bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves with maternal antibodies
Authors: Patel Jay R. , Didlick Susan A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess short- and long-term efficacy of an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine administered IM to calves with maternally derived antibodies.Animals—28 two-week-old calves with neutralizing, maternally derived antibodies against BRSV.Procedure—For evaluation of short-term efficacy, 6 calves were vaccinated IM at 2 and 6 weeks of age and challenged intranasally and intratracheally along with a matched group of 4 unvaccinated control calves at 10 weeks of age. For evaluation of long-term efficacy, 2 groups of 6 calves each were vaccinated IM at 2, 6, and 18 weeks of age or 14 and 18 weeks of age; these calves were challenged intranasally and intratracheally along with 6 matched unvaccinated control calves at 43 weeks of age. Serum virus neutralizing antibody titer, clinical reactions, and virus shedding in nasal mucus and lung washings were assessed.Results—None of the vaccination regimens resulted in a significant increase in serum virus neutralizing antibody titer. As judged by virus shedding in nasal mucus and lung washings, vaccinated calves were protected against challenge, compared with unvaccinated control groups. Clinical signs attributable to challenge were coughing (short-term efficacy study) and tachypnea and dyspnea (long-term efficacy study). The severity and incidence of disease were significantly lower in the vaccinated groups, compared with that in the unvaccinated groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Through vaccination, it is possible to protect vulnerable calves with maternal antibodies against BRSV infection and reduce respiratory tract disease. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:417–421)
Evaluation of three-dimensional kinematics of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses walking in a straight line
Authors: Chateau Henry , Degueurce Christophe , Denoix Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a method that allows quantification of the 3 anatomic rotations in the digital joints of moving horses and measure these rotations when horses are walking in a straight line on a hard track.Animals—4 healthy French Trotter horses.Procedure—Triads of ultrasonic kinematic markers were surgically linked to the 4 distal segments of the digits of the left forelimb of each horse. Three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of these markers were recorded in horses walking in a straight line. The three angles of rotation of each digital joint were calculated by use of a joint coordinate system as well as the 3-D orientation of the hoof and third metacarpal bone. A calibration procedure was developed to convert data from measurements within a technical coordinate system to data in relation to an anatomically relevant coordinate system.Results—Precision of the method was 0.5o, and repeatability of the calibrations resulted in variations of 1.4o. Extrasagittal movements of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints were obvious during landing because the impact of the hoof was on the lateral side. Mean ± SD extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint was 10.0 ± 2.5o.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provides a description of the technical background, error analysis, and procedures used to measure the 3-D rotations of the 4 distal segments of the forelimb in walking horses. As a major result substantial involvement of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the sagittal and extrasagittal planes,should incline investigators and clinicians to consider the functional importance of this joint. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:447–455)
Effects of a muscarinic type-2 antagonist on cardiorespiratory function and intestinal transit in horses anesthetized with halothane and xylazine
Authors: Neto Francisco J. Teixeira , McDonell Wayne N. , Black William D. , Moraes Aury N. , Duronghphongtorn Sumit 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the cardiorespiratory and intestinal effects of the muscarinic type-2 (M2) antagonist, methoctramine, in anesthetized horses.Animals—6 horses.Procedure—Horses were allocated to 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane (1% end-tidal concentration) combined with a constant-rate infusion of xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg/h, IV) and mechanical ventilation. Hemodynamic variables were monitored after induction of anesthesia and for 120 minutes after administration of methoctramine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment). Methoctramine was given at 10-minute intervals (10 µg/kg, IV) until heart rate (HR) increased at least 30% above baseline values or until a maximum cumulative dose of 30 µg/kg had been administered. Recovery characteristics, intestinal auscultation scores, and intestinal transit determined by use of chromium oxide were assessed during the postanesthetic period.Results—Methoctramine was given at a total cumulative dose of 30 µg/kg to 4 horses, whereas 2 horses received 10 µg/kg. Administration of methoctramine resulted in increases in HR, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and tissue oxygen delivery. Intestinal auscultation scores and intestinal transit time (interval to first and last detection of chromium oxide in the feces) did not differ between treatment groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Methoctramine improved hemodynamic function in horses anesthetized by use of halothane and xylazine without causing a clinically detectable delay in the return to normal intestinal motility during the postanesthetic period. Because of their selective positive chronotropic effects, M2antagonists may represent a safe alternative for treatment of horses with intraoperative bradycardia. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:464–472)
Biochemical evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in canine skeletal muscle
Authors: Wakshlag Joseph J. , Cooper Barry J. , Wakshlag Robin R. , Kallfelz Francis. A. , Barr Stephen C. , Nydam Daryl V. , Dimauro S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To perform respiratory chain enzymatic activity assays on canine skeletal muscle biopsy specimens and establish reference range values of skeletal muscle enzyme activities for dogs.Sample Population—Biopsy specimens from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from 24 dogs (8 sexually intact males and 14 sexually intact females) ranging from 15 months to 6 years of age.Procedure—Mean values of citrate synthase, cytochrome-coxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase-cytochrome-creductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase, and NADH dehydrogenase-cytochrome-creductase activities were established by use of 6 standard spectrophotometric assays for respiratory chain enzyme analysis.Results—Compared with published data for skeletal muscle enzyme activities in humans, skeletal muscle enzyme activities in dogs were 2- to 4-fold higher. Additionally, citrate synthase activity, a marker for mitochondrial volume, was positively correlated with age in dogs, suggesting that mitochondrial volume increases with age, although no apparent change in respiratory chain enzymatic activity with an increase in age was found.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reference range values for skeletal muscle enzyme activities of dogs are needed to accurately interpret results of respiratory chain enzymatic activity assays. During investigation of metabolic myopathies, if skeletal muscle biopsy specimens are evaluated for respiratory chain enzyme kinetics, they should be performed and evaluated in concert with skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from clinically normal animals of the same species. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:480–484)
In vivo investigation of the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate injury following low-flow ischemia and reperfusion injury in the jejunum of horses
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Nieto Jorge E. , Spier Sharon J. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate intestinal injury following 20% low-flow ischemia and reperfusion in the jejunum of horses.Animals—10 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Two 30.5-cm-long segments of jejunum were exteriorized through a ventral midline incision and the mesenteric artery and vein supplying that portion of the intestine were instrumented with flow probes. Blood flow was decreased to 20% of baseline for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. In 5 horses, 60 mL of the customized solution was placed in the lumen of each segment (treatment-group horses), and 60 mL of lactated Ringer's solution was placed in the lumen of 5 additional horses (control-group horses). Biopsy specimens were obtained from 1 segment in both groups for histologic evaluation. Aliquots of luminal fluid were obtained from the other segment in both groups for determination of albumin concentrations as an index of mucosal permeability.Results—Compared with control-group horses, treatment-group horses had a significant decrease in luminal albumin concentration following reperfusion. Although differences in mucosal grades were not significantly different between control- and treatment-group horses, treatment-group horses had significantly greater jejunal villous length and area, compared with that of control-group horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intraluminal administration of the customized solution in the jejunum, compared with lactated Ringer's solution, results in an improvement in histologic findings and mucosal translocation of albumin in horses with mild intestinal injury. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:485–490)
Influence of morphine sulfate on the halothane sparing effect of xylazine hydrochloride in horses
Authors: Bennett Rachel C. , Kollias-Baker Cynthia , Steffey Eugene P. , Sams Richard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To quantitate the dose and time-related effects of morphine sulfate on the anesthetic sparing effect of xylazine hydrochloride in halothane-anesthetized horses and determine the associated plasma xylazine and morphine concentration-time profiles.Animals—6 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthetized 3 times to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in O2and characterize the anesthetic sparing effect (ie, decrease in MAC of halothane) by xylazine (0.5 mg/kg, IV) administration followed immediately by IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, low-dose morphine (0.1 mg/kg), or high-dose morphine (0.2 mg/kg). Selected parameters of cardiopulmonary function were also determined over time to verify consistency of conditions.Results—Mean (± SEM) MAC of halothane was 1.05 ± 0.02% and was decreased by 20.1 ± 6.6% at 49 ± 2 minutes following xylazine administration. The amount of MAC reduction in response to xylazine was time dependent. Addition of morphine to xylazine administration did not contribute further to the xylazine-induced decrease in MAC (reductions of 21.9 ± 1.2 and 20.7 ± 1.5% at 43 ± 4 and 40 ± 4 minutes following xylazine-morphine treatments for low-and high-dose morphine, respectively). Overall, cardiovascular and respiratory values varied little among treatments. Kinetic parameters describing plasma concentration-time curves for xylazine were not altered by the concurrent administration of morphine.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of xylazine decreases the anesthetic requirement for halothane in horses. Concurrent morphine administration to anesthetized horses does not alter the anesthetic sparing effect of xylazine or its plasma concentration-time profile. (Am J Vet Res2004; 65:519–526)
Comparison of methods for differentiation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 isolates
Authors: Lopes Vanessa C. , Velayudhan Binu T. , Halvorson David A. , Lauer Dale C. , Gast Richard K. , Nagaraja Kakambi V. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare molecular typing methods
for the differentiation of Salmonella enterica serovar
Enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 isolates that allowed for
the determination of their genetic relatedness.

Sample Population—27 Salmonella Enteritidis PT 4
strains isolated in the United States and Europe.

Procedure—Several molecular typing methods were
performed to assess their ability to genetically differentiate
among Salmonella Enteritidis PT 4 isolates.
Results of pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE),
repetitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 16S
rRNA gene sequencing, random amplification of polymorphic
DNA (RAPD), PCR-restriction fragment
length polymorphism of 16S rRNA, and antimicrobial
susceptibility were evaluated.

Results—Compared with results for other techniques,
results for the RAPD typing method with the
RAPD1 primer reveal that it was the most discriminatory
fingerprinting technique, and it allowed us to
cluster Salmonella Enteritidis PT 4 isolates on the
basis of their genetic similarity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study
revealed the value of RAPD with the RAPD1 primer as
a tool for epidemiologic investigations of Salmonella
Enteritidis PT 4. It can be used in conjunction with PFGE
and phage typing to determine the genetic relatedness
of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates involved in outbreaks
of disease. A reliable and highly discriminatory method
for epidemiologic investigations is critical to allow investigators
to identify the source of infections and consequently
prevent the spread of Salmonella Enteritidis
PT 4. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:538–543)
Evaluation of protective immunity in pigs following oral administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis
Authors: Kroll Jeremy J. , Roof Michael B. , McOrist Steven 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of an orally administered avirulent live vaccine to protect pigs against challenge exposure with virulentLawsonia intracellularis.Animals—108 weaned 3-week-old pigs (35 in experiment 1 and 73 in experiment 2).Procedure—2 experiments were conducted. On day 0, vaccinates were orally administered vaccine via drench or in drinking water, whereas challenge-control pigs were administered cultured medium. On day 21, pigs were challenge exposed with a virulent heterologous isolate ofL intracellularis. Clinical observations, weights, seroconversion, and fecal excretion ofL intracellulariswere measured until day 42. At study termination, pigs were euthanatized and examined forL intracellularis-specific lesion development of the ileum and colon.Results—Pigs receiving a single dose of vaccine were protected when challenge exposed with virulentL intracellularis(at least 107.7TCID50/dose). In experiment 1, vaccinates had significantly less fecal excretion (47% and 40% for days 35 and 42, respectively), compared with challenge-control pigs. In experiment 2, vaccinates had significantly less fecal excretion (50% and 58% for days 35 and 42, respectively), compared with challenge-control pigs. Significant reductions in lesion development were evident in the ileum of vaccinated pigs (70% and 56% at day 42 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively), compared with challenge- control pigs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration by drench or via drinking water of an avirulent live vaccine againstL intracellularisresulted in substantial protection against proliferative enteropathy among vaccinates and offers a better way to reduce stress of pigs during vaccine administration. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:559–565)
Assessment of cellular, biochemical, and histologic effects of bipolar radiofrequency treatment of canine articular cartilage
Authors: Cook James L. , Marberry Kevin M. , Kuroki Keiichi , Kenter Keith 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the cellular, biochemical, and histologic effects of bipolar radiofrequency-generated heat on canine articular cartilage.Sample Population—Articular cartilage explants (n = 72) from 6 canine cadavers and cultured articular chondrocytes from 5 canine cadavers.Procedure—Cartilage explants were randomly assigned to receive no treatment or treatment with focal (3 seconds) or diffuse bipolar radiofrequency. Following treatment, methylene blue permeability assay was performed (n = 12) and remaining samples (60) were cultured. Immediately and 5, 10, and 20 days after treatment, cultured explants were assessed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents, type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 immunoreactivity, and modified Mankin histologic scores. Liquid culture media were collected every 4 days and GAG content measured. Additionally, cultured chondrocytes were exposed for 3 seconds to media preheated to 37°, 45°, or 55°C. Cell viability was determined via 2 different assays immediately and 24 hours after treatment.Results—Radiofrequency-treated cartilage had reduced permeability and considerable histologic damage, compared with control samples; most treated samples had reduced collagen II staining and increased MMP-13 immunostaining. Compared with other treatments, less GAGs were released from cartilage after diffuse radiofrequency treatment throughout the study period. Cell viability was significantly different between controls and cells treated at 55°C immediately and 24 hours after heat treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, bipolar radiofrequency treatment had detrimental effects on normal articular cartilage cells and extracellular matrix with probable long-term clinical consequences. The usefulness of radiofrequency for treatment of osteoarthritic articular cartilage requires further investigation. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:604–609)
Effect of danofloxacin and tilmicosin on body temperatures of beef calves with pneumonia experimentally induced by inoculation with Mannheimia haemolytica
Authors: Fajt Virginia R. , Apley Michael D. , Brogden Kim A. , Skogerboe Terry L. , Shostrom Valerie K. , Chin Ya-Lin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine effects of danofloxacin and tilmicosin on continuously recorded body temperature in beef calves with pneumonia experimentally induced by inoculation ofMannheimia haemolytica.Animals—41 Angus-cross heifers (body weight, 160 to 220 kg) without a recent history of respiratory tract disease or antimicrobial treatment, all from a single ranch.Procedure—Radiotransmitters were implanted intravaginally in each calf. Pneumonia was induced intrabronchially by use of logarithmic-phase cultures ofM haemolytica. At 21 hours after inoculation, calves were treated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, danofloxacin, or tilmicosin. Body temperature was monitored from 66 hours before inoculation until 72 hours after treatment. Area under the curve (AUC) of the temperature-time plot and mean temperature were calculated for 3-hour intervals and compared among treatment groups.Results—The AUCs for 3-hour intervals did not differ significantly among treatment groups for any of the time periods. Analysis of the mean temperature for 3-hour intervals revealed significantly higher temperatures at most time periods for saline-treated calves, compared with temperatures for antimicrobial-treated calves; however, we did not detect significant differences between the danofloxacin- and tilmicosin-treated calves. The circadian rhythm of temperatures before exposure was detected again approximately 48 hours after bacterial inoculation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Danofloxacin and tilmicosin did not differ in their effect on mean body temperature for 3-hour intervals but significantly decreased body temperature, compared with body temperature in saline-treated calves. Normal daily variation in body temperature must be considered in the face of respiratory tract disease during clinical evaluation of feedlot cattle. (Am J Vet Res2004;65: 610–615)
Assessment of the neurologic effects of dietary deficiencies of phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats
Authors: Dickinson Peter J. , Anderson Peter J. B. , Williams Diane C. , Powell Henry C. , Shelton G. Diane , Morris James G. , LeCouteur Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the neurologic effects of reduced intake of phenylalanine and tyrosine in black-haired cats.Animals—53 specific pathogen-free black domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Cats were fed purified diets containing various concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine for ≤ 9 months. Blood samples were obtained every 2 months for evaluation of serum aromatic amino acid concentrations. Cats were monitored for changes in hair color and neurologic or behavioral abnormalities. Three cats with neurologic deficits underwent clinical and electrophysiologic investigation; muscle and nerve biopsy specimens were also obtained from these cats.Results—After 6 months, neurologic and behavioral abnormalities including vocalization and abnormal posture and gait were observed in cats that had received diets containing < 16 g of total aromatic amino acid/kg of diet. Electrophysiologic data and results of microscopic examination of muscle and nerve biopsy specimens from 3 cats with neurologic signs were consistent with sensory neuropathy with primary axonal degeneration. Changes in hair color were detected in cats from all groups receiving < 16 g of phenylalanine plus tyrosine/kg of diet.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that chronic dietary restriction of phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats may result in a predominantly sensory neuropathy. In cats, the long-term nutritional requirement for phenylalanine and tyrosine appears to be greater for normal neurologic function than that required in short-term growth experiments. Official present-day recommendations for dietary phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats may be insufficient to support normal long-term neurologic function. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:671–680)
Comparison of two laparoscopic treatments for experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in pony foals
Authors: Lansdowne Jennifer L. , Bouré Ludovic P. , Pearce Simon G. , Kerr Carolyn L. , Caswell Jeff L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare laparoscopic dissection withlaparoscopic dissection combined with abdominal instillation of ferric hyaluronate gel for the treatment of experimentally induced adhesions in pony foals.Animals—12 healthy pony foals.Procedure—A serosal abrasion method was used to create adhesions at 4 sites on the jejunum (day 0). At day 7, laparoscopy was performed and the adhesions observed in each foal were recorded. In group-1 foals (n = 6), the adhesions were separated laparoscopically (treatment 1). In group-2 foals (n = 6), 300 mL of 0.5% ferric hyaluronate gel was infused into the abdomen after the adhesions were separated laparoscopically (treatment 2). At day 24, terminal laparoscopy was performed and the adhesions observed were recorded. Total number of adhesions within each group was compared between day 7 and 24. Data were analyzed to determine whether an association existed between the number of adhesions on day 24 and treatment type.Results—At day 24, the number of adhesions was significantly decreased within each group, compared with the number of adhesions at day 7 (group-1 foals, 10 vs 22 adhesions; group-2 foals, 3 vs 20 adhesions). Treatment 1 was associated with a significantly higher number of adhesions at day 24, compared with treatment 2 (odds ratio, 4.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 23.02).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Abdominal instillation of 0.5% ferric hyaluronate gel after laparoscopic dissection was a more effective technique than laparoscopic dissection alone to treat experimentally induced adhesions in pony foals. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis following abdominal surgery in foals is a safe and effective technique. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:681–686)