bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rendered quality water white coconut oil
Authors: Nuevo C. R. , Santos M. P. , Gonzales A. L. , Birosel D. M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryPractically water white coconut oil prepared by either a physicomechanical (PM) or an improved rural process (RP) is highly stable. It has low (0.03%) free fatty acid content and needs no further purification to attain edible quality, especially when the fresh coconut flavor so desirable in confectioneries is relished. PM oil has better stability than RP because the former contains more of the major phospholipid. The RP oil reported herein is a marked improvement over a related product which American chemists in the Bureau of Science, Manila, found in local use as early as the start of the 20th century.
Isolation of pure linolenate as its mercuric acetate adduct
Authors: White H. B. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter addition of mercuric acetate to the unsaturated methyl esters obtained from the methanolysis of linseed oil, linolenate of 99% minimum purity was isolated by means of a liquid‐liquid continuous extraction technique and subsequent decomposition of the mercurial adduet. The methyl linolenate‐mercuric acetate addition compound was extracted with 10% methanol in water from an ether solution of the reaction mixture. Infrared analysis of the regenerated methyl linolenate showed the complete absence oftrans‐linkages. The yield, at least 60% of the linolenic acid present in linseed oil, was considerably higher than that obtained by bromination‐debromination procedures.The solubility in aqueous solutions of fatty acid derivatives having 3 or more acetoxymer‐euri‐groups/molecule provides an approach to the fractionation of highly unsaturated oils. For example, a fraction having an iodine value of 395 was isolated readily from the methyl esters of pilchard oil by this technique.
Derivatives of jojoba oil as plasticizers for vinyl polymers and Buna‐N rubber
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Pastor H. P. , Hughes J. P. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTen maleinated jojoba oil derivatives were screened as plasticizers in a standard polyvinyl resin formulation and as softeners for Buna‐N rubber. Three of these, the methyl and butyl esters and hydrogenated methyl esters of maleinated jojoba acids, were comparable to the reference standard, DOP, as primary plasticizers for the vinyl resin. Three others were satisfactory only as secondary plasticizers. Six of the derivatives were comparable to the reference softener, dibutyl sebacate, as softeners in a Buna‐N formulation and yielded rubbers meeting the low temperature flexibility requirements (−40°C.) of the automotive industry. Two of the six, those made with the butyl and hydrogenated butyl esters of maleinated jojoba acids, met the still more stringent low‐temperature requirements of the aircraft industry (−55°C.).In general, hydrogenation of a derivative adversely affected its compatibility in either the vinyl copolymer or the Buna‐N formulations.
Chemical investigation of the seeds of brassica oleracea var. acephala
Authors: Kaul V. K. , Banerjee A. , Nigam S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid composition of the seed fat ofBrassica oleracea Var.acephala (Cruciferae) has been determined. Erucic acid has been found to be the major component followed by linoleic, oleic, linolenic, arachidic and palmitic acids. Traces of stearic and eico‐senoic acids have also been detected. The unsaponifiable matter contained β‐sitosterol, and defatted seeds showed the presence of sucrose.
Potentialities of oilseed flours and proteins for replacing black gram components in the texture of leavened foods
Authors: Susheelamma N. S. , Rao M. V. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDefatted peanut and sesame flours in aqueous dispersions exhibit good surface activity ascribable to their protein content and com‐parable to that of black gram. Soy flour possesses twice as much surface activity as the other flours. Contrasted with black gram, foam matrices obtained with these dispersions are unstable to heat and have low viscosities. Addition of viscous polysaccharide stabil‐ized the foam against thermal disruption. Oilseed flours appear to qualify as good alternatives for the surface active component and viscous hydrocolloids such as guar gum or gelatinized starch may be alternatives for the arabinogalactan of black gram. This combination effectively replaces the pulse in imparting the characteristic soft, spongy texture to leavened foods.
The determination of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants in water at the parts per million level
Authors: Crabb N. T. , Persinger H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed to determine the concn of polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactant (PNS) in the parts/million concn range in a water‐bacteria medium. The method has successfully determined the concn of PNS during the course of biodegradation studies using either activated sludge or river water as the bacterial source. The nonionic surfactant was removed from the water solution by continuous ether extraction. Detection and measurement of the PNS was accomplished using cobalt thiocyanate and measuring the absorbance of the blue cobalt‐PNS complex at 620 m.03 in a five‐cm absorption cell. Optimum extraction conditions required a neutral pH and a low ionic strength. The colorimetric step required that each molecule of PNS contain at least six ethylene oxide units for color development, and since the absorbance varies with the length of the polyoxyethylene chain, the method must be standardized using the particular compound under investigation.
Measurement oftrans and other isomeric unsaturated fatty acids in butterand margarine
Authors: Smith L. M. , Dunkley W. L. , Franke A. , Dairiki T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for gas liquid chromatographic determination of cis andtrans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids after fractionation of the saturated, monenoic, dienoic, and polyenoic fatty acid methyl esters by argentation thin layer chromatography. To test its reliability, the procedure was used for quantitative measurement of transisomers of unsaturated fatty acids in a known mixture of simple triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids from 4:0 to 24:0 andcis andtrans isomers of 14:1. 16:1, 18:1, and 18:2. Results of the analyses of five margarine and five butter samples are presented, together with results of infrared spectrophotometric analyses fortrans fatty acid concentrations, ultraviolet spectrophotometric analyses for conjugated fatty acid concentrations, and enzymatic analyses forcis‐cis‐methylene interrupted fatty acid concentrations. The combined argentation thin layer and gas Chromatographic procedure is suitable for determination of the principal fatty acids in complex food lipids such as milk fat.
Removal of phosphorus and iron by commercial degumming of soybean oil
Authors: List G. R. , Evans C. D. , Black L. T. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSamples of crude and water‐degummed soybean oils were obtained from five commercial processors. period of at least 2 weeks between samples. The crude and degummed oils were analyzed for iron and phosphorus content. Phosphorus removal within each processing plant was consistent, but between plants removal varied from a low of 79% to a high of 95%. Removal of iron compounds during commercial degumming varied from a low of 14% to a high of 57%. Significance of these results in steam‐refining operations are discussed.
Oil and water analysis of sunflower seed by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Barton F. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe applicability of NIR for oil and moisture analyses of sunflower seed was determined using a NIR spectrocomputer system. The method was compared with the wide‐line NMR method for oil analysis and with the A.O.C.S. oven method for moisture analysis. The NIR was calibrated with 120 samples for oil (96 for calibration, 24 for prediction) and 63 samples for moisture (55 for calibration, 8 for prediction). Twenty‐two sunflower seed samples were analyzed for oil and moisture by NIR and by methods used by industry. The oil contents of the samples by NMR and NIR were not significantly different. The overall mean oil contents and mean of the standard deviations for the samples were: NMR, 44.2%±0.35% and NIR, 44.34%±0.74%. A significant difference was found between the moisture values obtained by the oven‐drying method and NIR. The average standard deviation for moisture by NIR was 0.57% compared with 0.07% for the oven‐drying method. The variability of the oil content in one of the commercial seed samples was 1.52% oil as determined by NMR and 2.52% as determined by NIR. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.
Phospholipids plus tocopherols increase soybean oil stability
Authors: Hildebrand D. H. , Terao J. , Kito M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe phospholipids (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were purified from commercial soybean lecithin by silicic acid chromatography and preparative silica gel thin layer chromatography (TLC). Purified phosphatidylinositol (PI) was obtained commercially. Phosphatidic acid (PA) was made from PC by phospholipase D action and purified by preparative TLC. Commercial soybean tocopherols (TOC) were further purified in a florisil column. Combinations of PL and TOC were added to commercially refined, unhydrogenated soybean oil to determine the effects and interaction of PL and TOC on soybean‐oil stability. Oil stability was determined by measuring the time in days of oil samples incubated at 110C to reach a peroxide value of 100 meq/kg. Additions of TOC and all PL except PA increased the stability of the oil. PI and PE appear to be more effective than PC in increasing oil stability. The effect of the PL was not simply a matter of pro‐oxidant metal inactivation, but rather appeared to extend the effectiveness of the TOC in free‐radical termination.
Thermal isomerization of jojoba wax
Authors: Galun Arjeh B. , Shaubi Eleonora 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJojoba wax was thermally isomerized over a range of temperatures. The equilibrium constant and the rates ofcis‐trans andtrans‐cis conversions were measured. Activation energy (∼ 24 kcal/m) and enthalpy were calculated.
The fatty acid composition of gymnospermae seed and leaf oils
Authors: Vickery J. R. , Whitfield F. B. , Ford G. L. , Kennett B. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOf 12 Gymnospermae seed and leaf oils, only 2 contained cyclopropene fatty acids. All‐cis 5, 11, 14, 17‐eicosatetraenoic acid occurred in concentrations up to 11.9% in 6 seed oils, and up to 61% in 2 leaf oils. The structure of this acid, as its methyl ester, was established by the combination of physical (UV, IR,1H‐ and13C‐NMR and mass spectra) and chemical techniques. Arachidonic acid also occurred in 2 seed oils.
Gas chromatographic separation of long‐chain fatty nitriles and long‐chain acid amides
Authors: Wang C. N. , Metcalfe L. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the chromatographic separation of long‐chain fatty nitriles and long‐chain acid amides on a cyanopropyl silicone column. We found that better separations were obtained for these compounds using a cyano column than with any column previously reported.
A new continuous solvent extractor for oleaginous substances
Authors: Smith Charles T. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe design of a new continuous extractor for oleaginous substances has been described. Various details of the design have been pointed out, which indicate that the extractor may be applied to a wide range of operating conditions. Typical engineering data on solution retention by solids have been included, and their application to the design of the extractor has been indicated.
A study of some of the properties of silver soaps
Authors: Cheremisinoff Paul N. 
Published: July 2007

Summary
Silver soaps of several commercially available fatty acids, with varying percentages of different components acids, have been prepared.
Properties: oxide, water soluble matter, acetone soluble matter and thermal contraction or softening points. Appearance of these silver cups is reported.
Gelling characteristics of each of the soaps in xylene are reported.
Newborn screening in North America
Authors: Therrell Bradford L. , Adams John 
Published: July 2007

SummaryNewborn screening in North America dates to the early work of Bob Guthrie in the USA. Screening programmes in both the USA and Canada began in the early 1960s, with documented programmes in both countries as early as 1962. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, many of the screening tests that later became part of routine screening around the world were developed in US and Canadian laboratories, including tests for phenylketonuria, other inborn errors of metabolism, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and haemoglobinopathies. An automated punching machine developed in the USA facilitated screening expansion by significantly reducing sample preparation time and effort. US and Canadian programmes were leaders in applying computerized data management to newborn screening in the 1980s. In the 1990s, DNA and tandem mass spectrometry testing protocols were developed in the USA and applied to newborn screening. US programmes have continually expanded over time, while most Canadian programmes have not. With impetus from private laboratories and professional and consumer groups, many US programmes now screen for more than 50 conditions and there is increased expansion activity in Canada. NBS research in the USA is focused on improving system efficiency and translating other genetic testing to NBS, particularly where new technologies and treatment therapies exist. Although national newborn screening policies do not exist in either Canada or the USA, there are intense efforts to provide uniform access to screening nationwide in both countries. New partnerships between health professionals, consumers and politicians are benefiting the overall screening systems in both countries.
Genetically modified rules: the awkward rule–exception–right distinction inEC–Biotech
Authors: BROUDE TOMER 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe arcane distinction between ‘rules’, ‘exceptions’, and ‘autonomous rights’ has troubled WTO dispute settlement since its earliest days, primarily with respect to procedural burden-of-proof questions. Yet in its report, theEC–Biotechpanel relied on a techno-textual understanding of this distinction to interpret the substantive applicability of Articles 2.2, 5.1, and 5.7 SPS – the WTO’s fundamental rules on the degree of scientific certainty of risk required to allow a state to restrict imports of goods due to human, animal, or plant health or life concerns. This article critiques the panel’s approach on the backdrop of WTO jurisprudence and deontic logic, arguing that the norm-category of ‘autonomous rights’ does not actually exist; that the Article 2.2–5.1/5.7 SPS relationship should be more straightforwardly construed than the panel’s analysis would suggest; and that the disorderly and incoherent outcome of the panel’s analysis serves as a cautionary tale against excessive textualism in WTO dispute settlement.
Post-normal science in the multilateral trading system: social science expertise and theEC–BiotechPanel
Authors: FOOTER MARY E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe recentEC–Biotechcase highlights the emerging regulatory divide between WTO Members and reveals a deepening crisis over issues of science and governance in the world trading system. This article focuses on the potential role that social science expertise might play as an analytical tool in understanding trade disputes involving scientific expertise relating to matters of risk assessment and polycentric decision-making. Particular consideration is given to the paradigm of ‘post-normal’ science, which pertains in situations where competent national authorities have to frame and implement policies before all the (scientific) facts are known. As theamicus curiaebrief by a group of five social scientists before theEC–BiotechPanel demonstrates, where there is a high degree of scientific uncertainty, as in the case of GM products, post-normal science can offer a valuable means of framing the dispute in a broader societal context than the sound science approach, which is used to assess health, safety, and environmental risks under the SPS Agreement.
Studies on glycoproteins in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum — lectin binding properties and the possible carbohydrate‐protein linkage
Authors: Ramasamy R 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeveral glycoproteins of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum are shown to bind to the lectins concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, Rieinus communis 120 lectin and Bandeirea simplicifolia lectin. There was reduced binding of [125I]‐concanavalin A to several red blood cell glycoproteins, including the anion transport protein, in parasitised cells. The carbohydrates of parasite glycoproteins are not typical N‐linked oligosaccharides since the enzyme pepiide: N‐glyconase F fails to cleave them. In contrast, many of the parasite glycoproteins are labelled with [3H]‐myristic acid consistent with a possible linkage of carbohydrate to a membrane anchoring phospholipid.
Effects of therapy with azathioprine and prednisolone and ultraviolet irradiation on mouse skin immune function and immune cell markers
Authors: Kelly Graham E , Scheibner Adrianna , Sheil AG Ross 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effects of ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) (290–400 nm) and/or systemic immunosuppressive drug therapy (azathioprine and prednisolone) on the immunocompetence of the skin of hairless (HRA/Skh‐1) mice were investigated. Mice were studied for the density of ATPase+, la + and Thyl·2+ cells in the dorsal epidermis and contact hypersensitivity (CH) of skin to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Prednisolone therapy alone and UVI alone each reduced the densities of the three skin immune cell markers and CH responsiveness; azathioprine therapy alone had no such effects. When a suberythemal dose of UVI that Induced a moderately depressive effect on these two skin parameters was used, additional azathioprine therapy produced no further depression; additional prednisolone therapy further depressed the densities of ATPase + and Ia + cells and CH responsiveness; additional therapy with combined azathioprine and prednisolone induced profound depression of the incidences of the three immune cell markers and of CH responsiveness. These data point to interaction between azathioprine/prednisolone therapy and UVI in depressing local immune function within skin which may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the sun‐exposed skin of immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients to infective and carcinogenic processes.
Murine Candidiasis. Pathogenesis and host responses in genetically distinct inbred mice
Authors: Ashman RB , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe pathogenesis of Candida albicans infection was compared in three inbred strains of mice—CBA/H; C57B1/6J and BALB/c. CBA/H mice developed the most severe lesions, and also showed the weakest inflammatory responses in the popliteal lymph node after challenge with live organisms in the footpad. Nevertheless, this strain cleared Candida from the spleen more efficiently than either C57BI/6J or BALB/c mice. This apparently excludes a defect in phagocytosis as the basis for the increased susceptibility. The gene(s) determining susceptibility in CBA/H mice are located outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
The follicle‐associated epithelium of the ileal Peyer's patch in ruminants is distinguished by its shedding of 50 nm particles
Authors: Landsverk Thor 
Published: July 2007

SummarySignificant differences were found between the follicle‐associated epithelial cells (FAE) covering the domes of the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches (PP) in calves. Whereas the FAE of the jejunal PP had scattered membraneous (M) cells among absorptive epithelial cells, the FAE of the ileal PP constituted a homogeneous population of cells different from both absorptive cells and M cells. The FAE of the ileal PP had short microvilli or folds, cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles containing acid phosphatase. Fifty nanometer membrane‐bounded panicles were found in lacunae extending from the lateral cell border These particles appeared to have been shed from the FAE. Finger‐like projections, rich in microfilaments, extended into the lacunae. M cells had short, sparse microvilli, many vesicles, few lysosomal structures, and they enfolded groups of mononuclear leucocytes. Transcytosis of macromolecular tracers occurred in both M cells and in the FAE of the ileal PP, though the uplake was greater in the latter. The 50 nm particles were also found between cells in the lymphoid tissue underneath the FAE of the ileal PP, The FAE of PP in pre‐ and post‐naial lambs from 115 days of gestation and onwards, and goal kids, showed similar structural features.
Lymphocyte migration between mutually tolerant parabiotic rats
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymphocytes exchanged rapidly and extensively between mutually tolerant, allogeneic rats following surgical parabiosis. Tolerated allogeneic cells persisted for an extended period in parabiotic partners after separation. A rapid exchange of cells was also observed between parabiosed syngeneic pairs of normal and allograft tolerant rats. This was accompanied by early termination of the tolerant state manifested by skin graft rejection and return of specific lymphocyte alloreactivity.
Complement activation by eggs and microfilariae of filarial parasites
Authors: Rao UR , Chandrashekar R , Subrahmanyam D 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe complement of fresh normal rat serum was activated by filarial eggs and microfilariae (mf). C3 was deposited on the surface of Litomosoides carinii, Brugia pahangi, Brugia malayi and Dipetalonema viteae as seen by immunofluorescence. Intra‐uterine and in vitro‐derived mf did not bind C3. In contrast, C3 bound to the blood‐derived mf of B. pahangi and B. malayi as well as exsheathed mf of L. carinii and B. malayi. Significant consumption of complement was observed with eggs of all filarial species, as well as sheathed mf of B. pahangi, B. malayi and exsheathed mf of L. carinii and B. malayi. These experiments indicated that complement was activated by filarial parasites via the alternative pathway. The bound complement promoted neutrophil‐mediated adherence and cytotoxicity.
Induction of inflammatory responses by endotoxin in the non‐lactating ovine mammary gland
Authors: Colditz IG 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn non‐lactating ewes, intramammary infusion of endotoxin provokes an intense but transient inflammatory response as assessed by mammary lavage. The variability of the method for sampling the leucocytes in mammary secretions was examined. Initial lavage with 20 ml pyrogen‐free saline recovered 83·0± 2·8 and 84·4 ± 3·0% of the total leucocyte numbers harvested by three serial washes of quiescent and inflamed glands, respectively. Lavage of glands prior to infusion of endotoxin did not affect the magnitude of the subsequent inflammatory response. Three treatments at 3·5 day intervals with the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, which inhibits the inflammatory response to intramammary infusion of antigen in systemically immunized ewes, did not affect the inflammatory response to endotoxin. However, the variability of the inflammatory response to activated complement was greatly increased in dexamethasone‐treated ewes; this effect was attributed to the induction of lactation which results in loss of sensitivity of the gland to the inflammatory activity of activated complement. The results indicated that the macrophages and lymphocytes which are present in mammary secretions in large numbers, and dexamethasone‐sensitive lymphocytes in the gland, played a trivial role in the induction of inflammatory responses to endotoxin.