bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting treatment outcome and recidivism among patients in a maximum security token economy
Authors: Rice Marnie E. , Quinsey Vernon L. , Houghton Randerson 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationship between program performance and outcome for patients in maximum security token economy programs has not been previously studied. We examined variables related to success in a token economy program and to postrelease failure for 92 men in a maximum security psychiatric hospital. Point earnings later in the program were best predicted by earlier point earnings. Variables that best predicted postrelease failure, defined in various ways, were similar to those found in other studies; youthfulness, having spent more time in institutions, a diagnosis of personality disorder or retardation rather than psychosis, not having been found not guilty by reason of insanity or unfit to stand trial, and having been referred from another psychiatric hospital. That program variables were generally unrelated to later outcome suggests that treatment programs for patients in maximum security settings must emphasize skills that are relevant to postrelease success.
A look at the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: Problems in workers' compensation claims involving mental disability
Authors: Spaulding Willis J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMental disability claims for workers' compensation are troublesome for courts and clinicians. The overall pattern is one of a chaos of state legislative and judicial restrictions on recovery. A notable exception to this chaos is the use in the majority of American jurisdictions of the uniform system for determining mental impairment contained in the American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The use of the Guides seems to have promoted uniformity among jurisdictions and greater acceptance of mental disability claims.A new problem with the Guides may lay ahead as the courts try to apply the third edition. This recent revision does not contain a percentage rating system for mental impairment. The availability of this system, and in the first edition of a diagnostic system, has long been attractive to courts, although it has undermined the AMA's goal of objective evaluation.
Regulating damage claims for emotional injuries before the First World War
Authors: Brown Edward M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the late 19th century, as a result of litigation following railway accidents, damage claims for emotional injuries became a medico‐legal issue. Efforts to find fair and socially acceptable means of settling such claims involved an interaction between medical theory and legal rules. Between 1866 and 1890 doctors debated the significance of ‘nervous’ symptoms, which resulted from accidents in which Little or no physical damage occurred. They rejected a strictly somatic interpretation of these symptoms and replaced it with a psychosomatic interpretation. Hoping to prevent a fiood of ‘false claims’, Anglo‐American courts initially rejected this psychosomatic interpretation, and ruled against damages in cases where fear without physical impact was the cause of the plaintiffs symptoms. Later, common law courts accepted the psychosomatic perspective and granted damages for physical illnesses in which fear was ‘one link in the chain of causation’. While early appeals under workers' compensation laws followed these later courts, worries about the social consequences ofthese rulings were also evident in the years before the First World War.
Substantiating psychological injury under the federal employees' compensation act
Authors: Maffeo Patricia A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the administration of the Federal Employees Compensation Act by the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP). It examines compensation claims originating at a large federal agency with a psychological component as either cause or consequence of a work‐related injury. Patterns of case outcomes are noted to be similar to those in other jurisdictions, and are discussed in terms of dirticdty of proof and policy preferences. Possible anomalies in the administration of the statutes are noted. The paper describes difliculties for mental health professionals attempting to substantiate psychological injuries, and addresses ethical issues related to tension between the nature of science and the requirements of administrative systems. Knowledge regarding idormational requirements and evaluative criteria used by OWCP is necessary to effectively substantiate the work‐relatedness of an injury. The paper provides guidelines concerning these requirements and criteria.
Death penalty mitigation and cult membership: The case of the Kirtland killings
Authors: McPherson Sandra B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen cult activities precipitate violence against others, the interface of religious belief and practice, and law becomes complex. Personal and group psychological factors can assume importance not only to explain the crimes, but also in the processing of cases, particularly where a death penalty/mitigation trial is involved. While destructive cult membership has not been accepted in the legal system as a basis for an insanity plea, mitigation from the death penalty or other reduced responsibility outcomes can be justified and was effective in defence of Kirtland cult members. Outcomes in the Kirtland case reflected statutory requirements and procedural operations in complex constellations with roughly proportionate results. The paper details specifics of the case, defense strategies, prosecutorial functions, and religious and psychological underpinnings which led into acts for which neither religious freedom nor psychological disturbance could exempt from Penalty.
Scientology and its ‘clear’ business
Authors: Passas Nikos , Castillo Manuel Escamilla 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Church of Scientology (COS) has been the center of controversy and moral panics around the world. Many of its critics, including government and professional bodies suggest that it is a “destructive cult” with values in conflict with society. Against such views, it is argued that the CoS both reflects and relies on conventional values. The CoS is analyzed as a successful commercial enterprise which, seeking to achieve its goals, occasionally adopts illicit means. The CoS's business is also deviant in that it denies its commercial structure. Ironically, it is this very denial, this very deviance that helps explain its survival and success.
Cults and the law: A discussion of the legality of alleged cult activities
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. , Pfeifer Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent news reports show that there is, yet again, increasing concern regarding cults and satanic cults. Among the concerns raised is the fear that cults may be engaging in illegal activity, including abducting and sacrificing humans. A survey was conducted in the United States and Canada to assess the attitudes of people regarding cults and satanic cults, and to identify those activities in which people believe cults engage. It is suggested that all religions began as “cults” and a brief review of the law concerning the free exercise of religion demonstrates that several religious groups have been treated with suspect, and have even been referred to as cults (e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons). Results from the survey are used to consider the extent to which the activities in which cults are thought to engage are legal. It is concluded that many of the activities in which cults are believed to engage are really mere beliefs that are protected by the first amendment. For those activities that are illegal, it is suggested that current laws are adequate to protect society from whatever harm people believe cults pose.
Bias in sentencing: A preliminary analysis of community service sentences
Authors: Meeker James W. , Jesilow Paul , Aranda Joseph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDebate regarding judicial bias in sentencing remains intense despite numerous studies on the subject. Recent research has emphasized the roles of judicial discretion and the cumulative effect of bias in the criminal justice system. This article employs preliminary data from community service sentencing to explore ethnic and gender biases for a sample of defendants. It is argued that these data have unique advantages for disentangling the effect of bias from other items, including prior record, seriousness of offense, and initial plea. The data reveal both ethnic and gender biases in sentencing under circumstances where judges have discretion, but no biases where discretion is limited.
Multicollinearity and the use of regression analyses in discrimination litigation
Authors: Paetzold Ramona L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMulticollinearity is a problem that can adversely affect the estimation of coefficients in regression equations. The types of regression models used as evidence in employment discrimination cases may be particularly susceptible to estimation problems resulting from multicollinearity, yet courts have in most instances failed to address this difficulty.This paper discusses the problems associated with multi‐ collinearity and suggests possible sources of the multicolli‐ nearity, particularly in the context of employment discrimination litigation. An academic example demonstrates how multicollinearity can be identified and corrected. Other possible techniques for curing the multicollinearity or reducing its effects are also presented. The related problem of “tainted” variables, often discussed by courts in employment discrimination litigation, is differentiated from the multicollinearity problem. For regression equations to be reliable and for inferences regarding discrimination to be accurately made, courts should concern themselves with multicollinearity, and not so‐called “tainting.”
Therapeutic jurisprudence and conflicts among values in mental health law
Authors: Schopp Robert F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTherapeutic Jurisprudence provides a conceptual framework for a research agenda designed to promote development of legal rules, procedures, and roles in a manner consistent with the therapeutic mission of the mental health system. As such, it draws attention to the tension between the jurisprudential values of autonomy and well‐being that permeates mental health law specifically and the law and ethics of health care generally. This article advances an analysis of these values in the context of the patient‐centered approach to health care. The article endorses a priority for the deontic aspect of autonomy over well‐being but allows balancing of the consequentialist component of autonomy against well‐being. Finally, it applies this framework to several traditionally difficult types of cases.
Psychological jurisprudence and the information processing paradigm
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Watts Barbara A. , Stolle Dennis P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to further recent work in the psychology of jurisprudence. After summarizing the value positions that are central to a jurisprudence that emphasizes the role of law in the everyday lives of individuals, we examine the interaction between the tenets of that philosophy and the paradigmatic content of psycholegal research. We propose that one dominant perspective, information processing, assumes that legal actors are imperfect processors of social information and proceeds to document biases and propose ways for the law to minimize shortcomings in human cognition. After summarizing the emerging theory of psychological jurisprudence, we discuss the information processing paradigm in psychology and law, illustrating its contributions with three recent studies. Next, we present an empirical analysis of abstracts from the last 5 years of empirical research to demonstrate that there is a representative body of information processing research in psychology and law. Following this is an in‐depth assessment of a sample of cognitive and social cognitive studies, detailing the scientific and normative issues that make up this literature. Finally, we conclude with some recommendations for jurisprudential theorists and psycholegal researchers which will integrate the philosophy of psychology and law with its empirical underpinnings.
A follow‐up of families disputing child custody/access: Assessment, settlement, and family relationship outcomes
Authors: Radovanovic Helen , Bartha Christina , Magnatta Michael , Hood Eric , Sagar Ameeta , McDonough Hanna 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this pilot study, 49 parents who had been involved in a custody and/or access assessment several years previously responded to a structured telephone survey. Information about eventual settlement processes, custody and access arrangements, satisfaction with the clinical assessment, children's adjustment, family relationships, and ongoing family problems was gathered an average of two and one half years after the assessment. Sole custody arrangements evidenced the greatest degree of stability from assessment to follow‐up, while joint custody arrangements were more unstable. Visitation was not occurring for a substantial number of children (35%) at follow‐up, even when it was recommended on a regular and frequent basis. Although parents reported little or no ongoing contact with their ex‐spouse, they also reported continuing concerns and new problems with respect to the other parent or their children. The impact of this form of “parallel parenting” is discussed within the context of high‐conflict, multiproblem families.
Legal and psychological considerations in the development of a euthanasia statute for adults in the united states
Authors: Maier Donna M. , Newman Michael J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article discusses legal and psychological factors relevant to the drafting of euthanasia statute for adults in the United States including legal and medical definitions of death; the distinction between passive and active euthanasia; living wills and advance directives; the psychological states found among those with a terminal illness; competency determinations; and currently proposed euthanasia models. Discussed at length are six different scenarios for which unique legal and psychological considerations apply to the euthanasia decision. The authors recommend that, if state or federal legislators draft euthanasia legislation, these factors should be incorporated into the statute.
Emotional damages due to wrongful death—what are they worth?
Authors: Terman Stanley A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rational methodology based on economic and psychiatric theory is presented to quantify the dollar amount of emotional damages for a wrongful death. The scope and the issue of admissibility of such hedonic damage testimony are considered. Anew scale, the Loss of Enjoyment of Life—Severity Scale (LEL‐SS), is introduced and its development is traced. The clinical evaluation of the emotional consequences of a wrongful death go beyond bereavement, encompassing depression and the more global construct of loss of enjoyment of life. To illustrate a clinical evaluation, the case of a mother in the wrongful death of her child is presented, and the dollar amount for emotional damages is calculated. To justify the hopes that this methodology will help settle cases more frequently without the need for trial, reasons are given why both plaintiffs and defendants should be interested in this approach.
Of witches, madmen, and products liability: An historical survey of the use of expert testimony
Authors: Landsman Stephan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe United States Supreme Court's recent decision in Daubert v. Mewell Dour Pharmaceutical Inc. has focused attention on judicial treatment of expert testimony. A survey of the development of the forensic use of such testimony helps to explain the salient characteristics of modem American practice. The survey, in the context of medical experts, discloses a several centuries long trend toward an adversarial approach that places selection, preparation, and presentation of expert witness testimony ever more completely in the hands of the litigants. This trend has been challenged since at least the 1800s by those desiring an inquisitorial alternative featuring court's witnesses or neutral panels of experts. These proposals have generally been rejected. Daubert represents a modest step in the direction of greater judicial control of the presentation of expert evidence but raises questions about the evenhandedness of heightened judicial scrutiny of proffered expert testimony.
Compensation for pain, suffering, and other psychological injuries: The ofDauberton employment discrimination claims
Authors: Goodman‐Delahunty Jane , Foote William E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTheDaubertstandard for admitting expert testimony places increased emphasis on the scientific basis for professional opinions. This article identifies factors mental health professionals should consider to meet that standard and Federal Rule of Evidence 702 when evaluating claims of psychological injuries as authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, in cases of sexual harassment, retaliation, and other forms of employment discrimination. First, the contribution experts can make by presenting a framework to assess and understand the nature, duration, intensity and severity of emotional injuries is outlined. Specialized knowledge helpful in assessing these claims is reviewed in light of the scientific literature on stressors, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and ways in which related symptoms manifest regarding events in the workplace or following loss of employment. Second, the role of qualified experts to facilitate determinations of causation is discussed, highlighting factors that bear on preexisting harm, intervening injurious events, the exclusion of alternate sources of mental distress, emotional harm and humiliation, and mitigation of damages.
Influencing jurors' perceptions of guilt: Expression of emotionality during testimony
Authors: Salekin Randall T. , Ogloff James R. P. , McFarland Cathy , Rogers Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe emotionality of a defendant while giving testimony may have a significant effect on trial outcome. We presented mock jurors with videotaped testimony and excerpts of court transcripts to determine if the emotional display of a defendant influenced the jurors' perceptions of guilt. A factorial design was employed that varied gender (male\female defendant) and emotional expression (flat affect, moderate affect, high affect). The results revealed that level of emotion significantly affected perceptions of guilt among mock jurors for the female but not for the male defendant. Specifically, participants were likely to perceive the accused as more guilty when she displayed extreme affect (either flat or high affect), and less guilty when she displayed moderate affect during her testimony.
Ethical and legal issues in conducting research involving elderly subjects
Authors: High Dallas M. , Doole Mary M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOlder people are increasingly the focus of biomedical and behavioral research not only because the elderly constitute the fastest growing segment of our population but because there is a societal concern to improve the alderfly's quality of life. The profound need to advance that research carries with it an equally profound obligation to protect the rights and welfare of elderly research subjects, and thus raises difficult ethical and legal issues. Against a background of foundational principles for the protection of human subjects, we discuss whether older subjects should be treated as a special class, the ethical and legal issues over informed consent, capacities for consent, and special problems related to cognitive impairment. We discuss surrogate/proxy consent procedures in research, recruitment of elderly subjects, conflicts of interest, special problems regarding institutional research, and risk/benefit analyses. We offer recommendations and practical guidelines for conducting current and future research involving elderly participants.
Memory processes in elderly eyewitnesses: What we know and what we don't know
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch is reviewed on the memory abilities of elderly eyewitnesses. Two major issues are addressed: First, how credible are elderly witnesses? Second, how accurate are they? Despite negative stereotypes regarding elderly eyewitnesses, they do not necessarily lack credibility at trial. In terms of their memory performance, older witnesses are as accurate as young adults in many respects, but they are particularly vulnerable to misleading information that is presented after the witnessed event. Furthermore, their performance varies depending on the type of information that is sought and the manner in which their memory is assessed. Recommendations are made for improving the reliability of testimony that is offered by elderly eyewitnesses.
Elder mistreatment: Legal interventions and policy uncertainties
Authors: Kapp Marshall B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article descriptively overviews the important and growing contemporary American phenomenon of abuse, neglect, and exploitation of older persons in home and institutional settings by their informal and formal caregivers. The article first discusses definitions and forms of elder mistreatment, followed by a summary of risk factors for victims and mistreaters. The role of health and social service providers in the identification, referral, treatment, reporting, and proof of suspected cases of elder mistreatment is then surveyed. Specific societal interventions based on the state's parens patriae authority to protect the most vulnerable citizens are listed, as are some of the most vexing ethical and public policy questions confronting policy makers and practitioners about society's proper response to the unpleasant reality that older people are sometimes seriously mistreated. The article concludes with a discussion of the researcher's obligation to report elder mistreatment which is observed during the come of the research.
Autonomy for nursing home residents: The role of regulations
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Werner Perla , Weinfield Michael , Braun Judith , Kraft Gladys , Gerber Barbara , Willens Steve 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe importance of autonomy and choice to nursing home residents' well‐being has been well established. This paper examines the complex role of regulation as it affects the autonomy of nursing home residents. Nonstandardized interviews with residents, family members, nursing staff members, and administrators were conducted at three nursing homes in suburban Maryland. These anecdotal interviews identified the most problematic areas where regulations enforce barriers to autonomy and control. These areas include: scheduling of activities of daily living, food portions, physical environment, and documentation. Suggestions for possible improvements are discussed.
III. Mitteil. über Isochroman. Spaltung von Di‐[Isochromanyl‐(1)]‐Äther Eine Cannizzaro‐Reaktion in Saurem Medium
Authors: Rieche Alfred , Schmitz Ernst 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas Acetal Di‐[isochromanyl‐(1)]‐äther erleidet beim Erhitzen mit starken Säuren Disproportionierung in 1 Mol. Äther (Isochroman) und 1 Mol. Lacton (Isochromanon‐(1)). Diese Spaltung entspricht der Cannizzaro‐Reaktion, wird aber im Gegensatz zu dieser durch H‐Ionen herbeigeführt.
Lupinen‐Alkaloide, V. Synthese des DL‐Aphyllins, des DL Desoxy‐Lupanolins Sowie Weiterer Vertreter und Abkömmlinge der C15‐lupinen‐alkaloide
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Weise Wolfgang , Sander Hans , Hanke Hand‐Gerhard , Winterfeldt Ekkehard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird die Synthese des DL‐Aphyllins – eines Alkaloids aus Anabasis aphylla – beschrieben. Ein isomeres Lactam, das identisch ist mit dem Desoxy‐lupanolin, sowie die beiden restlichen isomeren werden ebenfalls dargestellt. Die drei isomeren sparteine werden auf einem neuen Wege aufgebaut.