bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between intellectual disability, Indigenous status and risk of reoffending in juvenile offenders on community orders
Authors: Frize M. , Kenny D. , Lennings C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground Intellectual disability (ID), age and aboriginal status have been independently implicated as risk factors for offending to varying degrees. This study examined the relationship between age, ID and the Indigenous status of juvenile offenders. It also examined the outcomes of the sample's offending in terms of court appearances and sentencing, criminogenic needs and risk of reoffending.Method The sample comprised 800 juvenile offenders on community orders of whom 19% were Indigenous, who completed theNew South Wales Young People on Community Order Health Surveybetween 2003 and 2005. Risk and criminogenic needs were evaluated using the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (Australian Adaptation) (YLS/CMI: AA).Results Those with an ID were found to have a higher risk of reoffending than those without an ID. Those with an ID were also more likely to be younger and Indigenous. For Indigenous young offenders, there was no difference between those with and without an ID in risk category allocation or number of court dates. For non‐Indigenous young offender, those with an ID had higher risk scores and more court dates.Conclusions This study provided evidence that Indigenous status may play a significant role in the relationship between ID and offending in juvenile offenders on community orders. These findings have clear implications for the ‘risk’, ‘needs’ and ‘responsivity’ principles of offender classification for treatment. Emphasis is placed on the requirement for addressing the needs of Indigenous juvenile offenders with an ID.
Environmental risks from the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)–the need for molecular ecology
Authors: WILLIAMSON M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractApplications to release genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment, usually the agricultural environment, are increasing exponentially. Many involve crop plants that are also weeds. Studies of biological invasions and of biological control show that the probability that a genetically new organism establishing itself is small; it is also unpredictable and in some cases could have severe ecological effects. GMOs pose risks both because they will be released in large numbers and because the greater the genetic novelty the greater the possibility of ecological novelty. Molecular ecology is an essential ingredient in ensuring that risks are assessed efficiently.
The construction of recA–deficient Rhizobium meliloti and R. leguminosarum strains marked with gusA or luc cassettes for use in risk–assessment studies
Authors: SELBITSCHKA W. , POHLER A. , SIMON R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA vector system was developed employing the recA genes of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae as target sequences for the stable genomic integration of foreign DNA. The plasmid vectors can be used either as integration vectors (single cross–over), or as gene replacement vectors (double cross–over). Gene replacement results in the antibiotic–marker–free integration of cloned DNA into the recA genes of R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Consequently, the recombinant strains become recombination deficient (RecA‐). The expression of integrated genes is under the control of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptll) promoter of transposon Tn5. The system was used to construct recA mutant strains of R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum by. viciae, carrying the Escherichia coli gusA gene encoding β–glucuronidase as well as the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luc gene encoding luciferase as marker genes. The GUS activity in the constructed strains was found to be absolutely stable over more than 100 generations of non–selective growth in liquid culture. The stability was also confirmed in root–nodule passages. In addition, the potential use of the luc gene as a stable genetic marker in the unequivocal identification of tagged strains among indigenous microbes in non–sterile soil was demonstrated. It is proposed to use bioluminescent recA mutants as model organisms in risk assessment studies with genetically engineered Rhizobium strains.
Intergeneric natural plasmid transformation between E. coli and a marine Vibrio species
Authors: PAUL J.H. , THURMOND J.M. , FRISCHER M.E. , CANNON J P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNatural transformation is the mechanism of procaryotic gene transfer that involves the uptake and expression of genetic information encoded in extracellular DNA. This process has been regarded as a mechanism to transfer genes (primarily chromosomal markers) between closely related strains or species. Here we demonstrate the cell–contact–dependent transfer of a non–conjugative plasmid from a laboratory E. coli strain to a marine Vibrio species, the first report of intergeneric natural plasmid transformation involving a marine bacterium. The nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors nalidixic acid and rifampicin inhibited the ability of the E. coli to function as a donor. However, dead cells also served as efficient donors. There was an obligate requirement for cell contact. No transfer occurred in the presence of DNase I, when donors and recipients were separated by a 0.2–μm filter, or when spent medium alone was used as a source of transforming DNA. These results indicate that contact–mediated intergeneric plasmid exchange can occur in the absence of detectable viable donor cells and that small non–conjugative plasmids can be spread through heterogeneous microbial communities by a process previously not recognized, natural plasmid transformation. These findings are important in the assessment of genetic risk to the environment, particularly from wastewater treatment systems and the use of genetically engineered organisms in the environment.
Male reproductive tactics in the threespine stickleback– an evaluation by DNA fingerprinting
Authors: RICO C. , KUHNLEIN U. , FITZGERALD G. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA random sample of 17 threespine stickleback nests was analysed using DNA fingerprinting. DNA from the guardian male and a random subsample of 10 fry per nest was probed with pYNZ132, a human single–locus VNTR probe which detects a multilocus fingerprint pattern in sticklebacks. Band–sharing indices (BSIs, the proportion of bands shared by two individuals) between the guardian male and its fry were calculated. In 147 of a total of 170 pair–wise comparisons the BSIs varied between 0.40 and 0.77. The guardian male was thought to be the true father of all these fry (p < 0.10). For the remaining 23 fry the BSIs varied between 0.09 and 0.34, suggesting that these fry were fathered by a different male (P<0.06). Once the paternal bands in each legitimate fry were determined, the remaining (i.e. maternal) bands among these fry were compared. Based on the BSIs obtained, the minimum number of females that spawned per nest was determined, and the maternal DNA fingerprints of the legitimate fry were traced back. In one nest five eggs of the sample had been fertilized by a sneaker, in two nests the guardian male had stolen eggs from a rival male, and in another nest one of the eggs was fertilized by a sneaker and three were stolen eggs.
The genetic legacy of Mother Goose– phylogeographic patterns of lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens maternal lineages
Authors: QUINN T. W. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBy using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify and sequence 178 bp of a rapidly evolving region of the mtDNA genome (segment I of the control region) from 81 individuals, approximately 11% of the variation present in the lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens L. mitochondrial genome was surveyed. The 26 types of mtDNA detected formed two distinct mitochondrial clades that differ by an average of 6.7% and are distributed across the species range. Restriction analysis of amplified fragments was then used to assign the mtDNA of an additional 29 individuals to either of these clades. Within one major clade, sequence among mtDNAs was concordant with geographic location. Within the other major clade the degree of sequence divergence among haplotypes was lower and no consistent geographic structuring was evident. The two major clades presumably result from vicariant separation of lesser snow geese during the Pleistocene.
Use of a novel plasmid to monitor the fate of a genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida strain
Authors: GENTHNER F. J. , CAMPBELL R. P. , PRITCHARD P. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlasmid pSI30 was constructed to increase the sensitivity of detection of a genetically engineered micro‐organism (GEM) and its recombinant DNA in environmental samples. This broad host‐range, mobilizable plasmid contained chlorocatechol (clc) degradative genes, antibiotic resistance genes (ampicillin and kanamycin) and a fragment of eukaryotic DNA. The clc genes encode enzymes that convert 3‐chlorocatechol to maleylacetic acid permitting the host, Pseudomonas putida RC‐4, to grow on 3‐chlorobenzoate. This catabolic phenotype was exploited using enrichment procedures to detect RC‐4(pSI30) cells, freeliving in the water column or when irreversibly bound to surfaces. The eukaryotic DNA sequence provided a unique target allowing positive identification by DNA:DNA hybridization. Using the eukaryotic DNA sequence as a probe, no transfer of the plasmid to indigenous bacteria was detected. Persistence of RC‐4(pSI30) and its ability to multiply upon addition of 3‐chlorobenzoate were demonstrated 78 days after its addition to natural freshwater. In flow‐through microcosms RC‐4(pSI30), undetectable as free‐living cells, was found by enrichment as irreversibly bound sessile forms. These experiments revealed the stability of pSI30 and its utility in a ‘combination’ detection system for tracking the survival of a GEM and its DNA in environmental samples.
Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis
Authors: GARNERY L. , CORNUET J.‐M. , SOLIGNAC M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVariability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. has been investigated by restriction and sequence analyses on a sample of 68 colonies from ten different subspecies. The 19 mtDNA types detected are clustered in three major phylogenetic lineages. These clades correspond well to three groups of populations with distinct geographical distributions: branch A for African subspecies (intermissa, monticola, scutellata, andansonii and capensis), branch C for North Mediterranean subspecies (caucasica, carnica and ligustica) and branch M for the West European populations (mellifera subspecies). These results partially confirm previous hypotheses based on morphometrical and allozymic studies, the main difference concerning North African populations, now assigned to branch A instead of branch M. The pattern of spatial structuring suggests the Middle East as the centre of dispersion of the species, in accordance with the geographic areas of the other species of the same genus. Based on a conservative 2% divergence rate per Myr, the separation of the three branches has been dated at about 1 Myr BP.
DNA sequence variation of the mitochondrial control region among geographically and morphologically remote European brown trout Saltno trutta populations
Authors: BERNATCHEZ L. , GUYOMARD R. , BONHOMME F. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThroughout its natural range, the brown trout Salmo trutta L. exhibits a complex pattern of morphological and life‐history variation. This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion, hampering the understanding of the evolutionary history of the species. To document the phylogenetic relationships among morphologically and geographically remote brown trout populations across western Europe, we determined the DNA sequence variation in segments of the mitochondrial control region for 151 individuals representing 24 populations. DNA was prepared for double‐stranded sequencing by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty‐one variable nucleotide positions within a 640‐bp fragment surveyed defined 12 genotypes differing by a mean of 7 nucleotide substitutions (range 1–12). Five major phylogenetic assemblages differing by mean sequence divergence estimates of 0.96 to 1.44% were identified. These groupings exhibited a strong spatial partitioning but lacked congruence with either ecological or morphological differentiation. Complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) monomorphism across all Atlantic basin populations contrasted with the high interdrainage genetic diversity observed in more southerly populations. This study exemplified the usefulness of mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis for estimating phylogenetic relationships within S. trutta populations.
The nodular endophytes of Coriaria spp. form a distinct lineage within the genus Frankia
Authors: NICK G. , PAGET E. , SIMONET P. , MOIROUD A. , NORMAND P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRepeated attempts at isolating the Frankia endophyte of Coriaria spp. have not yielded infective microbial cultures that could fulfil Koch's postulates. In order to circumvent the critical isolation step, nodule endophytes of Coriaria were characterized directly by means of specific amplification of nodule DNA (PCR) followed by sequencing of part of the 16S rDNA gene. Three closely related sequences were obtained from nodules originating from France, Mexico and New Zealand, containing unique sequences different from all other Frankia strains characterized so far. The sequences obtained were closest (with 5 or 6 substitutions) to those of Frankia alni and those of Casuarina‐infective Frankia strains, respectively. Two nucleotides unique to the Coriaria endophyte sequences were used to define specific primers, resulting in a hybridization test that could discriminate between Frankia DNAs originating from Coriaria nodules and those recovered from all cultured Frankia strains tested. The endophytes of Coriaria thus appear to form a distinct Frankia lineage.
DNA stabilization and amplification from museum collections of extracts originally intended for allozyme analysis
Authors: TAN AN‐MING , ORREGO CRISTIÁN 
Published: April 2008

AbstractProtein extracts originally prepared for isozyme electrophoresis two decades ago contain surviving DNA sequences susceptible to amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification was also possible after stabilization of such extracts on filter paper and immersion under mineral oil without refrigeration.
RFLP analysis of genetic variation in North American populations of the fall armyworm moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: LU YANG‐JIANG , ADANG M. J. , ISENHOUR D. J. , KOCHERT G. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA high level of genetic variability was detected in North American fall armyworm (FA W), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), populations by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of genomic DNA. In nearly all cases individual larvae could be differentiated using 22 probe‐enzyme combinations. Laboratory colonies formed distinct groups based on RFLP analysis. Individuals from a colony of the previously determined ‘rice strain’ formed a group showing obvious deviation in RFLP patterns from the other five populations, which included a population from a ‘com strain’ colony. The results were consistent with previous studies using allozymes which indicated that there are two genetically differentiated forms of the fall armyworm. Diagnostic markers were also found that distinguish these two groups.
Asymmetric hybridization between two species of sunfishes (Lepomis: Centrarchidae)
Authors: KONKLE B. R. , PHILIPP D. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMany of the sunfishes (Centrarchidae) hybridize in natural systems, yet little is known about the interactions among hybridizing individuals in nature. We used allozyme electrophoresis to identify interspecific hybrids between bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus) in Lake Opinicon, Ontario, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to identify the maternal parentage of those individuals. All 44 individuals collected and identified electrophoreti‐cally as F1 hybrids had a pumpkinseed mtDNA haplotype, indicating that hybridization between these species in Lake Opinicon is asymmetrical; F1 hybrids result only from matings between female pumpkinseed and male bluegill.
Estimating average within‐group relatedness from DNA fingerprints
Authors: REEVE H. K. , WESTNEAT D. F. , QUELLER D. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of a regression and an equivalent band‐sharing technique for estimating mean within‐group relatedness from DNA fingerprint data. First, we show that the relatedness estimate obtained from this technique tends to underestimate the pedigree relatedness in random‐mating populations, but that the degree of underestimation will be small unless DNA fingerprint similarity among unrelated individuals is unusually high. We derive the exact asymptotic downward bias as a function of allele frequency and probabilities of identity by descent. We suggest some methods for removing the small downward bias in the regression estimate. Secondly, we show that the technique yields accurate estimates of parent‐offspring, full, and half‐sibling relatedness in natural populations of the red‐winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus and indigo bunting Passerina cyanea.
Design and testing of a plant‐specific PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies
Authors: CULLINGS K.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer, 28KJ (5‐GGCGGTAAATTCCGTCC‐3), was developed to specifically amplify plant DNA. This primer is located approximately 250 bases downstream of the 5′ end of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, and it was used in combination with the universal primer 28C. The specificity of this primer combination was tested against 31 angiosperms, 9 conifers, 1 alga and 30 fungi (21 basidiomycetes and 9 ascomycetes). Both herbarium specimens and fresh samples were tested. The 28KJ/28C primer combination successfully amplified all angiosperm and conifer DNAs, but no fungal or algal DNAs. Plant DNA was amplified from plant/fungal symbioses (ectomycorrhizae of conifers and ericoid mycorrhizae of Ericaceous plants), and the plants involved in these symbioses were identified by comparing DNA sequences or restriction enzyme digest patterns of the mycorrhizal DNAs to those of known plant samples. These methods allow rapid and accurate identification of plant associates in complex plant/ fungal systems when the identity of the roots is unclear.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in satellite DNA distinguish chromosomal races of the white‐footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus
Authors: SIMMONS A. D. , LONGMIRE J. L. , REEDER T. W. , WICHMAN H. A. , BAKER R. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe describe a polymorphism revealed by a high‐copy‐number tandem repeat which serves to distinguish most individuals sampled (96%) from two chromosomal races of Peromyscus leucopus. Classical morphology, allozymes, mtDNA, and rDNA have all failed to provide fixed markers which separate these two chromosomal races. Data from P. leucopus further documents the utility of DNA polymorphisms to establish the natal origin (DNA ‘zipcodes’) of populations or individuals.
Variable stability of antibiotic‐resistance markers in Bacillus cereus UW85 in the soybean rhizosphere in the field
Authors: HALVERSON L. J. , CLAYTON M. K. , HANDELSMAN J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe compared the stability of antibiotic‐resistance markers in strains derived from Bacillus cereus UW85 in culture media and in the soybean rhizosphere in a growth chamber and in the field. We studied two independent, spontaneous mutants resistant to neomycin, three independent, spontaneous mutants resistant to streptomycin, and strains carrying plasmid pBC16, which encodes tetracycline resistance. Antibiotic‐resistance markers were maintained in populations of all UW85 derivatives in culture and in the rhizosphere of soybeans grown in soil in a growth chamber. In two field experiments, antibiotic resistance was substantially lost in rhizosphere populations of B. cereus as early as 14 or as late as 116 days after planting. To distinguish between death of the inoculated strain and loss of its marker, we tested populations of B. cereus for other phenotypes (orange pigmentation, plasmid‐borne resistance to tetracycline, and biocontrol activity) that are typical of UW85‐derivatives used as inoculum, but atypical of the indigenous populations of B. cereus, and these phenotypes were maintained in populations from which the marker was lost. In general, neomycin‐resistance markers were maintained at a higher frequency than streptomycin‐resistance markers, and maintenance of antibiotic‐resistance markers varied with position on the root and with the year of the experiment. In a semi‐defined medium, the UW85 derivatives grew at the same rate as the wild type at 28°C, but most grew more slowly than the wild type at 16°C, demonstrating that antibiotic resistance can affect fitness under some conditions. The results suggest that the stability of antibiotic‐resistance markers should be assessed in the ecosystems in which they will be studied.
Determination of paternity in dragonflies by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting
Authors: HADRYS H. , SCHIERWATER B. , DELLAPORTA S. L. , DESALLE R. , BUSS L. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting to address issues of paternity in two odonate species. Amplification artifacts of RAPD markers were controlled by assessing paternity patterns relative to the banding patterns generated by quantitative mixtures of DNA from putative parents (‘synthetic offspring’). In the aeshnid dragonfly Anax parthenope, for which the mating histories of both males and females were unknown, we found strong evidence for complete paternity success for the contact guarding male. In the highly polygamous libellulid dragonfly Orthetrum coerulescens, we detected and quantified mixed paternity in sequentially produced offspring clutches and demonstrated that fertilization success is correlated with the duration of copulation. Our results suggest that RAPD fingerprinting is suitable to address issues of paternity in systems which are genetically uncharacterized and produce large offspring clutches.
Genetic differentiation of cocoa (Theobrotna cacao L.) populations revealed by RAPD analysis
Authors: RUSSELL J. R. , HOSEIN F. , JOHNSON E. , WAUGH R. , POWELL W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to preserve and exploit the valuable genetic resources of tropical forest trees, such as cocoa, a systematic assessment of the available genetic variability is necessary. The approach we have used is based on a simple mini‐prep DNA extraction procedure together with a polymerase‐chain‐reaction‐ (PCR)‐based polymorphic assay procedure (RAPD). Twenty‐five cocoa accessions: IMCs and PAs collected from Peru and LCTEENs collected from Ecuador, which are difficult to distinguish using morphological or biochemical descriptors, were uniquely fingerprinted using a minimum of three oligonucleotide primers. Analysis of the variability detected using RAPDs clearly discriminated between the geographical origin of the three cocoa populations. Partitioning of variability into within and between population components revealed that most variation was detected within a population. The potential of RAPD analysis to facilitate the rationalization of field gene banks and provide accurate estimates of diversity to allow optimization of collecting strategies is discussed