bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate environmentalism: tracing the links between policies and performance using corporate reports and public registers
Authors: Gouldson Andy , Sullivan Rory 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWithin this paper, we consider whether it is possible to trace the links between the procedural and the substantive dimensions of corporate environmentalism using information that is in the public domain – most notably in corporate reports and in pollutant releases and transfer registers (PRTRs) such as the US Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and the EU Polluting Emissions Register (EPER). Based on an analysis of firms in the oil and gas sector, and specifically of the environmental performance of oil refineries, we find that corporate reports are of very limited value when seeking to compare and contrast levels of environmental performance at the site level, but that a significant body of useful information is provided by public registers such as the US TRI and the EU EPER. Drawing upon these data, we find significant variations in corporate environmental performance across the US and the EU, and we note the existence of significant correlations between higher levels of emissions and lower levels of employment and income in the areas where industrial facilities are located. We then discuss the relevance of our findings to broader debates on corporate environmentalism and corporate social responsibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Genetics and delusional disorder
Authors: Cardno Alastair G. , McGuffin Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article gives an overview of genetic research approaches and their application to delusional disorder. Most studies have been based on small samples and have had other methodological limitations, so it is not clear whether there is a genetic contribution to the aetiology of delusional disorder. It is unlikely that delusional disorder is strongly related genetically to affective disorder or schizophrenia, but more subtle relationships cannot be ruled out. The rarity of multiply affected families prohibits linkage studies and, to date, molecular genetic investigations have been mainly limited to small association studies of dopamine receptor polymorphisms. A range of considerably larger, epidemiologically rigorous studies is required, but the uncommonness and other features of the disorder put strong limitations on the prospects for ascertaining adequate samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy of delusional disorders in the context of offending and the potential for compulsory treatment
Authors: Smith Douglas A. , Buckley Peter F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDelusional disorder is an uncommon mental illness with an estimated prevalence of 0.03%. Its low prevalence has likely contributed to the paucity of research interest in this area, leading to substantial gaps in knowledge concerning its treatment and management. In the absence of a robust literature, most clinicians rely on their experience and guidelines for treating schizophrenia when treating patients with delusional disorder. This article reviews the available literature that is specific to the treatment of delusional disorder. In addition, it focuses on specific forensic and medicolegal aspects of managing patients with delusional disorder. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electropolymerization of 3‐Methylthiophene in [BMIM]PF6 Ionic Liquid, Characterization and Application
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Jian , Qi Xi‐Min , Du Yan‐Fang , Luo Yi‐Wen , Fang Hui‐Jue , Lu Jia‐Xing 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Poly‐3‐methylthiophene (P3MT) was synthesized in the room temperature ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimi‐dazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) by constant potential and constant current respectively. The structure and morphology of P3MT films were characterized by FTIR spectrum and SEM. The undoped (reduction) and doped (oxidation) forms of P3MT film prepared in ionic liquid were reversible and stable. The P3MT film has strong characteristics of electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and can separate the oxidation peaks of ascorbic acid and dopamine. Two methods of potential steps were used to observe the response time of the film and the film was found to have perfect electrochromic response.
Ultrasound‐assisted Cinnamaldehyde Hydrogenation to Cinnamyl Alcohol at Atmospheric Pressure over Ru‐B Amorphous Catalyst
Authors: Li Hui , Ma Chun‐Jing , Li He‐Xing 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ultrafine Ru‐B amorphous alloy catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction with KBH4. During liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde at atmospheric pressure, the Ru‐B catalyst prepared exhibited excellent selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol. When the hydrogenation was performed with ultrasonic irradiation, the reaction rate could be greatly enhanced while the selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol remained almost unchanged. The hydrogenation rate was increased with the increase of either the ultrasonic frequency or the irradiation time. According to various characterizations, such as XRD, XPS, TEM, BET and ICP, the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the structural and electronic characteristics of Ru‐B catalyst was studied briefly. Meanwhile, the promotion effect of ultrasonication on the catalytic performance was also discussed based on the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol.
Study of the Interaction of Cephalosporin Class Medicine with Albumin by Fluorescence Enhancement and Fluorescence Quenching Theories
Authors: Yang Man‐Man , Xiao Qin , Xi Xiao‐Li 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe interaction of 7 kinds of cephalosporin‐medicine with HSA and BSA was studied and compared using fluorescence enhancement and fluorescence quenching method, then deeply analyzed. The binding characteristics of medicine with albumin and usual characteristic constants such as dissociation constant, quenching constant, quenching efficiency, energy‐transfer efficiency and the distance between donor and accepter were also deeply analyzed.
Spectroscopic Study on Interaction of β‐Cyclodextrin with Triprolidine Hydrochloride
Authors: Ali Syed Mashhood , Asmat Fahmeena 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe complexation of triprolidine hydrochloride (TRP) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) in deuterium oxide was investigated by 400 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 800 MHz 2D ROESY data revealed that two 1:1 and one 2:1 β‐CD‐TRP inclusion complexes were formed. Both aromatic moieties (p‐tolyl and pyridyl ring) has entered into the β‐CD cavity, confirming the existence of two different equilibria for 1:1 inclusion complexes in which p‐tolyl ring of the guest is more tightly held by the host cavity. The ROE intermolecular interactions provided the plausible structures of these 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes of β‐CD‐triprolidine hydrochloride in solution.
Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of a New Two‐photon Polymerization Initiator: DPAMOB with a Large TPA Cross‐section
Authors: Zhang Xian , Yu Xiao‐Qiang , Zhang Bao‐Qin , Feng Yun‐Guo , Tao Xu‐Tang , Jiang Min‐Hua 
Published: May 2006

AbstractE,E‐1,4‐Bis(4′‐N,N‐diphenylaminostyryl)‐2,5‐dimethoxybenzene (DPAMOB) has been synthesized by a simple and effective solid phase Wittig reaction and characterized by 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. Linear absorption, single‐photon induced fluorescence and two‐photon induced fluorescence spectra were experimentally studied. The new dye has a large two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section of σr=1007.2 GM [1 GM=1×10−50 cm4·s/(photon molecule)] at 800 nm measured by the two‐photon induced fluorescence method. The experimental results confirm that DPAMOB is a good TPA chromophore and can successfully initiate two‐photon photopolymerization of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate esters (SR454). Finally, a microstructure has been fabricated by use of DPAMOB as initiator.
Achieving performance enhancement in IEEE 802.11 WLANs by using the DIDD backoff mechanism
Authors: Chatzimisios P. , Vitsas V. , C. Boucouvalas A. , Tsoulfa M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWireless local area networks (WLANs) based on the IEEE 802.11 standards have been widely implemented mainly because of their easy deployment and low cost. The IEEE 802.11 collision avoidance procedures utilize the binary exponential backoff (BEB) scheme that reduces the collision probability by doubling the contention window after a packet collision. In this paper, we propose an easy‐to‐implement and effective contention window‐resetting scheme, called double increment double decrement (DIDD), in order to enhance the performance of IEEE 802.11 WLANs. DIDD is simple, fully compatible with IEEE 802.11 and does not require any estimation of the number of contending wireless stations. We develop an alternative mathematical analysis for the proposed DIDD scheme that is based on elementary conditional probability arguments rather than bi‐dimensional Markov chains that have been extensively utilized in the literature. We carry out a detailed performance study and we identify the improvement of DIDD comparing to the legacy BEB for both basic access and request‐to‐send/clear‐to‐send (RTS/CTS) medium access mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NETCAP: a capacity planning tool for practical content distribution network designs
Authors: Habib Sami J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a capacity planning tool NETCAP, which is a prototype software program for automatically planning and integrating application‐specific content‐distribution networks (CDNs). The CDN integration problem consists of two problems: data management system design problem and network topology design problem. The data management system design problem comprises of the server placement and file allocation problems, where the network topology design problem involves determining the network topology with network technology considerations.The CDN integration problem has been formulated as an optimization problem; where the objective function is to optimize a network topology that satisfies both the servers' access requirements and clients' communications. An evolutionary technique is used in NETCAP to search the design space. The experimental results for a CDN integration problem described here demonstrate the effectiveness of NETCAP in finding good CDN designs from a large design space in a few minutes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy — cause or consequence?
Authors: Svensson Maria , Eriksson Jan W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInsulin resistance (IR) is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown that IR is present in chronic renal failure (CRF), and recent evidence suggests that IR can also occur in the early stages of renal disease. Patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) have an increase in cardiovascular mortality, and since IR may be a contributing factor, this emphasizes the importance of a detailed understanding of the mechanisms linking IR and renal dysfunction at different stages of DN. IR can be detected early on in DN, e.g. at the stage of microalbuminuria (MA) and this could indicate a common genetic trait for IR and DN. As DN progresses further, IR is aggravated and it may, in addition to other factors, possibly accelerate the decline in renal function toward end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Several potentially modifiable mechanisms including circulating hormones, neuroendocrine pathways and chronic inflammation, are said to contribute to the worsening of IR. In ESRD, uremic toxins are of major importance.In this review article, we address the association between different stages of DN and IR and attempt to summarize major findings on potential mechanisms linking DN and IR. We conclude that IR is a consequence, and potentially also a cause of DN. In addition, there are probably genetic and environmental background factors that predispose to both IR and DN. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the derived fuel rod formation from auto shredder residue using an extrusion apparatus
Authors: Tai Hua‐Shan , Chang Sheng‐Cheng , Su Wan‐Shan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to form auto shredder residue–derived fuel (ASRDF) by using an extrusion apparatus, to solve the disposal problems of auto shredder residue (ASR) and to recover the heat value in its combustible content. ASR is the waste material produced by shredding vehicles. In general, these materials contain 20–30% of each vehicle by weight. ASR should be preprocessed into extruded rods before being used for fuel to remove about 20–30% inorganic, incombustible materials and to accommodate easy transportation and storage. The analytical results of ASR indicated the moisture content to be <2%, ash was <20%, and combustibles were nearly 80% by weight. Concentrations of N and S in the ASR were very low, although the chlorine content of ASR was in the range of 1.32–2.79%, which is the main burden of the ASR utilization. The heat content of ASR was about 5000–6000 kcal kg−1 (9000–10,800 BTU lb−1). Particle size had no significant effect on the analytical chemical composition. All the data indicated that ASR had a significant potential use as RDF. Through observations of the appearance and density of the ASRDF rod, we found that better appearance and higher densities could be achieved at higher extrusion temperature and pressure. The heat content of ASRDF was much lower than that of ASR, and it decreased with increasing extrusion temperature and pressure. The reasons for the better appearance, higher densities, and heat loss on the conditions of higher extrusion temperature and pressure may be explained by the proposed die swell ratio and skin–core effect. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
An investigation on thermal‐recycling of recycled plastic resin (spherically symmetric analysis of abrupt heating processes of a micro plastic‐resin particle)
Authors: Yamakita Ryuji , Ishino Yojiro , Ohiwa Norio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA fundamental understanding of the physical properties of a micro plastic‐resin particle subjected suddenly to hot combustion gas, such as the temperature history in the micro particle and its lifetime, is necessary for effectively realizing thermal recycling of recycled plastic resin. However, micro plastic particles have such small diameters, ranging from 100 µm to 200 µm, that the measurement of temperature histories within them is extremely difficult. In this paper, therefore, a spherically symmetric one‐dimensional analysis is applied to the abrupt heating process of a micro plastic resin particle in a high temperature inert atmosphere. Variations of the temperature history and the lifetime with the ambient gas temperature and the initial particle diameter are numerically analyzed, by dividing the entire heating process into four independent periods; the solid heating period, the melting period, the liquid heating period, and the vaporization period. Effects of the Nusselt number on the particle lifetime are also discussed. It is found that, by suitably taking account of the influences of heat transfer properties, the proposed simplified analysis is useful for estimating the fundamental and overall temperature characteristics of a micro plastic resin particle under abrupt heating. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(4): 279–293, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20113
Ultrasound stimulation of types I and III collagen expression of tendon cell and upregulation of transforming growth factor β
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Chung , Pang Jong‐Hwei S. , Hsu Chih‐Chin , Chu Ngok‐Kiu , Lin Miao‐Sui , Hu Ching‐Fang 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTraumatic tendon injuries are commonly treated with ultrasound. However, previous research has not examined the molecular mechanism of this therapeutic effect on collagen synthesis of tendon cells. This study was designed to determine the effect of ultrasound on the expression of type I and type III collagen of tendon cells intrinsic to rat Achilles tendon. Whether a correlation exits between this effect and the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), which enhances collagen synthesis, was also investigated. Tendon cells after ultrasound treatment and protein expression of types I and III collagen were determined by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA expressions of α1(I) procollagen, α1(III) procollagen, and TGF‐β were determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Furthermore, the concentration of TGF‐β in conditioned medium was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunocytochemical staining revealed that ultrasound‐treated tendon cells were stained more strongly for types I and III collagen than were control cells. Upregulation of procollagen α1(I) gene, procollagen α1(III) gene, and TGF‐β at the mRNA level was confirmed by RT‐PCR. A dose‐dependent increase in the concentration of TGF‐β in conditioned medium obtained from cells treated with ultrasound was demonstrated by ELISA assay (p = 0.043). In conclusion, ultrasound stimulates the expression of type I and type III collagen in a process that is likely mediated by the upregulation of TGF‐β. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1310–1316, 2006
Effect of oral diacerein (DAR) in an experimental hip chondrolysis model
Authors: Kitadai Humberto Ken , Takahashi Hélio Kyoshi , Straus Anita Hilda , Ibanez José Fernando , Lucas Ronald , Kitadai Fábio Takashi , Milani Carlo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe aimed to reproduce the articular cartilage structural changes in a joint exposed to a metallic implant as in the adolescent pinned hip with persistent joint penetration and secondly, to test the effect of an interleukin inhibitor, diacerein (DAR) in the ensuing articular cartilage lesion. Twenty immature beagles were submitted to a surgical K‐wire implantation in the hip with the material left in the joint space for 6 months. Twelve animals were sacrificed for histological and biochemical tests. Eight animals were sacrificed at 10 months (half of them treated with DAR) and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and biochemistry of the articular cartilage. Preoperative and monthly C3 and C4 complement and immunoglobulins serum levels were determined. The histological and the electrophoretic profile changes were significative at 6 months. At 10 months the migration profile (CaCl2) recovered to normal levels in the operated hip and the SEM scores for the acetabulum were similar to the non operated control hip after treatment. The serum level of IgA was elevated at the 4th and 6th month postoperatively. The persistence of a metallic implant resulted in degenerative changes parallel to that described for hip chondrolysis as a complication of in‐situ pinning; and the cartilage lesion improved with DAR treatment. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1240–1248, 2006
Predictors of invasive disease in breast cancer when core biopsy demonstrates DCIS only
Authors: Dillon Mary F. , McDermott Enda W. , Quinn Cecily M. , O'Doherty Ann , O'Higgins Niall , Hill Arnold D.K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDuctal carcinoma in‐situ on core biopsy does not preclude invasive disease within the excision specimen, resulting in the need for further axillary surgery. We sought to identify predictors of invasion when DCIS is present on core biopsy.MethodsFrom a database of 895 breast cancer patients, patients with DCIS on core biopsy who had subsequent surgical excision were identified. Their excision pathology and preoperative mammography were correlated with risk of invasion.ResultsPatients (93) with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS on core biopsy were identified. On excision, 31 patients (33%) had invasive carcinoma and 13 patients (14%) had microinvasion. A preoperative finding of calcification only on mammogram was associated with DCIS on excision (P = 0.014), whereas the presence of other mammographic features increased the risk of invasion. Size ≥5 cm on excision pathology was associated with increased risk of invasion (P = 0.002). Forty‐eight percent (n = 11/23) of those diagnosed by ultrasound‐guided core biopsy had frank invasion on excision compared to 21% (n = 12/57) diagnosed by stereotactic techniques (P = 0.017).ConclusionMammographic features and tumor size can help predict invasion in patients who have DCIS on core biopsy. Patients who have features other than calcification on mammography or have tumor size ≥5 cm should be considered for a sentinel node biopsy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:559–563. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cultivation of medicinal isabgol (Plantago ovata) in alkali soils in semiarid regions of Northern India
Authors: Dagar J. C. , Kumar Y. , Tomar O. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere is growing global demand for medicinal drugs includingisabgol(Plantago ovata). With increasing demand of food for an ever‐increasing population in India, it is not possible to bring arable lands under cultivation for aromatic and medicinal plants. Salt‐affected lands (both saline and alkali) occupy about 8·6 million ha. Due to poor physical properties and excessive exchangeable Na+, most of these lands do not support good vegetation cover. The marginal and salt‐affected lands could be successfully utilized for the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants. We achieved almost complete germination ofisabgolseeds using up to 5000 ppm salt‐solution. Grain yield (including husk) was 1·47 to 1·58 t ha−1at pH 9·2 showing no significant yield reduction as compared to normal soil. At pH 9·6 the grain yield was 1·03 to 1·12 t ha−1. At higher pH there was significant reduction in yield. Sowing in good moisture (at field capacity) of soil was found best, but to save time sowing at shallow depth in dry soil, followed by irrigation was also suitable as compared to broadcasting seeds. The chlorophyll content was greater 70 days after sowing compared to younger stages (50 days after sowing). The total chlorophyll and plant biomass were lower from crops grown by broadcasting methods of sowing as compared to two other methods of sowing. The leaf area index (LAI) was higher for the broadcasting method of sowing as compared to the other two methods. Na+absorption increased and K+and K+/Na+ratio decreased with increase in pH. Results reported in this paper clearly indicate thatisabgolcan successfully be grown on moderately alkali soils up to pH 9·6 without the application of any amendment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.