bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quotation and Reference Accuracy of Three Nursing Journals
Authors: Schulmeister Lisa 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To determine the accuracy of bibliographic citations in three widely circulated nursing journals, RN, Nursing Management, and Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Accurate citations facilitate retrieval of the cited documents and establish the judgment and credibility of authors.Design: Descriptive, comparative.Methods: A random sample of 60 references per journal published July 1995 to June 1996 was reviewed for citation and quotation accuracy. Errors were classified as major or minor. Data were analyzed using the SAS statistical package.Findings: Of the 180 references, 58 (32%) had citation errors, with 43 of 58 errors classified as major errors, which made retrieval of the cited work difficult; 72 of the 780 articles contained a major quotation error, including four instances where the content of the original article contradicted or was unrelated to the author's contention.Conclusions: The rate of citation and quotation errors in the three sampled nursing journals is comparable to rates previously reported for medical and nursing journals. Errors of citation and quotation diminish the value of published papers.
Understanding Seasonal Affective Disorder and Experiences in Northern Norway
Authors: Stuhlmiller Cynthia M. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To better understand a diagnosis corresponding to mental distress and sleep disturbance associated with seasonal change known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).Design: This ethnographically guided investigation, conducted from 1993 through 1995 in Tromsø, Norway at a latitude of 69 degrees north describes how the residents experience extreme seasonal change.Method: Qualitative interview data from 28 participants plus observation, folk wisdom, and literature were used to describe local understanding of seasonality and illustrate how cultural values, meanings, and practices can contribute to alternative experiences that differ from scientists' expectations.Findings: While there is evidence that human physiologic alterations occur in response to the changing seasonal patterns of light and dark and to a greater extent, at latitudes further from the equator, the findings related to psychological changes and their causes remain inconsistent and controversial.Conclusion: Investigators concerned with the effects of seasonal change should be aware of and develop an appreciation of cultural perception and adaptation.
Translation and Validation of Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) in English and Korean
Authors: Yom Young‐Hee 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the translation and validation of the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) Use Questionnaire.Methods: The NIC Use Questionnaire was translatpd to Kurmri using back‐translation and three criteria to test the semantic, content, and technical equivalence of the original and translated versions.Findings: Three factors made translation difficult including structural differences in the two languages, long modifier phrases in English, and nonequivalent words in Korean.Conclusions: This translation facilitates communication among nurses. The findings suggest a method for similar validation in other languages.
Nursing Research in Finland from 1958 to 1995
Authors: Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Suominen Tarja 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To review the methods and content of nursing research carried out in Finland between 1958 and 7996. University‐level nursing education and research started in Finland in 1979. In 1997, there were seven universities with nursing programs and, in all of them, active internationaI collaboration.Scope: First emperical and nonemperical studies were identified, then the research topics and research methods were analyzed. Some historically interesting evaluations were also documented.Sources: Articles published in the Yearbook of Nursing (1958–1988, n=228), in the Finnish Journal of Nursing Science (1989–1995, n=116), and all Finnish licentiate and doctoral theses (n=104).Method: Content analysis.Findings: The number of research articles and theses is increasing. Nursing practice has been the most common research topic, and especially primary health care and surgical and medical care. Questionnaires and interviews are the methods used most often, observational methods are rare. Most research is discriptive.Conclusions: In the future, research is recommended in nursing care of children and adolescents as well as evaluative research.
Mapping Nursing Diagnosis Nomenclatures for Coordinated Care
Authors: Zielstorff Rita D. , Tronni Catherine , Basque Julie , Griffin Lynne Reeves , Welebob Emily M. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To map the problem or diagnosis terms from three nomenclatures, term to term, to determine commonalities and differences; and to determine whether it is possible to develop a singie vocabulary that contains the best features of all. When different nomenclatures are used in different settings, continuity of care is hampered by the need to re‐state problems and interventions.Design: The sample for this descriptive analysis was 396 terms from three nursing diagnosis and problem nomenclatures recognized by the American Nurses Association: the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) Approved List, the Home Health Care Classification(HHCC), and the Omaha System.Method: Terms from each of the three nomenclatures were mapped to terms in each of the others. Consensus methods were used to resolve differences in mapping decisions. Terms were characterized as “Same,”“Similar,”“Broader,”“Narrower,” and “No Match.” Validation of consistency and accuracy was done by reverse mapping, use of syllogisms, use of taxonomic groupings, and expert review.Results: Of 396 terms, 21 concepts accounting for 63 terms were found to be the same or similar in all three nomenclatures; 91 terms were unique to the nomenclature in which they were found (“No Match”). The remaining 242 terms had a narrower or broader relationship to at least one term in another nomenclature. In all three nomenclatures, inconsistencies existed in level of abstractness of the diagnosis or problem terms, and in definition and placement of terms within their own taxonomic structure.Conclusion: Because of differences in structure and incompatible taxonomic arrangements, a master list of “preferred terms” taken from the three nomenclatures is not feasible. However, the mappings are useful for determining commonalities and the unique contributions of each nomenclature, which can facilitate the development of a uniform language for nursing diagnoses. The mapping can also form the basis for automatic translation of computer‐stored nursing diagnoses from one setting to another when different nomenclatures are used.
Pathogen or commensal: a PCR based study of ocular surface bacteria in normal and dry eyes
Authors: GRAHAM JE , MOORE JE , XU J , MOORE JE , GOODALL E , DOOLEY J , DARTT DA , DOWNES SC , MOORE T 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the ocular surface bacteria in normal and dry eye subjects and investigate whether there was any association between the bacterial population and goblet cell density (GCD). Methods: Fifty‐seven normal and 34 dry eye subjects were recruited. Conventional culture, 16S rDNA PCR and DNA sequencing were used to identify bacteria. The association between reduced GCD and bacterial numbers in a sub‐group of 27 subjects was assessed. Conjunctival impression cytology samples were stained with PAS and GCD graded as follows: Grade (1), >30 goblet cells/4 high power fields; (2), 15‐30 GC/4HPF; (3), 5‐15 GC/4HPF; (4), <5 GC/4HPF. Grades 3 and 4 indicated reduced GCD. Results: The majority of cultured bacteria were coagulase‐negative Staphylococci, while molecular methods demonstrated additional atypical bacterial species. Bacterial levels were higher overall in subjects displaying reduced GCD compared to normals. A statistically significant difference (P = 0.005) was noted between mean bacterial counts in IC Grade 4 samples of dry eye subjects (35 cfu/swab) and normals (5 cfu/swab). Conclusions: Molecular analysis revealed a diverse ocular surface bacterial population with identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria presenting a diagnostic dilemma. A trend of increasing bacterial numbers with reduced GCD was observed and studies are ongoing to investigate whether bacterial colonisation of the ocular surface may alter the number and function of goblet cells. The clinical relevance of such results and whether they should prompt intervention with therapy is not yet fully determined. A fuller definition of the normal ocular flora is needed to determine bacteria implicated in ocular surface disease.
The epidemiology of dry eye disease
Authors: SMITH JA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The goals of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the 2007 Dry Eye WorkShop were to evaluate and present knowledge on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, to summarize dry eye risk factors and and to review and assess dry eye questionnaires. Methods: Review of the published English language literature of dry eye epidemiologic and clinical studies which included dry eye questionnaires and which used rigorous methods was performed. Dry eye questionnaires were required to have been used in clinical trials or epidemiologic studies, undergone psychometric evaluation and be publically available. Results: Based on large epidemiologic studies, the age‐specific prevalence of dry eye ranges from 5 to 35%. Different operational definitions of dry eye are likely to be responsible for some of the disparity between studies. There are very little data on the natural history and incidence of dry eye. The public health importance of dry eye is heightened by the high proportion of older people affected and the aging of the world population. Dry eye can have a deleterious impact on ocular and general heath and quality of life and visual function. Both direct and indirect costs exist for dry eye. Major risk factors for dry eye include age, female sex, certain medications and diseases, incisional refractive surgery, nutritional intake of essential fatty acids and disturbance in sex hormones due to a variety of causes. Conclusions: There is a need to expand epidemiological studies to more geographic regions, to include multiple races /ethnicities and to establish a consensus on diagnostic criteria for epidemiological studies. Dry eye questionnaires should be responsive, reproducible, with a specified recall period, validated and appropriate for the use. Vision targeted quality of life and prevention strategies warrant further study.
Stromal response to orthokeratology: an X‐ray diffraction study
Authors: OWENS H , HAYES S , MEEK KM 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To examine the impact of overnight orthokeratology lens wear on stromal collagen fibril diameter and spacing using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. Methods: Seven New Zealand White rabbits (10 eyes) wore orthokeratology lenses (Capricornia, Brisbane, Australia) overnight during a 2‐week period to determine the effect of corneal refractive therapy on stromal collagen fibrils. To verify the effectivity of treatment, corneal topography (Medmont, Brisbane, Australia), corneal thickness (Allergan Humphrey pachymetry) and refractive error (retinoscopy) were measured prior to and every 3‐4 days during the treatment period. Following completion of treatment, rabbits were euthanased and corneas immediately dissected and snap frozen for subsequent X‐ray diffraction analysis every 1mm over the central c.10mm horizontal corneal band. Results: Orthokeratology treatment induced an average change in refraction of 2.0 +/‐ 1.3DS, and a topography‐measured treatment zone diameter of 4.2 +/‐ 0.7mm. The results from X‐ray diffraction revealed no significant difference in collagen fibril diameter between treated and untreated eyes (p>0.05). Interfibrillar spacing (IFS) was positively correlated with tissue hydration but no significant association between the change in IFS and refraction was apparent. Conclusions: The magnitude and time course of refractive change induced by orthokeratology in the rabbit eye is similar to that reported in humans, producing significant rapid and characteristic changes in corneal topography. Such specific changes in topography seem limited to the epithelial layers, with no parallel topographic modification evident in the underlying stromal architecture.
Two‐year follow‐up of patients with Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) treated with pegaptanib (Macugen)
Authors:   MACUGEN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY STUDY GROUP, MEHRA S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The results of a 36‐week, phase 2 trial of pegaptanib (Macugen) for DME suggest pegaptanib improves visual acuity (VA), reduces retinal thickness, and causes regression of neovascularization (NV). The results of an extended follow‐up after pegaptanib discontinuation are reported. Methods: This multicenter, double‐masked, controlled study included subjects with best‐corrected VA between 20/50 and 20/320 in the study eye and DME involving the center of the macula. Subjects were randomized (1:1:1:1) to intravitreous pegaptanib (0.3, 1, 3 mg) or sham injections at study entry and weeks 6 and 12. Additional pegaptanib injections and/or focal/grid laser photocoagulation were administered as needed for another 18 weeks; thereafter, only photocoagulation was given at the investigators’ discretion. Study endpoints were evaluated at weeks 36, 52, and 82. Results: At baseline, treatment groups (total N=172) were well balanced for VA and retinal thickness. At weeks 36, 52, and 82, mean VA change from baseline was better for subjects receiving 0.3 mg (n=44) versus sham (n=42) (+4.7 vs ‐0.4 letters, P<0.04; +3.6 vs ‐0.3 letters, P<0.15; +1.3 vs ‐2.4 letters, P<0.23). At each time point, more subjects receiving 0.3 mg gained ≥10 and ≥15 letters and had a greater reduction in mean central retinal thickness (‐68 vs +3.7 μm; ‐82 vs ‐37 μm; ‐122 vs ‐49 μm). Retinal NV at baseline showed regression at week 36 in 8/13 (62%) eyes. Treatment with pegaptanib was well tolerated. Conclusions: The relative treatment benefit and safety of pegaptanib in DME achieved at week 36 appears to remain evident through 2 years even after injections are discontinued. Further trials of pegaptanib for DME appear to be warranted.
Efficacy and safety of pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
Authors:   MACUGEN RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION STUDY GROUP, WIROSTKO B 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of pegaptanib in the treatment of macular edema secondary to CRVO. Methods: This phase 2, multicenter, double‐masked, sham‐controlled study included subjects with nonischemic CRVO of <6 months duration, baseline center point retinal thickness ≥250 μm, and best‐correct visual acuity (VA) of 65 to 20 ETDRS letters inclusive. Subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to intravitreous pegaptanib (0.3, 1 mg) or sham injections every 6 weeks for 24 weeks with follow‐up through 52 weeks. Additional therapy was allowed after week 30 for losses ≥15 letters. Endpoints included mean changes from baseline in VA and retinal thickness. Results: Baseline characteristics were well balanced across study arms (0.3, 1 mg, n=33; sham, n=32). Mean change in VA from baseline at week 30 was +7.1, +9.9, and ‐3.2 letters in the pegaptanib 0.3 mg, 1 mg, and sham groups, respectively (P<.05 for 1 mg vs sham). At week 52, mean VA change was +7.5, +6.3, and ‐2.4 letters, respectively (P=ns). From baseline to week 52, fewer treated with 0.3 mg pegaptanib than sham lost ≥15 letters (9% vs 31%; P<.05) and more gained ≥0 (P=.01), 5 (P=.02) and 10 or 15 letters (P=ns). From baseline to week 52, mean change in center point thickness in the 0.3 mg, 1 mg, and sham groups was ‐295 μm, ‐216 μm, and ‐183 μm, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first randomized trial to show any treatment benefit for macular edema due to CRVO compared with sham. The anatomical and functional benefits provided by pegaptanib are consistent with the clinical benefit already presented with diabetic macular edema, and the ocular neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy and age‐related macular degeneration.
Safety of Macugen (pegaptanib sodium) for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (NV‐AMD). After 3 years of experience
Authors: LEYS A ,   VEGF INHIBITION STUDY IN OCULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION (V.I.S.I.O.N.)
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the safety of Macugen in the treatment of NV‐AMD after 3 years experience in the V.I.S.I.O.N. trial. Methods: Two concurrent, multicenter, double‐masked studies included subjects with all angiographic subtypes. Macugen (0.3, 1, or 3 mg) or sham injections were given every 6 wks for 54 wks. Those initially assigned to Macugen were re‐randomized (1:1) to continue/discontinue therapy for 48 wks; sham‐treated subjects continued, discontinued, or received Macugen. At 102 wks, subjects receiving Macugen 0.3 or 1 mg continued; those receiving other treatments or who received no treatment in yr 2 were re‐randomized to 0.3 or 1 mg (1:1). Safety endpoints included AEs, deaths, and lab values. Retrospective analysis compared fundus photos for RPE and optic disc damage of subjects receiving pegaptanib and sham. Results: Macugen was well tolerated in yr 3. In the primary safety population (n=161) who received study medication in yr 3 and active treatment during yrs 1 and 2, AEs were mainly ocular (114 [71%] subjects) and mild, with no evidence of increased systemic safety signals. Among 422 subjects treated with Macugen in yr 3, regardless of previous treatment, 2 cases of endophthalmitis (0.06%/injection), 1 case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (0.03%/injection), and 0 cases of traumatic cataract were reported, and no evidence of new systemic safety signals was noted. No additional damage was found to the RPE or to retinal neurons in subjects receiving 0.3 mg pegaptanib vs. sham. Conclusions: Continuous treatment with Macugen over three years in patients with NV‐AMD does not confer an increased risk for ocular or systemic AEs.
Quantitative evaluation of the morphology of the inner surface of composite restorations
Authors: QVIST VIBEKE , QVIST JØRGEN 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The aim of the present study was to develop a method for quantitative evaluation of the morphology of inner surfaces of composite resin restorations. Twelve restorations made In vivo using the acid etch technique were examined in a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of × 2000. 2500 predetermined areas (6300 μm2 each) on the inner surfaces of the fillings were scored from 0 to 3 with respect to the impression of their rendering of morphologic details from the etched cavity walls. Based on all the scorings and parts of the scorings, estimates for the enamel and for the dentin relief on each of the fillings were calculated. The statistical comparison of these estimates showed that approximately 50 areas per filling might be scored to attain an objective and reliable quantitation of the surface morphology.
Reactions of the dental pulp to microbial provocation of calcium hydroxide treated dentin
Authors: BERGENHOLTZ GUNNAR , REIT CLAES 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The purpose of the present study was to determine whether treatment of dentin with calcium hydroxide reduces pulp irritation caused by microbial products. The experiment was carried out in three young monkeys. Cavities were prepared on the buccal tooth surface deep into dentin of 62 teeth. Calcium hydroxide mixed with distilled water was placed in one group of cavities. A set of control cavities received treatment with saline soaked filter‐paper discs. The calcium hydroxide dressing and the saline discs were separated from the oral cavity for a period of 14 or 60 d by a Teflon disc and a layer of zinc oxide‐eugenol cement. At the end of these periods the content of each cavity was removed and substituted by lyophilized material from cultivated plaque bacteria. After 3 d of exposure the monkeys were killed and the teeth subjected to histologic treatment. Assessments made in the light microscope revealed that pulps subjacent to calcium hydroxide‐treated dentin in the majority of cases showed no or only slight infiltrates of inflammatory cells. In controls, 13 out of 22 pulps showed severe inflammatory cell infiltrates or total pulp tissue necrosis. It was concluded that treatment of dentin with calcium hydroxide may reduce the possibility for bacterial components to cause pulp tissue damage.
Effect of saliva stimulants (Hybrin® and malic acid) on cervical root surfaces in vitro
Authors: ANNEROTH GÖRAN , NORDENRAM GUNILLA , BENGTSSON SVEN 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Two saliva stimulating drugs, solutions of Hybrin® and malic acid were in an in vitro study found to have a heavy demineralizing effect on the root surface of the dental hard tissue. Consequently the drugs cannot be recommended to patients suffering from dry mouth reaction.
An oral lichen planus‐like lesion in Indian betel‐tobacco chewers
Authors: DAFTARY D. K. , BHONSLE R. B. , MURTI R. B. , PINDBORG J. J. , MEHTA FALI S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –During an epidemiologic study of oral cancer and precancerous lesioms among Indian villagers, a lichen planus‐like lesion was observed in Kerala. The lesion consisted of white, wavy, parallel, non‐elevated lines that could, not be scraped off. The lesion occurred exclusively among chewers and at the site of placement of quid. There were no subjective symptoms. The peak prevalence of the 35 diagnosed lesions was in the 35‐44 years age‐group for males and 45‐54 for females. There was a marked female predominance. The histologic features were very similar to those seen in oral lichen planus.
Plaque inhibition and improved gingival condition by use of a stannous fluoride toothpaste
Authors: BAY INGER , RØLLA GUNNAR 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The present study contains data from a 4‐week clinical study where the effect of an experimental toothpaste containing 0.4% SnF2 on plaque and gingivitis was tested in a group of teenagers. The study was performed according to a double‐blind, cross‐over design. It was shown that the SnF2 containing toothpaste reduced both plaque and gingivitis significantly compared to a placebo paste which contained no fluoride or stannous ions.
Some effects of bone meal and NaF tablets on the composition of saliva
Authors: RASMUSSEN PER , ESPELID IVAR , BJORVATN KJELL 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Whole saliva was collected from dental students while: 1) chewing paraffin, 2) sucking bone meal tablets, and 3) sucking NaF tablets. Initial pH, content of ionized and total calcium and content of fluoride in saliva were measured. As compared to paraffin stimulated saliva, the sucking of bone meal tablets caused a decrease in salivary pH, ionized calcium and fluoride. Sucking NaF tablets caused a fall in initial pH and an increase in total calcium, while the amount of ionized calcium remained unchanged. The content of fluoride was high in saliva during sucking of NaF tablets.
Dissolution of bovine pulp tissue by endodontic solutions
Authors: KOSKINEN KARI P. , STENVALL HANNELE , UITTO VELI‐JUKKA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Pulpal tissue was incubated at 37°C for 10 min with various solutions used for root canal therapy. The dissolved material was assayed for hydroxyproline (HYP) and total phosphate, and the insoluble residue for HYP and dry weight. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 5% and diluted to 2.5% showed the strongest solvent capacity measured as loss of HYP and weight from the tissue. Dilution to 0.5% significantly decreased the effectiveness of NaOCl. The absence of HYP from the NaOCl extracts suggested decomposition of this amino acid. The other solutions tested were far inferior in their ability to dissolve pulpal tissue. The demineralizing solutions tested were poor solubilizers of soft tissue; however, they caused a considerable increase in the amount of phosphate released.