bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in Beagle dogs: Pathologic changes of the central nervous system
Authors: Read Deryck H. , Harrington Daniel D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Brain and spinal cord were examined in twenty-two 2- to 5-month-old Beagle dogs fed a purified thiamine-deficient ration for 84 ± 42 (range, 32 to 134) days. Eleven dogs were used as principals, 6 were pair-fed controls, and 5 were controls fed ad libitum. Thiamine at 300 μg/kg of body weight was administered im to control groups once a week.
Lesions occurred in 2 topographic patterns in the brain of 8 of the principals. In pattern I, only the caudal colliculi were involved. In pattern II, the suprasplenial gyri of the cerebral cortex and the claustra, caudal colliculi, cerebellar nodulus, and medial vestibular nuclei were commonly involved. In both patterns I and II, gray matter was primarily involved, and in bilateral structures, the 2 sides were affected. Lesions were not limited to a given cerebral lamina or layer of the cerebellum, whereas sulcal areas were relatively spared, and the cingulate gyri were completely spared. Microscopic appearance of the lesions varied greatly among locations and individual principals. Collectively, regressive and reparative changes indicated that there was a progressive process which began with spongiosis and ended with tissue necrosis. These included hydropic vacuolation of the neuropil and myelin sheaths followed by demyelination, neuronal cell body necrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of endothelial cells, necrosis of glia, neutrophil infiltration, disintegration of neuropil, and, finally, accumulation of lipid-containing phagocytes. Axonal degeneration was variable. Neuronal necrosis in the brain stem was characterized by acute swelling and lysis and by shrinkage of the cell body in cerebral and cerebellar cortex and basal ganglia.
Antidotal effect of vitamin K1 against warfarin-induced anticoagulation in horses
Authors: Byars T. D. , Greene C. E. , Kemp D. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Warfarin-induced anticoagulation and reversal of the induced anticoagulation by vitamin K1 were evaluated in 4 mature horses. Each horse was given warfarin iv until the prothrombin (pt) time was prolonged by approximately 1.5 times the predosing base-line value. In experiment 1, we evaluated the time required for pt to return to the predosing value (pt reversal time) after warfarin administration was discontinued. Between each experiment, a 1-week rest period was allowed. In experiment 2, two doses of vitamin K1 (100 mg/dose) were administered im 6 hours apart, and the pt was monitored hourly for 24 hours. In experiments 3 and 4, the horses were dosed with warfarin as in experiment 1, and the pt reversal time was evaluated after administration of 300- and 500-mg doses of vitamin K1 im, respectively. In experiment 5, one horse was eliminated from the study, 1 horse was given 300 mg of vitamin K1 iv, and 2 horses were given 300 mg of vitamin K1 subcutaneously (sc); the reversal times were evaluated in the 3 horses given vitamin K1. Therapeutic response time was designated as the time required for the mean pt time of treated horses to reach the midpoint between the longest mean pt time achieved during anticoagulation and the mean base-line pt time.
The therapeutic response time, without supportive therapy, after discontinuation of warfarin administration was 30 hours, and there was a pt reversal time of approximately 5 days from the last dose of warfarin. The 100-mg dose of vitamin K1 shortened the therapeutic response time to 12 hours and the pt reversal time to 24 hours. Intramuscular administration of 300 or 500 mg of vitamin K1 resulted in therapeutic response times of 15 hours and 6 hours, respectively, and pt reversal times of 24 hours each. Administration of vitamin K1 iv or sc resulted in therapeutic response times of 2 hours and 5 hours, respectively, and pt reversal times of 24 hours each. One horse given vitamin K1 developed an adverse drug reaction characterized by transient restlessness, tachypnea, tachycardia, and sweating.
Results of this preliminary study indicated that an antidotal regimen for warfarin-induced anticoagulation in the horse may be sc administration of 300 to 500 mg of vitamin K1 every 4 to 6 hours, until pt times return to an expected base-line value, and then daily monitoring of the base-line stability for 3 to 4 days.
Experimentally induced Brucella abortus infection in pregnant goats
Authors: Meador Vincent P. , Deyoe Billy L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant goats in midgestation (7 to 16 weeks) were conjunctivally exposed to Brucella abortus strain 2308 to evaluate their applicability as an animal model for bovine brucellosis. Brucellae were isolated from uterine fluid and/or placental specimens of 10 of 12 does at parturition. Six of the 10 infected does delivered dead fetuses and 1 of the 10 delivered live, premature twins. Dead fetuses typically contained brucellae in multiple tissues, whereas brucellae generally were not isolated at birth from live kids. After parturition, B abortus was excreted in the milk and uterine fluids of the infected does. At necropsy (6 weeks after parturition), organisms in the doe were primarily in the uterus and in the lymph nodes that drained the mammary glands, uterus, and head. Brucella abortus was most often isolated from the cranial lymph nodes of neonates that had remained with their dam for 6 weeks after parturition. Serum anti-Brucella antibody concentrations were determined by use of standard tube agglutination, mercaptoethanol agglutination, Rivanol plate tests, card tests, complement fixation, hemolysis-in-gel tests, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serologic responses were detected 2 to 3 weeks after exposure and remained detectable until parturition. Antibody titers increased after parturition in does shedding B abortus at parturition. Anti-Brucella antibody was not detected in neonates before colostrum intake. The neonate’s postcolostral titers were similar to those in the dam at the time of parturition. Milk anti-Brucella antibody was detected in milk (milk ring test) from infected and noninfected mammary glands. Results of the study indicated that goats are susceptible to a bovine pathogenic strain of B abortus and should be a suitable animal model for the study of bovine brucellosis.
Vaccination of cattle against ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum
Authors: Gudding Roar , Naess Bjørn 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A live-trichophyton vaccine against ringworm in cattle which was based on an attenuated strain of Trichophyton verrucosum was tested in controlled challenge-exposure experiments and in field trials. On the basis of data involving approximately 400,000 vaccinated animals over a 5-year period, it was concluded that trichophytosis in cattle can be controlled by immunoprophylaxis. Side effects associated with the vaccination occur infrequently.
Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of miniature horses
Authors: Turrentine Mark A. , Sculley Paul W. , Green Eleanor M. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two sibling miniature horses, a male and a female, had a normal 1-stage prothrombin time and a prolonged activated-partial thromboplastin time (aptt). The addition of as little as 5% of a normal equine plasma pool to the plasma samples of both horses shortened their prolonged aptt to within normal limits. Coagulation factor analysis revealed deficiencies in factor XII (12 and 13 U/dl, control population 77 to 128 U/dl), when determined with a feline factor XII-deficient plasma substrate, but normal concentrations (119 and 96 U/dl) when a human factor XII-deficient plasma substrate was used. Deficiencies of another factor, prekallikrein, were detected with a human prekallikrein-deficient plasma substrate (16 and 6 U/dl, control population 70 to 173 U/dl). Other intrinsic coagulation factors were present in normal concentrations. The aptt was measured with plasma from the 2 horses after various incubation periods (1 to 15 minutes) with a contact activator before the addition of Ca ions. With incubation times of ≥ 10 minutes, the aptt of both horses were essentially the same as that of the normal equine plasma pool. Several family members of the 2 prekallikrein-deficient miniature horses appeared to be heterozygous carriers of the prekallikrein deficiency.
Methylprednisolone and gentamicin effects on hepatosplanchnic blood flow and carbohydrate metabolism in endotoxemic Yucatan miniature pigs
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Hand Michael S. , Chandrasena Lal G. , Cleek James L. , Mason Ruth A. , Brooks Patricia A. , Phillips Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Conjoint therapy of a glucocorticoid and aminoglycoside antibiotic have been recommended for septic shock. These studies examined the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (mpss) with and without gentamicin sulfate in a nonanesthetized model of nonseptic endotoxemia in Yucatan miniature pigs. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate alone had no effect on endotoxin-induced systemic hypotension. Endotoxemic pigs treated with mpss in combination with gentamicin sulfate had lower mean arterial pressures than did mpss-treated and nontreated endotoxemic pigs. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate alone and with gentamicin sulfate improved portal and hepatic venous blood flows moderately. Net hepatic lactate extraction, glucose production, and whole body [6-3H]glucose-derived rates of glucose appearance were also improved, but [6-3H]glucose-derived rates of glucose disappearance and blood lactate concentrations were increased, leading to no improvement in plasma glucose concentration. Pancreatic insulin secretion was higher in treated groups, which may have contributed to greater glucose utilization rates. Hepatic oxygen extraction efficiency was not affected by treatment, but increased in all groups to maintain hepatic oxygenation at base-line values. Although a calcium-antagonistic activity of gentamicin has been reported to synergize with endotoxin, thereby adversely affecting cardiovascular function, such effects did not complicate the metabolic response to steroid in the present studies.
Effect of fasting on thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, and cortisol concentrations in serum of dogs
Authors: Reimers Thomas J. , McGarrity Michael S. , Strickland Daniel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The present study was designed to compare basal and stimulated concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and cortisol in serum of dogs fasted 12 or 18 hours (to represent overnight fasting) or 24 or 36 hours (to represent prolonged inappetence) with those of dogs that were not fasted. Twenty-five adult Beagle bitches were allotted to 5 experimental fasting groups (0, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hours). Blood samples for hormonal analyses were obtained 4, 3, 2, and 1 hour before food was removed; at the time of food removal; 1 hour after food was removed; and every 2 hours during experimental fasting until 0800 hours on the day fasting ended. Dogs were injected with 5 IU of thyrotropin, iv, and 2.2 IU of adrenocorticotropin/kg, im, to evaluate thyroidal and adrenocortical endocrine reserves. Additional blood samples were collected 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after injections were given. Serum concentrations of T3, T4, and cortisol were determined by validated radioimmunoassays. Body weights and ages of the dogs and food consumption during a 2-hour preliminary feeding period before dogs were fasted did not differ among fasting groups. Length of fasting did not affect serum concentrations of T3 or T4 in dogs at 12, 18, 24, or 36 hours after food was removed. Mean serum concentrations of cortisol in dogs fasted 12 or 24 hours were lower than those in dogs that were not fasted. Serum concentrations of the hormones after thyrotropin and adrenocorticotropin were injected were not affected by fasting. We conclude that basal (ie, resting) concentrations of T3, T4, and cortisol in serum of dogs were not affected by fasting for 36 hours. Fasting also did not affect thyroidal and adrenocortical reserves of these hormones.
Radiologic study of the canine urethra
Authors: Poogird W. , Wood A. K. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The structure and function of the canine urethra were studied during retrograde and voiding urethrography in 9 male and 8 female dogs. The lumen of the prostatic portion of the urethra was variable in diameter. During retrograde urethrography, the lumen was narrow with streaks of contrast medium outlining mucosal folds, but during voiding, it was dilitated and a spindle-shaped seminal hillock was detected. Retrograde urethrography revealed other regions of the urethra of males and females had a smooth radiographic outline. During voiding urethrography, characteristic identical urethral contractions were observed in the caudal portion of the pelvic urethra (male) and in the caudal half of the urethra (female). Contractions were progressive, occurred where striated muscle was present in the urethral wall, and resulted in an intermittent flow of urine from the urethra. In the male, contractions had a rate of 2.02 ± 0.23 contraction/s and 1.65 ± 0.53 in the females. Contractions may have a role in the controlled voiding of small volumes of urine necessary for the repeated marking of territory, in the passage of the ejaculate along the male urethra during copulation, and in the clearance of any residual urine from the urethra at the completion of micturition.
Ketoconazole-induced changes in selected canine hormone concentrations
Authors: Willard M. D. , Nachreiner R. , McDonald R. , Roudebush P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of administering ketoconazole at a high dosage (30 mg/kg of body weight/day) and at a low dosage (10 mg/kg/day) on steroidogenesis in the dog were compared. Ketoconazole significantly suppressed basal plasma cortisol concentrations (P = 0.001), cortisol responsiveness to ACTH (P = 0.002 to 0.005), and serum testosterone concentrations (P = 0.0005). The data indicated a rebound effect after ketoconazole treatment was stopped and that testosterone suppression was being overridden at lower ketoconazole doses. Plasma 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations (P = 0.0005) and serum progesterone concentrations (P = 0.014 to 0.003) were significantly increased during ketoconazole treatment. Aldosterone, 11-desoxycortisol, and 17-β-estradiol concentrations did not change significantly during ketoconazole treatment.
Use of sodium deoxycholate to extract cell wall components of virulent Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Hall Michael R. , Thoen Charles O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mycobacterium bovis ATCC No. 19210 was grown on Middlebrook 7H-10 medium with pyruvate. Cells were harvested, and extracts were prepared, using 2% sodium deoxycholate (doc) and 0.003M EDTA (in 0.1M Tris-HCl, 0.15M NaCl with 0.02% sodium azide [pH 8.4]). Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was added, and the cells were extracted for 48 hours at 4 C. Cells were removed by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 minutes. The supernatant was filter sterilized and separated into 2 fractions (peak A and peak B) by size-exclusion chromatography. The nonfractionated doc extract and doc peak A elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity responses at each of the protein concentrations tested (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 μg) in M bovis-sensitized guinea pigs; responses were not detected, using doc peak B. Significant differences were detected for each of the antigens when enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay values were compared, using sera from cattle before and 10 months after they were exposed to M bovis (P < 0.01).
Dome epithelial M cells dissociated from rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues
Authors: Roy Michael J. , Ruiz Antonio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dome and dome epithelial cells were selectively dissociated from gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rabbits. Sequential tissue washes in dithiothreitol, EDTA, and collagenase removed the dome epithelium, without disrupting the follicles or villi, and provided a cell suspension containing 74 ± 6% lymphocytes, 9 ± 4% columnar epithelial cells, 10 ± 7% tingible-body macrophages, and 4 ± 2% M cells (follicle-associated epithelial cells). The last mentioned cells were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as large (20 to 55 μm diameter) cuboidal, round, or oval cells with eccentric nuclei and thin membranous processes surrounding empty vacuoles. The M cells were occasionally joined together by tight junctions. Histochemical and immunocytochemical analyses of M cells with the light microscope showed that they were devoid of immunoglobulins and negative for T-cell antigen and secretory component and had no detectable alkaline phosphatase or endogenous peroxidase activity. The M cells had few vacuoles with faint acid phosphatase activity; nonspecific neutral esterase was abundant. Possible uses for dome and dome epithelial cells are discussed.
Teratogenic effect of acetohydroxamic acid in clinically normal Beagles
Authors: Bailie Norma C. , Osborne Carl A. , Leininger Joel R. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Johnston Shirley D. , Ogburn Phillip N. , Griffith Donald P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acetohydroxamic acid (aha), a potent urease inhibitor used for treatment of infection-induced struvite urolithiasis, was teratogenic after administration of 25 mg of aha/kg of body weight/day orally to 5 clinically normal Beagles from the onset of proestrus until parturition.
Thirty pups exposed to aha in utero developed anomalies of the skeletal system, heart, and ventral midline. Cardiac anomalies included atrial septal defects (20%), ventricular septal defects (3%), and atrial and ventricular septal defects (3%). Skeletal anomalies included coccygeal hemivertebrae and fused coccygeal vertebrae (50%), supernumerary vertebrae (67%), supernumerary ribs (50%), duplicated sternebrae (3%), and lumbar hemivertebrae (3%). Defects of the ventral midline of the abdominal wall occurred in 20% of aha-exposed pups. Other abnormalities included retarded growth, high neonatal mortality, and a decreased number of circulating rbc, compared with those in 30 control pups born to 5 Beagles given a placebo.
Adverse effects of aha in pregnant Beagles were limited to morphologic alterations (Howell-Jolly bodies, spherocytes, and target cells) in a small number of circulating rbc. Slight neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis occurred between 0 and 30 days of pregnancy in dogs given aha, compared with those in controls. Seemingly, aha did not influence fertility, conception rate, or length of gestation.
Pathologic changes associated with experimental lasalocid and monensin toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Galitzer S. J. , Kruckenberg S. M. , Kidd J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The acute toxicity of lasalocid and monensin was studied in 36 Holstein steers. The cattle were given (orally) a single dosage of lasalocid (1, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) or monensin (25 mg/kg of body weight) or rice hulls. Animals were observed once a day until they died or were euthanatized at 32 days after the dose was given. All cattle were necropsied. Heart, kidney, adrenal gland, liver, spleen, pancreas, lungs, brain, sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, small intestine, large intestine, and rumen tissue sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, were studied microscopically. Lasalocid was lethal at dosages of 50 and 100 mg/kg, and monensin was lethal at the dosage given (25 mg/kg). Cattle dying of lasalocid and monensin toxicoses had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with cardiomyopathy. Dilated heart or petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages were observed with both drugs. Microscopically, multifocal areas of myocyte necrosis were observed. Those cattle that died within 3 days of dosing with either drug had a marked degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells. Changes were not observed in any other tissues.
Response of goats to vaccination with temperature-sensitive mutants of Chlamydia psittaci obtained by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis
Authors: Rodolakis Annie , Souriau Armel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two temperature-sensitive strains of ovine Chlamydia psittaci, IB and 1H, obtained by mutagenesis were used as live-organism vaccines; 31 goats were given 4 × 106 plaque-forming units (pfu) of strain IB, and 31 were given 5 × 106 pfu of strain 1H 2 months before they were bred. The consequences of the vaccination of the goats were studied during pregnancy by recording complement-fixation antibody titer, chlamydial excretion, and kidding performances and were compared with those of goats inoculated under the same conditions with 100 × smaller dose of virulent caprine abortive strain AC1. The vaccination did not disturb pregnancy, and none of the vaccinated goats excreted chlamydiae. In contrast, 2 of 28 goats inoculated with AC1 aborted and shed chlamydiae.
One year after the goats were vaccinated, they were challenge exposed by intradermal inoculation of 106 pfu of the caprine strain AC1 at 79 to 98 days of pregnancy. Although 13 of the 14 control nonvaccinated goats aborted and excreted chlamydiae, none of the pregnant goats vaccinated with 1H and only 1 of the pregnant goats vaccinated with IB aborted and excreted chlamydiae.
Airborne particle concentration and meteorologic conditions associated with pneumonia incidence in feedlot cattle
Authors: MacVean Duncan W. , Franzen David K. , Keefe Thomas J. , Bennett Bill W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To elucidate the role of air quality on the occurrence of pneumonia in feedlot cattle, the following environmental values were measured at a feedlot: suspended particulates in 5 particle-size fractions, relative humidity, air temperature, and barometric pressure. Pneumonia incidence data were classified by the number of days the cattle had been at the feedlot (days on feed). The concentration of airborne particles, range of temperature, days on feed, and season of the year were associated with incidence of pneumonia in cattle. Pneumonia incidence rates were greatest both within 15 days of arrival at the feedlot and during the fall sampling periods. The incidence of pneumonia in the 16 to 30 days-on-feed group was closely associated with the concentration of particles 2.0 to 3.3 μm in diameter and the range of daily temperature when exposure occurred 15 days before the onset of disease in the fall and 10 days before in the spring.
Genetic studies of neuraxonal dystrophy in the Morgan
Authors: Beech Jill , Haskins Mark 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A naturally occurring disease condition, neuraxonal dystrophy, was identified in 27 male and 15 female Morgans, many of which were closely related. Five-generation pedigrees were constructed for 33 of these horses and were compared with those for 29 randomly selected age- and sex-matched Morgans. Their mean coefficient of inbreeding was not statistically different (P > 0.1, 1 tailed t test; P < 0.001, median test). Breeding of 2 severely affected and 2 normal stallions to 2 severely affected, 3 mildly affected, and 6 normal mares produced 10 mildly affected, 8 suspect affected, and 6 normal offspring. Breeding 4 normal stallions to 17 normal mares produced 22 normal offspring. Neuraxonal dystrophy seems to have a familial component, although neither a simple dominant not recessive mode of inheritance could be demonstrated. The condition could be inherited in a polygenic mode or as a dominant disorder with variable expression.