bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the functional properties of dietary protein and protein‐rich foods in human energy expenditure
Authors: TAN Sze Yen , TAPSELL Linda , BATTERHAM Marijka , CHARLTON Karen 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFood has a number of functional properties that can support the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure and, theoretically, one of these is the thermic effect of food. Including high‐protein foods in meals may be advantageous in contributing to energy expenditure but, in practice, the evidence needs to relate to specific foods and normal dietary conditions. Using the human whole room calorimeter facility, we conducted three studies to examine the effects of: (i) higher and lower levels of protein on energy expenditure; (ii) high‐protein meals using different foods to deliver the protein; and (iii) omnivorous and vegetarian cuisines in meal tests before and after a period of dietary intervention for weight loss. The meal effect of protein does not appear to differ between foods, and while high‐protein diets might support weight loss, it may be difficult to prove a metabolic cause in the free‐living environment.
International Rugby Board Rugby World Cup 2007 injury surveillance study
Authors: Fuller C W , Laborde F , Leather R J , Molloy M G 
Published: June 2008

Objective:to determine the incidence, nature and causes of injuries sustained during the International Rugby Board (IRB) Rugby World Cup 2007.Design:Pospective, whole-population survey.Population:626 international rugby players representing 20 teams competing at the IRB Rugby World Cup 2007 in France.Methods:The survey followed the international consensus procedures for studies of injuries in rugby union; the main outcome measures were incidence of match and training injuries (number of injuries/1000 player hours), severity (days absence), location, type and cause of injury.Results:the incidence of injuries was 83.9/1000 player-match hours (forwards 84.0; backs 83.7) and 3.5/1000 player-training hours (forwards 3.5; backs 3.6). The average severity of injuries was 14.7 days (forwards 14.0; backs 15.5) during matches and 17.8 (forwards 15.9; backs 19.8) during training. Lower limb muscle and ligament injuries were the main injuries during both matches and training. Most injuries were sustained in the tackle during matches and in full-contact skills activities during training.Conclusions:This study shows the application of the methodology described in the international consensus statement on injury surveillance studies in rugby union and provides benchmark values for the incidence, severity, nature and causes of match and training injuries sustained during the IRB Rugby World Cup.
Advances in Heroin Addiction Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review of Recent Chinese Language Journals
Authors: Jordan James B. , Tu Xiang 
Published: June 2008

The aim of this review is to critically examine the clinical trial research on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as an intervention in treating heroin addiction in People's Republic of China. This review examines Chinese-language-only publications for the patent medicines: Shenfu Tuodu, Fukang Pian, and Shifu Sheng. Other compound medicines will be reviewed in future publications. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in Western and Chinese databases. Most trials were excluded because they did not declare randomization and had poor methodology or reporting. The majority of clinical evidence in the random controlled trials demonstrates good evidence for TCM patent medicines in heroin addiction treatment. When compared to typical Western medications, TCMs demonstrate fewer side-effects, in addition to equal measures of treatment efficacy and safety.
A CASE STUDY ON FMEA APPLICATIONS TO SYSTEM RELIABILITY STUDIES
Authors: PUTCHA CHANDRA S. , KALIA PRINCE , PIZZANO FRANK , HOSKINS GORDON , NEWTON COY , KAMDAR KUNAL J. 
Published: June 2008

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) has been used quite extensively in aerospace industry for several years to establish hardware criticality. Determination of software reliability is equally important. There are several methods for determining software reliability. One methods for performing software reliability is the software FMEA. This paper discusses the application of principles to FMEA. A typical Tank pressurant is considered as an illustrative example. The tank pressurant system consists of three sets of solenoid valves (each set consists of a pair of valves), three pressure transducers, a vent valve, a heat exchanger and helium cold pressure bottles. Each set of solenoid valves consist of two solenoid valves connected in series. For the system to function properly, certain conditions have to be met. These are discussed in detail later in this paper. Based on the information provided from NASA, it is concluded that FMEA has to be capable of determining the software failure modes, effects and criticality as well as the hardware failure modes effects and criticality which includes the pressure transducers, solenoid valves, vent valve, heat exchanger and helium cold pressure bottles. The paper will discuss both the hardware and software FMEA application in detail.
The Political Culture of Kwun Tong: A Chinese Community in Hong Kong
Authors: King Ambrose Yeo-chi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis is a study of political culture of Kwun Tong, a fast-developing industrial community of Hong Kong. Employing a set of concepts developed by sociologists and political scientists, it is attempted to give a systematic explanation of data, thereby throwing some lights on the understanding of people's attitudes and orientations towards politics. This study can provide us with a theoretical and empirical base, be preliminary as it may, to probe into the nature of the political system of the Colony. In analyzing the data bearing on the political culture of the Hong Kong community, empirical findings of other societies are utilized in order to give it a comparative perspective. Furthermore, the Chinese traditional political-cultural value systems have been used as a point of reference, thus showing the continuity and discontinuity of the Chinese political culture of Kwun Tong under investigation Before embarking on analyzing the data directly, a brief articulation of the theoretical framework is in order.
Ethnic Patterns of Urbanization in Peninsular Malaysia, 1947-1970
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Suan-Pow Yeoh 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNotwithstanding the popular nostalgia for the good life in small towns and rural villages, there is a sound rational base for the secular drift from country to town during the last century throughout the world, in countries large and small, rich and poor. In almost every situation, it is clear that those in urban areas have greater access to educational institutions, are exposed to more diverse employment opportunities, and receive higher incomes than rural residents. These differences in economic opportunities and rewards are generally apparent to all. And so inherent in the process of urbanization and the consequent widening of rural-urban disparities is the potential for increased tension with the prevailing distribution system. Rural people, traditionally distrustful of cities, often interpret the growing socioeconomic gap as exploitative in character and pressure political and economic institutions for redress. Yet, most urbanites do not feel advantaged as they compare their plight to more successful urban residents, not to the disadvantaged rural population. In spite of these tensions rural-urban divisions only rarely become the dominant political groupings in a society. Rural to urban migration provides an individual alternative to collective political organization, and governments are often successful in using symbolic politics to allay rural discontent. Yet when rural-urban inequities reinforce other societal divisions such as ethnic groups, the potential for public protest and governmental initiatives is heightened. Such is the case in the plural society of Peninsular Malaysia where the largely rural Malay community is disadvantaged relative to the more urbanized Chinese and Indian minorities. And since the political base of the government is heavily dependent upon rural Malay support, recent public policies are intended to minimize socioeconomic disparities across ethnic communities. One strategy is to increase the proportional representation of Malays in towns and cities. In this paper we review the empirical trends in ethnic patterns of urbanization from 1947 to 1970, prior to advent of explicit public policies to eliminate ethnic inequalities in residence and in socioeconomic rewards.' These trends are interpreted in light of the intent of current government policies.
Managing the Stigma of Outlaw Breeds: A Case Study of Pit Bull Owners
Authors: Patronek Gary , Twining Hillary , Arluke Arnold 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEthnographic interviews were conducted with 28 pit bull "owners" to explore the sociological experience of having a dog with a negative image. Results indicate that the vast majority of respondents felt that these dogs were stigmatized because of their breed. Respondents made this conclusion because friends, family, and strangers were apprehensive in the presence of their dogs and because they made accusations about the breed's viciousness and lack of predictability. In the face of this stigma, respondents resorted to using a variety of interactional strategies to lessen the impact of this perception or prevent it from occurring. These strategies included passing their dogs as breeds other than pit bulls, denying that their behavior is biologically determined, debunking adverse media coverage, using humor, emphasizing counter-stereotypical behavior, avoiding stereotypical equipment or accessories, taking preventive measures, or becoming breed ambassadors.
Electronically Available Surveys of Attitudes Toward Animals
Authors: Dorr Lorna B. , Herzogl Harold A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMuch of the research on attitudes toward non-human species has been conducted with non-representative samples. Largely ignored in the literature on human/animal interactions are surveys conducted by commercial polling organizations using large probability samples of Americans. Many of these surveys contain information relevant to attitudes about animals and animal welfare issues. This information is available to researchers electronically at little or no cost through organizations such as the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research and the National Opinion Research Center.
A Pedagogics in Wonder
Authors: Heidegger Martin , Guerrière Daniel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAfter the Introduction (pp. 1-22), the course falls into two parts, "Meditation on the dictum [μΕ\έτα τò πâv]-the difference between beings and Being" (pp. 23-93), and "The originary utterance of Being in the fragmentary saying of Anaximander" (pp. 94-123). The Introduction, each chapter of Part One, and the first subdivision of Part Two ends with a "recapitulation'; here only the last will be treated separately.
The Constitution of the Alter Ego in Husserl's Transcendental Phenomenology
Authors: Viscardi-Murray Lorraine 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper explores Husserl's phenomenological description of the constitution of the alter ego within the sphere of transcendental subjectivity. It is important at the start to point out that the Other plays a crucial role in securing the intersubjective nature of the experienced world. Although Husserl goes on in the "Fifth Cartesian Meditation" to consider the constitution of an objective world common to all subjects and the establishment of a community of monads, my primary focus in this paper will be the examination of the initial steps whereby the sense, "other ego," is constituted by the transcendental ego. My main task, then, will be to examine the reduction to the sphere of ownness, the appresentative transfer of sense from ego to alter ego, and the criterion of harmonious behavior. My primary criticisms will center around certain difficulties inherent in the attempt to uncover a primordial sphere of ownness and problems that arise from a shift in concern from the life-world (everyday) attitude to the attitude following the performance of the epoché. Part I of the paper will consist of a general discussion of Husserl's phenomenological project, Part II will be a detailed study of the alter ego, and Part III a general statement of problems and objections.
Lived Body and Environment
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMerleau-Ponty developed a phenomenology of the body that promoted a non-dualistic account of human existence. In this paper I intend to develop Merleau-Ponty's analysis further by questioning his account of the body on the issues of body perception, and the body's relation to its environment. To clarify these issues I draw from both the phenomenological tradition and recent psychological investigations.
Derrida, a Kind of Philosopher: A Discussion of Recent Literature
Authors: Caputo John D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRodolphe Gasché, The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. 348 pp. Irene E. Harvey, Derrida and the Economy of Différance. Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. xv & 285 pp. John Llewelyn, Derrida on the Threshold of Sense. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. xiii & 137 pp.
Urbanization Impacts on the Climate in Europe: Numerical Experiments by the PSU–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)
Authors: Trusilova K. , Jung M. , Churkina G. , Karstens U. , Heimann M. , Claussen M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of urban land on the climate in Europe on local and regional scales. Effects of urban land cover on the climate are isolated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) with a modified land surface scheme based on the Town Energy Budget model. Two model scenarios represent responses of climate to different states of urbanization in Europe: 1) no urban areas and 2) urban land in the actual state in the beginning of the twenty-first century. By comparing the simulations of these contrasting scenarios, spatial differences in near-surface temperature and precipitation are quantified. Simulated near-surface temperatures and an urban heat island for January and July over a period of 6 yr (2000–05) agree well with corresponding measurements at selected urban areas. The conversion of rural to urban land results in statistically significant changes to precipitation and near-surface temperature over areas of the land cover perturbations. The diurnal temperature range in urbanized regions was reduced on average by 1.26° ± 0.71°C in summer and by 0.73° ± 00.54°C in winter. Inclusion of urban areas results in an increase of urban precipitation in winter (0.09 ± 00.16 mm day−1) and a precipitation reduction in summer (−0.05 ± 0.22 mm day−1).
Effects of Moisture Released during Forest Burning on Fog Formation and Implications for Visibility
Authors: Achtemeier Gary L. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Smoke from wildland burning in association with fog has been implicated as a visibility hazard over roadways in the United States. Visibilities at accident sites have been estimated in the range from 1 to 3 m (extinction coefficients between 1000 and 4000). Temperature and relative humidity measurements were taken from 29 “smokes” during 2002 and 2003. These data were converted to a measure of the mass of water vapor present to the mass of dry air containing the vapor (smoke mixing ratio). Smoke temperatures were processed through a simple radiation model before smokes were mixed with ambient air with temperature and moisture observed during the early morning on the days following the burns. Calculations show supersaturations implying liquid water contents (LWC) up to 17 times as large as LWC found in natural fog. Simple models combining fog droplet number density, droplet size, and LWC show that the supersaturation LWC of smokes is capable of reducing visibility to the ranges observed.
Impacts of a New Solar Radiation Parameterization on the CPTEC AGCM Climatological Features
Authors: Barbosa H. M. J. , Tarasova T. A. , Cavalcanti I. F. A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The impacts of improved atmospheric absorption on radiative fluxes, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle for long-term GCM integrations are investigated. For these runs the operational version of the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) AGCM and its enhanced version with a new solar radiation scheme are used. There is an 8% increase in the annual mean global average atmospheric absorption in the enhanced integration as compared with the operational model integration. The extra absorption is due to gases (0.5%), the water vapor continuum (1.5%), and background aerosols (6%), which were not considered in the operational solar radiation scheme. Under clear-sky conditions the enhanced model atmospheric absorption is in agreement with observations to within ±3 W m−2, while for all-sky conditions the remaining errors are related to unaccounted-for cloud absorption. There is a general warm-up of the atmosphere in the enhanced model with temperatures increasing up to ∼3 K in the troposphere and ∼5–8 K in the stratosphere, bringing the model closer to the reference values. The intensities of the tropospheric jets are reduced by 7%–8%, while that of the polar night stratospheric jet is increased by 5%–10%, reducing the model systematic error. The reduced availability of latent energy for the saturated convective processes weakens the meridional circulation and slows down the hydrological cycle. The model overestimation of December–February precipitation over the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) is reduced by 0.5–1.0 mm day−1, and that over the Northern Hemisphere storm-tracks region is reduced by 0.5 mm day−1. On a monthly time scale, the changes in the precipitation distribution over the SACZ are found to be much larger, ±2–3 mm day−1.
Effects of Regional Warming due to Urbanization on Daytime Local Circulations in a Complex Basin of the Daegu Metropolitan Area, Korea
Authors: Lee Soon-Hwan , Kim Hae-Dong 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Numerical and observational analyses were conducted using realistic and historical three-set land-use data over 40 yr from 1963 to 2002 to evaluate regional warming in the Daegu metropolitan area due to dramatic land-use alterations in the basin area and to quantitatively estimate the influence of nonuniform regional warming on complex local circulation. The results are as follows: (a) The daily mean temperature in the Daegu metropolitan area increased by 1.5 K over 40 yr, and the increase was higher than that of the mean temperature on the Korean Peninsula. (b) A simulated surface wind pattern in 2002 agreed well with the observed data. The rapid urbanization of the Daegu metropolitan area has had a large influence on the local circulation outside of the area. (c) Because of the variation in heat and momentum transfer due to land-use alteration, the prevailing wind has also changed in the central basin in the Daegu metropolitan area. The spatial distribution of the temperature change is very similar to the changes in the wind. (d) The two-dimensional mixed-height theory was applied to local circulations. By this theory, regional warming that occurs as a result of land-use alteration determines a higher critical height, which serves as an index for estimating the mixing intensity induced by a surface sensible heat flux. According to the observational data, this index can be used to quantitatively estimate regional warming in complex terrain.
Fatigue, depression and progression in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Koch M , Uyttenboogaart M , van Harten A , Heerings M , De Keyser J 
Published: June 2008

Objective To investigate the effect of fatigue and depression on disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), and the long-term prognosis of these symptoms. Methods 228 patients with MS were investigated for fatigue and depression with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). These patients regularly attended the MS clinic, where disability scores and the development of secondary progression were monitored. After 10 years, the 149 patients remaining from the original cohort were asked to participate in a repeat assessment of fatigue and depression and 96 (64%) could be re-evaluated. In relapsing–remitting patients, the influence of baseline fatigue and depression on the risk of secondary progression during the following 10 years was assessed with survival analyses. In the whole patient group, we investigated the influence of baseline fatigue and depression on progression of disability at 10 years. We also investigated differences in fatigue, depression and disability scores between baseline and 10 years. Results Fatigue and depression at baseline did not predict the development of secondary progression or progression of disability. Most patients who were fatigued or depressed at baseline remained so at 10 years, and the majority of patients not experiencing these symptoms remained free of them. FSS and CES-D scores were not significantly different between baseline and 10 years, while disability scores significantly increased. Conclusion Our data suggest that fatigue and depression in MS are unrelated to disease progression in MS. Fatigue and depression tend to persist at roughly the same levels over time.
Attitudes of Post-menopausal Women to Transvaginal Ultrasound
Authors: Al Inizi Shamma , Johnson Gerry , Jain Aparna , Thwaini Hadeel , Dillon Bernice , Morris Julie , Hirsch Peter , Onon Toli 
Published: June 2008

Objectives: To assess the attitudes of post-menopausal women having a transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) examination. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey included 100 consecutive post-menopausal women undergoing TVUS for different indications. They were asked to complete two questionnaires, one before and one after the examination. The main outcomes were acceptability of TVUS, anxiety, embarrassment (before and during) and pain/discomfort (during) the examination. Results: The incidence of anxiety prior to TVUS was significantly higher than anxiety during and after (p<0·001). Good rapport, with reassurance from the staff may have reduced anxiety. Pre-examination anxiety (reported by 43% of women) was mostly due to the procedure and fear of results (77%). Post-examination anxiety was due mainly to anticipation of results. Women found TVUS less painful and less embarrassing than they had expected. The majority of women did not have a specific preference regarding the gender of the sonographer or the presence of a chaperone during the examination. All women attending for TVUS found the procedure acceptable and would 'recommend it to friends or family'. Conclusions: Post-menopausal women find TVUS acceptable. Before attending they are anxious about both the procedure and the result. Women can be reassured that TVUS is unlikely to be as painful or embarrassing as they fear. Anxiety about results persists after the examination.