bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mystery of Suicide Clusters
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of suicide in line with narratives from the journal by Aria, a teen who ended her life twelve days after starting her journal. It looks into the high-profile suicide clusters and suicide attempts among Poplar Grove High School students since 2000. Suicide results from a complex tangle of biological, social, and psychological factors that cause someone to experience intense psychological pain. The chapter acknowledges suicide as a significant public health problem among US adolescents. It also explains how to understand suicide losses and collective pain to identify new strategies to prevent suicide and make young lives feel worth living.
An Ideal Place
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to Popular Grove, a seemingly idyllic community that, for all intents and purposes, should be exactly the kind of place that protects its kids from suicide. However, Popular Grove is home to an enduring youth suicide problem. The chapter then describes the dark side of the allegedly ideal community while referencing the unnamed privileges of Poplar Grovians for being White and in the upper echelons of socioeconomic status. Additionally, the affluence in Poplar Grove serves to further divide the school from the surrounding communities. Ultimately, these factors have consequences for youth well-being.
Safer Memorialization
Authors: Mueller Anna S. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the serious concerns about mass memorializing people who have died by suicide. It looks into a community’s ability to effectively engage in postvention. In Poplar Grove, the dense social networks that draw community members into each other’s lives also draw them together in the wake of tragedy. However, one of the concerns lies in the fact that memorials may inadvertently glorify or romanticize suicide as an option, sending confusing messages about suicide. The chapter discusses the benefits of social inoculation of youth against suicide by openly talking about the pain of grieving and suicide at the memorial.
The Variety of Psalms
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Within the collection of 150 psalms written over the course of a millennium, there is great diversity of material. Just as there are different kinds of songs nowadays (ballads, anthems, hymns, folk tunes) and assorted musical genres (classical, jazz, country, hip-hop), so there are numerous categories and styles of psalms. In this chapter various genres of psalms are canvassed, including the most frequently attested: psalms of lament and psalms of the temple. There is also some discussion about how the poetic medium was utilized to explore important topics such as alienation and suffering, child-rearing woes and vocational anxieties, fear of the future and situations of deep distress, in addition to the seemingly mundane circumstances of everyday routine as opportunities to experience the divine presence.
Israel’s Story in the Psalms
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter probes the ways the Israelite songwriters produced various compositions that invite the community to reimagine important events and to highlight the experience of a particular occasion or perhaps to counter a prevailing ideology or belief system. An important genre is the historical psalms, where a sequence of episodes in Israel’s national history are poetically represented. Nearly a dozen psalms might be classified as historical (or at least contain longer historical reflections or have the characteristics of the genre), and three examples are discussed in this chapter: Psalms 114, 105–106, and 78. Several kinds of interconnected elements are of interest: some of the poetic techniques that are used (such as parallelism of intensification, ellipsis, and intertextuality) in the historical psalms, the overall message of a given psalm when its entirety is considered, and ideas about why a particular historical psalm may have been composed and preserved and how it might have been used in ancient Israel’s social setting.
Iraq and ISIS
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Iraq War, which was tightly integrated into the War on Terror. Part of the rationale for the Iraq War was to counter the supposed threat of terrorism generated by Saddam Hussein’s regime and its connections. Since Saddam Hussein did not possess Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) nor the alliances that had been central to justifying the war, the outcome here in counter-terrorist terms was simply negative. Indeed, in terms of combating terrorism, the war proved counter-productive. Terrorism actually grew as a consequence of the Iraq War: the country became a magnet for jihadists, a site of violent struggle and lasting chaos, a justification deployed in defence of terrorist attacks elsewhere, and part of the complex sequence of events which generated the ISIS crisis. US foreign policy had been one of the supposed justifications for al-Qaida violence for some years. More broadly, Iraq fits the pattern that Western foreign policy—aimed at countering terrorism—has sometimes been one of the motivations behind anti-Western terrorism.
“This Fuller Life,” 1849–1854
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Leaving the Midlands for London, Mary Ann Evans entered the intellectual center of English life and began work alongside the publisher John Chapman as the unacknowledged editor of The Westminster Review in the attempt to make it the leading journal of progressive thinking. From her anonymous but powerful platform she encountered and helped confirm the status of the mid-century’s most central thinkers in science, religion, philosophy, sociology, and art. In this period, she came to know well the thinkers Herbert Spencer and G. H. Lewes, who would become her life partner, and she took on the translation of Ludwig Feuerbach’s The Essence of Christianity. She found Feuerbach’s aim, to awaken “religion to self-consciousness,” a powerful formulation of the relationship between theology and anthropology.
“A Divine Work to Be Done in Life,” 1857
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As her marriage to Lewes thrived, fiction writing did as well. John Blackwood became a trusted, sensitive publisher with whom Eliot would work for almost the entirety of her career, at first under the incognito that allowed her work to be judged by its own merits and not harmed by her dubious reputation. Eliot’s early fiction both indicts contemporary Christianity and attests to its value when practiced in faith. If the institution of the Church often advanced no sacred goals, bred social division, and offered inscrutable doctrine, when practiced by human beings who shared a knowledge of common suffering and mortality a genuine religious experience became possible. Eliot boldly confronted the hardest problems facing religiously unorthodox moral thinkers in the mid-nineteenth century, implicitly claiming that realist novels would take up such problems or be worth nothing at all.
The “Soul’s Own Warrant,” 1860–1863
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Eliot’s novels caught up with Marian’s spiritual life only in the early 1860s. Writing now from a place of financial security, Eliot took her favored plot line of the lonely search for meaning and fellowship past finding Christian faith, to losing such faith and surviving its loss. Romola allowed Eliot to explore the fallibility of religious authority and the potentially imperative demands of personal autonomy, a conflict autobiographically resonant both in her apostasy and in her decision to live with Lewes. Submission, the hallmark of her understanding of religious life, could no longer be represented as a satisfying resolution. In both Romola and Silas Marner, Eliot rejected the possibility of articulate divine–human communication and instead asserted a hallmark of religious modernity: a recognition that the self is all human beings have with which to arbitrate divine will, as it has come down to them through text and tradition.
The Population-Genetic Environment
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Evolution depends ultimately on the population-genetic environment, defined by mutation and recombination rates and the power of random genetic drift. The latter, which is an inverse function of the effective population size, defines the noise in evolutionary dynamics. If the power of drift exceeds the deterministic force of selection, the latter is rendered ineffective, resulting in patterns of evolution entirely determined by mutational forces. These issues are central to understanding evolutionary processes because all three major forces vary by about four orders of magnitude across the Tree of Life. Moreover, the mutation rate evolves to become inversely related to the effective population size, so populations experiencing greater drift simultaneously experience increased mutational pressure. In addition, average rates of recombination per nucleotide site decline in larger organisms, which evolve larger chromosomes owing to the accumulation of large amounts of non-functional DNA, but still experience just one to two crossover events per chromosome arm during meiosis. This covariation of rates of mutation, recombination, and drift across the Tree of Life influences the ways in which different lineages evolve in response to natural selection, in effect creating drift barriers beyond which selection cannot proceed. In large multicellular organisms with small effective population sizes, natural selection is constrained to utilize mutations with relatively large effects, whereas microbes with large effective population sizes are capable of discriminating mutations with very tiny effects, opening up the capacity for more fine-grained evolution.
Evolution as a Population-Genetic Process
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The distributions of fitness and phenotypic effects of mutations ultimately determine the evolutionary potential of phylogenetic lineages. No mutations have absolutely zero effects, and most are deleterious, but many have small enough fitness consequences that they are only visible to selection in populations of sufficiently large size. As consequence, traits under identical forms of selection in independent lineages will diverge phenotypically when population sizes are different with progress stalling at different locations along the drift barrier. Many adaptations require the simultaneous fixation of two or more mutations, a process whose efficiency can strongly depend on population size, which determines the number of mutational targets per generation. Stochastic tunnelling of pairs of linked mutations in large populations allows the establishment of features in which single mutations would otherwise be strongly deleterious. Mutation can also impact phenotypic evolution by facilitating movement towards more accessible states, guided by the multiplicity of ways in which certain phenotypes can be constructed from alternative genotypes. These basic principles from population genetics raise significant issues about the common assumption that observed phenotypes are precise reflections of prevailing selection pressures.
The Costs of Cellular Features
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary cell biology requires information on the bioenergetic costs of various cell structures and functions to clarify when the evolutionary benefits of cell features outweigh the baseline costs of investment. Counts of ATP hydrolyses constitute the universal bioenergetic currency in such estimates. The total energetic cost of a cellular feature is the sum of the direct costs of construction/operation and the opportunity costs resulting from the diversion of resources from alternative cellular functions. The fitness cost can be assessed as a reduction in the cell-growth potential associated with the presence of the feature investments (independent of downstream benefits accrued). This requires information on the biosynthetic costs of life’s basic building blocks and the costs of assembling/maintaining the resultant structure during the cell’s life. These analyses indicate that the internal membranes associated with organelles comprise a major part of eukaryotic cell budgets. Gene-level costs partition into components associated with replication, transcription, and translation, with protein-level investment being the primary contributor. Empirical data suggest that inserts of just a few nucleotides of inert DNA can be detected by selection in the small cells of prokaryotes – a simple explanation for genomic streamlining in such lineages. Although the absolute bioenergetic costs of the more elaborate genes in larger eukaryotic cells are magnified, the elevated total energy budgets of such cells result in reduced relative costs of genomic additions. With reduced effective population sizes, the accumulation of excess genomic material then proceeds passively in eukaryotic species, particularly in multicellular lineages.
Multiple Artworks as Abstract Entities
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that a workable distinction between singular and multiple artworks can be drawn in terms of being p-multiple: admitting of a plurality of strict p-instances. This is elucidated through Wollheim’s idea of multiple artworks as ‘types’. Types, Wollheim maintains, are posited when we wish to correlate a group of particulars with a piece of human invention. He identifies various ways in which multiple artworks, so conceived, can be initiated through such invention. P-multiplicity is built into the very methods whereby such works are initiated: methods that permit a plurality of strict p-instances to be generated, where this is both intended and internal to the very process of initiation. In the case of art forms traditionally regarded as singular, on the other hand, this is not the case. It is explained how Wolterstorff and Dodd have understood the ontological implications of treating multiple artworks as types. For Wolterstorff, multiple artworks are ‘norm-kinds’ admitting of both properly and improperly formed tokens. The sharing of predicates between multiple artworks and their tokens involves ‘analogical predication’. Dodd defends a related position. Musical works are norm-types individuated according to the timbral sonic properties required in properly formed tokens. He claims ‘default status’ for the type-token theory because it provides a straightforward explanation of a work’s ‘repeatability’ and ‘audibility’. He also identifies four features that works of music must have if they are types: they must be abstract, unstructured, modally and temporally inflexible, and eternally existing, discovered rather than created.
Multiple Artworks as Wollheimian Types
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dodd’s conception of types—term them D-types—is contrasted with Wollheim’s account of types sketched earlier in the book. Wollheimian types are generic entities under which particulars can be grouped, posited where we can correlate those particulars with a piece of human invention. This accords with what we have already seen regarding the role a particular causal history plays in grouping certain entities as p-instances of a photographic, cinematic, or cast-sculptural work. It is suggested that multiple artworks are Wollheimian types. This might seem to merely postpone the question about multiple artworks: what kind of thing is it, ontologically speaking, that we posit in such cases? It cannot be a D-type because the latter prescinds from provenance, but it might be a ‘Levinsonian’ initiated type. Indeed, the latter might be modified to accommodate the variability of some multiple works. It is argued, however, that such augmented ‘initiated types’ are metaphysically unnecessary once we have in place all of the elements that they comprise. In positing a Wollheimian type, what is posited is the precise combination of human invention and an enabling practice that explains and legitimates the groupings of certain things as p-instances of a work and the identification of the properties required in its strict instances. These things are contextualized actions, ‘performances’. The ‘performance theory’ and the arguments offered for it in my earlier work are summarized. Finally, it is explained how multiple artworks understood as Wollheimian types speak to all of the weighted explananda presented in Chapter 7.
The cognitive foundation of time
Authors: Spruijt Door , De Wit Astrid , de Vos Connie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the temporal distinctions signers encode in Kata Kolok, a Balinese sign language that has been used by deaf and hearing villagers for at least six generations. Our analysis focuses on two particles: finish and pidan as used in a corpus of everyday conversation among third- and fourth-generation deaf signers. Both particles cover a wide array of temporal and non-temporal meanings that indicate completion and non-immediacy, respectively. The frequency of these forms in our data set indicates that the linguistic encoding of such temporal distinctions occurs early on in language emergence and that these distinctions are therefore deemed central to cognition. The functional diversity of these particles indicates an ongoing process of grammaticalization through syntactic integration reminiscent of patterns found in spoken creoles.
The First Manifestations of the Ingenuity of Humankind and its Protection
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of humankind and conversely the birth of human ingenuity expressed in the development of lithic technology and science and follows its evolution and spread throughout the world. It reveals that, despite the fact that Africa was the precursor of the use of technology, the continent is lagging behind technological and scientific progress and explores the factors behind it. It further explores why the intellectual property system, which is the main driver of innovation and creativity, did not find fertile ground to put down roots in the continent to promote technological progress. The chapter illustrates that the absence of certain prerequisites led to ‘Africa conservatism’ on technological progress, such as: technological development, a conducive legal and political environment, and a philosophical set-up favourable to individual ownership of knowledge. Instead, the concomitant presence of those prerequisites in Europe encouraged intellectual property to thrive and promote technological progress.
Dynamics of the Extension of the Western-Style IP System into the African Continent
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the introduction of western-style intellectual property (IP) systems in Africa through colonization. It unearths the rationale behind the introduction of the first international IP legal instruments in Africa: the need to protect IP rights of western citizens and companies operating in the continent rather than to safeguard African interests. The chapter subscribes to the dominant view which affirms that the implementation of western-style IP regimes contributed to the marginalization of African knowledge and blocked innovative capabilities. However, the chapter also demonstrates that there may be endogenous factors impeding technological progress, as demonstrated by the fact that even after the independence of African countries from western dominance or in countries that were not colonized, such as Ethiopia and Liberia, the scenario does not follow any positive trend. Multi-pronged strategies are hence suggested to mainstream IP into the national development policies in order to promote technological progress and innovation.
Evidence from the fossil record on insect response to climate change
Authors: Currano Ellen D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Earth’s climate has fluctuated significantly since the meteorite impact 66 million years ago that caused a mass extinction and set ecosystems on their trajectory to the modern. Both insect body fossils and insect herbivore damage preserved on fossil leaves have been used to study the effects of ancient climate changes on insect ecology, evolution and physiology. This chapter reviews insect responses to long-term Cenozoic climate trends, cyclic variations driven by orbital parameters and geologically abrupt climate events. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (56 million years ago) provides the best ancient analog for modern anthropogenic warming and documents significant insect migrations and increased herbivory as temperature and carbon dioxide levels rose. Insects have shown resilience to past climate change yet anthropogenic climate and landscape changes are at least an order of magnitude faster than anything observed in Earth’s past, or at least anything except meteorite impacts.
Genetic and plastic responses of insects to climate change
Authors: Rohner Patrick T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Selection on standing heritable variation and novel mutations can fuel adaptive evolutionary responses to climate change in insect morphology, behavior, physiology and life history. Although adaptation has been regarded as a slow process, more recent studies highlight that insects have the potential to adapt rapidly to climatic challenges. However, most insects also show environment-dependent trait expression (i.e., phenotypic plasticity), which can affect phenotypes within an individual’s lifetime. While such responses can be adaptive, they may also hamper evolutionary responses to environmental change. In addition, plasticity itself can evolve and bias evolution via genetic accommodation. The interactions between plastic and genetic responses are therefore manifold and complex. Integrating quantitative genetic and developmental perspectives, this chapter illustrates plastic and genetic responses of insects to climate change. Special focus is placed on the role of developmental plasticity and genetic accommodation in evolution.
Insect communities adapting to climate change
Authors: Rodríguez-Castañeda Genoveva , Hof Anouschka R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change leads to three main known responses by species: shifts in distribution following a climatic niche, adaptation to the new climatic conditions or extinction. Insect species have more resilience and adaptations to cooler temperatures than to warmer ones, which is congruent with the geological cooling period that preceded the warming of the Anthropocene. Most studies conducted along environmental gradients focus on how insect communities adapt to warmer temperatures by modeling how, based on present occurrences, they would shift to new elevations. This chapter comprehensively reviews documented changes in insect species distribution over the past twenty-five to one hundred years; this will allow us to consider the ability of montane insect communities to adapt to higher temperatures and whether temperate and tropical species are responding differently. This chapter explores how elevational range shifts affect insect communities in both temperate and tropical zones. Finally, it presents a new framework to evaluate how insects respond to the threats of climate change and habitat loss and explore ecological and microclimatic conditions in which insect communities find refuge.