bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety: Is There an Association with Neurodevelopmental Deficits?
Authors: Vance Alasdair L. A. , Luk Ernest S. L. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety is a well-established clinical observation. However, its status as a clinical construct is debated. We review the prevalence of ‘ADHD and anxiety’, its definitions, and its clinical correlates and we hypothesise that neurodevelopmental deficits may be increased in ‘ADHD and anxiety’. Method: The authors identified empirical studies in the psychiatric and psychological literature. The search categories included hyperactivity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder and anxiety. Results: ‘ADHD and anxiety’ is considerably more common in clinical than epidemiological samples. There are a range of definitions which address the situational variation in both ADHD and anxiety symptoms and the use of categorical and continuous variables to define them. Yet the nature of the anxiety is still unclear. It is associated with a poor response to psychostimulant medication treatment, and alternative pharmacotherapy approaches have been suggested. There is a controversy about whether neurodevelopmental deficits are associated with hyperactivity alone, or anxiety, or both. Conclusions: ‘ADHD and anxiety’ is important clinically because it is common and less responsive to psychostimulant medication. Important research issues include its heterogeneity which necessitates the collection of parent, teacher, and child self-reports of symptoms' presence or absence and the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental deficits may be increased in this group of children.
The Impact of Mental Health Service Integration on Systemic Function: A Staff Perspective
Authors: Le Bas James , King Robert , Block Michael 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of community staff regarding service process and quality, while a public mental health service integrated acute inpatient and continuing care components. Methods: The study employed a naturalistic successive measures design in which community mental health staff completed a questionnaire on three occasions during the integration process. Results: Staff perceived overall service quality to improve during the integration process with continuity of care being the area subject to greatest improvement. Conclusions: The integration of acute inpatient and continuing care services resulted in changes to service process and outcome, which were judged by staff to be beneficial, especially with respect to continuity of patient care.
Risk Factors and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Study of Two Communities
Authors: Hall Kathleen , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Hendrie Hugh C. , Gureje Oye , Gao Sujuan , Hui Siu L. , Ogunniyi Adesola , Oluwole Steve , Baiyewu Olusegun 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To determine the association between demographic, lifestyle and medical history factors to Alzheimer's disease (AD), we studied samples of two community dwelling populations with significantly different prevalence rates of AD in Indianapolis, USA (6.24%) and Ibadan, Nigeria (1.4%). Methods: The samples were drawn from African—American community dwelling residents 65 years of age and over in Indianapolis, and Yoruba community-dwelling residents 65 years of age and over in Ibadan. A two-stage epidemiological design was used in which diagnosis of AD was by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Results: In Indianapolis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.11-1.21), family history of dementia (OR = 5.40; 95% Cl = 1.99-14.62), low education (0-6 years, OR = 3.49; 95% Cl = 1.06-11.48) and rural residence (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.05-5.88) were associated with a higher risk of AD. In Ibadan, age (OR = 1.15; 95% Cl = 1.12-1.18) and female gender (OR = 13.9; 95% Cl = 3.85-50.28) were associated with a higher risk of AD. Conclusions: The remarkably similar odds ratios between age and AD between sites suggest that biological processes associated with ageing are essential elements in the development of AD but that genetic and environmental risk factors may alter age-specific rates. In our longitudinal study, we intend to investigate in more depth the interaction between these ageing, genetic and environmental factors.
Ethics, Duty of Care and Forensic Psychiatric Assessment: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Gaughwin Peter C. 
Published: January 2008

Objective and Method: This article examines some of the ethical and legal issues which confront the psychiatrist who is asked to provide a forensic psychiatric assessment. Theory is explained and illustrated by way of a case study. Results: Recent cases demonstrate a tendency by some psychiatrists to adopt an advocacy role in legal proceedings, to the potential disadvantage of not only those involved in the proceedings, but also to the wider community. Conclusion: Ideally, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort between the College's Ethics Committee and this Country's Courts and Law Societies to establish and monitor an ethical framework in the area of expert psychiatric evidence.
Thermodynamic characterization of liquid alloys with demixing tendency: Bi–Ga
Authors: Huber Beatrix , Richter Klaus W. , Flandorfer Hans , Mikula Adolf , Ipser Herbert 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The system Bi – Ga shows a pronounced miscibility gap in the liquid state ranging from 38.5 to 91.5 at.% Ga at 495 K with a maximum at 535 K at about 70 at.% Ga.
Heat capacities of liquid Bi – Ga alloys were determined by heat flow differential scanning calorimetry over the entire composition range at temperatures between 520 and 600 K. In order to optimize the differential scanning calorimetry measurements in the liquid state, the sample masses were increased to 250–400 mg and the heating and cooling rates were reduced to 10 or 5 K min−1, respectively. The experimental results show a positive deviation from the Neumann-Kopp rule in the composition range of the miscibility gap. The results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations.
Additionally, enthalpies of mixing were determined by drop calorimetry in the composition range from 30 to 100 at.% Ga at three different temperatures: 513, 573 and 673 K.
Nickel coating on some organic and carbon fibres by chemical plating
Authors: Li Fan , Kang Youngjo , Zhang Dengjun , Sichen Du 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A new method was developed to produce nickel coated fibres, which could be used as a raw material for making lightweight electrodes in nickel based secondary batteries. Hydrazine was employed as the reducing agent, ammonia solution as a complexing agent, nickel sulphate as the source of nickel ions and ammonia – ammonium sulphate as the buffer system. While the experiments confirmed that the ammonia – ammonium sulphate system could be applied for plating nickel on viscose, polyester, polyamide and carbon fibres, viscose fibre was found to be the more suitable material. The suitable operating conditions were reported.
Solid inclusion cakes formed during pressure filtration tests of liquid aluminum alloys
Authors: Cao Xinjin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Liquid metal quality has been an important topic for aluminum alloys in both industry and academic circles. Pressure filtration, or pre-concentration techniques have been among the principal methods of measuring the contents of solid inclusions. In this work, the mutual relationships between the main variables related to liquid metal quality, filter medium, filtration process, and the formed filter cake are effectively established, based on the classic filtration theories of cake mode combined with the quantitative metallurgy of the filter cake. For the first time the specific cake resistance, formation and growth dynamics of filter cakes can be quantitatively calculated. This progress will significantly help to quantitatively understand the filtration behavior during the detection of liquid metal quality. A typical example is illustrated in this work.
Performance of Ni/YSZ cermet cathode prepared by mechanical alloying for high temperature electrolysis of water vapor (steam): effect of anode and cathode thicknesses on the efficiency of hydrogen production
Authors: Lee Sungkyu , Kang Kyoung-Hoon , Hong Hyun Seon , Yun Yong Seung , Woo Sang-Kook 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Ni/YSZ (Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2) composite cathode is fabricated by high-nergy ball milling of Ni and YSZ powders for high temperature electrolysis of water vapor. Composite powder composition, time and rotation speed of ball milling were optimized by trial and error for suitable performance with maximum efficiency of fabricated cathode in high temperature electrolysis of water vapor (steam) at 800°C. The composite powders thus synthesized were characterized using various analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis, and a self-supporting planar type unit cell was prepared with Ni/YSZ composite cathode and Pt paste anode screen-printed on each side of YSZ electrolyte disk (30 mm dia.) and then sintered at 1450°C for high temperature electrolysis. X-ray diffraction and particle size analysis results showed that the Ni/YSZ composite effectively consisted of crystalline Ni and YSZ distributed on a sub-micron scale and evenly distributed without aggregation of particles. To study the effect of anode and cathode thickness on the efficiency of the hydrogen production rate, screen-printing of anode and cathode was carried out on each side of YSZ electrolyte to three different thickness values during the fabrication of a self-supporting planar type unit cell which operated quite satisfactorily during high temperature electrolysis at 800°C: a significantly higher hydrogen production rate of 13 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) was reproducibly observed for triple screen-printing of anode and cathode over each side of the YSZ electrolyte disk compared to 0.5 sccm for the single screen-printed cathode under an applied direct current of 0.7 mA cm−2. Additionally, linear increase in hydrogen production was observed with applied current for triple screen-printed electrodes in contrast to single and double screen-printed electrodes.
The neuroanatomical plates of Guido da Vigevano
Authors: Di Ieva Antonio , Tschabitscher Manfred , Prada Francesco , Gaetani Paolo , Aimar Enrico , Pisano Patrizia , Levi Daniel , Nicassio Nicola , Serra Salvatore , Tancioni Flavio , Arosio Massimo , Rodriguez y Baena Riccardo 
Published: January 2008

✓Guido da Vigevano was an Italian physician and engineer who lived in the 13th and 14th centuries. He was the first scientist who used pictures to illustrate his anatomical descriptions, developing for the first time a close relationship between anatomical studies and artistic drawings. This was further developed in the Renaissance.
In his textbook Anathomia are displayed six plates showing for the first time neuroanatomical structures and techniques: dissection of the head by means of trephination, and depictions of the meninges, cerebrum, and spinal cord. On the surface of the brain painting it is possible to recognize a vague patterning of cortical convolutions. Ventricles are also described and shown. This book constituted the first attempt in the history of neuroscience to illustrate an anatomical description with schematic pictures to achieve a better understanding of such complex structures.
Spinal lipomas: clinical spectrum, embryology, and treatment
Authors: Finn Michael A. , Walker Marion L. 
Published: January 2008

✓Spinal lipomas, particularly lipomas of the conus medullaris and terminal filum, are the most common form of occult spinal dysraphism and represent a wide spectrum of disease with regard to anatomy, clinical presentation, and treatment options. These lesions, however, are united by a similar embryology and pathological mechanism by which symptoms arise.
Recently, the treatment of these lesions has generated much controversy, with some physicians advocating surgical treatment for all patients regardless of symptoms and others proposing that surgery be withheld until symptoms develop. The authors discuss lumbosacral spinal lipomas, with particular attention to the theories of their origin, anatomical and pathological features, and treatment options, including a review of current controversies.
Pathogenesis of Chiari malformation: a morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa
Authors: Nishikawa Misao , Sakamoto Hiroaki , Hakuba Akira , Nakanishi Naruhiko , Inoue Yuichi 
Published: January 2008

To investigate overcrowding in the posterior cranial fossa as the pathogenesis of adult-type Chiari malformation, the authors studied the morphology of the brainstem and cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa (neural structures consisting of the midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata) as well as the base of the skull while taking into consideration their embryological development. Thirty patients with Chiari malformation and 50 normal control subjects were prospectively studied using neuroimaging. To estimate overcrowding, the authors used a "volume ratio" in which volume of the posterior fossa brain (consisting of the midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata within the posterior cranial fossa) was placed in a ratio with the volume of the posterior fossa cranium encircled by bony and tentorial structures. Compared to the control group, in the Chiari group there was a significantly larger volume ratio, the two occipital enchondral parts (the exocciput and supraocciput) were significantly smaller, and the tentorium was pronouncedly steeper. There was no significant difference in the posterior fossa brain volume or in the axial lengths of the hindbrain (the brainstem and cerebellum). In six patients with basilar invagination the medulla oblongata was herniated, all three occipital enchondral parts (the basiocciput, exocciput, and supraocciput) were significantly smaller than in the control group, and the volume ratio was significantly larger than that in the Chiari group without basilar invagination.
These results suggest that in adult-type Chiari malformation an underdeveloped occipital bone, possibly due to underdevelopment of the occipital somite originating from the paraxial mesoderm, induces overcrowding in the posterior cranial fossa, which contains the normally developed hindbrain. Basilar invagination is associated with a more severe downward herniation of the hindbrain due to the more severely underdeveloped occipital enchondrium, which further exacerbates overcrowding of the posterior cranial fossa.
Classification of previously unclassified cases of craniosynostosis
Authors: Chumas Paul D. , Cinalli Giuseppe , Arnaud Eric , Marchac Daniel , Renier Dominique 
Published: January 2008

Cases of craniosynostosis usually fall into well-demarcated categories: those related to a syndrome or identified by a combination of suture involvement and morphological appearance. Between 1976 and 1995, 53 (3.6%) of 1474 cases in the craniofacial databank were assessed and designated as nonsyndromic but unclassifiable. The records and radiological studies obtained in these patients were retrospectively analyzed and comparisons were made with patients classified in the databank as having simple craniosynostoses.
It proved possible to divide the formerly unclassifiable cases into two groups: those with “two-suture disease” (Group A) and a “complex” group (Group B) in which more than two sutures were affected. Group A consisted of 36 cases (68%) of patients presenting with clear evidence of simultaneous involvement of two sutures but with no progression over time to suggest a more diffuse pansynostosis. Suture involvement was as follows: 17 of 36 sagittal plus one coronal; seven of 36 sagittal plus metopic; six of 36 sagittal plus one lambdoid; and six of 36 metopic plus one coronal. The only significant difference between the Group A cases and the cases of simple craniosynostoses was in the percentage requiring a second operation (24% vs. 5%, p < 0.0001).
Group B consisted of 17 cases in which the patients presented at a slightly earlier age (mean 1 year) with severe morphological changes and multiple suture involvement. At the time of surgery, six of 17 patients showed large areas of lacunae within the cranial vault, making craniectomy the only option. In Group B, 10 of 17 patients displayed bilateral lambdoid plus sagittal suture involvement resulting in marked occipital recession posteriorly, whereas anteriorly in six of these 10 patients there was a massive frontal bone associated with posteriorly located coronal sutures. In contrast, there were also four patients in Group B with bilateral coronal plus metopic involvement resulting in a small frontal bone. There was a trend toward a lower intelligence quotient and a worse morphological outcome in the patients in Group B, but again the only result attaining statistical significance when compared to the databank was the rate of second operation (37.5 vs. 5%, p < 0.0001).
“Two-suture synostosis” is a relatively straightforward condition and is treatable with standard craniosynostosis techniques. However, possibly as a result of surgical compromise when two sutures are involved, the rate of reoperation is far higher than in simple suture cases. In contrast, patients in the “complex” group presenting with severe multisuture involvement require a more tailor-made approach to their management that often entails a second procedure.
Attenuation of vasospasm and hemoglobin-induced constriction in the rabbit basilar artery by a novel protease inhibitor
Authors: Cappelletto Barbara , Caner Hakan H. , Schottler Frank , Kwan Aij-Lie , Eveleth David , Foley Patricia L. , Kassell Neal F. , Lee Kevin S. 
Published: January 2008

Calcium-activated proteolysis mediated by the protease inhibitor, calpain, has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. The effect of one inhibitor of calcium-activated proteolysis, z-Leu-Phe-CONH-morpholene (zLF), on cerebrovascular constriction was examined in two experimental paradigms. In the first paradigm, the rabbit basilar artery (BA) was visualized via a transclival exposure, and its diameter was monitored using videomicroscopy. In the second experimental paradigm two intracisternal injections of autologous blood were administered to mimic a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The BA was visualized via the transclival exposure, and its luminal diameter was measured. Topical application of oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb), a known pathogenic agent in cerebral vasospasm, elicited vasoconstriction in normal animals, reducing arterial diameter to approximately 75% of resting levels. Pretreatment with zLF (100, 200, or 300 μM) attenuated vasoconstriction induced by OxyHb. In an experimental model of SAH, the diameter of the BA was reduced after the first injection of blood to approximately 67% of normal resting levels when measured 3 to 4 days later. This vasospastic response was reversed significantly by topical application of zLF (100 μM); vascular diameter was increased to approximately 84% of normal resting levels.
These findings demonstrate that both acute OxyHb-induced constriction and blood-induced vasospasm are sensitive to an inhibitor of the proteolytic enzyme, calpain. Together, these observations indicate an important role for calcium-activated proteolysis in the development and maintenance of vasospasm after SAH. In addition, it may be inferred from the data that inhibitors of calcium-activated proteolysis may be useful therapeutic agents for treating this form of cerebrovascular disease.
Split spinal cord malformations in children
Authors: Ersahin Yusuf , Mutluer Saffet , Kocaman Sevgül , Demirtas Eren 
Published: January 2008

The authors reviewed and analyzed information on 74 patients with split spinal cord malformations (SSCMs) treated between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1996 at their institution with the aim of defining and classifying the malformations according to the method of Pang, et al.
Computerized tomography myelography was superior to other radiological tools in defining the type of SSCM. There were 46 girls (62%) and 28 boys (38%) ranging in age from less than 1 day to 12 years (mean 33.08 months). The mean age (43.2 months) of the patients who exhibited neurological deficits and orthopedic deformities was significantly older than those (8.2 months) without deficits (p = 0.003). Fifty-two patients had a single Type I and 18 patients a single Type II SSCM; four patients had composite SSCMs. Sixty-two patients had at least one associated spinal lesion that could lead to spinal cord tethering. After surgery, the majority of the patients remained stable and clinical improvement was observed in 18 patients.
The classification of SSCMs proposed by Pang, et al., will eliminate the current chaos in terminology. In all SSCMs, either a rigid or a fibrous septum was found to transfix the spinal cord. There was at least one unrelated lesion that caused tethering of the spinal cord in 85% of the patients. The risk of neurological deficits resulting from SSCMs increases with the age of the patient; therefore, all patients should be surgically treated when diagnosed, especially before the development of orthopedic and neurological manifestations.
Transfection of C6 glioma cells with the bax gene and increased sensitivity to treatment with cytosine arabinoside
Authors: Vogelbaum Michael A. , Tong Jianxin X. , Higashikubo Ryuji , Gutmann David H. , Rich Keith M. 
Published: January 2008

Genes known to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis include members of the bcl-2 gene family, such as inhibitors of apoptosis (bcl-2 and bcl-xl) and promotors of apoptosis (bax). The authors investigated a potential approach for the treatment of malignant gliomas by using a gene transfection technique to manipulate the level of an intracellular protein involved in the control of apoptosis.
The authors transfected the murine bax gene, which had been cloned into a mammalian expression vector, into the C6 rat glioma cell line. Overexpression of the bax gene resulted in a decreased growth rate (average doubling time of 32.96 hours compared with 22.49 hours for untransfected C6, and 23.11 hours for clones transfected with pcDNA3 only), which may be caused, in part, by an increased rate of spontaneous apoptosis (0.77 ± 0.15% compared with 0.42 ± 0.08% for the vector-only transfected C6 cell line; p = 0.038, two-tailed Student's t-test). Treatment with 1 μM of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) resulted in significantly more cells undergoing apoptosis in the cell line overexpressing bax than in the vector-only control cell line (23.57 ± 2.6% compared with 5.3 ± 0.7% terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling technique-positive cells; p = 0.007). Furthermore, measurements of growth curves obtained immediately after treatment with 0.5 μM ara-C demonstrated a prolonged growth arrest of at least 6 days in the cell line overexpressing bax.
These results can be used collectively to argue that overexpression of bax results in increased sensitivity of C6 cells to ara-C and that increasing bax expression may be a useful strategy, in general, for increasing the sensitivity of gliomas to antineoplastic treatments.