bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seborrheic keratosis that follows Blaschko's lines
Authors: MABUCHI Tomotaka , AKASAKA Emiko , KONDOH Akio , UMEZAWA Yoshinori , MATSUYAMA Takashi , OZAWA Akira 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTA 66‐year‐old Japanese man had skin lesions on the left side of his trunk and the left upper extremity for approximately 10 years. The skin lesions were asymptomatic but increased gradually, which brought the patient to our hospital. On the initial examination, we noticed 5 mm × 5 mm to 15 mm × 5 mm, round or oval, light to dark brown keratotic papules on the left side of chest and abdomen and the left upper extremity. The papules were aligned in an S‐shaped line on the trunk and in a straight line on the upper extremity. Clinical and histopathological findings led to a diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis that followed Blaschko's lines. To our knowledge, no such a case has been reported previously. Our case supports the hypothesis that seborrheic keratosis can be associated with genetic mosaicism.
Perspectives in treatment of AL amyloidosis
Authors: Wechalekar Ashutosh D. , Hawkins Philip N. , Gillmore Julian D. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryLight chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most frequently diagnosed form of systemic amyloid in the western world. The historically poor prognosis of AL amyloidosis appears to be improving with currently reported median survival of c. 40 months compared to 13 months in the early 1990s when low‐dose oral melphalan was the mainstay of treatment. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) achieves the highest rates of complete clonal response but is confounded by substantial treatment‐related mortality in AL amyloidosis unless it is restricted to highly selected patients. Newer chemotherapy regimens appear to have a balance of better safety and respectable efficacy with overall outcomes nearly similar to ASCT, but which may be used more widely. There are few data comparing durability, depth of clonal response, rate of organ response and overall survival following ASCT or chemotherapy, but a recent small, randomized trial did not suggest superiority of ASCT to oral melphalan and dexamethasone. There is a compelling need for further and larger randomized trials in this context. At the same time, various new specific anti‐amyloid drugs have shown (in early phase studies or animal models) some very promising results. This review attempts to highlight the challenges, controversies and progress in AL amyloidosis.
Arsenic trioxide induces de novo protein synthesis of annexin‐1 in neutrophils: association with a heat shock‐like response and not apoptosis
Authors: Binet François , Chiasson Sonia , Girard Denis 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWe recently demonstrated that arsenic trioxide (ATO) induced apoptosis in human neutrophils and increased de novo protein synthesis. Here, we identified one of these newly synthesized proteins as annexin‐1 (AnxA1), a protein recently found to be proapoptotic in neutrophils when added exogenously. AnxA1 was detected at the cell membrane of ATO‐induced neutrophils as well as in the supernatants. Using neutrophils harvested from AnxA1 knockout mice, we found that the proapoptotic activity of ATO was similar in neutrophils, regardless of AnxA1 levels. A second protein was identified as heat shock protein (Hsp) 89α. Because ATO is known to induce a HS‐like response in a variety of cells, we investigated its ability to induce gene expression of Hsp in neutrophils and found that ATO increases HSP90AA1, HSPA1 and HSPB1 mRNA in these cells. We conclude that ATO‐induced neutrophil apoptosis by an AnxA1‐independent mechanism. Our data provide the first evidence that ATO induces a stress response in human neutrophils and that de novo synthesis of AnxA1 is related to this event rather than to the proapoptotic activity of ATO.
Testing for tree‐ring divergence in the European Alps
Authors: BÜNTGEN ULF , FRANK DAVID , WILSON ROB , CARRER MARCO , URBINATI CARLO , ESPER JAN 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEvidence for reduced sensitivity of tree growth to temperature has been reported from multiple forests along the high northern latitudes. This alleged circumpolar phenomenon described the apparent inability of temperature‐sensitive tree‐ring width and density chronologies to parallel increasing instrumental temperature measurements since the mid‐20th century. In addition to such low‐frequency trend offset, the inability of formerly temperature‐sensitive tree growth to reflect high‐frequency temperature signals in a warming world is indicated at some boreal sites, mainly in Alaska, the Yukon and Siberia. Here, we refer to both of these findings as the ‘divergence problem’ (DP), with their causes and scale being debated. If DP is widespread and the result of climatic forcing, the overall reliability of tree‐ring‐based temperature reconstructions should be questioned. Testing for DP benefits from well‐replicated tree‐ring and instrumental data spanning from the 19th to the 21st century. Here, we present a network of 124 larch and spruce sites across the European Alpine arc. Tree‐ring width chronologies from 40 larch and 24 spruce sites were selected based on their correlation with early (1864–1933) instrumental temperatures to assess their ability of tracking recent (1934–2003) temperature variations. After the tree‐ring series of both species were detrended in a manner that allows low‐frequency variations to be preserved and scaled against summer temperatures, no unusual late 20th century DP is found. Independent tree‐ring width and density evidence for unprecedented late 20th century temperatures with respect to the past millennium further reinforces our results.
Persistent effects of a discrete warming event on a polar desert ecosystem
Authors: BARRETT J. E. , VIRGINIA R. A. , WALL D. H. , DORAN P. T. , FOUNTAIN A. G. , WELCH K. A. , LYONS W. B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA discrete warming event (December 21, 2001–January 12, 2002) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, enhanced glacier melt, stream flow, and melting of permafrost. Effects of this warming included a rapid rise in lake levels and widespread increases in soil water availability resulting from melting of subsurface ice. These increases in liquid water offset hydrologic responses to a cooling trend experienced over the previous decade and altered ecosystem properties in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present hydrological and meteorological data from the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research project to examine the influence of a discrete climate event (warming of >2 °C) on terrestrial environments and soil biotic communities. Increases in soil moisture following this event stimulated populations of a subordinate soil invertebrate species (Eudorylaimus antarcticus, Nematoda). The pulse of melt‐water had significant influences on Taylor Valley ecosystems that persisted for several years, and illustrates that the importance of discrete climate events, long recognized in hot deserts, are also significant drivers of soil and aquatic ecosystems in polar deserts. Thus, predictions of Antarctic ecosystem responses to climate change which focus on linear temperature trends may miss the potentially significant influence of infrequent climate events on hydrology and linked ecological processes.
Accidental swallowing of an endodontic file
Authors: Kuo S.‐C. , Chen Y.‐L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To report the management of an iatrogenic incident in which an endodontic file was swallowed accidentally and passed into the gastrointestinal tract.Summary  A 51‐year‐old male swallowed a 21 mm, size 30 endodontic file during root canal treatment without rubber dam. In the absence of clinical complications, the patient was reviewed with serial chest and abdominal radiographs, and stool tests for occult blood until the instrument was discharged at 3 days. This report discusses early differential diagnosis for locating foreign bodies and underlines the importance of serial radiographic evaluation for signs of foreign body migration.Key learning points • The use of rubber dam is mandatory for patient safety during root canal treatment.• Early location of an inhaled or ingested foreign body facilitates appropriate and timely treatment management and referral.• When a foreign body passes into the gastrointestinal tract, clinical symptoms and signs should be monitored closely until it is excreted or removed.• An endodontic file can pass through the gastrointestinal tract asymptomatically and apparently atraumatically within 3 days.
The efficacy of dynamic irrigation using a commercially available system (RinsEndo®) determined by removal of a collagen ‘bio‐molecular film’ from an ex vivo model
Authors: McGill S. , Gulabivala K. , Mordan N. , Ng Y.‐L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of three irrigation protocols using an established ex vivo bio‐molecular film model.Methodology  Thirty human teeth with single straight canals were randomly allocated to three groups [static, manual‐dynamic, automated‐dynamic (RinsEndo®)]; each with a sub‐group (n = 5) for needle position at 4 or 10 mm short of the working length (WL). The root canals were prepared to apical size 40, taper 0.08. The teeth were split longitudinally into two halves and a standard coat of stained‐collagen was applied to the canal surfaces. The re‐assembled teeth were irrigated using one of the protocols with the irrigation needle at one of two positions. Digital images of the canal surfaces, before and after irrigation with 18 mL of 2.5% NaOCl, were used to score surface coverage with stained‐collagen using image‐analyses (ipWin4®). The data were analysed using linear regression models.Results  The canal area covered with stained‐collagen was significantly (P < 0.001) less after dynamic irrigation (manual/automated) compared with static irrigation; but automated‐dynamic irrigation was significantly (P = 0.037) less effective than manual‐dynamic irrigation. The ‘orientation of needle port’, ‘corono‐apical level of canal’ and ‘apical extent of needle placement’ were significant (P < 0.001) factors influencing efficacy of irrigation. Residual collagen was most evident in the coronal third. Deeper penetration of the needle tip resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) more effective collagen removal.Conclusions  Automated‐dynamic irrigation was significantly more effective (16%) than static irrigation but significantly less effective (5%) than manual‐dynamic irrigation. Irrigation was more effective (7%) when the needle was placed closer to WL.
Biofilm on the apical region of roots in primary teeth with vital and necrotic pulps with or without radiographically evident apical pathosis
Authors: Rocha C. T. , Rossi M. A. , Leonardo M. R. , Rocha L. B. , Nelson‐Filho P. , Silva L. A. B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the presence of biofilms on the external surfaces of the apical third of roots of human primary teeth with vital or necrotic pulps with and without radiographically evident periradicular pathosis.Methodology Eighteen teeth were selected: group I – normal pulp (n = 5), group II – pulp necrosis without radiographic evidence of periapical pathosis (n = 7) and group III – pulp necrosis with well‐defined radiographic periapical pathosis (n = 6). After extraction, the teeth were washed with saline and immersed in 0.03 g mL−1trypsin solution for 20 min. The teeth were then washed in sodium cacodilate buffer and stored in receptacles containing modified Karnovsky solution. The teeth were sectioned, dehydrated in an ethanol series, critical‐point dried with CO2, sputter coated with gold and the external root surface in the apical third examined by SEM.Results In the teeth of groups I and II, the apical root surfaces were covered by collagen fibres, with no evidence of bacteria (100%). In the teeth of group III, the root apices had no collagen fibres but revealed resorptive areas containing microorganisms (cocci, bacilli, filaments and spirochetes) in all cases (100%).Conclusion Microorganisms organized as biofilms on the external root surface (extraradicular infection) were detected in primary teeth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible periapical pathosis.
Reliability of body temperature measurements in hospitalised older patients
Authors: Giantin Valter , Toffanello Elena D , Enzi Giuliano , Perissinotto Egle , Vangelista Stefania , Simonato Matteo , Ceccato Corrado , Manzato Enzo , Sergi Giuseppe 
Published: May 2008

Aims and objectives.  To compare different body temperature assessment methods in older people and to assess the role of cognitive and functional characteristics in temperature recordings.Background.  Axillary gallium‐in‐glass thermometers are commonly used. Their accuracy depends on the proper placement of the device and their permanence in place for eight minutes. With adequate instruction, well‐functioning patients can measure their axillary temperature by themselves, while in cognitively and functionally impaired older people, inadequate understanding of instructions and misplacement of the thermometer might determine significant recording errors. Electronic ear and axillary temperature measurements are faster, but their accuracy has not been demonstrated convincingly with older people.Methods.  Patients (n = 107; aged 65–104 years) were recruited. Barthel Index and Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) scores were obtained for each patient. Temperature readings were obtained using: the axillary gallium‐in‐glass thermometer, with (Tnurse) and without (Tself) the nurse's assistance; the electronic axillary thermometer (Tel) and the infrared tympanic thermometer (Ttymp). The Tnurse was considered as the reference method.Results.  Mean difference and standard deviation (mean ± SD) in temperature recordings between the different techniques and Tnurse differed significantly from zero for Tself (−0·40 SD 0·42) and Ttymp (+0·19 SD 0·48). No significant differences in temperature recordings emerged between Tnurse and Tel. In simple linear regression models, the difference between Tself and Tnurse significantly correlated with age, gender, SPMSQ score and Barthel Index. Multiple linear regression analysis showed an underestimation of body temperature in older patients with cognitive impairments.Conclusion.  Unassisted gallium‐in‐glass axillary temperature assessment is inadequate, in older patients. The differences between Tself and Tnurse are significantly influenced by age and mental decline. Tel provides adequate accuracy.Relevance to clinical practice.  In geriatric settings, the electronic axillary thermometer is a safe and accurate alternative to the more traditional gallium‐in‐glass thermometer, with the advantage of saving time (five seconds in recording vs. eight minutes).
Towards understanding gender differences in disordered eating among adolescents
Authors: Hautala Lea Anneli , Junnila Jouni , Helenius Hans , Väänänen Aija‐Mari , Liuksila Pirjo‐Riitta , Räihä Hannele , Välimäki Maritta , Saarijärvi Simo 
Published: May 2008

Aims and objectives.  The aim of the study was to enhance the detection of disordered eating in adolescents. The objectives were to examine gender differences in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms, in occurrence of health‐risk factors and susceptibility to these and to investigate associations between health‐risk factors and eating disorder symptoms.Background.  Disordered eating has a strong female preponderance. Reasons for the gender discrepancy are not well known. However, to develop effective strategies for eating disorder prevention, we need to understand gender differences in disordered eating and the related factors.Design.  This is a school‐based, cross‐sectional cohort study with a natural design.Methods.  The SCOFF and the R‐BDI questionnaires were administered to students (14–15 years old) attending the eighth grade of secondary school. Information about health‐risk factors was obtained from the adolescents’ school health‐care records.Results.  The results were based on data from 1036 (71% of the sample) students. Self‐reported eating disorder symptoms were prevalent in 24% of the girls and 16% of the boys. Girls reported many of the health‐risk factors studied at a higher rate than boys. However, there were no gender differences in susceptibility to these factors. Dissatisfaction with appearance or weight, use of tobacco, lack of regular meals and poor communication with parents increased the likelihood of eating disorder symptoms in both genders.Conclusions.  Gender differences in disordered eating are relatively small in adolescence. To enhance the detection of eating disorder symptoms, both girls and boys should be screened for these problems in secondary school.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results can help nurses to use the information obtained from adolescents’ health‐care records, their annual health examinations and their responses to the SCOFF questionnaire to identify those who need further intervention, including adolescent boys.
Stroke: coping strategies and depression among Chinese caregivers of survivors during hospitalisation
Authors: Qiu Yanru , Li Sijian 
Published: May 2008

Aims and objectives. The main aim of this study was to identify the coping strategies of stroke caregivers, to identify the factors associated with caregivers’ depression and to identify predictors of caregivers’ depression.Background. Stroke has a high incidence in China. Most stroke survivors are accompanied by family caregivers during hospitalisation. However, little is known about these informal caregivers’ coping strategies to the consequences brought on by stroke and their depressive symptoms.Method. A correlation and cross‐sectional design was used and a purposive sample of 92 stroke survivors and their caregivers completed the questionnaires, which were used to describe the demographic of both the caregiver and stroke survivor, coping strategies (the Brief COPE Inventory) and depression of caregivers (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Spearman's correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used in data analyses.Results. Several coping strategies (planning, positive reframing, acceptance, active coping, use of instrumental support and humour) were most commonly used by stroke caregivers. The length of hospital stay, stroke survivor's cognitive status and functional status, family income and coping strategies such as (i) denial, (ii) self‐blame, (iii) planning and (iv) religion had significant correlations with caregiver's depression. The best predictors of caregiver's depression were denial, planning and stroke survivor's functional status.Conclusions. This study contributes to our knowledge about the coping strategies and depression level of stroke caregivers on the Chinese mainland. The depression rate is very high during hospitalisation, although these caregivers often had positive coping responses to the stroke event. Many factors were associated with caregivers’ depression.Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses should not only pay attention to stroke survivors but also to their caregivers. To help them adjust well from the stroke consequences and avoid depression, nurses should implement effective interventions.
Incidence and risk factors of breast cancer lymphoedema
Authors: Park Jin Hee , Lee Won Hee , Chung Hae Soo 
Published: May 2008

Aim.  The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of lymphoedema and to identify risk factors of lymphoedema in patients with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy in Korea.Background.  Lymphoedema is a serious problem for many breast cancer survivors. Although the potential impact of lymphoedema is extensive, it is largely unrecognised.Methods.  Women with breast cancer (n = 450) receiving mastectomy were recruited from outpatient breast cancer clinics of two university hospitals in Seoul, Korea from October 2004 to May 2005. Lymphoedema was defined by circumferential measurement. This study examined the risk factors associated with lymphoedema through the literature review. A descriptive design was used for this study and data were collected using structured questionnaire. Data were analysed by chi‐square test and multiple logistic regression.Results.  Among the 450 cases of breast cancer, 24·9% had developed lymphoedema. There were significantly increased risks of lymphoedema if women were with higher staging, had modified radical mastectomy, had axillary lymph node dissection, received axillary radiotherapy and were with body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2. A significantly decreased risk of lymphoedema was found in women who exercised regularly, received pretreatment education of lymphoedema and had performed preventive self‐care activities.Conclusions.  Lymphoedema is recognised as an unpleasant and uncomfortable consequence of breast cancer‐related treatment. Patients should be advised of the risk of lymphoedema and educated to detect its symptoms.Relevance to clinical practice.  It is of importance to recognise breast cancer patients at risk for lymphoedema. Nurses should inform patients with breast cancer about their risk for lymphoedema and guidelines to reduce the risk and to emphasise self‐care activities for prevention.
Use of sibutramine to assist obese women with weight loss can be successful in dietitian‐led clinics: another tool in the dietitian’s toolbox
Authors: Barratt R. , Frost G. , O’Boyle A. , Millward J. , Truby H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground  This study investigated differences in weight loss outcomes in obese women with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to those without T2D attending a 6‐month dietetic led ‘Lifestyle’ intervention. In those who had failed to reach weight loss goals using the ‘Lifestyle’ approach, the study further examined the effect on weight loss with the addition of sibutramine (Reductil®, Abbott Laboratories, USA) over a 6‐month period.Methods  The study comprised a case–control analysis of data from 38 obese female patients (18 with T2D) from the ‘Lifestyle’ and ‘Pharmacotherapy’ clinics attending a tertiary hospital in the UK.Results  In the ‘Lifestyle’ treatment groups, those with T2D lost significantly less body weight than those without T2D [5.26 kg (4.54%) versus 9.89 kg (9.55%), respectively]. For subjects who had failed to lose weight via the ‘Lifestyle’ intervention, the addition of sibutramine resulted in a similar weight loss compared to their pair‐matched ‘Lifestyle’ only ‘successful’ counterparts (9.66% versus 9.55%).Conclusions  Not all obese women, and those with T2D in particular, will derive benefit from ‘Lifestyle’ advice and those who are resistant to this treatment approach may be assisted by pharmacotherapy. Dietitians can play a role in identifying those individuals who may benefit from the use of pharmacotherapy.
The Interleukin‐23 / Interleukin‐17 axis in intestinal inflammation
Authors: Maloy Kevin J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Although the precise aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear, recent discoveries have led to an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis. Whilst these findings have underscored the central role of innate and adaptive immune responses in intestinal inflammation, they have also precipitated a paradigm shift in the key cytokine pathways that drive disease. The prevailing dogma that IBD was mediated by interleukin (IL)‐12‐driven T‐helper (Th)1 CD4 T cell responses towards the bacterial flora has been largely dispelled by findings that the closely related cytokine IL‐23 appears to be the key mediator of intestinal inflammation. IL‐23 is associated with a novel subset of IL‐17‐secreting CD4 T cells termed Th17 cells and rodent studies have implicated the IL‐23/IL‐17 axis in autoimmune inflammation. Genome‐wide association studies in IBD patients have confirmed the predominant role of the IL‐23 pathway, indicating that this could represent an important future therapeutic target.