bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future labour market for R&D Manpower in The Netherlands
Authors: Berendsen Henry , De Grip Andries , Willems Ed 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn adequate supply of qualified research and development (R&D) personnel is an important precondition for a government policy that aims for a strongly knowledge‐intensive economic growth. As in many other OECD countries, there is great concern in The Netherlands about meeting this crucial condition in the next decades. This article tries to show to what extent this current concern is justified. For that purpose, forecasts of future supply and demand for research manpower in the science and engineering fields (including agriculture and health) have been produced, extending to the year 2010. Sensitivity analyses show that the fore‐casts are not very sensitive to alternative assumptions on economic growth, investments, replacement demand and labour supply.From a methodological point of view the forecasting approach differs from the more traditional manpower forecasting. Firstly, the demand for R&D personnel is split up into an increase in total employment for R&D manpower (expansion demand) on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the need for replacements for researchers who retire, die or switch to other occupations (replacement demand). Expansion and replacement demand are considered in three sectors of R&D work: universities, research institutes and private enterprises. Expansion demand and replacement demand together determine the job openings for newcomers. These job openings are confronted with the supply of new R&D manpower, which is largely determined by the output of the educational system. The confrontation of demand and supply forecasts shows that, in general, severe shortages of R & D manpower will result if there are not adequate manpower policy adjustment. The article closes with a discussion of the policy implications of the expected disequilibria in the market for R & D manpower.
Strategies for the exploitation of intelligence capital: evidence from Hungarian Research Institutes
Authors: Oakey R. P. , Hare P. G. , Balazs K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is based on survey interviews with 64 respondents conducted in four Hungarian Research Institutes during the spring of 1993. The main objective of the research was to assess progress made with the exploitation of intellectual property contained within these bodies. This investigation has two subsidiary goals. First, given a rapid decline in funding provision by the Hungarian government for these organisations, an initial task of the work was to ascertain the actual and potential financial contribution that has been made from consultancy activities and new 'spin off firms. Second, existing 'spin off firms which had emanated from these sources were examined to ascertain if they had potential for providing industrial growth in the local Hungarian economy. The paper concludes, on the basis of detailed evidence, that progress has been disappointing, and moreover, that severe barriers to the achievement of both these goals continue to exist within the Hungarian economy. Coherent planning will be necessary to exploit potentials which are in danger of being lost through the haemorrhaging of staff to foreign employment opportunities.
Transition and development of innovation capacities in Hungary
Authors: de Tournemine Regis Larue , Muller Emmanuel 
Published: May 2007

The paper attempts to synthesize the conclusions of theoretical works dealing with innovation processes and technological strategies in the frame of a national innovation system with some results from a survey of the national innovation system in Hungary.An important focus of the paper is on the transition situation in Hungary and the role science and technology play and are expected to play to influence the competitiveness of the country. Special attention is therefore given to the new actors in the system. The conclusions are expressed in the form of premises dealing with the multiple impacts of the transition on the Hungarian innovation system.
Bricoleurs and boundary riders: managing basic research and innovation knowledge networks
Authors: Turpin Tim , Garrett‐Jone Sams , Rankin Nicole 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA major focus of national and institutional research policies during the 1990s has been on improving linkages between publicly funded research activities and industry for the purpose of advancing economic and other national objectives. The transfer of scientific knowledge, however, within and between public research institutions, universities and other innovative organizations is taking place within rapidly changing organizational environments. The emergence of new organizational structures that transcend institutional boundaries, scientific disciplines and the boundaries between basic and applied research are all contributing to as well as responding to changes in the ways science intersects with industrial innovation.Recent international evidence suggests that innovative organizations during the next decade will depend more on their ability to maintain quite complex organizational research linkages than on their internal organizational research capabilities. Case studies of the organizational approach adopted by companies and commercial‐research agency consortia in China and Australia lead to a discussion of a typology of academic‐industry alliances. The typology provides insights into different collaborative R&D management strategies associated with different forms of science‐industry alliance.
Industrial Relations as a Source of Social Policy: A Typology of the Institutional Conditions for Industrial Agreements on Social Benefits
Authors: Trampusch Christine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe article's starting point is that the now‐conventional conceptualization of welfare state retrenchment as a shift from state provision of income support to market processes is misleading. Rather, state provision may be replaced by benefits negotiated collectively by trade unions and employers. As a first step to further investigate this development the article suggests a typology of institutional contexts within which industrial agreements on social benefits emerge. This typology is based on Thomas H. Marshall's distinction between political and industrial citizenship. Following the comparative method of the ‘parallel demonstration of theory’, the typology is applied to four countries where collective agreements on social benefits have recently been concluded, namely Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Germany. It is argued that, on the one hand, the state's activity or passivity in labour relations and, on the other hand, the timing of the institutionalization of political and industrial citizenship is decisive for the development of collectively negotiated benefits. The conclusion for comparative welfare state research is that, when viewing policies of welfare state retrenchment, the research should systematically include industrial relations and their historical trajectories in its frame of reference.
Challenges in Multidisciplinary Systematic Reviewing: A Study on Social Exclusion and Mental Health Policy
Authors: Curran Claire , Burchardt Tania , Knapp Martin , McDaid David , Li Bingqin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract In the clinical sciences, systematic reviews have proved useful in the aggregation of diverse sources of evidence. They identify, characterize and summate evidence, but these methodologies have not always proved suitable for the social sciences. We discuss some of the practical problems faced by researchers undertaking reviews of complex and cross‐disciplinary topics, using the example of mental health and social exclusion. The barriers to carrying out social science and cross‐disciplinary reviews are reported and some proposals for overcoming these barriers are made, not all of them tried and tested, and some of them controversial. Using a mapping approach, a wide‐ranging search of both clinical and social science databases was undertaken and a large volume of references was identified and characterized. Population sampling techniques were used to manage these references. The challenges encountered include: inconsistent definitions of social phenomena, differing use of key concepts across research fields and practical problems relating to database compatibility and computer processing power. The challenges and opportunities for social scientists or multidisciplinary research teams carrying out reviews are discussed. Literature mapping and systematic reviews are useful tools but methods need to be tailored to optimize their usefulness in the social sciences.
Expert systems and the man‐machine interface. Part Two: The user interface.
Authors: BERRY DIANNE C. , BROADBENT DONALD E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This is the second part of a report which looks at expert systems and the man‐machine interface (mmi). The term ‘mmi’ is interpreted in a fairly broad sense to include knowledge acquisition and cognitive aspects of the user interface. Part One of the report (published in the previous issue of Expert Systems) examines what is currently happening in the area of knowledge acquisition in Britain and asks whether it really is the major bottleneck in the production of expert systems.Part Two of the report looks at cognitive aspects of the user interface, including dialogue control, explanation facilities, user models, natural language processing and the effects of new technology. It also considers the very important question of evaluation. Again the report is concerned with what is actually happening in these areas in Britain today.
Prolog‐2 Professional
Authors: Krause Paul 
Published: May 2007

Prolog‐2 Professional is a comprehensive implementation of Prolog which will run on IBM PC, XT, AT and close compatible computers. Prolog‐2 Professional costs £995.00. A stripped down version, minus compiler and with limited support for packaging stand alone applications, is available for £495.00. Prolog‐2 is also available for 80386 machines, running in protected mode with access to full available memory. Price for the 80386 version is £1495.00. Academic discounts are available. Contact Expert Systems Ltd, Unit 12,7 West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JB, UK. Tel: +44 (0)865 794474 The documentation for Prolog‐2 is available separately as the two volume ‘Advanced Logic Programming Language’, edited by Tony Dodd and published by Intellect Books. Price £29.95 per volume.
Evaluation of ProKappa
Authors: Joseph A. T. 
Published: May 2007

ProKappa is an expert system tool kit developed by IntelliCorp in C using X‐Windows for graphical interface. The SUN 3 or 4 version costs $9995/£7000 and $2595/£1800 for the interactive C environment. This review covers ProKappa version 1.1, installed on a colour SUN SPARC Station 1 with the minimum recommended values of 12 Mb of memory and 30 Mb of swap space. IntelliCorp can be contacted in the USA at 1975 El Camino Real West, Mountain View, CA 94040‐2216 (+1 (415) 965‐5500) and in the UK at 10 Jewry Street, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 8RZ (+44 (0)962 735348).
An expert system approach to fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems
Authors: Angeli Chr. , Chatzinikolaou A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Increased interest in problem‐solving decisions in the area of engineering leads to an increased demand for expert system applications. This paper presents an expert system that detects faults in hydraulic systems by simulating the reasoning of the expert, using as guide the hydraulic circuit of the system on the screen and extensive graphical information. A graphical user interface, appropriate explanations by using hypertext and user modelling have been implemented in order to produce a system that overcomes the usual interface problems of expert systems in engineering. This system has been developed in close collaboration with the company Automation Systems SA (Mannesmann Rexroth — Greece) and is currently used to detect faults in hydraulic presses, a fact that presents evidence of its usefulness.
ISTAR — a tool for creative design of knowledge bases
Authors: Basden Andrew , Brown Alex J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper gives a comprehensive explanation of the Istar knowledge representation software tool. Not only does it describe the features and facilities found in Istar, but it discusses why they are as they are.Istar is one of a new generation of knowledge representation tools, aimed at ill‐structured domains of knowledge. While it can be used in traditional KBS projects, in which pieces of knowledge from a domain expert are assembled to form a working knowledge base, it is designed for situations in which there is a large element of creative design: knowledge refinement and generation resulting from the knowledge representation process.The knowledge representation ‘language’ is purely graphical; the knowledge engineer ‘draws’ knowledge on an easel as a box and arrows diagram. Behind this diagram is the knowledge base itself, in the form of integrated inference nets, Bayesian nets and semantic nets. This paper discusses the reasons for these design choices and, briefly, some of the issues faced in development of Istar.
A framework for the generation of project‐specific quality control for knowledge‐based system development
Authors: Clarke Russell , Soltan Hassein 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes a framework for the generation of quality control procedures for knowledge‐based system (KBS) projects. KBS projects have their own brand of technical difficulties. These are discussed, and the mismatch between KBS projects and traditional software quality assurance (SQA) approaches is described. An iterative approach to quality is suggested based upon Boehm's Spiral Model of project management. The principles of this approach are described followed by a description of the elements of the framework under development, including inputs, outputs and internal functionality. The operation of the framework is then demonstrated in relation to the Spiral Model. Application of the framework to KBS development project issues is then discussed in relation to current guidelines for KBS quality assurance.
NOTES AND COMMENTS: DID WITTGENSTEIN REALLY DEFINE‘MEANING’?
Authors: Hallett Garth 
Published: May 2007

43. Man kann für eine grosse Klasse von Fallen der Benützung des Wortes ‘Bedeutung’—wenn auch nicht für alle Fälle seiner Benützung—dieses Wort so erklären: Die Bedeutung eines Wortes ist sein Gebrauch in der Sprache.43. For a large class of cases—though not for all—in which we employ the word ‘meaning’ it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.1
SOMNIUM BOSWELLI
Authors: SCARRE GEOFFREY 
Published: May 2007

I had a strong curiosity to be satisfied if he persisted in disbeleiving a future state even when he had death before his eyes. I was persuaded from what he now said, and from his manner of saying it, that he did persist. … and he added that it was a most unreasonable fancy that he should exist for ever. …‘Well’, said I, 'Mr Hume, I hope to triumph over you when I meet you in a future state; and remember you are not to pretend that you was joking with all this Infidelity.—from James Boswell's last interview with David Hume1
Sub‐cellular localization of insulin‐regulated membrane aminopeptidase, IRAP to vesicles in neurons
Authors: Fernando Ruani N. , Luff Susan E. , Albiston Anthony L. , Chai Siew Yeen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAngiotensin IV and LVV‐hemorphin 7 promote robust enhancing effects on learning and memory. These peptides are also competitive inhibitors of the insulin‐regulated membrane aminopeptidase, suggesting that the biological actions of these peptides may result from inhibition of IRAP activity. However, the normal function of IRAP in the brain is yet to be determined. The present study investigated the sub‐cellular distribution of IRAP in four neuronal cell lines and in the mouse brain. Using sub‐cellular fractionation, IRAP was found to be enriched in low density microsomes, while lower levels of IRAP were also present in high density microsomes, plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions. Dual‐label immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of IRAP in vesicles co‐localized with the vesicular maker VAMP2, in the trans Golgi network co‐localized with TGN 38 and in endosomes co‐localized with EEA1. Finally using electron microscopy, IRAP specific immunoreactivity was predominantly associated with large 100–200 nm vesicles in hippocampal neurons. The location, appearance and size of these vesicles are consistent with neurosecretory vesicles. IRAP precipitate was also detected in intracellular structures including the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stack and mitochondrial membranes. The sub‐cellular localization of IRAP in neurons demonstrated in the present study bears striking parallels with distribution of IRAP in insulin responsive cells, where the enzyme plays a role in insulin‐regulated glucose uptake. Therefore, we propose that the function of IRAP in neurons may be similar to that in insulin responsive cells.
The role of the fluid phase during regional metamorphism and deformation
Authors: ETHERIDGE M. A. , WALL V. J. , VERNON R. H. 
Published: May 2007

Evidence from rock microstructures, mass transfer and isotopic exchange indicates that substantial quantities of aqueous fluids are involved in low‐ and medium‐grade regional metamorphism. Similar conclusions are drawn from many retrograde environments, whereas high‐grade metamorphic fluids may be melt dominated. The mobile fluids play essential roles in metamorphic reactions, mass transport and deformation processes. These processes are linked by the mechanical consequences of metamorphic fluid pressures (Pf) generally being greater than or equal to the minimum principal compressive stress. Under such conditions metamorphic porosity comprises grain boundary tubules and bubbles together with continuously generated (and healed) microfractures. Deformation results in significant interconnected porosity and hence enhanced permeability. Lithologically and structurally controlled permeability variations may cause effective fluid channelling.Simple Rayleigh‐Darcy modelling of a uniformly permeable, crustal slab shows that convective instability of metamorphic fluid is expected at the permeabilities suggested for the high Pf metamorphic conditions. Complex, large‐scale convective cells operating in overpressured, but capped systems may provide a satisfactory explanation for the large fluid/rock ratios and extensive mass transport demonstrated for many low‐ and medium‐grade metamorphic environments. Such large‐scale fluid circulation may have important consequences for heat transfer in and the thermal evolution of metamorphic belts.
Fluid inclusions in rocks from the amphibolite‐facies gneiss to charnockite progression in southern Karnataka, India: direct evidence concerning the fluids of granulite metamorphism
Authors: HANSEN E. C. , NEWTON R. C. , JANARDHAN A. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFluid inclusion studies of rocks from the late Archaean amphibolite‐facies to granulite‐facies transition zone of southern India provide support for the hypothesis that CO2,‐rich H2O‐poor fluids were a major factor in the origin of the high‐grade terrain. Charnockites, closely associated leucogranites and quartzo‐feldspathic veins contain vast numbers of large CO2‐rich inclusions in planar arrays in quartz and feldspar, whereas amphibole‐bearing gray gneisses of essentially the same compositions as adjacent charnockites in mixed‐facies quarries contain no large fluid inclusions. Inclusions in the northernmost incipient charnockites, as at Kabbal, Karnataka, occasionally contain about 25 mol. % of immiscible H2O lining cavity walls, whereas inclusions from the charnockite massif terrane farther south do not have visibile H2OMicrothermometry of CO2inclusions shows that miscible CH4and N2must be small, probably less than 10mol.%combined. Densities of CO2increase steadily from north to south across the transitional terrane. Entrapment pressures calculated from the CO2equation of state range from 5 kbar in the north to 7.5 kbar in the south at the mineralogically inferred average metamorphic temperature of 750°C, in quantitative agreement with mineralogic geobarometry. This agreement leads to the inference that the fluid inclusions were trapped at or near peak metamorphic conditions.Calculations on the stability of the charnockite assemblage biotite‐orthopyroxene‐K‐feldspar‐quartz show that an associated fluid phase must have less than 0.35 H2O activity at the inferred P and T conditions, which agrees with the petrographic observations. High TiO2content of biotite stabilizes it to lower H2O activities, and the steady increase of biotite TiO2southward in the area suggests progressive decrease of aH2O with increasing grade. Oxygen fugacities calculated from orthopyroxene‐magnetite‐quartz are considerably higher than the graphite CO2‐O2buffer, which explains the absence of graphite in the charnockites.The present study quantifies the nature of the vapours in the southern India granulite metamorphism. It remains to be determined whether CO2‐flushing of the crust can, by itself, create large terranes of largeion lithophile‐depleted granulites, or whether removal of H2O‐bearing anatectic melts is essential.
The amphibolite‐granulite facies transition in West Uusimaa, S.W. Finland. A fluid inclusion study
Authors: SCHREURS J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work presents the results of a fluid inclusion study of an amphibolite‐granulite facies transition in West Uusimaa, S.W. Finland. Early fluid‐inclusions in the granulite facies area are characteristically carbonic (CO2), in contrast to predominantly aqueous early inclusions in the amphibolite facies area. These early inclusions can be related to peak metamorphic conditions (750‐820°C and 3‐5 kbar for peak granulite facies metamorphism). Relatively young CO2 inclusions with low densities (<0.8g/cm3) indicate that the first part of the cooling history of the rocks was characterized by a near isothermal uplift.N2‐CH4 inclusions, with compositions ranging between pure CH4 and pure N2 (Raman spectral analysis), were found in the whole area. They are probably syn‐ or even pre‐early inclusions. Only nearly critical homogenizing inclusions have been found (low density). Pressure estimates, based on densities of early fluid inclusions, show that the rapid transition of amphibolite towards granulite facies metamorphism is virtually isobaric. Granulite facies metamorphism in West Uusimaa is a thermal event, probably induced by the influx of hot, CO2‐bearing fluids.
Oxygen isotope ratios in magnetite core‐and‐mantle structures
Authors: LINDH ANDERS , HOEFS JOCHEN , MALMSTRÖM LARS 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a polymetamorphic, felsic, biotite‐bearing gneiss, biotite has reacted to form magnetite and microcline. The resulting structure is a magnetite core surrounded by a mantle of feldspar and quartz normally not exceeding 20mm in diameter. Measurements of oxygen isotope ratios disclose disequilibrium between mantle microcline and mantle quartz and also between mantle and matrix minerals of the same species. A clustering of temperature estimates from the oxygen isotope distribution between magnetite and quartz and between magnetite and microcline in the interval 550 to 600°C suggests an approach to oxygen isotope equilibrium. No signs of a re‐equilibriation of the reacting biotite can be found.
Occurrence of lawsonite in pelitic schists from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan
Authors: WATANABE TERUO , KOBAYASHI HIDEO 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of lawsonite is described from pelitic schists of the lower‐grade part of the pumpellyite‐bearing subzone of the chlorite zone in the Asemi River area of central Shikoku. The lawsonite‐bearing parageneses are consistent with the generally accepted view that the Sanbagawa facies series represents higher pressures than the lawsonite‐bearing facies series in New Zealand.