bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing a deep learning model for pulmonary nodule malignancy risk estimation in chest CT with uncertainty estimation
Authors: Peeters Dré , Alves Natália , Venkadesh Kiran V. , Dinnessen Renate , Saghir Zaigham , Scholten Ernst T. , Schaefer-Prokop Cornelia , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Prokop Mathias , Jacobs Colin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effect of uncertainty estimation on the performance of a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm for estimating malignancy risk of pulmonary nodules.

Methods and materials
In this retrospective study, we integrated an uncertainty estimation method into a previously developed DL algorithm for nodule malignancy risk estimation. Uncertainty thresholds were developed using CT data from the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST), containing 883 nodules (65 malignant) collected between 2004 and 2010. We used thresholds on the 90th and 95th percentiles of the uncertainty score distribution to categorize nodules into certain and uncertain groups. External validation was performed on clinical CT data from a tertiary academic center containing 374 nodules (207 malignant) collected between 2004 and 2012. DL performance was measured using area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the full set of nodules, for the certain cases and for the uncertain cases. Additionally, nodule characteristics were compared to identify trends for inducing uncertainty.

Results
The DL algorithm performed significantly worse in the uncertain group compared to the certain group of DLCST (AUC 0.62 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.76) vs 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97); p < .001) and the clinical dataset (AUC 0.62 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.73) vs 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.94); p < .001). The uncertain group included larger benign nodules as well as more part-solid and non-solid nodules than the certain group.

Conclusion
The integrated uncertainty estimation showed excellent performance for identifying uncertain cases in which the DL-based nodule malignancy risk estimation algorithm had significantly worse performance.

Clinical relevance statement
Deep Learning algorithms often lack the ability to gauge and communicate uncertainty. For safe clinical implementation, uncertainty estimation is of pivotal importance to identify cases where the deep learning algorithm harbors doubt in its prediction.

Key Points
• Deep learning (DL) algorithms often lack uncertainty estimation, which potentially reduce the risk of errors and improve safety during clinical adoption of the DL algorithm.
• Uncertainty estimation identifies pulmonary nodules in which the discriminative performance of the DL algorithm is significantly worse.
• Uncertainty estimation can further enhance the benefits of the DL algorithm and improve its safety and trustworthiness.
Response to Seawater Exposure During the Flowering Stage of Two Dune-Building Grasses: Calamagrostis arenaria (L.) Roth and Thinopyrum junceum (L.) Á.Löve
Authors: Cerrato M. D. , Ribas-Serra A. , Mir-Rosselló P. M. , Cortés-Fernández I. , Douthe C. , Cardona C. , Sureda A. , Flexas J. , Gil L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHuman disturbance and seawater intrusion have unpredictable effects on coastal species. Dune systems are crucial coastal habitats because they provide natural front protection against seawater influence. Adult plant stands in dunes are important since they maintain dune structure. This study evaluated salinity stress responses in adult plants of two key dune-building grasses differing in salt tolerance: Thinopyrum junceum (tolerant) and Calamagrostis arenaria (less tolerant). Cultivated plants were exposed to various seawater (SW) dilutions (Tap-Water, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) and gas exchange measurements and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined after two months of treatment. Stress conditions were maintained until flowering to assess effects on the reproductive effort. The reproductive response showed high plasticity at various inflorescence stages in T. junceum, minimizing abortion processes. C. arenaria showed lower plasticity and higher abortion rates. Physiological traits responded similarly to salinity in both species, with greater effect on Fv/Fm decrease and non-photochemical quenching increase for T. junceum. Biochemical patterns of response were also similar, with increasing enzymatic activities at 25% SW treatment, mainly for glutathione reductase and peroxidase (GSH and GPx), and stress damage occurring at 50% and 100% SW treatments for increased malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. These findings provide insight into the salinity tolerance mechanisms of dune-building grasses. Higher salinity tolerance is suggested for T. junceum based on better reproductive effort. Higher juvenile tolerance, faster growth, and plant cycle adjustments are indicated as key traits for higher salinity tolerance of T. junceum in contrast to C. arenaria.
Association between the American Heart Association’s new “Life’s Essential 8” metrics and kidney stone
Authors: Dong Xingmo , Liao Lihua , Wang Yani , Lin Xueqin , Chen Weihua , Luo Huaijing , Yi Yi , Zhong Dewen , Wang Haifeng , Ma Zecong , Liu Yongfei , Liao Ying 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The incidence of kidney stone disease has increased worldwide, resulting in high medical costs and social burden. Kidney stone disease shares some common features with the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We investigated the association between cardiovascular health (CVH) based on the Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) score developed by the American Heart Association and the incidence of kidney stone disease.

Methods
We analyzed the data of 29,469 US adults aged 20 years or above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2018. According to the LE8 score, CVH was divided into three categories: poor, intermediate, and ideal. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between CVH and the incidence of kidney stone disease by estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The average age of the participants was 48.6 years, and 50% of the participants were women. The numbers of participants with poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH were 4149, 19,782, and 5538, respectively. After adjusting for related confounding factors, ideal CVH was associated with a reduction in the odds of kidney stone occurrence as compared to poor CVH (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35–0.57, p < 0.001). Moreover, if the ideal CVH metrics was ≥ 6, the odds of kidney stone occurrence decreased by up to 61% (aOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.30–0.51).

Conclusions
In the present study, ideal CVH, a factor indicative of a healthy lifestyle, was associated with lower odds of kidney stone occurrence.
Intercomparison of initialization methods for seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions with the NorCPM
Authors: Garcia-Oliva Lilian , Counillon François , Bethke Ingo , Keenlyside Noel 
Published: March 2024

AbstractInitialization is essential for accurate seasonal-to-decadal (S2D) climate predictions. The initialization schemes used differ on the component initialized, the Data Assimilation method, or the technique. We compare five popular schemes within NorCPM following the same experimental protocol: reanalysis from 1980 to 2010 and seasonal and decadal predictions initialized from the reanalysis. We compare atmospheric initialization—Newtonian relaxation (nudging)—against ocean initialization—Ensemble Kalman Filter—(ODA). On the atmosphere, we explore the benefit of full-field (NudF-UVT) or anomaly (NudA-UVT) nudging of horizontal winds and temperature (U, V, and T) observations. The scheme NudA-UV nudges horizontal winds to disentangle the role of wind-driven variability. The ODA+NudA-UV scheme is a first attempt at joint initialization of ocean and atmospheric components in NorCPM. During the reanalysis, atmospheric nudging improves the synchronization of the atmosphere and land components with the observed data. Conversely, ODA is more effective at synchronizing the ocean component with observations. The atmospheric nudging schemes are better at reproducing specific events, such as the rapid North Atlantic subpolar gyre shift. An abrupt climatological change using the NudA-UV scheme demonstrates that energy conservation is crucial when only assimilating winds. ODA outperforms atmospheric-initialized versions for S2D global predictions, while atmospheric nudging is preferable for accurately initializing phenomena in specific regions, with the technique’s benefit depending on the prediction’s temporal scale. For instance, atmospheric full-field initialization benefits the tropical Atlantic Niño at 1-month lead time, and atmospheric anomaly initialization benefits longer lead times, reducing hindcast drift. Combining atmosphere and ocean initialization yields sub-optimal results, as sustaining the ensemble’s reliability—required for ODA’s performance—is challenging with atmospheric nudging.
Adolescents’ voices on self-engagement in mental health treatment: a scoping review
Authors: Svamo Nina Therese Øversveen , Haug Sigrid Helene Kjørven , DeMarinis Valerie , Hertzberg Urd 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroduction: According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, adolescents’ involvement in their healthcare is a fundamental right, and self-engagement in mental health treatment is vital for realizing their potential within person-centered care (PCC). Research exists that highlights barriers to involving adolescents in their care decisions. However, research on adolescents’ own voices about self-engagement in mental health treatment has been scarce. This scoping review aimed to examine and summarize current knowledge on adolescents’ voices regarding self-engagement in mental health treatment. Method: The review followed the scoping methodology of Arksey and O’Malley from 2005, updated by Levac and colleagues in 2010, involving five stages: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarizing and reporting the results. Results: Nineteen studies were included. The following themes on adolescents` voices regarding self-engagement in mental health treatment were identified: (1) the therapeutic alliance, (2) the need for active engagement in treatment, (3) different experiences due to time of data collection, (4) treatment context and healthcare system, and (5) adolescent-caregiver interaction. Conclusion: Adolescents’ understanding of self-engagement was multilevel and comprehensive, including individual, contextual and relational factors. A strong therapeutic alliance with healthcare providers, and a need to be actively engaged in treatment were highlighted. To succeed in strengthening PCC in mental healthcare for adolescents, health professionals must take this complex understanding into consideration, as treatment without adolescents` self-engagement may worsen their clinical outcomes. Future research should explore specific PCC interventions and incorporate diverse methodologies in various clinical contexts. Additionally, insights from healthcare providers and caregivers on self-engagement in mental health treatment will complement these findings.
Changes in grassland cover in Europe from 1990 to 2018: trajectories and spatial patterns
Authors: Pazúr Robert , Nováček Jozef , Bürgi Matthias , Kopecká Monika , Lieskovský Juraj , Pazúrová Zuzana , Feranec Ján 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGrasslands are one of the most widespread terrestrial biomes. In Europe, the majority of grasslands depends on human management, and as a result, grassland areas are facing different dynamics and transitions to other land cover types. This study identifies the trajectories in grassland cover in Europe from 1990 to 2018. Using a 1 km × 1 km grid spanning most European countries, we identified increasing, decreasing and mixed development trajectories of grassland cover. For each development trajectory, we selected four representative hotspots and identified the land cover and its changes over different periods. Our results reveal that the decreasing development trajectory occurred on 35% of the aggregated grids with hotspots in Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and the UK. The increasing development trajectory occurred on 20% of the aggregated grids, centred in Central Europe, and the mixed development trajectory occurred on 3% of the aggregated grids. Within the selected hotspots, the development trajectories were linked to transitions among agricultural land cover classes or to transitions with shrubs and urban areas. The development trajectories also indicated strong country-specific differences, suggesting a strong impact of national policies. The generated outcomes of this study can be used to support decision-making on future pathways for grassland habitats on a European scale.
Quantification of Unencapsulated Drug in Target Tissues Demonstrates Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Effects of Liposomal Topotecan (FF-10850)
Authors: Kimura Toshifumi , Okada Ken , Morohashi Yasushi , Kato Yukio , Mori Mikinaga , Kato Hiroshi , Matsumoto Takeshi , Shimoyama Susumu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Quantifying unencapsulated drug concentrations in tissues is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying the efficacy and safety of liposomal drugs; however, the methodology for this has not been fully established. Herein, we aimed to investigate the enhanced therapeutic potential of a pegylated liposomal formulation of topotecan (FF-10850) by analyzing the concentrations of the unencapsulated drug in target tissues, to guide the improvement of its dosing regimen.

Methods
We developed a method for measuring unencapsulated topotecan concentrations in tumor and bone marrow interstitial fluid (BM-ISF) and applied this method to pharmacokinetic assessments. The ratios of the area under the concentration–time curves (AUCs) between tumor and BM-ISF were calculated for total and unencapsulated topotecan. DNA damage and antitumor effects of FF-10850 or non-liposomal topotecan (TPT) were evaluated in an ES-2 mice xenograft model.

Results
FF-10850 exhibited a much larger AUC ratio between tumor and BM-ISF for unencapsulated topotecan (2.96), but not for total topotecan (0.752), than TPT (0.833). FF-10850 promoted milder DNA damage in the bone marrow than TPT; however, FF-10850 and TPT elicited comparable DNA damage in the tumor. These findings highlight the greater tumor exposure to unencapsulated topotecan and lower bone marrow exposure to FF-10850 than TPT. The dosing regimen was successfully improved based on the kinetics of unencapsulated topotecan and DNA damage.

Conclusions
Tissue pharmacokinetics of unencapsulated topotecan elucidated the favorable pharmacological properties of FF-10850. Evaluation of tissue exposure to an unencapsulated drug with appropriate pharmacodynamic markers can be valuable in optimizing liposomal drugs and dosing regimens.
Increased risk of nephrolithiasis: an emerging issue in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Chiarito Mariangela , Lattanzio Crescenza , D’Ascanio Vito , Capalbo Donatella , Cavarzere Paolo , Grandone Anna , Aiello Francesca , Pepe Giorgia , Wasniewska Malgorzata , Zoller Thomas , Salerno Mariacarolina , Faienza Maria Felicia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the incidence of nephrolithiasis in a cohort of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to study if there is an association with the metabolic control of the disease.

Methods
This study was designed as a multicenter 1 year-prospective study involving 52 subjects (35 males) with confirmed molecular diagnosis of CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD). Each patient was evaluated at three different time-points: T0, T1 (+6 months of follow-up), T2 (+12 months of follow up). At each follow up visit, auxological data were collected, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), Δ4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) serum levels, and urinary excretion of creatinine, calcium, oxalate and citrate were assayed. Moreover, a renal ultrasound was performed.

Results
The incidence of nephrolithiasis, assessed by ultrasound was 17.3% at T0, 13.5% at T1 and 11.5% at T2. At T0, one subject showed nephrocalcinosis. In the study population, a statistically significant difference was found for 17-OHP [T0: 11.1 (3.0–25.1) ng/mL; T1: 7.1 (1.8–19.9) ng/mL; T2: 5.9 (2.0–20.0) ng/mL, p < 0.005], and Δ4-androstenedione [T0: 0.9 (0.3–2.5) ng/mL; T1: 0.3 (0.3–1.1) ng/mL; T2: 0.5 (0.3–1.5) ng/mL, p < 0.005] which both decreased over the follow up time. No statistically significant difference among metabolic markers was found in the group of the subjects with nephrolithiasis, even if 17-OHP, DHEAS and Δ4-androstenedione levels showed a tendency towards a reduction from T0 to T2. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to study possible hidden patterns of associations/correlations between variables, and to assess the trend of them during the time. PCA revealed a decrease in the amount of the variables 17-OHP, Δ4-androstenedione, and ACTH that occurred during follow-up, which was also observed in subjects showing nephrolithiasis.

Conclusions
our data demonstrated that children affected with 21-OHD can be at risk of developing nephrolithiasis. Additional studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis and other possible risk factors for this condition, and to establish if regular screening of kidney ultrasound in these patients can be indicated.
Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries combined with SVD-SDAE and support vector quantile regression
Authors: Sun Lin , Huang Xiaojie , Liu Jing , Song Jing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractLithium-ion batteries are important energy storage materials, and the prediction of their remaining useful life has practical importance. Since traditional feature extraction methods depend on parameter settings and have poor adaptability, singular value decomposition was used to extract 15 health indicators from the degradation data of lithium-ion batteries. To eliminate redundancy among the extracted health indicators, Spearman correlation analysis was subsequently used to determine the most appropriate health indicators. On this basis, the selected health indicators were processed by the denoising stack autoencoder, and a fusion health indicator was obtained. Finally, the support vector quantile regression model was used to predict the battery capacity interval by the fusion health indicator. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration battery dataset and Massachusetts Institute of Technology battery dataset were used to verify the validity and generalizability of our proposed model, and our proposed model was compared with the existing four classical prediction models. The experimental results showed that our proposed prediction model had higher prediction accuracy and better robustness than the other models and could effectively improve the prediction effect of the remaining useful life of batteries. The mean value of the root mean square error of the predicted results using our proposed model remained within 1.3%, and the mean value of the coefficient of determination was above 0.97.
Exploring the opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in academia
Authors: Islam Iyolita , Islam Muhammad Nazrul 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe Artificial Intelligence (AI) natural language model ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer), often referred to as ChatGPT-4, has a wide range of possible uses in the fields of research, business, academia, health, and similar fields. This language model can accomplish a number of academic jobs that were previously completed by people, taking a significant amount of time and effort. The purpose of the article is to investigate ChatGPT’s potential opportunities and challenges in academia. To attain this objective, a review of relevant literature and online resources (news, articles, etc.) was carried out. The noticing-collecting-thinking approach was adopted to explore and categorize all observed concerns. The outcome of this study reveals that research, education, personal skill development, and social aspects constitute the four broad perspectives that articulate the opportunities and constraints of ChatGPT in academia. For instance, from the education perspective, ChatGPT can help students have a personalized learning experience. On the other hand, it might provide false information as well as lack the ability to generate responses on its own because those responses depend on training datasets, which may contain errors. Similarly, from the point of view of the personal skill development, this model may impair a person’s capacity for critical thought and content production; while providing reading and writing practice sessions and relevant content, it can improve a person’s language proficiency.
Safe at home? Examining the extension of criminal penalties for marital rape in cross-national context, 1979–2013
Authors: Davis Andrew P. , Johnstonbaugh Morgan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWhile sociologists have focused on the national adoption of public-sphere women’s rights such as the right to vote in elections or participate fully in economic matters, less work has examined the diffusion of private-sphere women’s rights, rights of women in the home. We address this gap by examining the cross-national adoption of laws that criminalize marital rape. Building on prior research that finds that women’s rights organizations and women’s rights focused treaties, we explore the cross-national determinants of the criminalization of marital rape. Using an event history analysis covering 131 countries from 1979 to 2013, we find support for the global institutionalist framework that contends that socialization into the global system and direct advocacy efforts of global organizations contribute to faster rates of criminalization of marital rape. Further, we suggest that these global institutionalist processes become amplified when they are focused by events that set the agenda for international organizations. Implications for world-society scholarship on the global adoption of women’s rights are further discussed.
DISCUSSION: PRESENTATION OF ATMOSPHERIC 14CO2 DATA
Authors: Schwartz Stephen E , Hua Quan , Andrews David E , Keeling Ralph F , Lehman Scott J , Turnbull Jocelyn C , Reimer Paula J , Miller John B , Meijer Harro A J 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACTObservations of radiocarbon (14C) in Earth’s atmosphere and other carbon reservoirs are important to quantify exchanges of CO2 between reservoirs. The amount of 14C is commonly reported in the so-called Delta notation, i.e., Δ14C, the decay- and fractionation-corrected departure of the ratio of 14C to total C from that ratio in an absolute international standard; this Delta notation permits direct comparison of 14C/C ratios in the several reservoirs. However, as Δ14C of atmospheric CO2, Δ14CO2 is based on the ratio of 14CO2 to total atmospheric CO2, its value can and does change not just because of change in the amount of atmospheric14CO2 but also because of change in the amount of total atmospheric CO2, complicating ascription of change in Δ14CO2 to change in one or the other quantity. Here we suggest that presentation of atmospheric 14CO2 amount as mole fraction relative to dry air (moles of 14CO2 per moles of dry air in Earth’s atmosphere), or as moles or molecules of 14CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere, all readily calculated from Δ14CO2 and the amount of atmospheric CO2 (with slight dependence on δ13CO2), complements presentation only as Δ14CO2, and can provide valuable insight into the evolving budget and distribution of atmospheric 14CO2.