bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial urethral obstruction of rabbit urinary bladder: stereological evidence that the increase in muscle content is mostly driven by changes in number, rather than size, of smooth muscle cells
Authors: De Castro Sasahara Tais H. , Mayhew Terry M. , Rahal Sheila C. , Fioretto Emerson T. , Balieiro Júlio C. C. , Ribeiro Antonio A. C. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of partial urethral obstruction on the detrusor muscle of rabbit urinary bladder were investigated using stereological sampling and estimation tools. Twelve female Norfolk rabbits (2.5–3.0 kg body weight) were divided into four groups: 3, 7 and 12 weeks after surgical intervention to produce a standard partial obstruction and unobstructed controls. Following removal, bladder axes (craniocaudal, dorsoventral and laterolateral) and organ weights were recorded. Bladders were prepared for light microscopy by multistage random sampling procedures. Stereological methods were used to estimate the volume of muscle and the packing density and total number of myocyte nuclei in each bladder. We also estimated mean myocyte volume and the mean cross‐sectional area and length of myocytes. Group comparisons were made by one‐way analysis of variance. Changes in bladder axes were mainly laterolateral and craniocaudal. Mean bladder weight increased roughly six‐fold by 3 weeks and 17‐fold by 12 weeks and was accompanied, on average, by 12‐ and 33‐fold increases in total muscle volume. These variables did not differ at 3 and 7 weeks post‐obstruction. Increases in muscle content were not accompanied by changes in packing densities but were associated with increases in the total numbers of myocyte nuclei (13‐fold by 3 weeks, 28‐fold by 12 weeks). Mean myocyte volume did not vary significantly between groups but cells in obstructed groups were shorter and wider. These findings support the notion that partial outflow obstruction leads to an increase in the number, but not mean volume, of myocytes. If due solely to myocyte mitosis, the total of 43 × 108 cells found at 12 weeks could be generated by the original complement of 15 × 107 cells if an average of only 2.1 × 106 new cells was produced every hour. In reality, even this modest proliferation rate is unlikely to be achieved because myocyte proliferation rates are very low and it is possible that new myocytes can arise by differentiation of mesenchymal or other precursor cells.
Functional specialisation of the pelvic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus)
Authors: Williams S. B. , Payne R. C. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe provide quantitative anatomical data on the muscle–tendon architecture of the hare pelvic limb (specifically muscle mass, fascicle length, pennation angle, tendon mass and length). In addition, moment arms of major pelvic limb muscles were measured. Maximum isometric force and power of muscles, the moment of force about a joint, and tendon stress and strain were estimated. Data are compared with published data for other cursorial mammals such as the horse and dog, and a non‐specialised Lagamorph, the rabbit. The pelvic limb of the hare was found to contain substantial amounts of hip extensor and adductor/abductor muscle volume, which is likely to be required for power production and stability during rapid turning. A proximal to distal reduction in muscle volume and fascicle length was also observed, as is the case in other cursorial quadrupeds, along with a reduction in distal limb mass via the replacement of muscle volume by long distal limb tendons, capable of storing large amounts of elastic energy. The majority of hare pelvic limb muscle moment arms varied with joint position, giving the hare the capacity to vary muscle function with limb posture and presumably different locomotor activities.
Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Mela Flora , Marti Matteo , Dekundy Andrzej , Danysz Wojciech , Morari Michele , Cenci M. Angela 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMetabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) modulates dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission at central synapses. In this study, we addressed the role of mGluR5 in l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia, a movement disorder that is due to abnormal activation of both dopamine and glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia. A selective and potent mGluR5 antagonist, 3‐[(2‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl] pyridine, was tested for its ability to modulate molecular, behavioural and neurochemical correlates of dyskinesia in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats treated with l‐DOPA. The compound significantly attenuated the induction of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) by chronic l‐DOPA treatment at doses that did not interfere with the rat physiological motor activities. These effects were paralleled by an attenuation of molecular changes that are strongly associated with the dyskinesiogenic action of l‐DOPA (i.e. up‐regulation of prodynorphin mRNA in striatal neurons). Using in vivo microdialysis, we found a temporal correlation between the expression of l‐DOPA‐induced AIMs and an increased GABA outflow within the substantia nigra pars reticulata. When co‐administered with l‐DOPA, 3‐[(2‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl] pyridine greatly attenuated both the increase in nigral GABA levels and the expression of AIMs. These data demonstrate that mGluR5 antagonism produces strong anti‐dyskinetic effects in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease through central inhibition of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of l‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia.
Isolation of additional polymorphic tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama)
Authors: WHEATON LEANNE , DONNELLAN STEPHEN C. , VRIES MELITA C. DE , GARDNER MICHAEL G. , GILLANDERS BRONWYN M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe isolated 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant Australian cuttlefish, Sepia apama, from a genomic library enriched for (AAC)n and (AAAG)n repetitive elements. In the nine loci that reliably amplified, the number of alleles ranged from four to 12 per locus with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.343 to 0.926. These and a previously developed set of six loci will be useful for analysis of genetic structure of populations and determining input to a massive seasonal breeding aggregation in northern Spencer Gulf, Australia.
Development of eight polymorphic microsatellites for an Australasian rainforest tree species, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana (Lauraceae)
Authors: WELLS J. A. , GARDNER M. G. , LOWE A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe developed eight microsatellite markers for Cryptocarya mackinnoniana to study the spatial genetic structure and ecological correlates of parentage in secondary rainforests in Australia's Wet Tropics. The microsatellite loci were screened in 99 trees, and 623 seedlings < 0.24 m tall, at a site extending from primary rainforest into adjacent 50‐year‐old secondary rainforest. The eight loci were polymorphic, exhibiting between three and 11 alleles, and gene diversity (HE) from 0.25 to 0.84. For the trees, no departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected, except at locus Cm03, which had an estimated null allele frequency of 0.0903. No locus combinations exhibited linkage disequilibrium.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the invasive monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)
Authors: RUSSELLO M. A. , SARANATHAN V. , BUHRMAN‐DEEVER S. , EBERHARD J. , CACCONE A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMicrosatellite loci were characterized for the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) from a GTn‐enriched genomic library. Twelve of 14 microsatellite loci were polymorphic, averaging 6.7 alleles per locus across the 20 individuals genotyped. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.72, with locus‐specific values ranging from 0.53 to 0.90. An equally high multilocus probability of identity (2.48 × 10−12) was revealed for this set of loci. In addition, all 12 loci were demonstrated to cross‐amplify to varying extents within three additional parrot genera suggesting their potential utility for population‐level studies in a broad range of Neotropical psittacines.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED  Development of microsatellite markers in the noxious red tide‐causing dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae)
Authors: NAGAI S. , NISHITANI G. , YAMAGUCHI S. , YASUDA N. , LIAN C. L. , ITAKURA S. , YAMAGUCHI M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe isolated 15 polymorphic microsatellites from one of the most noxious red tide‐causing dinoflagellate species, Heterocapsa circularisquama. These loci provide one class of highly variable genetic markers, as the number of alleles ranged from two to six, and the estimate of gene diversity was from 0.205 to 0.684 across the 15 microsatellites. These loci have the potential to reveal genetic structure and gene flow among H. circularisquama populations.
ANATOMICAL REVISION OF THE GENUSMERYCOPOTAMUS(ARTIODACTYLA; ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE): ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR LATE MIOCENE MAMMAL DISPERSAL IN ASIA
Authors: LIHOREAU F. , BARRY J. , BLONDEL C. , CHAIMANEE Y. , JAEGER J.‐J. , BRUNET M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract: New fossil remains of the anthracothere genusMerycopotamusFalconer and Cautley, are described. Most of them were discovered by the Harvard University and Geological Survey of Pakistan joint research project (Y‐GSP) in the well‐dated Middle and Late Miocene deposits of the Potwar Plateau in northern Pakistan. This new material led us to revise the systematics of the genus with the validation of three species,M. nanusFalconer (M. pusillusLydekker),M. dissimilisFalconer and Cautley, andM. medioximusLihoreauet al., and allowed us to determine precisely their chronological distributions in a continuous Neogene sequence. Other specimens reported from the late Miocene deposits of the Khorat Plateau in north‐east Thailand by the Department of Mineral Resources are the first remains ofMerycopotamusto have been discovered in that region and are attributed toM. medioximus. These discoveries indicate a wider geographical distribution of the genus in the early Late Miocene. Anatomical investigations highlight the evolution ofMerycopotamusthrough the Miocene towards more amphibious habits. Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological information forMerycopotamusstress the role of the Himalayan orogenesis as a dispersal barrier and the impact of a major global regression event on the evolution of Indian Subcontinent faunas from the Middle Miocene to the Late Pliocene.
IL‐8 expression by biliary epithelial cells is associated with neutrophilic infiltration and reactive bile ductules
Authors: Isse Kumiko , Harada Kenichi , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Reactive bile ductule is a non‐specific feature of various hepatobiliary diseases, and is not infrequently accompanied by neutrophilic infiltration. Recently, biliary epithelial cells have been shown to secrete cytokines and chemokines and to express components of the mucosal immune system such as Toll‐like receptors.Methods and Results: We examined the expression of a neutrophil chemo‐attractant, interluekin (IL)‐8, in bile ductular cells to clarify the histogenesis of reactive bile ductules with neutrophilic infiltration using human liver tissues (eight cases of chronic viral hepatitis, seven cases of liver cirrhosis (LC), seven cases of sepsis, 11 cases of extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO), three cases of fulminant hepatitis (FH), five cases of primary biliary cirrhosis, and three cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis). Human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1–3) were used as markers of neutrophils. Immunohistochemically, IL‐8 was detected in bile ductules in various diseased livers. HNP1–3‐positive neutrophils were significantly dense around IL‐8‐positive bile ductules compared with IL‐8‐negative ductules in septic liver, LC, EBO, and FH. Experiments in vitro showed that cultured human biliary epithelial cells expressed and secreted IL‐8 in response to lipopolysaccharide and also IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α.Conclusions: Neutrophilic infiltration around reactive bile ductules may be related to the IL‐8 expressed in bile ductular epithelia, possibly induced by bacterial components and proinflammatory cytokines released locally.
Hepatocellular carcinoma producing a granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: report of a resected case with a literature review
Authors: Araki Kenichiro , Kishihara Fumiaki , Takahashi Ken , Matsumata Takashi , Shimura Tatsuo , Suehiro Taketoshi , Kuwano Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA complete resection of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) producing the granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) was performed and is reported here. The patient had a few general symptoms and complications, such as the paraneoplastic syndrome. He had marked granulocytosis, and his serum levels of G‐CSF and interleukin‐6 were elevated. The pathological findings of the resected specimen revealed poorly differentiated HCC with sarcomatous change and showed, immunohistochemically, staining of G‐CSF. Only a few cases of G‐CSF‐producing HCC have been reported, and they resulted in rapid tumour growth and poor prognosis. The case presented here may be the first complete resection ever performed, but the patient's prognosis was similar to that observed in typical cases.
Liver fibrosis: searching for cell model answers
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Ruiz Ma. Concepción , Gómez‐Quiroz Luis Enrique 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the principal fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular basis for the development and progression of liver fibrosis could be possible by the development of methods to isolate HSC from rodents and human liver. Growth of stellate cells on plastic led to a phenotypic response known as activation, which paralleled closely the response of these cells to injury in vivo. Actually, much of the current knowledge of stellate cell behaviour has been gained through primary culture studies, particularly from rats. Also, different laboratories that have established hepatic stellate cell lines from rats and humans have provided a stable and unlimited source of cells that express specific functions, making them suitable for culture‐based studies of hepatic fibrosis. From these in vitro models grew a large body of information characterizing stellate cell activation, cytokine signalling, intracellular pathways regulating liver fibrogenesis, production of extracellular matrix proteins and development of antifibrotic drugs.
Stress Distribution after Installation of Fixed Frameworks with Marginal Gaps over Angled and Parallel Implants: A Photoelastic Analysis
Authors: Markarian Roberto Adrian , Ueda Cristiane , Sendyk Claudio Luiz , Laganá Dalva Cruz , Souza Roberto Martins 
Published: March 2007

Purpose: The objective of this work was to compare by photoelastic analysis the stress distribution along a fixed framework placed over angled or parallel implants with different gap values between the framework and one of the implants.
Materials and Methods: Two photoelastic models were created: (i) with parallel implants; (ii) with a 30° angled central implant. In both cases, three implants were used, and CP titanium frameworks were constructed with commercial components. A plane polariscope was used to observe the photoelastic fringes generated after initial framework assembly, and also when an axial load of 100 N was applied over the central implant. For both models, stress analysis was conducted on well‐fitting frameworks and on another with a 150 μm vertical gap between the framework and the central implant.
Results: The photoelastic analysis indicated that in the model with parallel implants, stress distribution followed the implant axis, and in the model with an angled implant, a higher and nonhomogeneous stress concentration was observed around the apical region of the lateral implants. The placement of an ill‐fitting framework resulted in increased preload stress patterns.
Conclusion: Stresses were generated after screw tightening of the frameworks, increasing when a load was applied and when a vertical gap was present. Angled implants resulted in oblique stress patterns, which were not transferred with homogeneity to the polymeric model.
Performance of Five Commercially Available Tooth Color‐Measuring Devices
Authors: Dozić Alma , Kleverlaan Cornelis J. , El‐Zohairy Ahmed , Feilzer Albert J. , Khashayar Ghazal 
Published: March 2007

Purpose: Visual tooth color assessment is neither accurate nor precise due to various subjective and objective factors. As newly developed tooth color‐measuring devices for dental application provide the possibility of a more objective means of color determination, their performances in vitro and in vivo must be evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of five commercially available tooth color‐measuring devices in standardized and in clinical environments.
Materials and Methods: In an in vitro study, standards (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4 shade tabs of Vita Lumin) were measured five times with five electronic devices (ShadeScan, Easyshade, Ikam, IdentaColor II, and ShadeEye) by two operators. In an in vivo study, the right upper central incisors of 25 dental students were measured with the same electronic devices by a single operator. Vita shade tab codes were expressed as CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*a*b* values and in terms of the precision and accuracy of ΔE color differences. The Mann‐Whitney statistical test was used to analyze the differences between the two operators in the in vitro study, and the Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance on ranks with the post‐hoc Tukey test was used to analyze the accuracy and precision of electronic devices.
Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the different operators in the in vitro study. The obtained precision was Easyshade > ShadeScan ≅ Ikam > IdentaColor II > ShadeEye. The obtained accuracy was Easyshade > ShadeScan ≅ Ikam > ShadeEye > IdentaColor II. In the in vivo study, the Easyshade and the Ikam were the most precise, and the ShadeEye and the IdentaColor II were more precise than the ShadeScan. With respect to accuracy, there was no statistical difference between the ShadeScan, Ikam, and the Easyshade. The IdentaColor II was considered inaccurate (ΔEa= 3.4).
Conclusions: In the clinical setting, the Easyshade and Ikam systems were the most reliable. The other devices tested were more reliable in vitro than in vivo.
Morphologic Characteristics of Bony Edentulous Jaws
Authors: Pietrokovski Jaime , Starinsky Ruth , Arensburg Baruch , Kaffe Israel 
Published: March 2007

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine bone tissue characteristics of edentulous arches and residual ridges in different regions of the human jaws.
Materials and Methods
: For the study, 24 maxillary and 99 mandibular completely edentulous dry specimens were examined macroscopically and by linear and caliper measurements. Width and length of the edentulous arches were registered from the molar regions to the crest of the incisor zone. Residual ridges were quantified at the incisor, premolar, and molar regions.
Results
: Arches and ridges varied in size and shape. A trabecular bone track was present at the edentulous surface. In the maxillary arch, trabecular tissue was external to the cortical palatal vault, and in the mandible, the trabecular bony stretch was inside the cortical plates along the entire edentulous surface of the jaw. Of the ridges, 38% were thin knife‐edged. In the maxilla, bone resorption was centripetal, and the crest of the edentulous arch was external to the osseous base of the cranium. In the mandible, resorption was centrifugal, forming an edentulous crest lingual to the mental protuberance anteriorly and to the mandibular base posteriorly. This discrepancy produced a reverse horizontal overlap of the residual crests, where the edentulous maxilla was at the same level or internal to the facing edentulous mandible.
Conclusions
: This study, performed on 123 human edentulous dry bone specimens, indicates that the edentulous arch and the residual ridge take many forms. At the occlusal surface of the edentulous jaw a trabecular track is the remaining scar after tooth extraction. To accommodate an entire metal osseointegrated implant within the residual bone volume, crest reduction and bone grafts may be required as preprosthetic surgical measures. After tooth loss, maxillary resorption was centripetal and apical, whereas mandibular resorption was centrifugal and also apical, resulting in a reversed horizontal relationship in fully edentulous subjects.
Diapause status of females affects attraction of male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, to volatiles from female‐infested pear shoots
Authors: Horton David R. , Guédot Christelle , Landolt Peter J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA companion study showed that male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) were attracted to volatiles from pear shoots infested with post‐diapause females. The present study compared the behavioral response of males to diapause and post‐diapause females. Assays were done using a Y‐tube olfactometer. We collected male and female winterform psylla from pear orchards at regular intervals between late October (early diapause) and late February (post‐diapause). Female‐infested shoots were not attractive to males until the February samples, coinciding with ovarian maturation and onset of mating in the field. A second set of assays was done in which we manipulated diapause status in the laboratory either by exposing psylla to a long‐day photoperiod or by treating insects with an insect growth regulator, fenoxycarb. In the photoperiod experiments, both short‐day and long‐day males preferentially selected long‐day (post‐diapause) females over short‐day (diapause) females. Fenoxycarb‐treated males preferred fenoxycarb‐treated (post‐diapause) females over untreated (diapause) females; untreated males showed no preferences. Results support observations made elsewhere that male winterform pear psylla perceive and are attracted to volatile odors associated with pear shoots infested with post‐diapause females.
Attraction of male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, to female‐infested pear shoots
Authors: Horton David R. , Landolt Peter J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPost‐diapause winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), exhibit a highly clumped distribution in late winter in pear orchards. The behaviors leading to clumped distributions in this species are unknown, but could include aggregation for mating activities. Choice tests and assays with an olfactometer were done to test whether male psylla of the overwintering morphotype are attracted to pear shoots infested by post‐diapause females and to shoots previously occupied by females. Paired choice tests in small arenas showed that males accumulated on pear shoots currently occupied or previously occupied by females if those shoots were paired with uninfested shoots or shoots previously occupied only by males. Assays with an olfactometer showed that males were attracted to volatile odors from female‐infested or previously infested shoots. The exact source of the attractants (i.e., the female psylla, the pear shoot, or a combination of these sources) remains to be determined.