bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crop area change in the context of civil war in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Peterson Seth , Husak Greg , Shukla Shraddhanand , McNally Amy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Smallholder, rain-fed agriculture has been practiced in Tigray, Ethiopia for thousands of years, so farmers have experience with natural disturbances. However, civil war began in November 2020 and disrupted the agricultural system through theft and destruction of farming implements, livestock, and crops, and threats towards human activity, impacting farmers’ ability to work their land. To investigate effects on agricultural activity we used remote sensing data and machine learning methods to map cropped area across Tigray from 2017 to 2022. Specifically, spectral mixture analysis was applied to Sentinel-2 data to produce green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, soil, and shade endmember fractions. Monthly medians of these fractions, along with reference data generated by manual interpretation of very high spatial resolution data, were used to drive random forests-based classifications of crop/no-crop for each year. Initially we used a greenness threshold to distinguish between active and abandoned fields for a given year, but when rainfall is adequate, fields abandoned due to conflict can green up with weeds rather than crops, leading to false positive crop detections. In the spring, abandoned fields have a bright soil crust due to a lack of plowing, so these fields were removed from the crop reference data if the March soil endmember fraction anomaly was greater than 0.15. Overall accuracies of the crop/no-crop maps ranged from 80% to 90% for the different districts. Producer’s/user’s accuracies for the crop class ranged from 55%–80%/69%–90%. In 2021, crop area declined by 29% and 20% in West and Northwest Tigray, respectively, corresponding with reports of intense conflict there. The rest of Tigray showed a mix of smaller increases and decreases, indicating more resilience to the regional conflict. Finally, in 2022 we found increases in cropped area relative to 2021, for all districts except West Tigray, indicating recovery except for the areas where conflict was most severe.
Hamiltonian Lie algebroids
Authors: Blohmann Christian , Weinstein Alan 
Published: March 2024

In previous work with M.C. Fernandes, we found a Lie algebroid symmetry for the Einstein evolution equations. The present work was motivated by the effort to combine this symmetry with the hamiltonian structure of the equations to explain the coisotropic structure of the constraint subset for the initial value problem. In this paper, we extend the notion of hamiltonian structure from Lie algebra actions to general Lie algebroids over presymplectic manifolds. Application of this construction to the problem in general relativity is still work in progress.

After comparing a number of possible compatibility conditions between an anchor map

A
→
T
M

A\to TM

on a vector bundle

A
A

and a presymplectic structure on the base

M
M

, we choose the most natural of them, best formulated in terms of a suitably chosen connection on

A
A

. We define a notion of momentum section of

A
∗

A^*

, and, when

A
A

is a Lie algebroid, we specify a condition for compatibility with the Lie algebroid bracket. Compatibility conditions on an anchor, a Lie algebroid bracket, a momentum section, a connection, and a presymplectic structure are then the defining properties of a hamiltonian Lie algebroid. For an action Lie algebroid with the trivial connection, the conditions reduce to those for a hamiltonian action. We show that the clean zero locus of the momentum section of a hamiltonian Lie algebroid is a coisotropic submanifold. To define morphisms of hamiltonian Lie algebroids, we express the structure in terms of a bigraded algebra generated by Lie algebroid forms and de Rham forms on its base. We give an Atiyah-Bott type characterization of a bracket-compatible momentum map; it is equivalent to a closed basic extension of the presymplectic form, within the generalization of the BRST model of equivariant cohomology to Lie algebroids. We show how to construct a groupoid by reduction of an action Lie groupoid

G
×
M

G\times M

by a subgroup

H
H

of

G
G

which is not necessarily normal, and we find conditions which imply that a hamiltonian structure descends to such a reduced Lie algebroid.

We consider many examples and, in particular, find that the tangent Lie algebroid over a symplectic manifold is hamiltonian with respect to some connection if and only if the symplectic structure has a nowhere vanishing primitive. Recent results of Stratmann and Tang show that this is the case whenever the symplectic structure is exact.
Law and Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book examines how legal and policy actors negotiate the demands of controlling crime and respecting individual rights against a background of uncertain scientific knowledge. Bringing together insights from criminology, psychiatry, psychology, and law, it unpicks competing images of ‘dangerous’ offenders and the dilemmas they present. It does so by tracing the creation of a new group—‘dangerous people with severe personality disorders’—by policymakers in England and Wales in 1999—and by situating contemporary debates about ‘dangerous’ offenders within a historical context. Through a critique of sentencing law, mental health law, and human rights law, this book further examines an alluring narrative: that the state has a duty to protect the public from ‘dangerous’ individuals, but that it can protect the human rights of the ‘dangerous’ by providing them with rehabilitation opportunities. While human rights law is often invoked as a means of curbing the excesses of preventive justice, this book demonstrates that the European Court of Human Rights tends to legitimize coercive measures. Furthermore, the criminal law legitimizes the punishment of offenders with mental disorders by resisting psychiatric evidence that they are not fully responsible for their actions. But the law also has the resources to tackle these seemingly intractable dilemmas, and this book therefore puts forward modest reform proposals.
The Origins of the Construct of Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical factors and modern concerns that shaped the emergence of the construct of ‘dangerous people with severe personality disorder’ (DSPD). It demonstrates that the DSPD debate is best understood as the latest instalment in a decades-old battle between the proponents of liberal legal principles and advocates for the preventive detention of potentially dangerous individuals. It shows that the problems that offenders with personality disorder presented for government in the 1980s and 1990s went beyond the headline idea that psychiatrists were refusing to detain ‘untreatable’ patients. These problems included long-standing concerns about the risks that disturbed and violent prisoners posed to order, safety, and discipline in prisons, and the risks posed to the reputation of secure hospitals by patients who subverted management regimes. The provision of tailored treatments for ‘dangerous’ offenders presented a means of responding not only to threats to the authority of the state as the guardian of public security but also to its ability to protect the safety of staff and inmates in institutions and to maintain control over them.
The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the reforms undertaken in the name of the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) Pathway, which came to replace the DSPD Programme in 2011. The OPD Pathway suggests that mental health support follows risk in the criminal justice system, as prisoners who are not considered to pose significant management problems or a high risk of serious reoffending are likely to be left out of services that could benefit them. Conversely, the broad definition of personality disorder under the Pathway risks applying a stigmatizing label to individuals who may not meet the clinical criteria. This chapter further presents an account of a new penal subject constructed by the Pathway: a traumatized subject whose offending and challenging behaviour is a re-enactment of past traumas. This subject has the potential to amplify the clash between therapeutic cultures and cultures of control within prisons. However, the OPD Pathway also suggests a tendency to pathologize disruptive or challenging behaviours and to attribute these behaviours to individual failings rather than to structural failings within the prison system. Treatment under the OPD Pathway further tends to place responsibility on the individual for managing both their risk of reoffending and the symptoms of trauma. This suggests that the radical potential of trauma-informed practice is being compromised in favour of prison culture.
Culpability, Responsibility, and Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how sentencing judges in England and Wales determine whether individual offenders belong in the criminal justice or mental health system, or should be managed by a combination of both. It draws out the principles that courts apply when choosing between a sentence with a punitive element and a wholly therapeutic hospital order under the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983. Leading cases from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) tend to prioritize punishing offenders who retain some culpability despite their mental disorder and to take a precautionary approach to public protection that favours indeterminate prison sentences for ‘dangerous’ offenders. Drawing on insights from the history of the criminal law and Cyrus Tata’s concept of ‘case-cleansing’, this chapter shows that judges borrow doctrines from the trial stage to determine culpability at sentencing stage. This may be understood as an effort to resist the challenge psychiatric evidence presents to the criminal law’s authority to punish responsible offenders. Furthermore, judges have borrowed and reshaped the ‘treatability’ criterion from the original MHA 1983 to prevent patients from being discharged from hospital while they still pose a risk to the public. These sentencing policies fail to take into account the very real risks imprisonment poses to vulnerable offenders. In human rights terms, courts should seek to protect offenders from real risks of death or serious harm in prison and make use of the full range of alternatives to imprisonment.
Reflections
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws out the implications of the findings of this study for criminological and legal theory and for the rights and interests of individuals. It demonstrates that law and policy seeks to shape ‘dangerous’ individuals into responsible citizens by treating them as responsible for reforming themselves. Given the clear priority accorded to security over individual liberty in the ‘balance’ struck by human rights law, the offer of rehabilitation may be understood as an effort to render coercive preventive measures taken in the pursuit of security more palatable for liberal governments. Furthermore, reliance on rehabilitative interventions as a means of ‘balancing’ competing rights in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an inadequate safeguard against disproportionate punishment. It sketches out some modest suggestions for addressing these problems. These proposals would ensure more parsimonious use of preventive detention under both the criminal law and mental health law, provide opportunities for rehabilitation on a voluntary basis, and facilitate more realistic tests of recidivism risk. These proposals will have to contend with the symbolic nature of efforts to reassure the public that they are protected from individuals who provoke fear. Creating a productive dialogue between the public, policymakers, experts, people who work within criminal justice or mental health services, and those affected by penal and mental health policies, could be one way forward.
A “Cute Little Beaute from Butte, Montana” (But actually, from Boston)
Authors: Erdman Andrew L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Julian Eltinge’s father, Joe Dalton, took his family around America looking to make a fortune. Like other men of his day, he was drawn to the West, where it was assumed one could become prosperous and powerful with enough grit and determination. But Joe Dalton never managed to find what he was looking for. His enterprising son, however, fell further in love with the theatre, sneaking out of the house to watch shows at Butte, Montana’s music halls, and performing casually, sometimes in skirts, for miners, hotel guests, and friends. This was an age that saw an enthusiastic rise in the use of drag by all-male clubs and organizations, from college musical fraternities to business entities. Joe Dalton was eventually forced back to Boston to join his wife and son who had already returned East where the seeds of Julian Eltinge’s future would presently take root.
Mr. Simplicity, or a Cadet-Turned-Chorus-Girl
Authors: Erdman Andrew L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
By the late 1890s, Julian Eltinge and his mother had returned to Boston. The failed family patriarch, Joe Dalton, would shortly give up his quest for riches and return as well. Eltinge—still just Billy Dalton—looked for a trade, and worked for a time in a millinery shop, giving him a sense of fashion trends. He soon became a student of the highly reputed dancing coach Lilla Viles Wyman, who taught him to cakewalk. The lad, intent on honing his singing, dancing, and performing skills, was soon invited to appear in drag at society functions. His big break came when he appeared in an all-male musical produced by Boston’s First Corps of Cadets. Playwright and Cadets’ creative director Robert A. Barnet saw in Billy Dalton a special talent: a gifted female imitator who could sing, dance, and act. Dalton decided on a new name and other creative fabrications.
From Crinoline to Celluloid
Authors: Erdman Andrew L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
With The Fascinating Widow, Julian Eltinge became a superstar. A. H. Woods would produce several other successful yet formulaic shows with Eltinge portraying a semi-tough guy who ends up needing to crossdress to resolve flimsily constructed plot twists. Woods and his star also launched Julian Eltinge Magazine plus a line of beauty products. A. H. Woods built the Julian Eltinge Theatre on West 42nd Street; it opened in 1912 and housed many successful shows but none featuring the man whose name was on the building. But by 1917 Eltinge had had enough of the stage and announced he was going to Hollywood to make pictures for the Famous Players–Lasky studio. Even being admitted to the vaunted Lambs and Friars theatrical fraternities did not keep Julian Eltinge in New York. He was off to the California for a new life and renewed prospects in the field of moving pictures.
The Twenties
Authors: Erdman Andrew L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Movies had served Julian Eltinge well. But they were an unpredictable business, as the actor learned when a war–themed picture he made was abruptly shelved when peace unexpectedly alit in Europe. The impersonation artist pivoted between returning to vaudeville and committing fully to motion pictures, but he ultimately had to go where the work was. Because big-time vaudeville was on the decline, Eltinge found himself mounting revues in nightclubs, dinner cabarets, and cocktail lounges. Times were changing, though, and the “speakeasy culture” he found himself increasingly working in was sometimes viewed with suspicion as a haunt of gay men and transvestic inverts. During this period, the artist also became a mentor and éminence grise for college musical crossdressers, sponsoring and guiding a few proteges.
Robotic Repair: An Alternative Technique for Rectus Diastasis and Abdominal Bulge Following DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Herold Kaila , Stoddard Timothy , Rodriguez-Unda Nelson , LoGiudice John , Hettinger Patrick , Higgins Rana M , Doren Erin L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction. Despite advances in perforator dissection, abdominal morbidity still occurs. Traditional rectus diastasis (RD), abdominal bulge, and hernia repair with open techniques are associated with higher complication rates and recurrence.

Objectives
We present a novel case series of robotic repair of symptomatic RD and/or abdominal bulge with concurrent hernia following DIEP flap surgery.

Methods
A single-center, retrospective review was conducted of 10 patients who underwent bilateral DIEP flap breast reconstruction and subsequent robotic repair of RD and/or abdominal bulge and hernia. Preoperative demographics and postoperative clinical outcomes were reviewed. RD up to 5 cm, abdominal bulge, and any concurrent ventral/umbilical hernias were repaired robotically with retrorectus plication and macroporous mesh reinforcement.

Results
The average age and BMI were 49 years (range 41-63) and 31 kg/m2 (range 26-44), respectively. The average number of perforators harvested per flap was 2.5 (range 1-4). Average RD and hernia size were 3.95 cm (range 2-5) and 5.8 cm2 (1-15), respectively. Eight patients stayed 1 night in the hospital, and 2 went home the same day as the robotic repair. No patients were converted to open technique and none experienced complications within 30 days.

Conclusions
For patients who experience donor site morbidity following DIEP flap breast reconstruction, minimally invasive robotic repair of RD and/or abdominal bulge with hernia can be performed with mesh reinforcement. This technique is effective, with low complication rates, and should be considered over open repair.

Level of Evidence: 4
Sex-specific nest attendance rhythm and foraging habitat use in a colony-breeding waterbird
Authors: Lok Tamar , van der Geest Matthijs , de Goeij Petra , Rakhimberdiev Eldar , Piersma Theunis 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In most colony-breeding species, biparental care during both egg incubation and chick-rearing is inevitable for successful reproduction, requiring parents to coordinate their nest attendance and foraging time. The extent to which the rhythm of nest attendance is adjusted to temporal and spatial variation in food availability is poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether the rhythm of nest attendance interacts with the spatial and temporal availability of foraging habitats in Eurasian spoonbills Platalea leucorodia breeding on Schiermonnikoog, a Dutch Wadden Sea barrier island. Spoonbills are tactile foragers that forage during both day and night in habitats of varying salinity. GPS-tracking combined with acceleration-based behavioral classification of 9 female and 13 male adult spoonbills between 2013 and 2019 revealed that, despite nearby foraging opportunities following a tidal rhythm, nest attendance followed a sex-specific diel rhythm. During incubation and chick-rearing, females attended the nest at night and foraged during the day, while males showed the reverse rhythm. Females made more and shorter foraging trips to, almost exclusively, nearby marine habitats, whereas the larger males often made long trips to forage in more distant freshwater habitats. Before and after breeding, females as well as males foraged primarily at night, suggesting that this is the preferred period of foraging for both sexes. Nevertheless, foraging habitat use remained sex-specific, being most likely explained by size-dependent foraging techniques. To conclude, the sex-specific rhythm of nest attendance is not shaped by the spatial and temporal availability of foraging habitats.
Multiscale topology in interactomic network: from transcriptome to antiaddiction drug repurposing
Authors: Du Hongyan , Wei Guo-Wei , Hou Tingjun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The escalating drug addiction crisis in the United States underscores the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. This study embarked on an innovative and rigorous strategy to unearth potential drug repurposing candidates for opioid and cocaine addiction treatment, bridging the gap between transcriptomic data analysis and drug discovery. We initiated our approach by conducting differential gene expression analysis on addiction-related transcriptomic data to identify key genes. We propose a novel topological differentiation to identify key genes from a protein–protein interaction network derived from DEGs. This method utilizes persistent Laplacians to accurately single out pivotal nodes within the network, conducting this analysis in a multiscale manner to ensure high reliability. Through rigorous literature validation, pathway analysis and data-availability scrutiny, we identified three pivotal molecular targets, mTOR, mGluR5 and NMDAR, for drug repurposing from DrugBank. We crafted machine learning models employing two natural language processing (NLP)-based embeddings and a traditional 2D fingerprint, which demonstrated robust predictive ability in gauging binding affinities of DrugBank compounds to selected targets. Furthermore, we elucidated the interactions of promising drugs with the targets and evaluated their drug-likeness. This study delineates a multi-faceted and comprehensive analytical framework, amalgamating bioinformatics, topological data analysis and machine learning, for drug repurposing in addiction treatment, setting the stage for subsequent experimental validation. The versatility of the methods we developed allows for applications across a range of diseases and transcriptomic datasets.
Effect of colorectal cancer screening on colorectal cancer surgery outcomes: nationwide cohort study
Authors: Dressler Jannie , Njor Sisse H , Rasmussen Morten , Jørgensen Lars N 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
National colorectal cancer screening commenced in Denmark in 2014. Little is known about the effects of organized colorectal cancer screening on intraoperative and postoperative events. The aim of this nationwide cohort study was to evaluate the difference in intraoperative and postoperative outcomes between patients with screen-detected colorectal cancer and non-screen-detected colorectal cancer within the first 90 days after surgery.

Methods
National register data were collected for Danish residents diagnosed with colorectal cancer between January 2014 and March 2018. Outcomes for the two cohorts were reported as relative risk or weighted mean difference. Intraoperative outcomes were blood loss, blood transfusion, tumour perforation, and organ lesion. Postoperative outcomes were complications (surgical and non-surgical) and 90-day mortality. Discrete data estimates were calculated from a general linear model. Analyses were adjusted for potential healthy user bias with respect to sex, age, location of the cancer (colon/rectum), and Charlson co-morbidity index.

Results
In total, 10 606 patients were included. Compared with patients in the non-screen-detected colorectal cancer group (4497 patients), patients in the screen-detected colorectal cancer group (6109 patients) had reduced intraoperative blood loss (−52 mL, 95% c.i. −67 to −37, P &lt; 0.001), a shorter duration of hospitalization (−2.3 days, 95% c.i. −2.8 to −1.8, P &lt; 0.001), and reduced rates of intraoperative organ lesion (0.76, 95% c.i. 0.59 to 0.99, P = 0.042), surgical complications (0.79, 95% c.i. 0.73 to 0.87, P &lt; 0.001), non-surgical complications (0.68, 95% c.i. 0.60 to 0.78, P &lt; 0.001), and 90-day mortality (0.29, 95% c.i. 0.21 to 0.39, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
In comparison with non-screen-detected colorectal cancer, surgery for screen-detected colorectal cancer remains associated with improvement in several intraoperative and early postoperative outcomes after considering healthy user bias.