bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization and quantification of melatonin receptors in the diencephalon and posterior telencephalon of the sheep brain
Authors: Chabot V. , Caldani M. , de Reviers M.M. , Pelletier J. 
Published: February 2007

Chabot V, Caldani M, de Reviers MM, Pelletier J. Localization and quantification of melatonin receptors in the diencephalon and posterior telencephalon of the sheep brain. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 24:50–57. © Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstractIn an attempt to better understand the mechanisms by which melatonin controls neuroendocrine activity, we tried to define with accuracy the brain areas where the density of melatonin receptors is the highest in sheep and to establish their characteristics. The specific labelling of 125I‐melatonin was first revealed by autoradiography on brain sections of the posterior telencephalon and diencephalon in three ewes. The extent and position of the five structures where the binding was found to be the highest (i.e., the pars verticalis and pars horizontalis of the nucleus tractus diagonalis, the septal area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the ventromedial hypothalamic area) were then accurately defined by image analysis. In comparison to the landmarks given by image analysis, photographs of coronal sections of another ewe permitted the accurate definition of the limits of the structures to be punched in a second step. In six ewes, each of the five structures previously identified were punched from frozen coronal sections and binding of 125I‐melatonin to membrane preparations was studied individually by Scatchard analysis. The correlation coefficient between the B/F ratio and binding (B) was in the range of 0.96–0.98, indicating that a precise quantification was possible in these different structures. The Bmax was the highest in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the septal area, and the ventromedial hypothalamic area (1.38, 1.25, and 0.95 fmol/mg protein, respectively). All Kd values were less than 10 pM and the Hill coefficient was close to 1, indicating the presence of a single class of receptor to 125I‐melatonin. These results indicate the reliability of a method used to measure with accuracy low concentrations of melatonin receptors in brain structures. In addition, the ventromedial hypothalamic area was found to be rich in melatonin receptors. This region is known to be involved in the central gonadotrope control in sheep.
Relationship between melatonin levels in plasma and gastrointestinal tissues and the incidence and severity of gastric ulcers in pigs
Authors: Bubenik G.A. , Ayles H.L , Friendship R.M. , Brown G.M. , Ball R.O. 
Published: February 2007

Bubenik GA, Ayles HL, Friendship RM, Brown GM, and Ball RO. Relationship between melatonin levels in plasma and gastrointestinal tissues and the incidence and severity of gastric ulcers in pigs. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 24:62–66. © Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstractFour weeks of administration of melatonin mixed in the diet (5 mg/kg of food) significantly reduced the incidence of gastric ulcers in young pigs. In control and melatonin supplemented animals, significantly higher levels of melatonin were found in the stomach tissues as compared to jejunum, ileum, or colon. Pigs with the most severe ulcers exhibited significantly lower concentrations of melatonin in their stomach tissue and the blood plasma. Pigs fed coarsely ground diet exhibited higher tissue levels of melatonin in the stomach than animals fed a finely ground diet. Coarse diet was also associated with a lower score of gastric ulcers. No relationship between tissue levels of melatonin and the severity of gastric ulcers was found in other segments of the gastrointestinal tract. In the second experiment we determined that there was no significant difference between the gastro‐protective effects of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg of melatonin mixed per 1 kg of food. A coarsely ground diet is hypothesized to have a gastro‐protective effect by stimulating the production of melatonin in the stomach tissues. Dietary supplementation of food with melatonin, at threshold levels perhaps lower than 2.5 mg/kg/feed, may significantly reduce the incidence of gastric ulcers in pigs.
RETRACTED: Protective effect of melatonin in a non‐septic shock model induced by zymosan in the rat
Authors: Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Zingarelli Basilia , Costantino Giuseppina , Caputi Achille R 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In vitro studies have demonstrated that melatonin is a scavenger of oxyradicals and peroxynitrite and an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production. Recently, it has been proposed that zymosan, a non‐bacterial agent, causes inflammation by inducing the production of various cytokines and pro‐inflammatory mediators. In the present study we evaluated the effect of melatonin treatment in a non‐septic shock model induced by zymosan in the rat. Administration of zymosan (500 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in the rat induced acute peritonitis, as assessed by a marked increase in the leukocyte count in the exudate, as well as by an increase in the exudate nitrate/nitrite concentration. This inflammatory process coincided with the damage of lung, small intestine, and liver, as assessed by histological examination and by increase of myeloperoxidase activity, indicative of neutrophil infiltration.Peritoneal administration of zymosan in the rat induced also an significant increase in the plasma levels of nitrite and nitrate, stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), and in the levels of peroxynitrite, as measured by the oxidation of the fluorescent dye dihydrorhodamine 123, at 18 hr after zymosan challenge. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a marked increase in the immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine, a specific “footprint” of peroxynitrite, in the lung of zymosan‐shocked rats. Pretreatment of zymosan‐shocked rats with melatonin (25 and 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 5 min before zymosan) prevented in a dose dependent manner the development of peritonitis and reduced peroxynitrite formation. In addition, melatonin (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 5 min before zymosan) was effective in preventing the development of organ failure since tissue injury and neutrophil infiltration, by myeloperoxidase evaluation, was reduced in lung, small intestine, and liver. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that melatonin exerts potent antiinflammatory effects.
Structure of the ovine pineal gland during prenatal development
Authors: Regodón Sergio , Franco Antonio , Masot Javier , Redondo Eloy 
Published: February 2007

Regodón S, Franco A, Masot J, Redondo E. Structure of the ovine pineal gland during prenatal development. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 25:229–239. © Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstractThe structure of the pineal gland of 32 clinically healthy ovine embryos at different stages of development was studied. Embryos were arranged in four age groups, each containing eight embryos (four males and four females), defined in terms of the most relevant histological features: group 1 (27 to 69 days of prenatal development), group 2 (70 to 97 days), group 3 (98 to 116 days), and group 4 (117 to 150 days). At around 30 days of prenatal life, according to topographic criteria, the pineal outline begins to differentiate into a dorsal evagination of the diencephalic medium line, close to the anterior and posterior commissures. The growth of the pineal is biphasic. The ontogenic‐proliferative phase begins at 30 days and includes the invasion of ependymal cells and the proliferation of the pineal parenchyma cells. The hypertrophic‐differentiation phase includes the volume increment of the pinealoblasts and their differentiation into pinealocytes; this occurs at around 118 days. At around 98 days, the gland acquires its definitive compact appearance due to 1) glandular growth in constant volume and 2) the obliteration of pineal recess. The glandular structure displays a parenchyma made up of pinealoblasts, interstitial cells, and cells containing pigment. The pineal stroma is structured in pseudolobes formed by reticular and collagen fiber septae, which constitute together the interstitial cell prolongation net, which is the support structure of the whole glandular cytology. Capillaries are detected all over the glandular surface, being more abundant in the medullary zone. At around 98 days of prenatal development, VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) positive fibers, distributed around blood vessels and among pinealoblasts were detected.
Tissue retention and subcellular distribution of continuously infused melatonin in rats under near physiological conditions
Authors: Messner M. , Hardeland R. , Rodenbeck A. , Huether G. 
Published: February 2007

Messner M, Hardeland R, Rodenbeck A, Huether G. Tissue retention and subcellular distribution of continuously infused melatonin in rats under near physiological conditions. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 25:251–259. © Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstractThe fate and disposition of the melatonin released into the circulation is still poorly understood, and almost all current knowledge is derived from measurements made after a single and often a very large dose of labelled melatonin. In continuous infusion experiments in freely moving rats, we have recently demonstrated that considerable amounts of melatonin must be endogenously released in order to achieve and maintain approximately a 10‐fold elevation of the low daytime plasma levels of this hormone. We have now applied this infusion paradigm to study the fate and tissue accumulation of [3H]‐melatonin continuously infused under near physiological conditions into the jugular vein for a period of 2 hr. The retention of [3H]‐melatonin and chloroform‐insoluble [3H]‐melatonin‐metabolites was measured in almost all body tissues and their subcellular compartments immediately at the end of the infusion period and 6 hr later. At the end of the 2 hr infusion period, about 45% of the administered melatonin was recovered as water‐soluble metabolites in the urine and about 20% in the small intestine. Some accumulation of [3H]‐melatonin‐derived water‐soluble radioactivity was also noticed in the liver, colon, adrenals, and pituitary, as well as in the feces. The subcellular distribution of this radioactivity differed between tissues. During the period of 6 hr after the termination of infusion, a considerable amount of melatonin‐derived radioactivity was found to become increasingly attached to the proteous interlayer of chloroform extracts of tissues and subcellular fractions, from where it could only be liberated by protease treatment.
Monozygotic twins with Alzheimer's disease treated with melatonin: Case report
Authors: Brusco Luis I. , Márquez Miguel , Cardinali Daniel P. 
Published: February 2007

Brusco LI, Márquez M, Cardinali D.P. Monozygotic twins with Alzheimer's disease treated with melatonin: Case report. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 25:260–263. © Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstractMonozygotic twins with Alzheimer's disease of 8 years duration were studied. The onset of the disease differed by about 6 months between twins and was characterized by a primary impairment of memory function. Clinical evaluation at the time of diagnosis indicated a similar cognitive and neuroimaging alteration in both patients, as well as a similar neuropsychologic impairment. A possible genetic origin of the disease was suggested by a similar disease suffered by the mother. Patients were initially treated with vitamin E (800 I.U./day). Starting at approximately the same time (about 3 years ago), they received 50 mg/day thioridazine because of the behavioral and sleep disorder. One of the patients was treated with melatonin (6 mg orally) at bed time daily for 36 months. Evolution of the disease in the melatonin‐treated patient indicated a milder impairment of memory function, with substantial improvement of sleep quality and reduction of sundowning. This led to discontinuance (after 3 months) of thioridazine treatment. Present clinical evaluation indicated a difference in functional stage of the disease between the twins (Functional Assessment Tool For Alzheimer's Disease, FAST), with a score of 5 in the twin who received melatonin and of 7b in the twin who did not receive it. Since experimental data on melatonin in animals indicated its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and β‐amyloid‐decreasing activity, the hypothesis that melatonin has a beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease patients should be considered.
Melatonin receptors in neonatal pig brain and pituitary gland
Authors: Williams L. M. , Hannah L. T. , Bassett J. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Summer infertility remains a major problem in domestic pigs. It has been proposed that sows which display this trait are inherent seasonal breeders. The influence of photoperiod on domestic pigs has been difficult to ascertain as significant diurnal fluctuations in blood levels of the pineal hormone, melatonin, which provide a direct neuroendocrine transduction of the ambient photoperiod in other species, remain questionable in adult pigs. To investigate whether the pig is potentially receptive to melatonin, central sites of action for this hormone were localized and characterized within the brain and pituitary of the neonatal pig by in vitro autoradiography using 2‐(125I)iodomelatonin. Specific binding was distributed over a number of discrete regions of the brain including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum. The choroid plexus, and the pars tuberalis and pars distalis of the pituitary were also specifically labeled. Specific binding was completely abolished in the presence of 10−7 M melatonin, and inhibited in the presence of 10 −4 M GTPγS (guanosine‐5‐0‐(3‐thiotriphosphate)), a non‐hydrolysable analogue of GTP, in all regions examined, indicating that binding is representative of a G‐protein coupled receptor.Characterization studies showed that 2‐(125I)iodomelatonin binding was saturable with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the low picomolar range (∼ 30 pM). Competition studies with iodomelatonin, melatonin, N‐acetylserotonin and serotonin (5‐HT) gave IC50 values similar to those previously characterized for the melatonin receptor in the ovine pars tuberalis.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR REFRIGERATED, CANNED, AND FROZEN SNAP BEANS AND CORN
Authors: RAO M. ANANDHA 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe energy inputs at different stages in the food cycle of corn and snap beans were estimated for refrigerated, canned, and frozen market forms. In the case of corn, the energy inputs totalled 3,146, 2,986,and3,902Btu/2.9oz serving for canned, frozen, and refrigerated market forms. The corresponding figures (Btu/2.3oz serving) for snap beans were2,913, 2,715,and2,134,respectively. The difference between the magnitudes for the canned and frozen forms is not significant. Further, because of the variability in the energy data for the different stages in the food cycle, magnitudes of energy consumption different than those listed may be obtained. The present and earlier studies on vegetables show that edible yield (number of servings) plays a major role in the energy consumed in the total cycle. Based on the present and previously published studies on energy consumption for vegetables, it appears that raw or refrigerated vegetables with yields more than about40%will require less energy than other market forms. In this context, while most raw vegetables have yields higher than40% they have short storage lives. Therefore, a large number of vegetables must be frozen or canned for long term availability.
RETENTION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS DURING SPRAY DRYING OF CHEDDAR CHEESE
Authors: AMUNDSON C. H. , ISHINO K. , LINDSAY R. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of processing variables, such as total solids, atomization pressure and inlet drying air temperature, on the retention of free fatty acids (FFA) in Cheddar cheese during spray drying was investigated. A cheese homogenate was prepared with minimum heat treatment and spray dried at a feed temperature of approximately 43°C. The retention of FFA increased with molecular weight under all drying conditions. In the absence of emulsifying salts, a lower total solids content in the homogenate fed to the dryer increased the retention of FFA. For example, the maximum retention of butyric acid at 30% T.S. and at 4% T.S. was about 60% and 35%, respectively. In addition, higher atomization pressures and higher inlet drying air temperatures decreased the retention of FFA. Emulsifying salts were effective, especially at 40% T.S., in increasing the retention of FFA. These results could be predicted from the selective diffusion theory of the retention of volatile compounds.
USE OF THE BIRD‐LEIDER EQUATION IN FOOD RHEOLOGY
Authors: DICKIE ANN M. , KOKINI JOZEF L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTShear stress development at inception of a constant shear rate was studied for marshmallow cream, peanut butter, squeeze margarine, tub margarine, whipped butter, whipped cream cheese and whipped dessert topping using the cone and plate geometry of the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. For most foods studied transient shear stresses showed increasing shear stress oversoots with increasing shear rate. At the highest shear rate of 100 s−1, transient stresses were as large as 425% of the steady state shear stresses, with the actual magnitude of overshoot depending on the particular food investigated.The Bird‐Leider equation was chosen to model this time dependent flow behavior by incorporating both steady viscous and elastic properties of the foods. By assuming that the viscosity function and primary normal stress coefficient followed power‐law behavior, and constructing a time constant from the calculated parameters, the Bird‐Leider model provided a good prediction of maximum and steady state stresses as well as the time at which they occur, but only a crude prediction of shear stress decay. The model supplied two more empirical constants “a” and “b” where “a” can be regarded as a pseudo‐elastic modulus. Variation in “a” with shear rate shows that all materials studied are nonlinear viscoelastic.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT AND SHEAR ON THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOY FLOUR DOUGH
Authors: BAIRD D. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the effect of heat and shear on the rheological properties of defatted soy dispersions and doughs of 30 to 60% flour by weight. Capillary and rotary rheometers (Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer) were used to heat doughs up to 75° C and shear them simultaneously. In one series of experiments using a modified Instron capillary rheometer the doughs were heated to several different temperatures and then sheared. The linear viscoelastic properties of the dough which were determined by means of a plate‐plate rheometer were then compared to the fresh dough and those of a heated but nonsheared dough. In another experiment a cone‐and‐plate rheometer was used to heat and shear the dough. The linear viscoelastic response of the dough was used to monitor any changes as it was heated and sheared. It was observed that only in the higher moisture dispersions (i.e., moisture contents greater than 50%) were there any signs of an increase in rheological properties which might be associated with “cooking”. It was concluded that cooking of soy flour doughs most likely does not involve the formation of a permanent network formed by covalent chemical bonds. Hence, in extrusion cooking processes involving soy flour doughs, it may not be necessary to treat the rheological properties of the dough as a thermosetting system.
THE EFFECT OF APPLE MATURITY AND FIRMNESS ON BRUISE VOLUME1
Authors: DIENER R. G. , SINGHA S. , PETIT J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRed and Golden Delicious apples were tested to determine resistance to impact bruising with respect to day after bloom. Impact resistance measured by volume of bruised tissue was found to have a significant linear relation to day after bloom, firmness and bruise energy. Specific bruise volume (bruise volume per unit of energy input) did not change significantly over the growth period of the fruit when a constant drop height was maintained. This indicates that increases in bruising as the apple matures are due to increased weight of the fruit (bruise energy) rather than change in properties of the apple tissue.
ERROR ANALYSIS IN ESTIMATING THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FROM HEAT PENETRATION DATA1
Authors: LARKIN JOHN W. , STEFFE JAMES F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe ability to predict thermal diffusivity from heat penetration data containing normally distributed errors in can dimensions, measurements in time, measurements of temperature, thermocouple probe location, and assumptions concerning surface heat transfer coefficients was investigated using a nonlinear least squares solution of Fourier's heat conduction equation. Thermal diffusivity calculated from heat penetration data is largely dependent on errors associated with temperature measurement and to a lesser extent dependent on errors in thermocouple probe location. Errors in can dimensions and time measurement had only a minor influence on the prediction of thermal diffusivity. Best prediction accuracy is obtained under the following conditions: (1) When a large can with a length over diameter ratio close to 0.8 is used; (2) when the difference between the initial and heating medium temperature is greater than 40°C; (3) when the data used for calculation of thermal diffusivity is limited to the temperature ratio range of 0.15 to 0.85; (4) when the Biot Numbers for the surfaces of the can are measured or known to be greater than 200; (5) when an accurate time clock is used, and when the position of the thermocouple probe is accurately known.
APPLICABILITY OF FLOW MODELS WITH YIELD FOR TOMATO CONCENTRATES
Authors: RAO M.A. , COOLEY H.J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTShear rate‐shear stress data on about fifty tomato concentrates were employed to study the applicability of three flow models: Herschel‐Bulkley (H‐B), Mizrahi‐Berk (M‐B), and Vocadlo. The magnitudes of the three parameters of each model were determined by means of nonlinear regression analysis. The H‐B and M‐B models described very well the flow data. The logarithm of the apparent yield stress values predicted by each model and total solids of the concentrates were related by a quadratic equation. The magnitudes of the flow behavior index of each model did not change significantly over the total solids range studied: 6–36%. The consistency index of the Vocadlo and H‐B model, and the concentration of the tomato concentrates were related by a power relationship. Over the temperature range 15–55°C, the flow behavior index of each model did not change significantly. The yield stress decreased with increase in temperature reaching a nearly constant value at 55°C. The consistency index of each model and temperature could be correlated by the Arrhenius equation.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE PLANT
Authors: FILHO J. GASPARINO , VITALI ALFREDO A. , VIEGAS FLAVIO C. P. , RAO M. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe consumption of electricity and thermal energy for frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and citrus pulp pellets (CPP) was determined in a plant. Thermal energy accounted for 90% of the total energy consumption in the plant and its consumption for CPP exceeded that for FCOJ. The kilocalories of thermal energy per kg of water evaporated (KKWE) in the evaporators increased as the feed rate of single strength juice was decreased. At the design evaporation capacity, the steam efficiency of two tubular evaporators and two plate evaporators was found to be 0.85N and 0.82N, respectively; N being the number of effects of the evaporator. Fouling of the waste heat evaporator was a major reason for the high energy consumption in the CPP unit.