bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Outcomes of Patients With Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Thoolen Bart J. , de Ridder Denise T. , Bensing Jozien M. , Gorter Kees J. , Rutten Guy E. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to investigate how time since diagnosis and treatment intensity influence psychological outcomes in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A 2 × 2 factorial cross-sectional design was used to examine psychological outcomes in 196 patients with screen-detected diabetes diagnosed 3–33 months previously who were receiving usual care or intensive multifactorial pharmacological treatment. Outcomes included anxiety, depression, diabetes-related distress, perceived seriousness and vulnerability, self-efficacy, and self-care. Multivariate analysis was used to examine variations in outcomes based on time since diagnosis (&lt;1 vs. 2–3 years) and treatment intensity.RESULTS—Most patients reported little distress, low perceived seriousness and vulnerability, high self-efficacy, and low self-care, but outcomes varied considerably across conditions. Time effects were found for perceived vulnerability, which increases significantly with time since diagnosis. Time × treatment interactions were found for anxiety, diabetes-related distress, and self-efficacy; notably, intensively treated patients showed more distress and less self-efficacy in the 1st year, and usual-care patients reported more distress and less self-efficacy 2–3 years after diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS—Screen-detected patients generally do not experience much difficulty with their condition in the first few years, but early and intensive treatment can influence patients’ psychological outcomes, leading to relatively more anxiety and less self-efficacy in the 1st year after diagnosis but not necessarily improving self-care. This suggests that intensive treatments confront patients with their diabetes earlier on whereas milder treatments may delay confrontation. This finding should be taken into account in the development and timing of psychological interventions for patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.
Adequacy of Glycemic Control in Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Tascona Daniel J. , Morton A. Ross , Toffelmire Edwin B. , Holland David C. , Iliescu Eduard A. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to measure the prevalence of inadequate glycemic control in prevalent hemodialysis patients with diabetes and to examine independent predictors of inadequate glycemic control in these patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is a cross-sectional study of prevalent hemodialysis patients with diabetes in southeastern Ontario (n = 100). Data were collected by chart review and interview. The outcome variable was inadequate glycemic control defined as HbA1c (A1C) &gt;0.07. Other measured variables were diabetes type, diabetes duration, diabetes physician, blood glucose monitoring, diabetes medications, BMI, time on dialysis, and other demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables.
RESULTS—Fifty-four patients had A1C &gt;0.07. In bivariate analysis, these patients had a longer diabetes duration (23.6 vs.14.7 years, P &lt; 0.001), higher proportion with insulin use (81.5 vs. 58.7%, P = 0.012), higher proportion with microvascular complications (66.7 vs. 43.5%, P = 0.017), and lower erythropoietin (EPO) dose (7.0 vs. 11.9 × 103 units/week, P &lt; 0.01) than patients with adequate glycemic control. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of macrovascular complications (59.3 vs. 65.2%, P = 0.54). In multiple logistic regression controlling for age and diabetes type, the diabetes duration (odds ratio 1.09 [95% CI 1.04–1.15], P &lt; 0.001), EPO dose (0.90 [0.85–0.97], P &lt; 0.01), and blood glucose monitoring (10.06 [1.03–98.74], P = 0.05) were the only significant independent predictors of A1C &gt;0.07.
CONCLUSIONS—A high proportion of hemodialysis patients with diabetes had inadequate glycemic control, particularly those with longstanding disease. Patients with inadequate glycemic control had a significantly higher burden of microvascular complications.
Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients After Amputation
Authors: Schofield Christopher J. , Libby Gillian , Brennan Geraldine M. , MacAlpine Ritchie R. , Morris Andrew D. , Leese Graham P. ,   for the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to compare the risk of mortality and hospitalization between patients with and without diabetes following incident lower-extremity amputation (LEA).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a retrospective data-linkage review of all incident amputations between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1995. Patients were categorized according to their diabetes status. Follow-up for mortality was until 1 January 2005 and until 31 March 1996 for hospitalization.
RESULTS—Of 390 major-incident LEAs performed during the study period, 119 (30.5%) were in patients with diabetes and 271 (69.5%) were in nondiabetic subjects. The median time to death was 27.2 months in patients with diabetes compared with 46.7 months for patients without (P = 0.01). Diabetic subjects had a 55% greater risk of death than those without diabetes. The risk of developing congestive cardiac failure with diabetes was 2.26 (95% CI 1.12–4.57) and of further amputation was 1.95 (1.14–3.33) times that of a patient without diabetes after incident LEA.
CONCLUSIONS—After LEA, patients with diabetes have an increased risk of death compared with nondiabetic patients. Efforts should be made to minimize these risks with aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and management of cardiac failure.
Vitamin D Status and Glucose Homeostasis in the 1958 British Birth Cohort
Authors: Hyppönen Elina , Power Chris 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE—Obesity is a well-known risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. We evaluated the interrelationship between vitamin D status, body size, and glucose homeostasis, measured by HbA1c (A1C).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data are from the survey of the 45-year-old 1958 British birth cohort (2002–2004). Information on A1C, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; an indicator of vitamin D status], and BMI was collected from 7,198 Caucasian subjects.
RESULTS—25(OH)D was &lt;75 nmol/l in 80% of the obese subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) versus 68% of the other subjects (P &lt; 0.0001). Serum 25(OH)D decreased and A1C increased by increasing BMI (P &lt; 0.0001 for both comparisons). There was a nonlinear association between 25(OH)D and A1C: a steep linear decrease in A1C by 25(OH)D until 65 nmol/l and only smaller decreases with further increases. There was evidence for effect modification by BMI in the association between 25(OH)D and A1C (P &lt; 0.0001), and differences appeared stronger for participants with higher compared with lower BMIs. After adjustment for sex, season, geographical location, physical activity, and social class, percent change in A1C by 10-nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D was −0.21 (95% CI −0.31 to −0.11) for BMI &lt;25 kg/m2, −0.25 (−0.37 to −0.13) for BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2, −0.65 (−0.95 to −0.34) for BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2, and −1.37 (−2.09 to −0.64) for BMI ≥35 kg/m2.
CONCLUSIONS—Body size was a strong determinant for 25(OH)D, with concentrations being suboptimal in most obese participants. Randomized controlled trials [using dosages sufficient to improve 25(OH)D also for the obese] are required to determine whether clinically relevant improvements in glucose metabolism can be obtained by vitamin D supplementation.
Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity
Authors: Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Zhou Li , Hu Frank B. , Colditz Graham A. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE— We sought to evaluate whether maternal diabetes or weight status attenuates a previously reported beneficial effect of breast-feeding on childhood obesity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) participants were offspring of women who participated in the Nurses’ Health Study II. In the present study, 15,253 girls and boys (aged 9–14 years in 1996) were included. Maternal diabetes and weight status and infant feeding were obtained by maternal self-report. We defined maternal overweight as BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Childhood obesity, from self-reported height and weight, was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions as normal, at risk for overweight, or overweight. Maternal status categories were nondiabetes/normal weight, nondiabetes/overweight, or diabetes. Logistic regression models used generalized estimating equations to account for nonindependence between siblings.
RESULTS— For all subjects combined, breast-feeding was associated with reduced overweight (compared with normal weight) in childhood. Compared with exclusive use of formula, the odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53–0.82), adjusted for age, sex, and Tanner stage. Results did not differ according to maternal status (nondiabetes/normal weight OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.49–1.09]; nondiabetes/overweight 0.75 [0.57–0.99]; and diabetes 0.62 [0.24–1.60]). Further adjustment for potential confounders attenuated results, but results remained consistent across strata of maternal status (P value for interaction was 0.50).
CONCLUSIONS— Breast-feeding was inversely associated with childhood obesity regardless of maternal diabetes status or weight status. These data provide support for all mothers to breast-feed their infants to reduce the risk for childhood overweight.
Electrodeposition of mercury film on electrodes modified with clay minerals
Authors: Navrátilová Z. , Vaculíková L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new type of carbon paste electrode modified with clay mineral and covered with a mercury film is presented in this work. Electrodeposition of the mercury film was performed on the carbon paste electrode modified with montmorillonite. The mercury film was deposited by both electrodeposition in situ and a preliminary electrodeposition. The pre-deposited film of mercury showed to be suitable for anodic stripping voltammetry. An open-circuit sorption of Cd, Pb, and Cu with subsequent anodic stripping voltammetry exhibited higher current responses of metals. Besides the enhanced sensitivity superior separation of the current responses during a simultaneous stripping of metals is expected to be achieved by means of the newly prepared electrode.
Effect of span 20 concentration on oxalic acid production from post-refining fatty acids by Aspergillus niger XP
Authors: Musial I. , Rymowicz W. , Witkowska D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSubmerged fermentation experiments were carried out to study the stimulating effects of the surfactant Span 20 on the growth of Aspergillus niger XP mutant and oxalic acid production from the post-refining fatty acids. Span 20 concentration of 0.75 g dm−3 was found to be the most suitable for oxalic acid production from fatty acids. Using this dose and a fermentation medium containing 30 g dm−3 of post-refining fatty acids, the oxalic acid production, oxalate yield, and overall oxalate productivity were the highest.
The Effect of Compaction Method on the Expansion and Stability of Aluminium Foams
Authors: Asavavisithchai S. , Kennedy A. R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe foam expansion and collapse behaviour for heat treated Al‐TiH2 precursors has been shown to be driven by the oxidation of the Al powder, which can, in moderation, improve the foam expansion and increase foam stability, and the premature loss of gas from the TiH2, which delays but decreases the foam expansion. The evidence presented indicates that as long as theoretical precursor densities > 99 % can be achieved, simultaneous heating and compaction are not required to achieve the best foaming behaviour. Instead, the oxygen or oxide content in the powder is critical and if the oxygen content in the atomised powder is in the range 0.3–0.4 wt.%, cold compaction is sufficient to produce foams which show expansions at least as good as those for precursors made by high cost hot working processes.
The Mechanism of Strength Enhancement under Impact Loading of Cellular Materials
Authors: Zhao H. , Elnasri I. , Li H.J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a multiscale analysis of the macroscopic rate sensitivity of metallic cellular materials. It begins with a review of likely causes responsible for the strength enhancement of cellular materials, which include the rate sensitivity of the base material, the effects of the pressure of the air entrapped in the cell, the inertia effect and the shock enhancement. A testing method using 60 mm diameter Nylon Hopkinson pressure bars with suitable signal processing is used to investigate the rate sensitivity of various metallic cellular materials, i.e. 5056, 5052 aluminium honeycombs of different cell sizes and wall thickness, IFAM and Cymat aluminium foams. In order to identify the factor responsible for the strength enhancement of those materials, a multiscale analysis is performed on a model structure which is a square tube made of rate insensitive materials. At the macroscopic level, significant enhancement is experimentally observed under impact loading, whereas the crushing mode is nearly the same under both static and impact loading. At mesoscopic level, post mortem microhardess measurement provides a map of residual plastic strain everywhere in the cell wall. Numeric simulations and theoretical models give a satisfactory explanation of the role of the lateral inertia.
Metal Foams: Production and Stability
Authors: Banhart J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLiquid metal foam can be generated by creating gas inside a liquid or semi‐liquid metallic melt which has been pre‐treated in a suitable way. Such foams are self‐supporting disordered structures in complete analogy to aqueous foams. The stabilisation mechanism of metallic foams is still not fully understood. In order to facilitate discussion of foam stabilisation the various methods for making such foams are classified with respect to the mode of gas generation and the type of melt used for foaming. Metal foams can be produced by gas injection from an external source or by in‐situ nucleation of gas bubbles in the melt for which various possibilities are known. Melts amenable to foaming range from almost pure molten alloys to melts to which particles have been added, formed by in‐situ reactions or which have been already present in the solid precursor prior to melting. Some of the available experimental evidence for the action of stabilising particles in metallic foams is presented. It is found that although stabilisation seems to be based on the presence of a solid constituent in all the foaming processes, the mechanisms might vary. At present the nature of stabilisation is not yet fully understood and many questions remain open.
Powder Compaction Effect on Foaming Behavior of Uni‐Axial Pressed PM Precursors
Authors: Bonaccorsi L. , Proverbio E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA study on foaming behaviour of metal powder precursors compacted by cold uni‐axial compression is reported. PM precursors have been produced by pressing the aluminum powders in a cylindrical die, under single or double compaction. Billet densification was characterized by testing the green sample cross‐sections by micro‐hardness measurements. The so obtained hardness maps were correlated to the foamed sample. The results demonstrated the fundamental role played on the powder densification by wall‐die frictions during the compaction operations. Best results were obtained from billets compacted by the double pressing action in a lubricated die. Finally, double compacted pellets were prepared from aluminum powders milled for different times and the pore morphology of the resulting foamed samples was evaluated in terms of cell circularity. The powder granulometry resulted to be an other important parameter influencing the green densification and the final foam quality.
Ultrasonically Welded Aluminium Foams/Sheet Metal – Joints
Authors: Born C. , Wagner G. , Eifler D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe ultrasonic welding technology enables to produce high‐strength joints between sheet metal and aluminium foam sandwich (AFS) without melting of the metal or any damage of the foam structure. In the investigations the used welding processes and different factors influencing the weldability were varied. The achievable mechanical properties for ultrasonically welded metal joints, especially under monotonic and cyclic load, will be discussed. Additionally, results of microscopic investigations of the bonding zone and possible applications are presented.
Machine Tools With Metal Foams
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Hipke T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMachine tool construction calls for subassemblies with reduced weight while retaining excellent dynamic properties. Modern frame components do always meet required static stiffness but often display oscillation problems due to low component wall thicknesses. Breaking down solid steel structure into wide‐area sandwich designs such as steel‐aluminum foam‐steel panels results in good static properties to be combined with excellent properties since these sandwiches have 30 to 40 times the flexural strength. This is due to their major geometrical moment of inertia in relation to adequate‐mass steel sheet metals. In addition, the foam core dampens oscillations. Studies on foamed steel sections indicate that 2 to 3 times higher damping is likely in relation to unfoamed steel sections. These benefits were the motivation for the Chemnitz Metal Foam Center to accelerate development of extremely large‐format sandwiches with dimensions of 1,500 × 1,000 mm2.
Web‐based design and manufacturing systems for micromachining: Comparison of architecture and usability
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Jung , Chu Won‐Shik , Ahn Sung‐Hoon , Kim Dong‐Soo , Jun Cha‐Soo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, web‐based micromachining systems are compared with a commercial CAD/CAM system from the point of educational usability. The web‐based systems included in this study were MIcromachining System (MIMS) and SmartFab. In the MIMS architecture, a 3D model in STL format was read using the web browser, the file was sent to the web server where toolpath planner was located, and the NC code was reviewed by the designer through the web connection. In the SmartFab system, SolidWorks was used as the design interface with modified menus that support input parameters for micromachining. This additional function was available by SolidWorks API that provided links to the same toolpath planner as MIMS. In the commercial CAD/CAM case, without using any web connection, SolidWorks and CATIA were used for design, and PowerMill was used as a CAM tool. For each system, accessibility, user‐friendliness, toolpath‐reliability, and processing time were compared. Total of 91 students tested these systems in an undergraduate CAD class, and the user's feedback showed better performance of the web‐based system in accessibility, user‐friendliness, and processing time. However, reliability of the web‐based system should be improved to be more useful design and manufacturing system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 169–177, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20076
A web‐based tool for control engineering teaching
Authors: Méndez J. Albino , Lorenzo César , Acosta Leopoldo , Torres Santiago , González Evelio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this article a new tool for control engineering teaching is presented. The tool was implemented using Java applets and is freely accessible through Web. It allows the analysis and simulation of linear control systems and was created to complement the theoretical lectures in basic control engineering courses. The article is not only centered in the description of the tool but also in the methodology to use it and its evaluation in an electrical engineering degree. Two practical problems are included in the manuscript to illustrate the use of the main functions implemented. The developed web‐based tool can be accessed through the link http://www.controlweb.cyc.ull.es. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 178–187, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20080
A virtual electrical drive control laboratory: Neuro‐fuzzy control of induction motors
Authors: Gökbulut Muammer , Bal Cafer , Dandil Beşir 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeural and fuzzy courses are widely offered at graduate and undergraduate level due to the successful applications of neural and fuzzy control to nonlinear and unmodeled dynamic systems, including electrical drives. However, teaching students a neuro‐fuzzy controlled electrical drive in a laboratory environment is often difficult for schools with limited access to expensive equipment facilities. Therefore, computer simulations and dedicated software are needed to assist the students in visualizing the concepts and to provide graphical feedback during the learning process. In this article, an educational software is proposed for the neuro‐fuzzy control of induction machine drives. The tool helps students learn the application of neuro‐fuzzy control of electrical drives. The software has a flexible structure and graphical user interface. The neuro‐fuzzy architecture, the motor and load parameters can be easily changed in the developed software. Neuro‐fuzzy control performance of induction motors can be monitored graphically for various control structures and current controllers Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 211–221, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20082
About being Mununga (Whitefulla): making covert group racism visible
Authors: Kessaris Terry Ngarritjan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe main focus of this paper is to expose what goes on between Mununga (White people) in Australia that contributes to the maintenance of racism in hidden and often unconscious ways. Mununga racism in Australia commonly occurs as normal, shared, social activity amongst ordinary, decent, Mununga folk, and it is covert and linked to colonial beliefs and practices. In this context, Mununga are co‐opted by their own society to oppress others, particularly Blekbala (Indigenous people). However, some challenge that custom and strive to step outside their prevailing social practices. The processes of being co‐opted into and challenging colonial practices are explored through the counter‐narratives of Mununga allies who are engaged in the work of anti‐racism and decolonization. Using an outsider Blekbala perspective with the help of Mununga insider perspectives, I put forward a description and critique of these covert, social practices under the themes of ‘Making, unmaking and remaking the Mununga self’, ‘Deep shared understandings’, ‘Violence, silence and benevolence’, ‘Unconstrained Mununga talk’ and ‘Turning things around’. This is a Black story of White on White. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.