bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euro-doutes
Authors: Jacquet Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Whither UEM?, by Pierre Jacquet
Many today doubt that the European Monetary Union can be launched by January, 1, 1999, the deadline set by the Maastricht Treaty. The prospects for meeting the fiscal convergence criteria look dim for most countries, including now France and Germany. Creating a monetary union, however, is a highly political décision, and political will, much more than strict respect of arbitrary statistical criteria, shall be the determining factor. The Maastricht treaty leaves important margins of interpretation of the criteria, that decision makers will be free to use when tinte cornes. The current debate is a reflection of a negotiating process that gives little indication about political will at the time of the ultimate decision. EMU can therefore still happen on time, and according to the Treaty provisions. The chances, however, will be greatly increased if decision makers and public opinions look at EMU in a pragmatic fashion, and not as a miracle cure for ail European ills: unemployment, inequalities of income among and within countries, lack of political decisiveness at a Gommunity level, etc.
Roumanie / Hongrie : peut-il y avoir réconciliation ?
Authors: Durandin Catherine 
Published: November 2007

Rumania-Hungary : Is Reconciliation Possible ?, by Catherine Durandin
Negotiations between the two states on the signature of a treaty of good-neigh-bourliness have failed, mainly owing to the Rumanian refusal to recognize collective rights to the sizeable Hungarian minority in Transylvania. But the antagonism runs deeper. It has been apparent throughout this century in the shape of rivalry in the face of the « great powers » (Vienna, Berlin, and Moscow), later on in relation to Gorbachev's reformism, and finally today in the context of the prospect of integration into Euro-Atlantic structures. Transitional difficulties, however, constitute a breeding ground for extremist tendencies which arise within public opinion mesmerized by the neighbouring threat and tempted by a rejection of the West as well as of ail centrifugal daims. In view of such pressures, Bucarest does not exclude the option of leaning once again towards Moscow in case of failure to adhere to NATO.
Sahara occidental : de la prolongation du conflit à la nécessité de son règlement
Authors: Mohsen-Finan Khadija 
Published: November 2007

Western Sahara : from the Prolongation of the Conflict to the Need for it to be Resolved, by Khadija Mohsen-Finan
In August 1988, Marocco and the Polisario who, since 1975, have been arguing over the ex-Spanish colony of Western Sahara, agreed on a peace plan suggested by the UN. Since then, the referendum over autodetermination has been put off several times because of the différences between the adversaries, concerning the composition of the electorate. However, there are numerous éléments in favour of the definitive settlement of this problem, even if the departure of the MINURSO in May 1996 renders the referendum, which was however considered as the only possible solution, difficult. This explains why a political solution, an agreeement that might deal with the integration of the Sahara with Marocco, is being sought. The Polisario could still exploit its identity whilst Rabat would see its role as the master of the Sahara confirmed.
Violence, guerre et paix
Authors: Chaunu Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Violence, War and Peace, by Pierre Chaunu
Institutionalized war between polities, in the form of regulated violence, whose aim is to vanquish rather than to kill, was a progress for humanity. It has doubtless been the most efficient way of reducing fatal violence — anomic violence or private wars. The improvement in weaponry has also led to a decrease in losses and has been a contributing factor to peace. This is true for the shift from collision to projectiles and from projectiles to firearms or the atomic weapon. The second 'thirty year war' (1914-1945) with its 106 million dead — losses due more to cold-blooded massacres rather than weapons — has merely provided an interlude within this trend, between the nineteenth century with its very low losses and the atomic era. It now seems, however, as if interstate violence was once again prevailing with the return of tribal wars and anomic urban violence.
L'économie de la Russie et sa politique économique
Authors: Iassine Evgueni 
Published: November 2007

Russia's Economy and her Economie Policy, by Evgueni Iassine
Although Russia is not yet out of the wood — her problems being so great — she has become a market economy, despite what the opposition says. True, the government has made mistakes but they are not all its fault. In economie affairs, the inherited legacy is a heavy one and the therapies are difficult to apply. The former minister of economic affairs, Evgueni Iassine, analyses here the stages of his country's economic transformation since 1990. He humorously takes apart the accusations levelled at Russia's reformers and gives his view of what the shock therapy was like, the role of the State and the demonetarization of the economy.
Libre-échange contre libéralisation politique : partenariat et stabilité dans le bassin méditerranéen
Authors: Kienle Eberhard 
Published: November 2007

Free Trade Versus Political Liberalization: Partnership and Stability in the Mediterranean Basin, by Eberhard Kienle
Euro-Mediterranean partnership involves many risks for the prosperity and stability of southern Mediterranean countries, even though that is what it aims to improve. Being centred on external and internal economie liberalization, it guarantees neither an equitable distribution of resources nor growth in countries whose competitiveness is extremely limited. Even if they contribute to growth, the economie policies envisaged will not further the political liberalization that is necessary for genuine stability in the countries in question. Only an upgraded and tactfully conducted political dialogue will help to achieve these goals.
Plus d'Europe pour plus d'Alliance
Authors: Adrien Bernard 
Published: November 2007

More Europe Today for Better Transatlantic Relations Tomorow, by Bernard Adrien
In order to catch up with economie and monetary integration, the process of European political unity and of CFSP building has to progress pragmatically by means of "reinforced coopération" between the most dynamic Member States. Everybody's role should depend on their contribution. One can imagine one day a formal or informal "Schengen" type of agreement concerning CFSP which would set up convergence criteria in matters of defense expenditures and international commitment. The European Union has also to clarify its political project and therefore its geographical boundaries. One has also to put an end to the constant opposition between "atlantic" and "European" consultation by clearly establishing responsibilities within the Atlantic Alliance between the Europeans and the United States.
Faut-il croire à la « révolution dans les affaires militaires » ?
Authors: Tertrais Bruno 
Published: November 2007

Should One Believe in the "Revolution in Military Affairs?", by Bruno Tertrais
The Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) has become a central theme in the post-Cold War strategie debate. The concept is fuzzy and there is no consensus on its scope and significance. But there are indeed evolutions in the field of information technology that are going to bring about changes in the conduct of warfare. They may ultimately after the very nature of defense and strategy. But there are limits to what the RMA can actually achieve in conflicts. And for the moment, the Pentagon maintains a half-hearted attitude towards the RMA. In any case, there are some important political stakes underlying the debate. Despite some misperceptions, the RMA is not designed to be an instrument of US leadership over Europe, and the issue of the technology gap between the two sides of the Atlantic is a complex and multifaceted one. There is no reason why Europeans should take for granted the existence of an RMA.
Le rebond européen
Authors: Andréani Gilles 
Published: November 2007

The European Rebound, by Gilles Andréani
Europe appears to have emerged from a long period of depression that started with the Treaty of Maastricht and resulted in public opinion being disillusioned about the building of Europe from 1991 to 1996. Now this trend seems to have been reversed for about two years now in the wake of the successful launch of the euro and the "return of the political aspect" in connection with the consequences of the single currency and the revival of the debate about European defence. If this trend is to be Consolidated at a time when "eurorealism" is tending to become prédominant, the EU should take up the challenges of governmental responsibility and those thrown down by the outside world.
Bonn et Paris face à Pékin (1989-1997) : vers une stratégie commune ?
Authors: Nesshöver Christoph 
Published: November 2007

Bonn and Paris's Relations With Beijing (1989-1997): Towards a Common Strategy?, by Christoph Nesshöver
The article compares the policies of Germany and France towards the People's Republic of China since the repression of the Chinese students' movement in Tiananmen Square in 1989. The author examines the changing relationship between economic and commercial interests on the one hand and human rights concerns on the other. In the case of both Germany and France, a continuous and substantial shift from value-oriented policy focussing on human rights towards a mainly economically driven China policy can be detected in the 1990s with France gradually copying German's political reserve towards Beijing for the sake of securing major business deals. Taking China as an example, the widespread criticism of ageneral "mercantilisation" of Western foreign policy appears to be justified. The prospect of a more coordinated Franco-German (and thus European) China policy appears rather remote in the near future.
L'OTAN après le Kosovo : ange de paix ou gendarme du monde ?
Authors: Kamp Karl-Heinz 
Published: November 2007

NATO After Kosovo: Angel of Peace or World Policeman?, by Karl-Heinz Kamp
The war waged in the Balkans and the results of the NATO summit held on its fiftieth anniversary will play a crucial role in the development of the Alliance. Yet NATO will become neither an "angel of peace" nor the "world policeman". An Alliance based on a consensus of its 19 démocratic member states will not readily engage in military activism ― or even less so ― adventurism. NATO must not, however, delimit its geographical horizon too narrowly.
La Russie, pays européen
Authors: Braithwaite Rodric 
Published: November 2007

Russia, a European Country, by Rodric Braithwaite
Russia is a European country by history, religion and culture. Its size and its long borders with Asia are a source of anxiety rather than strength. Since the end of the Cold War it has been going through a painful period of massive internal change, as well as having to adjust itself to the loss of empire. The transition will take decades, perhaps even generations. Russia is more likely to end up as a very Russian kind of European social democracy, rather than an aggressively free market System on American lines. In any event it is in everybody's interest that Russia and the other European countries should find ever closer ways of cooperating with one another.
L'armée russe, menace ou recours ?
Authors: Facon Isabelle 
Published: November 2007

The Russian Army, a Threat or a Remedy?, by Isabelle Façon
Analyses of civil-military relations in Russia generally highlight the army's refusal to intervene in politics, as well as the lack of a tradition of military coups d'État. However, the alarming reports of the crisis afflicting the Russian armed forces invite questions to be asked about the current state of the relationship between the political authorities and the military. Thèse questions are ail the more justified in that the Russian political authority appears to be very perplexed in this respect, even if its concern is expressed in an equally diffuse and confused way.
Fin de siècle vue d'Amérique
Authors: Rielly John 
Published: November 2007

The End of the Century : a view From America, by John E. Rielly
As the 20th century closes, Americans feel secure, prosperous and confident. They see the United States as the world's most important and powerful country. Gone is the fear of armed threats from a rival superpower. In an era of increasing globalization, Americans view economie rather than military power as the most significant measure of global strength. Apprehension about economie competition from Japan or Europe has dissipated, as have concerns about immigration. Nevertheless, Americans are alarmed by images of violence at home and abroad. They support measures to thwart terrorists, prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and keep defence strong, but shy away from using US troops on foreign soil. American public and leadership opinion on foreign policy today reflects a "guarded engagement".
Mondialisation et gouvernance
Authors: Zuma Nkosazana Clarice 
Published: November 2007

Globalization and Governance, by Nkosazana Clarice Zuma
Globalization, which does not only have an economie dimension, involves both opportunities and risks for developing countries. It is essential that these countries be integrated into the worlcrs economie System. However, many challenges have yet to be overcome, particularly the obstacles to movement of unskilled workers from the South in the industrialized countries and access to the rich countries' markets in the sectors in which the latter are inefficient. The democratization of many countries in the world forms one of the cornerstones of good governance. The latter also implies an open and direct dialogue between countries and a negotiated, peaceful settlement of conflicts. Finally, the multilateral organizations - in particular the United Nations System, which is in need of reform - hâve an important role to play in order to counteract the negative impact of globalization on developing countries.
Réussir l'Europe : construire des ponts
Authors: Rau Johannes 
Published: November 2007

Making a Success of Europe: Bridge-Building, by Johannes Rau
Europe is first and foremost a community of values that has to be extended by enlarging the European Union. Its success implies transcending the old doctrinal "trench wars" - notably those between sovereignists and federalists — particularly as today there is surprising unanimity about the political objectives pursued by the European Union. Its institutional structure, on the other hand, calls for a radical reform with a view to a greatly expanded EU. The highly controversial issue of a federation of European states capable of intervening where individual states can no longer do so, must be raised. It does not call into question the importance of a strong nation state with responsibilities in many areas. Europe's responsibility in any case is to take up the économie and social challenges of globalization, particularly by globalizing the social market economy.
Les enjeux internationaux de la parité
Authors: Gaspard Françoise 
Published: November 2007

The International Challenges of Parity, by Françoise Gaspard
Parity, that is, power-sharing between women and men in the public — and notably political - domain, is a new demand. In civil society the concept of parity has been spread by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, it is interesting to note that it first emerged in supranational institutions as a new challenge for democracy.
La menace des armes nucléaires ne doit pas être éternelle
Authors: Martin David , Rocard Michel 
Published: November 2007

The Threat of Nuclear Weapons Should Not Be Eternal, by David Martin and Michel Rocard
For the five big powers, nuclear weapons are at présent meaningless. Their préservation as a symbol of prestige induces other countries to maintain the weapons which they possess. The danger is especially serious in regions where they cannot be used as instruments of crisis management. France and the UK should propose jointly a programme of disarmament which would require several decades to implement.
Nation et Europe au XXe siècle : de la sacralisation négative à la sécularisation positive
Authors: Thibaud Paul 
Published: November 2007

Nations and Europe in the 20th century : from a Negative Form of the Sacred to a Positive Form of the Secular, by Paul Thibaud
The nation is said to be in décline because it is being engulfed by globalization. Is this the main reason ? Is it not that the nation is being disavowed at the end of a process that lasted from 1914 to the collapse of communism ? Post-nationalism is primarily a rejection that "deconstructs" the political subject without replacing it, giving rise to much disappointment. This waste of our heritage stems from an ignorance of what it meant to our continent to have invented such a particular concept, actively open as it is to universal values - an ignorance that is preventing us from recognizing its resources.
Le Royaume-Uni, 1900-2000 : de l'empire planétaire au royaume insulaire
Authors: Bédarida François 
Published: November 2007

The United Kingdom, 1900-2000 : from a World Empire to an Island Kingdom, by François Bédarida
Still a hegemonie power at the close of the Victorian period, and able to claim a seat among the Big Three on the morrow of the Second World War (in spite of the fact that the war had destroyed the wealth of the nation), the United Kingdom holds nowadays a position of middle rank power. Nevertheless the ageing lion, whatever its many wounds, has kept its energy and most of all its extraordinary capacity for readaptation. Consequently, it is now necessary to assess two extremes : a bright future based on periodic reevaluation, or a slope of irreversible decline in a country assailed internally by the danger of disruption and externally by its congenital backward moves in Europe.
1945, le tournant du XXe siècle?
Authors: Vaïsse Maurice 
Published: November 2007

1945, Turn of the Century ? by Maurice Vaïsse
Not only the end of the Second World War, 1945 was also the beginning of a new and promising era. But how many ambiguities in these promises ! In the place or the solidarity that drove the Allies, a bipolar world, shared by the two big winners, the United States and the USSR, was built on the ruins of Europe. Instead of the peace wished by the UN, the French and British colonial empires saw their first setbacks, in Algeria, India, and Indochina. And instead of the collective security System conceived in Dumbarton Oaks, the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki announced the start of a 50 year long arms race, which would corne to an end only after the collapse of the com-munist block, in the 90s.
La Colombie entre guerre et paix
Authors: Lair Eric 
Published: November 2007

Colombia: Between War and Peace, by Éric Lair
For many years now, Colombia has been the stage for an internai conflict which has made it one of the most violent countries in the world. While the peace talks instigated by the Government of President Andrés Pastrana are deadlocked, and the country is suffering from a deep economie crisis, ail the armed protagonists are preparing for an impending intensification of the war. If this scenario were to eventuate, Colombian society would move into a new era of collective violence with uncertain boundaries.
L'Eglise orthodoxe russe, un facteur politique à prendre au sérieux ?
Authors: Semenoff-Tian-Chansky Irène 
Published: November 2007

The Russian Orthodox Church: to be Taken Seriously as a Political Factor?, by Irène Semenoff-Tian-Chansky
The Orthodox Church, which has reassumed its position of importance in Russian society, has not managed to define an official political doctrine through the parties. Its members have divergent opinions; even if it is possible to identify a certain number of ideas that are often asserted in Orthodox circles. The Church as an institution plays a political part by collaborating with the State and acting as an arbiter of the parties. In practical terms its involvement is characterised by the defence of its own interests, the inducement of a particular way forward for Russia, the establishment of special relations with the Orthodox world, and a look towards the East rather than the West.
Au-delà de l'arme nucléaire ?
Authors: Quinlan Michael 
Published: November 2007

nd Nuclear Weapons, by Michael Quinlan
the end of the Cold War many voices, including weighty ones, have
for the Worldwide abolition of nuclear weapons. Seen as a policy pro-
rather than a proper long-term aspiration, however, this demand
ies with inescapable current realities, and will remain beyond reach until
sr political changes have greatly altered the global political environment.
mwhile, there remains a useful international agenda to reduce further the
ts and risks of nuclear weapons, especially in respect of proliferation.
ategies against proliferation merit wider and more systematic considera-
n of options and synergies.
Après le bouleversement politique : ruptures et continuités de la vie politique japonaise
Authors: Wada Shuichi 
Published: November 2007

After the Political Upheaval: Stops, Starts and Continuity in Japanese Political Life, by Shuichi Wada
Junihiro Koizumi's election as leader of the Liberal-Democratic Party in April 2001 and then his appointment as Prime Minister amount to a significant change in the Japanese political scene. It is the first time, in effect, that a candidate who does not officially represent a political faction has been promoted to the most important job in the country. Koizumi owes his appointment to the unprecedented support of the Liberal-Democrats, which corresponds in turn to the great support he enjoys from the electorate and the media. Beyond the change in political style that will be bequeathed to the archipelago, the planned reforms of the new government could lead to other reforms, by undermining the very foundations of the traditional structure of the Liberal-Democratic party - which the old hands intend to oppose, natu-rally. But if Koizumi's popularity were to decline, and the reforms awaited by the country did not eventuate or have the desired effect, then the politics of factions could once again take hold.
L'Iran des réformes : la société face au pouvoir
Authors: Minoui Delphine 
Published: November 2007

Reforms in Iran: When Society Faces the State, by Delphine Minoui
If there is a country that will profit from the Afghan crisis, it is Iran. Rid of a troublesome neighbour, which portrayed the image of a radical Islam, Iran is celebrating the return of stability to Kabul. Twenty-three years after the revolution that ended the Shah's regime, the Islamic Republic of Iran is developing its relations with the West, and hopes to represent the face of moderate Islam. The reforming president Khatami, who was re-elected last August, finds himself once again confronting the obstacles that have been put in place by the conservative clergy in recent years. The followers of the supreme spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who remains the dominating force in the regime, still control the police, the army and the judiciary. But how can they keep control of a society that is becoming more and more active, 50% of which is under the age of 20 and which rejects the uneasy combination of religion and politics? This is the principle problem that those in power are trying to face. Today in Iranian society, three large groups represent real forces that favour a transition to democracy: intellectuals, women and youth.