bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese Barley Imports: Implications of the 1988 Japanese Beef Market Access Agreement
Authors: Lin Biing‐Hwan , Makus Larry D. 
Published: November 2008

A two‐stage budgeting procedure is employed to analyze the Japanese import demand for barley and the allocation of Japanese barley imports between North America (Canada and the United States) and Australia. It is found that the import demand for barley is price inelastic and that corn is a substitute for barley. Japanese barley imports are also influenced by size of the cattle herd and the number of cattle slaughtered. Price competition plays a significant role in import allocation, and budget shares of the two suppliers are proportional to total import expenditure. Since April 1991, import quotas and the involvement of the Livestock Industry Promotion Corporation (a quasi‐government agency) in the Japanese beef trade have been replaced with higher tariffs and direct negotiations between traders. These changes promise easier access to the Japanese beef market and have been predicted to exert adverse impacts on the Japanese cattle industry. Different responses of the Japanese cattle industry under trade liberalization are assumed and are combined with the estimated econometric models to forecast Japanese barley imports in total and by country of origin. The effect of a reduced price for North American barley is also investigated, since reduced total imports under trade liberalization may intensify price competition.Une procédure budgétaire en deux étapes permet d'analyser la demande d'orge à l'importation au Japon et l'allocation des importations japanaises d'orge entre l'Amérique du Nord (le Canada et les Etats‐Unis) et l'Australie. Les résultats indiquent que la demande d'orge à l'importation est inélastique par rapport au prix et que le maïs est un substitut pour l'orge. Les importations japonaises d'orge sont aussi fonction de la taille du troupeau global au Japon et du nombre d'animaux abattus. La concurrence par les prix joue un rôle important dans l'allocation des importations entre les deux pays. De plus, les parts du budget allouées aux deux zones fournisseurs sont proportionnelles à la dépense total sur les importations. Depuis avril 1991, les quotas à l'importation et l'implication de la corporation para‐étatique (Livestock Industry Promotion Corporation) dans le commerce japonais du boeuf ont été remplacés par des tarifs plus élevés et des négotiations directes entre les commercants du marché international. Ces modifications devraient faciliter l'accès au marché japonais du boeufet tel qu'attendu pourront avoir des effets néfastes sur le secteur bovin japonais. Plusieurs scénarios simulant la réponse de l'industrie bovine japonaise à la libéralisation des échanges sont proposés et sont utilisés en conjonction avec un modèle économétrique pour effectuer des prévisions du niveau total des importations d'orge au Japon ainsi que le pays d'origine de celles‐ci. L'impact d'une réduction du prix de l'orge en Amérique du Nord est aussi considéré, puisqu'une réduction des importations totales suite à la libéralisation des échanges pourrait intensifier la concurrence par les prix.
Estimating Farm Tractor Depreciation: Tax Implications
Authors: Hansen LeRoy , Lee Hyunok 
Published: November 2008

Data on secondhand farm tractor prices are used to estimate farm tractor depreciation. Our estimation results indicate that depreciation of farm tractors may be approximated by an 8.3% annual rate, which is lower than most previous estimates and the depreciation allowed by the current tax laws. Our estimated rate suggests that over 50% of the asset's value remains at the end of its seven‐year U.S. tax life. Canadian tax law employs a 30% depreciation rate, thus leaving 10% of the asset's value remaining after seven years. We find no support for the hypothesis that depreciation patterns vary over time or across different tractor vintages. Technical growth is evidenced, although the hypothesis of exponential technical change is rejected. A quality‐constant tractor price index generated from our estimate indicates that normal increases in tractor prices have averaged 4.9% between 1960 and 1988, whereas the Canadian tractor replacement index and the U.S. Producer Price Index for tractors averaged 5.5% and 6.5%, respectively. Such a disparity may reflect the indexes lack of full adjustment for quality changes.Une base de données des prix de tracteurs d'occasion est utilisée pour estimer la dépréciation des tracteurs agricoles. Les résultats de notre estimation suggèrent que le taux de dépréciation exponentielle des tracteurs agricoles est de 8.3 %. Ce taux est inférieur à ceux trouvés par plusieurs études précedentes, de même que le taux courant autorisé par la loi. Un taux de dépréciation de 8.3 % signifie que plus de 50 % de la valeur du capital est récupérable à la fin de la vie du bien, tel que spécifié par la loi en vigueur. La croissance technique est mise en evidence même si l'hypothèse du changement technique exponentielle est rejetée. Les données ne soutiennent pas l'hypothèse que les flux de dépréciation varient avec le temps ou selon les différents modéles de tracteurs. L'indice de prix des tracteurs de qualityé constante généré par notre estimation indique que l'indice de prix des tracteurs actuellement utilisé pourrait sur‐estimer le changement du prix et ce, probable‐ment à cause d'un mauvais ajustement de la qualityé.
Cost Structure, Interfactor Substitution and Complementarity, and Efficiency in the Canadian Agricultural Sector
Authors: Andrikopoulos Andreas A. , Brox James A. 
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cost structure, painvise input relationships and the technological aspects of the Canadian agricultural sector. The theoretical approach applied in this investigation is the CES‐translog production technology in its generalized form. The theoretical model has been tested by using time‐series data (1947‐85) and four factors of production (i.e., land, capital, labor and intermediate inputs). The method used to estimate the model is the full‐information maximum likelihood technique.L'objet de I'article est d'examiner la structure des cofits, les rapports d'intrants en paires et les aspects technologiques du secteur agricole canadien. La demarche theorique utiliske est celle de la fonction de production CES‐translog dans sa forme gknCralisCe. Le modele theorique a ete test6 sur des series chronologiques (1947–1985) et sur quatre facteurs de production: fonds de terre, capital, main‐d'euvre et intrants intermediaires La methode d'estimation du modele est la technique dite de I'information totale‐probabilitk maximale.
Television Advertising and Beef Demand: An Econometric Analysis of “Split‐Cable” Household Panel Scanner Data
Authors: Jensen Helen H. , Schroeter John R. 
Published: November 2008

The Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985 led to significant increases in the generic promotion of beef in the United States. Widely familiar television advertising campaigns. distributed throlgh national television networks, have been among the most visible outgrowths of this vigorous promotional effort. This study reports the results of econometric analysis of fresh beef consumption data for households participating in a controlled, experimental investigation of the television advertising's effects on beef demand. While factors such as price, income and household demographics are shown to be significant determinants of fresh beef purchases, the advertising campaigns apparently did not increase, and may even have decreased, the panelists' demand for beef.La Loi américaine sur la promotion et sur la recherche sur la viande bovine (1985) a entrainé un accroissement significatif de la promotion du boeuf aux États‐Unis. Des campagnes télévisées de publicité très suivies, réparties sur les grands réseaux de télévision du pays, ont été I'un des aspects les plus visibles de ces vigoureux programmes de promotion. L'étude fait rapport sur les résultats d'une analyse économétrique de la consommation de boeuf frais chez les ménages participant à une enqueCte expérimentale, controClée, sur les effets de la publicité télévisée sur la demande de boeuf. Alors que des facteurs comme le prix, les revenus et la structure des ménages se réevèlent comme des déterminants importants des achats de viande de boeuf, les campagnes publicitaires ne semblent pas avoir accrula demande chez les foyers participants; ils l'auraient meCme dans certains cas diminuée.
Macroeconomic Impacts of an Agro‐Ethanol Industry in Canada
Authors: Thomassin Paul J. , Henning John C. , Baker Laurie 
Published: November 2008

This paper presents estimates of the macroeconomic impacts on the Canadian economy of an ethanol industry based on Jerusalem artichoke, an agricultural feedstock. It is assumed that this industry would not be grain‐based, since other studies indicate that such an industry would not be economically viable in the absence of government intervention and would suffer from fluctuating prices tied to world grain markets. Moreover, Jerusalem artichoke has agronomic characteristics that make it potentially attractive for inclusion in rotations to improve soil quality. Results of the research indicate that this crop could be grown to the economic advantage of farmers and processed into ethanol, which could be used economically as an octane enhancer in gasoline. Based on the results for western Canada, the operation of an ethanol plant with a capacity of 100 ML a year would increase indus‐ trial output by $154 million, raise gross domestic product at factor cost by $50 million, and create 1,365 jobs.Cette etude analyse les impacts macro‐economiques qu'aurait une industrie d'extraction d'tthanol provenant de la culture du topinambour. L'Ctude suppose I'utilisation du topinambour comme intrant puisque d'autres etudes ont demontrt que I'utilisation de grains ne serait pas viable sans I'intervention gouvernementale; de plus l'industrie serait soumise aux fluctuations des prix internationaux des grains. D'autre part le topinambour prtsente des qualitCs agronomiques intkressantes du fait qu'il s'intkgre bien dans une rotation de cultures visant I'amClioration de la qualit6 du sol. Les rCsultats obtenus indiquent que les topinambours pourraient recultives avec succtts par les fermiers pour treensuite trans‐ form& en tthanol. Ce dernier pourrait fournir un octane enrichi pour I'essence a prix concurrentiel. Selon les rtsultats etablis pour I'ouest canadien, I'exploitation d'une wine d'tthanol, de 100 millions de litre par annee de capacitk, augmenterais la production industrielles de 154 $ millions, pousserais le produit national brut de 50 $ millions et crCerais 1 365 emplois.
An Economic Analysis of Alternative Farm Revenue Insurance Policies
Authors: Turvey Calm G. 
Published: November 2008

This paper addresses the problem of farmers' responses to agricultural stabilization and insurance policies. In particular, price insurance, gross revenue insurance, crop insurance, price plus crop insurance and portfolio insurance are examined. Stochastic dominance arguments assert that the level, type and net cost of agricultural insurance all interact to affect farmers' cropping decisions. Direct Expected Utility Maximization Models confirm the stochastic dominance arguments showing that in most cases agricultural insurance encourages risk‐neutral behavior; that is, risk sharing augments risk taking. Agricultural insurance cannot therefore be deemed production neutral, and some output effects may be observed.L'auteur examine les réactions des agriculteurs aux politiques d'assurance et de stabilisation agricole, en particulier l'assurance‐prix, l'assurance‐revenu brut, l'assurance‐récolte, l'assurance‐prix‐récolte et l'assurance portefeuille. Les arguments de dominance stochatisque permettant d'établir que le niveau, le type et le coût net de l'assurance‐agricole se combinent dans leur influence sur les décisions de mise en culture de l'exploitant. Le modèle de maximisation de l'utilité espérée directe (MUED) confirme les arguments de dominance stochatisque en ce sens que dans la plupart des cas l'assurance‐agricole encourage un comportement de neutralitéà l'égard du risque, c'est‐à‐dire que la participation au risque stimule la prise de resiques. L'assurance‐agricole ne peut donc pas être considérée comme n'ayant pas d'influence sur la productivité, ce qu'on a d'ailleurs pu constater d'après certains effets de production.
Ultrafiltration in the Ontario Dairy Industry
Authors: Howard Wayne H. , Lambert Remy 
Published: November 2008

The economics of introducing ultrafiltration (UF) into the Ontario dairy industry is analyzed. First, a partial budget is developed to determine feasibility of UF on the farm. The budget indicates that the great majority of Ontario dairy farms are not large enough to capture the economies of size inherent in the new technology. Second, a location‐allocation model is used to determine the feasibility, number and location of UF collection centers in Ontario. The model indicates that the UF centers would capture the economies of size and the centers would benefit the dairy industry as a whole. However, processors of soft products and consumers of hard products could be worse off because of market changes caused by the UF centersLes auteurs examinent les aspects économiques de l'adoption de l'ultrafiltration (UF) dans l'industrie laitière en Ontario. En premier lieu, un budget partiel est établi pour déterminer la faisabilité de l'UF à la ferme. Il appert que la grande majorité des fermes laitières de la province ne sont pas assez grandes pour tirer parti des économies d'échelle inhérentes à la nouvelle technologie. Dans une deuxième érape, un modèle d'implantation est utilisé pour examiner l'emplacement et le nombre éventuels des centres de collecte pour UF en Ontario, ainsi que la faisabilité économique de leur installation. Le modèle montre que les centres de collecte seraient en mesure de tirer avantage des économies d'échelle et qu'en plus ils profiteraient à l'industrie laitière toute entière. Toutefois, les transformateurs de produits frais (fromage cottage, crème glacée, yogourt) et les consommateurs de produits fermes (fromages à pâte ferme, poudre de lait) se trouveraient désavantagés par les bouleversements du marché causés par l'implantation des centres UF
The Effects of Tariff Removals on the North American Lumber Trade
Authors: Boyd Roy , Doroodian Khosrow , Abdul‐Latif Saquib 
Published: November 2008

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement, the United States, Canada and Mexico are to remove all tariffs on softwood lumber. This paper examines the impact of loosening various present lumber trade restrictions on softwood lumber flows, prices and general economic welfare of these three countries. Some possible scenarios ranging from complete removal of tariffs on lumber trade throughout North America to a significant protection in this sector are examined. Using a spatial equilibrium model, we simulate various scenarios and quantify the effects of different levels of protection on lumber shipments and economic welfare in different geographical regions. According to our results, while lumber shipment will be affected significantly by trade liberalization, the overall of welfare will not change appreciably.L'ALENA engage les États‐Unis, le Canada et le Mexique àéliminer tous les tarifs douaniers sur le bois d'oeuvre (bois tendre). Dans cet article nous examinons les conséquences éventuelles d'un relâchement des diverses restrictions actuelles au commerce du bois d'oeuvre sur le flux des échanges et sur le prix du bois, ainsi que sur la situation de bien‐être générale dans ces trois pays. Quelques scénarios sont considérá, allant de l'abolition complète des tarifs sur ces denrees a la grandeur de l'Amérique du Nord au maintien d 'un niveau significatif de protection de ces secteurs. Au moyen d 'un modèle d'équilibre spatial nous simulons divers scénarios et nous quantifions les effets de differents niveaux de protection sur les échanges de bois d'oeuvre, ainsi que la situation économique dans les diverses regions géographiques du sous‐continent. Il ressort de notre examen que même si les échanges de bois d'oeuvre seront touchés significativement par la libéralisation du commerce, la situation économique générate, c'est‐à‐dire le niveau de bien‐être, ne changera pas beaucoup.
IFRS Developments in the USA and EU, and Some Implications for Australia
Authors: Zeff Stephen A. 
Published: November 2008

There have been several developments recently, both in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), which will have consequences in Australia. The two major developments in the US are the decision by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to drop the reconciliation requirement for foreign registrants that adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the serious consideration that the SEC is currently giving to allow US publicly traded companies to adopt IFRS. The developments in the EU involve its ever‐lengthening endorsement process and the increasing pressure being brought on the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and its oversight body, the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF) trustees, to alter their composition and the character of their operations. At the same time, there has been the FASB's appeal to the EU to accept IFRS without any endorsement process. The developments in the US have been lauded by the IASB and in Europe. They represent an impressive vote of confidence in the IASB and in the efforts being made by national standard setters and securities market regulators around the world. The US has already taken a long stride towards joining the more than 110 countries and other jurisdictions that have committed themselves to allow or require the use of IFRS for some or all reporting entities.
Use of a Surrogate Chimeric Virus To Detect West Nile Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Avian and Equine Sera
Authors: Komar Nicholas , Langevin Stanley , Monath Thomas P. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
A chimeric yellow fever virus/West Nile virus (WNV) was compared to WNV alone as a biosafety level 2 reagent in the plaque reduction neutralization test for determining WNV infection histories. Concordance was 96.3% among 188 avian and equine serum samples. Neutralizing antibody titers were frequently more than twofold lower with the chimera.
Utility of Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay and (1,3) β-
d
-Glucan in Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: Low Sensitivity for
Aspergillus fumigatus
Infection in Hematologic Malignancy Patients
Authors: Hachem R. Y. , Kontoyiannis D. P. , Chemaly R. F. , Jiang Y. , Reitzel R. , Raad I. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have reported that galactomannan (GM) enzyme immunoassay and 1,3 beta-glucan (BG) assay may be useful diagnostic tools, but their sensitivities are variable. We compared the performances of both tests. Between October 2002 and May 2005, 82 patients were prospectively monitored for 12 weeks. A total of 414 samples were tested by GM assay and 409 samples were tested by BG assay for the following four groups of patients: those with invasive aspergillosis (IA), those with other mold infections (
Fusarium
, scedosporium, zygomycosis, etc.), those with candidemia, and control patients. Blood samples were obtained twice on week 1 and once every other week for a total of 12 weeks. Patients in the invasive fungal infection groups had comparable risk factors. The sensitivity of the GM test was significantly higher for patients with IA due to non-
fumigatus Aspergillus
species than for patients with IA due to
Aspergillus fumigatus
(49% versus 13%;
P
< 0.0001) or with other mold infections (49% versus 6%;
P
< 0.0001). However, the sensitivity range (47% to 64%) and specificity (88%) of the BG assay were comparable among all patients tested, regardless of the infecting pathogen. The performance of GM-based diagnosis appears to be better for detecting non-
fumigatus Aspergillus
species. The diagnostic marker BG was shown to have a higher sensitivity than that of GM in detecting IA and other mold infections in hematologic malignancy patients.
Mice Lacking the ISG15 E1 Enzyme UbE1L Demonstrate Increased Susceptibility to both Mouse-Adapted and Non-Mouse-Adapted Influenza B Virus Infection
Authors: Lai Caroline , Struckhoff Jessica J. , Schneider Jana , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Wolff Thorsten , García-Sastre Adolfo , Zhang Dong-Er , Lenschow Deborah J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTISG15 functions as a critical antiviral molecule against influenza virus, with infection inducing both the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins and production of free ISG15. Here, we report that mice lacking the ISG15 E1 enzyme UbE1L fail to form ISG15 conjugates. Both UbE1L−/−and ISG15−/−mice display increased susceptibility to influenza B virus infection, including non-mouse-adapted strains. Finally, we demonstrate that ISG15 controls influenza B virus infection through its action within radioresistant stromal cells and not bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins within stromal cells is critical to its activity against influenza virus.
The Histone Variant H3.3 Regulates Gene Expression during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Placek Brandon J. , Huang Jing , Kent Jennifer R. , Dorsey Jean , Rice Lyndi , Fraser Nigel W. , Berger Shelley L. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
It has been proposed that incorporation of the histone variant H3.3 within actively transcribed regions of a genome helps to facilitate transcription. In this report we use lytic infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a model to examine the temporal profile of histone H3 incorporation and to determine whether the variant histone H3.3 has a direct effect on transcription. We find that canonical H3.1 and variant H3.3 exhibit distinct temporal associations with the genome in cell lines expressing equal amounts of epitope-tagged H3 variants. At the earliest times examined after infection, the HSV-1 genome is incorporated into chromatin that predominantly contains the variant H3.3, whereas incorporation of canonical H3.1 occurs later in infection and is dependent on replication of the HSV-1 genome. Further, inhibition of H3.3 association, via reduced expression of the H3.3 chaperone HIRA, significantly reduces the levels of HSV-1 mRNA. These findings show that incorporation of H3.3 facilitates transcription, and they provide new evidence for a regulatory role of chromatin composition during HSV-1 acute infection.