bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A macroarray expression analysis of novel cDNAs vital for growth initiation and primary metabolism during development ofHeterobasidion parviporumconidiospores
Authors: Li Guosheng , Osborne Jason , Asiegbu Fred O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pathogenHeterobasidion parviporumcauses significant losses to forest industries in Europe and North America. The fungus is spread by basidiospores on fresh stumps where it differentiates into a specialized infection hyphae to colonize its host. This differentiation is driven by recognition and its strategic success lies in its ability to do this rapidly and efficiently. To investigate gene expression pattern during the spore germination stages, mRNA of germinated and ungerminated conidiospores ofH. parviporumharvested at distinct developmental time points (18, 36, 72 and 120 h) corresponding to periods of isotropic/germ tube emergence, polarized apical, early and late mycelial lateral branching growth stages was hybridized to macroarrays containing 338 cDNAs fromH. parviporum. The results of the statistical analysis identified a total of 24, 39, 38 and 30 genes that were differentially upregulated at 18, 36, 72 and 120 h, respectively, relative to time 0. The number of the downregulated genes was 4, 6, 8 and 13 genes respectively. During isotropic, polarized and mycelial growth stages, majority of the differentially expressed genes belonged to functional categories metabolism (21–32%) and protein formation (21–30%). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time‐PCR) data essentially confirmed the macroarray analyses. The real‐time‐PCR result showed that transcript levels of genes involved in glucose metabolism (phosphoglucomutase), amino acid metabolism (arginase, delta‐1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase, sulfur metabolism‐negative regulator, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase) and protein synthesis (40S ribosomal protein S15) were significantly increased during polarized growth (36 h) stage but decreased at early and late stages of mycelial growth (72–120 h). An understanding of the various molecular and physiological processes during the development ofH. parviporumspores is an important step towards the goal of identifying novel antifungal strategies.
Fear but not awareness predicts enhanced sensory processing in fear conditioning
Authors: Moratti Stephan , Keil Andreas , Miller Gregory A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is not clear whether enhanced cortical processing of reinforced stimuli as reported by neuroimaging studies is due to expectancy of an aversive event alone or to activation of the fear system. The present study investigated cortical and autonomic responses of aware participants using an instructed fear conditioning design. Steady‐state visual evoked fields (ssVEF) and heart rate change were recorded to assess sensory processing and activation of the fear system by reinforced (CS+) and nonreinforced stimuli (CS−). Participants who showed heart rate acceleration demonstrated increased ssVEFs in visual and parietal cortex during CS+ in acquisition trials. Heart rate decelerators did not show enhanced cortical activation with respect to the CS+. Participants in both groups reported awareness of CS–US contingencies. Awareness of stimulus contingency in fear conditioning seems not to be sufficient to elicit enhanced visual cortical processing.
Partitioning of metabolizable energy intake in sucking altricial and precocial rodent pups
Authors: Kam M. , Khokhlova I. S. , Degen A. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe partitioned the metabolizable energy intake (MEI) into energy for maintenance (MEm) and for growth (MEg) in sucking precocial and altricial rodent pups. Each of the two components includes energy loss due to the heat increment of feeding. MEm of precocial pups expressed as average daily energy costs or as a proportion of MEI was greater than in altricial pups of similar size and, therefore, less energy was available for growth. Consequently, the overall energy cost (via total MEI) per unit postnatal growth of precocial pups was greater than for altricial pups of similar size. We used the proportion of calculated MEm to that predicted by body mass as an index of precociality in rodent pups. The proportion of MEg to MEI in precocial pups was lower than in altricial pups and was inversely related to the index of precociality.
A new look at the scaling of size in mammalian eyes
Authors: Burton R. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe allometric dependence of eye size on body mass in adult mammals must be largely due to the fact that small heads cannot bear large eyes. This obvious but neglected point is explored using brain mass as a measure of the relevant aspect of head size. Data are taken from the literature. Although there are large interspecific variations in the ratio of eye mass to brain mass, brain mass itself varies over a much greater range, making it possible to discern a clear correlation between the two masses. Indeed, much of the data suggest a simple proportionality (isometry). Over a wide range of body sizes, body mass seems to have no separate and consistent effect on eye/brain ratio, although this ratio is low in many small mammals with poor vision. In species with brains weighing between about 220 and 5200 g, the data can be interpreted as suggesting that eye mass is independent of brain mass, as if increases in eye size beyond a certain point produce little advantage. Whether this ‘plateau’ is functionally meaningful is unclear, however, and large whales do have much bigger eyes, even allowing for their unusually thick sclera.
Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs
Authors: Herbert Cornelia , Kissler Johanna , Junghöfer Markus , Peyk Peter , Rockstroh Brigitte 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAffective startle modulation in the electromyographic (EMG), auditory startle evoked potentials, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed while subjects evaluated pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral adjectives. Acoustic startle probes were presented at random time points 2.5–4.0 s after word onset. The visual P2 and P3 potentials were generally larger during processing of emotional than of neutral adjectives. In contrast, the late positive component was enhanced and was correlated with larger EMG startle responses and auditory startle evoked potential P3 amplitudes for pleasant words only. During internal cognitive activity, the startle reflex represents a measure of ”processing interrupt.” Thus the startle tone interrupted processing of particularly pleasant adjectives and caused re‐alerting to environmental stimuli. Specific effects for pleasant material may arise from a ”positivity offset,” favoring responses to pleasant material at lower arousal levels.
Pharmacokinetic profile of a new modified release formulation of zolpidem designed to improve sleep maintenance
Authors: Weinling Estelle , McDougall Stuart , Andre Frédéric , Bianchetti Gabrio , Dubruc Catherine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability and the pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral dose of a zolpidem modified‐release (MR) 12.5‐mg formulation with those of the standard 10‐mg zolpidem immediate‐release (IR) formulation. Absolute bioavailabilities of oral formulations were evaluated using intravenously (i.v.) administered zolpidem as a reference. Twenty‐four healthy, Caucasian, male volunteers (18–45 years old) received single doses of three oral formulations (zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg, zolpidem‐IR 10 mg and an experimental form) and zolpidem i.v. infusion (8 mg) in a randomized, open‐label, crossover trial. Blood samples (18 time‐points) were collected up to 16 h post‐dose after oral administration and up to 12 h post‐dose after i.v. administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non‐compartmental analysis, allowing comparisons between treatments based on estimated ratios and differences, with 90% confidence intervals. The initial absorption phase of the zolpidem‐MR formulation was as fast as that of zolpidem‐IR with no significant difference in tmax. With zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg, Cmax was moderately lower than with zolpidem‐IR (ratio of 0.82), and plasma zolpidem concentrations were maintained above those observed with zolpidem‐IR for a longer period of time, particularly from 3 to 6 h post‐dose. This was confirmed by an increase in half‐value duration (HVD) from 2.3 h with zolpidem‐IR to 4.6 h with zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg. The mean terminal half‐life was similar between formulations. Zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg provides the appropriate pharmacokinetic characteristics to extend plasma zolpidem concentrations into the middle of the night (3–6 h post‐dose), while retaining the same tmax and terminal half‐life.
Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils – long‐term regional trends and characterization of fractions
Authors: Sleutel S. , De Neve S. , Singier B. , Hofman G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSubstantial losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) from the plough layer of intensively managed arable soils in western Europe have recently been reported, but these estimates are associated with very large uncertainties. Following soil surveys in 1952 and 1990 of arable soils in West Flanders (Belgium), we resampled 116 sites in 2003 and thus obtained three paired measurements of the OC stocks in these soils. Ten soils were selected for detailed physical fractionation to obtain possible further explanations for changes in SOC stocks. Between 1990 and 2003, the SOC stocks decreased at an average rate of −0.19 t OC ha−1 year−1. This loss is significant but is still less than half the rate of SOC decrease that was estimated previously for the whole region of Flanders, which includes the study area. Variation in SOC stocks or in the magnitude of SOC stock losses could not be related to soil texture, to changes in ploughing depth, or to recent land‐use changes. A good relationship, however, was found between the SOC losses and organic matter (OM) inputs. The results of the physical fractionation also suggested management to be the predominant factor determining variation in SOC stocks because no correlation was found between soil texture and the absolute amounts of OC present in the largest OM fractions, that is, the OC in free particulate organic matter (POM), and OC associated with the silt + clay size fraction. The proportion of OC in free POM was up to 40% of the total OC, which indicates the important impact of management on SOC and also indicates that a substantial part of the SOC still present, may in the future be lost at a time scale of years to decades assuming that the intensive management continues.
Amanita muscaria toxicosis in two dogs
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Higgins Michael A. , Blodgett Dennis J. , Ellis Matthew , Jones Delbert E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective: To report the manifestations, history, and pathophysiologic basis of disease in 2 dogs with Amanita muscaria toxicosis.Case summaries: Two dogs were evaluated for an acute onset of gastroenteritis and seizures. A. muscaria toxicosis was suspected in each dog after confirmation of environmental exposure and visualization of ingested mushrooms in vomitus. The diagnosis was confirmed following identification of toxic Amanita metabolites in the urine and serum of each dog. Administration of supportive and symptomatic therapies resulted in the complete recovery of each animal.Unique information provided: Ingestion of the mushroom, A. muscaria, by dogs can result in acute gastrointestinal distress that precedes a potentially life‐threatening central neurologic syndrome characterized by seizures, tremors, and somnolence. Central nervous system dysfunction results primarily from the actions of ibotenic acid and its decarboxylation product, muscimol, which are analogues of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. Identification of these toxins in the urine and serum of affected dogs using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides a definitive diagnosis.
THE IDENTITY OF ACHRAS ZAPOTA L. AND THE NAMES FOR THE SAPODILLA AND THE SAPOTE
Authors: Moore Harold E. , Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAchras zapotaL. (1753) is to be typified bySapota fructu ovato, majoriPlumier (1703), which is shown by Plumier's unpublished description and drawing to be a form of the sapodilla or naseberry. If a broad generic concept is adopted, the correct name for the sapodilla isManilkara zapota(L.) P. van Royen, for the sapotePouteria sapota(Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn. If a narrow generic concept is adopted, the correct names are respectivelyAchras zapotaL. andCalocarpum sapota(Jacq.) Merrill.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANA AND RELATED NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
Authors: Ward Daniel B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFive species of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) are of common occurrence in northeastern North America. A sixth species is endemic to Bermuda. Their rather similar morphology has led to differing applications of the names given the various species. Examination of materials available to the original authors indicates the correct names for these species to be as follows: S. angustifolium Mill. (= S. graminoides Bicknell, S. bermudiana sensu authors), with branched, relatively broad stems, broad leaves, and small blue flowers; S. atlanticum Bicknell, with branched, narrow stems with many geniculate nodes, narrow leaves, usually drying pale green; S. arenicola Bicknell, a provisional name, with branched, narrow stems and few or no geniculate nodes, narrow leaves, drying dark, and often with a fibrous base; S. mucronatum Michx., with very narrow leaves, unbranched and non‐geniculate stems, often purplish spathes, and large violet flowers; S. montanum Greene (= S. angustifolium sensu Bicknell), similar but with somewhat broader leaves, larger capsules, and green spathes; and S. bermudiana L. (= S. iridioides Curtis), the coarse and ornamental, branched, Bermuda endemic.
CHROMOSOME CHANGES IN PLANT EVOLUTION
Authors: Jones Keith 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen attempts are made to use chromosome characters as independent indicators of the direction of evolution there are few upon which we can depend. On the other hand, if we adopt the synthetic approach and view the chromosome in conjunction with all other characters of organisms then we can indeed determine with greater certainty patterns and pathways of evolution. This is not to equate the chromosome with the other aspects of our plants for we know that chromosomes can inform in ways which neither genes nor phenotypes can, but we require to know not only the way in which genes are assembled and controlled in their inheritance but also their nature as expressed in the chemical and structural phenotypes. We do stand at a cross‐road in the application of chromosome studies in plant biosystematics. We have arrived here not because we have been misled by the chromosomes but rather for the reason that they have been so frequently misused and misunderstood.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STOMATAL COMPLEX AS A TAXONOMIC CHARACTER IN THE MONOCOTYLEDONS
Authors: Tomlinson P. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExisting descriptions of patterns of stomatal development in monocotyledons are very few, often inaccurate and sometimes misleading. The terminologies developed therefrom are probably not very useful. In this article the situation is clarified with respect to information obtained from the examination of the development of the stomatal complex in about 100 species of monocotyledons representing most families. Certain families lack divisions of cells surrounding the guard cell mother cell (meristemoid). Others possess such divisions which may be categorized as either oblique or non‐oblique. Many families lack oblique divisions, others are characterized by oblique divisions. There seems to be a correlation between the presence of oblique divisions and the shortness of the protodermal cells. In some families the sequence of divisions is quite precise, in others it is quite variable. Available evidence shows that there are no major groups of monocotyledonous families characterized by a particular pattern of divisions in the development of the stomatal complex and that speculations about the phylogenetic significance of these patterns are premature. It is suggested that the stomatal complex has value as a systematic character only in combination with a variety of other characters and only by consideration of groups which are already known to be natural. Our present appreciation of the affinities of monocotyledonous groups should be used as a source of comparative information about the development of the stomatal complex in monocotyledons and not vice versa.
AXOR AND MONIT: TWO NEW POLYTHETIC‐DIVISIVE STRATEGIES FOR HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Lambert J. M. , Meacock S. E. , Barrs J. , Smartt P. F. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo new divisive strategies for hierarchical classification are reported. Both use a form of ‘directed search’ to limit the number of possible polythetic splits examined. An objective method for testing the accuracy of divisions is defined. Preliminary results of tests of the two new methods against certain existing techniques have shown the former to produce superior divisions.
NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY AND TYPIFICATION OFMARTYNIAANDPROBOSCIDEA(MARTYNIACEAE)
Authors: Hevly Richard H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe specimen ofMartynia annua[Houstoun in Martyn] L. in the Linnaean herbarium does not correspond with the original description of that species but is instead a specimen ofProboscidea louisianica(Miller) Thellung. Examination of the nomenclatural history of these two species, which are the type species of the generaMartyniaandProboscidea, indicates that the names can be maintained in their current usage. No type specimens were indicated by the describing authors, but illustrations provided by them can serve as lectotypes.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HYBRIDIZATION FOR PLANT TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pattern of evolutionary phylogeny has been highly reticulate mainly on account of hybridization (crossing between individuals belonging to populations which have different adaptive norms) followed by stabilization and perpetuation of some of the hybrid derivatives. The significance of hybridization in obtaining a picture of evolutionary relationships is discussed. First the evolutionary advantages that might result from hybridization are considered, second the drawbacks; finally the ways and degrees to which such drawbacks may be overcome are discussed.
CHROMOSOMAL CONSPECTUS OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Hans A. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGeneric interrelationships, evolution and ancestry of the family Euphorbiaceae is reviewed from a chromosomal point of view with the world wide data including the author's record of 43 species from the eastern Himalayas. The arrangement of genera is according to Bentham and Hooker's system of classification and repeated references are made to Hutchinson's recent view of tribalism in the family. The family is believed to be polyphyletic having at least two base numbers x = 7 and 13. The other base numbers encountered in the family are x = 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18 coupling with the well known morphological and taxonomical complexity of the family. The Euphorbiaceae seem to be of Asiatic origin and primitive ***Phyllantheae may have evolved in the New World. Both polyploidy and aneuploidy are effective in speciation and as much as 48 per cent of the known taxa exhibit polyploidy.
THE FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Kirpicznikov M. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe monumental “Flora URSS” comprises 30 volumes and 2 separate indexes. Vol. I was published in the end of 1933, while the entire publication was completed in August, 1964. The “Flora URSS” numbers about 22000 pages containing the descriptions of all the higher plants of the Soviet Union (except Bryophyta), viz. 160 families, 1676 genera and 17520 species. Besides, many widespread cultivated species are described, although not listed. Over 10% of the species listed in the “Flora URSS” are new to science. The work is illustrated with 10000 original drawings on 1250 plates.The article deals with the following information about the “Flora URSS”: the scientific characteristics of the work (the concepts of race, species and phylogenetic series; the scope and distribution of the material, the area embraced etc.); the general evaluation; the status and the prospects of the development of the Komarov's concept of species, etc. A special section is devoted to some results ensuing from the accounts of taxa published in the “Flora URSS”. The data on the number of genera and species of each of the families described are presented in tables and so are the data on endemic genera and on the genera established by Soviet botanists.
A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF FOSSIL PALM AND PALM‐LIKE LEAVES
Authors: Read Robert W. , Hickey Leo J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNine genera of fossil palm and palm‐like leaves are recognized in this study. Amesoneuron H. R. Goeppert, Bactrites E. W. Berry, Palmacites A. Brongniart, Phoenicites A. Brongniart, and Sabalites G. Saporta are considered to be true palms. Some specimens, because of their uniquely recognizable characteristics, have been identified with the modern genus Phoenix Linnaeus. Sanmiguelia R. W. Brown, Paloreodoxites F. Knowlton and Propalmophyllum O. Lignier are also included in this study because of their superficial resemblance to palms. However, they lack one or more characters essential for their recognition as true palms (i.e. hastula, primary costa, and two orders of venation paralleling a prominent but uniform mid‐vein in the individual segments). A diagnostic key and a synopsis of accepted form and organ genera, with appropriate synonymies and new combinations complete the paper. A list of genera to be excluded from the Palmae is appended.
A SEROLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC INVESTIGATION OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICANABIES(PINACEAE)
Authors: Clarkson Roy B. , Fairbrothers David E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThree taxa of the genusAbiesoccur in Eastern North America:A. balsamea(L.) Mill. var.balsamea, A. balsamea(L.) Mill. var.phanerolepisFern., and A.fraseri(Pursh) Poir. The occurrence of “intermediate” populations in the Mid‐Appalachians has resulted in a confused literature concerning the delimitation and distribution of these taxa. Data obtained from serological and electrophoretic investigation of seed protein are presented which support results of independent studies by Myers and Bormann (1963) and Robinson and Thor (1969). These data indicate thatA. b. var.balsameaandA. fraseriare closely related and recently segregated taxa and thatA. b. var.phanerolepisis more closely related toA. b. var.balsameathan toA. fraseriand is not of hybrid origin.
ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID SWARM BETWEEN HETEROCENTRON ELEGANS AND H. GLANDULOSUM (MELASTOMATACEAE)
Authors: Whiffin Trevor 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA hybrid swarm between Heterocentron elegans and H. glandulosum was analyzed using a number of different methods: construction of a hybrid index; factor analysis; flavonoid composition; and pollen fertility. From these various studies, information is presented concerning the extent and significance of hybridization between the two species. In addition, the different methods of analysis are compared in terms of the type of information that they contribute.