bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Acceptance Test Limit Criterion for Larger-Diameter Rolled Thread Fasteners
Authors: Kephart AR 
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a fatigue lifetime acceptance test criterion by which studs having rolled threads, larger than 1.0 in. (25 mm) in diameter, can be assured to meet minimum quality attributes associated with a controlled rolling process.
This criterion is derived from a stress-dependent, room temperature air fatigue database for test studs having 0.625 in. (16 mm) diameter threads of Alloys X-750 HTH and direct aged 625. Anticipated fatigue lives of larger threads are based on thread root elastic stress concentration factors which increase with increasing thread diameters. Over the thread size range of interest, a 30% increase in notch stress is equivalent to a factor of five (5x) reduction in fatigue life. The resulting diameter-dependent fatigue acceptance criterion is normalized to the aerospace rolled thread acceptance standards for a 1.0 in. (25 mm) diameter, 0.125 in. (about 3 mm) pitch, Unified National thread with a controlled root radius (UNR). Testing was conducted at a stress of 50% of the minimum specified material ultimate strength, 80 ksi, (552 MPa) and at a stress ratio (R) of 0.10. Limited test data for fastener diameters of 1.00 to 2.25 in. (25 to 60 mm) are compared with the acceptance criterion.
Sensitivity of fatigue life of threads to test nut geometry variables was also shown to be dependent on notch stress conditions. Bearing surface concavity of the compression nuts and thread flank contact mismatch conditions can significantly affect fastener fatigue life. Without improved controls these conditions could potentially provide misleading acceptance data. Alternative test nut geometry features are described and implemented in the rolled thread stud specification, MIL-DTL-24789(SH), to mitigate the potential effects on fatigue acceptance data.
Accelerated Small Specimen Test Method for Measuring the Fatigue Strength in the Failure Analysis of Fasteners
Authors: Raymond L 
Published: April 2008

In conducting a failure analysis on a fastener, measuring fatigue strength or endurance limit is often the time-limiting factor in the analysis. The classical approach to measure the fatigue strength, which often takes as much as 3–4 months to 3–4 years using several machines, cannot be tolerated from an operational cost perspective, especially if the failure closes down production.
This paper presents an accelerated method of testing for the fatigue strength of a fastener based on measuring the threshold stress for fatigue crack initiation at the root of a thread. The method builds on the work of Prot and Corten in combination with a Rising Step Load™-fatigue testing protocol. Using this new approach, the fatigue strength can be measured in less than one week with one machine.
A case history is presented to illustrate the use of this new method in fatigue to quantify the effect of surface conditions at the root of the threads on the life of a large 3.5-in.-diameter (8.9 cm) bolt. Life analysis is based on a Goodman Diagram modified within the framework of fracture mechanics.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Twelfth International Symposium
Authors: Sabol GP , Moan GD 
Published: April 2008

Description
44 papers discuss the history, processing, use, and properties of Zirconium and its alloys. Nearly half are concerned with the corrosion and hydriding of different Zirconium alloys. The techniques used to characterize the oxides and their microstructures and properties have become very advanced. The industry, including producers and users, expects that the work will lead to important conclusions about alloy development, optimization of the processing parameters, and station operating procedures so that the current and new Zirconium materials will continue to operate reliably to very high neutron fluences.
Seven major topics include:
• Properties at High Neutron Fluences
• Hydrogen and Temperature Effects
• Deformation and Fracture Studies
• Processing and Alloy Development
• Effect of Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion
• Corrosion Simulation and the Effect of the Environment
• Effects of Oxides on Oxidation and H Pickup Rates
Audience:Scientists and engineers involved in the production and properties of components for use in nuclear reactors, their behavior during service and the property changes that occur with increasing neutron fluences.
Contribution to a Better Understanding of the Mechanism Causing Dishing Failures of the Carrara Marble When Used for Outside Building Facades
Authors: Erlin B 
Published: April 2008

The famed Carrara marble has been used as outside-exposed, thin, facade panels that have failed because of out-of-plane distortions; a phenomenon referred to as dishing, cupping, and bowing. Theories have been advanced to explain that phenomena. This paper expands the explanations, and is based upon the relationships of thermal hysteresis the stone is known to possess and stone dimensions.
The marble consists of a mosaic of fine, essentially equi-axial calcite crystals devoid of defined crystal boundaries. Calcite has a known anisotropic thermal response wherein the crystal expands (as would be expected) in the direction of the ‘c’ crystallographic axis, but contracts (as would not be expected) in the direction of the three ‘a’ crystallographic axes, which are oriented normal to the ‘c’ axis. Very slight repositioning of the crystals result because of dislocations along crystal boundaries, which interfere with the return of the crystals to their original locations. The resulting slight increase in volume of the marble is accumulative with continued thermal cycling.
When the front of panels undergo more thermal cycles and/or reach higher temperatures than the back of panels, the result is a differential volume increase front to back with the front expanding more than the back. Based upon laboratory experimental work, when the ratio of lateral dimensions of the panels to their thickness is appropriate, out-of-plane distortions reconfigure the panels in the form of a permanent slight dish.
The physical effects of the thermal hysteresis on the marble causes; dishing, increased volume, increased porosity, decreased strengths because of stress along crystal boundaries and, ultimately, disintegration of the marble into sugar-like granules.
Marbles having coarser grain sizes and mosaic textures do not undergo similar thermal hysteresis effects as the Carrara marble because there are fewer crystals to interact.
Design and Selection of Exterior Granite Pavers
Authors: Gerns EA , Wonneberger B , Scheffler MJ 
Published: April 2008

Over the past several years, thin granite pavers have become commonly used in exterior pavement construction. One- to three-inch-thick granite slabs that are usually more than one foot square are often used in new building deck and plaza construction. Granite pavers are often set on thin-set mortar, a flexible sand and gravel bed, or pedestal supports located at the corners of each paver. This paper provides information and guidance for architects and engineers on the selection of granite types and support systems that are appropriate for use in various pavement applications. It also provides an example of an initial selection of paver thickness for a typical size granite paver. Factors described that are to be taken into account for stone selection include stone strength and durability, safety factors, tolerances, the flexibility and typical detailing of the support system used, type and frequency of service loads anticipated by the designer, and anticipated weathering exposure and environment.
The paper is intended to provide designers topics to consider for initial granite pavement design, including sizing pavers, prior to the designers more detailed evaluation and analysis. Information herein can be useful in helping designers quickly determine whether a granite pavement system is appropriate and which support system is best suited for the site conditions present.
Anchorage Pullout Strength in Granite: Design and Fabrication Influences
Authors: West DG , Heinlein M 
Published: April 2008

For the past 10 to 15 years, significant emphasis has been placed on evaluation of the bending strength of stone panels used for thin veneer cladding. However, failures of stone cladding on buildings are more commonly due to problems with the anchor and/or anchorage design or installation than with the bending strength of the granite panel. Judging from the calculations submitted by engineers designing stone cladding systems, many designers of stone cladding panels and anchoring systems are unaware of the issues addressed in this paper.
This paper reports the results of a series of tests according to ASTM Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone (C1354) using two granites and an assortment of edge anchors. These tests examined possible causes for the variation in anchorage pullout loads. Situations examined included: a) variation for a single stone type tested with the same anchor configuration. b) variation for a single stone type tested with different anchor types and configurations. c) variation between different stone types tested with the same anchor configuration.
The results indicate that the most significant source of variation in anchorage pullout strengths of edge anchors is the thickness of stone material resisting the pullout load. Other sources of variation include the depth of embedment of the anchor, and the geometry of the anchor bracket and anchor cutout in the stone, but these were lower in magnitude.
The conclusions presented in this paper provide a basis for more appropriate consideration of the anchor pullout capacity in stone panels during design. They also provide a basis for possible revision of ASTM C1354 to reflect the key findings of this research.
Repair Methods for Stone Facades
Authors: Hoigard KR , Mulholland GR 
Published: April 2008

The dimension stone industry has made significant progress in the last 40 years toward improving the quality and longevity of stone cladding. Material standards have been updated, new tests have been developed, design guides have been published, and a myriad of technical papers have been written discussing everything from connection design to full panel mock-up testing. Despite all of this new information, buildings still get built with, or develop, dimension stone cladding “problems”. This paper discusses practical methods for addressing some of the more common repair issues.
The repair methods presented were developed by the authors for application on a variety of consulting projects, primarily involving marble and granite. Repair methods are discussed for addressing minor chips, spalls, partial missing pieces, cracks, and defective or ineffective anchorages. Guiding concepts behind the repairs are presented, and photographs of actual installations are used for demonstrative purposes.
Common Causes of Failures of Stone Claddings on Buildings
Authors: Chin IR 
Published: April 2008

Stone claddings on buildings are often chosen by building owners and designers for their natural aesthetic effect, their historically proven weathering durability, and their inherent low maintenance costs. However, these attributes are quickly eliminated when failure of the stone cladding occurs.
Investigations by the author, of distressed granite, limestone, and marble claddings on over 20 buildings have revealed that the common causes of failures in stone claddings on these buildings include the following: 1. Failure of the stone cladding connections in 45 percent of the buildings due to: a. Inadequate structural design of the connections. b. Corrosion of embedded metals. c. Failure to accommodate anticipated construction tolerances. d. Incompatible contacting materials. 2. Reduction in the strength of the stone due to exposure to the weather in 40 percent of the buildings. 3. Water leakage into the interior of 15 percent of the buildings due to: a. The absence of a flashing and weephole system or of an internal gutter and drainage system in the stone cladding. b. Ineffective flashing and weephole system or ineffective gutter and drainage system in the stone cladding.
Based upon the knowledge gained from the investigations, these common causes of failures in stone claddings are discussed, and recommendations to avoid failures in stone claddings on buildings are presented for consideration.
Marine Atmospheric Corrosion of Reference Metals in Tropical Climates of Latin-America
Authors: Mariaca-Rodriguez L , Almeida E , de Bósquez A , Cabezas A , Fernando-Alvarez J , Joseph G , Marrocos M , Morcillo M , Peña J , Prato MR , Rivero S , Rosales B , Salas G , Uruchurtu-Chavarín J , Valencia A 
Published: April 2008

This article presents the results obtained at 16 tropical test sites participating in the “Ibero-American Map of Atmospheric Corrosiveness” (MICAT), a project on atmospheric corrosion carried out during the period 1988–1994 at some 70 test sites distributed across 12 countries of the Latin-American region, Spain and Portugal.
The tropical climate and its different climatic variants are characterized by high average air temperatures, with considerable daily thermal fluctuations, high average relative humidity, and generally high precipitation volumes.
The work is structured in three main blocks: apparently unpolluted atmospheres (i), and marine atmospheres, differentiating between pure marine atmospheres (ii) and those in which both chloride (Cl-) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollutants coexist (iii).
In each block an attempt was made to determine the role of the tropical climate in the magnitude of corrosion attack shown by four typical reference metals (mild steel, zinc, copper and aluminum) exposed for one-year periods in tropical atmospheric exposure conditions.
Thirty-Eight Years of Atmospheric Corrosivity Monitoring
Authors: Phull BS , Pikul SJ , Kain RM 
Published: April 2008

The marine atmospheric test site at Kure Beach, North Carolina, has long been recognized for its corrosion severity. It represents a benchmark for testing materials' resistance to marine atmospheric corrosion. The two test areas at the site have often been referred to as the 80-foot and 800-foot test lots (or the 25-meter and 250-meter lots), respectively. For over 38 years the amount of airborne chlorides from the sea spray have been monitored monthly. Chloride deposition is only one of several environmental factors which can contribute to atmospheric corrosion. Some of the other important factors include relative humidity, time of wetness, temperature, prevailing wind direction, and rainfall—which are all also monitored routinely. Corrosivity is monitored more directly by determination of mass loss for two reference materials, carbon steel and zinc.
Because of a number of recent changes, the 25- and 250-meter test locations have now been designated as the “oceanfront” and the “near-ocean” lots. Continued monitoring of these sites will benefit existing and future marine atmospheric test programs, including those of various ASTM subcommittees. Examples of materials on continuous exposure in the “museum areas” of the oceanfront and the near-ocean lots are reviewed for the purpose of educating new corrosion engineers on the importance of long-term testing in natural environments.
Degradation of Fiber Reinforced Mortar in a Marine Environment
Authors: de Gutiérrez R , Calderón LA , Delvasto S 
Published: April 2008

Concrete is a brittle material with a relatively low tensile strength compared to its compressive strength. Reinforcement with randomly distributed short fibers could improve the ductility and tensile strength of concrete and permits the stabilization of the crack system. These products could be used in marine applications, but several chemical reactions must be controlled to generate durable materials. Sulfates and chlorides presented in seawater are especially dangerous ions for the concrete and the reinforcing steel.
The main objective of this research was to determine the effects of a marine environment on the properties of fiber reinforced mortars. Different types of natural and synthetic fibers such as sisal (S), fique (F), coconut (C), glass (G), polypropylene (PP) and steel (St) were used. The physical, mechanical and durability properties of the mortar made with each type of fiber were determined. The mortar matrix included additions such as silica fume (SF), and a superplasticizer (SP). Durability properties under marine environments were evaluated by measuring chloride ion penetration and water absorption.
The test results indicate an increase in the matrix porosity due to fiber application, but the blended cement matrix showed superior performance compared to the portland cement under marine service conditions. The utilization of mineral additions and additives in fiber reinforced mortars under severe environments was recommended.
Factors Affecting Predicted Neutron Dose Rates to Steel Pressure Vessels of Magnox Plant
Authors: Thornton DA 
Published: April 2008

Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations have been performed in order to determine the factors affecting predicted neutron dose rates to steel reactor pressure vessels (RPV) of Magnox reactors. The AEA Technology Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCBEND has been used to create a model of a notional Magnox reactor representing the main features of the presently operating Magnox reactors with steel RPVs. It was developed with the single purpose of improving understanding and was created so as to facilitate making the perturbations required in sensitivity calculations. A comprehensive series of sensitivity studies has been performed identifying influential factors and investigating the dominant pathways for the transmission of neutrons between the active core and RPV.
This study has confirmed the current calculational methodology for the provision of Magnox RPV doses. It has increased understanding of the neutron transport mechanisms and now provides a sound basis for the assessment of modelling uncertainties.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 30th Volume
Authors: Jerina KL , Paris PC 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1360 provides advanced state-of-the-art techniques for predicting fracture and fatigue, as well as applications and engineering problem solving in a number of key industries. Over 30 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading experts address topics in fracture mechanics, fatigue, and applications.
Areas of fracture mechanics covered include:
• Effects of geometry
• Specimen size on fracture behavior
• Toughness in the transition region
• Loading effects on fracture
• Innovative crack solutions
• Analysis techniques in analytical fracture mechanics
Areas of fatigue include:
• Effects of crack closure, stress ratio, residual stress and loading on fatigue
• Novel test methods and data analysis
Applications include:
• Predicting and measuring fatigue performance
• Fracture mechanics applications
• Finite element modeling of cracks and crack growth
This is a critical resource for mechanical, materials, and structural engineers involved with structural parts design and analysis; regulatory and investigative organizations and national laboratories.
A Novel Neutron Spectrometer with Response of Wide Energy Range
Authors: Uritani A , Makihara Y , Yamaguchi S , Kawarabayashi J , Iguchi T , Mori C , Toyokawa H , Takeda N , Kudo K , Sato O , Iwai S 
Published: April 2008

A neutron spectrometer has been developed to measure energy spectra of neutrons in the energy range from thermal to a few tens MeV. The detector consists of a spherical polyethylene moderator with a diameter of 30 cm and 19 pairs of 6Li- and 7Li-glass scintillators arranged along the orthogonal x-, y-, and z-axes of the sphere. The pairs can obtain the thermal neutron flux distribution in the sphere. The energy spectrum of the incident neutrons can be extracted from the information on the thermal neutron flux distribution in the moderator.
The detector characteristics have been examined with the Monte Carlo simulations and the experiments using monoenergetic neutrons. The response obtained by the experiments and that by the simulations show good agreement. The energy spectra of the monoenergetic neutron beams have been obtained by using the unfolding codes, SAND2 and J-log with the response function obtained with the simulations. In spite of white initial guess spectra, the unfolded energy spectra agree well with the true ones.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 19th International Symposium
Authors: Hamilton ML , Kumar AS , Rosinski ST , Grossbeck ML 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1366, the nineteenth volume in this series, examines 90 peer-reviewed papers from the international nuclear community, with the emphasis on advanced materials such as silicon carbide and vanadium alloys. A majority of the papers are devoted to pressure vessel embrittlement and its mitigation. Smaller segments address the issues of light water reactors, fusion reactors, and to a lesser extent, breeder reactors.
Several emerging issues are also explored, including reduced activation, welding of irradiated materials and damage resulting form high-energy proton beams in accelerator-driven nuclear systems.
Divided into the following sections:
• Pressure Vessel Steels--Mechanical Properties
• Pressure Vessel Welds--Mechanical Properties
• Pressure Vessel Steels--Segregation and Microstructure
• Ferritic and Ferritic/Martensitic Steels--Annealing and Reirradiation Behavior
• Irradiation-Induced Behavior Of Iron, Model Alloys, and Ferritic/Martensitic Alloys
• Low Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Alloys
• Irradiation Creep and The Creep-Swelling Relationship
• Austenitic Alloys--Irradiation-Induced Swelling, Segregation and Microstructure
• Irradiated Structural Alloys--Welding
• Experimental Techniques and Facilities
• Beryllium and Ceramics
• Other Materials
This publication will be of interest to research scientists, metallurgists, nuclear engineers, nuclear utilities, nuclear reactor vendors. Also university nuclear engineering and materials sciences departments.
Accreditation and Certification in Radioactivity Measurement: Experience of the CEA/Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory
Authors: Royer JC , Beretz D 
Published: April 2008

The Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory is involved in the French PWR pressure vessel surveillance program. It realizes the activity measurement of the dosimeters irradiated inside the surveillance capsules and it makes the data process to determine parameters such as flux and fluences.
In 1996, The Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory obtained the ISO 9002 certification and the French Committee for Accreditation (COFRAC)/Testing Section accreditation (according to EN 45001 standard) for the gamma spectrometry measurement of the radioactivity of solid samples irradiated in nuclear reactors, extended in 1997 to the X-ray spectrometry measurement of niobium activity.
The initial objective of the lab was the preservation of know-how that dates back 25 years; that is why COFRAC accreditation was chosen: it takes into account quality and technical evaluation. Thus, the description of our process is based upon ASTM standards.
In addition, as ISO 9002 is an international standard, well-known abroad, the certification was also sought. Our lab was one of the first in France to obtain both certification and accreditation.
The paper deals with ways and means of obtaining these two quality certificates: • organizational structure through which this project was performed; • quality system — the whole process is described through quality documents and records; • metrology requirements — operations which ensure that measuring equipment is usable and has the required performance (calibration, traceability against national standards, proficiency testing …). • other quality aspects — nonconformity, corrective actions, management review. The conclusion emphasizes on the feedback of this approach.