bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and psychological correlates of eating disorders among females aged 18–30 years in the general population
Authors: Ghaderi A. , Scott B. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The prevalence of eating disorders (ED) according to DSM‐IV, and also correlates of ED, were examined.Method: This study represented the first phase of a questionnaire‐based prospective study. The subjects consisted of 1157 women randomly selected from the general population of females aged 18–30 years in Sweden. Results: Lifetime and point prevalences of 7.8% and 2.6%, respectively, were reported for ED. Subjects with ED reported lower self‐esteem, less perceived social support from the family and higher concern about body shape than controls.Conclusion: Establishing the prevalence and correlates of ED simultaneously and longitudinally among females in the general population may promote our understanding of the development, course and maintenance of ED.
Personality disorders in dysthymia and major depression
Authors: Garyfallos G. , Adarnopoulou A. , Karastergiou A. , Voikli M. , Sotiropoulou A. , Donias S. , Giouzepas J. , Paraschos A. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the comorbidity of personality disorders in patients with primary dysthymia compared to those with episodic major depression.Method: A total of 177 out‐patients with primary dysthymia and 187 outpatients with episodic major depression were administered a structured diagnostic interview for DSM‐III‐R Axis II disorders. In addition, all of these patients completed the BDI, and those with the appropriate level of education also completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).Results: A significantly higher proportion of dysthymic patients than patients with major depression met the criteria for a personality disorder, for borderline, histrionic, avoidant, dependent, self‐defeating types and for personality disorders of clusters B and C. Further analysis revealed that the above differences were mainly due to the subgroup of patients with ‘early‐onset dysthymia’. Finally, patients with a personality disorder, both dysthymics and those with major depression, had significantly higher scores on the RDI and on the majority of the MMPI scales compared to those without a personality disorder.Conclusion: The data indicated that (i) dysthymia—mainly that of early onset—is associated with significantly higher personality disorder comorbidity than episodic major depression, and (ii) the presence of a personality disorder is related to more severe overall psychopathology.
Paroxetine in social anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Allgulander C. 
Published: November 2007

Allgulander C. Paroxetine in social anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo‐controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 193–198. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of paroxetine treatment in social anxiety disorder.Method: Previously undiagnosed and untreated subjects with social anxiety disorder (generalized social phobia) were selected from among responders to a newspaper advertisement. They were randomized to double‐blind treatment with paroxetine 20–50 mg daily or placebo for 3 months. Outcome measures were self‐rated social anxiety and avoidance behaviour, and clinician‐rated global assessment of improvement.Results: Significant differences in efficacy between treatments (intent‐to‐treat analysis: 44 subjects on paroxetine and 48 subjects on placebo) were noted after 4–6 weeks, increasing through the treatment period in the paroxetine group. Nine subjects on paroxetine and 3 subjects on placebo discontinued the treatment due to adverse events. Sexual side‐effects were noted by 18 subjects on paroxetine and 4 subjects on placebo.Conclusion: Paroxetine was effective in alleviating symptoms and avoidance behaviour in social anxiety disorder.
Attempted suicide: repetition and survival findings of a follow‐up study
Authors: Tejedor M. C. , Diaz A. , Castillón J. J. , Pericay J. M. 
Published: November 2007

Tejedor MC, Díaz A, Castillón JJ, Pericay JM. Attempted suicide: repetition and survival— findings of a follow‐up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 205–211. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: This was a prospective follow‐up study of suicidal patients to assess the influence over time of different risk factors, whether on completed suicides or reattempts. Survival analysis makes it possible to weigh the influence of variables that increase or decrease a patient's life span or that make reattempts less likely.Method: A cohort of 150 patients admitted to a psychiatric department after a suicide attempt was followed up over 10 years. The study protocol used standardized criteria, and periodic controls were carried out in all patients.Results: In total, 12% of patients completed suicide, 10% died from natural causes, 75% were still alive and 25% reattempted. In the survival analysis the risk for completed suicide or reattempting was highest during the first 2 years after the index attempt admission. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was the factor that most increased survival time. The number of previous attempts decreased survival time and increased the risk of reattempts.Conclusion: Since suicidal risk varied over time, intensifying contact with patients during periods of psychopathological change or life events could prolong their survival.
Continuity of care and readmission in two service systems: a comparative Victorian and Groningen case‐register study
Authors: Sytema S. , Burgess P. 
Published: November 2007

Sytema S, Burgess P. Continuity of care and readmission in two service systems: a comparative Victorian and Groningen case‐register study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 212–219. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: We compared service consumption, continuity of care and risk of readmission in a record linkage follow‐up study of cohorts of patients with schizophrenia and related disorders in Victoria (Australia) and in Groningen (The Netherlands). These areas are interesting to compare because mental health care is in a different stage of deinstitutionaliza‐tion. More beds are available in Groningen and more community resources are available in Victoria.Method: The cohorts were followed for 4 years, since discharge from in‐patient services using record linkage data available in the psychiatric case‐registers in both areas. Survival analysis was used to study continuity of care and risk of readmission.Results: Available indicators showed a higher level of continuity of care in Victoria. While the relative risk of readmission was the same in both areas and not affected by aftercare contact after discharge, the number of days spent in hospital was much higher in the Groningen register area.Conclusion: These findings provide further support for earlier reports that the risk of readmission is predominantly affected by attributes of mental illness. However, the duration of admissions, is strongly affected by service system variables, including the provision of continuity of care.
The Nordic Comparative Study on Sectorized Psychiatry–length of in‐patient stay
Authors: øiesvold T. , Saarento O. , Sytema S. , Christiansen L. , Göstas G. , Lönnerberg O. , Muus S. , Sandlund M. , Hansson L. 
Published: November 2007

øiesvold T, Saarento O, Sytema S, Christiansen L, Göstas G, Lönnerberg O, Muus S, Sandlund M, Hansson L. The Nordic Comparative Study on Sectorized Psychiatry — length of in‐patient stay. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 220–228. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: Length of stay (LOS) of ‘first’ in‐patient episodes was investigated in this study, which is part of the Nordic Comparative Study on Sectorized Psychiatry.Method: A total of 837 consecutive ‘new’ patients (not in contact with the psychiatric services for at least 18 months) admitted as in‐patients during a period of 1 year to seven psychiatric hospitals in four Nordic countries were included.Results: Survival analyses showed considerable differences in LOS between the hospitals, and the factors analysed in this study could not explain this variance. Older age, being female, having no children at home, psychosis, planned admission and out‐patient contacts were all associated with increased LOS.Conclusion: Stratifying on gender, diagnostic group and hospital revealed a general pattern of associations except for age.
Recovery from episodes during the course of affective disorder: a case‐register study
Authors: Kessing L. V. , Mottensen P. B. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate whether the duration of treated episodes changes during the course of unipolar and bipolar affective disorder.MethodThe rate of recovery from successive hospitalized episodes was estimated with survival analyses in a case‐register study including all hospital admissions with primary affective disorder in Denmark during the period 1971–1993.ResultsA total of 9174 patients with recurrent episodes were followed from their first admission. The rate of recovery from hospitalized episodes did not change with the number of episodes in unipolar or bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the rate of recovery was constant across episodes, regardless of the combination of age, gender and type of disorder. Initially in the course of the illness, the rate was a little faster for bipolar than for unipolar patients, but later in the course of the illness the rate of recovery was the same for the two disorders.ConclusionIt is concluded that, in modern treatment settings, the duration of affective episodes appears to be stable during the course of unipolar and bipolar disorder.
Validation of the Chinese‐Cantonese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and comparison with the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression
Authors: Leung C. M. , Wing Y. K. , Kwong P. K. , Shum A. Lo.K. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to validate the Chinese‐Cantonese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and to compare it with the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HRSD) as a screening tool for depressive disorders in general hospital in‐patients.MethodThe Chinese‐Cantonese version of the HADS was administered to general hospital in‐patients seen on a consultation basis, and psychiatric diagnoses were made according to DSM‐111‐R. The subjects were further rated independently with the HRSD.ResultsThe Chinese‐Cantonese version of the HADS was found to have good internal consistency and external validity, with favourable sensitivity and specificity for screening for psychiatric disorders. However, its performance was marginally inferior to that of the HRSD. The scale also performed poorly in identifying major depression.ConclusionThe HADS has limitations with regard to identification of depressive disorders. However, despite its shortcomings, it remains one of the best paper‐and‐pencil tests for screening psychiatric disorders in the medically ill.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia — a vulnerabilitv factor for mental disorder?
Authors: Dalman C. , Cullberg J. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveVarious studies have shown an association between obstetric complications and psychiatric illness. There is a lack of specific aetiological explanations. A possible mechanism contributing to cerebral vulnerability is neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (NHB).MethodA total of 509 children with NHB (bilirubin > 15 mg %) were compared with the same number of controls (matched for gender, place of residence, and date and place of birth) with respect to in‐patient psychiatric care during 1971–1993.ResultsA significantly greater number of individuals in the NHB group received in‐patient psychiatric care than in the control group (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1–5.5). After exclusion of infants with associated obstetric risk factors, the significantly increased risk for in‐patient psychiatric care still remained among the children with NHB (OR, 13.4; 95% CT, 1.6–110.1).ConclusionNHB could be a factor underlying subsequent development of mental ill‐health, but larger samples are needed to obtain a more reliable assessment.
Can excellent school performance be a precursor of schizophrenia? A 28‐year follow‐up in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort
Authors: Isohanni I. , Jäwelin M‐R. , Jones P. , Jokelainen J. , Isohanni M. 
Published: November 2007

Isohanni I, Järvelin M‐R, Jones P, Jokelainen J, Isohanni M. Can excellent school performance be a precursor of schizophrenia? A 28‐year follow‐up in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1999:100: 17–26. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: Poor scholastic performance is known to pre‐date adult schizophrenia. We studied the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort (n= 11017) in order to determine whether excellent school performance was a risk or protective factor.Method: Data on school marks at the age of 16 years were linked to data on psychiatric morbidity. In total, 89 subjects (58 boys) developed DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia between the ages of 16 and 28 years.Results: Six (11%) of the pre‐schizophrenic boys (6/54) had excellent mean school marks, compared to only 3% (166/5245) of the comparison group (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.6–9.3, adjusted for parental social class, place of residence and birth order).Conclusion: These results may be a chance phenomenon and require replication. However, adult schizophrenia may be linked to excellent school performance. This result may be relevant both to the preservation of schizophrenia in the population, and to mechanisms of developing schizophrenia.
Can winter depression be prevented by Ginkgo biloba extract? A placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Lingærde O. , Fφreland A. R. , Magnusson A. 
Published: November 2007

Lingjærde O, Fφreland AR, Magnusson A. Can winter depression be prevented by Ginkgo biloba extract? A placebo‐controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 62–66. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The aim was to test the hypothesis that the Ginkgo biloba extract PN246, in tablet form (brand name Bio‐Biloba), may prevent the symptoms of winter depression (WD) in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD).Method A total of 27 SAD patients were randomized to receive double‐blind placebo or Bio‐Biloba for 10 weeks or until they developed symptoms of WD, starting in a symptom‐free phasf about 1 month before expected WD symptoms. An extended Montgomery‐åsberg Depression Rating Scale was completed before and immediately after termination of medication. The patients also self‐rated some key symptoms on a visual analogue scale every 2 weeks during the trial.Results: There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the number of patients who developed treatment‐requiring WD, or in the development of single key symptoms during the trial.Conclusion: We did not find that Ginkgo biloba was able to prevent the development of the symptoms of winter depression.
Vegetation controls on the formation of gold anomalies in calcreteand other materials at the Barns Gold Prospect, Eyre Peninsula,South Australia
Authors: Lintern M.J. 
Published: November 2007

A biogeochemical study was undertaken at Barns Gold Prospect, a Au-in-calcrete discovery in the Northern Eyre Peninsula (South Australia). The prospect is located in highly weathered Proterozoic rocks and is overlain by at least 1 m of aeolian quartz sand that thickens to 8 m as a longitudinal sand dune over part of the mineralization. The dune is well-vegetated, with
Melaleuca
shrubs and
Eucalyptus
trees up to 5 m high.

Over mineralization anomalous Au concentrations occur in plant organs, litter, soils and sand. The highest Au concentrations (9 ppb) occur in calcareous rhizomorphs high up within the dune. Luminescence dating shows that the dune took no longer than 27 000 years to form and mass balance calculations indicate that the Au anomaly in the dune has formed in less than 10 000 years. Mechanisms for the Au accumulation in the sand are postulated and it appears that a biological process, principally involving vegetation, is the most viable.
A 200-m sample spacing of vegetation appears to be adequate for exploration of this type of deposit. Below the sand, calcrete provides a robust sampling medium. At present, due to limited knowledge of exploration methods in this type of environment, the mineral explorer must either expend significant financial resources augering through areas of sand cover to collect buried calcrete samples, or have lower confidence that vegetation and surface soil samples will detect mineralization.
Use of vegetation and soil in mineral exploration in areas of transported overburden, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: a contribution towards understanding metal transportation processes
Authors: Anand R.R. , Cornelius M. , Phang C. 
Published: November 2007

Five sites were selected in the semi-arid northern Yilgarn Craton (Jaguar VHMS Cu-Zn-Ag, Moolart Well Au, Rumour Au, Gossan Hill VHMS Cu-Zn-Au and McGrath North Au deposits) to test the use of vegetation as an exploration sampling medium in areas of transported overburden. A variety of vegetation samples (litter, roots, bark, branch wood and phyllodes) were collected from Mulga (
Acacia aneura
) plants. In addition, the soil from 10–20 cm below surface was sampled and analysed following total, partial and selective digests to investigate any potential chemical signature of bedrock mineralization at surface.

At all sites, selective extractions of the <250 μm fraction of soil show either no expression of buried mineralization or, where present, only a weak or ambiguous signature. In contrast, the vegetation survey shows a multi-element signature in different plant organs. Branches show very low anomaly contrasts or none at all. Phyllodes and bark generally show weak to moderate anomaly contrasts. Litter shows the greatest anomaly contrast of all plant material.
There is also an enrichment in metals and an expression of the bedrock mineralization with good anomaly contrast in the uppermost soil horizon (0–4 cm) at Jaguar and this may indicate some mixing of litter and soil by bioturbation, and fixing on organic material, and Fe and/or Mn oxides. This contrasts with greater depths (10–20 cm) where no significant metal enrichment appears to have occurred, suggesting that most contained metals were fixed near-surface and do not percolate deeper into the profile. This is possibly due to slow decomposition of litter in arid terrains, with continuous loss of soil and fine litter particles by wind erosion and bush fires. Our data support the hypothesis that vegetation plays an important role in bringing metals to surface in areas with a semi-arid to arid climate and a low water-table.
Geological modelling, the observational method and management of ground hazards: Ramsgate Harbour Approach Road Tunnel
Authors: Newman T.G. , Allen R.G. , Mortimore R.N. 
Published: November 2007

The Ramsgate Harbour Approach Road Tunnel (RHART) was the first to use the prevaulting tunnelling method in the UK. As with other forms of open-face tunnelling, this method relies on the establishment of a reliable pre-construction geological model and continual verification of this model during construction by use of the observational method.
The route was thought to pass through difficult ground conditions containing a number of natural and artificial hazards which, if not managed properly, would have serious implications for health and safety during construction. This paper illustrates how geological modelling was used for early identification and prediction of such hazards, enabling the planning of contingency procedures. By incorporating the observational method in the construction process the site team was able to assess the accuracy of predictions made from the ground model.
Procedures adopted during construction of theRamsgate Harbour Approach Road Tunnel illustrate how results from continuous in-tunnel and surface observation and monitoring lead to increased confidence in the geological model and the prediction of ground behaviour. Adoption of these procedures reduced the risks posed from unforeseen ground hazards and significantly improved health and safety issues for personnel during construction.
Blue clay slope angle in relation to some geological and geotechnical characteristics, Italy.
Authors: Fiorillo Francesco 
Published: November 2007

Observation of blue clay slopes outcropping along the Italian peninsula (Apennine foredeep and other inland areas) promptedinvestigation into several factors whichgovern their actual slope angle. Though characterized by good gradient, slope angle may differ from slope to slope, as well as within certain limited areas.
The study attempts to connect structural order (dip strata) and shear strength of the soil to explain slope angle. In many cases it is possible to distinguish (i) slope angle controlled by substratum and, thus, characterized by shear strength higher than the residual condition,and (ii) slope angle controlled by colluvium cover,characterized by shear strength reduced to residual.

Following an infinite slope stability model approach, the above conditions are connected to the half residual friction angle value, ϕ
R
′/2, which splits the slopes intotwo main types: cover-controlled, characterized by β≤ϕ
R
′/2 and completely or in part substratum-controlled, characterized by β>ϕ
R
′/2.

Slope angle distribution, deduced from slope map,can help us to understand the relative role of footslope removal processes and to distinguish slope type, substratum-controlled or colluvium-controlled.
This study cannot embrace all the factors and processes leading to a blue clay slope angle, and local geomorphological processes may complicate the outline proposed, though it does provide a useful first approach.
Geological-evolutionary model of a gravity-induced slope deformation in the carbonate Central Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Martino S. , Prestininzi A. , Scarascia Mugnozza G. 
Published: November 2007

This paper discusses the findings from a study conducted on gravity-induced deformationsoccurring along the SW slope of Mount Nuria linking the village of Pendenza (Rieti, Italy) to the area of San Vittorino, in the alluvial plain of the Velino river, where important infrastructures are present.
The dominantly carbonate composition of the rocks outcropping along the slope, the occurrence of a main spring fed by a regional karst aquifer and the interaction of gravity-induced deformations with buildings and infrastructures resting on the slope or located at its base make the investigated case extremely interesting and reflective of phenomena that are common in similar geological-hydrogeological conditions. Insights from this case and their use for the construction of a ‘geological-evolutionary model’ shed more light on the complex interactions existing between jointed carbonate rocks, seepage, karst dissolution, genesis of gravity-induced deformations and their evolution in space and time, through the analysis of stress-strain conditions withinthe slope. According to the selected methodologicalapproach, data from detailed geological, geomorphological and geomechanical surveys were integrated with those from laboratory tests and from a complex slope monitoring system.
From the results of the study it was possible to: i) refer the investigated phenomena to gravity-induced deformations on the slope scale; ii) build a representative ‘geological-evolutionary model’ and iii) develop an analytical approach to assess the hazard represented by these deformations for local buildings and infrastructures. The identification of different hazard conditions can helpdefine the type and value of possible mitigation efforts.
The investigated case also provided inputs for testing new approaches to the geomechanical characterization of rock masses, to the description of their jointing and to the correlation of their main discontinuities with tectonic and gravity-induced elements.