bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can retired galaxies mimic active galaxies? Clues from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Authors: Stasińska G. , Asari N. Vale , Fernandes R. Cid , Gomes J. M. , Schlickmann M. , Mateus A. , Schoenell W. , Sodré L. ,   (the SEAGal collaboration)
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The classification of galaxies as star forming or active is generally done in the ([O iii]/Hβ, [N ii]/Hα) plane. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has revealed that, in this plane, the distribution of galaxies looks like the two wings of a seagull. Galaxies in the right wing are referred to as Seyfert/LINERs, leading to the idea that non-stellar activity in galaxies is a very common phenomenon. Here, we argue that a large fraction of the systems in the right wing could actually be galaxies which stopped forming stars. The ionization in these ‘retired’ galaxies would be produced by hot post-asymptotic giant branch stars and white dwarfs. Our argumentation is based on a stellar population analysis of the galaxies via our starlight code and on photoionization models using the Lyman continuum radiation predicted for this population. The proportion of LINER galaxies that can be explained in such a way is, however, uncertain. We further show how observational selection effects account for the shape of the right wing. Our study suggests that nuclear activity may not be as common as thought. If retired galaxies do explain a large part of the seagull's right wing, some of the work concerning nuclear activity in galaxies, as inferred from SDSS data, will have to be revised.
URUGUAYAN CONSUMERS' PERCEPTION OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS
Authors: ARES GASTÓN , GIMÉNEZ ANA , GÁMBARO ADRIANA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT As the markets for functional foods increase, studying and understanding consumers' perception of functional foods is essential to develop products that have a good consumer acceptance. The objective of this work was to provide a first insight into Uruguayan consumers' perception of functional foods. A survey with 200 consumers was performed. The participants were not familiar with the term “functional food,” as only 37% related the term with the real concept behind it. However, the participants showed a positive attitude toward the functional foods concept. Preferred areas of action of functional foods at a generic level were not reflected in the ratings of perceived healthiness and willingness to try yogurt with different enrichments, probably because they did not associate the components with their health effect. These results suggest that the use of health claims would be essential to ensure the success of functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCardiovascular diseases, cancer and the immune system are regarded as the preferred areas of action of functional foods. Preferred health claims varied with gender and age. Women seemed to be more concerned than men about gut health and osteoporosis. Regarding the influence of age, younger people tend to emphasize disease‐preventing claims, while older people tend to give more importance to short‐term effects on health. These results suggest that different health claims could be attractive to different market segments, and therefore, consumer research is necessary to determine which health claims could be used according to which segment of the market the product is addressed to.
LOCATION AND SCALE INFLUENCE ON SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY MEASUREMENTS AMONG LOW‐INCOME CONSUMERS
Authors: SOSA MIRIAM , MARTINEZ CAROLINA , MARQUEZ FERNANDO , HOUGH GUILLERMO 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT The adequate methodology to measure food acceptability among low‐income population was researched. Two locations (home and central locations) and two scales (number and box scales) were tested. One hundred and twelve subjects from low‐income households measured four samples (two chocolate milks and two soups). Samples had higher scores in the home location than in the central location. In the central location consumers were more critical than in the home location test. If sensory acceptability discrimination is of interest, the central location test would be more adequate for low‐income populations. Statistically both scales gave similar results; however, consumers found the number scale more familiar and easier to use. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUnderstanding the phenomenon of income‐related food preferences has received little attention in published research. For measuring sensory acceptability among low‐income populations, we have come up with a simple number scale: consumers are instructed to score the sample from 1 to 10, this being a universal scoring system in many countries. If discrimination of sensory acceptability among samples is the objective of the test, central location would be more advisable than a home usage test.
PREDICTING TEXTURE ATTRIBUTES FROM MICROSTRUCTURAL, RHEOLOGICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HAZELNUT SPREADS
Authors: DI MONACO ROSSELLA , GIANCONE TIZIANA , CAVELLA SILVANA , MASI PAOLO 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT Eight trained assessors evaluated one visual, eight texture and four gustative attributes of 15 commercial spreads. In addition, 100 consumers evaluated the acceptability of the spreads. Rheological behavior of the samples was evaluated in transient (stress–relaxation test) and dynamic (strain and frequency sweep test) shear mode. Thermal measurements were also performed. Finally, the microstructure of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Partial least squares regression was used to predict acceptability from sensory attributes and texture from instrumental data. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that spreads differed in morphology, size and distribution of hazelnut particles. Overall liking of the spreads was found to be related to hazelnut flavor and texture attributes. Prediction of the most important texture properties from instrumental measurements was quite successful, especially for spreadability which was found negatively related to the consistency and flow indices and, secondly, for meltability which was found to be strongly dependent on measured thermal parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study contributes to knowledge development in the research area of acceptability, sensory and instrumental correlation for semi‐solid foods. The results confirm that texture properties of spreadable foods play a most important role in consumer acceptability. The research also allows better understanding as to why no single measurement is able to predict all texture attributes adequately and why more appropriate tests need to be developed for an accurate prediction of some sensory attributes as perceived by the human senses.
BIAXIAL EXTENSION OF WHEAT FLOUR DOUGHS: LUBRICATED SQUEEZING FLOW AND STRESS RELAXATION PROPERTIES
Authors: LAUNAY B. , MICHON C. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT Biaxial extension in lubricated squeezing flow (LSF) was first developed for molten polymers and transferred to the study of wheat flour dough (1986). Depending on geometry, LSF is performed at constant surface or at constant volume. Most of the measurements have been carried out with a mechanical testing machine at constant crosshead speed and constant surface. An empirical power law equation relates stress and strain rate at constant strain and, at a given strain rate, there is an approximate exponential stress–strain relationship from which a parameter named “strain hardening” is derived and tentatively related to resistance of dough membranes against premature rupture. This exponential relationship does not seem to hold in other experimental conditions, particularly at constant volume. Stress relaxation following lubricated compression might also allow the study of dough viscoelastic properties. The role of unsteady regime, testing conditions and dough compressibility is finally discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSExtensional flow properties of polymers have long been recognized as important for understanding their processing behaviors and the experimental measurement of these properties has been the subject of many studies. The relevance of biaxial extension properties to dough behavior in baking technology was at the origin of the Alveograph developed by Chopin more then 80 years ago. A third method, lubricated squeezing flow (LSF), was firstdeveloped in 1981 for studying the biaxial extension viscosity of molten polymers in creep. It is based on the uniaxial compression of a cylindrical sample between two parallel surfaces. Due to its simplicity, versatility and availability, LSF has found several empirical applications in food, particularly in wheat flour dough rheology.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TEXTURE TERMS: ENGLISH, FRENCH, JAPANESE AND CHINESE
Authors: NISHINARI KATSUYOSHI , HAYAKAWA FUMIYO , XIA CHONG‐FEI , HUANG LONG , MEULLENET JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , SIEFFERMANN JEAN‐MARC 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT Texture vocabularies in English, French, Japanese and Chinese languages are examined, and their characteristics are described. It wasconfirmed that most frequently used texture vocabularies concern with the mechanical and geometrical properties, and are used to describe solid‐like foods rather than liquid‐like foods. It was also shown that in all the languages, the terms used by texture experts and consumers are different. Complete agreement was not recognized even among texture experts, although it is expected that the validation of most fundamental terms could be reached through discussions. Further detailed comparison is now in progress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the globalization age, it is becoming more and more important to understand different languages representing texture of foods. Therefore, it is useful to compare the texture terms in different languages both for academic researchers and workers in the trade and industries.
Corporate Cash Policy and How to Manage it with Stock Repurchases
Authors: Dittmar Amy 
Published: September 2008

At the end of 2004 total U.S. corporate cash holdings reached an all‐time high of just under $2 trillion—an amount equal to roughly 15% of the total U.S. GDP. And during the past 25 years, average cash holdings have jumped from 10% to 23% of total corporate assets. But at the same time their levels of cash have risen, U.S. companies have paid out dramatically increasing amounts of cash to buy back shares.This article addresses the following questions: What accounts for the dramatic increase in the average level of corporate cash holdings since 1980? And why do some companies keep so much cash (with one fourth of U.S. firms holding cash amounting to at least 36% of total assets) while others have so little (with another quarter having less than 3%)? Why do companies pay out excess cash in the form of stock repurchases (rather than, say, dividends), and what explains the significant increase in repurchases (both in absolute terms and relative to dividends) over time?The author begins by arguing that cash reserves provide companies with a buffer against possible shortfalls in operating profits—one that, especially during periods of financial trouble, can be used to avoid financial distress or provide funding for promising projects that might otherwise have to be put off. Such buffers are particularly valuable in the case of smaller, riskier companies with lots of growth opportunities and limited access to capital markets. And the dramatic increase in corporate cash holdings between 1980 and the present can be attributed mainly to an increase in the risk of publicly traded companies—an increase in risk that reflects in part a general increase in competition, but also a notable change over time in the kinds of companies (smaller, newer, less profitable, non‐dividend paying firms) that have chosen to go public.At the other end of the corporate spectrum are large, relatively mature companies with limited growth opportunities. Although such companies tend to produce considerable free cash flow, they also tend to retain relatively small amounts of cash (as a percentage of total assets), in part because of shareholder concern about the corporate “free cash flow problem”—the well‐documented tendency of such companies to destroy value through overpriced (often diversifying) acquisitions and other misguided attempts to pursue growth at the expense of profitability.For companies with highly predictable earnings and investment plans, dividends provide one means of addressing the free cash flow problem. But for companies with more variable earnings and less predictable reinvestment, open‐market stock repurchases provide a more flexible means of distributing cash to shareholders. Unlike the corporate “commitment” implied by dividend payments, an open market stock repurchase program creates what amounts to an option but not an obligation to distribute funds. The value of such flexibility, which increases during periods of increased risk and uncertainty, explains much of the apparent substitution of repurchases for dividends in recent years.
The Rise of Accelerated Seasoned Equity Underwritings
Authors: Bortolotti Bernardo , Megginson William , Smart Scott B. 
Published: September 2008

Seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) executed through accelerated underwritings have recently seen significant increases in global market share, and now account for a majority of the proceeds from both U.S. and European SEOs. Based on their study of over 30,000 global SEOs during the period 1991‐2004, the authors conclude that accelerated offerings occur more rapidly (as their name suggests), raise more capital, and require fewer underwriters than conventional fully marketed SEOs. Accelerated transactions also typically involve larger, better‐known companies that tend to be selling substantial amounts of secondary as well as primary secondary shares (whereas traditional SEOs consist almost entirely of primary shares).Besides speed of execution, the growing popularity of accelerated deals is also attributed to lower spreads, the reduced price risk for issuers resulting from the brief underwriting period, and “market‐impact” costs that are no larger than those that accompany traditional SEOs. Indeed, according to the authors' estimates, accelerated deals reduce the total issuance costs of U.S. issuers—in the form of lower spreads, market‐impact costs, and underpricing—by 250 basis points, on average, while the cost reduction for European sellers is said to be close to 400 basis points. The authors also present an analysis of SEO investment banking syndicates that illustrates that accelerated deals yield much smaller, more capital‐intensive, and presumably riskier underwriting syndicates that generate comparable revenues over much shorter transactions periods. In so doing, they enable larger, more reputable banks to “buy” market share and league table rankings.The authors' findings underscore three major trends that are shaping global investment banking. First, the fact that accelerated deals are marketed almost exclusively to institutional investors, and that these underwriting methods are gaining market share, suggests the declining importance of retail investors in equity markets everywhere. Second, the rise of accelerated deals both promotes and reflects increasing concentration in the investment banking industry, since only the largest banks have the capital base and risk tolerance required to buy large share blocks outright and assume all or most of the price risk of later resale. Finally, the increasing use of accelerated underwritings for SEOs provides another case of the “commoditization” of financial transactions characterized by relatively low asymmetric information. Since ATs can be employed for shares of only large and well‐known companies, these offerings are executed very quickly and cheaply—in much the same way plain vanilla corporate bonds are sold—and with minimal need for the placement and marketing services that investment banks use for IPOs and other non‐transparent security offerings.
BIG Writing: The Fundamental Discipline of Business Writing
Authors: Sheldon Michael , Willett Janice 
Published: September 2008

BIG Writing presents a strategy for creating a culture of disciplined business writing within a large organization. In today's service‐oriented economy, virtually everyone is doing some form of writing on the job. Yet there is no organized effort to train people in this important skill. Universities don't do it, nor does it typically happen on the job except among a handful of branding specialists—and most books on business writing focus either on grammar and style or how to overcome writer's block.BIG Writing addresses the need for guidelines on business writing as it is actually practiced in the workplace. The article describes how organizations should connect their top‐level messages—their statements of mission, business strategy, and value proposition—with more routine writing activities such as annual reports and sales letters.At a time when CEOs and CFOs are held accountable for the accuracy of every line item in their financial reports, companies are responding by implementing complex systems of financial controls. BIG Writing can help senior management secure better control of its core messages by defining the way in which they are created and disclosed.
Siderofibrotic Nodules of the Spleen of the Dog
Authors: ISHMAEL J. , HOWELL J. McC. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— Siderofibrotic nodules of the spleen were found in 81 of a series of 313 canine post‐mortem examinations. The breed, age and sex incidence of the dogs with nodules are given, and the gross, histological and histochemical features of the nodules are described. Suggestions are made as to the aetiology of the lesion.Résumé— Des nodules sidérofibrotiques de la rate ont été trouvés chez quatre‐vingts et un chiens dans une série de 313 autopsies canines. La race, I'âge et le sexe des chiens avec nodules sont rapportés et les caractéristiques macroscopiques, histologiques et histochimiques sont décrites. Des suggéstions sur Péiologie de la lesion sont faites.Zusammenfassung— Siderofibrotische Knoten in der Milz wurden bei einundachtzig Hunden von einer Serie von 313 bei der Sektion gefunden. Die Rasse, das Alter und die Prozentzahlen der Geschlechter der Hunde mit Knoten werden berichtet, und die makroskopischen, histologischen und histochemischen Beschreibungen der Knoten werden gegeben. Vorschlaege fuer eine moegliche Aetiologie der Knoten werden gemacht.
Hemophilia in the Vizsla
Authors: Buckner R. G. , Hampton J. M. , Bird R. M. , Brock W. E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— This study presents laboratory and clinical eveidence of canine hemophilia A in the Vizsla breed. The preparation and treatment with fresh frozen (‐197d̀C) normal canine plasma is reported.Résumé— Cette étude apporte le preuve par la clinique et les examens de laboratoire, de l'existence d'une hémophilic canine de type A dans la race Vizsla.La préparation du plasma de chien normal conservé au grand froid (‐197d̀C) et le traitement de la maladie par celui‐ci est indiqué.Zusammenfassung— Diese Studie befaßt sich mit den klinischen und Laborbefunden bei Hunden des Vizsla‐Stammes mit Hamophilie A. Es wird über die Herstellung und therapeutische Anwendung von tiefgekühltem (‐197d̀C) normalen Hundeplasma berichtet.
Osteoarthritis in a Romano‐British Dog
Authors: HARCOURT R. A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A case of multiple osteoarthritis in a Romano‐British dog is described.Résumé— Description d'un cas d'ostéoarthrite multiple chez un chien croisé Romano‐Anglais.Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Fall von multiplier Osteoarthritis bei einem romanobritischen Hund beschrieben.
The differential diagnosis of persistent vomiting in the young dog*
Authors: PEARSON H. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe paper describes the differential diagnosis of those conditions which cause persistent vomiting over a long period in the young dog. The conditions are illustrated radiographically.Résumé. L'article traite du diagnostic différential des états provoquant des vomissements persistants chez le jeune chien. Des radiographies illustrent le texte.Zusammenfassung. Die Abhandlung beschreibt die Differentialdiagnose derjenigen Zustande, die beim jungen Hund länger enhaltendes Erbrechen verursachen. Die Zustände sind radiographisch illustriert.
Oesophago‐plasty as a supporting measure in the operation for oesophageal constriction following vascular malformation
Authors: FUNKQUIST BERIT 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe author has combined the conventional surgical treatment for oesophageal constriction due to a dextro‐aorta and left sided lig. arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) i.e. dividing the constricting vascular ring, with a dilating oesophago‐plasty. In principle, the technique is the same as that for pyloroplasty ad modum Heineke‐Mikulicz. The two surviving dogs (of three operated on) became completely free of symptoms and the dilation of the oesophagus disappeared completely. Improvements in suturing and drainage techniques should considerably reduce the risks of complications in connection with the operation.Résumé. L'auteur a associé le traitement chirurgical habituel de la compression de l'œsophage par une dextroposition de l'aorte avec une lévoposition du ligament artériel (canal artériel), c'est à dire la division de I'anneau vasculaire constricteur, avec une œsophagoplastie dilatatrice. En principe, la technique est celle utilisée pour la pyloroplastie d'après HEINEKE‐MICULICZ. Sur trois chiens opérés, deux survécurent et ne présentaient plus aucun symptôme; la dilatation de l'œsophage disparut complètement. L'amélioration de la technique des sutures et de drainage devraient réduire considérablement les risques des complications post‐opératoires.Zusammenfassung. Der Autor hat die herkömmliche chirurgische Behandlung der Oesophaguskonstriktion durch Dextroaorte und linksseitige Lig. arteriosum (ductus arteriosus) kombiniert, d.h. den konstringierenden Gefässring mit einer dilatierenden Oesophagoplastik geteilt. Im Prinzip ist diese Methode die gleiche wie die Pyloroplastik ad modum Heineke‐Mikulicz. Die zwei überlebenden Hunde (von den drei operierten) wurden völlig symptomfrei, und die Dilation des Oesophagus verschwand vollständig. Verbesserungen der Naht‐ und Dränagernethoden könnten das Risiko von Komplikationen im Zusamrnenhang mit der Operation beträchtlich vermindern.