normal newborns was similar to that observed in older children and in adults, in contrast to the tracer immobility seen in the affected newborn. This technique is simple, safe, objective, and well tolerated in this age group and might be used as an early screening test to ruling out PCD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:167–169. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Karlson Karl H. , Pickert Curtis B. , Schexnayder Stephen M. , Heulitt Mark J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBleeding is one of the most feared complications of veno‐arterial (V‐A) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and is also a potential complication of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB). We retrospectively reviewed 14 patients who underwent FFB procedures with bronchial washings (BW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to evaluate the safety of this procedure in children on ECMO. Standard FFB with BAUBW technique was used after stabilization on ECMO. Three patients underwent two procedures each, and one patient underwent three, for a total of 19 procedures. No significant complications, such as bleeding have occurred. Three patients required additional ECMO support shortly after FFB. After the 16 procedures done for atelectasis, seven patients improved radiographically, three had increased opacifications, and six were unchanged. The remaining three patients had suspected pulmonary infections, and in each, therapeutic decisions were guided by the BAL results. Lung compliance was unchanged or improved after 11 of 13 procedures. We conclude that FFB with BAUBW in children on ECMO is safe and may benefit certain patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:215–218. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nedocromil sodium vs. Sodium cromoglycate pressurized aerosol in the prevention of bronchoconstriction induced by ultrasonic nebulized distilled water in asthmatic children
Authors: Spezia E. , Del Col G. , Richelli C. , Sette L. , Boner A. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo compare the effectiveness of nedocromil sodium (NS) and sodium cromoglycate (SCG), administered by metered dose inhaler (MDI) with a 700 mL holding chamber (Fisonair Fisons UK) in preventing bronchoconstriction induced by inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW), 12 asthmatic children were studied in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, intrapatient study. Following a baseline challenge with UNDW, the protective effect of NS, SCG, or placebo was evaluated in each subject. Cumulative doses of delivered nebulized water producing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (PD20 UNDW) was measured. Mean (± SD) PD20, UNDW was 4.83 (± 4.84), 10.16 (± 7.05), 15.8 (± 0.5), and 15.93 (± 0.23) respectively, for baseline, and placebo, SCG, and NS‐treated groups. A significant (P < 0.05) protection from UNDW induced bronchoconstriction by NS was observed in comparison with placebo, while no such effect was evident when the children were treated with SCG. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:243–247. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic respiratory failure of infancy and childhood: Clinical outcomes based on underlying etiology
Authors: Wheeler William B. , Maguire Eleanor L. , Kurachek Stephen C. , Lobas Jeffrey G. , Fugate John H. , McNamara John J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess whether underlying diagnosis affects morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients with chronic respiratory failure, we studied 55 patients with chronic respiratory failure of infancy and childhood (CRFIC). Entry criteria included patients with chronic respiratory failure due to static neurologic or neuromuscular conditions or secondary to other disease processes considered likely to improve or resolve over time. Subjects were grouped into those having chronic lung disease (CLD, n = 22), neurologic or neuromuscular diseases (NM, n = 21), or congenital abnormalities affecting the respiratory system (CA, n = 12). The average duration of follow‐up was 21.3 months. There were no differences between groups in mortality with only four deaths (7%). Patients with CLD fared better than those with NM or CA in duration of ventilatory support, duration of tracheostomy, percentage of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Subjects with CLD had a significantly greater frequency of tracheomalacia (86%), feeding disorders (86%), and hypogammaglobulinemia G (77%). There were no differences between groups for respiratory readmissions or family dysfunction.We conclude that almost all patients with CRFIC will survive, but morbidity outcomes will vary based on the underlying diagnosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:l–5. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in lung mechanics following sighs in premature newborns without lung disease
Authors: Davis G. M. , Moscato J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSighs, the interspersed breaths of larger tidal volume (VT) than those preceding or following them, occur more frequently in the newborn than in adults. It has been postulated that the sigh augments functional residual volume (FRC), increases lung compliance (CJ, and recruits atelectatic alveoli. Since the premature infant has relatively low FRC, we hypothesized that sighs might be more frequent in these babies and that CL could be shown to change before and/or after a sigh. We studied 14 premature infants (gestational age, 30 ± 2.2 weeks; mean ± SD) without lung disease during quiet sleep. Minute ventilation (VE) was measured by pneumotachography and pleural pressure changes via a water‐filled catheter in the esophagus. In the 78 sighs examined, the incidence was 0.71 sighs/min, similar, to previous reports for full‐term newborns. There was no change in respiratory frequency, VT/VE, nor mean inspiratory flow (VT/Tt, where Tt is the inspiratory time) before or after the event. The volume of the sigh increased from 7.8 ± 0.2 mL/kg to 21.5 ± 0.5 mL/kg, in concert with an increase in breath duration (TTOT) from 0.98 ± 0.02 ± to 2.56 ± 0.12 s, resulting in an unchanged VE, VT/TI). and respiratory duty cycle (TI/TTOT/). This suggests that the increased VT was matched by a prolongation in both TI and TTOT. Following the sigh, CL increased from 1.43 ± 0.13 cmH2O/kg to 1.66 ± 0.27 cmH2O/L/s/kg (paired t‐test, P < 0.001) whilst the lung resistance RL, fell from 62 ± 8 cmH2O/L/s/kg to 55 ± 3.8 cmH2O/L/s/kg (P < 0.05). As reflected by the end—expiratory volume (EEV), FRC did not change. This stability of FRC, coupled with the increase in CL and fall in RL, suggests a recruitment of atelectatic acini with a redistribution of lung volume, such that the previously atelectatic and overdistended acini achieve a more optimal pressureivolume relationship following a sigh. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:22–25. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.