bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition of feather and offal meal and its value as a protein supplement in the diet of broilers
Authors: Jackson N. , Fulton R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments are described in which feather and offal meal was included at levels of 0, 3.4, 6.8, 10.2, 13.6 and 17.0% in the diet of broilers. The feather and offal meal was used to replace Peruvian fishmeal as the main protein source, the highest level replacing all of the Peruvian fishmeal.The feather and offal meal was poorer in lysine and methionine content but richer in cystine than Peruvian fishmeal. The batches used were relatively homogeneous when assessed by chemical analysis and had metabolisable energy contents of 3350 and 3340 kcal/kg, respectively.Feed intake was depressed at the 17% level of inclusion of feather and offal meal in the first experiment and at the 13.6% level in the second experiment.The data from both experiments showed an optimum efficiency of feed utilisation at about the 10% level of inclusion in the broiler diets.
Effect of pH on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis
Authors: Odu C. T. I. , Fayemi A. A. , Ogunwale J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCentrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis were grown on two soils of different texture adjusted to pH values ranging from 5–7 to 8–0 by the addition of either dilute sulphuric acid or calcium carbonate. Centrosema grew best on a soil having final pH values of 6–1, while Stylosanthes grew best on a soil having a final pH value of 5–7. Nodulation followed a similar trend with dry matter yields but was increasingly suppressed by increases in pH, with complete suppression in some cases at pH8. Maximum nitrogen fixation in both cases occurred at a pH value of about 6.
Use of L‐cysteine in bread baking—results of a multi‐generation feeding experiment with breeding rats
Authors: Frape D. L. , Wilkinson J. , Chubb L. G. , Buchanan A. M. , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA multi‐generation feeding test with growing and breeding rats has been conducted to determine the effect of the cysteine‐treatment of flour (compared with control flour)used in preparing the bread included in their diets at the level of 77%. Neither 10 times nor 100 times the optimum usage rate of cysteine markedly affected growth, breeding characteristics or post mortem findings in the rats, apart from a slightly greater rate of decline in weaning liveweight from generation to generation at the highest cysteine level, leading to lower liver and kidney weights in male weanling rats of the fifth and sixth generations. Histological evidence from breeding rats of the fifth generation showed no lesions atypical in normal rats and therefore supported the contention that the consumption by rats of bread baked with cysteine‐ treated flour is without harmful effect over several generations.
Varietal differences in water‐soluble gliadin fractions of Triticum aestivum and of Triticum durum Seeds
Authors: Minetti M. , Petrucci T. , Pocchiari F. , Silano V. , Avella R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWater‐soluble gliadin fractions from the endosperm of several varieties of Triticum aestivum and T. durum were analysed by disc‐electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in a Tris‐glycine buffer system. With this procedure, both anodic and cathodic bands were obtained. After aniline blue‐black staining, the gliadin bands became coloured reddish‐brown, whereas the albumin bands appeared blue‐black. In spite of remarkable varietal differences, some characteristic gliadin‐like bands can be used to differentiate bread from T. durum wheat. The biochemical connexion between gliadin‐like fractions and gliadins is discussed.
Softening of gluten by wheat proteases
Authors: Redman D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperimental evidence has been obtained to support the hypothesis that gluten softening is a result of peptide bond scission catalysed by proteolytic enzymes. Extensive softening of gluten is observed even though very few peptide bonds are broken. These effects will probably be more noticeable if the wheat from which the flour is milled has begun to germinate. It is suggested that endogenous bacterial and mould proteases will not usually play a significant part in modem breadmaking processes.
Changes in polyphenolics on ripening of selected pear varieties
Authors: Ranadive A. S. , Haard N. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ethyl acetate‐soluble phenolic compounds were isolated from mature and ripened samples of four new pear selections. Phenolic spectra were related to textural parameters of shear analysis and sclereid development and tendency to undergo oxidative browning. Anomalous textural parameters were associated with low phenolic content, notably of chlorogenic acids, and tendency to brown was associated with higher levels of chlorogenic acid on ripening.
Influence of banded fertiliser on the chemical environment surrounding the band: I.—Effect on pH and solution nitrogen
Authors: Isensee A. R. , Walsh L. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of several banded fertilizers on soil pH, soil solution pH, and concentration of NH4‐N, NO2‐N and NO3‐N at two distances from the band was studied. Treatments consisted of various combinations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), KCl, NH4‐NO3, (NH4)2HPO4 and urea applied on a nutrient element basis of 22.4 or 67.2 kg/ha.Urea treatments produced the highest initial pH, and MCP treatments resulted in the lowest pH values. The greatest pH changes during a 32‐day incubation period resulted from treatments that contained urea, (NH4)2 HPO4 or NH4NO3. Changes in pH with time, for treatments containing the N sources, reflected the rate of nitrification of NH4‐N to NO3‐N which, in turn, controlled the solution concentrations of NH4‐N and NO3‐N. The NO2‐N content near 67.2 kg/ha urea applications increased with time to potentially toxic concentrations (over 500 ppm). Combination of MCP with urea markedly lowered pH and NO2‐N content compared to treatments in which MCP was not supplied. Application of (NH4)2HPO4 or urea at 22.4 kg/ha resulted in a rapid increase in NO3‐N and decrease in pH with time. The pH decrease and accumulation of NO3‐N were much slower when (NH4)2HPO4 or urea was applied at 67.2 kg/ha.
Recovery and evaluation of aroma development in apple peels
Authors: Guadagni D. G. , Bomben J. L. , Harris J. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAroma in Delicious apple peels was generated by conditioning peels at ambient temperature (19–23°c) for 24 h. The conditioned peels were processed, and the developed aroma was recovered in a pilot‐scale apparatus. The recovered aroma was evaluated for intensity and quality against standard apple essences derived from whole apples and unconditioned or no‐delay peels. The strength or ‘flavouring capacity’ of the concentrated aroma solution was estimated by threshold analysis and by a matching standard procedure at single‐strength juice equivalence. The aroma recovered from conditioned peels was 2–7 times stronger than that from similar no‐delay peels. Quality of the aroma solution from conditioned peels was statistically (P > 0.05), indistinguishable from standard aroma solutions prepared from whole apples or no‐delay peels. Thus, the conditioned peels gave aroma solutions with 2–7 times more ‘flavouring capacity’ than no‐delay peels, without significant sacrifice in quality.
Fractionation of aqueous ethanolic extracts from bread
Authors: Daniels D. G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractColumn chromatography of an aqueous ethanolic extract from bread crust on alkylated Sephadex (LH‐20) partly separated it into five coloured fractions. Further partial separation of two of these fractions was achieved by chromatography on Sephadex G‐15 and silica gel columns, and by thin‐layer chromatography.Maltose, glucose and fructose were determined in crust and crumb extracts by quantitative paper chromatography.
Studies in indian seed oils: VII—Four oils with unusual constituents
Authors: Bedi K. L. , Atal C. K. , Achaya K. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe percentages by weight of palmitic, hexadecenoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids were determined in the seed fats fo Bunium cylindricum (Umbelliferae), Euonymus hamiltonianus (Celastraceae), Crotalaria intermedia (Leguminosae)and Solanum khasianum (Solanaceae) by gas‐liquid chromatography. An unusual component in the first fat was 38·5% petroselinic acid and in the second 8·5% (by wt.) acetic acid. The other two fats contained higher chain length components: a total of 4·0% of 22:0,24:0 and 26:0 acids and 0·1, 0·3 and 0·1% of 21: 0, 23:0 and 25:0 linear acids in C. Intermedia and 1·5% of a possible 19:0 branched‐chain acid and 0·1% of an apparent 22:1 acid in S. khasianum.
Extraction and fractionation of proteins of sorghum kernels
Authors: Haikerwal Madhuri , Mathieson A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing multi‐step extraction, sorghum flour was shown to contain 28 % albumin and globulin, 30 % pro‐lamin and 12 % soluble glutelin. The remaining 30 % proteins are difficult to extract and may be bound. Alkaline copper sulphate and sodium sulphite were not very effective in extracting the protein, nor were dilute acetic acid and sodium pyrophosphate buffer. A virtually complete extraction of proteins could be achieved by 8 M urea with 0·1 M sodium dodecyl sulphate; 8M urea alone extracted 60% of the total protein. Sephadex gel (G 100) filtration showed that the normal solvent extracts contain three major fractions, one a low molecular weight, dialysable fraction, one of high molecular weight proteins elected around the void volume, and an intermediate fraction.8 M urea extracts yielded three main peaks and six minor peaks. From a standard curve, approximate molecular weights of these main fractions were estimated as 82,000, 46,000 and 2000, respectively. Disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel gave compatible results. Single bands were observed in dialysed aqueous, saline and alcoholic extracts, two sharp bands in the case of sodium hydroxide extracts. Extraction with 8 M urea gave three main and five minor bands on disc electrophoresis.
Methods of assessing the odours of glues (and gelatines)
Authors: Johnson A. E. , Nursten H. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive chemical methods and two types of sensory assessment have been tried out on a range of glues. A panel judged both the intensity of odour and how objectionable the odour was. It did so with a high degree of consistency and the correlation between the two types of sensory assessment was very significant. There was a limited correlation between the panel assessments and ammonia content, and this is worth further investigation. The closed circuit method leads to gas chromatograms sufficiently detailed to permit differentiation between samples, but direct vapour injection, the vacuum oven/trap method, and the quantitative determination of volatile acids showed no promise for use in the quality control of glues. A limited extension of this study to two gelatines suggests that the conclusions apply also to these less degraded protein forms.
Lucerne saponins: IV.—Relationship between their chemical constitution, and haemolytic and antifungal activities
Authors: Gestetner B. , Assa Y. , Henis Y. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy precipitation with animal or plant sterols (cholesterol or β‐sitosterol), saponins extracts from lucerne tops (SEt) or roots (SEr) were separated into two main groups of saponins. The aglycone moiety of the group precipitated by sterol is composed of medicagenic acid and an unidentified lucerne sapogenin, whereas the non‐precipitable saponins contain a variety of soyasapogenols as their aglycones. No qualitative difference could be observed in the composition of the sugar moiety of the two groups of saponins. It was found that only the sterol‐precipitable saponins are able to lyse red blood cells and arrest the growth of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Though the origin of the sterol has no influence on the composition and biological properties of the saponins precipitated by them, the antifungal activity of lucerne saponins could be counteracted only by the addition of cholesterol, but not of β‐sitosterol to the culture medium.Lucerne saponins precipitated by sterol were separated by thin‐layer chromatography into three fractions. Antifungal and haemolytic activities are concentrated mainly in the fractions having high Rf values. The absence of these fractions from SEt accounts for the lower degree of biological activity exhibited by SEt as compared with that of SEr. The antifungal activity of the various sapogenins is found to be concentrated mainly in medicagenic acid and to a lesser extent in the unidentified sapogenin. Blocking the functional groups of medicagenic acid greatly diminished its antifungal activity.
Fat binding in biscuit wafers
Authors: Wootton M. , Weeden D. , Munk N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe high degree of fat binding observed in biscuit wafers has been shown to occur as a result of baking and not mixing. In this instance, binding occurs between starch and fat. Evidence is presented that this binding is the result of a physical mechanism in which starch gelatinisation appears to play some role.
Biological and chemical factors affecting the valuations of north‐east indian plains teas: I.—Statistical association of liquor characteristics with cash valuations of black teas
Authors: Biswas Ajit K. , Biswas Asim K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn attempt has been made, by using the multiple regression technique, to determine whether the term ‘quality’ of the North‐East Indian plains black teas has its own single characteristic as recognisable by tea‐ tasters or if it is the integration of some of the other important liquor characteristics, viz., colour, strength, brightness and briskness, and to determine the influence of those liquor characteristics including quality on the ‘cash valuations’ of black teas.The multiple regression analyses showed that in general, regardless of tasters and methods of manufacture, quality of North‐East Indian plains black tea was found to depend mainly on briskness, quality being increased with an increase in briskness.Cash valuations, both of crushing, tearing and curling (C.T.C.) and orthodox manufactured teas, in general, depended mainly on quality and/or briskness, cash valuation being increased with increase in quality and/or briskness.
Toxic factors in pea haulm silage effluent—The factors toxic to fish
Authors: Clarke E. G. C. , Humphreys D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe liquor expressed from decomposing pea haulm has been shown to contain volatile fatty acids, volatile sulphides, ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐cresol, and phenol. These have been found to be responsible for the toxicity of this material to fish. The greatest contribution to the toxicity is made by the fatty acids, followed in decreasing order by the volatile sulphides, and the phenolic substances.
Field experiments with anhydrous ammonia
Authors: Eagle D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results are reported of 50 experiments carried out by the National Agricultural Advisory Service comparing injected anhydrous ammonia with solid ammonium nitrate for arable crops and grass. Autumn‐applied anhydrous ammonia was found to be inefficient for arable crops owing to winter loss by leaching. Spring injections for spring cereals and sugar‐beet were as effective as ammonium nitrate provided that soil conditions allowed efficient injection. Spring injections for winter wheat were as effective as ammonium nitrate on light and medium textured soils but less so on clay soils. The slow‐acting nature of anhydrous ammonia resulted in less lodging than did ammonium nitrate and less resultant yield depression under conditions leading to severe lodging in cereals.In grassland, the slow‐acting nature of anhydrous ammonia gave a delayed response compared with ammonium nitrate but did not result in an even spread of growth throughout the season. Early spring injections resulted in a better seasonal distribution of response in high rainfall areas than in areas of low rainfall.
Crop composition in relation to soil pH and root cation‐exchange capacity
Authors: Crooke W. M. , Knight A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing a granitic soil limed to give pH values from 4–5 to 7–5, variation in the mineral composition of oats, barley, wheat, swede and potato was examined in relation to soil pH and the possible effect of root cation‐exchange capacity (CEC). An increase in soil pH caused increases in root CEC, total cation (Ca+Mg+K+Na) and N contents of the monocotyledon crops but produced no change in root CEC and no consistent variation in total cations or N of the dicotyledon crops. Distinctly different cation translocation patterns were found between monocotyledons (low CEC) and dicotyledons (high CEC). The former favour translocation of monovalent cations, thus leaving their roots richer in divalent cations, while the opposite process takes place in swedes, but not in potatoes. This feature may be related to differences in the number of exchange sites in the roots and other tissues of these two classes of plant. Little change in P content was noted in tops of swedes or potatoes, but it increased with soil pH in cereal tops. Liming had variable effects on the contents of Fe, Mn and Cu. The Fe content of cereal tops altered little but both swede and potato tops had higher contents at high pH. The rate of reduction in the Mn content of the tops of all crops, except barley, increased above pH 6·0 or 6·5; little change in the Cu content of cereal or potato tops was noted, but levels in swede tops and potato tubers fell sharply on liming.
Amino acid composition and In Vitro digestibility of some protein fractions from three species of leaves of various ages
Authors: Byers M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtracts from leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare), lupin (Lupinus albus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) of different ages were fractionated. As the leaves age, chloroplasts are increasingly disrupted during extraction and the chlorophyll‐containing protein becomes increasingly difficult to sediment. The amount of protein unassociated with chlorophyll varies with species, but not with leaf age.Analyses are given of selected chloroplastic fractions (sedimented and coagulated) and of the protein precipitated from the whole extracts and the various supernatant fluids. Amino acid composition of unfractionated protein is independent of species, except perhaps for methionine; leaf age has no affect on composition. The method of protein precipitation may influence the amount of lysine determined. Contrary to previous reports, chloroplastic and cytoplasmic protein do not have the same composition.Nutritional properties of the preparations are discussed in relation to their amino acid composition and to their known in vivo and in vitro behaviour. Comparison with the F.A.O. reference protein shows that sufficient lysine, both total and nutritionally ‘available’, is present in unfractionated and cytoplasmic protein, though it may be marginal in some chloroplastic fractions. The first limiting essential amino acid in all leaf protein preparations is methionine, and there is an adequate amount ‘available’ in cytoplasmic but not in unfractionated or chloroplastic protein. Reasons are suggested for the unavailability of methionine, and possibly cyst(e)ine, in the latter preparations.
Purification and properties of three albumins from Triticum aestivum seeds
Authors: Cantagalli P. , Di Giorgio G. , Morisi G. , Pocchiari F. , Silano V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree albumins were isolated from bread wheat seeds by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 and differential preparative disc‐electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The proteins were obtained in sufficient yield and purity to carry out characterisation studies. The electrophoretic mobilities of the three albumins in polyacrylamide discs in glycine—Tris medium, pH 9·5, were 0·28, 0·34 and 0·39 (referred to that of bromophenol blue taken as 1). The isoelectric points were 6·40, 6·40 and 5·35 and the molecular weights 17, 700, 18, 200 and 18, 900, respectively. The amino acid compositions of the purified albumins were very similar. The correlation of the purified albumins with those isolated from bread wheats by other authors is discussed.
Direct determination of lead in plant materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Fletcher K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground absorption is shown to result in spuriously high lead values in the analysis of plant digest solutions by atomic absorption Spectrophotometry. By measuring the absorbance of a spectral continuum in the region of the absorption line a correction can be applied. The corrected values are shown to be in reasonable agreement with values obtained cobrimetrieally for a wide range of vegetable foods.
Volatile constituents of fermented cider I.—Draught dry cider blend
Authors: Williams A. A. , Tucknott O. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the volatile components of a draught cider using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and infra‐red spectroscope has led to the definite identification of 43 components, a further 23 being tentatively reported. 2‐Phenylethanol, its esters and the short‐chain fatty acids are important organoleptic components; 4‐ethylguaujcol and 4‐ethylphenol give a heavy ‘cresol‐like’ characteristic and hexyl acetate, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate and other low boiling esters contribute to the fruity character of the cider.
Peeling and trimming of potatoes using lye and knife peelers: Performance and costs
Authors: Fox Wendy R. , Dent T. J. , Hampson C. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA lye peeler and a knife peeler were used to peel potatoes of five quality/size grades in several series of experiments. The weight removed during peeling and trimming, and the trimming rate were measured for different peeling times. Less wastage was incurred with the lye peeler than with the knife peeler especially with large size tubers. The processes were coasted and lye peeling was found to be more economical with large potatoes, while lye and knife methods had similar costs with small potatoes. It was more economical to peel potatoes of sub‐ware quality (i.e. grading rejects) than those of ware quality, because the extra cost of trimming and the extra wastage were more than balanced by the lower cost of the raw material.
Prediction of the fertiliser needs of sugar‐beet grown on fen peat soils
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Durrant M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fertiliser requirements of sugar‐beet grown on fen soils were tested in 52 experiments from 1963 to 1969. In some fields, N.P.K and Na and, especially N and P, greatly increased yields, but the average responses obtained with the four elements were small. To help to predict where and how much fertiliser was needed for sugar‐beet, soils were grouped according to soil analysis and classified by loss on ignition. Sugar‐beet grown on soils with less than 20 μg/ml P (extracted with sodium bicarbonate) needed 1·20 cwt/acre P2O5, with 21–45 μg/ml P, 0·75 cwt/acre P2O5, and with more than 45 μg/ml P no fertiliser was required. Most soils contained high concentrations of K; with less than 100 μg/ml K (extracted with ammonium nitrate), 2·00 cwt/acre P2O was probably justified; with 100–250 μg/ml, 1·00 cwt/acre K2O was needed. Most of the responses to agricultural salt were by crops on soils with exchangeable sodium concentrations of less than 30 μg/ml Na. Loss on ignition was related to response to N fertiliser; when the loss was 14–25%, N increased yield by 6 cwt/acre sugar and 1·2 cwt/acre N fertiliser was Heeded and when the loss was 26–35%, the yield was increased by 3·5 cwt/acre and 0·6 cwt/acre N was needed. With greater losses there was little response.