bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy related to cerebral blood flow and metabolism
Authors: Ingvar David H 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn an epileptic focus there is a three‐fold increase of the regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow. This has been shown with the 133 Xenon technique and with positron emission tomography. Such studies suggest that, in temporal lobe epilepsy, the pathways from the deep temporal structures to the frontal lobes do not function normally. The temporal ‘gate’ to the frontal lobes may be closed. This may explain symptoms of psychopathology in this common type of focal epilepsy.
From clomipramine to mianserin: therapeutic relevance of interactions with serotonin uptake and storage, as studied in the blood platelet model
Authors: Lingjaerde Odd 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTInhibition of active serotonin uptake into neurones and platelets is a common effect of tricyclic and related antidepressants, and has been regarded as one of the more important mechanisms of action of such drugs. However, as is shown in this survey, the antidepressants vary widely in their potency as inhibitors of platelet serotonin uptake, and they also differ in the type of inhibition kinetics, from purely competitive to mixed competitive/non‐competitive. The therapeutic relevance of this effect is discussed. Serotonin uptake inhibition seems to be one of several mechanisms for obtaining the required normalization of monoamine dysfunction in depression. Analysis of efflux from platelets preloaded with a moderate amount of 14C‐serotonin provides information on the storage and compartmentation of serotonin in the platelets, and on the rate of efflux from the different compartments. When present during the preloading phase, some antidepressants seem to produce a relative increase in serotonin in the granular storage compartment when compared to the smaller cytoplasmic compartment. This effect is in some respects opposite to that exerted by reserpine, and possibly may be pharmacologically relevant.
Treatment of childhood and adolescent depression with mianserin
Authors: Dugas Michel , Mouren Marie Christine , Halfon Olivier , Moron Pierre 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of mianserin in treating adult depression is now well established. Since there are no publications concerning the use of mianserin in children, the authors set up an open pilot study of 110 depressed children and adolescents aged 8–19 years. The average dose of mianserin was 1 mg/kg/day. Efficacy of treatment was noticeable by the end of the first week and was maintained throughout the 60 day study period. Evaluation was based on both clinical observations and changes in scores obtained from 80 subjects. Side‐effects were minimal leading to temporary withdrawal of treatment in only seven cases. The profile of mianserin in children and adolescents is similar to that of adults. It is an antidepressant with an anxiolytic component, and has a regulating effect on sleep. In view of its efficacy, compliance, and the very low incidence of side‐effects, mianserin appears to be a useful treatment for depression in children and adolescents. The results of this open study justify the development of further controlled studies.
Mianserin and imipramine in the treatment of elderly depressed patients
Authors: Eklund K. , Dunbar G.C. , Pinder R.M. , Steffensen K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTFifty elderly depressed patients were randomly assigned to double‐blind treatment, using a flexible dose schedule, with either mianserin 20–60 mg or imipramine 75–150 mg. Medication was continued for four weeks. Eleven patients withdrew from the study. At the end of treatment there were no significant differences between mianserin and imipramine in antidepressant efficacy. A significantly greater number of side‐effects occurred in the imipramine group (dry mouth, days 7 and 14; faintness, dizziness, weakness, day 21). When treating elderly depressed patients mianserin may be preferred to imipramine because of a lower incidence of induced side‐effects.
Depression and anxiety: mianserin and nomifensine compared in a double‐blind multicentre trial
Authors: Granier F. , Girard M. , Schmitt L. , Boscredon J. , Oules J. , Escande M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMianserin and nomifensine were compared in 61 depressive patients in a randomized double‐blind multicentre study. During the first week the antidepressant dosages were low, mianserin 30 mg and nomifensine 50 mg. After the first week dosages were doubled to 60 mg and 100 mg respectively. At baseline there were no significant differences between treatment groups for sex, age, class of depression, previous treatment, somatic symptoms, previous vital events, global clinical appreciation, global sleep appreciation, and depression assessed on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) or the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Assessments were made at 7, 14 and 28 days. There were no significant differences between treatment groups for HDRS, MADRS or HARS, either globally or when divided into endogenous and reactive subgroups. Compared with nomifensine there were significantly greater scores with mianserin for global clinical appreciation and global sleep appreciation. There were more withdrawals and dosage changes with nomifensine than with mianserin. Regarding concomitant treatment, significantly less anxiolytics were prescribed to the mianserin group. This study confirms that mianserin is an effective and sedative antidepressant whereas nomifensine is an effective and stimulating antidepressant.
Mianserin in the prophylaxis of migraine: a double‐blind study
Authors: Monro Pauline , Swade Cynthia , Coppen Alec 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐Evidence is reviewed indicating that instability in central nervous system handling of 5‐hydroxytryptamine may be of primary importance in the pathogenesis of migraine, and that the observed diminution of platelet content and uptake of 5‐hydroxytryptamine related to an attack may merely be a reflection of this. The rationale is discussed for selecting mianserin as a potentially effective migraine prophylactic based on: (i) its ability to restore to normal platelet 5‐hydroxytryptamine uptake when this is decreased in depression; (ii) its effect on the central nervous system; and particularly (iii) its antiserotonergic activity. A double‐blind control trial of mianserin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine is described. There was a significant fall in both frequency and severity of migraine attacks when compared with baseline values in mianserin‐treated patients but not in placebo‐treated patients. There was no accompanying change on the Beck Depression Inventory. It is concluded that mianserin is an effective migraine prophylactic in some patients. There is no evidence indicating which pharmacological property of mianserin is responsible for thiseffect.
PATIENTS ADMITTED FOR COMPULSORY TREATMENT TO SELECTED PSYCHIATRIC UNITS IN ITALY AND IN SWEDEN
Authors: Perris C. , Kemali D. , Dencker S. J. , Malm U. , Rutz W. , Amati A. , Stancati G. , Morandini G. , Minnai G. , Maj M. , Gritti P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTEighty‐five Italian and forty‐nine Swedish patients consecutively admitted for compulsory treatment to either an Italian or a Swedish psychiatric unit in selected areas of the two countries have participated in an exploratory study aimed at assessing the main characteristics of compulsory admitted patients, and in particular, the immediate reason for admission. The two series proved to be quite similar as concerns most sociodemographic variables, and as concerns clinical diagnosis and severity of the morbid condition at admission as measured by means of a rating scale. More Swedish than Italian patients lived alone when admitted to hospital, and for more of them the request for admission was made by other people than relatives, and a larger proportion of them was accompanied to the hospital by medical or social welfare personnel. In both series the largest proportion had a low educational level and belonged to the lower social groups. The same proportion in the two series had previous admissions. The most common reason for admission was “odd or improper behaviour” for the Swedish patients, and “feared or manifest dangerousness” for the Italian patients. The Italian patients remained at hospital on average half the time than the Swedish patients.
Family Factors that Antedate the Onset of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: The Results of a Fifteen Year Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: GOLDSTEIN MICHAEL J 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present study evaluates, within the context of a prospective study, whether certain discrete, pathological styles of communication antedate the onset of schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. The three parental styles evaluated were: communication deviance (CD; Wynne & Singer), affective style (AS; Doane), and expressed emotion (EE; Vaughn and Leff). These measures were obtained on a sample of 64 intact families who appeared for help, from a psychological clinic, for their moderately disturbed teenager over 15 years ago. The sample of offspring and selected siblings were followed up at two subsequent time periods, 5 and 15 years after the initial family assessments at which times blind psychiatric evaluations were done. The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders in the sample were evaluated.Of the 64 teenagers, follow‐ups were feasible on 50 of the cases. Of these, 45 had all three parental measures available. Within that subsample, schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders were predominantly associated with the combined parental pattern of high CD, negative AS and high EE. When data for siblings was included, the predictive value of CD was even greater.These findings strongly suggest that disturbed patterns of intrafamilial communication and affect expression antedate the onset of schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders and are not reactions to psychotic behaviors in already schizophrenic offspring.
Interaction of Genetic and Psychosocial Factors in Schizophrenia
Authors: TIENARI P , SORRI A , LAHTI I , NAARALA M , WAHLBERG K‐E , POHJOLA J , MORING J 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWhat the genetic and family dynamic theory have in common, is that the cause of schizophrenia could be found in the family. Usually the genetic factors and the rearing factors are confounded in the same family. In a study of adoptive children given away for adoption early enough, discrimination between these two sets of factors is possible.A nation‐wide sample of offspring of schizophrenic mothers, given away for adoption, has been compared blindly with matched controls, i.e., adopted‐away offspring of non‐schizophrenic biologic parents. The families have been investigated thoroughly with joint and individual interviews and psychological test. In the 91 pairs where both the index and control families have been investigated and rated so far, the total number of severe diagnoses (psychosis, borderline, character disorder) is 28.6% (26/91) in the index group and 16.5% (15/91) in the matched control group. Of the 7 psychotic cases, 6 are offspring of schizophrenics and only one a control offspring. The relation of psychopathology of adoptive families to the mental health ratings of the offspring supports the hypothesis that a possible genetic vulnerability has interacted with the adoptive rearing environment.
The Genetics of Schizophrenia: New Perspectives
Authors: BARON MIRON 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDespite the evidence for genetic factors in schizophrenia, the underlying hereditary defect is unknown. The author reviews recent advances in genetic research methodologies and discusses their strengths and limitations. He concludes that in the face of genetic heterogeneity current models of segregation analysis are not likely to unravel the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia. The author underscores the potential contribution of both molecular genetics (as a means to generate DNA markers) and studies with biologic vulnerability traits to identifying and quantitating the genetic component in the transmission of schizophrenia.
Characteristics of a Nationwide Cohort of Psychiatric Patients ‐ With Special Reference to the Elderly and the Chronically Admitted
Authors: KASTRUP MARIANNE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe pattern of psychiatric care has changed over the last decades with an extension of outpatient facilities, a decrease in the number of chronically admitted and an increase in the number of shortlasting admissions. A cohort of firsttime admitted psychiatric patients to Danish institutions in 1970 was followed for 10 years with the purpose to describe the characteristics of the population with multiple admissions.The cohort comprised 12737 patients with 35497 admissions. It was divided into 3 groups, one ‐ 6470 patients ‐ consisting of those with 1 admission, one ‐ 744 ‐ consisting of those continuously admitted to the termination of the study period or their death, and one ‐ 5523 ‐ consisting of those with several admissions.Patients chronically admitted tended to be older, and among them the senile and cerebrovascular disorders were dominating with the non‐organic disorders in total comprising less than 10% of the patients. Significantly more females than males were admitted for more than 5 years. Patients with multiple admissions had in total shorter admissionperiods than the chronically admitted.Males had significantly more admissions than females and 8.2% compared with 3.9% of females had 10 admissions or more.
Evaluation of Psychosocial Treatments
Authors: LÖNNQVIST JOUKO 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe most widely chosen dimensions in the evaluation of psychosocial treatments are structure evaluation, process evaluation and outcome evaluation. The measurement of structure focuses on the inputs to a system intended for promoting mental health. The measurement oof process shows how the inputs are used. And finally the measurement of outcome gives information about the efectiveness of the treatment in the terms of outcome. Five basic questions of outcome evaluation are: appropariateness, adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency and side effects of the treatment. Using these concepts this article analyzes different parts of the treatment process and their evaluation. The emphasis is on the problems of evaluation o pscyhotherapy research and especially on outcome research in psychotherapy.
A Family System's Approach in Consultation Liaison Services
Authors: WIRSHING MICHAEL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStarting from difficulties in the cooperation of clinical and psychosocial medicine an alternative view is suggested following the principles of general system's theory and family therapy. The request for consultation is under such considerations regarded as the expression of an interactional crisis in which the whole system (patient, family and clinic) has become involved. Practical suggestions are made concerning the treatment setting, the methods of intervention and the initiation of an ongoing therapeutic contact.
Pharmacokinetic implications of different oil vehicles used in depot neuroleptic treatment
Authors: Knudsen Peder , Hansen Lars Bolvig , Larsen Niels‐Erik 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTOn separate occasions two male schizophrenic inpatients were given intramuscular injections of equal amounts of perphenazine decanoate dissolved in sesame oil and Viscoleo, respectively.Substantially more even, but also lower perphenazine plasma concentrations were found within the dose intervals following the injections of perphenazine decanoate dissolved in sesame oil compared to the intervals following the Viscoleo‐preparation.The occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects were consistent with the magnitude of the perphenazine plasma concentrations. The results support the importance of selecting an appropriate oil vehicle in a depot neuroleptic.
Chemotherapy With Neuroleptics
Authors: Knudsen Peder 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAttempting to improve long‐term neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenic patients several injectable depot neuroleptics have been developed. Moreover pharmacokinetic data increasingly have been clinically applied. On this background the purpose of the present paper has been to make an updated review of the clinical and pharmacokinetic knowledge of depot neuroleptic treatment.First, general aspects of antipsychotics have been summarized, and an outline of methodological questions relevant to clinical‐pharmacological trials are given. Subsequently general aspects including pros & cons of depot administration are examined. Finally the available data of the various depot preparations have been scrutinized.It is concluded that our present pharmacokinetic knowledge of the particular depot preparations is incomplete. Thus more information of clinical relevant aspects are needed, e. g., the existence of a therapeutic range, maximum/minimum concentration ratio, and the significance of active metabolites.Comparing the various depot neuroleptics, no significant differences are seen regarding the clinical effects. However, the decanoate esters seem clinical superior to the corresponding enanthate esters explained by the more flat concentration curve of the decanoates.Apart from that, a comparison of the pharmacokinetic data is difficult because of the heterogenecy of the available data.Haloperidol, clopenthixol and perphenazine decanoates are among the best examined preparations in pharmacokinetic respects. A controlled double‐blind comparative study of these preparations would be of interest.
Non‐regressive schizophrenia: prediction of regressive course
Authors: Jonsson H. , Nyman A. K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRegressive course during a 14–17 year follow‐up in 54 non‐regressive (pseudoneurotic, borderline, latent) schizophrenic subjects was predicted from about 100 variables studied on first admission. A significant prediction could not be achieved. This finding lends additional support to our previous interpretation that patients with a non‐regressive syndrome are schizophrenics. A large number of them will run a typical schizophrenic course, but we are unable to predict from initial data who will do so. The few possibly predictive variables seemed to be of an unspecific, quantitative and longitudinal nature. They may act in a cumulative manner to increase the vulnerability to psychotic decompensation.
An experimental evaluation of the euphoric properties of antiparkinson drugs on psychotic patients
Authors: Vågen R. , Götestam K. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSeven psychotic inpatients (two women and five men) aged between 18 and 74 years, treated with neuroleptic and antiparkinson drugs, participated in a double‐blind study with 1/3 DDD (Defined Daily Dose) of procyclidine, orphenadrine, or trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride against placebo. Euphoric effects were scored on a self‐rating scale and extrapyramidal side‐effects on the Simpson‐Angus rating scale at drug administration and 1, 3 and 6 h thereafter. With regard to euphoric effect, there was a significant (P < 0.02) difference between start and end point (0 and 6 h) for placebo but not for the active antiparkinson drugs. There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal side‐effects. No preference of drug was found, and it was not possible to recognize the patient's own drug among the tested drugs. Side‐effects from the antiparkinson drugs were also measured prior to the administration. Five patients did not return to their earlier antiparkinson drugs after the study.
Differences in ratings associated with differences in measures of rater's difficulty with the task
Authors: Carroll Judith , Greist John H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRatings of need for improvementt in project descriptions, ratings of difficulty in performing the task, and total time spent completing the task were examined to determine whether these measures of task difficulty had any bearing on ratings of social value. The few significant group differences in project value ratings and in hypothetical allocations reflecting research values adn priorities are quite possibly attributable to chance occurrence. The absence of any significant group differences in global project ratings leads to our conclusion that global ratings of project's social value appear to be independent from the amount of difficulty experienced in assigning those ratings. For more specific aspects of a project's social value, there is a slight indication that raters who experience little difficulty with the task, particularly those who indicate little need for improvement in project descriptions, give lower ratings that raters who experience moderate difficulty
Hypnotics and transient insomnia
Authors: Nicholson A. N. , Stone Barbara M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAn hypnotic should be used only when there is evidence of sleep disturbance. The wide range of sleep disorders (e.g. delayed sleep onset or problems of sleep maintenance) and the added complication that the patient may be involved subsequently in skilled work demand that the pharmacokinetics of various hypnotics must be understood before the correct hypnotic can be chosen. Impaired performance is more severe and persists far longer with compounds that are slowly eliminated and with the use of higher doses. The particular situations of aircrew and mountaineers have been studied in detail. Caution must be exercised in the management of aircrew coping with irregularity of rest and work. Temazepam has been used for aircrew for over 10 years and the absence of adverse effects ensures that it remains the recommended hypnotic in this area of medical practice. The relationship of insomnia with the hypoxic environment is undetermined. To investigate this, sleep was studied in six individuals during an expedition to the Himalayas. At altitude, temazepam led to less wakefulness and to drowsy sleep ‐ there were no prolonged sleep latencies.
The use of oral benzodiazepines as premedications: the usefulness of temazepam
Authors: Kanto J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT The primary aim of premedication is to relieve the patient's anxiety/restlessness before anaesthesia and to ensure optimum quantity and quality of sleep on the night preceding surgery. With these objectives in mind, oral benzodiazepines offer a good alternative to traditional parenteral premedicants, especially as the clear anxiolytic and sedative effects of the former are of great clinical value.Oral temazepam has proven to be a valuable premedicant given on the evening before operation and/or the following morning, before surgery. Administered as a sedative in a single 20 mg oral dose the night before surgery, temazepam provided a good night's sleep in 77 percent of gynaecological surgical patients; patients slept for 7.6 hours and had no significant residual effects. As a premedicant, temazepam was as effective as parenteral diazepam or papaveretum. Temazepam's short duration of action facilitates rapid postoperative recovery in children, adults, and in the elderly. Thus, it is indicated especially for short operative procedures when rapid recovery and swift return to fitness are essential.