bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Munājayāt Al-Sab'īn" ("Orisons of the Seventies"): 'Azīz Al-Sayyid Jāsim's Latest Prose Poems
Authors: El-Hage George 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis short introductory essay focuses on the biographical and critical value of 'Azīz al-Sayyid Jāsim's short monologues or orisons that were printed posthumously in Arabic in 1994. The output of their author, 'Azīz al-Sayyid Jāsim, is enormous, especially in matters of ideology and literature. However, his poetic excursions are few: he never claimed them as central to his literary and cultural itinerary. Yet, as their publisher and editor in Arabic notes, these pieces offer new insights, not only in the record of an influential author, but also in his Sufi career, which led to his seclusion and eventual execution, despite his disinterest in active political involvement. The orisons have their depth, intimacy, and poetic power that integrate them into the scant, but significant, poetic tradition of the Sufis.
A "Salary" of Death: Aesthetics and Economy in Badr Shākir Al-Sayyāb's "Haffār Al-Qubūr" ("The Gravedigger")
Authors: Salama Mohammad 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn one of modern Arabic literature's most genuinely pessimistic poems, "Haffār al-Qubūr" ("The Gravedigger"), Badr Shākir Sal-ayyāb depicts a shattered world seen from the perspective of a lascivious misanthropist who earns his living as a grave-digger. While a majority of critics have interpreted the poem in psychological terms as a reflection of al-Sayyāb's tormented ego, this paper offers a radically contextual deconstructionist reading that relates the gloomy condition of the poetic persona's life not merely to its author's personal sufferings, but to the socio-historical circumstances and economic conditions of the Iraqi society in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The fundamental postulate of this study is that although al-Sayyāb's poetry always revolves around personal and abstract issues, it reflects the economic reality of its time in a manner that is not just mimetic or reproductive of dominant ideologies, but deeply ironic and critical of the contradictions inherent in those very ideologies.
Attitudes to antipsychotic drugs and their side effects: a comparison between general practitioners and the general population
Authors: Helbling Josef , Ajdacic-Gross Vladeta , Lauber Christoph , Weyermann Ruth , Burns Tom , Rössler Wulf 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Attitudes towards antipsychotic medication play an important part in the treatment for schizophrenia and related disorders. We aimed measuring general practitioners' attitudes to antipsychotic drugs and their adverse side effects and comparing these with the attitudes of the general population.

Methods
Analysis and comparison of two representative samples, one comprising 100 General Practitioners (GPs), the other 791 individuals randomly selected from the general population. The setting was the German speaking cantons of Switzerland.

Results
General practitioners have significantly more positive attitudes towards anti-psychotic drugs than the general public. They reject widespread prejudices about the use of anti-psychotic medication significantly more than the general population. In particular the risk of dependency was assessed as 'low' by GP's (80%), in contrast to only 18% of the general population sample. In no instance did a majority of the GPs advise not tolerating any of the 10 possible adverse effects presented in this study. This is in marked contrast to the general population sample, where a majority recommended discontinuation for movement disorder (63%), strong tremor (59%), risk of dependency (55%) and feelings of unrest (54%).

Conclusion
As well as effective management of side-effects being a vital aspect of patient and carer education, prescribing doctors need to be aware that their mentally ill patients are likely to be confronted with extremely negative public attitudes towards antipsychotic medication and with strong pressures to stop taking their medication in the event of side-effects.
Hepatocyte growth factor ameliorates dermal sclerosis in the tight-skin mouse model of scleroderma
Authors: Iwasaki Tsuyoshi , Imado Takehito , Kitano Sachie , Sano Hajime 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tight-skin (TSK/+) mouse, a genetic model of systemic sclerosis (SSc), develops cutaneous fibrosis and defects in pulmonary architecture. Because hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an important mitogen and morphogen that contributes to the repair process after tissue injury, we investigated the role of HGF in cutaneous fibrosis and pulmonary architecture defects in SSc using TSK/+ mice. TSK/+ mice were injected in the gluteal muscle with either hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) liposomes containing 8 μg of a human HGF expression vector (HGF-HVJ liposomes) or a mock vector (untreated control). Gene transfer was repeated once weekly for 8 weeks. The effects of HGF gene transfection on the histopathology and expression of tumor growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-4 mRNA in TSK/+ mice were examined. The effect of recombinant HGF on IL-4 production by TSK/+ CD4+ T cells stimulated by allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro was also examined. Histologic analysis revealed that HGF gene transfection in TSK/+ mice resulted in a marked reduction of hypodermal thickness, including the subcutaneous connective tissue layer. The hypodermal thickness of HGF-treated TSK/+ mice was decreased two-fold to three-fold compared with untreated TSK/+ mice. However, TSK/+ associated defects in pulmonary architecture were unaffected by HGF gene transfection. HGF gene transfection significantly inhibited the expression of IL-4 and TGF-β1 mRNA in the spleen and skin but not in the lung. We also performed a mixed lymphocyte culture and examined the effect of recombinant HGF on the generation of IL-4. Recombinant HGF significantly inhibited IL-4 production in TSK/+ CD4+ T cells stimulated by allogeneic DCs. HGF gene transfection inhibited IL-4 and TGF-β mRNA expression, which has been postulated to have a major role in fibrinogenesis and reduced hypodermal thickness, including the subcutaneous connective tissue layer of TSK/+ mice. HGF might represent a novel strategy for the treatment of SSc.
Decreasing TNF-α results in less fibrosis and earlier resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Chen Kemin , Wei Yongzhong , Sharp Gordon C , Braley-Mullen Helen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGranulomatous experimetal autoimmune thyroiditis (G-EAT) is induced in DBA/1 mice by adoptive transfer of mouse thyroglobulin (MTg)-primed spleen cells. TNF-α is an important proinflammatory cytokine and apoptotic molecule involved in many autoimmune diseases. To study its role in G-EAT, anti-TNF-α mAb was given to recipient mice. Disease severity was comparable between mice with or without anti-TNF-α treatment at days 19–21, the time of maximal severity of G-EAT, suggesting TNF-α is not essential for development of thyroid inflammation. However, thyroid lesions resolved at day 48 in anti-TNF-α-treated mice, while thyroids of rat Ig-treated controls had fibrosis. These results suggested that reducing TNF-α contributed to resolution of inflammation and inhibited fibrosis. Gene and protein expression of inflammatory molecules was examined by RT-PCR and immunostaining, and apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining and an apoptosis kit. Thyroids of anti-TNF-α-treated controls had reduced proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules, e.g., IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-17, inducible NOS and MCP-1, at day 19 compared with thyroids of rat Ig-treated mice. There were more apoptotic thyrocytes in rat Ig-treated controls than in anti-TNF-α-treated mice. The site of expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule FLIP also differed between rat Ig-treated and anti-TNF-α-treated mice. FLIP was predominantly expressed by inflammatory cells of rat Ig-treated mice and by thyrocytes of anti-TNF-α-treated mice. These results suggest that anti-TNF-α may regulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in thyroids, resulting in less inflammation, earlier resolution, and reduced fibrosis.
Surgical Management of Hypothalamic Hamartomas with Epilepsy: the Stereoendoscopic Approach
Authors: Procaccini Emidio , Dorfmüller Georg , Fohlen Martine , Bulteau Christine , Delalande Olivier 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOBJECTIVE:Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) require surgical treatment in patients presenting with refractory epilepsy.METHODS:The authors report on a single-center series of 33 patients (24 males, 9 females) who underwent surgery between January 1997 and April 2004. They experienced several types of seizure (gelastic, tonic, partial, atonic, generalized tonic-clonic, dacrystic, infantile spasm, mental retardation, and behavioral and endocrino-logical abnormalities). Forty-nine interventions were carried out. Every patient, with the exception of the first, underwent hamartoma disconnection (pterional approach, six patients; endoscopy, 15 patients; both, 11 patients). The endoscopic approach was carried out with a frameless stereotactic system to enhance feasibility and efficacy of the disconnecting procedure.RESULTS:Surgery-related neurological complications occurred in two patients, both after a pterional microsurgical approach. Furthermore, two patients experienced pan-hypopituitarism and one patient experienced transitory central insipid diabetes. All patients but one showed recovery or considerable improvement of their epilepsy (Engel Class 1, 48.5%; Engel Class 2, 3%; Engel Class 3, 45.5%; mean follow-up duration, 1 yr 7 mo).CONCLUSION:According to the proposed classification of sessile HH into four types, the best candidates for endoscopic disconnection are Type 2 and Type 3 HHs. In the present series, 90% of patients affected by Type 2 HH became seizure free and the remaining 10% improved; of those with Type 3 HH at presentation, 35.3% recovered and 60% improved. Neuropsychological and endocrinological test results showed improvement in many patients. Data from our series demonstrate that frameless stereotactic endoscopic disconnection should be considered as the treatment of choice in the presence of favorable anatomic conditions.
Axially Dynamic Implants for Stabilization of the Cervical Spine
Authors: Steinmetz Michael P. , Benzel Edward C. , Apfelbaum Ronald I. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Subsidence is a naturally occurring process that is observed during aging and after spine surgery. Rigid cervical spine instrumentation is excellent for stabilizing the spine. These devices, however, also retard subsidence after surgery. Thus, the implant carries much of the axial load, rather than sharing the axial load with the bone graft. This results in an increased incidence of construct failures, pseudoarthrosis, or both, which often occur late in the postoperative course.

METHODS:
In contrast, dynamic implants allow normal (natural) subsidence to occur, while effectively stabilizing the spine by preventing translation, rotation, and angular deformation. Load sharing, which works with, instead of against, the normal biology of bone healing, occurs with axially dynamic implants, resulting in more robust and earlier fusions.

RESULTS:
Diminished incidences of construct failures have been reported with dynamic implants.

CONCLUSION:
Dynamic implants seem to be the system of choice for ventral cervical stabilization in selected patients.
Complication Avoidance in Peripheral Nerve Surgery:Injuries,Entrapments, and Tumors of the Extremities—part 2
Authors: Russell Stephen M. , Kline David G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe goal of this two-part review is to discuss peripheral nerve surgery complications, along with the techniques and principles used to prevent them. In this second article, we concentrate on injuries, tumors, and entrapment of nerves in the extremities, including carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve compression at the elbow.
Current Concepts in the Management of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Ecker Robert D. , Levy Elad I. , Sauvageau Eric , Hanel Ricardo A. , Hopkins L Nelson 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
MEDICALLY REFRACTORY, SYMPTOMATIC intracranial atherosclerotic disease has a poor prognosis. Based on the results of the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study, the risk of ipsilateral stroke at 1.8 years is between 13 and 14% in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Synergistic advances in intracranial angioplasty and stenting, modern neuroimaging techniques, and periprocedural and postprocedural antithrombotic regimens are creating new models for the diagnosis and successful endovascular treatment of intracranial stenosis. In this article, the most recent clinical developments and concepts for the diagnosis and endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease are discussed.
Water conservation in fasting northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)
Authors: Lester-Jones Christen W. , Costa Daniel P. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYProlonged terrestrial fasting is a key element in the life history of elephant seals. While on land seals typically fast without access to fresh water, and thus must maintain positive water balance by reductions in water loss such that they can subsist primarily on metabolic water production (MWP). The terrestrial apnea demonstrated by seals may reduce respiratory evaporative water loss (REWL) to levels that allow seals to make a net gain of water from MWP. We empirically measured REWL in 13 fasting northern elephant seal pups and determined the effects on water conservation of a breathing mode that incorporates a regular pattern of apneas, of ≥1 min in duration, followed by eupneic recovery, compared with a breathing mode with no apneas longer than 20 s and resembling typical breathing patterns in other mammals (normative breathing). Overall REWL fell 41% from 0.075±0.013 g min-1(mean ± s.d.) during normative breathing to 0.044±0.006 g min-1 during apneic breathing. The decline in REWL is attributed to a decrease in overall ventilation rate, made possible by a decline in metabolic rate along with an increase in oxygen extraction that would occur during apneic breathing. Data on the range of ambient humidity conditions at the local breeding site were collected and used to bound the range of environmental conditions used in laboratory measurements. Our data showed that the observed variations in ambient humidity had no significant effect on REWL. A combination of apneic breathing and the complex nasal turbinates allows fasting elephant seals to reduce REWL well below the rate of MWP so that they can maintain water balance during the fast.
The diagnostic evaluation of unilateral exophthalmos
Authors: Calcaterra Thomas C. , Hepler Robert S. , Hanafee William N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPatients with unilateral exophthalmos warrant a systematic and multi‐disciplinary work‐up before surgical exploration or a therapeutic regimen is undertaken. The otolaryngologist is concerned primarily with the diagnosis of disease processes that arise adjacent to the orbital space in the nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, and temporal fossa. Careful head and neck examination should be supplemented by recently refined studies such as tomography, arteriography with subtraction, orbital venography, contrast orbitography, and ultrasonography.
Tattooing in cancer surgery
Authors: Janpaza Parviz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn advanced cancer of the head and neck combined therapy (radiation, chemotherapy and surgery) may offer a better survival rate than surgery, radiation or chemotherapy alone.Frequently at the completion of preoperative adjuvant therapy, there is considerable regression in the tumor, which obscures the original limits of the tumor. Histologic studies of excised specimens demonstrated nests of viable appearing cells to the periphery of the original tumor. For this reason complete excision of the original tumor with a surrounding margin of normal tissue is necessary. Therefore it is imperative to accurately demarcate the limits of the lesion before radiation or chemotherapy is begun.The permanent tattooing of mucous membrane and skin with India ink has been most satisfactory in recording the size of original lesions. The indications, materials and methods of tattooing are discussed.
Otogenic tetanus in Zaire
Authors: Mahoney Jack L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSixty‐seven patients with tetanus of otogenic origin were hospitalized at the Mama Yemo hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire over the two‐year period from 1975 through 1976. The care of these patients was the same as that for all 620 tetanus cases admitted during this period. No otologic surgical procedures were performed on this group; nor were any special ear procedures utilized. The survival rate in the otogenic tetanus group was 83%. The survival rate in the 620 tetanus admissions was 79%. All 67 patients had evidence of chronic otitis media. None of these patients had evidence of otologic complications before, during or for one month after developing tetanus, other than uncomplicated otorrhea. Tetanus antitoxin of 10,000 or 50,000 IU did not appear to affect survival rates. Mortality rates were not increased in the 18% of patients who did not receive tetanus antitoxin. Sedation sufficient to eliminate muscle spasms and maintain the patient sleeping seems to be important in increasing survival rates in tetanus. The need for tracheotomies appeared to be reduced with the increased sedation. Mortality rates increased among the patients who had tracheotomies. Otologic surgical procedures do not appear to be indicated in the management of patients with otogenic tetanus.
Inner ear lidocaine concentrations following iontophoresis
Authors: Gillespie Cameron A. , Swanson George C. , Johnson Charles M. , STROM C. Gordon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study has established the feasibility of measuring perilymph lidocaine levels after iontophoresis for local tympanic anesthesia in the rabbit model. A subsequent study may now be performed to produce a valid, dose‐response curve correlating perilymph lidocaine levels and cochlear responses. In this manner the effects of and safety of lidocaine iontophoresis for tympanic anesthesia can be determined with certainty.After intravenous sedation, eight rabbits underwent iontophoresis followed by diagnostic vestibulotomies. Perilymph samples were taken and analyzed for lidocaine levels. Significant amounts of perilymph lidocaine were found in both the intact and perforated tympanic membrane groups. In the perforated tympanic membrane group, the perilymph lidocaine level was eight times that of the intact tympanic membrane group.Future studies to determine the dose‐response relationship of perilymph lidocaine to cochlear responses are now possible. Thus, the safety of lidocaine iontophoresis and the degree of inner ear toxicity of lidocaine can be established quantitatively.
Auditory brain stem response (ABR) in unilateral hearing loss
Authors: Özdamar Özcan , Stein Laszlo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAuditory brain stem responses (ABRs) were reported with two groups of patients with confirmed and suspected unilateral hearing loss. Evidence of acoustic crossover of click stimuli when the difference in click thresholds for the two ears exceeds approximately 60 db is presented. In such a circumstance, the ABR presumably elicited from the test ear can, in fact, be a reflection of a crossover response from the non‐test ear. In clinical practice, appropriate contralateral ear masking should be employed when ABR audiometry is carried out with infants and adults with suspected unilateral hearing loss.
Tympanic electrocochleography for evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Levine Samuel C. , Margolis Robert H. , Fournier Eric M. , Winzenburg Sandra M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere has been increased interest in electrocochleography for the diagnosis and intraoperative monitoring of patients with endolymphatic hydrops. Attention has been focused on the determination of the summating potential: action potential (SP:AP) ratio from alternating polarity clicks. Review of this technique at the University of Minnesota led to a reevaluation of the usual interpretation of these recordings. Separate examination of the rarefaction and condensation click recordings provides insight into abnormal response patterns. Cases are presented to illustrate a variety of normal and abnormal patterns including abnormal differences in the latency of condensation and rarefaction‐click‐generated action potentials, increased summating potential, uncanceled cochlear microphonic, and reduced action potential and summating potential amplitudes. These response categories may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of Meniere's disease.
Ornithine decarboxylase activity in tumor and normal tissue of head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Weiss Raymond L. , Calhoun Karen H. , Ahmed Ahmed E. , Stanley David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTumorigenesis requires increased biosynthesis of polyamines and elevated levels of ornithine decarboxylase, which is the rate'limiting enzyme in the polyamine synthesis pathway. Previous animal studies have noted a marked increase in ornithine decarboxylase after exposure to tumorigenic stimuli and that pretreatment with vitamins A and E provides protection against the carcinogenic action. However, studies of ornithine decarboxylase activity in human oral cavity carcinoma have not been as specific. The goal of this study was to determine whether a specific difference in ornithine decarboxylase activity occurs in tumor versus adjacent normal tissue in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured in 30 consecutive head and neck cancer patients undergoing surgical therapy. Ornithine decarboxylase levels were found to be significantly elevated in tumor tissue samples when compared to adjacent normal mucosa samples (P <.004). This finding confirms the previous findings noted in animal models and implies that the protective effects of vitamins A and E will extend to human head and neck cancers.
Human papillomavirus identified by nucleic acid hybridization in concomitant nasal and genital papillomas
Authors: Fu Yao S. , Hoover Larry , Franklin Michael , Cheng Lorna , Stoler Mark H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPresence of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the etiologic agent in nearly all upper respiratory tract recurrent papillomas is well‐established. The technique of nucleic acid hybridization now allows specific typing of HPV with a high degree of accuracy. This article reports a series of nine consecutive patients treated for nasal papillomas over the past 9 years. Eight of these patients had a personal history of genital papillomas (seven patients) or exposure (one patient). With the use of in situ hybridization and autoradiographic technique on paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, HPV RNA type 6/11 was expressed in eight of nine nasal papillomas, and corresponding HPV types were also found in the two cases with which concurrent anogenital papilloma tissue was also available for analysis. Human papillomavirus RNA types 16 and 18 were not detected in any of the specimens. Signals of HPV messenger RNA type 6/11 were stronger in the fungiform areas than in the inverted areas of papillomas.