bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A magmatic mush column rosetta stone: The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
Authors: Marsh Bruce 
Published: October 2006

A long‐running mystery of Earth science concerns the physical and dynamic connection between volcanism, plutonism, magma chambers, layered intrusions, and the production from mantle material of oceanic and continental crust. The basic chemical connection of fractionating melt from crystals and resorting crystals again and again is clear, but volcanologists and plutonists covet almost mutually exclusive, process‐oriented sciences to explain the compositional sequences and textures found in stacks of lavas and expanses of plutons.Lavas present an extensive time series of quenched aliquots of magma without any clear measure of the evolutionary spatial context of sampling within the magmatic system. Plutons offer extensive spatial context without a clear physical connection to the greater active magmatic system and without a sequential capturing of time; critical original textural details are erased under long cooldown times. A deadly middle ground must be crossed to meld the timescales and textures captured by volcanism with the spatial scales and textural processes of plutonism into a conceptual representation of an integrated working magmatic system.
Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets:Terminology, constraints, and current estimates
Authors: Zender C. S. , Miller R. L.R. L. , Tegen I. 
Published: October 2006

Mineral dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles. In addition to its direct radiative effect, dust aerosol mediates ocean carbon uptake and the chemical cycles of other aerosols like sulfates. Dust observations during the past decade span measurements of local concentration and deposition to global satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness [Prospero et al., 2002].Measurements of dust emission, whereby soil particles enter the atmosphere, are scarce. Because no single data set is sufficient to constrain the three‐dimensional distribution of dust aerosol and its evolution with time, the dust cycle is currently estimated using models that are constrained by available measurements and retrievals.
Comment [on “Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate”]
Authors: Shaviv Nir , Veizer Jan , Veizer Jan 
Published: October 2006

Rahmstorf et al. [2004], in their “critique” of Shaviv and Veizer [2003], assert that the proposed correlation between cosmic ray flux (CRF) and paleoclimate during the Phanerozoic does not “hold up under scrutiny” because its astrophysical background is based on “questionable assumptions” and circular reasoning, and because the meteoritic and terrestrial databases and statistics are manipulated.They further claim that the Shaviv and Veizer [2003] treatment of the CO2/climate relationship is not scientifically sustainable, and that the oxygen isotope record is likely a proxy of oceanic pH and not of paleotemperature. They make a host of additional assertions that cannot all be restated here.
Measuring the Oceans From Space
Authors: Martin Seelye 
Published: October 2006

Given the growth in the number and complexity of ocean satellite systems since the launch of Seasat in 1978, combined with the fact that about twenty‐five countries are now involved in such observations, this is an appropriate time for a new book on satellite oceanography (Disclosure: the book reviewer has also just published an ocean remote sensing book.). The present book is an expanded version of Robinson's 1985 book, Satellite Oceanography.It consists of two parts: fundamentals of satellite oceanography and remote sensing techniques. Although Robinson originally planned to include a third part on ocean applications, because of the length of the current book, that section will be published separately in 2005. The present book discusses for the ice‐free ocean “what is measured and how it is done.”
Global sawtooth oscillations of the magnetosphere
Authors: Borovsky Joe 
Published: October 2006

Global sawtooth oscillations are periodic changes in the morphology of the magnetosphere wherein the magnetic field in the inner regions strongly stretches and then rapidly crashes or dipolarizes. The period of the oscillation is about three hours, with the crash phase lasting 5–15 min. At geosynchronous orbit, a sawtooth oscillation of the magnetosphere appears as a periodic decline and rapid recovery of the energetic particle fluxes at all local times; such an oscillation is shown in Figure 1.Global sawtooth oscillations occur during some, but not all, geomagnetic storms. Owing to the extremely large amplitudes of the sawtooth oscillations, nearly all measurements taken in the magnetosphere show signatures of the sawtooth oscillations.
Is there a mantle plume below Italy?
Authors: Bell Keith , Castorina Francesca , Lavecchia Giusy , Rosatelli Gianluigi , Stoppa Francesco 
Published: October 2006

Some of the most diverse igneous rocks found on Earth occur along the length of Italy and in many of the islands in the southeastern Tyrrhenian Sea, all the result of Cenozoic magmatism. Magmas extremely rich in alkalis, particularly potassium, and many undersaturated with respect to silica, were erupted, as well as others of calc‐alkalic affinity (see legend in Figure 1).Their origin has been the subject of heated debate, and there is still no general consensus about how they formed. Most attribute them to subduction‐related processes (see Beccaluva et al. [2004] for a review); others consider them to be the result of within‐plate magmatism [e.g., Vollmer, 1976; Lauecchia and Stoppa, 1996]. Still others consider magmatism the result of a deep, mantle upwelling within a slab window coupled with mixing between isotopically different reservoirs [Gasperini et al., 2002].
Hydrate‐bearing structures in the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Shoji Hitoshi , Minami Hirotsugu , Hachikubo Akihiro , Sakagami Hirotoshi , Hyakutake Kinji , Soloviev Valery , Matveeva Tatiana , Mazurenko Leonid , Kaulio Vitaly , Gladysch Vyacheslav , Logvina Elizaveta , Obzhirov Anatoly , Baranov Boris , Khlystov Oleg , Biebow Nicole , Poort Jeffrey , Jin Young Keun , Kim Yeadong 
Published: October 2006

Gas hydrates are natural gas reservoirs in ice‐like crystalline solids, and are stable in pore spaces of submarine sediments in water depths greater than about 300–500 m. They have been recovered in many of the world's oceans, both at larger sub‐bottom depths (up to 450 m) by drilling and near the seafloor in shallow cores by gravity‐coring. In the latter case, the gas hydrates are related to the sites of enhanced seepage such as cold seeps and mud volcanoes [Ginsburg and Soloviev, 1998].Multidisciplinary field investigations during the two cruises have revealed new, large hydrate‐bearing seepage structures in the Sea of Okhotsk, a northwestern marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean (Figure l). The Derugin Basin at the central part of the Sea of Okhotsk, the zone of intensive gas seepage and hydrate accumulation, was studied during two cruises of the R/V Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev (LV) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), in August and October 2003 within the framework of the CHAOS project (hydroCarbon Hydrate Accumulations in the Okhotsk Sea) supported by funding agencies in five nations.
Living With Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest: A Survivor's Guide, 2nd edition
Authors: Hutton Kate 
Published: October 2006

In 1995, Robert S.Yeats found himself teaching a core curriculum class at Oregon State University for undergraduate nonscience majors, linking recent discoveries on the earthquake hazard in the Pacific Northwest to societal response to those hazards. The notes for that course evolved into the first edition of this book, published in 1998. In 2001, he published a similar book, Living With Earthquakes in California: A Survivors Guide (Oregon State University Press).Recent earthquakes, such as the 2001 Nisqually Mw6.8, discoveries, and new techniques in paleoseismology plus changes in public policy decisions, quickly outdated the first Pacific Northwest edition. This is especially true with the Cascadia Subduction Zone and crustal faults, where our knowledge expands with every scientific meeting.
Unveiling the mystery of North Pacific intermediate water formation
Authors: You Yuzhu 
Published: October 2006

How were the sources of the subtropical North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), which has a core density of 26.8σθ formed in the subpolar region, given that the maximum surface density in the late winter (density reaches a maximum in March due to successive cooling through the winter) of the entire North Pacific is only 26.5σθ? How, then, did these sources cross the broad subarctic‐tropical frontal zone (SATFZ) (which is about 800 km in width and has predominantly eastward flowing currents) and enter the subtropical gyre southward, forming the NPIW? These questions have been addressed recently. This article provides an update.The previously conjectured pathway (a path of NPIW's source water en route to the subtropical gyre from the formation region, the Okhotsk Sea) was a shortcut directly from the western subpolar gyre into the subtropical gyre. Such a pathway required an isopycnal (along a constant density surface) salinity minimum that is not found immediately south of the SATFZ in the northwestern subtropical gyre.
Graphical user interface for interactive seismic ray tracing
Authors: Song Jianli , Brink Uri Ten 
Published: October 2006

RayGUI 2.0 is a new version of RayGUI,a graphical user interface (GUI) to the seismic travel time modeling program of Zelt and Smith [1992]. It represents a significant improvement over the previous version of RayGUI (RayGUI 1.04; Loss et al. [1998a, 1998b]).RayGUI 2.0 uses an updated Java version (1.3), and can run on various operating systems (UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X). Several new functions have been incorporated, including executing the forward and inversion codes of Zelt and Smith [1992], creating models or adding new parts of models from an ASCII file, graphically adding layers or points, graphically pinching layers, changing the velocity value of a control point, reporting point location and velocity importing travel‐time lists, generating postscript files, exporting the velocity model into an ASCII file, generating 1‐D velocity profiles at specified locations, calculating rootmean‐square errors between observed and calculated arrivals for selected phases, and accessing the ray trace log, as well as several other new display features.
Landslide surveillance: New tools for an old problem
Authors: Chadwick J. , Thackray G. , Dorsch S. , Glenn N. 
Published: October 2006

Landslides are one of the most widespread geological hazards on Earth, responsible for hundreds of deaths and billions of dollars in property damage per year. Landslides commonly occur with other natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods) and leave the landscape prone to sedimentation, erosion, and further mass wasting.Remote sensing, the Global Positioning System (GPS),and geographic information systems (GIS) are now mature technologies that can be used to monitor landslides and landslideprone areas with greater accuracy than could be accomplished previously with field reconnaissance alone.
Impact of atmospheric infrared sounder observations on weather forecasts
Authors: Le Marshall J. , Jung J. , Derber J. , Treadon R. , Lord S. J. , Goldberg M. , Wolf W. , Liu H. C. , Joiner J. , Woollen J. , Todling R. , Gelaro R. 
Published: October 2006

Experimental weather forecasts at the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiance observations indicate significant improvements in global forecast skill compared with the operational system without AIRS data. The improvement in forecast skill at six days is equivalent to gaining an extension of forecast capability of several hours.This magnitude of improvement is quite significant when compared with the rate of general forecast improvement over the last decade. A several hour increase in forecast range at five or six days normally takes several years to achieve at operational weather centers.
Preparedness and mitigation systems for Asian tsunami‐type hazards
Authors: Aswathanarayana U. 
Published: October 2006

The devastating impact of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (also known as the Asian tsunami) on coastal communities has been widely reported in the media. The tsunami has so traumatized the public that governments are under pressure to spend vast amounts of money for warning and protective measures against the tsunamis. It should not, however, be forgotten that tsunamis are comparatively rare events, and consequently the expenditure on preparedness should be commensurate with the probability of risk.It is safe to state that the probability of an equally powerful tsunami being triggered at around the same location in the next few decades is low (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6759529/site/newsweek/), for two reasons: (1) The repeat time for Sumatran‐type subduction zone earthquakes is typically 200–300 years; and (2) the tsunami of 26 December was rendered so powerful because of the sudden release of the stress energy that accumulated over a long period of time in the area. This does not, however, preclude less powerful tsunamis from being set off in the future at this or other locations in the Sumatran belt.
Linking the scales of observation, process, and modeling of dust emissions
Authors: Kohfeld K. E. , Reynolds R. L. , Pelletier J. D. , Nickling B. 
Published: October 2006

Each year, approximately four billion tons of dust are mobilized from dry landscapes and remain in the atmosphere from hours to weeks before being deposited. These large atmospheric dust loadings directly affect atmospheric dynamics and global climate [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001], human health [Plumlee and Ziegler, 2003], and soil fertility, and also influence ecosystem dynamics in ocean basins.Although some progress has been made in quantifying feedbacks (see Figure 1 on the Eos Electronic Supplement at http:www. agu. org/eos_elec/000931e.html) in the atmospheric dust cycle, the critical factors controlling the entrainment and transport of dust at differing spatial and temporal scales remain poorly quantified.
High risk of tsunami in the northern Caribbean
Authors: Grindlay Nancy R. , Hearne Meghan , Mann Paul 
Published: October 2006

The magnitude Mw = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004 claimed the lives of an estimated 300,000 people living in coastal areas of seven different countries around the Indian Ocean. This event raised the question of whether similar far‐traveled tsunamis generated by plate boundary faulting could affect the estimated 150 million people living in coastal areas of the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Aside from the Pacific plate margin of North America, the North America‐Caribbean plate boundary is the closest (∼2000 km) active plate boundary to coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico and the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. Researchers also have proposed that other possible tsunami‐generating sources that could affect coastal areas of the United States include slumping of the shelf margin along the Virginia‐North Carolina margin [Driscoll et al., 2000] and slumping of volcanic edifices in the Canary Islands [Ward and Day, 2001].
Northern Adriatic response to a wintertime bora wind event
Authors: Lee Craig M. , Askari Farid , Book Jeff , Carniel Sandro , Cushman‐Roisin Benoit , Dorman Clive , Doyle James , Flament Pierre , Harris Courtney K. , Jones Burton H. , Kuzmic Milivoj , Martin Paul , Ogston Andrea , Orlic Mirko , Perkins Henry , Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Pullen Julie , Russo Aniello , Sherwood Christopher , Signell Richard P. , Thaler Dietmar 
Published: October 2006

During winters, the northern Adriatic Sea experiences frequent, intense cold‐air outbreaks that drive oceanic heat loss and imprint complex but predictable patterns in the underlying waters. This strong, reliable forcing makes this region an excellent laboratory for observational and numerical investigations of air‐sea interaction, sediment and biological transport, and mesoscale wind‐driven flow.Narrow sea surface wind jets, commonly known as “bora,” occur when cold, dry air spills through gaps in the Dinaric Alps (the mountain range situated along the Adriatic's eastern shore). Horizontal variations in these winds drive a mosaic of oceanic cyclonic and anticyclonic cells that draw coastal waters far into the middle basin. The winds also drive intense cooling and overturning, producing a sharp front between dense, vertically homogenous waters (North Adriatic Dense Water, or NAdDW) in the north and the lighter (colder, fresher), stratified waters of the Po River plume. Once subducted at the front, the NAdDW flows southward in a narrow vein following the isobaths (contours of constant depth) of the Italian coast. In addition to governing the basin's general circulation, these processes also influence sediment transport and modulate biological and optical variability
Three‐dimensional model for the crust and upper mantle in the Barents Sea region
Authors: Bungum H. , Ritzman O. , Maercklin N. , Faleide J.‐I. , Mooney W. D. , Detweiler S. T. 
Published: October 2006

The Barents Sea and its surroundings is an epicontinental region which previously has been difficult to access, partly because of its remote Arctic location (Figure 1) and partly because the region has been politically sensitive. Now, however, this region, and in particular its western parts, has been very well surveyed with a variety of geophysical studies, motivated in part by exploration for hydrocarbon resources. Since this region is interesting geophysically as well as for seismic verification, a major study [Bungum et al., 2004] was initiated in 2003 to develop a three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic velocity model for the crust and upper mantle, using a grid density of 50 km.This study, in cooperation between NORSAR, the University of Oslo (UiO),and the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS), has led to the construction of a higher‐resolution, regional lithospheric model based on a comprehensive compilation of available seismological and geophysical data. Following the methodology employed in making the global crustal model CRUST5.1 [Mooney et al., 1998], the new model consists of five crustal layers: soft and hard sediments, and crystalline upper, middle, and lower crust. Both P‐ and S‐wave velocities and densities are specified in each layer. In addition, the density and seismic velocity structure of the uppermost mantle, essential for Pn and Sn travel time modeling, are included.
IRIS Seismology Program marks 20 years of discovery
Authors: Aster R. , Beaudoin B. , Hole J. , Fouch M. , Fowler J. , James D. 
Published: October 2006

The year 2004 marked the twentieth anniversary of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Consortium and its four core programs: the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL), the Global Seismic Network (GSN), Education and Outreach (E&O),and the Data Management System (DMS).IRIS activities (www.iris.edu) are supported principally through the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Earth Sciences Instrumentation and Facilities Program, and through the community efforts of IRIS's more than 150 member institutions in the United States and abroad. The consortium provides fundamental capabilities for the exploration of the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data. PASSCAL is the IRIS facility program dedicated to seismographic data collection associated with temporary deployments using highly portable instrumentation.
Global‐scale drought caused atmospheric CO2 increase
Authors: Knorr Wolfgang , Scholze Marko , Gobron Nadine , Pinty Bernard , Kaminski Thomas 
Published: October 2006

Identifying the mechanisms driving interannual fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide is necessary for predicting future CO2 concentrations and climate change [Prentice et al., 2001]. A possible clue comes from a well‐established positive correlation between atmospheric CO2 growth rates and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon [Keeling et al., 1989; Bousquet et al., 2000]. Most tropical droughts are also linked to El Niño [Lyon, 2004], suggesting carbon losses from drought as a major cause for interannual CO2 variations.A lag correlation between 7‐month running means (see Figure 1) of monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations [Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project, 2004] and Niño 3 sea surface temperatures (available at http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/data/indices/) for the period 1979–2003 peaks at a lag of four months with a correlation of 0.49, and a significance level above 99.9% (assuming 42 independent measurements).
A strategy to rapidly determine the magnitude of great earthquakes
Authors: Menke William , Levin Vadim 
Published: October 2006

In the initial hours following the origin of the Sumatra‐Andaman Islands earthquake at 0058:53 GMT on 26 December 2004, the event was widely reported as having a magnitude of about 8. Thus, its potential for generating a damaging teletsunami (ocean‐crossing tsunami) was considered minimal.The event's size later was shown to be approximately 10 times larger, but only after more than four and a half hours had passed, when a moment estimate based on 2.5 hours of data became available from Harvard University's Centroid‐Moment Tensor (CMT) Project (M.Netties and G. Ekstrom, Quick CMT of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman Islands earthquake, Seismoware FID: BR345, e‐mailed announcement, 26 December 2004). This estimate placed its magnitude at Mw ≈9.0, in the range capable of generating a damaging teletsunami. Actually, the earthquake had caused a teletsunami, one that by that time had already killed more than a hundred thousand people. The magnitude estimate has been subsequently revised to at least 9.3 (Stein and Okal, http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/∼seth/research/sumatra.html), with the exact magnitude of the event likely to be a subject of further research in the coming years.
Exploring subglacial Antarctic lake environments
Authors: Priscu J. C. , Kennicutt M. C. , Bell R. E. , Bulat S. A. , Ellis‐Evans J. C. , Lukin V. V. , Petit J.‐R. , Powell R. D. , Siegert M. J. , Tabacco I. 
Published: October 2006

While subglacial lakes have been suspected, and speculated about, for more than 50 years, recent analyses of historical and new data have shown that liquid water environments are common beneath the vast Antarctic Ice Sheet. Airborne radar surveys have now documented more than 145 subglacial lakes, the largest being Lake Vostok located 4 km beneath the vast East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Figure 1).The public and scientists alike have been intrigued by the possibility that these environments harbor life in conditions not previously studied on our planet. Planning for the exploration and study of these unique environments has focused international attention on the challenges presented by the way science is conducted in such settings while providing for environmental protection and stewardship. Exploration of subglacial environments will require careful and detailed planning, adoption of environmental protocols, and international cooperation.