bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life Events and Social Support in Puerperal Depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Emms E. M. , Fletcher J. , Rassaby E. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA 20 per cent prevalence of mild clinical depression was found in 120 women assessed at about six weeks postpartum. The strongest associated factor was occurrence of recent stressful life events. Previous history of psychiatric disorder, younger age, early postpartum blues, and a group of variables reflecting poor marital relationship and absence of social support were also notable. Poor marital support acted as a vulnerability factor, only producing an effect in presence of stressful life events. Previous psychiatric history produced a strong independent effect, both with and without life events. Postpartum blues were only associated with depression in the absence of life events, suggesting a small hormonal sub-group. Overall the findings indicate the importance of social stress in puerperal depression.
A Beta Adrenergic Stimulant (Salbutamol) versus Clomipramine in Depression: A Controlled Study
Authors: Lecrubier Y. , Puech A. J. , Jouvent R. , Simon P. , Widlocher D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA controlled study comparing salbutamol (6 mg/day) to clomipramine (150 mg/day), both given by intravenous infusion, was performed on depressed inpatients (10 per group). The symptomatology was evaluated by two blind observers at days 0, 5 and 15 using the Hamilton Rating Scale. Both treatments were effective on the overall symptomatology but the onset of action of salbutamol was more rapid.
Handedness in Schizophrenia
Authors: Taylor Pamela J. , Dalton Rosemary , Fleminger J. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHandedness was assessed in 272 schizophrenics and compared with findings in normal controls. The schizophrenics differed significantly from the normal controls in their handedness patterns, having a higher proportion of fully right-handed subjects. Findings in brain-damaged and elderly schizophrenic patients are also reported. The lack of consistency of reporting of handedness in schizophrenic populations in previous studies is discussed. While it is probable that differences in the methods of study of handedness account for some of the variance, differences in the type of schizophrenic illness seem likely to be of greater importance.
Referrals to a Psychiatric Service from Old People's Homes
Authors: Margo J. L. , Robinson J. R. , Corea S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred consecutive referrals have been surveyed, the diagnostic and behavioural problems leading to referral considered and follow-up information obtained one year later. For most admission to hospital as in- or day-patients was unnecessary. Old people's homes do not make excessive demands on the psychiatric services, but deserve support, including help in developing a more tolerant and flexible approach to less conforming residents. This is becoming imperative now that old people's homes are dealing with increased numbers of disturbed residents.
Contradictory Issues in the Origin of Schizophrenia
Authors: Leonhard Karl 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn research into the origin of schizophrenia discrepancies repeatedly arise through the habit of treating schizophrenia as an entity. If independent subforms are differentiated, many ambiguities can be cleared up. A special form of catatonia (periodic catatonia) seems to be transmitted by dominant inheritance, a special paraphrenia (affective paraphrenia) recessively. In a large group of schizophrenias (systematic schizophrenias) with a poor outcome family histories of psychosis were rarely found, but examination of twins suggested a psychosocial origin for the disorder. In cycloid psychoses with a benign outcome family histories of psychosis were also seldom found. Only by diagnostic separations can the discrepancies in the field of schizophrenia be solved.
Menstrual Respiratory Changes and Symptoms
Authors: Damas-Mora J. , Davies Lisa , Taylor Wendy , Jenner F. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe duration of standardised overbreathing required to produce slow wave activity in the EEG during different phases of the menstrual cycle has been studied, and changes in carbon dioxide sensitivity of the respiratory system. Normal subjects developed slow waves more quickly and had more sensitive CO2responses during the premenstrual/menstrual phases. This may be a factor contributing to premenstrual tension.
Changes in the Monoamine Containing Neurones of the Human Cns in Senile Dementia
Authors: Mann D. M. A. , Lincoln J. , Yates P. O. , Stamp J. E. , Toper S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn thirteen cases of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type severe loss of nerve cells from the locus caeruleus was frequently seen together with reductions in nucleolar volume and cytoplasmic RNA in surviving cells, averaging 14 and 21 per cent respectively. These histological findings were matched in two cases by biochemical measurements of loss of noradrenaline from all brain regions examined, ranging from 10 per cent in temporal cortex to 53 per cent in hypothalamus. By contrast, neither nucleolar volume nor cytoplasmic RNA was altered in cells of the substantia nigra, nor was dopamine content significantly altered in most regions. In vascular dementia neither noradrenaline nor dopamine metabolism was changed except in regions of local circulatory deficiency. These findings provide evidence of a primary degeneration of the noradrenergic system in Alzheimer type dementia.
Hysterical Conversion: a Prognostic Study
Authors: Hafeiz H. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is a study of the symptoms and treatment of 61 patients with hysterical conversion. The incidence rate is high and the clinical picture showed different qualities from that seen in other studies. Treatment by suggestion under various procedures produced favourable results. All symptoms were removed, and after twelve months follow-up only 12 patients relapsed. Symptom substitution was minimal. The prognosis is related, among other things, to the duration of the symptoms before treatment.
Manic-Depressive Psychosis and Schizophrenia: a Dermatoglyphic Study
Authors: Balgir R. S. , Murthy R. Srinivasa , Wig N. N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study analysed qualitative and quantitative dermatoglyphic features in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. Differences were found which support the view that these two psychoses are genetically distinct. A possible field for further study is discussed.
ECT: II: Patients who Complain
Authors: Freeman C. P. L. , Weeks D. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-six subjects who complained of permanent unwanted effects following ECT were compared with two groups of control subjects on a battery of 19 cognitive tests. Many statistically significant differences were found in cognitive functioning, mostly attributable to the level of depression or medication in the complainers. However, after analysis of variance/co-variance some differences still remained, indicating impaired cognitive functioning in the ECT complaining group.
ECT: III: Enduring Cognitive Defecits?
Authors: Weeks D. , Freeman C. P. L. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCognitive function was compared in carefully matched groups of ECT and non-ECT treated depressives and in matched normal volunteer controls on admission, at 4 months and at 7 months. ECT caused little impairment at 4 months and no impairment at 7 months on a comprehensive cognitive test battery. Severity of depression had a marked effect on cognitive function. Within the ECT group bilateral ECT caused more impairment than unilateral ECT one week after a course but 3 months later the differences had disappeared. They were equally antidepressant.
Contextual Constraint and the Recall of Verbal Material in Schizophrenia: The Effect of Thought Disorder
Authors: Maher Brendan A. , Manschreck Theo C. , Rucklos Mary E. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySome research indicates that thought-disordered schizophrenics produce language utterances that are less predictable than those of non-thought-disordered schizophrenics and controls. We examined the hypothesis that thought-disordered schizophrenics would have a parallel deficiency in the ability to use the predictabilities provided by contextual constraint to improve recall of heard language passages. Subjects were seventeen schizophrenics, ten normal controls, and twelve psychiatric controls, evaluated by standardized psychiatric interview and diagnosed according to research criteria. The data obtained supported the hypothesis and non-thought-disordered schizophrenics performed similarly to controls in the experimental task.Failure to classify schizophrenic subjects on the dimension of thought disorder may result in misleading comparisons of general samples of schizophrenics with controls on tasks requiring language perception and production.
Seasonality of Schizophrenic Births in Ireland
Authors: O'Hare Aileen , Walsh Dermot , Torrey E. Fuller 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe seasonality of births was examined for 4,855 schizophrenic patients born in Ireland between 1921 and 1955. All general births for the same years were used as controls. Schizophrenic births were found to be significantly elevated in the second quarter of the year (P <.001). The excess was 11 per cent higher than for any European country examined to date.
Electrodermal Activity in Depression: Clinical and Biochemical Correlates
Authors: Mirkin A. M. , Coppen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryElectrodermal activity was measured in a group of depressive patients and normal controls. Those patients classified as endogenous on the Newcastle Scale had significantly lower skin conductance levels than either the non-endogenous patients or controls. The endogenous depressives also contained significantly more non-responders to the experimental stimuli. The lack of responsivity to external stimulation in non-responders is associated with a significantly lower rate of blood platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, suggesting that endogenous depressives have biological characteristics that distinguish them from other depressive groups and that electrodermal measures may be useful in the classification of depressive illness.
Active and Passive Avoidance Learning in Controls and Schizophrenic Patients on Racemic Propranolol and Neuroleptics
Authors: Gruzelier John , Thornton Susan , Staniforth David , Zaki Saniha , Yorkston Neil 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNormal controls and schizophrenic patients on propranolol as sole drug or combined with neuroleptics showed superior active and passive avoidance learning to schizophrenic patients who were medicated with conventional neuroleptics only. Active avoidance involved responding quickly, passive avoidance withholding a response to avoid an unpleasant noise and reacting to the appropriate stimulus. This may reflect an improvement brought about by propranolol in the limbic regulation of stimulus and response processes.
The Reliability of a Survey Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for the Elderly
Authors: Bond John , Brooks Patrick , Carstairs Vera , Giles Louise 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Survey Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (SPAS) was used in a survey of elderly people living at home and in institutions to examine its reliability in determining mental state. A psychiatrist assessed the same subjects using the Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMSS) and classified psychiatric disorder into three broad groups: organic disorders, schizophrenia and paranoid disorders, and affective disorders and psychoneuroses. The agreement between the psychiatrist's classification of mental state and the classification derived from SPAS was found to be satisfactory for organic disorders and less satisfactory for functional disorders. The limitations of this method of identifying psychiatric illness are examined.
Clinical Change as a Function of Brief Admission to Hospital in a Controlled Study Using the Present State Examination
Authors: Knights Angela , Hirsch S. R. , Platt S. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA randomized controlled trial of brief hospital admission failed to show any difference on clinical measures when compared with standard admission for all psychiatric patients admitted from a catchment area over one year. Psychotic and neurotic symptoms were examined separately and together, using the Present State Examination (PSE) a week after admission and three months later. Clinical outcome was not related to length of stay in hospital or psychiatric diagnosis. This study shows how the PSE can be used to measure change in clinical state for a heterogenous group of psychiatric patients.
Mental Illness among Polish and Russian Refugees in Bradford
Authors: Hitch P. J. , Rack P. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn epidemiological study of first admission to psychiatric hospitals in Bradford revealed that foreign-born people had substantially higher illness rates than native born. Comparing the major World War II refugee groups it was found that morbidity was higher among Poles than Ukrainians. It is suggested that the difference can be partly explained by the lower social cohesion of the former. The resulting marginal identity is insufficient protection against the normal crises and losses of later life.
A Neuroendocrine Study of the Mechanism of Action of ECT
Authors: Slade A. P. , Checkley S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo test the possibility that the antidepressant action of ECT is due to an enhanced responsiveness to the stimulation of monoamine receptors, we have measured pituitary hormone responses to test doses of clonidine and methylamphetamine in depressed patients before and after a course of ECT.There was no enhancement of the growth hormone response to either drug following a course of ECT. Cortisol responses to methylamphetamine were enhanced, but probably this was secondary to the partial or complete recovery of the patients. Further neuroendocrine studies of the mechanism of action of ECT in man are needed.
Prospective Trial of L-tryptophan in Maternity Blues
Authors: Harris Brian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUnder double blind conditions 55 young, bottle feeding, multiparous women received L-tryptophan 3 g daily or placebo for ten days after delivery, and were also assessed daily for psychiatric symptoms. This treatment did not reduce ‘maternity blues', but the mothers' blues scores correlated significantly with the scores for anxiety, depression and hysteria on the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire given in the eighth month of pregnancy.
Perceptions by Patients and Therapists of Therapeutic Factors in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Bloch Sidney , Reibstein Janet 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe comparative value of possible therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy was studied by submitting questionnaires regularly to patients and therapists of six long-term out-patient groups. Both patients and therapists attached most importance to self-understanding, self-disclosure and learning from interpersonal actions. They diverged, however, in their overall perception of which factors were important in therapy.
The Identification of Disease Entities and the Relationship between Schizophrenic and Affective Psychoses
Authors: Kendell R. E. , Brockington I. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA method is described for identifying a genuine boundary between related syndromes, if one exists, by demonstrating a non-linear relationship between symptomatology and outcome. The technique was applied to the putative boundary between schizophrenic and affective psychoses, but a non-linear relationship could not be demonstrated.
Noradrenergic Overactivity in Chronic Schizophrenia: Evidence Based on Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenaline and Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations
Authors: Gomes U. C. R. , Shanley B. C. , Potgieter L. , Roux J. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryConcentrations of noradrenaline (NA), homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and cyclic nucleotides were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from acute and chronic schizophrenics and various groups of psychiatric and non-psychiatric control subjects. Statistically significant increases in NA and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were found in CSF from chronic schizophrenics compared to all other groups. These results were shown by statistical analyses to be unrelated to medication. They may be interpreted as evidence for noradrenergic overactivity as a possible primary abnormality in chronic schizophrenia.
Differential use of Psychiatric Services by West Indians, West Africans and English in London
Authors: Rwegellera G. G. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo hundred and ninety West Indian and 73 West African patients were identified and matched against 204 and 53 English patients respectively. Significantly more migrant patients were: not referred to hospital by their GPs, showed disturbed behaviour prior to psychiatric contact, and were admitted formally. Studying consecutive attendances or admissions to one hospital may lead to an unrepresentative sample.
The Peripheral Anticholinergic Activity of Tricyclic Antidepressants: Comparison of Amitriptyline and Desipramine in Human Volunteers
Authors: Szabadi E. , Gaszner P. , Bradshaw C. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effects of three single oral doses (25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg) of amitriptyline and desipramine, and of placebo, were compared on a range of cholinergic functions (resting pupil diameter, pilocarpine-evoked miosis, baseline-sweating, carbachol-evoked sweating, salivation, heart rate) in eight healthy volunteers. Three measures (pilocarpine-evoked miosis, carbachol-evoked sweating and salivation) reflected the antimuscarinic property of the antidepressants; in two tests (pilocarpine-evoked miosis and salivation) amitriptyline appeared to be more potent than desipramine. Resting pupil diameter was not affected by amitriptyline, whereas desipramine caused mydriasis, indicating that pupil size is not a reliable measure of anticholinergic activity in the case of drugs which also affect adrenergic mechanisms. Baseline-sweating and heart rate were not affected by the antidepressants.
Some Clinical and Metabolic Aspects of Propranolol in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: King D. J. , Turkson S. N. A. , Liddle J. , Kinney C. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNo benefit attributable to propranolol (1000 mg/day) could be detected in a trial lasting at least 22 weeks, 6 weeks of which was double-blind placebo-controlled, in 5 chronic schizophrenic patients. The mean propranolol CSF/plasma ratio was 0.08, and there was good agreement between CSF and free plasma propranolol levels. Basal plasma prolactin was slightly but insignificantly reduced by propranolol, and metoclopramide-stimulated prolactin release was unaffected. Propranolol was associated with a significant temporary increase in HVA, a non-significant rise in 5-HIAA and a significant decrease in MHPG, in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of 4 patients.
Clinical State, Plasma Levels of Haloperidol and Prolactin: A Correlation Study in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Rao V. A. Rama , Bishop Margaret , Coppen Alec 
Published: August 2008

SummaryChronic schizophrenic patients were maintained for six months on a dosage of haloperidol adjusted to give optimum clinical effect. A correlation was found between extrapyramidal symptoms and prolactin levels and also between plasma haloperidol concentration and plasma prolactin levels. Estimation of plasma prolactin would be a reliable measurement of patients' compliance with medication.
Controlled Trial of Sulpiride in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Edwards J. Guy , Alexander John R. , Alexander M. S. , Gordon Alan , Zutchi T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind comparative trial of sulpiride (600–1,800 mg/day) and trifluoperazine (15–45 mg/day) in 38 chronic schizophrenic patients, ratings of therapeutic results and unwanted effects were made at two-weekly interviews during the six weeks treatment period. The results show that sulpiride has neuroleptic properties and a spectrum of therapeutic activity similar to that of trifluoperazine. There was an association between plasma sulpiride levels and therapeutic response after four weeks' treatment.
Demographic and Social Characteristics of University Students Attending a Psychiatrist
Authors: O'Mahony Paul , O'Brien Sinead 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey was made of demographic and social characteristics of patients referred to a Student Health psychiatrist over a two year period. These patients were compared with a group attending Student Health physicians. Significantly over-represented in the psychiatric group were: medical and dental students; students who had repeated an academic year; students over 30 years of age; Roman Catholic students; and students who were totally financially dependent on their parents. Findings by others suggesting that first-year and female students would be over-represented in the psychiatric group were not borne out.
Reality Orientation and Dementia: A Controlled Trial of Two Approaches
Authors: Hanley I. G. , McGuire R. J. , Boyd W. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryClassroom Reality Orientation was investigated with a sample of dements drawn from a psychogeriatric hospital and an old people's home. Treatment effects were examined on a range of cognitive and behavioural measures, and compared with the effects of a specific behaviourally directed orientation training in the ward. Class RO improved cognitive functioning but not behaviour, irrespective of degree of dementia. Highly significant behavioural change was demonstrated for ward behaviour orientation training and this technique is not only cheaper but has potential in managing dements.
The Reliability and Validity of Two Assessment Scales in the Elderly Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Smith A. H. W. , Ballinger B. R. , Presly A. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Rating Scale were administered to 38 elderly, mentally handicapped patients. Inter-rater reliability was high and the CAS was found to be a useful measure of cognitive ability. The tests measure different features of patients, but both correlated significantly with estimated levels of independence.
Depression in Children Admitted to Hospital for Orthopaedic Procedures
Authors: Kashani Javad H. , Venzke Randy , Millar Edward A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred children between the ages of 7 and 12 admitted to a hospital for orthopaedic procedures were studied to determine the frequency of depression, according to the DSM III diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Of the total sample, 23 showed evidence of depression. Loss of interest or pleasure was the most frequent symptom. Significantly more parents of these depressed children were themselves found to have adjustment or emotional problems. The authors emphasize the importance of paying special attention to this high risk group of child patients because of their propensity to depression and other emotional disorders.
Growth Hormone and other Responses to Clonidine in Patients with Endogenous Depression
Authors: Checkley S. A. , Slade A. P. , Shur E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe growth hormone response to clonidine was significantly less in 10 drug-free patients with endogenous depression than in 10 normal subjects who were individually matched with the patients for age and sex. The hypotensive and sedative effects of clonidine in the two groups were similar. The findings may indicate a defect at central a adrenoceptors at least in neuroendocrine systems.
Neuropsychiatric Disturbances following Brainstem Lesions
Authors: Trimble Michael R. , Cummings Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo patients are described who developed behavioural changes following brainstem injuries. Both patients had neuro-ophthalmological signs indicative of lesions of the rostral brainstem, which were confirmed by CT scanning. It is suggested that the behavioural changes were related to interruption of nearby limbic, hypothalamic and reticular structures.