bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model for stress and plastic strain induced nonlinear, hyperelastic anisotropy in soils
Authors: Gajo A. , Bigoni D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe experimental evidence that cohesive and granular soils possess an elastic range in which the elasticity is both nonlinear and anisotropic—with stiffness and directional characteristics strongly dependent on stress and plastic strain (the so‐called ‘stress history’)—is given a formulation based on hyperelasticity. This is accomplished within the framework of elastoplastic coupling, through a new proposal of elastic potentials and a combined use of a plastic‐strain‐dependent fabric tensor and nonlinear elasticity. When used within a simple elastoplastic framework, the proposed model is shown to yield very accurate simulations of the evolution of elastic properties from initial directional stiffening to final isotropic degradation. Within the proposed constitutive framework, it is shown that predictions of shear band formation and evolution become closer to the existing experimental results, when compared to modelling
in which elasticity does not evolve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial testing (stage 1) of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Houghton Peter J. , Morton Christopher L. , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Lock Richard , Carol Hernan , Reynolds C. Patrick , Maris John M. , Keir Stephen T. , Billups Catherine A. , Smith Malcolm A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundRapamycin is a highly specific inhibitor of mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that controls cap‐dependent translation. Here we report the activity of rapamycin against the in vitro and in vivo panels of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP).ProceduresRapamycin was tested against the in vitro panel at concentrations from 0.01 to 100 nM and was tested against the in vivo tumor panels by i.p. administration daily × 5 for 6 consecutive weeks at a dose of 5 mg/kg.ResultsRapamycin variably inhibited growth of the cell lines in the PPTP in vitro panel, with maximal inhibition values ranging from 19% to 85% (median 49%) and a median EC50 of 0.7 nM. Ten of 23 cell lines achieved at least 50% growth inhibition. Against the in vivo panels, rapamycin induced significant differences in EFS distribution in 27 of 36 solid tumor xenografts and in 5 of 8 ALL xenografts. Using the time to event activity measure, rapamycin had intermediate or high activity against 14 of 31 evaluable solid tumor xenografts and 5 of 8 ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in several panels, including: rhabdoid tumor (1PR), rhabdomyosarcoma (2PR), and osteosarcoma (1 maintained CR). Two T‐cell ALL xenografts had objective responses (1PR, 1 maintained CR).ConclusionsRapamycin demonstrated broad antitumor activity against the PPTP's in vivo tumor panels, with particularly noteworthy activity for selected sarcoma and ALL xenografts. Future work will evaluate the molecular characteristics of responding models and the activity of combinations of rapamycin with other anticancer agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:799–805. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Horizon Hospice: From zero to $2.7 million a year
Authors: Flanagan Joan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1977, four volunteers started a new organization to care for terminally ill patients. Today, Horizon Hospice is an established institution with an annual operating budget of $2.7 million and an endowment of $730,000, and it is about to launch its first capital campaign. It is the kind of well‐managed nonprofit organization with diversified fundraising that makes a better society for all of us.
Technology of electrostatic spinning for the production of polyurethane tissue engineering scaffolds
Authors: Andrews Kirstie D , Hunt John A , Black Richard A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectrostatic spinning was investigated as an alternative to electrospinning to establish the potential of the technique for the production of a range of microfibrous polyurethane scaffolds with a variety of structures and properties related to the fabrication conditions. Tecoflex® SG‐80A polyurethane was spun, systematically altering the spinning parameters, and the resulting scaffolds were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. Inter‐fibre separation was significantly affected by flow rate, spray distance and grid and mandrel voltages; fibre diameter by flow rate and mandrel voltage; void fraction by flow rate; fibre orientation by traverse speed and mandrel speed; and thickness by flow rate. Thus, scaffold (three‐dimensional) architecture may be controlled through manipulation of the electric fields and the fibre deposition (spinning parameters of flow rate and grid and mandrel voltages); and by spray movement and direction (spinning parameters of relative spray height, spray distance, traverse speed and mandrel speed). There were significant differences between the internal and external scaffold surfaces, due in part to the manner in which the surface of the mandrels was prepared. We conclude that the process may be used to produce a range of polyurethane scaffolds for use in many tissue engineering applications. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
High resolution X‐ray crystallographic structure of bovine heart cytochrome c and its application to the design of an electron transfer biosensor
Authors: Mirkin Nurit , Jaconcic Jean , Stojanoff Vivian , Moreno Abel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCytochrome c is one of the most studied proteins probably due to its electron‐transfer properties in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Particularly, cytochrome c from bovine heart is a small protein, Mr 12,230 Da, globular (hydrodynamic diameter of 3.4 nm), soluble in different buffer solutions, and commercially available. Despite being a quite well‐studied protein and relatively easy to manipulate from the biochemical and electrochemical viewpoint, its 3D structure has never been published. In this work, the purification, crystallization and 3D structure of one of the cytochrome c isoforms is presented to 1.5 Å resolution. It is also shown how the presence of isoforms made both the purification and crystallization steps difficult. Finally, a new approach for protein electrocrystallization and design of biosensors is presented. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and quantum chemical analysis of NAD+‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: Hydride transfer and co‐factor specificity
Authors: Imada Katsumi , Tamura Takashi , Takenaka Ryo , Kobayashi Issei , Namba Keiichi , Inagaki Kenji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe crystal structure of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans isocitrate dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and citrate has been solved to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The protein fold of this NAD+‐dependent enzyme shares a high similarity with those of NADP+‐dependent bacterial ICDHs. The NAD+ and the citrate are clearly identified in the active site cleft with a well‐defined electron density. Asp‐357 is the direct cofactor‐specificity determinant that interacts with 2′‐OH and 3′‐OH of the adenosine ribose. The adenosine ribose takes a C2′‐endo puckering conformation as previously reported for an NAD+‐specific isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. The nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ has the amide NH2 group oriented in cis conformation with respect to the C4 carbon of the nicotinamide ring, slanted toward the bound citrate molecule with a dihedral angle of −21°. The semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculation suggests that the pro‐R hydrogen atom at C4 of NADH would bear the largest negative charge when the amide NH2 group is in such conformation, suggesting that the amide group has a catalytically significant role in stabilizing the transition state as NADH is being formed during the hydride transfer catalysis. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoabsorption of the fullerene ions C and C
Authors: Belyaev A. K. , Ivanov V. K. , Polozkov R. G. , Tiukanov A. S. , Solovyov A. V. , Greiner W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe photoionization cross sections of the fullerene positive ions C and C are calculated within the photon energy range from the ionization thresholds up to 80 eV and compared with the recent experimental data (Scally et al., Phys Rev Lett 2005, 94, 065503). The main features of the theoretical framework had been developed by us earlier (Ivanov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2001, 34, L669) and applied for the description of photoionzation of C60 and C (Ivanov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2001, 34, L669; Ivanov et al., J Exp Theor Phys, 2003, 96, 658; Polozkov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2005, 38, 4341). In the present work, the theoretical approach has been improved by means of using more accurate exchange‐correlation energy functional (Perdew and Wang, Phys Rev B, 1992, 45, 13244). The location and the shape of the giant resonance in the photoionization spectrum of C and C are determined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Modelling and measurements of power losses and turbulence intensity in wind turbine wakes at Middelgrunden offshore wind farm
Authors: Barthelmie R. J. , Frandsen S. T. , Nielsen M. N. , Pryor S. C. , Rethore P.‐E. , Jørgensen H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUnderstanding of power losses and turbulence increase due to wind turbine wake interactions in large offshore wind farms is crucial to optimizing wind farm design. Power losses and turbulence increase due to wakes are quantified based on observations from Middelgrunden and state‐of‐the‐art models. Observed power losses due solely to wakes are approximately 10% on average. These are relatively high for a single line of wind turbines due in part to the close spacing of the wind farm. The wind farm model Wind Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) is shown to capture wake losses despite operating beyond its specifications for turbine spacing. The paper describes two methods of estimating turbulence intensity: one based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of wind speed from the nacelle anemometer, the other from mean power output and its SD. Observations from the nacelle anemometer indicate turbulence intensity which is around 9% higher in absolute terms than those derived from the power measurements. For comparison, turbulence intensity is also derived from wind speed and SD from a meteorological mast at the same site prior to wind farm construction. Despite differences in the measurement height and period, overall agreement is better between the turbulence intensity derived from power measurements and the meteorological mast than with those derived from data from the nacelle anemometers. The turbulence in wind farm model indicates turbulence increase of the order 20% in absolute terms for flow directly along the row which is in good agreement with the observations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cottonseed and peanut meal glues. Resistance of plywood bonds to chemical reagents
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur Jett C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe resistance of cottonseed and peanut meal and casein birch plywood glue bonds to organic and inorganic reagents for periods ranging from 1 to 14 days was determined. It was suggested that the principal attractive forces involved in the protein bonds were ionic or valence forces and that differences observed in the resistance of the glues to chemical reagents were probably due to variations in the amino acid constitution of the proteins.
Bleaching with alternative layered minerals: A comparison with acid‐activated montmorillonite for bleaching soybean oil
Authors: Taylor Dennis R. , Jenkins Dennis B. , Ungermann Charles B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn extensive series of layered minerals including montmorillonite was studied to determine if the fundamental physicochemical properties responsible for pigment adsorption could be identified. Samples were subjected to a uniform preparation regimen to eliminate such secondary effects as particle size, moisture content, level of activation and degree of washing. By doing so, it has been possible to show that both carotene and chlorophyll adsorptions can be described by a rather simple model that employs both surface acidity and pore volume as key variables. Further, it was found that this model provides an adequate fit to the actual data only when specific regions for these variables are considered (i.e., concentration of sites of strong surface acidity, not just total surface acidity; pore volume in region 50\s‐200 Å, not just total pore volume).
Processing and analysis of onionseed (Allium cepa) and its fixed oil
Authors: Narasimha P. , Azeemoddin Reddy G. , Thirumala Rao S. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of onionseed (Allium cepa) and its fixed oil are reported. The component fatty acids of the oil by GLC are: palmitic, 7.2%; stearic, 1.2%; oleic, 33.5% and linoleic, 58.1%. The oil was refined and bleached to a light color.
Soymilk and tofu properties as influenced by soybean storage conditions
Authors: Thomas R. , deMan J. M. , deMan L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybeans were stored at two temperatures, 20°C and 30°C, and two relative humidities, 65% and 85%. The amount of protein extracted into soymilk decreased by about 14% of the initial extractability in all cases after eight months of storage. The decline in protein extract‐ability could not be explained by decreases in pH, nor by loss of solubility of certain protein components. Tofu made from beans that were stored at 85% relative humidity became less uniform in microstructure toward the end of the storage period. The volume of whey produced increased with bean storage time.
Aqueous isopropyl alcohol for extraction of free fatty acids from oils
Authors: Shah Kamlesh J. , Venkatesan T. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLiquid‐liquid extraction of fatty acids from a vegetable oil is accomplished by aqueous isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of 1:1 in two‐stage extractions at 30±2°C. The mixtures studied contained 0 to 50 fatty acids in groundnut oil, and aqueous isopropyl alcohol solutions were of 75, 80, 85, 95 and 99% concentrations. Phase separation depends on (i) the fatty acids content in the model mixture, and (ii) the concentration of aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Selective fatty acid separation and phase separation could be achieved by use of aqueous (75 and 80%) isopropyl alcohol over the whole range of fatty acid content in the model mixture.
Preparation of 1,3‐diacylglycerols and 1‐alkyl‐3‐acylglycerols in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt
Authors: Ikeda I. , Gu X. P. , Miyamoto I. , Okahara M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of symmetrical and racemic 1,3‐diacylglycerols and 1‐alkyl‐3‐acylglycerols were prepared simply, and in high yields, by the reaction of carboxylic acids with glycidyl esters or glycidyl ethers in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt. The effect of reaction conditions on the yield, the ratio of 1,3‐ and 1,2‐diacylglycerols, and the stability of 1,3‐diglycerides are also discussed.
Syntheses of sodium 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethanephosphates and their physicochemical properties
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko , Niwase Hideaki , Honda Keiichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of new amphoteric surfactants, sodium salts of 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethanephosphates (alkyl: n‐dodecyl, n‐tetradecyl and n‐hexadecyl) were prepared by reacting alkylbromides with N‐methylaminoethanol, followed by addition of phosphoric acid groups and neutralization with sodium hydroxide. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Physical properties such as Krafft point, isoelectric point, critical micelle concentration, occupation area of molecule at surface, foaming power and the effect of pH on surface activity were evaluated. These surfactants were found to exhibit zwitterionic characteristics in the pH range from approximately 5 to 9 and demonstrated good surface‐active properties over a wide pH range (pH 4~10). Large occupation areas of the molecule at a surface in comparison with sodium dodecyl sulfate was noted as a characteristic feature of these surfactants.
Mechanical pressing
Authors: Bredeson Dean K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe major current movement of screw presses into the U.S. vegetable oil field is as prepresses. Except for highly industrialized nations outside the U.S., the screw press retains a major part of the oilseed processing market. The three essential requirements for efficient extraction are discussed, including operating parameters for various oilseeds. The trend is toward larger capacity screw presses.
Viscosity of cottonseed protein dispersions
Authors: Cheng F. W. , Arthur Jett C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTacky and viscous cottonseed protein dispersions can be prepared from proteins isolated from hexane‐extracted meals, deglanded‐hexane‐extracted meals, and isopropanol‐extracted meals by means of sodium hydroxide and trichloracetate ion. The addition of sugars increases the viscosity of the dispersions, and dextrose significantly decreases the rate of change in the relative viscosity. Proteins isolated from hexane‐extracted meals seem to be less modified than those isolated from deglanded‐hexane‐extracted meals, as indicated by the higher viscosity and stability of the dispersions.
Fats in relation to caloric efficiency
Authors: Swift R. W. , Black Alex 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe efficiency of utilization of diets containing amounts of fat varying from 2 to 30% has been investigated in a series of metabolism studies using male albino rats as experimental subjects.All diets were compounded in a manner to make them equicaloric and to contain the same amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals.Statistically significant results were obtained for body gains of fat and energy, and decrease in heat production, in the order of increasing fat content of the diets in two 70‐day body balance experiments in comparisons made between litter‐mate animals.The energy expense of utilization (heat increment) of diets containing from 2 to 30% fat varied from 36 to 16%, respectively, of the gross energy of the diets as determined in two experiments involving the Haldane respiratory quotient procedure. The fat content of the diet had little effect on nitrogen utilization, caused slight decreases in metabolizable energy, but was responsible for larger decreases in heat production as the level of fat in the diet increased. The fat therefore conferred economy of utilization of food energy. The time of day which the heat increments were measured was eliminated as a possible factor in the determination of results.Decreasing the protein content of the diets from the usual 22% level to 7% did not change previous results and again indicated a better utilization of the high fat diets as determined by the body balance method. Increased weight gains, including increased gains of fat and energy, and decreased heat production were associated with the high fat diet.The portion of the heat production due to normal voluntary activity was found to vary in a reciprocal manner with the heat increment—the lower heat increment of the high fat diets being associated with more activity.A study was made of the variations in heat production and activity throughout the day.
De‐oiling contaminated bleaching clay by high‐pressure extraction
Authors: Waldmann C. , Eggers R. 
Published: July 2007

The disposal and re‐use of spent bleaching clay from the vegetable oil processing industry is a problem of growing importance.Although today the only practical way of removal of the spent material is disposal, extraction with organic solvents is a well‐known method of de‐oiling contaminated bleaching clay. In our investigations we compare the extractibility of two different types of bleaching clays with CO2 as a solvent. All experiments were carried out with a high‐pressure extraction plant. The extraction and separation conditions, temperature and pressure, as well as the CO2 mass flow, were varied during experiments. The aim of our investigations was a complete separation of the oil from the adsorbent. The latter should then be re‐used as bleaching clay. The oil and the bleaching clay were analyzed and tested, respectively. The results show that oil of good quality can be recovered and the bleaching clay still has an activity approximately 50% of fresh clay.
Compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins
Authors: Weber E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe lipid and fatty acid compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins were compared. The types of lipids were similar, but the proportions varied. The ratio of glycolipids to phospholipids was 0.36 for corn lecithin and 0.14 for soybean. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were major phospholipids in both lecithins. In soybean lecithin, the percentage of phosphatidyleth‐anolamine equaled that of phosphatidylinositol, but in corn, the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was only about one‐fourth the percentage of phosphatidylinositol. High levels of phosphatidic acid in both the corn and soybean preparations indicated some degradation of the phospholipids during processing. The major differences in fatty acid compositions were a higher percentage of oleic acid and lower percentages of stearic and linolenic acids in corn compared to soybean. The lower level of linolenic acid should give corn lecithin greater resistance toward autoxidation and the development of off‐flavors.
Sunflower Lecithin
Authors: Morrison W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBecause of the increased domestic production of sunflower seed oil, by‐products of oil processing such as meal and lecithin will be in greater supply. Lecithin content varies according to the type of sunflower seed produced. Removal of this material is greatly affected by seed condition and processing conditions. Conditions which favor optimal removal of phospholipids are also those for optimal oil quality. This review will cover some of the properties and processing details of lecithin production.
Colored components of processed palm oil
Authors: Fraser M. S. , Frankl G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe compounds responsible for the colors of palm oils at various stages of processing have been isolated by gel permeation chro matography. The isolated colored compounds have been characterized by visible spectroscopy and, in some cases, further fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. All palm oils studied contained colored compounds of both higher and lower molecular weight than triglycerides. Oils at different stages of processing contained different proportions of these high and low molecular weight, colored compounds. While the color of crude palm oils was primarily due to the low molecular weight carotenoids, the color of finished oils was due to compounds other than carotenoids. High molecular weight compounds were significant, sometimes predominant, contributors to finished oil colors. These results demonstrate the importance of high molecular weight, colored compounds to the color of finished palm oils. Further, these results suggest that the difficulties associated with decolorization of certain crude palm oils may be due either to the presence of high molecular weight, colored compounds or to the presence of precursors capable of generating these compounds during the decolorization process.