bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Software Technique for Flow-Rate Measurement in Horizontal Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Darwich T. D. , Toral Haluk , Archer J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a software technique for measuring individual phase flow rates in two-phase flow. The technique is based on the extraction, classification, and identification of stochastic features from turbulent pressure and void-fraction waveforms. Experiments in a horizontal air/water loop showed that a set of stochastic features is uniquely related to the individual phase flow rates. The software flowmeter is calibrated in situ by compilation of feature sets related to individual phase flow rates in a data base. On-line flow-rate measurement is made by a pattern recognition technique that identifies the best match to the measured feature vector from the calibration data base.
Application of a Lime-Based Drilling Fluid in a High-Temperature/High-Pressure Environment
Authors: Elsen J. M. , Mixon A. M. , Broussard M. D. , LaHue D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Lime-based drilling fluids are commonly used in applications that require solids tolerance, low and stable rheological properties, resistance to contaminants, and inhibition to shales. The use of lime-based systems previously was restricted to environments in which temperatures were lower than 300°F because of excessive gelation of the mud at higher temperatures. Recent developments in drilling-fluid additives and solids-control equipment now permit the use of lime-based drilling fluids in high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) environments.
Amoco Production Co. recently used a lime-based mud to drill a well offshore Texas in an HTHP environment. Predetermination of the drilling-fluid objectives contributed to the success of the operation. First, the drilling fluid had to satisfy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) environmental discharge requirements. Second, stuck pipe and lost circulation, prevalent problems in offset wells, had to be nunimized. Third, the fluid had to be stable to temperatures of 350°F and densities to 18.5 lbm/gal and to be resistant to CO2 and to saltwater flows. A high-temperature, lime-based system was developed and maintained to meet these drilling-fluid objectives.
This paper describes the planning used to select the mud system, development of the formulation in the laboratory, laboratory testing to determine treatments during the course of the well, and the performance of the drilling fluid. This experience provided a unique approach to both the formulation and maintenance of a lime-based fluid used in hostile environments.
Development of a Whirl-Resistant Bit
Authors: Warren Thomas M. , Brett J. Ford , Sinor L. Allen 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Bit whirl is a major cause of early failure and reduced performance of polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) bits. Attempts to control bit whirl by stabilizing the drillstring have been unsuccessful, but a "low-friction" bit design has been discovered that substantially eliminates whirl. The low-friction design is based on placing the cutters so that the net imbalance force from the cutters is directed toward a smooth pad that slides along the wellbore wall.
Analysis of Pressure-Transient Tests for Composite Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Kikani Jitendra , Walkup Gardner W. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryNaturally fractured reservoirs that undergo waterflooding or steam injection or that are acid-stimulated frequently can be modeled as a composite naturally fractured reservoir with matrix skin. A new analytical solution is presented in Laplace space for such a model that includes wellbore storage and skin. Design and analysis methods for pressure-transient tests based on the pressure derivative are also presented. Correlating parameters have been found that ease test design and analysis. Practical methods to determine the size of the inner zone are given. These methods are based on a scaled deviation time from the semilog straight line. A field example for an acidized well is presented.
Characterizing Average Permeability in Oil and Gas Formations
Authors: Rollins J. B. , Holditch S. A. , Lee W. J. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPermeability in a formation frequently follows a unimodal probability distribution. In many formations, particularly sedimentary ones, the permeability distribution is similar to the log-normal distribution. Theoretical considerations, field cases, and a reservoir simulation example show that the median, rather than the arithmetic mean, is the appropriate measure of central tendency or average value of the permeability distribution in a formation. Use of the correct estimate of average permeability is of particular importance in the classification of tight gas formations under statutes in the 1978 Natural Gas Policy Act (NGPA).
Evaluation of Flood Water Quality in the West Montalvo Field
Authors: Farley J.T. , Redline D.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the most important factors affecting success of waterflood performance is maintenance of water quality. Determining minimum water quality is difficult because water quality requirements are as varied as the formations to be flooded. Previously, attempts have been made to set quantitative standards based on simple tests for water quality. However, injection water quality is best measured by formation core flooding at conditions that model fullscale injection operations.
While acceptability of source water can be determined in the laboratory by flooding formation core material, it is difficult to acquire representative water samples because of water instability. On-site core flooding at sand face injection temperature with water from a pilot treating plant minimizes water quality uncertainty and permits continuous, on-line screening for development of treating and filtering requirements. Water injection acceptability and pilot plant evaluation provide determination of corrosivity, filtration efficiency, treatment additive compatibility and treatment economics. This source water evaluation method improves waterflooding economics in two important ways:
- minimum treatment cost to maintain continuous injection without permeability decline is established; and
- the possibility of injection well damage is reduced.

Introduction
An evaluation study of an injection water source is described. In addition to the usual determinations of bacterial activity and corrosivity, this on-site pilot plant study evaluated particle plugging tendency, scaling tendency, treating chemical compatibility and potential clay problems by formation core flooding at sand face injection temperature. The purpose was to provide an economic means of maintaining injectivity in West Montalvo field, Oxnard, Calif., by developing a chemical treatment and filtration system from core flood tests.
Stochastic Imaging of the Wilmington Clastic Sequence
Authors: Journel André G. , Gómez-Hernández J. Jaime 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Correct modeling of the geometric architecture of the sand/shale geometry within shaly layers of the Wilmington field is critical to predict performance recovery accurately. Stochastic images of that clastic sequence are obtained with sequential indicator simulation with non-Cartesian coordinates to ensure stratigraphic conformity.
Chemical Characterization of CMC and Its Relationship to Drilling-Mud Rheology and Fluid Loss
Authors: Hughes T. L. , Jones T. G. J. , Houwen O. H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Four carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymers were characterized by molecular weight, degree of substitution, and intrinsic viscosity. These polymers were used to make simple water-based muds with various polymer and bentonite contents. API fluid loss and high shear viscosity were determined for each mud. Fluid loss is independent of polymer molecular weight at low ionic strength. The high shear viscosity of muds and polymer solutions is related to the product of the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer and its concentration.
A Cement Channel-Detection Technique Using the Pulsed-Neutron Log
Authors: Blount C. G. , Copoulos A. E. , Myers G. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A channel-detection technique has been developed using boron solutions and pulsed-neutron logging (PNL) tools. This technique relies on the extremely high-neutron-absorption cross section that boron exhibits relative to other common elements, including chlorine. The PNL tool is used to detect movement of a boron solution in a log-inject-log procedure.
The technique has identified channels in such difficult applications as logging through two strings of pipe and in highly deviated wellbores. Logging procedures are simple and cement channels can be readily identified. The boron solutions are relatively inexpensive, safe to handle, and nonradioactive. Additional PNL information for reservoir performance evaluation is collected simultaneously during channel-detection logging. This paper describes the theory, development, field application, and limitations of this channel-detection logging technique.
Flow and Displacement of Bingham Non-Newtonian Fluids in Porous Media
Authors: Wu Y-S. , Pruess Karsten , Witherspoon P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This work presents a theoretical study of the flow and displacement of a Bingham fluid in porous media. An integral method of analyzing the single-phase flow of this type of fluid is developed. The accuracy of a newly developed approximate analytical solution for transient-flow problems is confirmed by comparison with numerical solutions. The flow behavior of a slightly compressible Bingham fluid is discussed, and a new well-test-analysis method is developed by use of the integral solution. To obtain some understanding of the physics of immiscible displacement with Bingham fluids, a Buckley-Leverett analytical solution with a practical graphic evaluation method was developed and applied to the problem of displacing a Bingham fluid with water. Results revealed that the saturation profile and displacement efficiency are controlled not only by the relative permeabilities, as in the case of Newtonian fluids, but also by the inherent complexities of Bingham non-Newtonian behavior. In particular, we found that in the displacement process with a Bingham fluid, a limiting maximum saturation exists beyond which no further displacement can be achieved.
The Ressslation Between Wellblock and Wellbore Pressures in Numerical Simulation of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Babu D. K. , Odeh A. S. , Al-Khalifa A. J. , McCann R. C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An analytical equation for calculating the effective radius, r0, in a wellblock is derived. The radius r0 is needed to relate wellblock pressure to well pressure. The equation is general and valid for vertical and horizontal wells and for any well location, aspect ratio of the well's drainage area, and anisotropy. The equation is used to show when Peaceman's formulations are adequate and when they require modification. Generally, if the drainage area of the well is a rectangle with sides of large aspect ratio and/or the formation is highly anisotropic, Peaceman's equations need modifications. Simplified forms of the equation applicable to special cases are reported. Furthermore, an easy-to-use approximate equation for calculating r0 values for nearly centered horizontal wells is given. The formulas of this work, as well as those of Peaceman, are relevant only to simulations on uniform grids in homogeneous media.
Drilling and Completion Computerized Information System: PINFOR
Authors: Courteille J-M. , Boutrolle P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper discusses PINFOR, a computerized information system whose goals are to have a modern data base to store drilling and completion information, to provide good and accurate statistics and performance indicators, and to help drilling and completion engineers prepare and overview operations by providing anywhere and at anytime accurate information in the form of pre-established reports, simple consultation, or specific requests through the data base. The system is installed on several HP-9000 workstations, from the rig site to the operational base, linked together with telecommunications. Tested on a French field in 1989, it is now in the process of being extended to all other subsidiaries of Elf Aquitaine worldwide.
Cooperative Processing: A Team Approach
Authors: Howard S. T. , Mangham H. D. , Skruch B. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
PRISM (PRoducing Information System for Mobil E&P U.S.) is a production-and drilling-information collection and retrieval system with a centralized data-storage facility that uses both PC’s and mainframes. The system uses cooperative processing through PC programs that enter and extract data that reside on a mainframe. The mainframe and PC’s work together as a team, cooperatively processing the data input to and output from the system. This team concept provides the capability to maximize the best features of both types of computers, providing the user with a very powerful, yet extremely simple, system. This system has been developed on multiple platforms, including the IBM PC, IBM mainframes, and the Apple Macintosh. The PC’s are used to display the input and output screens and reports to the user. The application is written with Microsoft Windows™ on the IBM PC and the same type of graphical interface native to the Macintosh. The PC programs interactively transmit the data to and from the mainframe DB2 data base. The users interact with a program that appears to exist entirely on their own PC’s. The system was developed with the same type of cooperative philosophy exhibited in the system itself. The development team consisted of engineers, geologists, accountants, field supervisors, computer professionals, and other client representatives. This team approach included a major commitment of the client sponsors, who assigned full-time staff members to work on the project from start to finish. The project team could use the best characteristics and experience of each team member to develop a system to meet the ever-increasing informational needs of the user community.
Production Computing Management
Authors: Mason D. H. , Wiesenthal J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Exxon Co. Inti. (ECI) was formed in July 1986 to handle Exxon’s oil and gas operations outside the U.S. and Canada. One part of this responsibility was coordination of the application and use of information systems technology, which required a significant amount of funds. To focus this coordination, development of an Upstream Computing Framework was initiated in 1988. This framework would serve as a management and planning guide for use in meeting the different requirements of the affiliated companies. The framework required 2 work-years of effort from a multidisciplinary team. The focus of this paper is the production portion of the framework, the implementation of which began in Jan. 1989.
This paper summarizes the Upstream Computing Framework and the results from its use to coordinate the development of production computing applications. Six key areas are addressed: (1) development of a set of core technical computing tools; (2) development of core computing and telecommunications hardware and software standards; (3) guidelines and principles for data resource management (DRM); (4) planning for the complexity that computer training places on an organization; (5) strategic application planning; and (6) assessing, capturing, and stewarding the benefits of production computing. The last two items are the most significant, and examples of their implementation and benefits are presented.
Maximizing "User Friendliness" in PC Engineering Programs
Authors: Zamora M. , Wilson D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Few computer experiences are more frustrating than struggling with software that is not "user-friendly." This is especially true in the oil industry, where field personnel often are required to run complex engineering programs. In this paper, we discuss and demonstrate techniques that maximize user-friendliness in PC-based engineering programs. The guidelines provided are applicable to other technical and nontechnical areas.
A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Life on the Internet
Authors: Bishop K. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper provides a survey-level introduction to the Internet, the high-speed communications network that provides access to remote supercomputers, libraries, and other specialized information services. In addition to describing the physical and logical topology of the network, it describes the supercomputing and network-oriented visualization capabilities offered by one node on the Internet, the Natl. Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). Engineering studies are used as vehicles throughout the paper.
Integrated Technical Computing of the 1990's
Authors: Brewer K. E. , Pritchard R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The business environment of the 1990’s demands that the technical professional approach problems and opportunities in their global context. Recommendations must not only be based on technical analysis but must also consider the impact on the entire enterprise. Application of modern computing technology allows technical computing systems to facilitate and enhance this approach to problem solving. But future program development will require a different user/computer interaction architecture from today’s stand-alone application architecture. The object-driven environment, where the world is represented by objects, is a technical computing architecture that can support the technical professional in the 1990’s.
Reservoir Simulation With Simultaneous Graphic Display on the Macintosh II PC
Authors: Norris S. O. , Capps K. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes how a Macintosh II™ PC, which is usually thought of as a desk-top publishing system, can be used as an efficient tool for conducting reservoir simulation and evaluating the large amounts of data commonly generated by simulation runs. A unique feature is the machine’s ability to produce simultaneous graphics with minimal programming. This ability, which allows the engineer to "monitor" the simulation, is particularly useful in history matching.
Postprocessing can be accomplished with public-domain software that yield excellent graphical presentations. Color contour maps are easily created and can be statistically evaluated. Special options—such as cross-section profiles, edge detection, and reverse imaging—allow comprehensive interpretation of simulation data.
Generalized Computer-Assisted Operations: A Comprehensive System for Day-to-Day Oilfield Operations
Authors: Dunham C. L. , Anderson S. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Shell Oil Co. and a U.S. subsidiary, Shell Western E&P Inc., developed a comprehensive, generalized, computer-assisted-operations (CAO) system for day-to-day oilfield operations. The system addresses many of the daily operating needs of data acquisition, well and facility monitoring and control, problem detection and diagnosis, design and/or redesign of artificial-lift systems, and oilfield data management. It is generalized in that one system, with common computer hardware, software, and techniques, serves several different oil fields with diverse operating requirements and conditions.
Computer Imaging for the Electromagnetic Inspection of Oil-Country Tubular Goods
Authors: Lam C. C. , Kahil J. E. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A new imaging system has been developed for the nondestructive evaluation of oil-country tubular goods (OCTG). It consists of smallarea-resolution magnetic sensors, data acquisition, digital signal processing, and a computer for image processing and pattern recognition. The main output of the system is a map of the pipe showing defects at the proper locations and orientations. Information on signal amplitude and waveform is also displayed. The system thus provides, in addition to the traditional information on signal waveform, information on contiguity and geometrical distribution of defect signals. Detection performance is enhanced by taking full advantage of digital signal processing. Depending on inspection needs and custom requirements, various signal-processing algorithms can be substituted at will by just loading new signal-processing programs. This flexibility, combined with small sensors, allows simulation and simultaneous use of many conventional detector configurations. The system described is the first step toward fully automated intelligent systems. It automatically extracts from the display image the length and orientation of suspected defects to produce a prove-up summary that includes longitudinal and circumferential position. This summary can expedite and refine the process of verifying the defects detected by the electronic inspection.
Gas-Rise Velocities During Kicks
Authors: Johnson A. B. , White D. B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Experiments to examine gas migration rates in drilling muds were performed in a 15-m [49-ft] -long, 200-mm [7.8-in.] -ID inclinable flow loop where air injection simulates gas entry during a kick. These tests were conducted using a xanthan gum (a common polymer used in drilling fluids) solution to simulate drilling muds as the liquid phase and air as the gas phase. This work represents a significant extension of existing correlations for gas/liquid flows in large pipe diameters with non-Newtonian fluids.
Bubbles rise faster in drilling muds than in water despite in the increased viscosity. This surprising result is caused by the change in the flow regime, with large slug-type bubbles forming at lower void fractions. The gas velocity is independent of void fraction, thus simplifying flow modeling. Results show that a gas influx will rise faster in a well than previously believed. This has major implica tions for kick simulation, with gas arriving at the surface earlier than would be expected and the gas outflow rate being higher than would have been predicted.
A model of the two-phase gas flow in drilling mud, including the results of this work, has been incorporated into the joint Schlum berger Cambridge Research (SCR)/BP Intl. kick model partly funded by the U.K. Dept. of Energy.