bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro experimental study of the effect of radial shortening and ulnar ostectomy on contact patterns in the elbow joint of dogs
Authors: Preston Chris A. , Schulz Kurt S. , Taylor Ken T. , Kass Philip H. , Hagan Catherine E. , Stover Sue M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of incremental radial shortening and subsequent ulnar ostectomies on joint surface contact patterns in a canine elbow joint model.Sample Population—Paired forelimbs from 9 adult dogs.Procedure—Joint casting was performed by placement of colored polymethylmethacrylate in the elbow joint cavity and loading in a materials testing system at physiologic angle and load. Joint casting was performed in unaltered specimens, after radial shortening, and after subsequent distal ulnar ostectomy, proximal ulnar ostectomy, and proximal ulnar ostectomy with intramedullary pinning. Computer-aided analysis of photographs of proximal radial and ulnar articular surfaces without joint casts was performed before and after each casting procedure.Results—All increments of radial shortening changed the size and location of radial and ulnar contact areas. The radial contact area became smaller, the anconeal contact area disappeared, the medial coronoid contact area migrated craniolaterally, and the lateral projection of the coronoid process became a contact area. A proximal ulnar ostectomy stabilized with an intramedullary pin restored normal contact area size and location and restored continuity of the radial and coronoid contact areas across the radioulnar articulation in 6 of 10 specimens. A midshaft ulnar ostectomy, distal to the level of the radioulnar ligament, had no effect on contact patterns. A proximal ulnar ostectomy without stabilization resulted in varus deformity during loading.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Proximal radial shortening, which creates articular step incongruity, changes the location and size of the radioulnar contact areas. Dynamically stabilized ulnar ostectomies proximal to the radioulnar ligament restore contact patterns in vitro . (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1548–1556)
Effects of β-aminopropionitrile on equine tendon metabolism in vitro and on effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on matrix production by equine tenocytes
Authors: Dahlgren Linda A. , Nixon Alan J. , Brower-Toland Brent D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate effects of β-aminopropionitrile and a combination of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and β-aminopropionitrile on metabolism of equine tendon fibroblasts.Sample Population—Flexor tendon explants from 3 horses.Procedure—Explants received 1 of 4 treatments (control, IGF-I, β-aminopropionitrile, and IGF-I/β-aminopropionitrile) for 10 days, and message expression for collagen types I and III was assessed by use of in situ hybridization. Histologic findings, new protein production, and quantitative determinations of glycosaminoglycan, DNA, and de novo collagen synthesis were made.Results—Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulated an anabolic response in tendon. Collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycan and DNA content of explants were all increased. β-Aminopropionitrile significantly suppressed collagen synthesis, which was not ameliorated by concurrent IGF-I treatment. β-Aminopropionitrile caused alterations in cell morphology characterized by large round cells with eccentric nuclei and decreased density of collagen fibers. Protein production and collagen type-III mRNA expression were reduced in these cells.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with β-aminopropionitrile resulted in decreased production of protein and collagen synthesis, which could be expected to suppress tendon healing. The negative effects of β-aminopropionitrile could not be abrogated by addition of IGF-I to the medium. Treatment resulted in alterations in cell morphology and matrix consistency, which could further delay tendon healing. β-Aminopropionitrile may impair tendon healing at a cellular level by decreasing collagen production or increasing rate of degradation of existing matrix. Because of reduced crosslinking during β- aminopropionitrile treatment, in combination with transiently decreased tensile strength, alterations in collagen content and structure may weaken the healing tendon. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1557–1562)
Development and evaluation of a highly sensitive and specific blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus infection in cattle
Authors: Gutiérrez Silvina E. , Dolcini Guillermina L. , Arroyo Guillermo H. , Dubra Caín Rodriguez , Ferrer Jorge F. , Esteban Eduardo N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a blocking ELISA for detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antibodies that is comparable to a radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, to evaluate use of this ELISA for identification of BLVinfected herds, and to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for direct diagnosis of infection with BLV.Sample Population—Serum samples and pooled bulk-tank milk samples from cattle.Procedure—The blocking ELISA was developed, using BLV gp51 as antigen, captured by a selected bovine polyclonal serum. A nested PCR was conducted with primers specific for a segment of thepolregion of the BLV genome.Results—Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were comparable to those of the RIP assay. Use of the ELISA on pooled milk samples allowed identification of herds in which prevalence of BLV infection among lactating cows was as low as 2.5%. Pooled milk samples from BLV-free herds did not react in the ELISA. All cattle that had positive results for the nested PCR had BLV antibodies, but cattle with consistantly low antibody titers required examination of sequential DNA samples to detect viral sequences. None of the 63 antibodynegative cattle had positive results for the PCR.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—This ELISA is a highly specific and sensitive assay for the detection of BLV antibodies in serum and milk samples of cattle. Examination of pooled milk samples with the ELISA provides a reliable, practical, and economic procedure for identification of BLV-infected herds. The nested PCR also constitutes a specific procedure for direct diagnosis of infection with BLV. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1571–1577)
Use of sample size for estimating efficacy of a vaccine against an infectious disease
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the sample size necessary to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine in a population.Procedure—An equation was coded into a computer spreadsheet to compare the traditional sample size calculation with that needed when evaluating the efficacy of a vaccine applied in a population.Results—The traditional approach used to conservatively estimate sample size necessary to detect a given difference in group proportions potentially greatly underestimates the number of animals needed for vaccine efficacy (VE) trials. In VE trials, it is necessary to estimate the effect of population-level vaccination prior to estimating sample size. In VE trials, as incidence proportion in the population or herd decreases or VE decreases, necessary sample size increases.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In designing a clinical or field trial, such as one to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine against an infectious disease in a population, one needs to approach sample size calculations in a nontraditional manner. The proportion of the population vaccinated, disease transmission dynamics, and VE will affect the incidence in the nonvaccinated and vaccinated groups and, hence, sample size. Thus, estimation of the effect of the vaccination on the population must be made prior to calculating sample size. Otherwise, sample size and the power to identify VE will be insufficient. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1582–1584)
Cytologic and biochemical changes associated with inoculation of amniotic fluid and meconium into lungs of neonatal rats
Authors: Martínez-Burnes Julio , López Alfonso , Horney Barbara , MacKenzie Allan , Brimacombe Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of homologous amniotic fluid and meconium inoculated intratracheally into the lungs of neonatal rats.Animals—153 male 7-day-old Fischer-344 rats.Procedure—Amniotic fluid was obtained by cesarean section from the uterus of pregnant rats and meconium was collected at the time of birth from the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal rats. Neonatal rats were randomly allocated into 5 treatment groups. Two groups received 0.05 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution; the third and fourth groups received 0.05 ml of 50% or 100% amniotic fluid, respectively; the fifth group was inoculated with 0.05 ml of a 20% suspension of meconium. Six or 7 rat pups/group were euthanatized by exsanguination under halothane anesthesia at postinoculation days 1, 3, 7, and 14. The magnitude of injury and inflammatory response was determined by biochemical and cytologic analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Results—Inoculation with saline solution and amniotic fluid did not induce pulmonary injury or inflammatory response. Inoculation with meconium induced significant ( P < 0.01) injury and inflammatory response, characterized by the release of cytosolic enzymes and recruitment of neutrophils in the lung.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Saline solution is an innocuous vehicle that can be safely used in intratracheal inoculations in neonatal rats. Homologous amniotic fluid, despite containing keratin and epidermal cells, does not cause acute injury or inflammation in the lung. In contrast, meconium acts as a toxic substance injuring respiratory cells and causing a vigorous but transient leukocytic inflammatory reaction in the lungs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1636–1641)
Evaluation of ultrastructural changes associated with encephalomyocarditis virus in the myocardium of experimentally infected piglets
Authors: Psychas Vassilios , Papaioannou Nikolaos , Billinis Charalampos , Paschaleri-Papadopoulou Efpraxia , Leontides Sotirios , Papadopoulos Orestis , Tsangaris Thomas , Vlemmas John 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the ultrastructural changes and localization of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and viral pathogenesis in the myocardium of experimentally infected piglets.Animals—Eight 20-day-old piglets.Procedure—Six piglets were inoculated oronasally with 5 ml (106median tissue culture infective dose/ml) of EMCV suspension, and 2 were used as uninfected controls. Piglets were euthanatized or died between postinoculation days 1 and 3. Samples of heart tissue from all piglets were evaluated histologically, by virus isolation, and by use of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.Results—All infected piglets had gross or microscopic lesions of interstitial myocarditis. immunohistochemically, EMCV antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells, Purkinje fibers, and endothelial cells and in the nucleus of cardiac muscle cells and Purkinje fibers. Ultrastructural lesions were characterized by degeneration and necrosis of cardiac muscle cells and Purkinje fibers. Virus was present intracytoplasmically in cardiac muscle cells, Purkinje fibers, and endothelial cells of capillaries and intranuclearly in cardiac muscle cells. The cell membranes of the Purkinje fibers and endothelial cells had distinct protrusions that contained virus particles. In control piglets, no lesions were found, and no EMCV antigen was detected.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Localization of EMCV intracytoplasmically or intranuclearly in various myocardial cells may well reflect the sites of viral proliferation. The presence of virus particles in cell membrane protrusions and in vacuoles within the lumen of capillaries indicates that virus is released not only by disintegration of the host cell but also via exocytosis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1653–1657)
Effect of immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine on pancreatic beta cell function in pigs
Authors: Dean Sophia K. , Scott Hayley , Keogh Gregory W. , Roberts Simon , Tuch Bernard E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate whether immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine (CsA) have an adverse effect on the liver, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells of pigs.Animals—8 juvenile 8-week-old Landrace X Large White crossbred pigs.Procedure—CsA (100 to 140 mg/kg) was administered orally to euglycemic pigs to reach whole blood trough concentrations of approximately 1500 ng/mL. To determine pancreatic beta cell function, plasma Cpeptide and insulin concentrations were measured in response to IV administration of glucose, glucagon, arginine, and oral administration of glucose. Effects on liver and kidney were determined by monitoring serum measurements of liver function and serum creatinine concentrations, respectively.Results—Plasma concentrations of C-peptide were significantly lower in euglycemic CsA-treated pigs, compared with control pigs, following IV administration of glucose, glucagon, arginine, and oral administration of glucose. Furthermore, the glucose clearance rate was decreased in euglycemic CsA-treated pigs, compared with control pigs. Serum creatinine concentrations and 4 of 7 serum measurements of liver function were not adversely affected by CsA administration. Serum concentrations of bilirubin and albumin were significantly increased, and serum alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly decreased in CsA-treated pigs, compared with control pigs. Histologic evaluation of liver and kidney sections revealed no pathologic findings in CsA-treated or control pigs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In our study, immunosuppressive doses of CsA caused an impairment of porcine pancreatic beta cell function, but did not have toxic effects on the kidney. However, on the basis of changes in serum bilirubin and albumin concentrations and alanine aminotransferase activity, subclinical toxic effects on the liver did occur when immunosuppressive doses of CsA were administered. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1501–1506)
Effects of an adenosine kinase inhibitor and an adenosine deaminase inhibitor on accumulation of extracellular adenosine by equine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Tesch Anthony M. , MacDonald Melinda H. , Kollias-Baker Cynthia , Benton Hilary P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate accumulation of extracellular adenosine (ADO) by equine articular chondrocytes and to compare effects of adenosine kinase inhibition and adenosine deaminase inhibition on the amount of nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chondrocytes.Sample Population—Articular cartilage from metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of 14 horses.Procedure—Chondrocytes were cultured as monolayers, and cells were incubated with LPS, the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5'-iodotubercidin (ITU), or the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3- nonyl)adenine hydrochloride (EHNA). Concentrations of ADO in cell supernatants were measured by use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Effect of inhibition of enzymatic metabolism of ADO on induced NO production was evaluated by exposing cells to a combination of LPS and ITU or LPS and EHNA.Results—Articular chondrocytes accumulated extracellular ADO when exposed to LPS or ITU. Chondrocytes exposed to ITU accumulated ADO in a time-dependent manner. Unstimulated chondrocytes did not accumulate ADO. Similarly, EHNA alone did not produce detectable ADO concentrations; however, addition of EHNA and ITU resulted in a synergistic effect on accumulation of ADO. Lipopolysaccharideinduced NO production was more effectively suppressed by exposure to ITU than to EHNAConclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equine articular chondrocytes release ADO in response to the proinflammatory stimulus of bacterial LPS. Inhibition of the metabolism of ADO increases accumulation of extracellular ADO. Autocrine release of ADO from chondrocytes may play a role in the cellular response to tissue damage in arthritic conditions, and pharmacologic modulation of these pathways in joints of arthritic horses could be a potential method of therapy. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1512–1519)
Binding of radiolabeled porcine motilin and erythromycin lactobionate to smooth muscle membranes in various segments of the equine gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Koenig Judith B. , Cote Nathalie , LaMarre Jonathan , Harris William H. , Trout Donald R. , Kenney Daniel G. , Monteith Gabrielle 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To identify and characterize motilin receptors in equine duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and large colon and to determine whether erythromycin lactobionate competes with porcine motilin for binding to these receptors.Sample Population—Specimens of various segments of the intestinal tracts of 4 adult horses euthanatized for reasons unrelated to gastrointestinal tract disease.Procedure—Cellular membranes were prepared from smooth muscle tissues of the duodenum, jejunum, pelvic flexure, and cecum. Affinity and distribution of motilin binding on membrane preparations were determined by use of125I-labeled synthetic porcine motilin. Displacement studies were used to investigate competition between125I-labeled synthetic porcine motilin and erythromycin lactobionate for binding to motilin receptors in various segments of bowel.Results—Affinity of125I-labeled synthetic porcine motilin for the equine motilin receptor was estimated to be 6.1nM. A significantly higher number of motilin receptors was found in the duodenum than in the pelvic flexure and cecum. The jejunum had a significantly higher number of motilin receptors than the cecum. Erythromycin lactobionate displacement of125I-labeled porcine motilin from the equine motilin receptor did not differ significantly among various segments of bowel.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Motilin receptors were found in the duodenum, jejunum, pelvic flexure, and cecum of horses. The highest number of motilin receptors was in the duodenum, and it decreased in more distal segments of bowel. Erythromycin lactobionate competed with motilin binding in the equine gastrointestinal tract. This suggests that 1 of the prokinetic actions of erythromycin in horses is likely to be secondary to binding on motilin receptors. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1545–1550)
Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection with highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves
Authors: Liebler-Tenorio Elisabeth M. , Ridpath Julia F. , Neill John D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To correlate tissue distribution with development of lesions after experimental infection with a virulent strain of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 in calves.Animals—Ten 14-day-old and two 2-month-old colostrum-deprived calves.Procedure—Calves were intranasally inoculated with BVDV type-2 strain 1373 from an outbreak of clinically severe bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Two 14-day-old calves served as noninfected controls. Two calves each were euthanatized on postinoculation days 3, 6, and 12, and 1 each on days 8, 9, 13, and 14. Tissues were collected for immunohistologic and histologic examination.Results—Inoculated calves developed nonspecific clinical signs characterized by high fever and decreased numbers of leukocytes and thrombocytes. Viral antigen was detected focally in lymphoid tissues on day 3. On days 6, 8, 9, 12, and 14, viral antigen became increasingly widespread throughout organs and tissues. Viral antigen in lymphoid tissues was associated with severe depletion of all compartments. Lesions in other tissues were not well correlated with distribution of viral antigen. Depletion of lymphoid tissues was observed in a calf on day 13, but viral antigen had been cleared from most tissues and was detected in vascular walls only.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection with a virulent BVDV strain resulted in wide dissemination of viral antigen in host tissues. Severe lymphoid depletion developed in lymphoid tissues, whereas viral antigen was generally not associated with lesions in other tissues. Findings suggest that development of lesions in acute BVD is not solely a function of viral replication and is also attributable to host reaction to infection. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1575–1584
Purification and partial characterization of canine pepsinogen A and B
Authors: Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M. , Ruaux Craig G. , Boari Andrea , Williams David A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To purify and partially characterize various
isoforms of canine pepsinogen (PG) from gastric
mucosa.

Sample Population—Stomachs obtained from 6
euthanatized dogs.

Procedure—Mucosa was scraped from canine stomachs,
and a crude mucosal extract was prepared and
further purified by use of weak anion-exchange chromatography,
hydroxyapatite chromatography, sizeexclusion
chromatography, and strong anionexchange
chromatography. Pepsinogens were characterized
by estimation of molecular weights, estimation
of their isoelectric points (IEPs), and N-terminal
amino acid sequencing.

Results—Two different groups of canine PG were
identified after the final strong anion-exchange chromatography:
PG A and PG B. Pepsinogens differed in
their molecular weights and IEP. Pepsinogen B
appeared to be a dimer with a molecular weight of
approximately 34,100 and an IEP of 4.9. Pepsinogen
A separated into several isoforms. Molecular weights
for the various isoforms of PG A ranged from 34,200
to 42,100, and their IEPs ranged from 4.0 to < 3.0. The
N-terminal amino acid sequence for the first 25 amino
acid residues for PG A and B had good homology with
the amino acid sequences for these proteins in other
species.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine PG B
and several isoforms of canine PG A have been purified.
Availability of these PGs will facilitate development
of immunoassays to measure PG in canine
serum as a potential diagnostic marker for gastric disorders
in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1585–1590)
Computer-assisted image analysis of neovascularization in thyroid neoplasms from dogs
Authors: Kent Michael S. , Griffey Stephen M. , Verstraete Frank J. M. , Naydan Diane , Madewell Bruce R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a computer-assisted image analysis procedure for quantitation of neovascularization in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of thyroid gland tissue from dogs with and without thyroid gland neoplasia.Sample Population—47 thyroid gland carcinomas, 8 thyroid gland adenomas, and 8 specimens of thyroid tissue from dogs without thyroid gland abnormalities (normal).Procedure—Serial tissue sections were prepared and stained with antibodies against human CD31 or factor VIII-related antigen (factor VIII-rag). The areas of highest vascularity were identified in CD31- stained sections, and corresponding areas were then identified in factor VIII-rag-stained sections. Image analysis was used to calculate the total vascular density in each section, and neovascularization, expressed as a percentage, was determined as the absolute value of the total vascular density derived from factor VIII-rag-stained sections minus the vascular density derived from CD31-stained sections.Results—Mean vascular density of thyroid gland carcinomas derived from CD31-stained sections was significantly greater than density derived from factor VIII-rag-stained sections. This incremental difference was presumed to represent degree of neovascularization. However, significant differences were not detected between vascular densities derived from CD31 and factor VIII-rag-stained sections for either normal thyroid gland tissue or thyroid gland adenomas. No significant correlations were found between vascular density in thyroid gland carcinomas and survival time following surgery.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A computerassisted image analysis method was developed for quantifying neovascularization in thyroid gland tumors of dogs. This method may allow identification of dogs with tumors that are most likely to respond to treatment with novel antiangiogenesis agents. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:363–369)