bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power Politics: Electricity Supply in Europe
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractElectricity offers another case to refine and test the book's arguments about the role of policy forms of internationalisation. Its economic institutions were historically similar to telecommunications and securities trading but internationalisation has differed: transnational technological and economic developments were limited over the period mid-1980s-2005, exposing the independent effects of reforms in the US and EU regulation. Moreover, regulatory competition in electricity is weak so that the main route for overseas reforms to influence domestic decisions about institutional change is ideational, through cross-national learning or examples. The chapter argues that policy forms of internationalisation are important even in the absence of powerful transnational technological and economic developments. EU regulation provided significant political impetus for change in France, Germany, and Italy from the 1990s onwards by offering occasions for reform, EU-level policy learning, and arguments to legitimate change. However, without potential regulatory competition, overseas examples played little role in domestic debates, and hence even Britain failed to pay serious attention to US reforms or seek to copy them.
4 Sector Management and New Performance Targets
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the advent of sector management in British Rail with the return to office of the Conservatives in 1979. Topics covered include the establishment of sector management during 1979-82, the development of sector management during 1982-5, the strengthening of both sector and sub-sector identities during 1986-9, and the achievements of sector management. It is shown that sector management helped British Rail modernize its organizational responses and subordinate operating and engineering considerations to the fundamentals of income and expenditure.
11 The Privatisation Debate and ‘Organising for Quality’
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the initial approach to rail privatization which developed in the 1980s, the Board's attempts to manage the railway in the face of uncertainty, and the impact of the decision of proceed with privatization in the early 1990s. Topics discussed include the origins of the privatization thrust of the 1980s, the Board's position regarding privatization, and the re-emergence of the privatization issue in 1990.
13 Endgame
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main steps in the privatization of railways after 1994 and evaluates the performance of public sector management over twenty years of significant change. It is shown that between 1974 and 1994, British Rail evolved from a rather unwieldy, monolithic structure into one that provided improved services, marketing, and customer care. British Rail's managers also worked to produce their own organizational solution for the industry.
Whose Hubris? Brandeis, Scientific Management, and the Railroads
Authors: Berk Gerald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reinterprets Louis Brandeis's role in the crisis of progressive era railroad regulation. While others have implicated Brandeis in the crisis, the essay shows how he identified fatal flaws in Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ratemaking and proposed a coherent alternative. Brandeis showed how rate-of-return regulation made false promises to measure the objective value of railroad property and gave the railroads perverse incentives to increase costs. Drawing on the work of scientific manager F. Lincoln Hutchins, Brandeis proposed to replace valuation with a benchmarking system by which railroads could compare their performance. Drawing on his work in Massachusetts natural gas, Brandeis proposed to set rates according to a system of ‘sliding scales’, in which railroads received higher dividends when they provided lower rates. In theory, Brandeis's system was superior to rate-of-return regulation because it provided railroads with incentives to improve and information, unavailable from the firm or the market, about how to improve.
The Relevance of Rhetoric
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the social functions of rhetoric in late antiquity. Although it is widely believed that oratory in this period was primarily epideictic, the dominant focus of rhetorical theory and teaching was on forensic and deliberative oratory. Evidence from many sources, including Plutarch and Libanius, shows that the careers of students emerging from the schools of rhetoric would often have involved advocacy or local politics. The use of declamation in rhetorical training does not imply a retreat from reality; declamation was practised primarily (though not exclusively) as a preparation for real oratory. This continuing practical relevance is reflected in the persistence of rhetoric: the subject was still flourishing in 5th-century Alexandria. Adaptability also helped: changes in curriculum structure provided a flexibility which could meet the needs of those who became advocates in low-level courts as well as the social elite for whom cultural prestige was paramount.
Bodily Awareness
Authors: O'Brien Lucy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty or, more realistically, set of faculties. It shows that there are a number of ways to construe the widely accepted claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty. Bodily awareness can be construed as a faculty which enables us to perceive properties of our bodies — its shape, location, movement, as well as phenomenal pain properties, tickle properties, and the like. Unless one is a sceptic about secondary properties, or has a specific reason for thinking that there could not be phenomenal perceptible properties of our bodies, there is no impediment to doing so.
Default Semantics for Presupposition as Anaphora
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter defends the view of presupposition as anaphora and the accompanying idea of binding to context, extending it by applying the principles of default interpretations to the cases of ambiguity caused by the existence of two, seemingly equally probable, anaphoric links in the case of the so-called partial matches.
The case of Rousseau
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The 1783 publication of Rousseau's Confessions in English translation crystallizes contemporary debates about the nature and value of autobiographical writing. Reactions to the book oscillated between outrage and fascination, testifying to the strangeness of self-writing in this mode. In the terms of reception theory, the Confessions ruptured a ‘horizon of expectation’. It is argued that the (new) idea of ‘autobiography’ formed itself along this fault line, both as a set of expectations about the limits of self-writing and as a persistent transgression of those limits. Studying responses to Rousseau, the central issue is shown to be the problematic relationship between intimacy and publication.
Autobiography and publication
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at occasions in a variety of Romantic-period texts when they consider themselves as autobiographies, or address the moment when self-writing becomes public. There is a particular interest in apologetic or defensive positions; at such moments, autobiographical writing reflects the uncertain status of the genre in the literary public sphere. Instances are read in works by Carlyle, Wordsworth, Wollstonecraft, Catherine Cary, Percival Stockdale, Thomas Scott, and others. The chapter ends by suggesting that autobiographical acts in the period are best understood as transactions; all self-writing is engaged in negotiating the conditions under which it is published and read.
Multiple Situated Rationalities
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses diversity in relation to rationality. It reviews several critical positions of the technical scientific and economic rationality that occupy a privileged position in modernity, and argues that what is considered rational in the context of modernity — science and economics — is, in essence, ideological. Several key concepts, such as Weber’s substantive rationality, Foucault’s regime of truth, and Giddens’ reflexivity are drawn from this literature to form a pluralistic understanding of rational behaviour in organizations.
The Global, the Local, and the Disembedded
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the root of diversity confronting information systems innovation in the unfolding processes of globalization. It starts from the concept of globalization as the shrinking of time and distance, which directly implicates ICT. It then explores globalization as a multi-dimensional phenomenon comprising changes in economic, political, and cultural activities. While the extent to which the discernible trends in each of them increase or decrease diversity across the globe may be a matter of debate, it is shown that globalization is much more multifaceted than the notion of global competitive markets, to which information systems studies tend to be restricted, suggest. Taken together, the multiple facets of contemporary globalization reveal a much more variable organizational context. The extent of the variability is confirmed by a look at the current state of the global economy, which is grossly uneven.
2 The Changing Context of University Knowledge Work: The UK Higher Education Systems from the 1960s to the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the ramifications of debates surrounding the concepts of NM and NPM in the systemic context of the UK knowledge-intensive university. It analyses changes in the UK higher education systems since the 1970s to determine how far the context of and the actual practices and technologies used to ‘manage’ academic knowledge work in organizations at the beginning of the 21st century differ from the context and oversight of academic knowledge work in UK universities in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The chapter also considers how UK academics in management roles and career managers interpret the recent systemic, organizational, and other changes in their academies. Finally, consideration is given to changes in expectations about the roles of academics holding leadership and management roles at different points in this forty-five-year period.
The Holocaust and the Postmodern
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book argues that postmodernism, especially in the work of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, is a deeply engaged response to the Holocaust. In turn, this thought illuminates a number of issues in our understanding of the Holocaust. The book is divided into three parts. The first part, Reading and the Holocaust, concentrates on testimony and literature, and argues that testimony is a new and singular genre with its own generic characteristics. It clarifies issues of memory and literature and analyses and defines post-1990 Holocaust fiction. The second part, Holocaust Histories, argues that there are two different understandings of truth at work in the discipline of history, and that the history of the Holocaust brings this to the fore: later chapters explore this by looking at the work of one leading Holocaust historian, Saul Friedländer, the limits of historical explanation, and at Holocaust denial. The third part, The Trace of the Holocaust, turns to philosophy and argues in detail that the work of Levinas is a response to the Holocaust and evaluates its success. Chapter 10 evaluates Derrida's thought as post-Holocaust philosophy and focuses on the idea of the trace. Chapter 11 looks at philosophical attempts to explain Nazism and reveals the limits of philosophical discourse. The final chapter turns to the idea of the human and looks at ways in which the human has been thought after the Holocaust. The conclusion turns to issues to which this overall discussion might lead.
'Are Footnotes Less Barbaric?': History, Memory, and the Truth of the Holocaust in the work of Saul Friedländer
Authors: Eaglestone Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the work of the Holocaust historian and thinker, Saul Friedländer. It argues that his early work is characterized by an adherence to the Rankean, empiricist traditions. However, with his memoir, When Memory Comes, his work takes on a new relation to the philosophical issues raised by the Holocaust. Friedländer writes against the ‘normalization’ of the Holocaust by the empiricist historical tradition, and for a wider ‘historical consciousness’ in relation to trauma and ‘working through’. Friedländer argues that the ‘voice of the commentator’ should clearly be heard. The chapter then looks at three works in which this happens including Friedländer's own Nazi Germany and the Jews and Mark Roseman's The Past in Hiding. The chapter ends by stressing the strong affinities between Friedländer's thought and Derrida's deconstruction.
1Sermo
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines some of the traditions of attitudes towards language, which form part of the cultural backdrop to Augustine's work. Particular attention is given to the growth of hesychasm and abstention from language in the 4th century, a phenomenon usually associated with monasticism but also found in Neoplatonic circles. Without explicitly criticizing this movement, Augustine reasserts the importance of language, linking the Johannine doctrine of the divine Logos, revealed in Jesus of Nazareth, to the wider doctrine of God's ‘speaking’ through the perceptible order of the physical world.
Epilogue
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the presentation of language acquisition given in the Confessions. It is argued that Augustine presents this as being two-edged; language permits the child to interact with other speakers, but at the cost of being constrained within a system of language, ‘the authority of the ancestors’. The wider question of authority in the Confessions is then considered. It is suggested that authority may be seen as a positive, bottom-up recognition of what is useful and pleasurable, and that ultimately, the model for authority in language is the divine Logos.
Incentives, Routines, and Self-Command
Authors: Postrel Steven , Rumelt Richard P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In explaining the advantages of the principle of hierarchy representing organizations over market exchanges, coordination of specialized efforts and control of opportunistic behaviour are often brought up as methods for governing transactions. Yet these approaches fail to account for many observed internal workings of organizations that may be attributed to impulsiveness, and the consequent mechanisms of impulse control with regard to those moment-by-moment ways by which individuals fail to take action in what they believe to be their own long-term interest. This chapter proposes a model that assumes the existence of such impulsiveness, as well as overall automatic thought and behaviour. This model builds on psychological literature but also on economists' work on time-inconsistent choice, and brings both into the structure of organizational theory. The chapter is a timely reminder of the importance of enriching efficiency views of economic organization with more realistic models of human behaviour.
The Evolution of Organizational Conventions and Gains from Diversity
Authors: Aoki Masahiko 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
By using a highly abstract evolutionary game model, this chapter investigates the mechanism of evolution of different organizational conventions as well as the roles of free trade, integration, experiments, emulation, and entrepreneurial foresight for exploring gains from organizational diversity. It focuses on an aspect of organization as a voluntary association of economic agents trying to overcome the bounds of their rationality, scope of action and competence, rather than as an ‘instrument’ for entrepreneurial maximizing behaviour. Two generic forms of organization as an information system are identified. The chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evolutionary game model for understanding actual organizational evolutionary processes in North America and Japan.
Technologies, Products and Organization in the Innovating Firm: What Adam Smith Tells Us and Joseph Schumpeter Doesn't
Authors: Pavitt Keith 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter gives renewed attention to Adam Smith's insights into knowledge production as crucially important for understanding the contemporary problems of managing innovating firms. Products and firms are based on an increasing range of fields of specialized technological understanding. Competition is not based on technological diversity, but on diversity and experimentation in products. Firms rarely fail because of an inability to master a new field of technology, but because they do not succeed in matching the firm's systems of coordination and control to the nature of the available technological opportunities.
Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model
Authors: Winter Sidney G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter inquires into the role of patents and the appropriate duration of patent protection with regard to defining property rights in productive knowledge. Utilizing the formal model of inventive opportunity drawn from Nelson and Winter (1982), the chapter argues that R&D performed higher on average without patents, and best practice productivity levels tended to be higher without patents. Such simulation results suggest that the patent system can be counterproductive from a social welfare point of view. Indeed, from the perspective of industry evolution, patents may have adverse effects on industry structure and output. Granted these and other shortcomings indicating that the desirability of stronger intellectual property protection is far from axiomatic, the chapter calls for more nuanced approaches toward the modelling of technological opportunity.
Banking Alliances and International Issues on the Paris Capital Market, 1890–1914
Authors: Saul Samir 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on syndicates between Parisian banks from 1890 and 1914. It aims to establish the identity of the managers and participants in underwriting and issue consortia, to highlight patterns of participation, and to draw a portrait of the Paris financial market from the angle of associations between its agents. Underwriting and issue syndicates are examined according to the identity of the manager, that is, the bank which contracted the operation with the issuer and the one most likely to bring its network into the syndicate.
Established Connections and New Opportunities. London as an International Financial Centre, 1914–1958
Authors: Cottrell Philip L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of the First World War on the City, reviewing opportunities for much greater dealings in foreign exchange and the ‘bill on London's rapid revival’. The war not only resulted in sterling becoming a floating currency but also caused the London capital market to be regulated, which is analysed in this chapter. The chapter then focuses upon how the 1931 liquidity crisis severely affected the City through leading houses' substantial commitments to Central and Eastern Europe. It also reviews the City's ‘long winter’ caused by, first, the world economy's prostrate state, and then the Second World War. In addition, the discussion in this chapter focuses on the recovery of the City's international role during the 1950s and the beginnings of an entirely new foundation for its global importance with the emergence of the Euromarkets. Some reflections on the City's experience during the first half of the 20th century are offered at the end of the chapter.
The Future of the Paris Market as an International Financial Centre from the Point of View of European Integration
Authors: Straus André 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Trends over the last half century in particular have shown that Paris has been able to exist as a financial centre only when its financial market has been vigorous, which has clearly been a necessary but not always a sufficient condition. The future of the Paris market can be seen in terms of its ability to play a leading role in continental Europe. But this will only be possible through alliances with other markets.
Varieties of capitalism and innovation: the Silicon Valley model
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhat is the relationship between institutional frameworks, public policy, and the governance of innovative competencies by firms? This chapter extends the varieties of capitalism theory to examine how different types of economy impede the governance of new technology firms. It argues that most new technologies attempt to create radical innovations by developing competencies along a widely diffused “Silicon Valley Model” surrounding the financing, staffing, and creation of employee incentives within firms. Liberal market economies, such as those found in the US and UK, provide strong institutional supports for the Silicon Valley Model, while coordinated market economies, such as Germany or Sweden, provide a series of constraints. A theoretical framework is developed to explore this argument. How public policy might impact competitiveness within new technology industries across the two types of economies is discussed.
Economy, Society, and Worker Representation in Corporate Governance
Authors: Piore Michael J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a historical reconstruction of the evolution of governance structures in the modern history of the US; seen through the lenses of Polanyi's thesis, the main problem of contemporary economic organization is the clash between the competitive market and the social nature of human beings. This chapter analyses how this clash was resolved in different historical phases: by the adjustment of the social system to the requirement of production under the old regime of mass production, by negotiation and unionization under the New Deal. It characterizes the current phase as one of ‘disarticulation’ of the relationship between the economic and the social structures, where they are neither separate nor related in any clear way, to which a solution is yet to be found.
Myopic Opportunism and Joint Production: A Relational Approach to Corporate Governance
Authors: Lindenberg Siegwart 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter uses the cognitive psychology notion of ‘framing’ to highlight how profitable cooperation can benefit from a partial suspension of a gain frame. It argues that even when interests are broadly aligned, there is too much room for opportunism in the absence of an alignment of commitment to the relationship, and the suspension of the possibility of its instrumental use. The chapter then focuses on how a perception of transactions as ‘joint production’ can be built through a variety of ‘relational signals’ (credible commitments to the suspension of a calculative propensity to exploit any opportunity of gain even if it would damage the relationship).