bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical hydrogenation and corrosion behaviour of LaCo4.8M0.2 alloys
Authors: Giza K. , Bala H. , Pavlyuk V. V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHydrogen absorption properties and the corrosion characteristics of three LaCo4.8M0.2 alloys (where M ≡ antimony, magnesium or bismuth) have been investigated using electrochemical techniques. Absorption of hydrogen and corrosion behaviour of LaCo4.8M0.2 alloys have been compared with LaCo5 intermetallic compound. Typical potentiokinetic polarisation curves in 6 M potassium hydroxide solution showed that modification of LaCo5 by partial substitution of antimony, magnesium or bismuth for cobalt resulted in lower anodic currents in the passive range. The substitution does not significantly affect the shape of potentiokinetic polarisation curves in 0.5 M sulphate solutions for pH 2 and 7. Partial substitution of cobalt with bismuth in LaCo5 alloy increases the effectiveness of absorption of cathodically evolved hydrogen in strong alkaline solutions.
Two‐Dimensional Chromatography of Complex Polymers, 7 – Detailed Study of Polystyrene‐block‐Polyisoprene Diblock Copolymers Prepared by Sequential Anionic Polymerization and Coupling Chemistry
Authors: Mass Valentina , Bellas Vasilios , Pasch Harald 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTwo‐dimensional chromatographic methods were developed using LC‐CC in the first and SEC in the second dimension. These methods were applied for the investigation of PS‐b‐PI diblock copolymers synthesized by different approaches: sequential living anionic polymerization and coupling of living precursor blocks. The first dimension separates according to the individual block length of PS or PI blocks, whereas the second dimension separates with respect to the total molar masses of components. 2D‐LC analysis provides information on the purity of the reaction products, the presence of by‐products, the chemical compositions and the molar masses of all product components. The accuracy and selectivity of 2D‐LC is discussed.magnified image
Control of massive bleeding in dengue hemorrhagic fever with severe thrombocytopenia by use of intravenous anti‐D globulin
Authors: Yadav Satya P. , Sachdeva Anupam , Gupta Dhiren , Sharma Sunil D. , Kharya Gaurav 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a potentially lethal complication of mosquito borne viral disease, Dengue Fever. Thrombocytopenia is a constant finding in DHF/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). We report two cases that fulfilled the WHO criteria of DSS: high fever, positive tourniquet test, severe thrombocytopenia (<10,000/mm3), hemo‐concentration (Hematocrit increase >20%), hypotension and bleeding refractory to routine therapeutic measures, who showed dramatic improvement after receiving Intravenous Anti‐D globulin (IV anti‐D). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:812–813. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Client ahead‐of‐time compiler for embedded Java platforms
Authors: Hong Sunghyun , Kim Jin‐Chul , Moon Soo‐Mook , Shin Jin Woo , Lee Jaemok , Oh Hyeong‐Seok , Choi Hyung‐Kyu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMany embedded Java platforms execute two types of Java classes: those installed statically on the client device and those downloaded dynamically from service providers at run time. For achieving higher performance, the static Java classes can be compiled into machine code by ahead‐of‐time compiler (AOTC) in the server, and the translated machine code can be installed on the client device. Unfortunately, AOTC cannot be applicable to the dynamically downloaded classes. This paper proposes client‐AOTC (c‐AOTC), which performs AOTC on the client device using the just‐in‐time compiler (JITC) module installed on the device, obviating the JITC overhead and complementing the server‐AOTC. The machine code of a method translated by JITC is cached on a persistent memory of the device, and when the method is invoked again in a later run of the program, the machine code is loaded and executed directly without any translation overhead. A major issue in c‐AOTC is relocation because some of the address constants embedded in the cached machine code are not correct when the machine code is loaded and used in a different run; those addresses should be corrected before they are used. Constant pool resolution and inlining complicate the relocation problem, and we propose our solutions. The persistent memory overhead for saving the relocation information is also an issue, and we propose a technique to encode the relocation information and compress the machine code efficiently. We developed a c‐AOTC on Sun's CDC VM reference implementation, and our evaluation results indicate that c‐AOTC can improve the performance significantly, as much as an average of 12% for EEMBC and 4% for SpecJVM98, with a persistent memory overhead of 1% on average. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutaric aciduria type I: outcome following detection by newborn screening
Authors: Bijarnia S. , Wiley V. , Carpenter K. , Christodoulou J. , Ellaway C. J. , Wilcken B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGlutaric aciduria type I (GA I), a cerebral organic acidaemia with the potential for severe neurological consequences, can now be detected by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Early detection with implementation of careful management strategies appears to lessen the likelihood of neurological damage. We assessed the outcome in all 10 GA I patients detected in New South Wales during the last decade. Three patients were detected clinically and 7 by newborn screening. Diagnosis was confirmed by detection of significantly elevated urinary 3‐hydroxybutyrate and glutarate in urine, isolated elevation of glutarylcarnitine in plasma, typical clinical and MRI findings in several, and mutation analysis or enzyme analysis on cultured skin fibroblasts in 4 cases. The birth frequency was 1:90 000. Following diagnosis, treatment was initiated in all children with oral carnitine (100 mg/kg per day) and a low‐protein diet supplemented with a lysine‐free, low‐tryptophan amino acid formula. Disability was assessed in fields of motor, cognitive and speech development and scored according to Kyllerman. Clinically diagnosed patients were all symptomatic, with severity scores (out of 9) of 3, 5 and 9. Six of seven patients detected by newborn screening are asymptomatic, 4 being aged 2–6 years. One patient had a severe decompensation at 7 months, despite full management advice and treatment, and later died. Our data support previous findings that early diagnosis reduces neurological complications, but show that even with early diagnosis and careful management severe complications may ensue in some.
The transfer of CBT education from classroom to work setting: getting it right or wasting the opportunities?
Authors: Grant Alec , Townend Michael , Sloan Graham 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent policy, service and financial drivers that are aimed at improving access to psychological services with a particular focus on cognitive behavioural approaches have resulted in a number local and national service planning initiatives. The extent to which these developments ought to be informed by theory and research regarding the transfer of classroom-based learning to the work setting is made clear. The existing evidence base has implications for how education providers develop collaborative curricula with NHS employers in order to prepare students for the practice setting, and for how service providers support the students' knowledge, skills development, skills transfer and consolidation of these within the practice setting. The dangers of assuming that the dissemination of the clinical evidence base is straightforward within complex organizations and the structure of the NHS are also critically discussed.
GSTand its relatives do not measure differentiation
Authors: JOST LOU 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGSTand its relatives are often interpreted as measures of differentiation between subpopulations, with values near zero supposedly indicating low differentiation. However,GSTnecessarily approaches zero when gene diversity is high, even if subpopulations are completely differentiated, and it is not monotonic with increasing differentiation. Likewise, when diversity is equated with heterozygosity, standard similarity measures formed by taking the ratio of mean within‐subpopulation diversity to total diversity necessarily approach unity when diversity is high, even if the subpopulations are completely dissimilar (no shared alleles). None of these measures can be interpreted as measures of differentiation or similarity. The derivations of these measures contain two subtle misconceptions which cause their paradoxical behaviours. Conclusions about population differentiation, gene flow, relatedness, and conservation priority will often be wrong when based on these fixation indices or similarity measures. These are not statistical issues; the problems persist even when true population frequencies are used in the calculations. Recent advances in the mathematics of diversity identify the misconceptions, and yield mathematically consistent descriptive measures of population structure which eliminate the paradoxes produced by standard measures. These measures can be directly related to the migration and mutation rates of the finite‐island model.
Production of reactive species and modulation of antioxidant network in response to heat shock: a critical balance for cell fate
Authors: LOCATO VITTORIA , GADALETA COSIMO , DE GARA LAURA , DE PINTO MARIA CONCETTA 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTExposure to adverse temperature conditions is a common stress factor for plants. In order to cope with heat stress, plants activate several defence mechanisms responsible for the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox homeostasis. Specific heat shocks (HSs) are also able to activate programmed cell death (PCD). In this paper, the alteration of several oxidative markers and ROS scavenging enzymes were studied after subjecting cells to two different HSs. Our results suggest that, under moderate HS, the redox homeostasis is mainly guaranteed by an increase in glutathione (GSH) content and in the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities. These two enzymes undergo different regulatory mechanisms. On the other hand, the HS‐induced PCD determines an increase in the activity of the enzymes recycling the ascorbate‐ and GSH‐oxidized forms and a reduction of APX; whereas, CAT decreases only after a transient rise of its activity, which occurs in spite of the decrease of its gene expression. These results suggest that the enzyme‐dependent ROS scavenging is enhanced under moderate HS and suppressed under HS‐induced PCD. Moreover, the APX suppression occurring very early during PCD, could represent a hallmark of cells that have activated a suicide programme.
THE VAGARIES OF VEGETARIANISM
Authors: Harrison Jonathan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe following was meant to be a ‘fun paper’, which the author's honesty and natural seriousness of mind prevented from coming off well. Its main theme is that it is not wrong to eat meat provided the animals eaten are painlessly killed or – usually in the case of human animals – already dead. In the course of his remarks the author touches on: the bearing of affluence on vegetarianism; animal rights; child eating; treating animals as ends and with due Kantian respect; the inadequacy of the word ‘duty’; aesthetics and morals; the distinction between private behaviour – say driving on the left hand side of the road – and public duty – say advocating or legislating for driving on the right hand side of the road; our duties to vegetables, snakes, flying ants and Martians; and the desirability of irrationality in matters of duty; stealing and eating as much meat as possible as a way of bringing the meat industry to its knees; the contribution that animals should make to animal welfare, viz. allowing themselves to be eaten. He ends by emphasising the likeness of non‐human animals to human animals.1
SAMPLES AS SYMBOLS
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNelson Goodman and, following him, Catherine Z. Elgin and Keith Lehrer have claimed that sometimes a sample is a symbol that stands for the property it is a sample of. The relation between the sample and the property it stands for is called ‘exemplification’ (Goodman, Elgin) or ‘exemplarisation’ (Lehrer). Goodman and Lehrer argue that the notion of exemplification sheds light on central problems in aesthetics and the philosophy of mind. However, while there seems to be a phenomenon to be captured, Goodman's account of exemplification has several flaws. In this paper I will offer an alternative account of exemplification that is inspired by Grice's idea that one can communicate something by providing one's audience with intention‐independent evidence and letting them draw the obvious conclusion for themselves. This explication of exemplification will solve the problems that arose for Goodman's theory in the spirit of his approach.1
Prey selection of the black stork in the African wintering area
Authors: Chevallier D. , Baillon F. , Robin J.‐P. , Le Maho Y. , Massemin‐Challet S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo determine what kind of factors are implied in the decline of long‐distance birds, knowledge on feeding ecology in breeding and wintering areas is essential. We present the first study recording the quantity and quality of food eaten by a population of black storks Ciconia nigra in the Africa wintering zone, as well as prey abundance in the field by testing an eventual foraging strategy based on the selection of biotic parameters of fish prey (body size, energy gain, swimming speed and fish armaments). Black storks preferentially selected two fish species of Siluriforms that were not the most abundant species in the field. Storks carried out interspecific selection according to the swimming speed of fish species and intraspecific selection depending on prey size, probably to avoid defensive armaments of the preferred fish prey. Small fishes consumed by the birds constituted 91% of the diet and 45% of the total food energy intake. Small fishes were more frequently caught than large ones, even if the storks sometimes took the opportunity to catch large fishes that provided a high energy gain. Energy assimilation of black storks is almost twofold higher than the estimated daily energy expenditure. This study suggests that the quantity of food would satisfy the energy requirements of the species during the winter in Africa, enable them to store reserves and ensure their survival in the African areas.
Cropping system influences Tomato spotted wilt virus disease development, thrips population and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Authors: Ramkat R.C. , Wangai A.W. , Ouma J.P. , Rapando P.N. , Lelgut D.K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractYield of tomato is limited by many diseases including Tomato spotted wilt virus disease. This study was conducted in the field at Kenya Agriculture Research Institute Njoro, Kenya, in 2004 and 2006 to determine the effect of intercropping on disease development, thrips population and yield of tomato variety Cal J grown under four intercrop systems involving kale, onion, maize and sole tomato. The experimental design was a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Disease scores on tomato–maize differed significantly from tomato–kale and tomato–onion in both years of the study. Maize cropping system had a low significant thrips population from the other cropping systems. Tomato–maize intercrop produced the lowest fruit weights and marketable yield in 2004 and 2006, while yield of onion, kale and maize in intercrops were not significantly different from their monocrops. Land equivalent ratio was >1 in all the cropping systems.
Self‐Sacrifice of the Bodhisatta in the Paññāsa Jātaka
Authors: Sheravanichkul Arthid 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAlthough Buddhist traditions do not promote martyrdom, giving one's body as a gift is an ideal found in many Buddhist narratives. This article studies the gift of limbs and body of the bodhisatta in the Paññāsa Jātaka, a collection of 61 non‐canonical jātakas, in comparison with such gifts in the Jātaka‐aṭṭhakathā. Since these two collections of stories are immensely popular in Southeast Asia, with dozens of ‘complete’ and incomplete manuscript recensions found through out the region, we will see clearly that self‐sacrifice was not a rouge or esoteric practice, but a sign of virtue. In the Pāli canon, the gift of the body is not found in the suttas of the first four nikāyas where the discourse of meritorious gift giving is elaborated. Also, in the Vinaya it is discouraged by the Buddha. In the early commentaries like the Jātaka‐aṭṭhakathā, self‐sacrifice is found only in seven jātakas of 547 (1.28%), whereas in the Paññāsa Jātaka the self‐sacrifice is found in 14 stories from 61 jātakas (22.95%). The bodhisatta in the Paññāsa Jātaka sacrifices his body or parts of his body in order to save others’ lives and sacrifices it to Sakka who comes to test him like in the Jātaka‐aṭṭhakathā. However, some plotlines and details are found only in the Paññāsa Jātaka. This significant difference reveals a particular Southeast Asian value in the bodhisatta practice of self‐sacrifice and devotion to parents and the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sa&#x006e;̇gha.
Identification of the Smallest Structure Capable of Evoking Opsonophagocytic Antibodies against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type 14
Authors: Safari Dodi , Dekker Huberta A. T. , Joosten John A. F. , Michalik Dirk , de Souza Adriana Carvalho , Adamo Roberto , Lahmann Martina , Sundgren Andreas , Oscarson Stefan , Kamerling Johannis P. , Snippe Harm 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

Synthetic overlapping oligosaccharide fragments of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide (Pn14PS), {6)-[β-
d
-Gal
p
-(1→4)-]β-
d
-Glc
p
NAc-(1→3)-β-
d
-Gal
p
-(1→4)-β-
d
-Glc
p
-(1→}
n
, were conjugated to CRM
197
protein and injected into mice to determine the smallest immunogenic structure. The resulting antibodies were then tested for Pn14PS specificity and for their capacity to promote the phagocytosis of
S. pneumoniae
type 14 bacteria. Earlier studies have reported that the oligosaccharide corresponding to one structural repeating unit of Pn14PS, i.e., Gal-Glc-(Gal-)GlcNAc, induces a specific antibody response to Pn14PS. The broader study described here, which evaluated 16 oligosaccharides, showed that the branched trisaccharide element Glc-(Gal-)GlcNAc is essential in inducing Pn14PS-specific antibodies and that the neighboring galactose unit at the nonreducing end contributes clearly to the immunogenicity of the epitope. Only the oligosaccharide conjugates that produce antibodies recognizing Pn14PS were capable of promoting the phagocytosis of
S. pneumoniae
type 14. In conclusion, the branched tetrasaccharide Gal-Glc-(Gal-)GlcNAc may be a serious candidate for a synthetic oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine against infections caused by
S. pneumoniae
type 14.
Modular Arrangement of Allelic Variants Explains the Divergence in
Moraxella catarrhalis
UspA Protein Function
Authors: Brooks Michael J. , Sedillo Jennifer L. , Wagner Nikki , Laurence Cassie A. , Wang Wei , Attia Ahmed S. , Hansen Eric J. , Gray-Owen Scott D. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

Ubiquitous surface protein A molecules (UspAs) of
Moraxella catarrhalis
are large, nonfimbrial, autotransporter proteins that can be visualized as a “fuzzy” layer on the bacterial surface by transmission electron microscopy. Previous studies attributed a wide array of functions and binding activities to the closely related UspA1, UspA2, and/or UspA2H protein, yet the molecular and phylogenetic relationships among these activities remain largely unexplored. To address this issue, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the
uspA1
genes from a variety of independent
M. catarrhalis
isolates and compared the deduced amino acid sequences to those of the previously characterized UspA1, UspA2, and UspA2H proteins. Rather than being conserved proteins, we observed a striking divergence of individual UspA1, UspA2, and UspA2H proteins resulting from the modular assortment of unrelated “cassettes” of peptide sequence. The exchange of certain variant cassettes correlates with strain-specific differences in UspA protein function and confers differing phenotypes upon these mucosal surface pathogens.
Valerija Čepulyte (1904–1987) and her studies of the Quaternary formations in Lithuania
Authors: Kondratiene Ona , Stančikaite Migle 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Valerija Čepulyte (1904–1987) devoted her life to the development and promotion of geographical/geological research in Lithuania. The different aspects of Quaternary stratigraphy, palaeogeography, extent of the Last Glacial (Weichselian) and deglaciation of the territory, together with the development of the geomorphological terminology and methodology of the geomorphological mapping, were of primary interest to her during her long scientific career. Graduating from Vilnius University in 1939, Čepulyte became the first woman in Lithuania to take a doctoral degree in geographical science (1948) and in 1968 she was awarded the Doctor Habilitus degree. Her scientific innovations and ideas were important for generations of research workers dealing with the Quaternary system both in Lithuania and abroad.
Evolution of the theory of continental glaciation in northern and eastern Europe
Authors: Raukas Anto 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The theory of continental glaciation was worked out independently in different countries, but the idea that glaciers had formerly expanded over much larger areas than today was born in Switzerland (Venetz-Sitten, von Charpentier, Agassiz
et al.
). From the region of ‘living glaciers’ in the Alps, scientists could make direct comparisons between areas now occupied by ice and those evidently abandoned by ice. Otto Torell in northern Europe and Piotr Kropotkin in Russia are most often named the ‘fathers’ of the glacial theory. But, in fact, Karl Eduard Eichwald (1795–1876) was the first in the Russian Baltic provinces to consider the possibility of the wide distribution of ice in lowland areas. The glacial theory was strongly supported by the academician Friedrich Schmidt (1832–1908), and features of several glaciations in northern and eastern Europe were first mentioned by Constantin Grewingk in 1879.
Announcements
Authors: Lee Newton 
Published: August 2008

1. Facial and Bodily Expressions for Control and Adaptation of Games (ECAG '08)
2. The Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment
3. Gaming 2008: Design For Engaging Experience And Social Interaction
4. Artificial Intelligence for Computer Games
5. Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games: NetGames 2008
6. Workshop on Artful applications in Ambient TV