bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and Arousal as a Function of Incentive, Information Load, and Task Novelty
Authors: Wilkinson Robert T. , El‐Beheri Sami , Gieseking Charles C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPulse and respiration rate, pulse volume, skin conductance level, and muscle tension were recorded from 12 S8 while they carried out a 40‐min test of choice serial reaction in which incentive level, task difficulty (number of choices), and task novelty (or practice) were varied. 1) Little unanimity was observed among the physiological measures in responding to these task variables. Incentive was reflected in pulse rate, respiration rate, and skin conductance level; task difficulty in pulse volume; and novelty in respiration rate and muscle tension. 2) Only when the effects of information load and practice could be held constant was there any sign of an inverted‐U relationship between performance and physiological level. 3) Although both choice and incentive had significant effects on performance, the two did not interact.
Signal Averaging the Human Somatosensory Evoked Response: A Focal Evoked Response?
Authors: Stowell Hilton 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare stimulus‐time‐locked electrical activity obtained from two widely separated cranial sites. Simultaneous records were signal‐averaged from human scalp over postcentral gyrus and from three different orbital derivations, during repetitive, controlled mechanical indentation of the contralateral finger pad. Precautions were taken to exclude known sources of extra‐cranial stimulus‐time‐locked artifacts. Reliable somatosensory evoked responses (SERs) appeared in the parietal derivation; one of the orbital derivations showed more variable, but repeatable, activity, having always a broad negativity similar to that of the SER, and sometimes an early positive of shorter latency than the first positive of the SER. Such orbital activity may originate from the corneo‐retinal potential or from the frontal eye fields of the cortex, and is not necessarily stimulus‐time‐locked, since it appeared in the absence of programmed stimulation, when no SER was recorded. Data derived by other workers directly from the middle frontal gyrus are cited.
Cumulative Expectancy, Subjective Report of Alertness, and Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Gale Anthony , Bull Ray , Haslum Mary 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin conductance was monitored during a vigilance task in which the S responded to wanted signals. The wanted signal was a sequence of three consecutive odd digits (e.g. 1, 3, 7, +). Non‐wanted signals also contained three consecutive digits; of these, two, one, or none were odd (e.g. 1, 1, 2, +, or 1, 4, 6, +, or 2, 4, 6, +). (The plus signs following each signal served to separate the individual signals from each other and may therefore be treated as rest periods.) Since the S must respond to a series of odd digits the different signal types vary in their power to induce a state of cumulative expectancy in the S. Ss were informed that a monetary reward was dependent upon fast and accurate response. Electrodermal activity was quantified in terms of change in conductance (SCR), either increase (SCR+) or decrease (SCR–) associated with particular sequences of digits. Results indicate: 1) SCR+ for wanted signals progressively increases as the sequence accumulates, with maximum SCR+ on the final digit and a large SCR– on the plus sign. 2) Odd numbers are generally associated with SCR+ whereas even numbers and plus signs are associated with SCR–. 3) Ss report post‐test that they were more alerted by odd digits. 4) Reaction time to wanted signals does not correlate with SCL at time of response, with latency of the associated SCR, nor with pre‐ and post‐signal SCRs. 5) Intra‐individual analysis yields no evidence for operation of the Law of Initial Value.
Intensity Judgments and Physiological Response Amplitude
Authors: Bull Kenneth , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate and cortical evoked responses to 5 sound intensities were examined in 7 subjects, who were instructed to judge the intensity rank of each stimulus. The cortical potential exhibited a predominantly linear relationship to intensity, with larger responses evoked by the louder tones. However, heart rate showed both a significant linear and a significant quadratic relationship. The latter tendency, for larger responses to occur for high and low tones, increased progressively over trial series. These results were paralleled by a quadratic relationship between stimulus intensity and judgment errors and between intensity and reaction time to stimulus offset (fewer errors and shorter latencies for high and low “anchor” tones). These findings show that both physical intensity and the subject's ability to discriminate stimuli modulate the amplitude of some physiological responses, and the latter factor increases in influence as the subject becomes more familiar with the stimulus set.
Pupil Size and Instructional Set in Recognition and Recall
Authors: Stanners Robert F. , Headley Donald B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhen Ss were given different pretask instructions prior to engaging in a memory task, pupil size distinguished three phases of cognitive processing. The pretask instructions were formed from the combinations of (a) whether or not S had to perform a rehearsal‐interference task prior to a recognition test and (b) whether or not S had to recall the material (digits) after the recognition test. The first phase of cognitive processing indicated by the pupil response was associated with the comprehension of the pretask instructions; there were no differences in amount of dilation for the various instructions during this phase. The second phase was interpreted as a preparedness state; the amount of pupil dilation depended on the type of pretask instruction and the differences in dilation occurred prior to the actual presentation of the material. The third phase was associated with the actual processing of the materials, and the level of dilation and rate of increase were related to the pretask instructions. Pupil size increased more rapidly when S had been given the pretask instruction that recall was required after the recognition test than when only recognition was demanded.
A Survey of the Sources and Availability of Computer Software Applicable to Psychophysiological Research in the Periodical Literature
Authors: Kahn S David , Bowne Glenda W. , Swint Emmett B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPP‐T0003‐0‐I The increased usage of small computers in the research laboratory has made it necessary for the individual investigator to become familiar with computer science. A survey of sources, availability, and types of information distributed about computer software was made to determine their relevance to psychophysiology. Periodicals are divided into five classes and discussed as to the assets and liabilities of some of the present indexing and source references. The desirability of increasing the accessibility of software applications to psychophysiology is noted.
Reinforcement of Spontaneous Electrodermal Activity: A Cross‐Cultural Study in Japan
Authors: Shapiro David , Watanabe Takami 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA within‐subjects experimental design was used to examine the effects of contingent vs noncontingent reinforcement of spontaneous skin potential responses in Japanese subjects and the results were compared with previous data obtained from a comparable sample, of American subjects. The same overall pattern of differentiation between the two conditions of reinforcement was observed in both national groups, contingent reinforcement producing heightened rates of skin potential response relative to noncontingent reinforcement. Compared to the Americans, the Japanese showed more immediate differentiation between contingent and noncontingent reinforcement. The results are discussed in terms of previous crosscultural psychophysiological research.
Tryptophan and Sleep in Young Adults
Authors: Griffiths William J. , Lester Boyd K. , Coulter Joe D. , Williams Harold L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOral administration of L‐tryptophan increases brain serotonin levels by following normal 5‐hydroxyindole pathways (Moir & Eccleston, 1968). Since recent studies (Jouvet, 1969) suggest that serotonin is important in controlling sleep mechanisms, L‐tryptophan provides a useful method for investigating further the role of serotonin in sleep. In two experiments, EEG sleep patterns from 21 young adult males were examined following moderate (7.5 g) and high (12 g) oral doses of L‐tryptophan. Moderate doses produced sedative effects (reports of extreme drowsiness and reduced time awake) accompanied by increased slow‐wave sleep. The only effects on REM parameters were a trend (in some Ss) to early onset of stage REM, a small decrease in the period of the REM cycle, and decreased density of rapid eye movements. With the high dose, Ss again reported extreme drowsiness, and time to sleep onset was decreased. However, changes in SW sleep and waking time appeared only as non‐significant trends. In the high‐dose group, percent of REM sleep was markedly increased, due to early onset of stage REM and to increased duration of REM episodes during the second half of the night. EEG sleep patterns on recovery nights following large doses of tryptophan were not systematically different from baseline nights. These results indicate that the changes in sleep patterns produced by L‐tryptophan, presumably acting through 5‐hydroxyindole pathways, are dependent on dose. The findings are consistent with the idea that serotonin, or one of its metabolites, is involved in the mechanisms controlling both SW and REM sleep.
Interrelationships Among Performance, Circulating Concentrations of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Glucose, and the Free Fatty Acids in Men Performing a Monitoring Task
Authors: O'Hanlon James F. , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation was to determine the interrelationships among circulating concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose, and “free” fatty acids ([A], [NA], [G], and [FFA], respectively) in 11 men at rest and while performing “mental” work, i.e., a visual monitoring task. They performed the task and on another occasion served in a control condition where they merely watched slide projections. Basal levels of both [A] and [NA] were inversely related to [G]. [A] increased initially during the task but later returned to its basal level. The decline in [A] paralleled performance in the task. [A] declined to below its basal level in the control condition. [NA] was not related to performance in the task. [G] and [FFA] were elevated with respect to corresponding basal levels in both the task and the control condition. The bearing of the results upon current theories of human vigilance and psychophysiological mobilization during mental work was discussed.
Correlation Between Measures of the Rapid Eye Movements of Wakefulness and Sleep
Authors: de la Peña A. , Zarcone V. , Dement W. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLiterature review suggested that certain properties of the REMs of wakefulness and REM sleep show changes with experience and/or maturation. A positive correlation was predicted to obtain between measures of REM sleep intensity and waking information search organization/activity in normal human adults. A correlational study of the REMs of sleep and wakefulness in 9 college‐age Ss corroborated the hypothesis. Percentage REM sleep did not correlate significantly with any of the waking REM measures. Implications of the results for current theories and future research on REM sleep–waking perception interrelationships were described.
REM Sleep Interruption: Experimental Shortening of REM Period Duration
Authors: Fiss Harry , Ellman Steven J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment concerns itself with the extent to which psychological factors can influence normal sleep patterns. After 4 baseline nights of uninterrupted sleep, each of 4 Ss was awakened in the course of 2 nights during every REM period about 10 min following each REM onset. Ss, however, were not REM deprived. The interruption nights were followed by a recovery night of uninterrupted sleep. All nights were consecutive. The results show that during recovery nights all Ss continued to have significantly shorter than normal REM periods by going into NREM sleep at about the time they would have been awakened during the interruption nights. These shortened REM periods occurred even during early morning hours, when REM periods normally become longer. Arguments are advanced that this finding may best be explained in terms of a conditioned avoidance response.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Van Egeren Lawrence F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGeneral multivariate statistical theory and three statistical models (multi‐variate analysis of variance, canonical correlation analysis, and factor analysis) are described. Numerical examples, mathematical notes, an annotated bibliography, and references to computer programs are presented. Multivariate procedures are described as generalizations from univariate statistical theory where possible. The advantages to psychophysiologists of determining the organization of a complicated physiological response system through multivariate statistical procedures are discussed.
Respiratory‐Cardiac Relationships in Children
Authors: Sroufe L. Alan , Morris David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability were assessed in 6‐, 8‐, and 10‐year‐old boys. Rate of breathing affected only heart rate variability, with faster breathing producing more stable heart rate. Replicating previous findings with adults, depth of breathing affected both heart rate and heart rate variability, with deep breathing producing the fastest, most variable heart rate. The absolute effects of the respiratory manipulations on heart rate variability were found to be greater for children than for adults, and there was also a developmental trend of both decreasing heart rate and variability. Implications of these findings for developmental studies using heart rate as a dependent measure are discussed.
Averaged Evoked Responses To Tapping: A One‐Subject Scalp Study of Large Signals
Authors: Stowell Hilton 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSomatosensory evoked responses (SERs) of unusual amplitude were averaged from the scalp of one subject, for inspection of the time‐course of the early positive‐negative waveform (P1 to NH). These early components had a peak‐to‐peak half period of 10–14 msec, for varied stimulus locations and intensities, while their amplitude and latencies varied monotonically with stimulus intensity and sensory level. The time‐course of the P1 to NH components conformed with that observed for the postsynaptic soma‐dendritic response to direct stimulation of sensory cortex (DCR) in other mammals. Inspection of the later waveform, up to 125 msec poststimulus‐onset (PSO), revealed no negative later than the NH, which peaked at 43–45 msec for digital stimulation. Mechanical stimulation of the digits in the absence of the usual masking noise evoked a different waveform having significant earlier and later components.
The Effects of Attention, Stimulus Intensity, and Individual Differences on the Average Evoked Response
Authors: Schechter Gail , Buchsbaum Monte 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of shifting attention toward or away from visual or auditory stimuli of varying intensities were studied using average evoked responses (AERs) in 24 normal human volunteers. Ss were asked to attend to visual or auditory stimuli of four intensities (randomly presented) or to ignore the lights and tones and do mental arithmetic. For visual stimuli, attentional effects were largest at low intensities whereas for auditory stimuli equal effects were shown across intensities. Similar individual rates of increase of AER amplitude with increasing intensity were observed for both visual and auditory stimuli when attentional conditions were controlled.These results suggest that some general intensity processing response is reflected in the AER and that it is important to control attention in AER experiments.
Respiration Sinus Arrhythmia in Psychotic Children
Authors: Piggott Leonard R. , Ax Albert F. , Bamford Jacqueline L. , Fetzner Joanne M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen psychotic and 10 normal children, paired for age and sex, were compared for respiratory sinus arrhythmia differences under conditions of spontaneous and 5, 10, and 15 sec interval breathing. Cardiac rate and respiratory changes were simultaneously recorded. Parameters of degree of change and timing for each respiratory‐cardiac cycle and its associated changes in heart rate were measured and compared statistically. Results show significant differences between psychotics and normal controls as follows:

The psychotics did not sustain the acceleratory phase of the cardiac cycle as did the controls.
The lag intervals (interval between onset of inspiration and onset of cardiac acceleration, interval between onset of expiration and onset of cardiac deceleration) were more consistent for the normal controls than for the psychotics.
At maximum respiratory depths the psychotics no longer demonstrated a direct relationship between depth of respiration and degree of cardiac rate change as did the controls.

We conclude that there is a different or less well‐coordinated combination of operative forces in the sinus arrhythmia mechanism of the psychotics as compared to the controls.
Comparative Study of Conditioning of Averaged Evoked Responses By Coupling Sound and Light in Normal and Autistic Children
Authors: Lelord G. , Laffont F. , Jusseaume P. , Stephant J. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the conditioning of averaged evoked potentials in 11 psychotic and 11 normal children (57 experiments). Evoked potentials, like the blocking of alpha rhythm, can be conditioned by coupling a short sound of low intensity with an intense light flash.In normal children, the amplitude of the potential evoked by sound at the occipital region is small and quite variable. Its amplitude increases and its variability diminishes after coupling of sound and light. Also its form may resemble the potential evoked by light, especially in its rhythmic after‐effects.In psychotic children auditory evoked responses are variable and small and remain so during the coupling of sound and light.Instead, these patients respond to the sound with a late slow wave, which is strong and generalized. It is particularly prominent during conditioning and resembles the slow waves which follow the visual evoked potentials in these autistic children. This slow wave can be experimentally reproduced in normal Ss by Psilocybine. It also resembles in certain ways the slow waves provoked by movement or its anticipation in normal Ss but it appears here during sensorial conditioning which requires no movement. We suspect that this slow wave may reflect a diffuse motor component in the perceptual and associative processes of these autistic children.
Effects of Night Duty on Sleep Patterns of Nurses
Authors: Bryden Greer , Holdstock T. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe diurnal sleep patterns of female nurses working night duty were compared to their nocturnal sleep patterns while they were working regular hours during the day. Continuous EEG, EOG, and EMG recordings were made at the end of 2 month periods of night and day duty respectively. Day and night sleep differed with respect to both duration and pattern. Despite an earlier onset, the major sleep period was shorter during the day than the night and seemed to be more interrupted later in the session. This finding is in keeping with the increased amount of Stage 1 and decreased amount of slow wave sleep during the day than the night. Although no differences were evident with respect to overall percent REM, differences in the distribution of REM did occur. REM sleep occurred sooner during day than night sleep and there was more of it during the first part of day sleep. Thus night duty seemed to affect the pattern of sleep stage distribution as well as the absolute amount of, not only total sleep, but also some sleep stages, such as Stage SS. It is an open question how the naps of extended duration taken while on night duty influence the pattern of sleep during the day.
Peak Identification in Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Hall Robert A. , Rappaport Maurice , Hopkins H. Kenneth , Griffin Ralph B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWaveform patterns evoked by 4 intensities of flash in normal subjects were studied in relation to intersubject variability. Time‐frequency distribution curves of all peaks occurring between 11 and 280 msec after flash onset and meeting minimal criteria were obtained from 46 males. These distributions closely corresponded to similar data reported by others for single intensity stimulation. An algorithm was developed which identified in 67 to 100% of instances a single “peak event’ within the time ranges of each of 6 peak distributions. Many peak events appeared and disappeared within the 4 intensity sets of individuals. Latencies were obtained for these peak events. Application of the algorithm to a replicate sample of 29 Ss, which included 8 females, indicated generalizability. Test‐retest data on 15 Ss showed its reliability. The data suggest that methodology significantly contributes to the variability of peak identification among subjects. This may be reduced by employing multiple intensities of stimulation.
Expectancy and Magnitude of Reaction to a Noxious UCS
Authors: Epstein Seymour 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between expectancy and magnitude of reaction to a noxious UCS was examined in studies using a classical conditioning paradigm, in habituation studies, and in studies using a count‐up to stimulus presentation. An initial hypothesis that accurate expectancy reduces reactivity was found inadequate, and replaced by one that stated that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation. Although this hypothesis was consistent with the data reviewed, it was concluded that it, too, requires modification. The final hypothesis proffered was that accurate expectancy facilitates habituation when it fosters appropriate modulation of attention, which, for highly threatening stimulation, consists of a degree of restriction of attention to begin with, followed by increasing attention to new elements of the stimulus complex as reactivity to old elements is reduced.
Auditory Evoked Responses to Unpredictable Stimuli
Authors: Roth Walton T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe auditory evoked response (AER) to unpredictable stimuli was studied in 18 Ss. 100 msec sound bursts consisting of either a pure tone or white noise were presented every sec. One type of stimulus constituted the frequent expected stimulus and the other the infrequent stimulus that occurred as a random substitution. For the low probability (LP) stimulus condition, the mean ratio of infrequent to frequent was 1:30; for the intermediate probability (IP), 1:15; and for the high probability (HP), 1:7.5. Ss were instructed to ignore the sounds.The amplitude of a late positive wave (P3) of the AER was largest in the LP and smallest in the HP condition. There was a general decrease of all AER components over the course of a session. No evidence of dishabituation in the AER to the stimuli following the infrequent stimuli was obtained. The results of a detailed analysis of two orbital leads make it unlikely that eye movement or eye blink could account for the results.