bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Architecture in Society: Structuring of the Family Unit among Moorish Pastoral Nomads of Mauritania
Authors: Boulay Sébastien 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This paper sheds new light on the existence of a multitude of architectural concepts amongst Moorish nomadic herders of Western Sahara. The description and the analysis of its three variations help us to better understand the nuclear family's genesis in this society and the important role of architectures and, more generally, of objects in this process. In the Mauritanian nomadic society, the type of habitation most used and the best known is the tent, the khayma.1 Its most likely heritage is from the progressive arrival of Arab Bedouin tribes into the Western Sahara regions starting in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD. (Feilberg 1944). It consists of a rectangular cloth about 7 m by 6 m, made up of strips woven from black wool and the hair of camels (often replaced today by strips of imported cotton cloth) and supported at the centre by the crossing of two long slanted wooden poles, giving the whole a pointed and pyramidal form. The khayma is at the base of the strong metonymical relationship with the family living there,2 benefiting from a privileged status in the Moor's system of representations and in their contemporary identity among the Bedouins and the rest of the population (Boulay 2004). Nevertheless, on-site investigations have allowed us to discover that the khayma is not the only kind of tent used by pastoral Mauritanians.3 There is, in effect, another type, or more precisely another architectural concept, less known and named the benye. This feminine noun, based on the Arab root BNY, expresses the idea of 'build', 'erect' or 'construct'4 and takes the form not of the two long slanted poles of the khayma but rather is based on arcs or stakes placed vertically. Through a careful examination of the three current uses of the word benye - 'secret' shelter of a young couple, double roof 'discreet' of the black tent, light structure for long migrations - we will see how the study of this architectural concept can instruct us regarding the process of forming the marital couple and family in a Muslim society. We will also better understand how, even today, this contributes to the confidentiality and marginality of this important factor and its different known materials in this part of the Western Sahara.
The Economics of Mobile Pastoralism: A Global Summary
Authors: Davies Jonathan , Hatfield Richard 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism (WISP) recently commissioned a series of reviews on the economics of pastoralism. Eight regional desk studies were conducted: (1) Southern Africa and the Horn, (2) West Africa, (3) East Africa, (4) North Africa, (5) South America, (6) Asia, (7) the Middle East, and (8) Europe. The studies sought to identify the contribution of pastoralism to domestic and global markets, by gathering productivity indicators and market behaviour, and identifying indirect values and methodologies for analysing indirect values. This review is intended to add to the global understanding on the importance of mobile pastoralism as a form of productive and sustainable land management. By gathering information, the review highlights existing knowledge on the value of pastoralism, gaps in this knowledge, trends in pastoral economies, and policy options that can support rangeland economies most effectively. Presented here is a summary of the main points relating to economic valuation of mobile pastoralism.
Small-scale spatio-temporal characteristics of accumulation rates in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Anschütz Helgard , Steinhage Daniel , Eisen Olaf , Oerter Hans , Horwath Martin , Ruth Urs 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSpatio-temporal variations of the recently determined accumulation rate are investigated using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements and firn-core studies. The study area is located on Ritscherflya in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, at an elevation range 1400–1560 m. Accumulation rates are derived from internal reflection horizons (IRHs), tracked with GPR, which are connected to a dated firn core. GPR-derived internal layer depths show small relief along a 22 km profile on an ice flowline. Average accumulation rates are about 190 kg m−2 a−1 (1980–2005) with spatial variability (1σ) of 5% along the GPR profile. The interannual variability obtained from four dated firn cores is one order of magnitude higher, showing 1σ standard deviations around 30%. Mean temporal variations of GPRderived accumulation rates are of the same magnitude or even higher than spatial variations. Temporal differences between 1980–90 and 1990–2005, obtained from two dated IRHs along the GPR profile, indicate temporally non-stationary processes, linked to spatial variations. Comparison with similarly obtained accumulation data from another coastal area in central Dronning Maud Land confirms this observation. Our results contribute to understanding spatio-temporal variations of the accumulation processes, necessary for the validation of satellite data (e.g. altimetry studies and gravity missions such as Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)).
Tests for screening olfactory and gustatory function in school‐age children
Authors: Laing David G. , Segovia C. , Fark T. , Laing O.N. , Jinks A.L. , Nikolaus J. , Hummel T. 
Published: June 2008

ObjectiveDetermine the suitability of three tests based on the identification of familiar odors and tastes for the clinical assessment of olfaction and gustation in children.Study Design and SettingA total of 232 children aged 5 to 7 years from Sydney public schools and 56 adults aged 18 to 51 years participated in a cross‐sectional study.ResultsThe children demonstrated they can identify the majority of the 16 test odorants and 4 common tastes that describe gustatory function. The response distributions obtained for each test provide the basis for a set of normative data for young children.ConclusionOlfactory and gustatory function can be determined in school‐age children using the three tests described.SignificanceCurrently no satisfactory clinical tests of olfaction and gustation for children or normative data are available. The present study resolves these shortcomings and provides normative data that can be used in the diagnosis of olfactory and gustatory impairment in school‐age children.
Polysomnographic outcome of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children under 5 years old
Authors: Walker Paul , Whitehead Bruce , Gulliver Tanya 
Published: June 2008

ObjectiveTo determine success rates after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); postoperative polysomnogram (PSG) results were compared with preoperative results in children younger than 5 years.MethodsThirty‐four children with a preoperative respiratory disturbance index (RDI) greater than 5 in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep underwent both preoperative and postoperative PSG with at least five of seven parameters recorded.ResultsPreoperatively, mean total RDI was 15.5, mean REM RDI was 39.6, and 25 (74%) had severe OSA (REM RDI > 20). Postoperatively, mean total RDI improved to 3 (P > 0.001), mean REM RDI to 7.4 (P < 0.001), and 4 remained severe. Overall 22 (65%) showed REM RDI in the normal range (<5), including all with a preoperative REM RDI less than 30.ConclusionOn PSG criteria, most children with OSA significantly improved after adenotonsillectomy, but a number had persisting abnormalities. Postoperative PSG should be considered to identify unresolved OSA.
Outcome of mobile ear surgery for chronic otitis media in remote areas
Authors: Homøe Preben , Siim Christian , Bretlau Poul 
Published: June 2008

ObjectivesThe Inuit of Greenland, Canada and Alaska suffer from chronic otitis media (COM). In Greenland these patients used to be referred to Denmark for ear surgery. This was expensive and unsatisfactory, and the results were poor. A mobile ear surgery project was developed.DesignThe study is longitudinal and prospective with follow‐up.Subjects and MethodsThe 274 patients were selected according to severity of COM and hearing loss. Only air conduction (AC) audiometry was obtained. Median age was 27 years and 55% were females.ResultsClosure rates at three weeks, one year, and two years were 67 percent, 72 percent, and 76 percent, respectively. Median AC pure tone average improvement was 15 dB and 12 dB after one year and two years, and 73 percent and 67 percent were satisfied. Outcome was associated with quality of the surgical skills (P < 0.002). We found marked spontaneous fluctuations between the follow‐ups.ConclusionThe results of mobile ear surgery in Greenland are acceptable. Mobile ear surgery may be implemented in areas with limited access to health care, eg, in developing countries.
Angioedema and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors: Are demographics a risk?
Authors: Mahoney Elizabeth J. , Devaiah Anand K. 
Published: June 2008

ObjectivesThe use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) has become the leading cause of acquired angioedema. Previous studies have suggested that certain patient populations may be at a higher risk for ACEI‐induced angioedema. The objective of this study was to evaluate any demographic associations.Study DesignA retrospective chart review.Materials and MethodsAngioedema patients from 1999 to 2004 treated at a tertiary care hospital were reviewed. Demographics, inciting factors, and comorbid conditions were examined.ResultsOne hundred eighty‐two patients met inclusion criteria. Sixty‐three percent of patients with angioedema had ACEI triggers. Eighty‐one percent of all ACEI angioedema occurred in black patients. Of all angioedema patients, 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62%‐78%) of black patients noted an ACEI as the inciting agent compared with 44% (95% CI, 30%‐59%) in other patient groups. Black patients were 3.03 times more likely to have angioedema from an ACEI than all other patient groups (95% CI, 1.54‐5.94).ConclusionThis study represents the largest series of patients with angioedema. Although retrospective in nature, the data show that black patients are at a higher risk for ACEI‐induced angioedema.
Serum profiling and biomarker discovery of rat mammary tumors using mass-coded abundance tags (MCAT)
Authors: Rowell Craig , Puckett Glen , Raorty Kevin , Kirk Marion , Wilson Landon , Wang Sam , Carpenter Mark , Lamartiniere Coral 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAdvances in Mass-spectrometry techniques allow for the rapid processing and evaluation of complex biological mixtures such as blood/serum. These samples represent a protein rich environment as well as a sentinel monitoring system of the entire organism. The central tenet of these studies is that changes in the microenvironment of a tissue, brought about by a disease process, will lead to sufficient changes in the protein and peptide pattern of the serum, such that the differences can be accurately detected and correctly associated with a particular disease state. Using mass-spectrometry approaches we have developed techniques that allow us to compare samples from tumor-free and tumor present serum samples simultaneously to find biomarkers that indicate the presence of cancer. To examine potentially important but less abundant proteins, ultrafiltration (UF) was used to eliminate the more abundant proteins and combine this with the non-isotopic peptide tags (S-methylthioacetimidate and S-methyl thiopropionimidate) described by Beardsley and Reilley (J. Proteome Res. 2: 15-21, 2003) to differentiate our samples. Use of these mass-coded abundance tags (MCAT) allows for simultaneous evaluation of serum samples from tumor present, and tumor free animals. Using an oa time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (Q-tof) with electrospray ionization we produce high quality spectrums to screen for peptides that have only one tag. Specificity of tagging increases the likelihood that the peptide resulted from a protein unique to either the control or conditioned state. Using the ms/ms function of the Q-tof we sequence the peptide and identify the parent protein. Specifically, our lab is using UF, MCAT and the Q-tof to evaluate rat models of chemically-induced tumors. By using animal models we overcome much of the variability that may exist in human serum samples due to differences in gender, diet and cancer initiation. We have shown that these systems allow for the identification of both small molecules such as Alpha S1 casein precursor (24 kDa) as well as proteins greater than the MCO such as Fibrinogen alpha/alpha E precursor and Coagulation factor 2 (86 and 70 kDa, respectively). With positive sequence identification we can now evaluate the tumors themselves to determine if the proteins are over-expressed in the tumor vs. normal tissues. Using this method of “bottom-up” analysis provides information on the nature and composition of our samples to more rapidly identify those proteins that are unique to the tumor state of the animals.
Biological features of the Lophius piscatorius catch in Scottish waters
Authors: Laurenson Chevonne H. , Dobby Helen , McLay H. Anne , Leslie Beth 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Laurenson, C. H., Dobby, H., McLay, H. A., and Leslie, B. 2008. Biological features of the Lophius piscatorius catch in Scottish waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1281–1290. Here, data on 50 265 Lophius piscatorius sampled between 1998 and 2006 on board commercial fishing vessels during observer trips and chartered surveys at Shetland, west of Scotland, and Rockall are analysed. In each area, length differed significantly with depth (p < 0.001), there was an increase in modal size with increasing depth down to 450 m, and large fish dominated hauls in deeper water. The sex ratio of all data combined was 0.88 females:1 male, but it varied by area, depth, and season, with males greatly outnumbering females in deep water west of Scotland during the first quarter of the year. The proportion at length that were female differed significantly with depth, and the highest proportions of mature fish were in deep water at Rockall and west of Scotland. L50% maturities, for all data combined, were 102.4 cm for females and 58.3 cm for males.
Training volunteers for the elderly in Israel
Authors: Vitner Gad , Shalom Vera , Yodfat Avital 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive training program for volunteers for the elderly in Israel, which has been operated under the National Insurance Institute of the State of Israel.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers the need and values of training elderly volunteers to support the elderly in the community. The methodology of training is presented, starting with the first program of a new volunteer and continue with an advanced consultant course. The methodology of maintaining and continuous improvement of the training programs are also discussed.FindingsEach year, about 500 volunteers participate in a 64 hours (four weekly hours for 16 weeks) new volunteer course, and about 50 volunteers participate in the consultant course. In addition, all active volunteers (about 4,000) participate in regular training groups, every alternate week for two hours.Originality/valueThe paper introduces a unique training methodology and training programs for elderly volunteers to support the elderly in the community. A continuous improvement methodology is discussed to ensure training effectiveness.
Virtual reference, Second Life and traditional library enquiry services
Authors: Joint Nicholas 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine recent thinking about reference services and library use of virtual reference (VR) software, in order to put into context the value of advanced social networking technologies such as Second Life to libraries and their users.Design/methodology/approachA brief review of the main developments in the recent history of VR, combined with a comparison of the relevant features in common between generic VR packages and Second Life.FindingsThat the key weaknesses of established VR services are also found in Second Life, but that these weaknesses should be readily overcome as technical advances are made and librarians clarify to software providers the type of functionality they require from their services.Research limitations/implicationsThe need for a higher level of complex authentication functionality, as necessitated when combining digital library subscription services with interactive virtual library environments, is outlined and defined. This is a fertile area for service provider research and development.Practical implicationsThe practical benefits of VR and Second Life services to libraries will be limited until the authentication issues summarised in this paper are addressed.Originality/valueThe paper attempts to enlarge the literature on Second Life by discussing this recent innovation in terms of the broader historical context against which such digital library services have evolved. In particular, it points out the ironic similarity between digital reference environments and declining traditional reference services, which both are disadvantaged by their “distance” from core, authenticated digital library content.
Graduate development, discursive resources and the employment relationship at BAE Systems
Authors: Jenner Shirley 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of an employee opinion survey and to evaluate its impact on the graduate training programme and associated employment relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a detailed, longitudinal case study of one large‐scale UK organisation. The approach recognises that discursive resources have a material existence in the sense that they are embodied in the social practices of individuals and the institutions and organisations within which these social practices take place. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, the paper demonstrates how the design, delivery and evaluation of the graduate programme formed a learning nexus between management, graduates and other stakeholders.FindingsThe case study highlights the contested nature of organisational life, particularly in relation to matters of control and autonomy. However, improved graduate opinion survey ratings over time suggest that the evolving surveillance offered by internal research has been successful in achieving changed management behaviours. The case study has shown how graduate training, development and career management are best understood as discursive practices. Shared understandings about the nature of work are constructed though a communications nexus of key stakeholders.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper is to highlight the pivotal role of the corporate training programme and associated communications in the development of shared understandings of the nature of the employment relationship.
Case study: developing graduate engineers at Kentz Engineers & Constructors
Authors: O'Donnell Hugh , Karallis Takis , Sandelands Eric , Cassin James , O'Neill Donal 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to outline the approach and process in place within Kentz Engineers & Constructors to develop graduate engineers on an international basis.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted is that of a case study which describes activities and processes within the organization and the rationale behind them, supported by appropriate material. The case study is based upon threads of experiences within the organization over an extended period of some years.FindingsFindings include the need to facilitate experiential learning and provide mentoring within a socialization as well as developmental process.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a case study focusing on the experiences and practices of one organization. It does not represent an empirical study. However, it contains insights that may be of practical value within businesses and other organizations seeking to develop graduate engineers, or, more broadly, seeking to manage the transition of new workers.Originality/valueThis paper illustrates the approach of one international organization to the development of graduate engineers within the construction industry.
A medical robot kinematics design approach based on knowledge management
Authors: Smith‐Guerin Natalie , Nouaille Laurence , Vieyres Pierre , Poisson Gerard 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for medical robot kinematics design developed using a knowledge‐management approach.Design/methodology/approachA classification of medical robots is proposed based on their kinematic characteristics and 76 robot specifications were collected in a catalogue. Then, having drawn a generic specifications sheet, rules were proposed to choose a structure from these specifications.FindingsFindings are situated at several levels: the catalogue, the classification of robots with respect to their kinematic characteristics, a generic and specific specifications sheet, and an organigram to choose the most relevant structure from the specifications.Research limitations/implicationsThis structural synthesis represents a preliminary step in the design of medical robots which will be completed by an additional dimensional synthesis.Originality/valueThis work offers a new methodology for medical robots design distinct from what is usually done for medical or industrial robots design using intuition, expertise and non‐formal knowledge.
An exploratory study on quality costs in Turkish manufacturing companies
Authors: Uyar Ali 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which Turkish manufacturing companies implement a cost of quality (COQ) system, to evaluate how company performance has changed after COQ system implementation, and to identify the objectives behind COQ measuring and reporting.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of the study was a postal questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted with the top 500 industrial enterprises in Turkey specified by the Istanbul Chamber of Industry (ICI) for the year 2005. These firms are selected and ranked by ICI according to production‐based sales.FindingsThe findings indicated that almost half (49.5 percent) of responding firms currently implement a COQ system. After COQ system implementation, the following remarkable changes were observed in business operations of the responding companies: customer complaints decreased; rework and scrap decreased; warranty expenditures decreased; failure costs decreased; and sales volume increased. The most important three objectives behind COQ measuring and reporting are: overall quality improvement; setting cost reduction targets and measuring progress; and improving control of quality activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample is restricted to the top 500 industrial enterprises in Turkey. As the data in this study were collected from manufacturing companies, the findings should not be generalized to other sectors.Originality/valueThe paper provides the general practices and perceptions of the largest Turkish manufacturing companies on quality costs.