bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ÜBER DIE WISMUTATOXYDATION FÜR DIE BESTIMMUNG DER KETOGENEN CORTICOIDE PRAKTISCH WICHTIGER C19- UND C21-STEROIDE
Authors: Freislederer W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
1. The carrying out of 17-KGS-determination starting from larger quantities and keeping to the reaction conditions described for the micro-method is presented altogether with a constantly carried out paper-chromatographic separation of the extracts obtained. With this extended method in particular the 17-hydroxysteroid metabolites and their reaction products which might theoretically be produced are analyzed. 2. By variation of the oxydation- and hydrolysis mediums with regard to the conditioning factors in the urine, the conditions for the most important substances are individually ascertained with which, in spite of a complete oxydative splitting off of the side chain at C17, a far-reaching preservation of the 17-KS expected occurs. At the same time the quantitative influence on the final result by the various secondary reactions is determined. 3. As important issues of the work the possibility of an oxydation of the 3-hydroxy- to 3-keto-group by bismuthate and a very extensive decomposition of most of 17-KS due to the presence of free chlorine in hydrolysis at the boiling point with at least a partial preservation of the property to become coloured by metadinitrobenzene are to be noted. The author tries to substantiate that the first mentioned change may be avoided by an admixture of urea and common salt and that the decomposition by hydrolysis may be positively eliminated only by an admixture of sufficient bisulphite, i. e. a quantity exceeding that hitherto described. The hydroxy-group saving property of certain urines exceeding that of the artificial solution of urea – common salt is indicated.
ÜBER DIE KOLORIMETRIEÄQUIVALENTE VON C19- UND WISMUTAT-OXYDIERTEN C21-STEROIDEN BEI ANWENDUNG VERSCHIEDENER MODIFIKATIONEN DER ZIMMERMANNSCHEN REAKTION
Authors: Freislederer W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
1. The results of colorimetric determination of 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) and 17-ketogenic steroid (17-KGS)-extracts using 3 modifications of Zimmermann's reaction are compared with the quantitative results obtained by paperchromatographic analysis according to a previous investigation. 2. When analyzing pure 17-KS, only 11-deoxy-compounds exhibit similar aequivalents by the 3 kinds of colorimetry. Consequently only two of these methods can be used for the determination of 17-KS, whilst only the colorimetry according to Callow allows of quantitative determinations when analyzing 17-KGS. 3. The application on the reaction products resulting from the bismuthate oxydation without boiling hydrolysis, due to the relations of the individual colorimetric modifications to each other, allows of a quite safe evaluation of the secondary changes appearing in the steroid skeleton. 4. After an additional hydrolysis at the boiling point, the 17-KGS-extracts parallel to the formerly described disintegration by free chlorine (insufficient admixture of bisulphite!) show very remarkable changes in the colorimetric relations, which with even greater success than paper chromatographic analysis may be used for discriminating between 11-deoxy- and 11-oxy-17-KS.
A DOUBLE ISOTOPIC DERIVATIVE METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF OESTRONE AND 17β-OESTRADIOL IN PLASMA
Authors: Svendsen Reiner 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method with a sensitivity of about 2 ng is evolved for the determination of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol in plasma. The method is based on the double isotopic derivative principle and makes use of the isotopes 35S and 131I. The method includes: Extraction of plasma, purification of the extract, esterification of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol by means of p-iodobenzenesulphonyl chloride, purification of the esters formed by paper chromatography, counting of the radioactivities and calculation of the results. The procedures are described in detail and discussed. Determinations in plasma gave the following ranges of concentrations: Normally menstruating women, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol: 0.1–0.75 μg/l, some patients with primary or secondary amenorrhea, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol: 0–0.45 μg/l and pregnant women, oestrone: 1–10 μg/l and 17β-oestradiol: 2–30 μg/l.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL PREGNANCY TEST
Authors: Wide Leif , Gemzell Carl A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An immunological method for the assay of chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in human urine has been described in detail. The method is useful as a simple and rapid pregnancy test and can be applied for quantitative determinations of HCG in urine.
Morning urine from 306 women were examined; 212 were found to be pregnant by the haemagglutination inhibition reaction and the pregnancy was confirmed by ordinary pregnancy tests; 94 women were not pregnant and the urine of these women gave in no case a haemagglutination inhibition reaction.
Quantitative determinations of HCG were performed in the urine of 103 women in early pregnancy. The urinary excretion of HCG increased following the missed menstrual period and reached in the 8th week of pregnancy a level of about 160.000 IU of HCG per liter of urine.
STUDY OF A LARGE STEROID SPECTRUM IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Genest Jacques , Koiw Erich , Nowaczynski Wojciech , Sandor Thomas 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An extensive study made in 110 normal subjects and hypertensive patients has shown a statistically significant 2-fold mean increase in urinary aldosterone excretion and a statistically significant mean decrease in urinary pregnanetriol and in pregnanetriol/aldosterone ratio from groups of patients with essential, renal and malignant hypertension as compared to that of normal subjects. No significant difference was found in cortisone, cortisol and their tetrahydro derivatives, aetiocholanolone and the tetrahydro derivative of 17,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione excretion of hypertensive patients as compared to normotensive subjects. In four healthy volunteers, intravenous infusion of angiotensin was followed by a 2 to 10-fold increase in urinary aldosterone excretion.
THE INFLUENCE OF METHYL-THIOURACIL ON THE LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE THYROID GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: Talanti S. , Hopsu Väinö K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Leucine aminopeptidase activity was demonstrated histochemically in the thyroid gland of the rat. It was most clearly found in the epithelium of the follicles. Slight activity was also present in colloid. The administration of methyl-thiouracil markedly diminished this activity. The methylthiouracil effect on leucine aminopeptidase seemed to be of short duration, since it was already abolished ten days after treatment. The physiological significance of leucine aminopeptidase with particular reference to its possible relationship to the proteolytic system previously found in the thyroid tissue is discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF SILVER IMPREGNATION OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE RAT
Authors: Hellerström Claes , Hellman Bo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
By using a modification of Davenport's alcoholic silver nitrate method for impregnating nerves, it was possible to obtain a distinct argyrophil reaction on thin paraffin sections from rat pancreas which had been fixed either in formalin or Bouin's solution. Since this was followed by a removal of silver with subsequent granule staining according to Gomori, it became clear that the distinctly blackened cells comprised only some of the A cells.
Some post-mortem change seemed to be an essential prerequisite of the argyrophil reaction, since this almost completely failed to appear after fixation in an ice-cold Bouin's solution. The reducing material was considerably resistent to acids; strongly blackened islet cells could be observed even after refixation in hydrochloric acid at a pH of 0.5. Although a preoxidation, e. g. with an acid solution of potassium permanganate, is essential for the differentiation of the islet cells with the modern granule stains, such treatment results in the argyrophil reaction becoming weaker or not appearing at all. Actual blackening, except in the case of those A cells, which could be distinguished as silver cells even after a short time, could not be produced by lengthening the impregnation time, but instead, the argyrophil reaction tended to decrease after a certain optimal period.
The observation that among those cells, which by granule staining were classified as A cells, a separate fraction with distinctly blackened cytoplasm could be distinguished, led to the suggestion that the blackened cells should be called A1 cells and the remaining ones, A2 cells.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE LITTER SIZE ON THE POST NATAL GROWTH OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE RAT
Authors: Petersson Birger , Hellerström Claes , Hellman Bo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In a comparison of three week old rats from small and large litters it was observed that the total islet volume was more than three times as large in the former group. If on the other hand the total islet volume was expressed in relation to the body or the pancreatic weight, no significant difference was found between the animals in the small and large litters. The smaller absolute islet volume in the group 'large litters' was primarily due to a lower number of A cells, i. e. the B/A cell number ratio was significantly higher than in the group 'small litters'. The size of the litters, which normally shows considerable variations, thus greatly influences not only the body growth of the rats but also the post natal development of the islet tissue.
Fetal testis—a very special endocrine organ
Authors: Huhtaniemi Ilpo 
Published: December 2008

Huhtaniemi I. Fetal testis—a very special endocrine organ. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:25–31. ISSN 0804–4643
The fetal testis is a special organ endocrinologically and not at all like a smaller version of the adult testis. Unlike the quiescent fetal ovary, its hormone production is very active. Besides testosterone it produces a special 'fetal gonadal hormone', the anti-Müllerian hormone. These two hormones together play a key role in the induction and regulation of male sexual differentiation. To meet these functional requirements the fetal testis has many unique features, especially as regards luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone action, which discriminate it from the respective functions of the adult testis. In this article, some enigmatic features of fetal testicular endocrine function are concentrated on in an attempt to identify the most important questions for further research.
Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10,20520 Turku, Finland
Endocrine–paracine interaction in communication between the immune and endocrine systems. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammation
Authors: Imura Hiroo , Fukata Jun-ichi 
Published: December 2008

Imura H, Fukata J. Endocrine–paracrine interaction in communication between the immune and endocrine systems. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in inflammation. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:32–7. ISSN 0804–4643
There are bidirectional communications between the immune and endocrine systems. Cytokines produced in inflammatory foci cause changes in the endocrine system, including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hormones produced in the endocrine system, especially glucocorticoids, affect the immune system to modulate its function. This is an important endocrine system for the defence mechanism. In addition, bacterial lipopolysaccharide produces cytokines in the brain and endocrine organs which are considered to act through the paracrine mechanism to regulate the HPA axis. Endocrine–paracrine interaction is important for the defence mechanism of the organism.
Hiroo Imura, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Yoshida Honmachi Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
Glucose–fatty acid cycle operates in humans at the levels of both whole body and skeletal muscle during low and high physiological plasma insulin concentrations
Authors: Vaag Allan A , Handberg Aase , Skøtt Peter , Richter Erik A , Beck-Nielsen Henning 
Published: December 2008

Vaag, AA, Handberg A, Skøtt P, Richter EA, Beck-Nielsen H. Glucose-fatty acid cycle operates in humans at the levels of both whole body and skeletal muscle during low and high physiological plasma insulin concentrations. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:70–9. ISSN 0804–4643
Plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were elevated acutely (Intralipid + heparin infusion) in 14 normal humans in order to study the effects of fatty acids on whole-body basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, and on activities of skeletal muscle key enzymes. Whole-body glucose metabolism was assessed using [3-3H]glucose and indirect calorimetry. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle during basal and insulin-stimulated (3 h, 40 mU·m−2·min1) steady-state periods. Total peripheral glucose uptake was unaffected by Intralipid infusion in the basal state, whereas it decreased during Intralipid infusion in the hyperinsulinemic state (10.7±0.7 vs 8.7±0.8 mg · kg−1 fat-free mass · min−1, p < 0.02). Intralipid infusion decreased whole-body glucose oxidation in the basal state (1.3±0.2 vs 0.8±0.1 mg·kg−1 fat-free mass·min−1, p<0.001) and during hyperinsulinemia (3.6±0.2 vs 1.7±0.2 mg·kg−1 fat-free mass·min−1 p<0.001). Whole-body non-oxidative glucose uptake increased during Intralipid infusion in the basal state and was unaffected in the hyperinsulinemic state. The skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase activity ratio decreased in the basal state during Intralipid infusion (55±6 vs 43±5%, p<0.05), whereas no statistical significant decrease in the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity ratio was observed during insulin infusion (57±8 vs 47 ± 5%, NS). Insulin increased the activity of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase on the control day, but not during Intralipid infusion. Activities of phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase were unaffected by Intralipid infusion. Plasma glucose concentrations were similar during Intralipid infusion and on the control day, whereas Intralipid infusion increased the muscle glucose content in the basal state (1.36±0.09 vs 1.77±0.12 mmol/kg dry wt, p<0.05) and in the hyperinsulinemic state (1.23 ± 0.09 vs 1.82 ± 0.16 mmol/kg dry wt, p <0.05). Insulin increased the muscle lactate content on the control day (6.50±0.95 vs 8.65±0.77 mmol/kg dry wt, p<0.05), but not during Intralipid infusion. In conclusion, the glucose–fatty acid cycle operates in humans in vivo at the levels of both whole body and skeletal muscle during both low and high physiological insulin concentrations.
Allan Vaag, Department of Internal Medicine M, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
Evaluation of the ontogeny of thyroid hormone receptor isotypes in rat brain and liver using an immunohistochemical technique
Authors: Falcone Maria , Miyamoto Takahide , Fierro-Renoy Francisco , Macchia Enrico , DeGroot Leslie J 
Published: December 2008

Falcone M. Miyamoto T, Fierro-Renoy F, Macchia E, DeGroot LJ. Evaluation of the ontogeny of thyroid hormone receptor isotypes in rat brain and liver using an immunohistochemical technique. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:97–106. ISSN 0804–4643
We performed an immunohistochemical study on rat brain and liver during fetal and neonatal life using rabbit antipeptide polyclonal antibodies able to recognize each thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoform. The expression of TR alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta-1 proteins from 14 days of gestation to 21 days after birth was evaluated. Frozen tissues from 14 (F14), 17 (F17) and 21 (F21)-day-old fetuses and from 5 (N5), 16 (N16) and 21 (N21)-day old newborn rats were stained with anti-TR antibodies using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase system. The antipeptide antibodies utilized in the present study were characterized previously: alpha-144 antibody recognizes both TR alpha-1 and alpha-2; alpha-2-431 antibody is specific for TR variant alpha-2, and beta-62 antibody specifically reacts with the TR beta-1 isoform. The expression of TR alpha-1 was deduced by comparing the staining obtained with alpha-144 and alpha-2-431 antibodies. We demonstrated that each TR isoform is expressed in rat brain from 14 days of gestation and that the alpha isoform was predominant in the early stage. The three TR isoforms were expressed in both neural cell nuclei and in glial cell nuclei. As far as the liver is concerned, at F14 the expression of TR isoforms was weaker in hepatocytes when, on the contrary, TR alpha was clearly detected in hematopoietic cells. The expression of TRs in hepatocytes becomes evident later. The data that we obtained, although not quantitative, emphasize the presence of each TR isoform in brain and liver from 14 days of fetal rat life.
Maria Falcone, Istituto di Endocrinologia, Università di Pisa, Viale del Tirreno 64, 56018 Tirrenia-Pisa, Italy
Pulsatile thyrotropin and prolactin secretion in a patient with a mixed thyrotropin- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
Authors: Adriaanse Ria , Brabant Georg , Endert Erik , Bemelman Frederique J , Wiersinga Wilmar M 
Published: December 2008

Adriaanse R, Brabant G, Endert E, Bemelman FJ, Wiersinga WM. Pulsatile thyrotropin and prolactin secretion in a patient with mixed thyrotropin- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:113–20. ISSN 0804–4643
The circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) release was investigated in a patient with slight hyperthyroidism due to a mixed TSH- and PRL-secreting pituitary adenoma. Blood was withdrawn every 10 min for 24 h (before and after medical treatment); pulse characteristics were analyzed by Desade and Cluster programs (values as mean±sd). The inappropriately high mean 24-h TSH concentration of 3.55 ±0.31 mU/l was associated with a higher mean 24-h TSH pulse amplitude but unaltered mean 24-h TSH pulse frequency relative to healthy controls. The nocturnal TSH surge (absolute surge 0.5 mU/l, relative surge 16%) was low, related to a loss of the usual nocturnal increase of TSH pulse amplitude and TSH pulse frequency. Chronic treatment with octreotide resulted in a modest clinical and biochemical improvement of the hyperthyroid state; addition of bromocriptine at a later stage had no further beneficial effect. At the end of the follow-up period the mean 24-h TSH paradoxically had increased to 5.33 ±0.81 mU/l. The nocturnal TSH surge also increased (absolute surge 1.9 mU/l, relative surge 42%), but circadian changes in TSH pulsatility remained absent. In the untreated period the increased mean 24-h PRL concentration of 234 ± 24 μg/l was associated with an increased mean 24-h PRL amplitude, whereas the 24-h PRL pulse frequency (N = 4) was lower relative to controls. No circadian PRL rhythm was present. After octreotide and bromocriptine treatment the mean 24-h PRL concentration and mean 24-h PRL pulse amplitude were unchanged, but a clear nocturnal increase of PRL now was observed. Analysis of the temporal coupling between TSH and PRL release by bivariate autoregressive modeling revealed significant cross-correlations in all three periods investigated (coefficients in the range 0.34–0.76, median 0.52; p<0.01) between TSH and PRL concentrations with a lag time of 10–20 min. We conclude that pulsatile TSH and PRL release in this mixed TSH- and PRL-secreting pituitary adenoma was autonomous in nature. The observed dampening of the nocturnal increase of TSH and PRL is putatively related to a lack of TRH receptors in these tumors. The observed co-secretion of TSH and PRL suggests synthesis of both hormones by the same cell.
R Adriaanse, Department of Endocrinology F5-171, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Octreotide exerts different effects in vivo and in vitro in Cushing's disease
Authors: Stalla Günter K , Brockmeier Steffi J , Renner Ulrich , Newton Chris , Buchfelder Michael , Stalla Johanna , Müller O Albrecht 
Published: December 2008

Stalla GK, Brockmeier SJ, Renner U, Newton C, Buchfelder M, Stalla J, Müller OA. Octreotide exerts different effects in vivo and in vitro in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:125–31. ISSN 0804–4643
The effect of the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide (SMS 201-995) on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion was studied in five patients with untreated Cushing's disease in vivo and in six human corticotropic adenoma cell cultures in vitro. For the in vivo study, 100 μg of octreotide sc was given 30 and 180 min after cannulation of the cubital vein and 100 μg of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was injected iv at 210 min. Serum ACTH and cortisol levels were measured for 390 min. In vivo, octreotide had no significant effect either on basal or CRH-stimulated ACTH levels and did not influence cortisol levels. The in vitro studies were conducted with corticotropic adenoma cell cultures derived from adenoma tissue obtained from six patients with Cushing's disease. In four of six cell cultures, octreotide (1 nmol/l–1 μmol/l) inhibited basal ACTH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition ranged from 70 to 92% for 1 nmol/l octreotide to 14–46% for 1 μmol/l octreotide as compared to controls (100%). In three of three octreotide-responsive adenoma cell cultures investigated, CRH-stimulated ACTH secretion was suppressed by octreotide. Hydrocortisone pretreatment in vitro abolished the inhibitory effect of octreotide on ACTH secretion in one octreotide-responsive corticotropic adenoma cell culture. In conclusion, we showed that octreotide in most cases could inhibit the ACTH release from human corticotropic adenoma cells in vitro but had no suppressive effect on ACTH levels of patients with Cushing's disease in vivo. This discrepancy could be due to a somatostatin receptor down-regulation by cortisol at the hypercortisolemic state in vivo.
Günter K Stalla, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Institute, Kraepelinstr. 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
Autoimmune thyroid disorders and coeliac disease
Authors: Collin Pekka , Salmi Jorma , Hällström Olavi , Reunala Timo , Pasternack Amos 
Published: December 2008

Collin P, Salmi J, Hällström O, Reunala T, Pasternack A. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and coeliac disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:137–40. ISSN 0804–4643.
Eighty-three patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders were screened for coeliac disease. The screening was performed with IgA-class reticulin and endomysium antibody, IgA- and IgG-class gliadin antibody tests, and various biochemical tests for malabsorption. None of the tested subjects had selective IgA deficiency, which excludes the possibility of not detecting positives by an IgA-class test. Of the 83 patients, three asymptomatic coeliac patients were found, and one patient with coeliac disease previously diagnosed, an overall frequency of 4.8%. In addition, 25 patients with a solitary nodule of the thyroid gland were examined and one of them (4%) was found to have coeliac disease. By contrast, one (0.4%) out of 249 age- and sex-matched blood donors was found to have coeliac disease. All newly detected coeliac patients had IgA-class gliadin, reticulin and endomysium antibodies, but none of the patients had any gastrointestinal symptoms or abnormal biochemical findings suggesting coeliac disease. Treatment of thyroid disorders and coeliac disease was successful in these patients. The present results confirm that the frequency of subclinical coeliac disease is increased among patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. IgA-class reticulin, endomysium or gliadin antibody tests are suitable screening methods for detecting these patients, as far as selective IgA-deficiency is excluded.
Pekka Collin, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 607, SF-33101 Tampere, Finland