bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esophageal skip metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia
Authors: KURIHARA Hideko , IKEDA Yoshifumi , MORITA Naomi , NIIIMI Masanori , OKINAGA Kota 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough diffuse‐type gastric carcinomas sometimes spread within the esophageal mucosa, a distant skip metastasis from a gastric carcinoma to the esophagus wall has rarely been reported. We herein report the case of a patient found to have a carcinoma of the gastric cardia with a skip metastasis to the esophagus, approximately 10 cm distant from the esophagogastric junction. A 53‐year‐old man was admitted to our department suffering from a sudden hematemesis. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopic study revealed an infiltrative ulcerating tumor of the gastric cardia and a small, reddish, elevated submucosal tumor on the middle third of the esophagus, apart from the tumor on the cardia. A histological study of the biopsy specimens from both tumors showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. The patient underwent total thoracic esophagectomy and proximal gastrectomy combined with a splenectomy through a cervicoabdominal approach. The resected specimen contained a tumor of the cardia, 7.4 × 5.1 cm in area, that had infiltrated the submucosal layers of the lower esophagus up to 2.0 cm from the esophagogastric junction. The skip metastases were located 0.5, 4 and 7.2 cm from the oral side of the main tumor.
Protecting female fertility in cancer patients
Authors: GILANI Mitra Modares , HASANZADEH Malihe 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAim:  The preservation of fertility in female patients diagnosed with cancer has recently been an area of intensive investigation. This review summarizes available options and discusses recently published data concerning experimental methods. Specific strategies for fertility preservation in women with gynecologic malignancies are also presented.Method:  The MEDLINE database was reviewed for all publication on medication, surgery or assisted reproductive technology that could potentially preserve fertility in women who are receiving cancer therapy.Conclusion:  There are many modalities that are available to a patient undergoing a treatment that will negatively impact on her fertility. While many procedures and medical interventions have been proven successful both in terms of ovarian function and pregnancy rates, other techniques have great potential but do not have long‐term clinical data. gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs prevent chemotherapy‐induced ovarian damage in animals, however, human results are controversial. Anti‐apoptotic agents may present an innovative treatment to prevent oocyte destruction during cancer therapy. The cryopreservation of embryo, oocyte and ovarian tissue is one option to preserve fertility. It is important that the patients’ primary‐care physician understand the methods available to preserve fertility in a cancer patient and communicate this information to the patient. The improvement of these techniques as well as a better characterization of their success rates and risks await further investigation.
Light-cone anisotropy in 21-cm fluctuations during the epoch of reionization
Authors: Barkana Rennan , Loeb Abraham 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The delay in light traveltime along the line of sight generates an anisotropy in the power spectrum of 21-cm brightness fluctuations from the epoch of reionization. We show that when the fluctuations in the neutral hydrogen fraction become non-linear at the later stages of reionization, the light-cone anisotropy becomes of the order of unity on scales ≳50 comoving Mpc. During this period the density fluctuations and the associated anisotropy generated by peculiar velocities are negligible in comparison.
THE ANALYSIS OF STRESS RELAXATION DATA OF SOME VISCOELASTIC FOODS USING A TEXTURE ANALYZER*
Authors: SINGH H. , ROCKALL A. , MARTIN C.R. , CHUNG O.K. , LOOKHART G.L. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Uniaxial compression test for dough and several commercial products like jello, mozzarella cheese, cheddar cheese, tofu and sausage (cooked and uncooked) was performed using a texture analyzer (TA). Percent stress relaxation (%SR ), k1 (initial rate of relaxation), k2 (extent of relaxation) and relaxation time (RT) were calculated and compared for different products. The TA software was used to convert the raw SR data into a linear form. Constants k1 and k2 were determined from the intercept and slope of the linear data. Higher values of %SR and k2 (90 and 9, respectively) indicated higher elasticity for jello, whereas wheat flour dough samples showed the lowest values (20–30) for %SR and 1 to 2 for k2. The RT and k1 values were not good indicators for differentiating different products based on their viscoelastic behavior. Measurement of RT was limited by the maximum time for which the data were collected, whereas k1, because of its mathematical form, needed careful interpretation. In this study, %SR was found to be a good measure to interpret viscoelasticity of different food samples.
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ROLE OF FRICTION IN ORAL TEXTURE
Authors: DE WIJK RENE A. , PRINZ JON F. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT The role of friction in food texture sensations are reviewed with the focus on results from our own laboratory, concentrating on texture sensations that are affected by the lubricative properties (e.g., roughness and creaminess), by the viscosity (e.g., melting and thickness) and by the used thickeners (e.g., airiness and heterogeneity). A food's lubricative properties are affected by its fat content, fat droplet size, particle size and shape and thickener. Foods with lower fat contents, larger fat droplets, larger particles and specific thickeners exhibited higher friction while their creaminess and fattiness sensations, associated with good lubrication, are reduced. Roughness and dryness sensations, associated with poor lubrication, are increased. Taste and flavor compounds also affected these texture sensations, albeit via a different mechanism. Specific compounds can affect the lubricative properties of saliva resulting in friction‐related sensations, such as astringency. Astringent compounds interact with proline‐rich proteins in saliva, causing precipitation that may be sensed as discrete particles and/or increased roughness. Alternatively, the compounds may precipitate dead cells and other debris present in saliva. Astringent compounds may also directly affect the surface properties of the oral mucosa.
OPTIMAL COOKING TIME OF NOODLES RELATED TO THEIR NOTCH SENSITIVITY*
Authors: SUI ZHONGQUAN , LUCAS PETER W. , CORKE HAROLD 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT White salty and yellow alkaline noodles were prepared raw and also as cooked for varying periods between 2 and 14 min by boiling in distilled water and then tested in tension at room temperature on a universal testing machine to characterize their stress–strain and fracture behaviors. From these tests, it was deduced that a period of∼7 min of cooking time for both types of noodles produced the greatest notch sensitivity. A sensory panel was constructed to evaluate the sensorily perceived optimal cooking time of these products. This perception correlated well with the notch sensitivity results obtained from the tensile tests. From a materials perspective, solids that are notch‐sensitive have firm mechanical links between their structural components. Raw, undercooked and overcooked noodles variably lack this. These results suggest that notch sensitivity may be important in sensory perception and help in constructing a physical definition of “cookedness” for these types of food.
Dietary carnitine intake and carnitine status in endurance‐trained males
Authors: BROAD Elizabeth , BOLGER Claire , GALLOWAY Stuart 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground:  Carnitine is an integral component of fatty acid transfer into the mitochondria, and also buffers excess intramitochondrial acyl‐CoA. It has previously been suggested that athletes may be at risk of low carnitine status and could therefore benefit from carnitine supplementation.Objective:  To report the habitual dietary carnitine intakes of endurance‐trained adult males, and to determine whether they are at risk of carnitine insufficiency by measuring plasma and urinary carnitine concentrations.Methods:  Fourteen non‐vegetarian endurance‐trained males completed a seven‐day weighed food record and exercise logs to determine habitual dietary carnitine intake. Resting venous blood samples and 24‐hour urine collections were used to determine plasma carnitine concentration and urinary carnitine excretion.Results:  The mean dietary carnitine intake was 64 (range 21–110) mg/day. Mean ± SD resting plasma total carnitine was 44 ± 7 µmol/L and acyl : free carnitine ratio was 0.28 ± 0.11, which were within normal ranges. Urinary carnitine excretion was 437 ± 236 µmol/day. There was no correlation between dietary carnitine intake or dietary macro‐ and micronutrients and plasma carnitine or urinary carnitine excretion.Conclusion:  The results of the present study indicate there is no evidence that endurance‐trained males consuming a mixed diet are at risk of carnitine insufficiency.
Estimates of overweight and obesity among samples of preschool‐aged children in Melbourne and Sydney
Authors: ZUO Yeqin , NORBERG Maine , WEN Li Ming , RISSEL Chris 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective:  Childhood obesity is a significant and increasing public health issue. We present results from two cross‐sectional surveys from Melbourne and Sydney that sought to estimate the level of overweight and obesity among preschool‐aged children.Methods:  In Melbourne, weight and height of 196 children from 12 randomly selected preschools and kindergartens were measured and recorded. In Sydney, data on weight and height of 325 children attending four early childhood centres were extracted from client records. The two studies used the age and gender‐specific body mass index criteria for classifying overweight and obesity.Results:  The prevalence of Melbourne preschool‐aged children considered overweight was 15.3% for boys and 17.3% for girls, with a further 7.1% of boys and 8.2% of girls considered obese. In Sydney, the proportion of children considered overweight was 15.3% for boys and 26.3% for girls. An additional 8.7% of boys and 8% of girls were considered obese.Conclusion:  There is some evidence that childhood obesity may begin in the preschool years. Intervention programs targeting obesity should be considered for families with preschool‐aged children in urban Australia.
Endodontic retreatment of a maxillary second molar with three separate buccal roots
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Javidi Maryam , Zarei Mina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA rare case of a four‐rooted maxillary second molar in a 39‐year‐old male patient is reported. After clinical and radiographic examination, two separate mesio‐buccal roots were detected, and a treatment plan consisting treatment of the mesio‐buccal roots and retreatment of the disto‐buccal and palatal roots was made to resolve the previous treatment failure. The tooth was treated by orthograde endodontic retreatment in two visits. Mesio‐buccal canals that were located in the separate mesio‐buccal roots (which were missed in previous treatment) were found and treated. The case report underlines the importance of complete knowledge about root canal morphology and possible variations, coupled with full clinical and radiographic examination, in order to increase the ability of clinicians to treat difficult cases.
Analysis of the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in the normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, in situ and infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas: preliminary observations
Authors: Hussein M R , Hassan H I 
Published: August 2006

Background:Mammary carcinogenesis is a multistep process entailing the transition from normal breast to benign proliferative breast disease (ductal hyperplasia) to ductal carcinoma in situ to infiltrating ductal carcinoma.Hypothesis:These transitions are associated with changes in the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate.Materials and methods:A total of 53 mastectomy specimens of normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinoma were evaluated for mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate by using immunohistological methods and monoclonal antibodies including CD20, CD68, CD3 and granzyme B, histiocytes, T cells and cytotoxic T cells.Results:Transitions from normal breast to the subsequent tissue with lesions (normal skinvbenign proliferative breast diseasevductal carcinoma in situvinfiltrating ductal carcinoma) were associated with significantly (p<0.01) increased mean (SD) density of mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at the parenchyma (3.2 (1.0)v26.4 (7.8)v33.6 (7.9)v39.1 (4.7) for CD20+ B cells; 2.8 (1.0)v81.5 (14.0)v84.0 (14.9)v103.7 (3.9) for CD3; 1.3 (2.0)v3.8 (4.0)v12.7 (23)v22.1 (25.0) for CD68+ macrophages; 2.0 (1.0)v58.3 (5.0)v60.0 (10.0)v74.1 (28.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells) and at the stroma (0.7 (1.0)v3.0 (5.0)v13.3 (20)v16.7 (30.0) for CD20+ B cells; 1.0 (2.06)v4.0 (2.5)v16.7 (5.0)v21.7 (15) for CD68+ macrophages; 1.4 (0.6)v4.2 (1.2)v46.6 (16.7)v77.0 (5.0) for CD3+ cells and 0 (0)v0.5 (1.0)v0.7 (1.0)v0.7 (1.0) for granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells).Conclusions:The increased mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate during mammary carcinogenesis may reflect non-specific or specific immunological processes.
Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers
Authors: Battaglia Salvatore , Mauad Thais , van Schadewijk Annemarie M , Vignola Antonia M , Rabe Klaus F , Bellia Vincenzo , Sterk Peter J , Hiemstra Pieter S 
Published: August 2006

Background:Smoking induces structural changes in the airways, and is considered a major factor in the development of airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, differences in inflammatory cell distribution between large airways (LA) and small airways (SA) have not been systematically explored in smokers.Hypothesis:The content of cells infiltrating the airway wall differs between LA and SA.Aims:To compare the content of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells infiltrating LA and SA in smokers who underwent surgery for lung cancer.Methods:Lung tissue from 15 smokers was analysed. Inflammatory cells in the lamina propria were identified by immunohistochemical analysis, quantified by digital image analysis and expressed as number of cells per surface area.Results:The number of neutrophils infiltrating the lamina propria of SA (median 225.3 cells/mm2) was higher than that in the lamina propria of LA (median 60.2 cells/mm2; p<0.001). Similar results were observed for mast cells: 313.3 and 133.7 cells/mm2in the SA and LA, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, the number of CD4 cells was higher in LA compared with SA (median 217.8 vs 80.5 cells/mm2; p = 0.042).Conclusions:These findings indicate a non-uniform distribution of neutrophils and mast cells throughout the bronchial tree, and suggest that these cells may be involved in the development of smoking-related peripheral lung injury.
Friend leukaemia integration-1 expression in malignant and benign tumours: a multiple tumour tissue microarray analysis using polyclonal antibody
Authors: Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette , Herrmann Francois R , Bshara Wiam , Odunsi Kunle , Terracciano Luigi , Sauter Guido , Cheney Richard T , Groth Jeff , Penetrante Remedios , Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette 
Published: August 2006

Background:Friend leukaemia integration-1 (FLI-1) antibody is a useful marker for Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET) and vascular tumours. However, it is also expressed in subsets of lymphoblastic lymphoma, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT).Aim:To determine expression of FLI-1 in various benign and malignant neoplasms, by immunohistochemical analysis on 4323 tumours using multiple tumour microarrays, as well as on whole sections.Results:FLI-1 was expressed in 46/62 EWS/PNETs, 2/3 olfactory neuroblastomas, 7/102 small cell carcinomas of the lung, 10/34 MCCs, 1/14 rhabdomyosarcoma, 19/132 non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 2/3 DSRCTs, and in 53/74 benign and malignant vascular tumours. In addition, 27/508 squamous cell carcinomas, 19/837 adenocarcinomas, 10/400 urothelial bladder cancers, 1/40 basal cell carcinomas, 3/29 liposarcomas, 1/40 glioblastoma multiforme and 9/29 medullar carcinomas of the breast expressed FLI-1. The sensitivity and specificity of FLI-1 to distinguish EWS/PNET from all types of malignancies were 74.2% and 96.0%, respectively. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity of FLI-1 to distinguish EWS/PNET from other small round cell tumours (SRCTs) were 74.2% and 91.6%, respectively.Conclusion:This study was the first to show that FLI-1 can be seen in a variety of solid tumours, some of which had never been explored before. This finding should be kept in mind, especially when using FLI-1 as a marker for finding the primary origin of poorly differentiated metastatic tumour. Finally, despite the expression of FLI-1 in numerous malignancies, it is still considered to be highly sensitive and specific in distinguishing EWS/PNET from other tumour types in general and from other SRCTs in particular.
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: role of ZAP70 determination on bone marrow biopsy specimens
Authors: Sabattini Elena , Orduz Rocio , Campidelli Cristina , Zinzani Pier Luigi , Callea Vincenzo , Zupo Simona , Cutrona Giovanna , Morabito Fortunato , Ferrarini Manlio , Pileri Stefano 
Published: August 2006

Background:The course of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) partly depends on the mutational status of the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IgVH), which defines two subgroups of tumours: mutated and unmutated. The expression of zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP70) is significantly associated with the more aggressive unmutated forms.Aims:To assess the feasibility of the ZAP70 immunohistochemical test on bone-marrow biopsy (BMB) specimens and to compare the results with those of western blotting (WB) and IgVHmutational status assessed on neoplastic cells from peripheral blood.Methods:26 patients with CLL/SLL detected on BMB and with known IgVHmutational status were selected. ZAP70 was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) comparing three antibodies from different sources (Upstate, Cell Signaling, Santa Cruz, California, USA) and two different methods (APAAP and EnVision+). In 23 cases, ZAP70 WB results were also available.Results:ZAP70 determination on BMB specimens turned out to be easily feasible with routine procedures with reagents from Upstate and Cell Signaling. The results were concordant with those obtained with WB and mutational status analysis in >80% of the cases with both reagents. Three of four discordant cases were mutated/ZAP70 positive, with two staining weakly for ZAP70 on both WB and IHC.Conclusions:The study confirms the role of ZAP70 as a possible surrogate of mutational status and emphasises its application in routine diagnostics; it discloses a small subset of discordant cases (mutated/ZAP70 weakly positive) that clinically cluster with the more favourable forms.
C-Reactive Protein Alters Antioxidant Defenses and Promotes Apoptosis in Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Fujii Hiroko , Li Shu-Hong , Szmitko Paul E. , Fedak Paul W.M. , Verma Subodh 
Published: August 2006

Objective—C-reactive protein (CRP) has been suggested to participate in the development of atherosclerosis, in part, by promoting endothelial dysfunction and impairing endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) survival and differentiation. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of CRP on antioxidative enzymes, reactive oxygen species production, telomerase activity, and apoptosis in human circulating EPCs.Methods and Results—EPCs, isolated from peripheral venous blood, were cultured in the absence or presence of native pentameric azide and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-free CRP (0, 5, 15, and 20 μg/mL), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or monoclonal anti-CRP antibodies. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used for the measurement of intracellular H2O2and superoxide (O2−) by loading cells with 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA). Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V immunostaining and cytosolic cytochrome c expression. Western blot analysis was used for the determination of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase expression, and polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess telomerase activity. Incubation of EPCs with CRP caused a concentration dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis, with an effect quantitatively similar to H2O2. This effect was attenuated during coincubation with NAC or anti-CRP antibodies. Furthermore, CRP altered EPC antioxidative enzyme levels, demonstrating a reduced expression of glutathione peroxidase and a significant increase in MnSOD expression. Transfection of EPCs with MnSOD-RNAi resulted in a reduction in CRP-induced ROS production, apoptosis, and telomerase inactivation.Conclusions—CRP, at concentrations known to predict cardiovascular events, may serve to impair EPC antioxidant defenses, and promote EPC sensitivity toward oxidant-mediated apoptosis and telomerase inactivation. These data further support a direct role of CRP in the development and/or progression of atherothrombosis.
Rho GTPase CDC42 regulates directionality and random movement via distinct MAPK pathways in neutrophils
Authors: Szczur Kathleen , Xu Haiming , Atkinson Simon , Zheng Yi , Filippi Marie-Dominique 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNeutrophil transmigration into tissue is a multiple-step process that results from a coordinated rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. Assembly and disassembly of actin and adhesion structures dictate motility behavior, while polarity and gradient sensing provide directionality to the cell movement. Here, using mice deficient in the CDC42 regulator CDC42 GTPase-activating protein (CDC42GAP), we demonstrate that CDC42 activity separately regulates neutrophil motility and directionality. CDC42GAP–/– neutrophils showed increased motility, while directed migration was defective. Podosome-like structures present at the leading edge in wild-type neutrophils were significantly reduced in CDC42GAP–/– cells. CDC42GAP–/– neutrophils also showed increased lateral and tail filopodia-like formation, and excess membrane protrusions. We further suggest that CDC42GAP-mediated extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activity regulates motility associated with podosome-like structures at the cell leading edge, while CDC42GAP-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation regulates directed migration by antagonizing filopodia assembly. Overall, this study reveals that CDC42 activity regulates both motility and directionality in neutrophils, but via distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.