bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ATP‐sensitive potassium channel: A novel target for protection against UV‐induced human skin cell damage
Authors: Cao Cong , Healey Sarah , Amaral Ashley , Lee‐Couture Avery , Wan Shu , Kouttab Nicola , Chu Wenming , Wan Yinsheng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltraviolet radiation (UV) induces cell damages leading to skin photoaging and skin cancer. ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers (KCOs) have been shown to exert significant myocardial preservation and neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo, and yet the potential role of those KCOs in protection against UV‐induced skin cell damage is unknown. We investigated the effects of pinacidil and diazoxide, two classical KCOs, on UV‐induced cell death using cultured human keratinocytes (HaCat cells). Here, we demonstrated for the first time that Kir 6.1, Kir 6.2 and SUR2 subunits of KATP channels are functionally expressed in HaCaT cells and both non‐selective KATP channel opener pinacidil and mitoKATP (mitochondrial KATP) channel opener diazoxide attenuated UV‐induced keratinocytes cell death. The protective effects were abolished by both non‐selective KATP channel blocker glibenclamide and selective mitoKATP channel blocker 5‐hydroxydecanoate (5‐HD). Also, activation of KATP channel with pinacidil or diazoxide resulted in suppressive effects on UV‐induced MAPK activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Unexpectedly, we found that the level of intracellular ROS was slightly elevated in HaCaT cells when treated with pinacidil or diazoxide alone. Furthermore, UV‐induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome c release and ultimately apoptotic cell death were also inhibited by preconditioning with pinacidil and diazoxide, and their effects were reversed by glibenclamide and 5‐HD. Taken together, we contend that mitoKATP is likely to contribute the protection against UV‐induced keratinocytes cell damage. Our findings suggest that KATP openers such as pinacidil and diazoxide may be utilized to prevent from UV‐induced skin aging. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 252–263, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micromachining with industrial picosecond lasers
Authors: Klimt Bernhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustrial picosecond laser pulses are used to micro‐machine virtually any material with high precision and minimal thermal impact. Best quality is achieved at low energy density near the ablation threshold. Economical throughput is achieved by very high pulse repetition rates. The effective pulse rate also can be increased by burst machining. For high quality with maximum throughput the proper selection of laser and process parameters is significant. Application rules and examples are discussed.
Efficient beam shaping for highpower laser applications
Authors: Homburg Oliver , Hauschild Dirk , Kubacki Frank , Lissotschenko Vitalij 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHigh‐power laser sources are used in many applications for material processing, like annealing, welding, soldering, printing and micro‐machining. Additionally, they are widely used as illumination sources for metrology – e.g. LIDAR – and vision systems based on CCD cameras. In many of these applications homogeneous top‐hat, square, or rectangular light fields as well as light lines are indispensable or add strong advantages to the application. Based on computer‐aided design it is possible to manufacture high‐precision microlens arrays with free programmable surfaces today. Thus, specific beam profiles with superior uniformity and efficiency can be generated. Compact beam shaper modules with prealigned optics have been developed. High‐power diode laser systems for the NIR spectral region from 1 W to several KW are available with application‐specific beam shapes due to integrated micro‐optics. Special attention is put on compact and solid design for rough environmental conditions.
Generation of Terahertz radiation with two color semiconductor lasers
Authors: Hoffmann S. , Hofmann M.R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe discuss and analyze concepts for the generation of tuneable continuous wave terahertz (THz) radiation with two color diode lasers. First, different geometries of two color lasers are reviewed. We show that the THz power of two color lasers in combination with external photomixers becomes sufficient for scanning THz imaging applications when optical amplification with a tapered amplifier is implemented. Then, the concept of direct emission of THz radiation out of a two‐color semiconductor laser is reviewed and the potential of this concept with respect to THz bandwidth and achievable THz power is critically analyzed.
Using switching detection and variational equations for the shooting method
Authors: Martinon Pierre , Gergaud Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe study in this paper the resolution by single shooting of an optimal control problem with a bang‐bang control involving a large number of commutations. We focus on the handling of these commutations regarding the precise computation of the shooting function and its Jacobian. We first observe the impact of a switching detection algorithm on the shooting method results. Then, we study the computation of the Jacobian of the shooting function, by comparing classical finite differences to a formulation using the variational equations. We consider as an application a low thrust orbital transfer with payload maximization. This kind of problem presents a discontinuous optimal control, and involves up to 1800 commutations for the lowest thrust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase II trial of carboplatin for intraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Dunkel Ira J. , Lee Thomas C. , Shi Weiji , Beaverson Katherine L. , Novetsky Danielle , Lyden David , Finlay Jonathan L. , McCormick Beryl , Abramson David H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundRetinoblastoma patients with RB1 germline mutations are at risk of developing second malignancies and external beam radiation therapy increases the risk. Carboplatin‐containing chemotherapy regimens in conjunction with local therapies have been investigated for intraocular retinoblastoma, but the lack of data regarding the efficacy of single agent intravenous carboplatin prompted this phase II study.ProcedureTwenty‐five patients (43 eyes) were treated with intravenous carboplatin (18.7 mg/kg for patients < 12 kg, 560 mg/m2 for patients ≥ 12 kg). Patients received a median of two cycles of carboplatin (range one to five cycles) beginning at a median age of 5 months (range 14 days to 22 months).ResultsAll patients were extraocular disease free during the follow‐up period (median 76.3 months). Responses were noted in 33 of 36 evaluable eyes (92%). The 5‐year overall ocular and ocular event‐free survivals were 93.3% (95% CI, 84.4–100%) and 43.5% (95% CI, 25.8–61.3%) for eyes treated for Reese‐Ellsworth (RE) group 1–3 disease and 25.0% (95% CI, 1.0–50.0%) and 8.3% (95% CI, 0–24.0%) for RE group 4–5 disease, respectively. No non‐hematopoietic serious or permanent toxicities related to the chemotherapy were observed.ConclusionWhen used as a neoadjuvant agent, carboplatin usually leads to objective responses of intraocular retinoblastoma. The 5‐year ocular event‐free survival appears inferior to other protocols using more extensive chemotherapy, but with greater radiation therapy usage, overall ocular survival rate for RE group 1–3 eyes was excellent. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:643–648. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent developments in micromachining of fused silica and quartz using excimer lasers
Authors: Tseng Ampere A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe characteristics and abilities of excimer lasers for micromachining of fused silica and crystal quartz are reviewed and their applications for making high‐precision and high‐quality microstructures are studied. In addition to the direct ablation technique, two special techniques: laser‐induced backside wet etching and laser‐induced plasma‐assisted ablation, are included in the review. In addition to the basic principle and equipment set‐up, the fundamental processing parameters for each technique are presented and evaluated. The importance of utilizing these parameters for micromachining is illustrated by developing specific formula for each technique in guiding each machining step for making different curved and arrayed structures for various industrial applications. The machined geometries and surface morphologies are also examined. The pros and cons of each technique are then discussed. Finally, recommendations for future efforts for better micromachining the fused silica and quartz are presented. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry set‐up for structural elucidation of metabolites in complex biological matrices
Authors: Kiffe Michael , Graf Daniel , Trunzer Markus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies of drug candidates, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool for the characterization of biotransformation pathways. Samples from in vivo animal studies such as plasma, tissue extracts or excreta contain vast amounts of endogenous compounds. Therefore, the generation of metabolite patterns requires dedicated sample pre‐treatment and sophisticated separation methods. Methodologies used for metabolite separation are often inappropriate for structure elucidation. Therefore, a two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) approach in combination with MS was developed. Study samples were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the generation of a qualitative and quantitative metabolite pattern (first dimension) with high reproducibility and recovery without extensive sample pre‐treatment. Selected radioactive metabolite fractions were then applied to micro‐HPLC with off‐line radioactivity monitoring and subsequent MS detection (second dimension). Applying the two‐dimensional HPLC/MS approach not only major metabolites could be identified, even minor and trace metabolites were characterized. The usage of sampled metabolite fractions allowed also the re‐analysis of specific metabolites for additional investigations (e.g. H/D exchange experiments or product ion scanning experiments). It could be clearly shown that the two‐dimensional HPLC/MS approach showed mass spectra with higher sensitivity and selectivity significantly improving the characterization of minor and trace metabolites in in vivo ADME studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relay communications for Mars exploration
Authors: D. Edwards Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTelecommunication is an essential and challenging aspect of planetary exploration. For Mars landers, the constraints of mass, volume, power and energy typically limit their communications capabilities on the long‐distance link back to Earth. By deploying relay spacecraft in Martian orbit, these landers can achieve much greater data return and can obtain contact opportunities at times when Earth is not in view. Currently, both NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) have pursued this strategy, deploying relay payloads on their Mars science orbiters. This relay infrastructure has significantly benefited the science return from the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers and is poised to support the Phoenix Lander and Mars Science Laboratory missions later this decade. Longer‐term plans call for continued growth in relay capability, greatly increasing data return from the Martian surface to enable exciting new Mars exploration concepts and advance our understanding of our planetary neighbour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software process improvement—A personal view: How it started and where it is going
Authors: Humphrey Watts S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhile the software process improvement movement is relatively recent, the need for improvement is not new. In this paper, the author reviews his personal experiences with software process improvement and describes some of the key events that led to such current widely‐used methods as the CMMI, the PSP, and the TSP. He summarizes the principles behind these methods and explains the principal reasons that these highly effective development methods have not been adopted more rapidly. In closing, he notes that their ultimate adoption is inevitable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivering effective diversity management through effective structures
Authors: Bassett‐Jones Nigel , Brown Reva Berman , Cornelius Nelarine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe premise of this paper is that for effective diversity management, it is essential that an organization has in place factors that create effective structure, including workplace equality processes and programmes. In order to demonstrate this viewpoint, research was undertaken in a communications‐intensive firm by means of the extensive examination of documents and corroborative interviews. The findings were obtained by means of Beer's Viable Systems Model (1985). The research assumption was shown to be the case—the major finding indicates that effective diversity management is dependent on appropriate structures and systems to support the communication and implementation of arrangements to create and sustain workplace equality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of Novel Alkylaminoamide Sugar Surfactants at Tailor‐made Surfaces
Authors: Oskarsson Hans , Frankenberg Maud , Annerling Annika , Holmberg Krister 
Published: February 2007

AbstractN,N‐di(3‐aminopropyl)dodecylamine (C12‐Y‐amine), N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐di[(3‐d‐gluconylamido)propyl]amine (C12‐DGA), N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐lactobionylamido)propyl]amine (C12‐DLA), N‐dodecyl‐N‐[(3‐lactobionylamido)propyl]amine (C12‐LA), and ethoxylated N,N‐di(3‐aminopropyl)dodecylamine [C12‐Y‐amine with 4 and 8 ethylene oxide (EO)] have been synthesized, and their physical‐chemical properties have been studied. Adsorption was measured at the air–water interface by the du Noüy ring method and at solid surfaces consisting of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold using surface plasmon resonance. Results from surface tension measurements showed that adsorption at the air–water interface is pH dependent. At low pH, reduction in surface tension is less pronounced as a result of protonation of the amino groups of the surfactants. At the SAM model surfaces, generated by adsorption of alkanethiols or mixtures of alkanethiols on gold presenting methyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, the highest amount of adsorbed surfactant was obtained on a surface composed of a mixture of methyl and carboxyl groups. In general, the sugar‐derived surfactants, DGA, DLA, and LA, adsorbed less than the ethoxylates. Surfactant biodegradation was investigated by the closed bottle test. Only C12‐Y‐amine was found to be readily biodegradable. However, the polyol surfactants were more biodegradable than the ethoxylates.
Influence of prebiotics and antioxidants in bread on the immune system, antioxidative status and antioxidative capacity in male smokers and non-smokers
Authors: Seidel Christiane , Boehm Volker , Vogelsang Heinz , Wagner Andreas , Persin Christoph , Glei Michael , Pool-Zobel Beatrice L. , Jahreis Gerhard 
Published: February 2007

Interest in functional foods is increasing. The aim of the present study was to investigate breads supplemented with functional components. One was bread supplemented with inulin, linseed and soya fibre (prebiotic bread). The other was a prebiotic antioxidant bread (pre-aox-bread), which additionally contained green tea powder, herbs and tomato paste. The effects of these two breads on immunological and antioxidative parameters were compared with control bread (placebo). Twenty smokers and eighteen non-smokers were enrolled in the randomised parallel study, which consisted of a control period and an intervention period, each lasting for 5 weeks. Daily intake of bread and nutrients did not differ between the intervention and the control period. Most of the twenty-three investigated immunological parameters measured in peripheral blood were unaffected. However, the percentage of CD19 increased after intervention with prebiotic bread, whereas intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CD3+NK+ (P < 0·05) decreased in both intervention arms. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) was increased after consumption of the pre-aox-bread for non-smokers (1256v.1147 μmol/l;P = 0·019) and remained unchanged for smokers consuming the pre-aox-bread. All analysed carotenoids (P ≤ 0·001) in plasma were increased after the consumption of pre-aox-bread. The concentrations of uric acid and α-tocopherol rose after intervention with both breads. ICAM-1 as a marker of stress decreased after consuming the prebiotic bread. In conclusion, increased plasma concentrations of carotenoids and the responses observed with the FRAP assay after intervention with the pre-aox-bread indicate a unique response in terms of antioxidative potentials for this type of functional food.
Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, against sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory and glasshouse conditions
Authors: Cuthbertson A.G.S. , Walters K.F.A. , Northing P. , Luo W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe potential of using the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae to control the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has been established in previous laboratory studies. However, laboratory studies can overestimate the level of control achieved by biocontrol agents in the glasshouse. Glasshouse trials are therefore required to confirm laboratory results before full-scale commercial development is considered. Under both controlled laboratory and glasshouse conditions high mortality of second instar B. tabaci (>90% and >80%, respectively) was recorded after application of S. feltiae. The efficacy of the biocontrol agent at various application rates was also investigated, where halving the rate of S. feltiae application caused no significant reduction in B. tabaci mortality on tomato foliage. Steinernema feltiae has shown much potential for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies for the control of B. tabaci.
Dichroplus vittatus(Orthoptera: Acrididae) follows the converse to Bergmann's rule although male morphological variability increases with latitude
Authors: Bidau C.J. , Martí D.A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGeographic body size variation was analysed in males and females of 19 populations of the South American grasshopperDichroplus vittatusBruner spanning 20 degrees of latitude and 2700 m of altitude. Using mean and maximum body length of each sex and factors obtained from principal components analyses of six morphometric linear characters it was shown thatD. vittatusfollowed the converse to Bergmann's rule latitudinally but not altitudinally where no significant trends were observed. For males, variability of body size increased with latitude but not with altitude. Both types of trends were significantly correlated with mean annual temperature and minimum annual temperature (positive correlations), and two estimators of seasonality, the coefficients of variation of mean annual temperature (negative) and mean annual precipitation (positive). Some allometric relationships also showed geographic variation. It is suggested that the observed decrease in size with latitude together with the increase in morphological variability is a consequence of a number of factors: the shortening of the growing season southwards; the increasing seasonality and climatic unpredictability; and the fact that the species exhibits protandry which contributes to smaller and more variable size in males and smaller but more constant body size in females.
Characterization of resistance to multiple aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) inMedicago truncatula
Authors: Gao L.-L. , Horbury R. , Nair R.M. , Singh K.B. , Edwards O.R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAphids are phloem-feeding insects that damage many important crops throughout the world yet, compared to plant–pathogen interactions, little is known about the mechanisms by which plants become resistant to aphids.Medicago truncatula(barrel medic) is widely considered as the pre-eminent model legume for genetic and biological research and in Australia is an important pasture species. Six cultivars ofM. truncatulawith varying levels of resistance to two pests of pasture and forage legumes, the bluegreen aphidAcyrthosiphon kondoiShinji and the spotted alfalfa aphidTherioaphis trifoliif.maculata. (Buckton) are investigated. Two resistance phenotypes againstT. trifoliif.maculataare described, one of which is particularly effective, killing most aphids within 24 h of infestation. Each resistance phenotype provided a similar but somewhat less effective degree of resistance to the closely-related spotted clover aphidTherioaphis trifolii(Monell). In the case ofA. kondoionly one resistance phenotype was observed, which did not vary among different genetic backgrounds. None of the observed resistance againstA. kondoiorT. trifoliif.maculatasignificantly affected the performance of green peach aphidMyzus persicae(Sulzer) or cowpea aphidAphis craccivoraKoch. The existence of multiple aphid resistance mechanisms in similar genetic backgrounds of this model plant provides a unique opportunity to characterize the fundamental basis of plant defence to these serious agricultural pests.
Hormonal Management of Migraine Associated With Menses and the Menopause: A Clinical Review
Authors: Loder Elizabeth , Rizzoli Paul , Golub Joan 
Published: February 2007

Objective.—This article reviews hormonal strategies used to treat headaches attributed to the menstrual cycle or to peri‐ or postmenopausal estrogen fluctuations. These may occur as a result of natural ovarian cycles, or in response to the withdrawal of exogenously administered estrogen.Background.—A wide variety of evidence indicates that cyclic ovarian sex steroid production affects the clinical expression of migraine. This has led to interest in the use of hormonal treatments for migraine.Methods.—A PubMed search of the literature was conducted using the terms “migraine,”“treatment,”“estrogen,”“hormones,”“menopause,“ and “menstrual migraine.” Articles were selected on the basis of relevance.Results.—The overarching goal of hormonal treatment regimens for migraine is minimization of estrogen fluctuations. For migraine associated with the menstrual cycle, supplemental estrogen may be administered in the late luteal phase of the natural menstrual cycle or during the pill‐free week of traditional combination oral contraceptives. Modified contraceptive regimens may be used that extend the duration of active hormone use, minimize the duration or extent of hormone withdrawal, or both. In menopause, hormonally associated migraine is most likely to be due to estrogen‐replacement regimens, and treatment generally involves manipulating these regimens. Evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of these regimens is limited.Conclusions.—Hormonal treatment of migraine is not a first‐line treatment strategy for most women with migraine. Evidence is lacking regarding its long term harms and migraine is a contraindication to the use of exogenous estrogen in all women with aura and those aged 35 or older. The harm to benefit balances of several traditional nonhormonal therapies are better established.