bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical, Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Bologna Sausage Made with Ostrich Meat
Authors: Fernández‐López J. , Sayas‐Barberá E. , Navarro C. , Sendra E. , Pérez‐Alvarez J.A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT:Three formulations of bologna were prepared, differing only by the lean meat used: (1) ostrich meat from Iliofibularis muscle (fan thigh), (2) ostrich meat from Femorotibialis medius muscle (tip thigh), and (3) beef meat from Subscapularis muscle (shoulder). Physical, chemical, and sensory analyses were made. The final products formulated with ostrich meat, although having a dark appearance, were acceptable in chemical composition and other sensory characteristics. The low fat and high protein content for ostrich bolognas will help to ensure that, if marketed in sufficient quantities, ostrich meat can successfully compete with other healthy meat products. The ostrich meat (Iliofibularis muscle) formula reached the highest general quality scores in the sensory evaluation.
The Importance of Taste and Other Product Factors to Consumer Interest in Nutraceutical Products: Civilian and Military Comparisons
Authors: Cardello A.V. , Schutz H.G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT:A conjoint analytic study was conducted with military and civilian consumers to assess the importance of taste and other product characteristics to the intended use of nutraceutical products. Taste was found to be the most important factor for both consumer groups, followed by the benefit to be achieved, the source of the benefit claim, required dosage, mode of consumption, and product type (natural compared with synthetic). Interest among the military was greatest for products that increased muscle mass, whereas interest among civilians was greatest for products that improved thinking. For both groups, required frequency of consumption greater than 3 times a day had a negative influence on probable use, whereas consumption in a capsule form was viewed most desirable.
Assessment of the Antioxidant Properties During Storage of a Dessert Made from Grape, Cherry, and Berries
Authors: García‐Alonso F.J. , Periago M.J. , Vidal‐Guevara M.L. , Cantos E. , Ros G. , Ferreres R , Abellán P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT:A 1‐y storage trial was designed involving different temperatures (8, 21, and 30 °C) to assess the antioxidant properties of a dessert formulated with concentrated juices of grape, blackberry, blackcurrant, raspberry, and cherry. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the dessert was measured as the scavenging capacity of the 2,2′‐azino‐di‐[3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonate] radical cation (ABTS) and as its iron‐reducing ability (FRAP). Color was spectrophotometrically measured, and vitamin C and phenolics were analyzed by HPLC. The color parameters and the concentrations of different antioxidant compounds were affected by storage conditions, especially in samples stored at 30 °C, although the TAA remained practically invariable during storage.
Texture and Flavor Characteristics of Beverages Containing Commercial Thickening Agents for Dysphagia Diets
Authors: Lotong V. , Chun S.S. , IV Chambers E. , Garcia J.M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStarch‐based thickeners often are recommended to facilitate fluid intake for dysphagia patients. Four beverages (water, milk, orange juice, apple juice) were prepared to a “honey‐like” consistency using 4 commercially available starch‐based thickeners. Sensory characteristics of the beverages were described using descriptive sensory analysis. The brands of thickeners differed in the perceived viscosity of the products they produced. With thickeners, the main flavors of the base beverages were suppressed, all imparted a starchy flavor, and some products imparted slight off‐flavors, such as metallic, astringent, or bitter, and a grainy texture that might be perceived as reducing quality. This sensory information could be related to physicochemical information to improve product quality.
Thermal Effects on Fast Skeletal Myosins from Alaska Pollock, White Croaker, and Rabbit in Relation to Gel Formation
Authors: Fukushima H. , Satoh Y. , Nakaya M. , Ishizaki S. , Watabe S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThermodynamic properties in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and changes in viscoelasticity upon heating of myosins from white croaker, Alaska pollock, and rabbit fast muscles were investigated in relation to their thermal gel formation abilities. Alaska pollock myosin unfolded in a wide temperature range of 19 to 69°C as revealed by DSC, whereas rabbit myosin unfolded in very narrow range of 32 to 56°C. Thermal unfolding of white croaker myosin occurred in an intermediate temperature range of 30 to 60°C. Viscoelastic properties determined as storage modulus, G′, and loss modulus, G″, reflected differences observed in DSC for the 3 myosins.
Effects of Commercial‐scale Pulsed Electric Field Processing on Flavor and Color of Tomato Juice
Authors: Min S. , Zhang Q.H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEffects of commercial‐scale pulsed electric field (PEF) processing on the flavor and color of tomato juice during storage at 4 deg;for 112 d were studied. Tomato juice was prepared by hot break at 88°C for 2 min and then thermally processed at 92° for 90 s or PEF processed at 40 kV/cm for 57 μs. The PEF‐processed tomato juice retained more flavor compounds of trans‐2‐hexenal, 2‐isobutylthiazole, cis‐3‐hexanol than thermally processed or unprocessed control tomato juice (P < 0.05). PEF‐processed juice had significantly lower nonenzymatic browning and higher redness than thermally processed or control juice (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluations indicated that the flavor of PEF‐processed juice was preferred to that of thermally processed juice (P < 0.01).
Physicochemical Properties of Surimi Seafood as Affected by Electron Beam and Heat
Authors: Jaczynski J. , Park J.W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPhysicochemical changes of surimi seafood under electron beam (e‐beam) and heat were investigated. Heat caused color browning and texture softening. E‐beam (up to 4 kGy) deteriorated neither color nor texture when the sample temperatures were between 5 and 23°C. However, firmer texture was measured when samples were treated by e‐beam while frozen. None of the treatments changed rancidity of surimi seafood within the parameters tested. Heat, as compared with e‐beam, generated the same headspace volatiles, however, to a greater extent. E‐beam was determined to be an excellent pasteurization alternative for surimi seafood in terms of retention of fresh‐like physicochemical attributes.
Effect of Nonthermal Treatment on the Molecular Properties of Mushroom Polyphenoloxidase
Authors: Sun N.K. , Song K.B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTo elucidate the mechanism of inactivation of mushroom polyphenoloxidase (PPO) by nonthermal treatment, PPO solutions were irradiated up to 10 kGy or pressurized at 600 MPa and 800 MPa, respectively. PPO activities were significantly affected by γ irradiation, and treatment at 5 kGy decreased the activity by 93%. Treatment of PPO at 600 MPa decreased the activity slightly, yet 10 and 20 min treatments at 800 MPa decreased the activities by 28% and 43%, respectively. Circular dichroism study showed that nonthermal treatment altered the ellipticity values in the range of 210 and 225 nm, resulting in decrease of the ordered structure. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that nonthermal treatment quenched the emission intensity.
Developing a Fish Meat‐binding Agent: Purification of Salmon Thrombin
Authors: Manseth E. , Skjervold P.O. , Flera S.O. , Brosstad F.R. , ØDegaard O.R. , Flengsrud R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThrombin from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was purified and characterized as a potential new binding agent for the food industry. Purification was performed avoiding inhibitors, using BaSO4 adsorption and heparin‐Sepharose affinity chromatography. Prothrombin activation was performed using a mixture of eggs and gills from salmon. Optimized conditions for the adsorption, elution, and the activation step are presented. The purified thrombin clotted bovine fibrinogen with a specific activity of 1423 U/mg. Sequence data are presented and compared with other species. This method of nontoxic activation and purification will allow salmon thrombin to be used in the food industry.
Oxymyoglobin and Lipid Oxidation in Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Loins
Authors: Lee S. , Joo S.T. , Alderton A.L. , Hill D.W. , Faustman C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe present study characterized oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) and lipid oxidation in yellowfin tuna, and determined the influence of various aldehydes on tuna OxyMb stability in vitro. Surface metmyoglobin accumulation and lipid oxidation increased in tuna steaks with time (P < 0.05). In both tuna steaks and patties, a* values decreased (P < 0.05) and hue angle increased following 6 d storage (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation demonstrated increased discoloration and decreased odor acceptability in refrigerated steaks and patties over time (P < 0.05). Hexanal, hexenal, and 4‐hydroxynonenal enhanced OxyMb oxidation relative to controls in vitro (P < 0.05). These results indicate a relationship between myoglobin and lipid oxidation in tuna, and that aldehydes known to be produced during lipid oxidation can accelerate tuna OxyMb oxidation in vitro. Keywords: yellowfin tuna, oxymyoglobin, lipid oxidation, discoloration, aldehydes
Rinse Treatment and Oxygen Barrier Properties of Films for Improving Quality Retention in Vacuum‐Skin Packaged Fresh Chicken
Authors: Kartika S. , Candogan K. , Grimes L.W. , Acton J.C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFresh chicken drumsticks rinsed with water or salt solution (28% NaCl) were vacuum‐skin packaged in films differing in oxygen transmission rate (OTR) (< 10, 3000, ≥ 7000 cm3/m2/24 h). Salt rinsing decreased surface lightness (CIE L*). Higher OTR films maintained surface redness (CIE a*) better than oxygen barrier film. Neither rinse nor film OTR had any effect on yellowness (CIE b*). Salt rinsing drumsticks also reduced drip loss. Counts of aerobic and coliform bacteria increased during storage for product in all films. Within each film, salt‐rinsed drumsticks had lower counts at 3 and 6 d of storage (through 12 d) for total aerobic and coliform bacteria, respectively. Product in low OTR (barrier) film generally had lower bacteria counts than product in higher OTR films.
Effect of High Moisture Maize Storage on Tortilla Quality
Authors: Méndez‐Albores J.A. , Arámbula V.G. , Vázquez B.M.E. , Mendoza E.M. , Preciado O.R.E. , Moreno‐Martínez E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWe evaluate the effect of high moisture content (MC) stored maize grain on tortilla quality and on the growth of toxigenic fungi. Maize with a MC of 18% was stored for 10, 15, and 20 d at 28 °C. The control seed was stored 20 d with a MC of 10.7% at 4 °C. The high MC grain and the control were processed using the traditional nixtamalization process. Storage conditions had a significant effect on tortilla quality parameters such as pH, color, tensile strength, cut force, viscosity peak, starch retrogradation (setback), and aflatoxin contamination. Tortillas produced with high MC grain presented a lower quality than those produced with low MC grain.
Approaches for testing herbivore effects on plant population dynamics
Authors: HALPERN STACEY L. , UNDERWOOD NORA 
Published: July 2006

Summary

As plant invasions pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, it is critical to improve both our understanding of invasiveness and strategies for control. Much research into plant invasions and their management, including biological control, assumes strong demographic effects by natural enemies, including herbivores. However, the importance of natural enemies in the regulation of plant populations remains controversial: some ecologists contend that they rarely affect plant populations, and others that they can strongly limit plant population sizes.
We briefly review the conflicting views and suggest that new approaches to gather and analyse data are needed before the effects of natural enemies on plant populations can be fully characterized.
We outline experimental and analytical approaches that incorporate density dependence into population models and thus provide a more complete test of the long‐term effects of natural enemies on plant populations. We also introduce new methods for obtaining stochastic estimates of equilibrium density, which will provide a key test of enemy effects on plant population size.
Synthesis and applications. Designing effective strategies for invasive plant management requires information about the factors that limit plant population size. Together, the experiments and analyses we describe measure more clearly how natural enemies influence plant population dynamics. They will provide an important tool in evaluating the role of enemy release in plant invasions and for predicting the potential success of biological control. Such information should help to prioritize strategies that are most likely to control invasive plants effectively and will contribute to risk assessment when considering the release of non‐native natural enemies as biological control agents.
Sugarcane ShSUT1: analysis of sucrose transport activity and inhibition by sucralose
Authors: REINDERS ANKE , SIVITZ ALICIA B. , HSI ALEX , GROF CHRISTOPHER P. L. , PERROUX JAI M. , WARD JOHN M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPlant sucrose transporters (SUTs) are members of the glycoside‐pentoside‐hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter family (TC2.A.2) that is part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). All plant SUTs characterized to date function as proton‐coupled symporters and catalyze the cellular uptake of sucrose. SUTs are involved in loading sucrose into the phloem and sink tissues, such as seeds, roots and flowers. Because monocots are agriculturally important, SUTs from cereals have been the focus of recent research. Here we present a functional analysis of the SUT ShSUT1 from sugarcane, an important crop species grown for its ability to accumulate high amounts of sucrose in the stem. ShSUT1 was previously shown to be expressed in maturing stems and plays an important role in the accumulation of sucrose in this tissue. Using two‐electrode voltage clamping in Xenopus oocytes expressing ShSUT1, we found that ShSUT1 is highly selective for sucrose, but has a relatively low affinity for sucrose (K0.5 = 8.26 mM at pH 5.6 and a membrane potential of –137 mV). We also found that the sucrose analog sucralose (4,1′,6′‐trichloro‐4,1′,6′‐trideoxy‐galacto‐sucrose) is a competitive inhibitor of ShSUT1 with an inhibition coefficient (Ki) of 16.5 mM. The presented data contribute to our understanding of sucrose transport in plants in general and in monocots in particular.
Cytokinin represses phosphate‐starvation response through increasing of intracellular phosphate level
Authors: WANG XUMING , YI KEKE , TAO YONG , WANG FANG , WU ZHONGCHANG , JIANG DEAN , CHEN XIN , ZHU LIHUANG , WU PING 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe involvement of cytokinins (CTKs) in the repression of phosphate (Pi)‐starvation signalling has been widely documented. However, the full physiological and molecular relevance of this role remains unclear. To gain further insights into the regulation system of CTK repression of Pi‐starvation signalling, a global analysis of gene expression events in rice seedlings under Pi starvation, and the exogenous CTK treatment under Pi‐sufficient (+P) and Pi‐deficient (−P) conditions, was conducted using oligonucleotide array analysis. Physiological and biochemical adaptation was observed after 10 d Pi starvation in rice seedlings. A global reduction of the Pi‐starvation signalling was detected after 3 d treatment of exogenous CTK. Expression profiling data indicate that, together with a significant increase of intracellular Pi content, many expression changes responsive to Pi starvation were reversed by exogenous CTK treatment while CTK‐responsive genes behaved normally under −P condition. These results suggest that the interplay of CTK signal and Pi‐starvation response can be partially explained by the rise of Pi concentration after exogenous CTK treatment. Microarray data also revealed that a small number of genes have different CTK response patterns under different Pi levels, suggesting a subtle interaction between CTK and Pi‐starvation signalling pathway.
Reviewing institutions of rural health centres: the Performance Initiative in Butare, Rwanda
Authors: Meessen Bruno , Musango Laurent , Kashala Jean‐Pierre I. , Lemlin Jackie 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIn many low‐income countries, performance of pyramidal health systems with a public purpose is not meeting the expectations and needs of the populations they serve. A question that has not been studied and tested sufficiently is, ‘What is the right package of institutional mechanisms required for organisations and individuals working in these health systems?’ This paper presents the experience of the Performance Initiative, an innovative contractual approach that has reshaped the incentive structure in place in two rural districts of Rwanda. It describes the general background, the initial analysis, the institutional arrangement and the results after 3 years of operations. At this stage of the experience, it shows that ‘output‐based payment + greater autonomy’ is a feasible and effective strategy for improving the performance of public health centres. As part of a more global package of strategies, contracting‐in approaches could be an interesting option for governments, donors and non‐governmental organisations in their effort to achieve some of the Millennium Development Goals.
1599: First iconographic description of hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
Authors: Biolcati Gianfranco , Dolazza Carla 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe author's aim was to contribute information to the history of porphyrias through the analysis of a 16th century portrait. The subject drawn by physician Aldrovandi is a 20‐year‐old girl showing remarkable facial hypertrichosis, while her body is described as hairless. After a brief excursus through the history of porphyrias, the author revisited a previous diagnosis of hypertrichosis lanuginosa with the aid of current clinical findings. Accurate research of the drawings by the 16th century physician together with the study of our case's family history have supplied information on the young woman affected by hirsutism, such as the absence of hair on her body surface. Careful observation together with updated knowledge resulted in a diagnosis of hepatoerythropoietic porphyria; a disease characterized by severe facial hypertrichosis, a hairless body, and very early onset and heredity.
Characterization of A New Almond Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma in Iran
Authors: Salehi M. , Izadpanah K. , Heydarnejad J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlmond witches’ broom (AlmWB) is a destructive disease in several provinces in Iran. Association of phytoplasma with the disease has been established previously. In the present work two phytoplasmas from Khafr (KAlmWB) and Neyriz (NAlmWB) in the Fars Province were compared by biological and molecular analysis. Both infected bitter almond, wild almond, peach and nectarine but not apple and pear, by grafting. In bitter almond the symptoms induced by KAlmWB consisted of severe proliferation, internode shortening and leaf size reduction. In contrast, NAlmWB caused leaf necrosis, dieback and death. KAlmWB was transmitted to periwinkle and eggplant and from experimentally infected periwinkle to almond by dodder. It was also transmitted from eggplant to eggplant, ornamental eggplant and tomato by grafting. Under similar test conditions, NAlmWB was not transmitted to herbaceous plants by dodder. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S–23S rDNA spacer region (SR) sequences placed both strains in the pigeon pea witches’ broom (PPWB) group. However, based on phylogenetic and putative restriction site analyses and sequence homology, NAlmWB was identical with the Lebanese AlmWB phytoplasma, while KAlmWB was closer to the Knautia arvensis phyllody (KAP) agent. Clustering of KAlmWB with KAP was confirmed by analysis of full length 16S rDNA sequence. On the basis of host range, dodder transmission, host range, symptomatology and molecular analyses of 16S rDNA and SR, two different phytoplasmas related to PPWB group were associated with AlmWB disease in Iran. KAlmWB phytoplasma is being reported as a new phytoplasma of AlmWB disease.
Molecular Characterization of Benomyl‐resistant Isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Collected in Colombia
Authors: Cañas‐Gutiérrez G. P. , Patiño L. F. , Rodríguez–Arango E. , Arango R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBenzimidazoles are systemic fungicides widely used for the control of Black Sigatoka. They exert their antifungal activity by binding to β‐tubulin and disrupting fungal cell division. The specific mode of action of benzimidazoles, along with their intensive use, has favoured the appearance of resistance in Mycosphaerella fijiensis, a situation which has precluded their use in several countries. Studies made in different fungi have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with resistance to these fungicides. Despite the economic importance of this disease and the appearance of resistance to benzimidazoles, studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance of this fungus have not been carried out. In this study, a fragment of the β‐tubulin gene of 10 M. fijiensis isolates with three different levels of resistance to benomyl, was amplified and sequenced. The analysis of the sequences showed a change of adenine instead of cytosine in codon 198 of all the β‐tubulin genes obtained from the isolates classified as having medium or high resistance. The single nucleotide change found, allowed the development of a molecular method based on polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction digestion, which is able to differentiate resistant from susceptible isolates. The method was validated on a total of 44 isolates collected from different regions from Colombia, showing a 100% correlation between the presence of the resistant allele and the ability of the fungal isolate to grow in at least 10 μg a.i./ml benomyl. This method will be a valuable tool for monitoring benomyl resistance in M. fijiensis.
Detection and Early Diagnosis of Peronospora tabacina Adam in Tobacco Plant with Systemic Infection
Authors: Caiazzo R. , Tarantino P. , Porrone F. , Lahoz E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA disease characterized by the absence of sporulation on leaves and evident necrosis underneath the bark tissues affected adult tobacco plants during 2005 in south Italy. In the field, diagnosis was based mainly on recognition of symptoms, often non‐specific, resulting in the application of the wrong control strategy. Two current diagnostic methods based on microscopic observations were compared with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. DNA extraction protocol was modified by replacing sonication with a further lysis step at 60°C and PCR was performed using primers that amplified a specific DNA fragment (230 bp). Microscopy methods were able to detect the pathogen in 50% and 6% of cases, respectively, while PCR was able to detect Peronospora tabacina in all diseased plants. Elimination of sonication in DNA extraction rendered the method easier to perform and avoided the possibility of DNA fragmentation. The results demonstrated that PCR makes the diagnosis fast and reliable while microscopy gives discontinuous results, is time‐consuming and not applicable for monitoring.