bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder
Authors: Horn Helge , Federspiel Andrea , Wirth Miranka , Müller Thomas J. , Wiest Roland , Wang Jiong-Jiong , Strik Werner 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundThe role of the language network in the pathophysiology of formal thought disorder has yet to be elucidated.AimsTo investigate whether specific grey-matter deficits in schizophrenic formal thought disorder correlate with resting perfusion in the left-sided language network.MethodWe investigated 13 right-handed patients with schizophrenia and formal thought disorder of varying severity and 13 matched healthy controls, using voxel-based morphometry and magnetic resonance imaging perfusion measurement (arterial spin labelling).ResultsWe found positive correlations between perfusion and the severity of formal thought disorder in the left frontal and left temporoparietal language areas. We also observed bilateral deficits in grey-matter volume, positively correlated with the severity of thought disorder in temporoparietal areas and other brain regions. The results of the voxel-based morphometry and the arterial spin labelling measurements overlapped in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and left angular gyrus.ConclusionsSpecific grey-matter deficits may be a risk factor for state-related dysfunctions of the left-sided language system, leading to local hyperperfusion and formal thought disorder.
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two risperidone dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study
Authors: Haas Magali , Eerdekens Mariëlle , Kushner Stuart , Singer Julia , Augustyns Ilse , Quiroz Jorge , Pandina Gahan , Kusumakar Vivek 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundEffective treatments for adolescent schizophrenia are needed.AimsTo compare efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of risperidone.MethodDouble-blind, 8-week study. Patients, 13–17 years, with an acute episode of schizophrenia, randomised 1:1 to risperidone 1.5–6.0 mg/day (regimen A;n=125) or 0.15–0.6 mg/day (regimen B;n=132). Trial registration number: NCT00034749.ResultsMean total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score improved significantly (P<0.001; effect size=0.49) from baseline to end-point for regimen A (mean=96.4 (s.d.=15.39) to mean=72.8 (s.d.=22.52)) compared with regimen B (mean=93.3 (s.d.=14.14) to mean=80.8 (s.d.=24.33)). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 74% (regimen A) and 65% (regimen B) of patients; 4% of patients overall discontinued for adverse events. Mean change in body weight was 3.2 kg (s.d.=3.49) for regimen A and 1.7 kg (s.d.=3.29) for regimen B.ConclusionsAdolescent patients in the regimen A group showed greater improvement in total PANSS compared with the regimen B group. Treatment was well tolerated.
Attitudes towards clinical services among people who self-harm: systematic review
Authors: Taylor Tatiana L. , Hawton Keith , Fortune Sarah , Kapur Navneet 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundSelf-harm is increasingly common in many countries, is often repeated and may have other negative outcomes.AimsTo systematically review people's attitudes towards clinical services following self-harm in order to inform service design and improvement.MethodA search of electronic databases was conducted and experts in the field were contacted in order to identify relevant worldwide qualitative or quantitative studies. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers with more weight given to studies of greater quality and relevance.ResultsThirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Despite variations in healthcare systems and setting, participants' experiences were remarkably similar. Poor communication between patients and staff and a perceived lack of staff knowledge with regard to self-harm were common themes. Many participants suggested that psychosocial assessments and access to after-care needed to be improved.ConclusionsSpecific aspects of care that might increase service user satisfaction and treatment adherence include staff knowledge, communication and better after-care arrangements. A standard protocol could aid regular audits of users' experiences of services.
Psychological processes in bipolar affective disorder: negative cognitive style and reward processing
Authors: Van der Gucht Emma , Morriss Richard , Lancaster Gill , Kinderman Peter , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundPsychological processes in bipolar disorder are of both clinical and theoretical importance.AimsTo examine depressogenic psychological processes and reward responsivity in relation to different mood episodes (mania, depression, remission) and bipolar symptomatology.MethodOne hundred and seven individuals with bipolar disorder (34 in a manic/hypomanic or mixed affective state; 30 in a depressed state and 43 who were euthymic) and 41 healthy controls were interviewed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV and completed a battery of self-rated and experimental measures assessing negative cognitive styles, coping response to negative affect, self-esteem stability and reward responsiveness.ResultsIndividuals in all episodes differed from controls on most depression-related and reward responsivity measures. However, correlational analyses revealed clear relationships between negative cognitive styles and depressive symptoms, and reward responsivity and manic symptoms.ConclusionsSeparate psychological processes are implicated in depression and mania, but cognitive vulnerability to depression is evident even in patients who are euthymic.
Age-related grey matter volume correlates of response inhibition and shifting in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: McAlonan Grainne M. , Cheung Vinci , Chua Siew E. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Hung Se-fong , Tang Chun-pan , Lee Chi-chiu , Kwong Shi-leung , Ho Ting-pong , Cheung Charlton , Suckling John , Leung Patrick W. L. 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundChildren with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties with executive function and impulse control which may improve with age.AimsTo map the brain correlates of executive function in ADHD and determine age-related changes in reaction times and brain volumes.MethodAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and control groups were compared on the change task measures of response inhibition (stop signal reaction time, SSRT) and shifting (change response reaction time, CRRT). Voxel-wise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlations of reaction times and grey matter volume were determined, along with bivariate correlations of reaction times, brain volumes and age.ResultsIndividuals in the ADHD group had longer SSRTs and CRRTs. Anterior cingulate, striatal and medial temporal volumes highly correlated with SSRT. Striatal and cerebellar volumes strongly correlated with CRRT. Older children had faster reaction times and larger regional brain volumes. In controls, orbitofrontal, medial temporal and cerebellar volumes correlated with CRRT but not SSRT. Neither reaction times nor regional brain volumes were strongly age-dependent.ConclusionsOur evidence supports delayed brain maturation in ADHD and implies that some features of ADHD improve with age.
Reasons for discontinuing clozapine: matched, case–control comparison with risperidone long-acting injection
Authors: Taylor David M. , Douglas-Hall Petrina , Olofinjana Banke , Whiskey Eromona , Thomas Arwel 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundClozapine has a range of serious adverse effects that may give rise to an increased risk of death.AimsTo compare reasons for discontinuation of clozapine with reasons for discontinuation of risperidone long-acting injection in age-matched individuals treated in the same clinical environment.MethodComparison of patients receiving clozapine and an age-matched control group receiving risperidone injection.ResultsWe established outcome for 529 consecutive patients receiving clozapine and 250 receiving risperidone (161 discontinuers from each group were compared). Adverse effects (odds ratio OR=2.19, 95% CI 1.31–3.67) and death (OR=7.0, 95% CI 2.09–23.5) were more commonly observed as reasons for discontinuation of clozapine than of risperidone. Clozapine was less likely to be withdrawn because of ineffectiveness than was risperidone (OR=0.034, 95% CI 0.01–0.14). Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was significantly raised for patients receiving clozapine (SMR=4.17, 95% CI 2.78–6.26). Pneumonia was the most common single cause of death.ConclusionsClozapine use in patients with severe mental illness was associated with a significantly increased risk of death compared with that for the general population. Causation could not be established. Adverse effects and death are common causes of clozapine discontinuation.
A salience dysregulation syndrome
Authors: van Os Jim 
Published: January 2009

SummaryRevisions of DSM and ICD are forthcoming. Should the old categories of psychotic disorder, in particular the construct of schizophrenia, be retained or is a new system of representation of psychosis in order? It is argued that both scientific and societal developments point to a system of classification combining categorical and dimensional representations of psychosis in DSM and ICD. Furthermore, it is proposed to introduce, analogous to the functional descriptive term ‘metabolic syndrome’, the diagnosis of salience dysregulation syndrome. Within this syndrome, three sub-categories may be identified, based on scientific evidence of relatively valid and specific contrasts: with affective expression; with developmental expression; and not otherwise specified.
Mentoring scheme for child and adolescent psychiatry consultants in Scotland
Authors: van Beinum Michael , Davies Sandra , David Myra 
Published: January 2009

Aims and MethodTo describe the mentoring scheme for consultant child psychiatrists in Scotland and discuss findings of a qualitative questionnaire survey of all eligible consultants' use and satisfaction with the scheme.ResultsAll 21 respondents who had used the mentoring scheme thought it had been of great help. A third of respondents appointed since the start of the scheme had not used it. This could be because the consultants were not aware of the scheme, there were not enough mentors or mentoring was not included in consultants' job plans.Clinical ImplicationsFormal mentoring is strongly recommended for all newly appointed consultants. Written recognition within job plans for both mentoring and being mentored would support mentoring arrangements.
Roofless in a steel city: learning from the homeless mentally ill
Authors: Spence Sean A. 
Published: January 2009

A small, city-wide clinical outreach service for the homeless mentally ill in Sheffield, UK, attained its present configuration 6 years ago. This paper discusses the lessons learnt in the course of the service's existence.The homeless mentally ill identified by the service have disengaged from the ‘mainstream’ services and society. Most are from disturbed homes, nearly all have had prior contact with psychiatric services and as many as half have served prison terms. As service users, they must be actively sought out and engaged, which places specific demands upon a mental health team: flexibility of approach, patience and a willingness not to judge others' values.Though largely anecdotal, the inferences drawn in Sheffield may have parallels elsewhere, not least since individual lives can turn upon pivotal (‘anecdotal’) encounters and those evinced by the homeless tell us much about society, psychiatry and the values of contemporary healthcare providers. Also, most of the time, the proposed model has been successful.
Supporting children of forensic in-patients: whose role is it?
Authors: Chao Oriana , Kuti Gori 
Published: January 2009

Aims and MethodTo investigate whether children are in contact with their forensic in-patient parents and whether they are offered support regarding their parent's mental health and offending issues. A questionnaire was completed on in-patients in two medium secure units.ResultsOnly 69 of the in-patients surveyed had children aged 18 or under, but only 25 had contact with their children. Support was offered in 14 cases and accepted in 10. Many patients had lost contact with their children.Clinical ImplicationsChildren of forensic in-patients appear to be a neglected group, with limited attempts made to support them. In the absence of specific difficulties of their own, the onus may be on forensic mental health services to initiate contact.
Defining the Roles of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases: Current Concepts and Challenges
Authors: St. Germain Donald L. , Galton Valerie Anne , Hernandez Arturo 
Published: January 2009

As is typical of other hormone systems, the actions of the thyroid hormones (TH) differ from tissue to tissue depending upon a number of variables. In addition to varying expression levels of TH receptors and transporters, differing patterns of TH metabolism provide a critical mechanism whereby TH action can be individualized in cells depending on the needs of the organism. The iodothyronine deiodinases constitute a family of selenoenzymes that selectively remove iodide from thyroxine and its derivatives, thus activating or inactivating these hormones. Three deiodinases have been identified, and much has been learned regarding the differing structures, catalytic activities, and expression patterns of these proteins. Because of their differing properties, the deiodinases appear to serve varying functions that are important in regulating metabolic processes, TH action during development, and feedback control of the thyroid axis. This review will briefly assess these functional roles and others proposed for the deiodinases and examine some of the current challenges in expanding our knowledge of these important components of the thyroid homeostatic system.This review assesses the functional roles of TH action and others proposed for the deiodinases and examines current challenges in expanding knowledge of these components of the thyroid homeostatic system.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Thyroid Hormone Feedback Mechanism
Authors: Chiamolera Maria Izabel , Wondisford Fredric E. 
Published: January 2009

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a critical role in development, growth, and cellular metabolism. TH production is controlled by a complex mechanism of positive and negative regulation. Hypothalamic TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. TSH then initiates TH synthesis and release from the thyroid gland. The synthesis of TRH and TSH subunit genes is inhibited at the transcriptional level by TH, which also inhibits posttranslational modification and release of TSH. Although opposing TRH and TH inputs regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, TH negative feedback at the pituitary was thought to be the primary regulator of serum TSH levels. However, study of transgenic animals showed an unexpected, dominant role for TRH in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and an unanticipated involvement of the thyroid hormone receptor ligand-dependent activation function (AF-2) domain in TH negative regulation. These results are summarized in the review.The thyrotropin-releasing hormone neuron is well-positioned to integrate information about the environment as well as circulating TH levels and ultimately affect metabolism in response to these physiological changes.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Protein Kinase C Signaling to ERK: Spatiotemporal Regulation of ERK by Docking Domains and Dual-Specificity Phosphatases
Authors: Armstrong Stephen Paul , Caunt Christopher James , McArdle Craig Alexander 
Published: January 2009

AbstractActivated ERK translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription. Spatiotemporal aspects of this response dictate biological consequences and are influenced by dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that can scaffold and dephosphorylate ERK. In HeLa cells, GnRH causes transient and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent ERK activation, but termination mechanisms are unknown. We now explore DUSP roles using short inhibitory RNA to knock down endogenous ERK, adenoviruses to express GnRH receptors and add-back ERK2-GFP, and automated microscopy to monitor ERK location and activation. GnRH caused rapid and transient increases in dual phosphorylated ERK2 (ppERK2) and nuclear to cytoplasmic ERK2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) ratio, whereas responses to a PKC-activating phorbol ester were more sustained. In cells expressing D319N ERK2-GFP (D319N mutation impairs docking-domain-dependent binding to DUSPs), GnRH caused more sustained increases in ppERK2 and nuclear to cytoplasmic ERK2-GFP ratio and also had more pronounced effects on Egr-1 luciferase (a transcriptional reporter for ERK activation). Cycloheximide caused more sustained effects of GnRH and phorbol ester on ppERK, suggesting termination by nuclear-inducible DUSPs. GnRH also increased expression of nuclear-inducible DUSP1 and -4, but their knockdown did not alter GnRH-mediated ERK signaling. Screening a short inhibitory RNA library targeting 16 DUSPs (nuclear-inducible DUSPs, cytoplasmic ERK MAPK phosphatases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/p38 MAPK phosphatases, and atypical DUSPs) revealed GnRH effects to be influenced by DUSPs 5, 9, 10, 16, and 3 (i.e. by each DUSP class). Thus, GnRH-mediated ERK responses (like PKC-mediated ERK responses) are dependent on protein neosynthesis and docking-domain-dependent binding, but for GnRH activation (unlike PKC activation), this does not reflect dependence on nuclear-inducible DUSPs. Termination of these GnRH effects is apparently dependent upon a preexisting rapid turnover protein.
Exploring the mechanical basis for acceleration: pelvic limb locomotor function during accelerations in racing greyhounds (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Williams S. B. , Usherwood J. R. , Jespers K. , Channon A. J. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARY
Animals in their natural environments are confronted with a regular need to perform rapid accelerations (for example when escaping from predators or chasing prey). Such acceleration requires net positive mechanical work to be performed on the centre of mass by skeletal muscle. Here we determined how pelvic limb joints contribute to the mechanical work and power that are required for acceleration in galloping quadrupeds. In addition, we considered what, if any, biomechanical strategies exist to enable effective acceleration to be achieved. Simultaneous kinematic and kinetic data were collected for racing greyhounds undergoing a range of low to high accelerations. From these data, joint moments and joint powers were calculated for individual hindlimb joints. In addition, the mean effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of the limb and the `gear ratio' of each joint throughout stance were calculated. Greatest increases in joint work and power with acceleration appeared at the hip and hock joints, particularly in the lead limb. Largest increases in absolute positive joint work occurred at the hip, consistent with the hypothesis that quadrupeds power locomotion by torque about the hip. In addition, hindlimb EMA decreased substantially with increased acceleration – a potential strategy to increase stance time and thus ground impulses for a given peak force. This mechanism may also increase the mechanical advantage for applying the horizontal forces necessary for acceleration.
Increase in Presenilin 1 (PS1) levels in senescence-accelerated mice(SAMP8) may indirectly impair memory by affecting amyloid precursor protein(APP) processing
Authors: Kumar Vijaya B. , Franko Mark , Banks William A. , Kasinadhuni Pranav , Farr Susan A. , Vyas Kamlesh , Choudhuri Veena , Morley John E. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYSenescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) serve as a model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as they exhibit early loss of memory and increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression. APP is a ubiquitous membrane protein that is physiologically processed by site-specific proteolysis firstly by α-or β-secretases, releasing a large fragment called APPS that contains most of the extracellular sequences of APP, a small extracellular stub, the transmembrane region and the cytoplasmic tail of APP (`AICD'-APP intracellular domain). These are subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase at multiple sites in the transmembrane region, releasing small peptides,Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, the major components of AD-associated amyloid fibrils. γ-secretase is a high-molecular-mass complex composed of presenilin-1 (PS1), nicastrin, APH-1 and Pen-2. As PS1 has been shown to play a critical role in facilitating γ-secretase activity,and mutations in this protein are associated with familial AD (FAD), we have cloned it from SAMP8 mouse hippocampus and compared its sequence with those of other species. Furthermore, changes in the expression of PS1 with age in the hippocampal tissue of SAMP8 were studied. The results showed that the SAMP8 PS1 cDNA sequence is identical to that of normal mice. However, its expression in the hippocampus of SAMP8 exhibited an increase, while CD-1 mice, a strain that does not exhibit premature memory loss, showed no change with age. An increased amount or mutation(s) in PS1, which alters the stoichiometric balance of the γ-secretase complex, may be the cause of aberrant or increased processing of APP, resulting in Aβ accumulation leading to loss of memory.
The specific binding sites of eyestalk- and pericardial organ-crustacean hyperglycaemic hormones (CHHs) in multiple tissues of the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus
Authors: Katayama Hidekazu , Chung J. Sook 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYCrustacean hyperglycaemic hormone from the pericardial organ (PO-CHH) is a CHH-related neuropeptide but its function and target tissues are not known in crustaceans. To investigate this issue, we employed radiolabelled ligand binding and cGMP assays, using eyestalk-CHH (ES-CHH) as a reference neuropeptide. The membranes were prepared from various tissues of Callinectes sapidus: hepatopancreas, hindgut, midgut, gills, heart,abdominal muscles and scaphognathites. Like ES-CHH, recombinant PO-CHH(rPO-CHH) specifically bound to the membranes of scaphognathites=abdominal muscles&gt;midgut&gt;gills&gt; heart&gt;hindgut and hepatopancreas (list order corresponds to the number of binding sites). The specific binding sites of 125I-ES-CHH in hepatopancreas and gills were saturable and displaceable. The abdominal muscle membrane binding sites were specific and saturable to both CHHs. These binding sites were displaced by homologous neuropeptides, but poorly displaced by the heterologous counterpart. As for the second messenger, the expected increment (3- to &gt;20-fold) in the amount of cGMP produced by ES-CHH was noted in most tissues tested except midgut. Recombinant PO-CHH increased cGMP production 1.5- to 4-fold in scaphognathites, heart, midgut, hindgut and abdominal muscles. The results obtained from the binding study suggest that PO-CHH also has multiple target tissues of which abdominal muscles and scaphognathites are the primary ones. The differences in the primary amino acid sequences of PO-CHH and ES-CHH,particularly in the C-terminal region and in the amidation at C-terminus, may contribute to the truncated responses of hyperglycaemia, cGMP stimulation and binding affinity.