bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Troy in clearer perspective
Authors: Hertel Dieter , Kolb Frank 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWas late Troy VI a large Anatolian palatial city, a hub for trade, a commercial metropolis or even the centre of a Bronze Age federation of cities (hanse), as the present excavator of Hisarlik, M. Korfmann, has claimed in numerous publications? Several German archaeologists and historians have maintained the opposite and declared Korfmann's view of Troy as unfounded and a fiction. In a recent article in Anatolian Studies (2002: 75–109) D.F. Easton, J.D. Hawkins, and A.G. and E.S. Sherratt state that they share the opinion of the excavator. In reality, they do not defend the above mentioned views, but offer a more restrained description of the role of Troy VI in the Late Bronze Age. Their arguments, though, can be shown to be untenable due to insufficient evidence. Thus, a thorough criticism of Korfmann's statements remains fully justified.
Sykeon rediscovered? A site at Kiliseler near Beypazarı
Authors: Barchard David 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Life of Saint Theodore of Sykeon gives a detailed picture of village life in later Roman Galatia, on the eve of the Persian and Arab invasions. Though known to be located near the intersection of a Roman highway and a river, the site of Sykeon remained unidentified in modern times. Earlier inability to locate it was attributable to mistakes made by 19th century historical geographers of Anatolia, but even after their errors were corrected by David French, the site could not be found. In September 1995 the writer and Peter Brown of Princeton University discovered a terraced slope, strewn with late Roman pottery, at Kiliseler near the village of Tahirler, south of Beypazarı. The site, and its geology, conform to the known characteristics of Sykeon, including its distance from neighbouring towns, and provide suitable settings for many of the events in the career of Saint Theodore, thus raising the hope that archaeology may now be able to supplement information available from the saint's Life.
Regional multilineage differentiation potential of meniscal fibrochondrocytes: Implications for meniscus repair
Authors: Mauck Robert L. , Martinez‐Diaz Gabriel J. , Yuan Xiaoning , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe knee menisci are wedge‐shaped semilunar fibrocartilaginous structures that reside between the femur and tibia and function to transmit and distribute load. These structures have characteristics of both fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. The cartilage‐like inner region and the fibrous vascularized outer region each has a distinct extracellular matrix, and resident meniscal fibrochondrocytes (MFCs) with distinct morphologies dependent on their location. Damage to the meniscus is common, and disruption of tissue structure and function result in erosion of the underlying articular cartilage. It has been observed that damage in the vascular periphery undergoes spontaneous repair, whereas damage of the inner region does not heal. While vascularity of the peripheral region plays a role in healing, recent findings have also suggested that local cellular composition influences local healing capacity. This study examined the variation in multipotential characteristics of cell populations isolated from different regions of the bovine meniscus. MFCs were isolated from the outer (vascular), inner (avascular), and horn (mixed) regions and induced toward chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic lineages. The results of this study suggest that MFCs from all regions of the meniscus possess a multilineage differentiation capability, particularly toward chondrogenesis and adipogenesis. MFCs from the outer region were most plastic, differentiating along all three mesenchymal lineages. These findings may underlie the experimental observation of improved integration of meniscus grafts from the outer zone and may have implications for developing strategies of cell‐based meniscus repair. Anat Rec, 290:48–58, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seeing Is Believing: Peptide‐Based Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activity
Authors: Lawrence David S. , Wang Qunzhao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProtein tyrosine kinases are key biochemical effectors of the signaling pathways that drive both normal and aberrant cell behavior. The ability to visualize the activity of tyrosine kinases in both a continuous and sensitive fashion will have a dramatic impact on the identification and characterization of inhibitors, the elucidation of the biochemical role of protein tyrosine kinases in various biological processes, and the imaging of kinase action in cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Several chemical strategies have recently been described that translate the formation of a phosphorylated tyrosine residue into a fluorescent readout. The challenges associated with the design of protein tyrosine kinase sensors, as well as the scope and limitations of the currently available sensors, are described.
The effect of an education programme (HyPOS) to treat hypoglycaemia problems in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hermanns N. , Kulzer B. , Kubiak T. , Krichbaum M. , Haak T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn a randomized, prospective multi‐centre trial, the effect of a specific training programme (HyPOS) for patients with hypoglycaemia problems was compared with a control group (CG), receiving a standardized education programme aiming at avoidance of hypoglycaemia by optimization of insulin therapy.MethodsA total of 164 type 1 diabetes patients (age 46.0 ± 12.5 yrs, HbA1c 7.3 ± 1.0%, 50% male) were randomized. Hypoglycaemia awareness was measured by the hypoglycaemia awareness questionnaire (HAQ) and by a visual analogue scale (VAS). There were no baseline differences.ResultsAfter a 6‐month follow‐up, hypoglycaemia awareness significantly improved in HyPOS compared to that in the CG (Δ HAQ 0.7 [95% CL 0.1–1.2], p = 0.024, Δ VAS 0.8 [95% CL 0.2–1.2], p = 0.015). In HyPOS, the threshold for detection of low blood glucose (Δ 0.2 mmol/L [95% CL 0.03–0.04], p = 0.02) and the treatment of low blood glucose (Δ 4.6 g [95% CL 1.6–7.6], p = 0.03) increased significantly. The number of undetected hypogylcaemic episodes (Δ− 1.4 episodes per week [95% CL 0.4–2.5], p = 0.01) and the rate of mild hypoglycaemia dropped significantly in HyPOS (Δ 2.1% [95% CL 0.5–5.3], p = 0.015). The numbers of severe (Δ 0.3 events per patient per year [95% CL − 0.04–1.0], p = 0.037) and very severe hypoglycaemic episodes (Δ 0.3 events per patient per year [95% CL − 0.1–0.7], p = 0.09) were lower in HyPOS, but these differences were not significant.ConclusionCompared to the CG, HyPOS demonstrates additional benefits in terms of improving impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, reducing mild hypoglycaemia, detecting low blood glucose, and treating low blood glucose. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A natural component as coinitiator for unfilled dental resin composites
Authors: Shi Suqing , Nie Jun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA natural component, 1,3‐benzodioxole (BDO), was used for the purpose of replacing the conventional amine for dental composite. Camphorquinone (CQ)/BDO was used to initiate the photopolymerization of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (70/30 wt %). The kinetics was recorded by real‐time Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and CQ/ethyl 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) mixture was used as control in the same photocuring condition. The results indicated that, the addition of BDO as coinitiator greatly improved the rate of polymerization and final double bond conversion (DC), when compared with the system initiated by CQ alone. BDO and EDMAB were found to reach almost the same final DC (75%), though the kinetics of two systems was different. Comparing with EDMAB, BDO brought approximately the same glass transition temperature (Tg), but slightly higher storage modulus around 37°C. The water sorption and solubility for two mixtures were almost the same and within the range of the ISO 4049's standards. These results suggested that BDO was an effective alternative to conventional amine for coinitiator. And the human diet characteristics of BDO made it more promising than amine in the dental resin formulations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Calibration and validation of an oral fluid‐based sensitive/less‐sensitive assay to distinguish recent from established HIV‐1 infections
Authors: Sill Anne M. , Kreisel Kristen , Griffin Deeds Bethany , Wilson Craig M. , Constantine Niel T. , Peralta Ligia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSensitive/less‐sensitive (S/LS) serum‐based serologic methods have been developed to measure human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence by distinguishing recent from established infections. Such methods require venipuncture. The goal of this study was to develop an alternative to serum‐based S/LS testing using oral fluid (OF) as the testing medium. Serum/OF pairs were collected from 342 patients attending 15 Adolescent Trials Network (ATN) clinical sites. The sera were tested with the use of the dilutional Vironostika (DV; Biomerieux, Durham, NC) S/LS assay (DVSOD=1.0) as the reference against which an OF LS assay was calibrated using 40 of the OF pairs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses pinpointed the OF LS test parameters that maximized concordance with the serum‐based DV. Validation of the calibrated OF LS included testing of the remaining 302 serum/OF pairs. During calibration the maximum concordance with the DV was 95.2% and 89.5% for 21 recent and 19 established samples, respectively, at a 1:50 OF sample dilution and an optical density (OD) cutoff of 0.280. When applied to the validation sample set (N=302), the concordance was 73.6% for the recent samples and 89.6% for the established samples. The OF LS assay showed a good concordance with the serum‐based reference S/LS assay. It presents an alternative to invasive specimen collection, and has the potential for increasing test compliance in young subjects. However, because of the uncertainty of the performance characteristics of the serum‐based S/LS assay with which it was compared, further validation of the OF LS using seroconversion sample pairs is needed. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:40–45, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Language preference and its relationship with reading skills in English and Spanish
Authors: Brenneman Michele H. , Morris Robin D. , Israelian Marlyne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA dearth of research has investigated the language preference of bilingual childhood populations and its subsequent relationship to reading skills. The current study evaluated how a sequential bilingual student's choice of language, in a particular environmental context, predicted reading ability in English and Spanish. The participants were Latino children ranging in age from 7 years, 5 months, to 11 years, 6 months, with 43% born in the United States. Results showed a relationship between a child's higher English language preference for media and for communication with others outside the family and better reading skills in English. Language preference differences predicted reading abilities better for English than for Spanish. Results suggested that sequential bilingual children's language preference may be a useful marker of English language (second language [L2]) facility and use that is related to their reading proficiency or influences the development of English reading skills in such bilingual children in the United States. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 171–181, 2007.
The interaction of COO2 gas mixtures with Au tips: in situ imaging and local chemical probing
Authors: Visart de Bocarmé Thierry , Chau Thoi‐Dai , Kruse Norbert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe interaction of CO/O2 gas mixtures with gold has been studied by means of video‐field ion microscopy (FIM) under truly in situ conditions on the surfaces of small Au tips. To elucidate the local surface composition while imaging, atom‐probe studies have been performed using field pulses in a pulsed field desorption mass spectrometry (PFDMS) set‐up. The interaction of pure CO with Au field‐emitter tips at 300 K causes Au carbonyl to be formed on the surface, and these appear as singly and doubly charged cations AuCOn+ and Au(CO)n+2 in PFDMS spectra. The formation of these species is promoted by applying a steady electric field of several volts per nanometre. Video‐FIM reveals bright spots associated with the adsorption of oxygen during the extended interaction of oxygen gas with the Au surface. Dosing the Au tip with mixtures of O2 and CO causes chemical waves to move across the surface. Local chemical probing by pulses reveals that the occurrence of the wave is associated with the transition from a weakly oxygen‐covered to a CO‐covered surface (dominated by Au carbonyls). We conclude that the moving wave consists of Au sub‐carbonyls. The results demonstrate the usefulness of combined video‐FIM and atom‐probe studies to elucidate reaction mechanisms under model conditions of low gas pressures (⩽10−2 Pa) on a well‐defined gold crystallite. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐sample standardization and decomposition analysis: an application to comparisons of methamphetamine use among rural drug users in three American states
Authors: Wang Jichuan , Carlson Robert G. , Falck Russel S. , Leukefeld Carl , Booth Brenda M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study demonstrates how to use standardization and decomposition analysis (SDA) techniques to compare outcome measures simultaneously among multiple populations. Methamphetamine use among rural stimulant drug users in three geographically distinct areas of the US (Arkansas, Kentucky, and Ohio) is presented as an example of applying SDA. Findings show that the observed crude rate of ‘ever used’ methamphetamine in the past 30 days and the frequency of methamphetamine use in the past 30 days were much higher in Kentucky than in the other two states. However, after the compositions of socio‐demographic confounding factors were standardized across the samples, the two measures of methamphetamine use ranked highest in Arkansas, followed by Kentucky, and then Ohio. Confounding factors contributed in various dimensions to the differences in the observed outcome measures among the distinct samples. The study shows that SDA is a useful technique for multi‐population comparisons, providing an opportunity to look at data from a different perspective in medical studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Site of Size Constancy
Authors: Blakemore C , Garner E T , Sweet J A 
Published: January 2007

Under appropriate conditions, with good depth cues, the perception of the bar width or spatial frequency of a pattern of black and white stripes (a grating) shows excellent size constancy. Two gratings at different distances look similar in spatial frequency when the actual width, not the angular width, of their stripes is the same. Adaptation to a high-contrast grating causes a rise in the threshold contrast for detecting gratings of similar orientation and spatial frequency. This aftereffect transfers from one eye to the other, so it probably depends on binocular orientation-selective neurones in the visual cortex. With the adapting grating at three times the distance of the test grating the maximum elevation of threshold occurs for exactly the same angular spatial frequency as that of the adapting pattern. Therefore the neural mechanism for size-constancy scaling probably occurs after the visual cortex, perhaps in the inferotemporal cortex.
Psychophysical Hallucinations of Orientation and Spatial Frequency
Authors: Georgeson Mark A 
Published: January 2007

After inspection of vertical sinusoidal gratings at least three distinct types of subjective or ‘hallucinated’ patterns can be seen on a uniform test field. One type, here called horizontal streaming (H), is already well-known from the work of MacKay. A second type (V) looks like a roughly sinusoidal grating about 15 octaves above the adapting spatial frequency. Under optimal conditions a second vertical component appears at about 2 octaves below the adapting frequency. The third category of aftereffect consists of diagonal lines (D) at two orientations (about ±40° from vertical). The spatial-frequency band at these two orientations appears to be fairly broad, but roughly similar to the adapting frequency. The duration and strength of D increased, while V declined, at higher adapting spatial frequencies. D and V were increasing functions of adapting contrast, while H appeared abruptly only after the highest adapting contrast. H, D, and V are thus all functionally distinct. A schematic model of cortical organization is proposed to account for these phenomena. Pattern channels selective for a given orientation are grouped together with movement channels selective for the orthogonal direction. Antagonism between channels within such ‘modules’ accounts for the streaming effect (H). Inhibition between modules tuned to different orientations and spatial frequencies accounts for the D and V effects: after adaptation of channels in one module, neighbouring module(s) are released from inhibition to produce a spurious response which is seen as a grating-like object in the adapted part of the visual field. During flickering adaptation a ‘hallucinated’ lattice can be seen superimposed on the adapting grating. It apparently consists of Fourier components more remote from the adapting pattern than D and V are. This disinhibitory effect is strong confirmation of the inhibitory model. The regular and highly organized matrix of channels implied by these experiments may constitute a cortical hypercolumn conducting a coarse, piecewise Fourier transformation of the retinal image.
Eye Movement Strategies Involved in Face Perception
Authors: Walker-Smith Gail J , Gale Alastair G , Findlay John M 
Published: January 2007

Recordings were made of the eye fixations of three subjects in two tasks involving black-and-white photographs of faces. In the first task, subjects matched a test face with a previously viewed target face; in the second task, subjects compared two simultaneously presented faces. The eye movements were recorded with a corneal reflection technique. Each subject showed an individual fixation strategy for the tasks; in particular each subject had one or more preferred facial features which were viewed foveally in both tasks. The subjects also showed some tendency to use a regular sequential pattern of eye movements. However, the sequences used differed from one task to the other. Although some aspects of the results support the scanpath hypothesis of Noton, it is suggested that an alternative interpretation is possible.
Müller-Lyer Illusions: Their Origin in Processes Facilitating Object Recognition
Authors: Warren Richard M , Bashford James A 
Published: January 2007

Perspective theories for the Müller-Lyer illusions have considered them to reflect constancies normally permitting the viewer to compensate for distance in estimating the true size of three-dimensional objects. Our experiments suggest a rather different perspective theory involving object recognition. A novel experimental procedure was used. Each of the separate groups of thirty subjects viewed only one of nineteen experimental drawings based on the Müller-Lyer figures. They judged the overall length of the shaft and divided it into subjectively equal quarters. The major findings were that the effect of each component angle was generally independent of other angles and independent of any overall perspective appearance of the figure. The shortening effect produced by an acute angle was limited to the contiguous quarter, whüe the lengthening effect of an obtuse angle extended undiminished from the contiguous quarter to the next quarter. Perspective photographs are shown, demonstrating that these angle-induced changes in apparent length can compensate selectively for the different perspective distortions occurring for the component parts of a single three-dimensional object. Such expansions and contractions provide no direct help in estimating overall size or distance of the object. But they do make possible recognition of the actual shape of the object and its orientation to the viewer, as well as producing errors when judging the length of Müller-Lyer figures.
The Effect of Visual Frame of Reference on a Judgement of Plane Stimulus Orientation by Children
Authors: Elliott John M , Connolly Kevin J 
Published: January 2007

Three studies are reported with children aged [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] years and also with educationally subnormal children, in which it was found that up to about 7 years children's selection of one of a pair of line stimuli as ‘falling over’ is affected by the nature of the visual surround contours provided. Both the form of the stimulus surround and the presence or absence of a baseline tilted 45° relative to the horizontal were found to affect the children's judgements. The plane (horizontal or vertical) in which the stimuli were presented had no effect on the results. It is argued that while the results show the influence of the visual surround on children's comprehension of ‘falling over’, this may not be wholly explicable in terms of surround contour matching, as conventionally correct judgements were obtained in the absence of all straight line contours in the immediate surround.
Spatial Localization under Conflict Conditions: Is There a Single Explanation?
Authors: Warren David H 
Published: January 2007

Visual–auditory (VA) and visual–proprioceptive (VP) localization conflict paradigms were varied to explore the comparability of the conflict situations. In experiment 1 various attempts were made to decrease the dominance of visual information over proprioceptive and auditory target information. Pairing auditory with proprioceptive information against conflicting visual information did not lessen the visual dominance, nor did dimming the visual field. A ‘cognitive’ manipulation, in which the subject was led to doubt the reliability of the visual information, reduced visual dominance over audition but not visual dominance over proprioception. This difference between the two conflict situations was further explored and corroborated in experiment 2. In experiment 3 no attempt was made to lead the subject to believe that paired discrepant targets were related, and the visual dominance of audition was strong while the visual dominance of proprioception did not occur. The apparent differences between the VA and the VP conflict situations are discussed with regard to the feasibility of generating a unitary explanation of localization conflict results. Several further factors are discussed that must be explored before undertaking such a unitary formulation.