bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐dependent Changes in Body Size of Greek Boys From 1982 to 2002
Authors: Magkos Faidon , Manios Yannis , Christakis George , Kafatos Anthony G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The prevalence of childhood obesity has been rising during the past decades in many parts of the world, including Greece. The dispersion of these trends across age, however, is less clear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between age and 20‐year changes in anthropometric characteristics of Greek boys.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 204 and 106 boys 9 years old, 163 and 274 boys 12 years old, and 161 and 240 boys 15 years old were randomly recruited in 1982 and 2002, respectively, throughout the county of Iraklio, Crete, Greece. Height, weight, and BMI were measured.Results: Contemporary 9 and 12 year olds were taller than their peers in 1982 (+2.9% and +1.2%, respectively; p < 0.005), but this was not the case for 15 year olds (−0.8%; p = 0.083). Body weight and BMI were higher now than in the 1980s, and this held true for all age groups (p < 0.001). Increases in weight also showed a decline with advancing age (+17.4%, +13.9%, and +4.0% for 9, 12, and 15 year olds, respectively), whereas BMI changes were similar for those 9 and 12 years of age (∼10.5%), but were almost 2‐fold higher than in 15 year olds (+5.5%).Discussion: Contemporary boys are taller, heavier, and have higher BMI values than their peers in 1982, but the magnitude of these increases gradually declines with advancing age. Rates of increase in BMI, however, seem to have greatly accelerated compared with previous decades.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Secular Trends for Childhood BMI, Weight, and Height
Authors: Freedman David S. , Khan Laura Kettel , Serdula Mary K. , Ogden Cynthia L. , Dietz William H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The prevalence of childhood overweight in the United States has markedly increased over the last 30 years. We examined differences in the secular trends for BMI, weight, and height among white, black, and Mexican‐American children.Research Methods and Procedures: Analyses were based on nationally representative data collected from 2 to 17 year olds in four examinations (1971–1974 through 1999–2002).Results: Overall, black children experienced much larger secular increases in BMI, weight, and height than did white children. For example, over the 30‐year period, the prevalence of overweight increased ∼3‐fold (4% to 13%) among 6‐ to 11‐year‐old white children but 5‐fold (4% to 20%) among black children. In most sex‐age groups, Mexican‐American children experienced increases in BMI and overweight that were between those experienced by blacks and whites. Race/ethnicity differences were less marked among 2 to 5 year olds, and in this age group, white children experienced the largest increase in overweight (from 4% to 9%). In 1999–2002, the prevalence of extreme BMI levels (≥99th percentile) reached 6% to 7% among black girls and Mexican‐American boys.Discussion: Because of the strong tracking of childhood BMI levels into adulthood, it is likely that the secular increases in childhood overweight will greatly increase the burden of adult disease. The further development of obesity interventions in different racial/ethnic groups should be emphasized.
Serum Amyloid A: A Marker of Adiposity‐induced Low‐grade Inflammation but Not of Metabolic Status
Authors: Poitou Christine , Coussieu Christiane , Rouault Christine , Coupaye Muriel , Cancello Raffaella , Bedel Jean‐François , Gouillon Madeleine , Bouillot Jean‐Luc , Oppert Jean‐Michel , Basdevant Arnaud , Clément Karine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adipocytes secrete a series of acute phase proteins including serum amyloid A (SAA); the link with metabolic status is unknown. We studied the variations of expression of the SAA gene in adipose and liver tissues and of SAA serum levels, as well as their relationships with metabolic features during weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasmatic variations of SAA, inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, fibrinogen, and orosomucoid), and adipokines (adiponectin, leptin) were studied in 60 morbidly obese patients before and after gastric surgery. For 10 subjects, SAA mRNA expression was measured at baseline in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) and visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) and in the liver. The evolution of SAA mRNA expression was also studied after surgery in scWAT.Results: SAA serum concentration displayed a significant reduction 3 months after surgery and remained stable beyond 6 months. mRNA expression of inducible SAA isoforms (SAA 1 and 2) in scWAT was higher than in vWAT (p = 0.01) and the liver (p < 0.01) and correlated significantly with BMI, SAA, and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein serum concentrations but not with metabolic markers (glucose, insulin, lipid parameters, adiponectin). SAA serum level and its variation during weight loss significantly correlated with adiposity markers (BMI and adipocyte volume, p < 0.01) and inflammatory markers but not with variations of metabolic parameters. The variations of SAA expression in scWAT after surgery correlated with changes in BMI and SAA protein serum levels (p < 0.05).Discussion: SAA can be considered as a marker of adiposity‐induced low‐grade inflammation but not of the metabolic status of obese subjects.
Adiponectin, Visceral Fat, Oxidative Stress, and Early Macrovascular Disease: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
Authors: Steffes Michael W. , Gross Myron D. , Lee Duk‐Hee , Schreiner Pamela J. , Jacobs David R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adiponectin is a collagen‐like product of visceral fat that offers apparent protection against macrovascular disease. We evaluated the relationships of concentrations of adiponectin with oxidative stress and the major risk factors for and/or the presence of macrovascular disease.Research Methods and Procedures: Adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from 3045 fasting participants (ages 33 to 45) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Cross‐sectional correlation of the concentrations of adiponectin with F2‐isoprostane concentrations (a marker of systemic oxidative damage), coronary artery calcification (CAC; an estimate of early macrovascular disease), and several macrovascular risk factors was analyzed.Results: F2‐isoprostanes and CAC were unrelated to adiponectin after minimal adjustment for gender, race, and center. After additional adjustment for insulin resistance and waist circumference and other macrovascular risk factors, adiponectin correlated positively with high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p < 0.0001), F2‐isoprostanes (p < 0.0001), and CAC (less strongly, p < 0.01) and negatively with triglycerides (p < 0.0001) and C‐reactive protein (marking inflammation, p = 0.01).Discussion: Although these data are consistent with reduced cardiovascular disease risk imparted by adiponectin, the higher circulating levels of adiponectin present with oxidative stress and CAC (adjusting for waist and insulin resistance) may indicate an enhanced adiponectin secretory response of adipose tissue to the metabolic environment present in the early development of macrovascular disease. Thus, the elevated levels of adiponectin may comprise an attempt to alleviate risk for additional development and progression of macrovascular disease in an at‐risk environment.
Visceral Fat Is an Independent Predictor of All‐cause Mortality in Men
Authors: Kuk Jennifer L. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Nichaman Milton Z. , Church Timothy S. , Blair Steven N. , Ross Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the independent associations of abdominal fat (visceral and subcutaneous) and liver fat with all‐cause mortality.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 291 men [97 decedents and 194 controls; mean age, 56.4 ± 12.0 (SD) years] who received a computed tomography (CT) examination at the preventive medicine clinic in Dallas, TX, between 1995 and 1999, with a mean mortality follow‐up of 2.2 ± 1.3 years. Abdominal fat was determined using contiguous CT images from the L3‐L4 to L4‐L5 intervertebral space. Liver fat was assessed using the CT‐determined liver attenuation value, which is inversely related to liver fat. Logistic regression was used to determine the independent association between the fat depots and all‐cause mortality.Results: During the study, there were 97 deaths. Visceral fat [odds ratio (OR) per SD: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.23 to 2.73], abdominal subcutaneous fat (1.44; 1.02 to 2.03), liver fat (0.64; 0.46 to 0.87), and waist circumference (1.41; 1.01 to 1.98) were significant individual predictors of mortality after controlling for age and length of follow‐up. In a model including all three fat measures (subcutaneous, visceral, and liver fat), age, and length of follow‐up, only visceral fat (1.93; 1.15 to 3.23) was a significant predictor of mortality.Discussion: Visceral fat is a strong, independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in men.
Prevalence of Obese Patients in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Stecker Tracy , Sparks Shane 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous research has addressed the relationship between BMI and chronic disease in primary care; however, little has been done with regard to the association between obesity and depression in primary care. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between obesity and chronic conditions including depression.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from primary care patients seen at a university‐based family medicine clinic in the southeastern United States were extracted for the time between January 1, 1999 and January 1, 2002. Data extracted included most recent height and weight, age, ethnicity, pregnancy status, number of office visits, blood pressure, cholesterol, hemoglobin A1C, current diagnoses, and medications.Results: A total of 8197 patients were included in the analysis. Sixty‐nine percent of patients seen in a 3‐year period were either overweight or obese. Comparing blood pressure, cholesterol, diagnoses, and medications between BMI groups found differences in virtually all categories. Diagnoses of high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and depression significantly increased for obese patients.Discussion: Obese patients are over‐represented in primary care, and this over‐representation of obesity correlates with several diagnoses, including depression. Depression is a chronic disease that may interfere with health‐related behaviors and must be addressed within the health care system.
Effect of Gastric Bypass on Spontaneous Growth Hormone and Ghrelin Release Profiles
Authors: Mancini Marcio C. , Costa Ana P.A.C. , de Melo Maria Edna , Cercato Cintia , Giannella‐Neto Daniel , Garrido Arthur B. , Rosberg Sten , Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin , Villares Sandra M.F. , Halpern Alfredo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to analyze growth hormone (GH) concentrations in obese women before and after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and how resulting changes in weight, fat mass, ghrelin levels, and insulin sensitivity affect GH secretion.Research Methods and Procedures: Blood was sampled at 20‐minute intervals for 24 hours in 10 non‐diabetic premenopausal severely obese women before and 6 months after RYGBP. GH concentrations were measured in all samples, and serum ghrelin was collected at five time‐points.Results: After a 27% BMI drop (55.9 ± 6.2 to 40.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2), blunted GH profiles underwent partial recovery. Basal, postprandial, and mean ghrelin concentrations were not changed. A negative correlation was found between mean GH levels and insulin and homeostasis model assessment (p < 0.01). BMI accounted for 54% of GH variation.Discussion: Partial recovery of GH secretion after RYGBP‐induced weight loss suggests that a blunted secretion is not a causal factor of obesity but a consequence of the obese state and does not seem to be ghrelin‐level dependent.
Effect of Endothelin‐1 on Lipolysis in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Juan Chi‐Chang , Chang Li‐Wei , Huang Seng‐Wong , Chang Chih‐Ling , Lee Ching‐Yin , Chien Yueh , Hsu Yung‐Pei , Ho Pei‐Hsuan , Chen Yu‐Ching , Ho Low‐Tone 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore the role of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) on lipid metabolism, we examined the effect of ET‐1 on lipolysis in rat adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedure: Adipocytes isolated from male Sprague‐Dawley rats, weighing 400 to 450 grams, were incubated in Krebs‐Ringer buffer with or without 10−7 M ET‐1 for various times or with various concentrations of ET‐1 for 4 hours; then glycerol release into the incubation medium was measured. In addition, selective ETAR and ETBR blockers were used to identify the ET receptor subtype involved. We also explored the involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in ET‐1‐stimulated lipolysis using an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor and by measuring changes in intracellular cAMP levels in response to ET‐1 treatment. To further explore the underlying mechanism of ET‐1 action, we examined the involvement of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐mediated pathways.Results: Our results showed that ET‐1 caused lipolysis in rat adipocytes in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. BQ610, a selective ETAR blocker, blocked this effect. The adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, 2′, 5′‐dideoxyadenosine, had no effect on ET‐1‐stimulated lipolysis. ET‐1 did not induce an increase in intracellular cAMP levels. In addition, ET‐1‐induced lipolysis was blocked by inhibition of ERK activation using PD98059. Coincubation of cells with ET‐1 and insulin suppressed ET‐1‐stimulated lipolysis.Discussion: These findings show that ET‐1 stimulates lipolysis in rat adipocytes through the ETAR and activation of the ERK pathway. The underlying mechanism is cAMP‐independent. However, this non‐conventional lipolytic effect of ET‐1 is inhibited by the anti‐lipolytic effect of insulin.
Hormonal and Metabolic Effects of Olanzapine and Clozapine Related to Body Weight in Rodents
Authors: Albaugh Vance L. , Henry Cathy R. , Bello Nicholas T. , Hajnal Andras , Lynch Susan L. , Halle Beth , Lynch Christopher J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To characterize a model of atypical antipsychotic drug‐induced obesity and evaluate its mechanism.Research Methods and Procedures: Chronically, olanzapine or clozapine was self‐administered via cookie dough to rodents (Sprague‐Dawley or Wistar rats; C57Bl/6J or A/J mice). Chronic studies measured food intake, body weight, adiponectin, active ghrelin, leptin, insulin, tissue wet weights, glucose, clinical chemistry endpoints, and brain dopaminergic D2 receptor density. Acute studies examined food intake, ghrelin, leptin, and glucose tolerance.Results: Olanzapine (1 to 8 mg/kg), but not clozapine, increased body weight in female rats only. Weight changes were detectable within 2 to 3 days and were associated with hyperphagia starting ∼24 hours after the first dose. Chronic administration (12 to 29 days) led to adiposity, hyperleptinemia, and mild insulin resistance; no lipid abnormalities or changes in D2 receptor density were observed. Topiramate, which has reversed weight gain from atypical antipsychotics in humans, attenuated weight gain in rats. Acutely, olanzapine, but not clozapine, lowered plasma glucose and leptin. Increases in glucose, insulin, and leptin following a glucose challenge were also blunted.Discussion: A model of olanzapine‐induced obesity was characterized which shares characteristics of patients with atypical antipsychotic drug‐induced obesity; these characteristics include hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, and weight gain attenuation by topiramate. This model may be a useful and inexpensive model of uncomplicated obesity amenable to rapid screening of weight loss drugs. Olanzapine‐induced weight gain may be secondary to hyperphagia associated with acute lowering of plasma glucose and leptin, as well as the inability to increase plasma glucose and leptin following a glucose challenge.
Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance and BMI in Predicting Obesity‐Related Medical Conditions
Authors: Willett Kamali , Jiang Rui , Lenart Elizabeth , Spiegelman Donna , Willett Walter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the relative validity of specific bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) prediction equations and BMI as predictors of physiologically relevant general adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were >12, 000 men and women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population. We examined the correlations between BMI and percentage body fat based on 51 different predictive equations, blood pressure, and blood levels of glucose, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, which are known to reflect adiposity, while controlling for other determinants of these physiological measures.Results: BMI consistently had one of the highest correlations across biological markers, and no BIA‐based measure was superior. Percent body fat estimated from BIA was minimally predictive of the physiological markers independent of BMI.Discussion: These results suggest that BIA is not superior to BMI as a predictor of overall adiposity in a general population.
Rapid Infant Weight Gain Predicts Childhood Overweight
Authors: Dennison Barbara A. , Edmunds Lynn S. , Stratton Howard H. , Pruzek Robert M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine among a contemporary cohort whether rapid weight gain between birth and 6 months is associated with risk of childhood overweight and if this risk differs by ethnicity and/or breast‐feeding history.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional survey in 1999 to 2000 of parents/guardians of children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in New York State. Measurements were abstracted by chart review, including weight at birth and 6 months, and height and weight at time of survey and every 6 months subsequently. Overweight at 4 years of age was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th age‐ and sex‐specific percentiles.Results: The study sample was 32% Hispanic, 19% black, and 49% white; 17% of children were overweight. Rate of infant weight gain (expressed in terms of 100 g/mo) was significantly associated with being overweight at 4 years (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.6 after adjusting for history of breast‐feeding, birth weight, and ethnicity). The odds of being overweight at 4 years of age for Hispanic children were twice those of non‐Hispanic children (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3.3). The population‐attributable risk of overweight at 4 years of age was 19% for children in the highest quintile of infant weight gain.Discussion: Among this contemporary, multi‐ethnic cohort, rapid infant weight gain was associated with increased risk of being overweight at 4 years of age, independently of potential confounders. Identification of the risk factors contributing to rapid weight gain during infancy might improve early recognition and guide strategies for optimal nutrition to prevent the development of childhood overweight.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2005 Update
Authors: Rankinen Tuomo , Zuberi Aamir , Chagnon Yvon C. , Weisnagel S. John , Argyropoulos George , Walts Brandon , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper presents the 12th update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2005. Evidence from single‐gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTL) from animal cross‐breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2005, 176 human obesity cases due to single‐gene mutations in 11 different genes have been reported, 50 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 244 genes that, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 408. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we now have 253 QTLs for obesity‐related phenotypes from 61 genome‐wide scans. A total of 52 genomic regions harbor QTLs supported by two or more studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably, with 426 findings of positive associations with 127 candidate genes. A promising observation is that 22 genes are each supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and relevant sites can be found athttp:obesitygene.pbrc.edu
Temperature Dependence of O2 Consumption; Opposite Effects of Leptin and Etomoxir on Respiratory Quotient in Mice
Authors: Högberg Helena , Engblom Lars , Ekdahl Åsa , Lidell Veronica , Walum Erik , Alberts Pēteris 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The aims were to compare the temperature dependence of the metabolic rate in young ob/ob mice with that in mature ob/ob and db/db mice and to examine the effect on the metabolic substrate preference of leptin and etomoxir in ob/ob, C57BL/6J (wild‐type), and db/db mice.Research Methods and Procedures: In vivo oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were continuously measured by indirect calorimetry, and body temperature and total locomotor activity were measured by an implanted transponder. Leptin, etomoxir, or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally.Results: The temperature dependence of the metabolic rate of mature ob/ob and db/db mice were similar to that in wild‐type mice. In young 6‐week‐old ob/ob mice, the metabolic rate was almost doubled at 15 °C. Leptin (2 × 3 mg/kg) decreased the respiratory quotient (RQ) and carbon dioxide production but did not alter oxygen consumption, body temperature, or locomotor activity in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice and had no effect in the db/db mice. Etomoxir (2 × 30 mg/kg) enhanced RQ and decreased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and body temperature in ob/ob, C57BL/6J, and db/db mice. Total locomotor activity was reduced in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice.Discussion: In young ob/ob mice, the temperature sensitivity was enhanced compared with mature mice. Leptin and etomoxir had opposite effects on metabolic substrate preference. Leptin and lowered environmental temperature increased the relative fat oxidation as indicated by decreased RQ, possibly through activation of the sympathetic nervous system.