bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of Dose Relative to Sexual Intercourse Attempt in Previous Sildenafil Citrate Users Treated with Tadalafil
Authors: Glina Sidney , Sotomayor Mariano , Gatchalian Eduardo , Yaman Onder , Dyachkova Yulia , Markey Caroline , Kopernicky Vladimir 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, has an extended period of effectiveness, up to 36 hours, for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Changes in behavior of long-term sildenafil users were evaluated by assessing time of dose relative to sexual intercourse attempts during treatment with sildenafil and tadalafil.

Materials and Methods
This open-label study was conducted in men with ED and a history of ≥6-week prior sildenafil use in Australia, New Zealand, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Latin America. Patients continued sildenafil treatment for 4 weeks, then switched to tadalafil for 8 weeks. Timing of sexual intercourse attempt relative to dose was assessed through patient diaries for the final 4 weeks of each treatment period. Patients continued their treatment of choice in an extension period.

Results
A total of 2,760 men (mean age 54.4 years) with a median duration of prior sildenafil use of 474 days were enrolled. Significant increases in median time from dose to intercourse attempt were observed when changing treatment from sildenafil citrate (1.21 hours) to tadalafil (3.25 hours; P &lt; 0.001). Fifty-nine percent of intercourse attempts were within 4 hours of dosing when patients were treated with tadalafil (88% with sildenafil). The proportion of intercourse attempts per patient made &gt;4 hours after dose was considerably higher during the tadalafil than during the sildenafil assessment period. Similar daily cycles of frequency of dosing and intercourse attempts were observed in all study periods and were characterized by a small peak in the morning and a large peak in the evening. When changing treatment to tadalafil, patients administered the drug earlier in the day and over a broader period of time.

Conclusion
Following the dosing instructions reflecting tadalafil's extended period of effectiveness, men with a history of established sildenafil use changed their dose-attempt behavior when treated with tadalafil.
The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus Treatment and Good Glycemic Control on the Erectile Function in Men with Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Erectile Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yaman Onder , Akand Murat , Gursoy Alptekin , Erdogan Murat Faik , Anafarta Kadri 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, efficacy and/or long-term satisfaction with most of those ED treatment options have been suboptimal.

Aim
In this study we try to evaluate the effect of aggressive treatment and DM regulation on the erectile function in men with DM-induced ED (DMED).

Methods
Eight type 1 and 17 type 2 diabetic subjects were included into the study. All patients had a measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and completed three sessions of consecutive nights using the RigiScan Plus monitoring device before and after blood sugar control. Also International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire scores were obtained before and after blood sugar control.

Results
Significant improvement was noted in FPG and HbA1c levels throughout the treatment period (P &lt; 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in both IIEF scores and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity (NPTR) parameters after the DM regulation (P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusion
We suggest that there are probably other factors than aggressive treatment and DM regulation for treating DMED, and probably we must consider preventive strategies with pharmacological agents to prevent progressive decrease in erectile function in diabetic patients.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF OLIVE OIL AND SELECTED VEGETABLE OILS DURING FRYING
Authors: CHATZILAZAROU ARHONTOULA , GORTZI OLGA , LALAS STAVROS , ZOIDIS EVANGELOS , TSAKNIS JOHN 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT The performance of olive oil during intermittent frying of potato slices and cod fillets was compared to those of selected vegetable oils (corn, olive‐residue and 50/50 mixture of olive and corn oils) using conditions resembling those used in home food preparations. The main scope of this study was to decide what is the best substitute for olive oil in home frying applications. Free fatty acid content, peroxide value, polar compounds, color and viscosity were increased, whereas iodine value, polyunsaturated fatty acids content and tocopherol concentration decreased. The organoleptic quality of potato slices and cod fillets fried in all oils was determined. Significant differences in the physicochemical changes were observed. The analytical and sensory data showed that the lowest deterioration occurred in olive oil and the highest in corn oil. The 50/50 (w/w) olive/corn oil mixture proved to be a good substitute for olive oil in domestic frying applications.
POSITIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF FATTY ACIDS IN EGG YOLK LIPIDS
Authors: SCHREINER MATTHIAS , MOREIRA RENATA G. , HULAN HOWARD W. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT Numerous methods for the assessment of the positional distribution of fatty acids (FAs) in triacylglycerols (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) have been described in the literature. Most of them employ enzymatic reactions or chiral separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Compared with most other food lipids, egg lipid has a rather unique composition, containing high amounts of TG as well as PL organized in lipoproteins. In this study, we demonstrate that the classical approach employing pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2 is suitable for application to egg lipids. By using this method, the total distribution of FAs among the single positions of the main lipid classes in egg lipids can be measured in a rather straightforward way. Problems regarding accuracy, especially for the determination of minor and polyunsaturated fatty acids, are discussed. The presented method gave satisfactory results even for polyunsaturates such as docosahexaenoic acid down to amounts of 1% in a specific position.
EFFECTS OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS ON CRUDE PALM OLEIN BY LIPASE FROM CANDIDA RUGOSA
Authors: YOU L.L. , BAHARIN B.S. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT The effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on crude palm olein (CPOlein) by lipase from Candida rugosa were investigated. Reaction variables, namely water content, reaction temperature and enzyme concentration on hydrolysis of CPOlein were examined. Comparison was also made between CPOlein and hydrolyzed crude palm olein (HCPOlein) for melting point, percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and viscosity. The optimum conditions for the production of hydrolyzed oil or FFA‐rich oil in enzymatic hydrolysis of CPOlein were reaction temperature of 50C, 1% (w/w) lipase from C. rugosa and 50% (w/w) water content. FFA in CPOlein increased to 97.9% after the hydrolysis process, which showed an increase of 61 folds. The differences in viscosity between the CPOlein and HCPOlein at different temperatures were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The slip melting point of CPOlein was 17C. After hydrolysis, the melting point for CPOlein increased by 160%, reaching 44.4C.
CHANGES IN OLIVE OIL QUALITY OF CHÉTOUI VARIETY ACCORDING TO ORIGIN OF PLANTATION
Authors: TEMIME SONIA BEN , WAEL TAAMALLI , BECHIR BACCOURI , LEILA ABAZA , DOUJA DAOUD , MOKHTAR ZARROUK 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT Chétoui is the second main olive variety cultivated in the north of Tunisia and shows a high capacity of adaptation to various pedoclimatic conditions. The aim of this work was to study changes in oil composition of such variety according to origin of plantation. Thus, olives at the same stage of maturation were harvested from seven regions in the north of the country for oil extraction and analysis. Three consecutive crops from years 2000, 2001 and 2002 were considered. The analytical parameters studied were fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol molecular species and amounts of polyphenols and o‐diphenols. The results showed considerable variability in oil composition because of the effect of cultivar–environment interaction.
CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACIDS AND TRANS‐FATTY ACIDS IN SMALL RUMINANT MILK AND MEAT LIPIDS
Authors: LEE JUNG HOON , KANNAN GOVIND , KOUAKOU BROU 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT Proximate composition and fatty‐acid profile including conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) were determined in milk and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of small ruminants. Milk from crossbred (Dorset × Suffolk) ewes contained significantly higher levels of protein, fat and ash than those from Nubian goats. In LD muscles, the ash content in Boer goats was significantly higher than in crossbred lambs. Levels of vaccenic acid were not different in the LD muscles from the two different species or in the milk samples .The CLA cis‐9, trans‐11 was not different in milk from the two species, whereas it was higher (P < 0.05) in the LD muscles from goats compared with those from lambs. CLA trans‐10, cis‐12 in caprine milk was lower (P < 0.05) than that in ovine milk, but no differences were found in the LD muscles from the two species. Findings indicated that goat meat might provide healthier fatty‐acid profiles than lamb.
GSI EXPERIMENTS ON SYNTHESIS AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI
Authors: HEßBERGER F. P. 
Published: February 2006

The method of 'cold' fusion reactions has been applied successfully to synthesize isotopes of elements up to Z =113. However, the cross sections were found to decrease nearly exponential with increasing atomic number. The production of isotopes up to Z =118 using 48 Ca - projectiles and actinide targets was claimed from experiments performed at the Dubna Gasfilled Separator (DGFRS). Attempts to confirm the results from one of the used reactions (48 Ca + 238 U ) have been performed at other laboratories. The results of the different experiments are compared. In order to increase our knowledge on the structure of heaviest nuclei an experimental program on α - γ - decay spectroscopy of transfermium isotopes was started at SHIP, GSI. Results on trends in single particle levels in odd mass einsteinium isotopes as well as on the identification of a (possible) K -isomer in 252 No will be presented.
Ecological study of the forest litter meiofauna of a unique Scottish woodland
Authors: Krivtsov  , Garside  , Bezginova  , Thompson  , Palfreyman  , Salmond  , Liddell  , Brendler  , Griffiths  , Watling  , Staines  
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The micro and meso-invertebrate abundance was measured, together with forest litter composition, in eight plots of differing vegetation (dominated by beech and birch) over a winter-spring period. The litter moisture content was a mean of 76% during the sampling period and the beech sites were the driest. The results were analysed using a suite of statistical techniques, together with data on protozoa, fungi and bacteria available from parallel research. Nematodes were analysed according to the trophic levels, which included microbial feeders, plant feeders and predators. The majority of arthropods found were the collembolan, Folsomia candida and cryptostigmatid mites, with very small quantities of other micro- and mesoarthropods (such as larvae and mesostigmatid mites). The microarthropod populations peaked in January and fell during subsequent months, while population numbers of nematodes showed a decrease between January and February, followed by an increase in March. ANOVA showed a significant date effect, but no site-date interactions for the population abundance of both nematodes and microarthropods. Ecological interactions of meiofauna were analysed by ANCOVA, stepwise regression, and correlation analysis. Examples of relationships revealed include positive relationships of plant-feeding nematodes (PFN) with microbial feeding nematodes (MFN), and of F. candida with cryptostigmatid mites. Other positive interactions were found for PFN, MFN, F. candida, cryptostigmatid and mesostigmatid mites with litter components, such as beech leaves and litter thickness, moisture and grass, and protozoa. Negative interactions were recorded for PFN, MFN, F. candida, cryptostigmatid and mesostigmatid mites with beech leaves, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. The results have highlighted a very complex structure of factors influencing the temporal and spatial dynamics of the forest litter community. It is suggested that temperature and moisture content particularly influence the invertebrates present. The invertebrates appear to be present in a range of microhabitats, which may have resulted in a reduced level of competition and a high level of positive interactions revealed.
Effects of body size and temperature on metabolism of bream compared to sympatric roach
Authors: Hölker  
Published: February 2006

AbstractStandard (SMR) and routine (RMR) metabolic rates (mg O2 h−1) of bream, Abramis brama, were measured over a wide range of fish sizes and water temperatures (1-560 g wet mass, 5-23°C) by automated, computerised intermittent flow respirometry. These data were compared to similar data collected on roach, Rutilus rutilus, a sympatric species within the same subfamily Leuciscinae (Cyprinidae). For bream, both SMR and RMR were described by allometric mass exponents of 0.70 and exponential temperature dependencies over the entire size and temperature range. In bream, the temperature dependency of SMR and RMR was described by a Q10 of 2.8 and 2.2, respectively, while roach displayed Q10 values of 2.4 and 1.9, respectively. There were small but significant differences between bream and roach in the temperature dependency of SMR. Between 5 and 10°C, juvenile roach (Q10 = 5.8) and adult bream (Q10 = 4.9) displayed significantly higher sensitivity of mass-independent RMR to temperature changes than equal-sized juvenile bream and adult roach, respectively. This indicates different strategies during winter and the early spring period. When comparing these results with related literature about energy intake, it appears that roach and bream have evolved different thermal phenotypes, with bream showing a slightly more pronounced increase of metabolic energy loss and a less pronounced increase of energy intake (consumption, digestion) with temperature compared to sympatric roach.
Osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of the South African catfish Austroglanis gilli, with comments on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Austroglanididae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Bills Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of the South African catfish Austroglanis gilli are described and compared with those of other catfishes, either studied by us or described in the literature, as the foundation for a discussion on Austroglanididae autapomorphies, and also on the phylogenetic relationships between the austroglanidids and the other catfishes. Our observations, comparisons, and bibliographical overview revealed only two Austroglanidae autapomorphies, namely: 1) the peculiarly shaped, posteriorly bifurcated sesamoid bone 1 of the suspensorium; and 2) the markedly broad fourth basibranchial. Another feature, the marked lateral bifurcation of the anterodorsolateral laminar projection of the sphenotic bone, may eventually constitute an additional austroglanidid autapomorphy, but, perhaps more reasonably, be a synapomorphic feature to support a close relationship between A. gilli and A. barnardi. With respect to the phylogenetic position of the Austroglanididae within the Siluriformes, these fishes seem to be closely related to the ictalurid and the cranoglanidid, and particularly to the ariid and the claroteid catfishes.
Evaluating outpatient pharmacy services: a literature review of specialist heart failure services
Authors: Hargraves Tracey-Lea , Bennett Alexandra A , Brien Jo-anne E 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify appropriate methods to evaluate a specialist pharmacy service for heart failure patients in an ambulatory care setting.MethodAn extensive literature review was undertaken to identify the published data on evaluative studies of specialist pharmacy services, including those directed at heart failure patients in an ambulatory care model of service provision.Key findingsSix studies were identified evaluating outpatient pharmacy services for heart failure. The pharmacy services provided in these settings were not well defined. The impact of the pharmacist was compared to ‘usual care’, that is care delivered without a pharmacist, by either a prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT), or before and after studies. In most cases the service was delivered by one pharmacist at one site. Services were primarily targeted at patients and focused on medication and lifestyle education, adverse drug reaction monitoring, and compliance/adherence. In all studies, there was a trend for improvement in the outcomes measured. Different study endpoints were examined, including process indicators such as compliance and outcome measures such as morbidity (clinical), quality of life (humanistic), and hospital admissions (economic). The ideal evaluative study would be an adequately powered, prospective, randomised controlled trial, comparing the effect of the pharmacist service to usual care (without the specified pharmacy service). Appropriate study endpoints including process indicators and outcome measures are needed. Identification of specific components and the extent of the service that would provide the most benefit to selected patient groups would be of interest.ConclusionsSpecialist ambulatory care pharmacy services have not been well defined or evaluated in the literature. Limited randomised controlled data exist.
Repeat dispensing of prescriptions in community pharmacies: a systematic review of the UK literature
Authors: Morecroft Charles W , Ashcroft Darren M , Noyce Peter 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Objective
To identify, review and evaluate the published literature that focused on the impact of repeat dispensing in community pharmacies in the United Kingdom.

Method
Electronic databases (e.g. Medline, Embase and CINAHL) were searched from 1992 to May 2005. This was supplemented by searching PJ-online, IJPP online conference abstracts and the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Analysis of the findings explored the quality of the assessed papers, stakeholders' perceptions of repeat dispensing, the impact on professional relationships and workload, quality of care and prescription cost savings.

Key findings
Four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and one before-and-after study were identified; most studies also incorporated a qualitative component. The findings indicated that patients' satisfaction with repeat dispensing was high, mainly as the service was seen as more convenient and time saving. While pharmacists considered that their relationship with patients had improved, one study found that patients did not necessarily agree and considered that pharmacists still remained in their dispensaries. Quality of care was considered in two RCTs, which indicated that more adverse reactions and compliance issues were identified in the intervention group. However, no direct comparisons were reported in differences in rates between intervention and control groups. Likewise, it was not possible to determine if any of the reported cost savings were solely attributable to repeat dispensing, as direct comparisons between groups were not reported.

Conclusions
Definitive conclusions about the effectiveness and impact of repeat dispensing are difficult to draw given a lack of transparency and systematicity when reporting these studies. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that there are high levels of patient satisfaction with the service. Likewise, it was not possible to draw conclusions about the possible savings on the NHS drug budget. Important policy decisions are being made about the implementation of repeat dispensing; however they are currently been made in a vacuum of adequate information.
Implementation of cognitive pharmaceutical services in Danish community pharmacies — perceptions of strategists and practitioners
Authors: Hopp Trine R , Klinke Bjørn O , Sørensen Ellen W , Herborg Hanne , Roberts Alison S 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Objective
To understand how projects for the implementation of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS) are perceived as facilitators of change from the perspectives of practitioners and strategists. Setting Sixteen community pharmacies in Denmark and three organisations working on implementing CPS in pharmacy practice.

Method
Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with practitioners (pharmacy staff and owners) in ‘professionally active’ pharmacies, and eight interviews were conducted with ‘professional strategists’ in the field of pharmacy practice. Informants were asked about their goals for participation in and development of projects regarding implementation of CPS, and about change strategies used for implementation. An interview guide based on organisational theory was used, and an organisational theory framework formed the basis of the analysis.

Key findings
Eleven goals for the development of projects relating to CPS implementation from the strategist's perspective were identified. From the practitioners' perspective, nine goals for participation in such projects were identified. The two groups share four categories of goals regarding: competence development; implementation of CPS; marketing of the pharmacy; and improvement of patients' drug use and outcomes. Other goals from the two perspectives predominantly differ from each other.
Two metaphors were developed as images of the two different ways of perceiving CPS projects. The strategists develop projects as ‘standard menus’, and the practitioners select projects in which to participate as if they were one of many dishes on a ‘buffet’.
Strategies for change were also identified. The humanistic change strategy predominated from both groups of informants' perspective.

Conclusion
While they have some goals in common, there is a clear difference in the perspectives of strategists and practitioners in the development of and participation in CPS-related projects. The metaphors ‘standard menu’ and ‘buffet’ are two ways of understanding implementation. If these metaphors are accepted as a premise in the field of pharmacy practice, future work with implementation of CPS should take these differences into account.