bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials from dogs
Authors: Malik R. , Ho S. , Church D. B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTNormal values for motor conduction in the tibial, ulnar and fibular nerves of dogs have been determined using a new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials. The use of an alligator clip as a roving surface electrode for recording, and a personal computer to analyse the evoked potentials has facilitated faster and more reproducible motor conduction studies. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor nerve conduction velocity data are in good agreement with previous studies. Normal values for CMAP area, residual latency and proximal to distal ratios for CMAP area and amplitude are presented for the first time.
Essential fatty acids and skin disease
Authors: Lloyd D. H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTEssential fatty acids (EFAs) are important in the maintenance of epidermal barrier function, as components of cell membranes and as precursors of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes and other substances involved in mediating inflammation. There is increasing evidence that dietary supplementation with certain EFAs, notably gamma‐linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), can have anti‐inflammatory actions. In man, it has been shown that supplementation with evening primrose oil (EPO), a source of GLA, can ameliorate atopy. Recent studies in the dog indicate that both EPO and cold water marine fish oil (containing EPA) can ameliorate allergic skin disease and improve skin and coat condition. EFA supplementation also promises to be useful in the treatment of seborrhoea and other conditions in the cat.
Pathology of two possible genodermatoses
Authors: Rest J. R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA United Kingdom bred Shetland sheepdog puppy was presented with crusting, hyper‐ and hypopigmented alopecic skin lesions on the face, nose, tail and extensor surfaces of the lower limbs. Histologically, the lesions were characterised by vacuolation of the basal epidermis with formation of colloid bodies and vesication. There was accompanying dermal oedema with moderate infiltrates of predominantly mononuclear cells. Hyperpigmentation, acanthosis and follicular atrophy correlated with the clinical appearance of chronic lesions. Skin scrapings for ringworm and mites were negative as was direct immunofluorescence. A full post mortem examination was conducted. Histological examination of five muscle sites, including the temporalis and masseter muscles did not show any significant abnormality. The condition is discussed in relation to the pathological criteria required for diagnosis and compared with published reports of epidermolysis bullosa and dermatomyositis in collies and Shetland sheepdogs. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome) was made pathologically in two domestic shorthaired cats from the same area of the United Kingdom. Histological and electron microscopic findings are described and compared with other published reports.
Medetomidine, a new sedative‐analgesic for use in the dog and its reversal with atipamezole
Authors: Clarke K. W. , England G. C. W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe sedative and physiological effects of intramuscular medetomidine (20 and 40 μg/kg) in dogs were compared with those of xylazine (2 mg/kg). The efficacy of atipamezole (200 μg/kg), as an antagonist given 15 or 45 minutes after medetomidine (40 μg/kg) was studied. Following medetomidine, onset of sedation was rapid, and depth and duration of sedation were dose dependent. The higher dose produced jaw relaxation, depression of the pedal reflex, downward rotation of the eye and dogs could be positioned for radiography of the hips. Side effects were similar after either medetomidine or xylazine, and included bradycardia, a fall in respiratory rate and muscle tremor. Vomiting during induction was less frequent after medetomidine than after xylazine. Intramuscular administration of atipamezole rapidly reversed the sedative effects of medetomidine. Signs of arousal were seen within three minutes; all dogs could stand within 10 minutes and appeared clinically normal. Heart and respiratory rates rose, but did not return to presedation values. Relapse to sedation was not noted.
Medial patellar luxation in the cat
Authors: Houlton J. E. F. , Meynink S. E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe clinical features and treatment of eight cats with medial patellar luxation are described. In six cases the condition was bilateral. The luxation was surgically treated in 10 instances and four joints were treated conservatively. Patellar function following surgery was good in 90 per cent of the cases while the results of the conservatively managed joints were disappointing.
Canine intervertebral disc disease: Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Thomson C. E. , Kornegay J. N. , Stevens J. B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTData was obtained from 118 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from dogs with intervertebral disc disease. The effect of lesion location and the severity and duration of clinical signs was studied. Ninety‐seven samples were obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern and 21 from the lumbar cistern. Changes in CSF were identified in 84.7 per cent of the lumbar samples, compared with only 37.1 per cent of the cerebellomedullary samples. More pronounced pleocytosis and protein level increases were seen in dogs with acute and clinically severe lesions. The protein concentration was more commonly elevated than the total white blood cell count. These results indicate that marked protein and white blood cell count elevations can occur in association with intervertebral disc extrusion. Such findings, therefore, should not necessarily preclude myelographic examination in dogs presented for paralysis.
Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in the dog
Authors: White R. A. S. , Pomeroy C. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTOne hundred total ear canal ablation/lateral bulla osteotomy procedures were performed in 71 dogs over a four year period. The main indication for surgery was advanced disease of the aural canal or middle ear resulting from prolonged inflammatory disease of the outer ear. Complications of surgery included facial nerve injury, inner ear injury, retroglenoid vein haemorrhage and wound dehiscion. The incidence of complications (29 per cent) was, however, substantially lower than has previously been recorded following this procedure. Meticulous dissection technique and increasing familiarity with the procedure were thought to be responsible for lower complication rates than have previously been recorded. Surgery was considered to have resolved the original aural condition in 92 per cent of cases and only infrequently resulted in complete loss of hearing function.
Evaluation of ultrasound as a method of assessing renal size in the dog
Authors: Barr F. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was first to determine the reproducibility and accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of linear renal parameters in the dog. It was determined that renal length, width and depth could all be measured with a high degree of reproducibility, assuming a careful scanning technique. These measurements were found to be an accurate reflection of the true dimensions of the kidney, although there was a tendency for renal length to be underestimated. A simple method of renal volumetry was then evaluated, assuming that the kidney approaches the shape of an ellipsoid. This technique proved to be quick and simple to perform. The volume estimated in this way proved to be a good indicator of the true renal volume, although the estimated volume tended to be lower than the true volume measured by water displacement.
Magnetic resonance imaging in a dog with a choroid plexus carcinoma
Authors: Hammer A. S. , Couto C. G. , Getzy D. , Hunter W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMagnetic resonance imaging was used ante mortem to confirm the anatomic location of an intracranial lesion in a dog with neurological signs. Necropsy revealed the lesion to be a choroid plexus carcinoma with thalamic invasion. A review of the literature on choroid plexus carcinomas in the dog is included.
Canine trichinosis with signs of neuromuscular disease
Authors: Lindberg R. , Bornstein S. , Landerholm A. , Zakrisson G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA six‐year‐old fox terrier bitch, used for badger hunting, developed acutely progressive painless disturbance of locomotion with pronounced weakness. Evidence of central nervous disease or myasthenia gravis was not present. Muscle histology revealed trichinella larvae and changes consistent with a combined inflammatory myopathy and neuropathy. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significantly increased serum levels of antibodies toTrichinella spiralisantigen. It is likely that the signs of neuromuscular disease shown by the dog were due to the trichinella infection. The case illustrates that symptomatic trichinosis should be considered in the clinical workup of myopathies in dogs with access to potentially trichinella‐infected wildlife.
A field investigation of kennel cough: Incubation period and clinical signs
Authors: Thrusfield M. V. , Aitken C. G. G. , Muirhead R. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA study of the incubation period and clinical signs of kennel cough was undertaken by collating and analysing information obtained by postal questionnaires from a random sample of general veterinary practitioners in the United Kingdom. Agent‐specific incubation periods were inferred from the vaccinal status of affected dogs. The mean and range of the incubation period for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection were 6‐5 days and two to 14 days, respectively; similar descriptive statistics for canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infection were 4–5 days and one to eight days. Local clinical signs (cough, nasal discharge and gagging/retching) were present in animals in all vaccinal categories. One or more systemic clinical signs (pyrexia and anorexia) were identified in 32 per cent of cases. No association was detected between vaccinal status against B bronchiseptica and CPIV, and clinical signs.
Proteinuria as an indicator of early renal disease in bull terriers with hereditary nephritis
Authors: Hood J. C. , Robinson W. F. , Clark W. T. , Sutherland R. J. , James L. , Thomas M. A. B. , Huxtable C. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA group of non‐azotaemic bull terriers from families with hereditary nephritis had significant subclinical renal disease. Of the renal function tests carried out, proteinuria, almost exclusively albumin, was a reliable and early indicator of glomerular abnormality. While 24‐hour urinary protein excretion (24 UPE) in the bull terriers was significantly higher than in a group of normal dogs of other breeds, urinary protein excretion (UPE) was also significantly higher when measured by simple single sample tests such as the urinary protein to urinary creatinine ratio (UP/C). UPE in bull terriers was correlated with increasing age, in contrast to lack of correlation in the normal dogs. The degree of proteinuria in affected bull terriers from which renal biopsies were taken correlated with the severity of histopathological changes which mainly affected glomeruli. Light microscopic examination revealed segmentally thickened glomerular and tubular basement membranes, thickened Bowman's capsules and adhesions between glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsules. Other renal function tests were performed but failed to detect subclinical disease. It is suggested that hereditary nephritis (HN) in bull terriers is similar to that seen in samoyeds, dober‐mann pinschers and humans.
The external fixator in small animal orthopaedics
Authors: Carmichael S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe external fixator is an increasingly popular means of fracture fixation in small animals. Pins inserted into the affected bone are clamped to a rigid metal rod adjacent to the limb, thus neutralising forces through the bone. This system of fixation is versatile and inexpensive, and is well suited to treatment of a variety of small animal and exotic injuries including open or comminuted fractures, fractures of the mandible and joint instability.
Metastatic aortic body tumour causing neck pain in a dog
Authors: Callanan J. J. , McNeil P. E. , Anderson T. J. , Laird H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAn aortic body tumour in an 11‐year‐old male Jack Russell terrier with acute onset neck pain is described. Clinical signs were related to a metastatic lesion present in the spinal column and involving the vertebral body of the fifth cervical vertebra. Radiographic and post mortem findings are described including histopathologi‐cal features of the tumour and ultrastructural observations.
Relationship between ultrasonographic appearance, testicular size, spermatozoal output and testicular lesions in the dog
Authors: England G. C. W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe ultrasonographic appearance of the dog testis and epididymis was examined in vivo and in vitro. The relationship between specific testicular and epididymal dimensions was studied in normal animals. Assessment of testicular volume using ultrasound compared favourably to the volume calculated by water displacement. The correlation between testicular volume, epididymal cross‐sectional area and semen parameters was, however, poor. Changes in the normal testicular architecture were identified in a variety of pathological conditions including testicular cysts and neoplasia.
Introduction to computed tomography of the canine brain
Authors: Jeffery N. D. , Thakkar C. H. , Yarrow T. G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTComputed tomography (CT) is an important part of the investigation of intracranial disease in man and over the last decade has become more readily available to veterinarians, CT scanning has a central role in the detection and accurate localisation of intracranial masses in the dog and has supplanted conventional contrast radiographic procedures previously used for this purpose. This paper is an introduction to CT scanning of the canine brain, containing illustrations of scans of the brain in health and disease.
Neurological manifestations of canine distemper virus infection
Authors: Tipold A. , Vandevelde M. , Jaggy A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTCanine distemper virus causes a multi systemic disease in dogs often with severe neurological signs. These signs are the result of viral replication in neurons and glial cells leading to grey matter lesions and demyelination. Inflammation leads to further destruction of the tissue. As extraneural signs are often lacking and only one localisation may be found on neurological examination, distemper may be difficult to diagnose. Myoclonus is almost pathognomonic for this disease but occurs in less than half of the cases. The inflammation of the central nervous system that occurs during the chronic stage of the disease can be detected on examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, in particular by determination of the IgG index. Viral antigen can be demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid cells by fluorescent antibody techniques. The prognosis of nervous distemper is generally poor although dogs can recover from this disease. Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic. The importance of regular vaccination is stressed.
Chronic dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor infection in three dogs
Authors: Bond R. , Middleton D. J. , Scarff D. H. , Lamport A. I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Microsporum persicolor, a rare zoophilic dermatophyte, was isolated from three dogs with skin disease of between three and five years duration. Skin lesions consisted of scaling with minimal alopecia or erythema. Severe inflammatory changes were not observed clinically and pruritus was absent or mild. The face was affected in all three cases and more widespread lesions were found in two. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis was confirmed in each case by the demonstration of fungal hyphae in the epidermal stratum corneum on examination of skin biopsies. However, hair shaft invasion was not observed in either skin scrapings or histological sections. Of the three dogs, one partially improved following repeated courses of treatment, a second completely recovered with 11 weeks of combined topical and systemic therapy. Response to therapy could not be assessed in the remaining case.
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Advances in aetiology, pathogenesis and management
Authors: Cobb M. A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn most cases of dilated cardiomyopathy in the dog (and in man) the aetiology is unknown; these cases are designated idiopathic. Recent advances, particularly in the field of molecular biology, are providing a better understanding of the natural history of the disease and are shedding light on possible primary causes of dilated cardiomyopathy as well as some of the factors which may be responsible for the progressive nature of the disease process. Armed with this information, more specific therapeutic regimes can be developed with the aim of stopping or reversing myocardial damage. The use of skeletal muscle to assist the failing myocardium may offer a practical means of improving a patient's cardiovascular status, particularly in cases where conventional medical therapy is failing to control the progression of the clinical signs.
Transducer orientation for Doppler echocardiography in dogs
Authors: Darke P. G. G. , Bonagura J. D. , Miller M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe orientation of an ultrasound transducer required to provide standard echocardiographic views of the heart valves that would permit optimal alignment with blood flow for pulsed‐wave Doppler studies, was investigated in 20 normal dogs. Orientation was defined by the site on the thoracic wall at which the transducer was placed and by the angulation and rotation required to produce a two‐dimensional image in which the pulsed‐wave Doppler beam could be aligned with flow through each of the four heart valves. Two views, each a relatively short‐axis projection at the heart base, from either side of the thorax, gave alignment with the pulmonary artery. Three views gave reliable alignment with the aortic valve, from the cardiac apex on each side of the thorax and subcostally. One view was available for the mitral and tricuspid valves, from the left side of the thorax. Definition of these sites should help clinicians and technicians to develop a systematic routine for Doppler investigations in dogs and facilitate communication between investigators.
A modified technique for surgical repair of oesophageal hiatal herniation in the dog
Authors: White R. N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe surgical repair of oesophageal hiatal herniation in five dogs is described. The initial presenting signs included regurgitation, vomiting, hypersalivation, anorexia, coughing, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance. Diagnosis was based upon the clinical signs, plain radiography and contrast fluoroscopic examination. The hernias were corrected by a hiatal plication technique which moved the diaphragmatic oesophagus to a new anatomical position, a 360° oesophagopexy and a proximal fundic gastropexy. Surgical results were considered excellent in all cases.
Using direct immunofluorescence to detect coronaviruses in peritoneal in peritoneal and pleural effusions
Authors: Parodi M. Cammarata , Cammarata G. , Paltrinieri S. , Lavazza A. , Ape F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were diagnosed using a direct immunofluorescence test on cytocentrifuged pleural and peritoneal effusions from cats sampled in vivo (11 cases) and at necropsy (10 cases). A commercial fluorescent polyclonal antiserum of feline origin reacting with FIPV and cross reacting with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and canine coronavirus was used. Eleven cats with ascites of a different origin were used as negative controls. The direct immunofluorescence test was 97 per cent reliable (31 cases of 32) and can be used in routine diagnosis.
Intraosseous injection during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs
Authors: Aeschbacher G. , Webb A. I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFive mixed breed dogs were used to investigate the feasibility of femoral intraosseous injection during cardiac arrest. The intraosseous route was evaluated in the anaesthetised dogs after induction of cardiac arrest. Fluorescein dye was injected through pre‐placed intraosseous catheters during cardiac massage. The dye was detected at the membrana nictitans five to 12 seconds later indicating successful transfer from the femoral marrow cavity to the systemic circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The clinical value of intraosseous injection during CPR is discussed and compared with the endotracheal administration of drugs.
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of uterine entrapment in an inguinal hernia
Authors: Munro E. , Stead C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAn elderly female West Highland white terrier was presented with a history of recent enlargement of an inguinal swelling with concomitant lethargy and inappetence. The radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were suggestive of a pyometra incarcerated within an inguinal hernia. Following routine ovariohysterectomy and hernia repair, the bitch made an uneventful recovery.
Nutrition and aspects of feline lower urinary tract disease
Authors: Markwell P. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTImportant causes of feline lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) that have been identified include urolithiasis and the formation of urethral plugs. In many cases, however, no specific cause of disease may be evident. Clinical studies in cats with apparently ‘idiopathic’ feline LUTD have suggested that some cases may respond to dietary modification, with diets designed to acidify urine, provide a good urine volume and relatively restricted magnesium intake. Nutritional research has predominantly focused on factors that may contribute to the formation of struvite uroliths, and has resulted in the development of specific recommendations for the management and subsequent prevention of recurrence of this condition. Urethral plugs have been less well studied, although recent clinical observations provide evidence that dietary modification may be of value in preventing their recurrence.
Tumours involving the nerve sheaths of the forelimb in dogs
Authors: Targett M. P. , Dyce J. , Houlton J. E. F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTNerve sheath tumours were diagnosed in 10 dogs over a three‐year period. The age at presentation ranged from three to 12 years (mean 6‐3 years) and the sexes were equally represented. All the dogs were of medium to large breeds. The cases were assigned to two distinct clinical groups, which corresponded with the location of the neoplasia. One group presented as a chronic progressive, unilateral forelimb lameness; these dogs had peripherally located tumours. The other group had an acute onset of signs associated with spinal cord compression without previous forelimb signs. These were associated with tumours at the level of the spinal nerve roots.
Idiopathic hyperchylomicronaemia in miniature schnauzers
Authors: Ford R. B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSeveral authors have reported the presence of fasting hyperlipidaemia in adult miniature schnauzers presented with either paroxysmal abdominal pain, vomiting or diarrhoea. Acute pancreatitis is commonly confirmed. There appears to be no sex predilection for the condition although the majority of affected dogs are middle aged and older. Lipid profiles of affected dogs reveal extreme elevations of fasting serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations ranging from 5·5 mmol/litre to over 90 mmol/litre; the hyperlipidaemia is almost exclusively attributed to chylomicron excess. To date, the reviewer's studies have not shown a correlation between TG levels and severity of signs. However, miniature schnauzers with fasting TG levels greater than 5·5 mmol/litre are considered to be at significant risk and should be further evaluated as candidates for dietary intervention.