bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Web-based consultation on priorities for translational breast cancer research
Authors: Dowsett Mitch , Goldhirsch Aron , Hayes Daniel F , Senn Hans-Joerg , Wood William , Viale Giuseppe 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background
Large numbers of translational breast cancer research topics have been completed or are underway, but they differ widely in their immediate and/or future importance to clinical management. We therefore conducted an international Web-based consultation of breast cancer professionals to identify the topics most widely considered to be of highest priority.

Methods
Potential participants were contacted via two large e-mail databases and asked to register, at a Web site, the issues that they felt to be of highest priority. Four hundred nine questions were reduced by a steering committee to 70 unique issues, and registrants were asked to select the 6 questions they considered to be the most important.

Results
Votes were recorded from 420 voters (2,520 votes) from 48 countries, with 48% of voters coming from North America. Half of the voters identified themselves as clinicians, with the remainder being academics, research scientists, or pathologists. The highest priority was to identify molecular signatures to select patients who could be spared chemotherapy, which gained about 50% more votes than the second topic and was consistently voted top by voters in North America, Europe, and the rest of the world. Research scientists voted the determination of the role of stem cells in breast cancer development, progression, and treatment sensitivity as the most important issue, but this was considered the sixth priority for clinicians and fourth overall.

Conclusion
This exercise may bring a greater focus of research resources onto issues voted as top priorities.
Patients' concerns about and problems experienced with discontinuation of antidepressants
Authors: Van Geffen E C G , Brugman M , Van Hulten R , Bouvy M L , Egberts A C G , Heerdink E R 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Objective
Clinical trials and epidemiological studies have shown that premature discontinuation is a major problem during antidepressant therapy. Unfortunately, there is little information on how patients perceive treatment with antidepressants in clinical practice, and it is unclear whether patients perceive discontinuation as a problem. The objective of this study is to assess whether concerns and problems experienced with drug discontinuation occur more frequently in patients using antidepressants than in patients using benzodiazepines, antipsychotics or non-psychiatric medication.

Method
All calls to a national telephone medicines information service received between 1990 and 2004 were examined using retrospective examination. Calls about discontinuation were identified and classified either as a general question about discontinuation, or as a problem experienced with discontinuation. These calls were grouped into the following main classes: antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines or non-psychiatric medicines.

Key findings
Of all 39 786 registered phone calls, 6159 (15,5%) related to antidepressants, 1658 (4.2%) to antipsychotics and 3916 (9.8%) to benzodiazepines. Patients calling about antidepressants called about discontinuation three times as often (odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6–3.0), and reported a problem with discontinuation five times more often (OR 5.4; 95% CI 4.6–6.3), compared to patients who called about non-psychiatric medicines. The proportion of questions about discontinuation and problems experienced with discontinuation was also higher in patients calling about benzodiazepines and antipsychotics compared to patients calling about non-psychiatric medication.

Conclusion
Patients perceive discontinuation of antidepressants, as well as discontinuation of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, as a problem. Discontinuation seems a general problem for all psychiatric medicines, and needs more attention in the communication between patients and healthcare providers.
Potentiating effect of β-caryophyllene on anticancer activity of α-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel
Authors: Legault Jean , Pichette André 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
β-caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene widely distributed in essential oils of various plants. Several biological activities are attributed to β-caryophyllene, such as anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and local anaesthetic activities. In this work, the potentiating effect of β-caryophyllene on the anticancer activity of α-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel against MCF-7, DLD-1 and L-929 human tumour cell lines was evaluated. A non-cytotoxic concentration of β-caryophyllene significantly increased the anticancer activity of α-humulene and isocaryophyllene on MCF-7 cells: α-humulene or isocaryophyllene alone (32 μg mL−1) inhibited cell growth by about 50% and 69%, respectively, compared with 75% and 90% when combined with 10 μg mL−1 β-caryophyllene. Moreover, β-caryophyllene potentiated the anticancer activity of paclitaxel on MCF-7, DLD-1 and L-929 cell lines. The highest potentiating effect was obtained in DLD-1 cells treated with paclitaxel combined with 10 μg mL−1 β-caryophyllene, which increased the paclitaxel activity about 10-fold. The intracellular accumulation of paclitaxel-oregon green was evaluated in combination with concentrations of β-caryophyllene ranging from 2.5 to 40 μg mL−1. β-Caryophyllene (10 μg mL−1) significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of paclitaxel-oregon green (about 64% over controls). Moreover, β-caryophyllene induced intracellular accumulation of calcein but not verapamil, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance related protein transporters, suggesting that β-caryophyllene promotes drug accumulation by a different mechanism of action. These results suggest that β-caryophyllene facilitates the passage of paclitaxel through the membrane and thus potentiates its anticancer activity.
Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline compound B3 inhibited P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in-vitro and in-vivo
Authors: Fang Weirong , Li Yunman , Cai Ying , Kang Kai , Yan Fang , Liu Guoqing , Huang Wenlong 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main obstacles in tumour chemotherapy. A promising approach to reverse MDR is the combined use of nontoxic and potent P-gp inhibitor with conventional anticancer drugs. We have examined the potential of a newly synthesized tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative B3 as a MDR-reversing agent. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to examine the effect of B3 on the cytotoxicity in K562/A02 and MCF-7/ADM cells caused by doxorubicin (adriamycin). Accumulation and efflux of P-gp substrate rhodamine123 in K562/A02 and primary cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (RBMECs) were measured to evaluate the inhibitory effect of B3 on P-gp. The K562/A02 xenograft model in nude mice was established to examine MDR-reversing efficacy of B3 in-vivo. The results indicated that co-administration of B3 resulted in an increase on chemosensitivity of K562/A02 and MCF-7/ADM cells to doxorubicin in a dose-dependent manner. Rhodamine123 accumulation in K562/A02 cells and RBMECs were significantly enhanced after the incubation with various concentrations of B3. Furthermore, B3 inhibited the efflux of rhodamine123 from RBMECs. Co-administration of B3 with doxorubicin significantly decreased weight and volume of tumour in nude mice. In conclusion, B3 is a novel and potent MDR reversal agent with the potential to be an adjunctive agent for tumour chemotherapy.
Bicyclol, a synthetic dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative, decreases hepatic lipids but increases serum triglyceride level in normal and hypercholesterolaemic mice
Authors: Pan Si-Yuan , Dong Hang , Yu Zhi-Ling , Zhao Xin-Ye , Xiang Chun-Jing , Wang Hui , Fong Wang-Fun , Ko Kam-Ming 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Bicyclol is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China. In this study, the effects of bicyclol (100 or 300 mg kg−1, p.o.) on serum and liver lipid contents were investigated in both normal and experimentally induced hypercholesterolaemic mice. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced by either oral administration of cholesterol/bile salt or feeding a diet containing lard/cholesterol. Daily administration of bicyclol for 7 days dose-dependently increased the serum triglyceride level (29–80%) but slightly decreased the hepatic total cholesterol level (12–17%) in normal mice. Co-administration of bicyclol with cholesterol/bile salt decreased the hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (7–15% and 25–31%, respectively), when compared with the drug-untreated and cholesterol/bile salt-treated group. Bicyclol treatment for 7 days decreased hepatic triglyceride (5–76%) and total cholesterol (5–48%) levels in mice fed with high-fat/cholesterol diet. In contrast, bicyclol treatment increased the serum triglyceride level (18–77%) in mice treated with cholesterol/bile salt or fed with high-fat/cholesterol diet. Bicyclol treatment also caused an increase in hepatic index of normal and hypercholesterolaemic mice (3–32%). The results indicate that bicyclol treatment can invariably decrease hepatic lipid levels and increase serum triglyceride levels in normal and hypercholesterolaemic mice.
In-vivo and in-vitro studies on the effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang on nimodipine transport across rat blood-brain barrier
Authors: Zhang Dong Mei , He Zhen Wei , Liu Xiao Dong , Li Yang , Xie Lin , Wang Guang Ji , Liu Li 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), an aqueous extract of Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Cortex Phellodendri and Fructus Gardeniae (3:2:2:3) is an important multi-herb remedy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HLJDT on nimodipine transport across rat blood-brain barrier (BBB). It was found that in-vivo the brain concentrations of nimodipine significantly increased when rats were pretreated with HLJDT. In-vitro, the serum of HLJDT-treated rats increased the accumulation of nimodipine in primary cultured rat brain micro-vessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) and decreased the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on rBMECs. Our previous study showed that the peak concentration of baicalin and berberine in rats after administration of HLJDT was 5 μg mL−1 and 10 ng mL−1, respectively. This study showed that 5 μg mL−1 baicalin significantly increased the accumulation of nimodipine in rBMECs, while 10 ng mL−1 berberine had no effect on the accumulation of nimodipine in rBMECs. Both the in-vivo and in-vitro experimental findings indicated that HLJDT pretreatment may alter the transport of nimodipine across rat BBB.
Modulatory effect of seabuckthorn leaf extract on oxidative stress parameters in rats during exposure to cold, hypoxia and restraint (C-H-R) stress and post stress recovery
Authors: Saggu Shalini , Kumar Ratan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the antioxidative potential, if any, of seabuckthorn leaf aqueous extract, administered orally in rats at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 both in single and five doses, 30 min before cold (5°C)–hypoxia (428 mm Hg)–restraint (C-H-R) exposure. The effect of the extract was studied on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in liver and gastrocnemius muscle of rats on attaining the rectal temperature (Trec) of 23°C during C-H-R exposure and after recovery (Trec37°C) from C-H-R-induced hypothermia. In untreated rats exposed to C-H-R, there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver and muscle along with decreased activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in liver and muscle. Single- and five-dose extract treatment restricted the increase in liver and muscle MDA levels and five doses of extract treatment further improved the levels of liver antioxidants, viz. reduced glutathione (GSH), on recovery of Trec37°C, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) during exposure and recovery, normalized CAT activity in liver during C-H-R exposure and an increase on recovery of Trec37°C. The decreasing pattern of liver and muscle GST levels both in single-dose and five-dose extract treated rats was similar to that in untreated rats. Results suggested that supplementation with seabuckthorn extract helps to reduce oxidative stress in liver and muscle of rats during C-H-R exposure and post-stress recovery.
Public Participation, Local Planning and Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Bruton M. J. 
Published: November 2007

During the 12 years that the formal system of public participation in town and country planning has been in operation, two views of the likely outcome of its introduction have been consistently advanced. On the one hand participation has been seen as a device to achieve consensus which would in tum lead to public support for planning proposals and reduce administrative delays.
Reference to official government publications such as the Town and Country Planning (Development Plans) Direction 1965; the Report of the Planning Advisory Group 1965; the Town and Country Planning Acts of 1968 and 1971 and associated circulars, e.g. 44/71; 52/72; 55/77, and 4/79, and the Skeffington Report would seem to confirm that consensus is implicit in the planner’s perception of public participation.
The other view of the implications of introducing participation into the town and country planning process is that it inevitably leads to conflicts of interest and results in a change in the balance of power insofar as the taking of decisions on local issues is concerned.
Tight polyhedral models of isoparametric families, and PL-taut submanifolds
Authors: Banchoff Thomas F , Kühnel Wolfgang 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We present polyhedral models for isoparametric families in the sphere with at most three principal curvatures. Each member of the family (including the analogues of the focal sets) is tight in the boundary complex of an ambient convex polytope. In particular, the tube around the real (or complex) Veronese surface is represented as a tight polyhedron in 5-space (or 8-space). The examples are based on a certain Bier sphere triangulation of S
4 or S
7, respectively. In the 4-dimensional case there are simplicial branched coverings of these triangulations in the complex projective plane and in S
2 × S
2 which are branched precisely along the polyhedral analogues of the Veronese surface. Moreover, we introduce a notion of PL-tautness and discuss its relationship with tightness of polyhedra. In particular, each member of our polyhedral isoparametric family is PL-taut. For an extended abstract see [W. Kühnel, Discrete models of isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres. Oberwolfach Reports
12, 665–667 (2006).].
Friction and Wear Behavior of Electroplated and Thermal Sprayed Coatings Tested in an Instrumented Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test
Authors: Pintaude G. , Maranho O. , Villabón R. L. , Sinatora A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a three-body abrasive wear and friction study of two different coatings on steel substrates. An instrumented rubber wheel abrasion test (RWAT) was used. One coating was thermally-sprayed WC-12 %Co, using the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process, and the other coating was applied as electroplated hard chrome. Unlike current RWAT equipment, the apparatus described here has computer control of load and speed as well as instrumentation to measure specimen temperature and friction force. The instrument was calibrated using quenched and tempered D2 tool steel, per ASTM G 65-94. Tests of the thermally-sprayed coating were performed with loads of 65 or 130 N, and tests of the hard chrome plating used Procedure E of the standard. The wear resistance of the thermally-sprayed coating was dependent on substrate (52100 or 1020 steel) and it was in general superior to that for the hard chrome. The friction coefficients ranged between about 0.4 and 0.6 for the coatings against flowing sand. The tests performed with an applied load of 130 N did not meet the recommendation of ASTM on the coefficient of variation, and probably low loads should be considered in the standard to determine the wear resistance of coatings.
A Pure Population of Ectodermal Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Aberdam Edith , Barak Efrat , Rouleau Matthieu , de LaForest Stephanie , Berrih-Aknin Sonia , Suter David M. , Krause Karl-Heinz , Amit Michal , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Aberdam Daniel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a unique cellular model to recapitulate in vitro early steps of embryonic development and an unlimited cellular source in therapy for many diseases, as well as targets for drug discovery and toxicology screens. Although previous studies have reported epidermal differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem (huES) cells, the heterogeneity of the resulting cell culture impairs the evaluation of differentiated cells for cell therapy. We report here the reproducible isolation of a homogenous ectodermal cell population, IT1, from human ES cells. Like primary cells, IT1 cells remain homogenous over 15 passages, expand up to 60 population doublings, and then die through senescence. Accordingly, IT1 cells display a normal karyotype and a somatic cell cycle kinetics and do not produce teratoma in nude mice. The production of K14-expressing epithelial cells driven by p63 expression strengthens the ectodermal nature of IT1 cells. Since IT1 can be isolated from different huES cell lines, it may provide a ready source of ectodermal progenitors for the development of a toxicology cell model, new-drug-screening strategies, and cell therapy transplantation.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Regimental Courts Martial in the Eighteenth Century British Army
Authors: Gilbert Arthur N. 
Published: November 2007

In the eighteenth century, most military crimes were tried at the Regimental level. In theory, the military law of the day decreed that the General Courts Martial be reserved for major offenses: those that might result in capital sentences or lashings of great magnitude. Murder, rape, robbery, and other crimes deemed capital undgr eighteenth century civil law, were tried at the General Courts Martial, as were specific military crimes that seriously affected the ongoing life of the armed forces—mutiny, desertion, and the like. As one would expect, there were many more petty crimes than major offenses. Still, the General Courts Martial books show a surprisingly small number of cases, even in wartime, when the army grew precipitously to meet a military threat.For most soldiers, crime and punishment was administered by the Regimental Courts, yet we know very little about them. There are no Regimental Courts Martial records to speak of and few surviving accounts of their procedures. What we do know suggests that they were very important to those military officers who were responsible for the order and discipline of the British army.Until 1718, the rules and procedures governing Regimental Courts Martial were vague and uncertain. In that year, a modest attempt was made to codify RCM procedures. It was decreed that the RCM could inflict corporal punishment for such crimes as neglect of duty and disorderly conduct in quarters, among others, and that all such trials had to be conducted by five commissioned officers. Conviction was decided by a plurality of votes. Significantly, the oath, used previously when officers were called upon to serve as judge and jury, was eliminated in Regimental Courts Martial cases. As a result, the Judge Advocate noted some years later, “since that time the Prisoner has not had the benefit of that great and I may say, only security to be fairly and impartially tried.”
King Stephen: Government and Anarchy
Authors: Kealey Edward J. 
Published: November 2007

The remote and rather dreary reign of King Stephen recently has had great appeal to contemporary historians and several distinguished scholars have carefully analyzed it. Indeed, who would have thought that a study of medieval government in a troubled time, always interesting on its own terms, would seem so pertinent, especially to concerned Americans? Since the Watergate revelations, nearly everyone observed a declining confidence in our national leadership. Journalists, politicians, and private citizens continually asked whether the president had lost the ability to govern. Barons, bishops, and burgers discussed similar questions in King Stephen's time—in 1135, in 1139, in 1141, and in 1153—and yet their king and country survived. Our nation also surmounted its series of crises and the consoling lesson of both trying periods may well be that the salvation of necessary administrative institutions and the preservation of relative prosperity depend far more upon the loyalty, dedication, and service of barely visible, self-effacing governmental bureaucrats than it does upon any one leader's personal skill, principal advisors, or private morals.Generations of young men have grown old safely categorizing King Stephen's days as “The Anarchy” and their professors still regale other eager students with the Peterborough chronicler's description of that time in England when “Christ and His angels slept” and “we suffered nineteen winters for our sins.”
The Reputation of Royal Judges Under the Angevin Kings
Authors: Turner Ralph V. 
Published: November 2007

In twelfth and thirteenth-century England complaints that justice was being sold were common, culminating with King John's tacit admission in Magna Carta. Coupled with these complaints were charges of corruption against royal judges, or against royal aulici, curiales, or familiares, since until the middle of Richard I's reign no professional judiciary existed. Even in King John's time, familiares regis still served as judges. Yet a core of royal servants specializing in justice, “professionals” in a certain sense, had been created. Historians since Maitland have generally held a high opinion of these judges. According to Maitland, under Henry II and Richard I, “English law was administered by the ablest, the best educated men in the realm.…” F.M. Powicke wrote that the judiciary of Henry III was “probably the most stable and helpful, as it was the most intelligent, element in the State at this time.” How are we to reconcile historians' high opinion of the royal justices with their contemporaries' low opinion? Were the chroniclers simply drawing stock figures in their depictions of corrupt judges, or was their picture drawn from life?Royal officials, including judges, proved popular targets for the pens of twelfth century moralists and satirists, some of whom wrote out of personal bitterness, having failed in the contest for royal patronage and high office.2 Capable of condemning curiales in classical Latin style was John of Salisbury. He knew many of Henry II's courtiers, and he came to despise them, especially those in clerical orders.