bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postembryonal growth and its variability of the three marine fishes with special reference to the mechanism of growth variation in fishes
Authors: Yamagishi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

Summary
To study the relation of growth variation to the behaviour pattern, newly hatched Hemiramphus sajori, Chrysophrys major and Zebrias zebra were reared in 30 litter aquaria during one month, and body length was measured four times.
In Hemiramphus sajori coefficient of variation of body length (CV) first increased but showed a tendency to decrease with development of schooling behaviour.
In Chrysophrys major CV markedly increased and mode of the distribution curve of body length inclined towards the left side, associated with appearance of aggression and cannibalism.
In Zebrias zebra, when behaviour pattern changed from planktonic to demersal some of the small individuals nearly ceased growing. At that time CV of body length remarkably increased and the mode of the distribution curve of body length shifted towards the right side.
In all the species a positive correlation was seem between specific growth rate and initial body length soon after intensive feeding began. An negative correlation was observed in most of individuals of Hemiramphus sajori after the appearance of schooling behaviour. When a conspicuous increase in CV and skewness in distribution curve took place, a separate type of correlation was seen in large and small group in the population.
Based on above mentioned and other materials a general mechanism of growth variation in fishes was discussed.
A model of plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids: A new approach
Authors: Bryant Edwin H. 
Published: October 2006

Summary
A stochastic model was applied to the changes in the distribution of aphids on plants in a field determined by their plant‐to‐plant movements.
The expected numbers of aphids on plants were calculated for the 5 days of an experiment reported byShiyomi (1967) and compared with observed frequencies at these times.
Differences in population parameters of two Tribolium castaneum strains in environments of different shapes
Authors: Wool David 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Survival and duration of development of two Tribolium castaneum strains were not the same when reared in environments of different shapes under the same external conditions.
The bb strain survived better in jars than vials. The ++ strain survived better in vials than in jars of type 3.
Both strains (as well as their hybrid (+b)) developed faster in vials (type 1) than in shallow jars (type 2). Both strains developed faster in jars of type 3 than in vials, at the low density. At the high density, the strains reacted differently: ++ developed faster in vials, but bb developed faster in jars.
Cultures of “selected” strains followed the population trends they exhibited in the selection experiments from which they came.
In both densities and in all environments, mean individual weight of ++ adults was always higher then that of bb, suggesting that this character is, at least in part, genetically determined.
The differences in survival and developmental period in environments of different shapes may be due to microclimatic differences between environments and to changes produced in them by the developing immatures.
Settling‐site selection and survival of two scale insects, Ceroplastes rubens and C. ceriferus, on citrus trees
Authors: Itioka Takao , Inoue Tamiji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe studied settling‐site selection and the resulting survival of two sessile scale insects, Ceroplastes rubens and C. ceriferus, in the citrus tree, Citrus unshiu, in central Japan.C. rubens preferred 0‐year‐old twigs most as a settling‐site; the density of nymphs settling on 0‐year‐old twigs was significantly higher than those on ≥1‐year‐old twigs, and few nymphs settled on ≥3‐year‐old twigs. The mean survival rates from settling until reproduction in the next year were significantly higher on more preferred twigs than on less preferred ones. In C. ceriferus, nymphs significantly preferred 1‐ and 2‐year‐old twigs to 0‐ and ≥3‐year‐old ones, and the mean survival rates on the more preferred 1‐ and 2‐year‐old twigs were significantly higher than those on less preferred ≥3‐year‐old twigs. However, the survival rate on less preferred 0‐year‐old twigs was slightly higher than those on 1‐ and 2‐year‐old ones. Thus, in both species of scale, it was the preferred twigs which were more profitable sites for survival after settling, except for less preferred 0‐year‐old twigs for C. ceriferus.In both scale species, most mortality was due to growth cessation, which is believed to be related to the twig quality as a food source. Predators and parasitoids were minor mortality factors.Both species showed constant survival rates until the density of settled nymphs exceeded double the “upper‐limit” density, whereupon they decreased drastically.Nymphs of C. rubens settling on twigs of high scale density showed a spacing‐out distribution, those of C. ceriferus did not. In C. rubens, an increase in preference for originally less profitable twigs at the later stage of the settling season was observed, but not in C. ceriferus. Accordingly, individuals of C. rubens showed a stronger tendency to avoid conspecifics than did C. ceriferus.Although nymphs of the two scales clearly preferred more profitable sites, their settling‐site selection did not agree with the predictions from the ideal free distribution theory (Fretwell and Lucas, 1970). The discrepancies were (1) frequent settling on less profitable sites at the early stage of the settling season, (2) insufficient utilization of the most profitable twigs, and (3) virtually 100% mortality on overcrowded twigs under conditions where unoccupied profitable twigs still remained. These discrepancies are thought due to the limited dispersal time of nymphs.
Crucial factors determining the spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of three Athalia sawflies feeding on common cruciferous plants
Authors: Nagasaka Koukichi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThree Athalia sawflies, A. japonica, A. rosae and A. infumata, feeding on cruciferous plants, coexist in Japan. However, it is not known what ecological strategies they use and what environmental factors are crucial to such strategies. I attempted to explain these questions by examining the relationship between the spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of three Athalia sawflies and their habitats in three districts (Lowland, Intermediate and Mountain).The three sawflies have different spatio‐temporal distribution patterns, though they usually used common cruciferous plants. A. japonica was abundant in spring and autumn but disappeared during summer in all the districts. In the Lowland, populations of A. rosae and A. infumata, like that of A. japonica, crashed in summer. However A. rosae occurred mainly in summer in the Intermediate and Mountain. Although A. infumata occurred in the same seasons as A. rosae in all districts, population levels of A. infumata were always lower than those of A. rosae.The crucial factors controlling their population patterns were the availability of host plants and temperature. Population crashes of A. rosae and A. infumata were due to food depletion, and those of A. japonica were due to heat stress. On the other hand, their population patterns may be interpreted as phenological synchronization with their original host plants, though they all existed on common cruciferous plants.The three sawflies may have evolved different strategies to escape from unfavorable habitat conditions. Such strategies are speculated to be summer diapause in A. japonica, long distance migration in A. rosae, and local dispersal in A. infumata.
Worker brood survival in honeybees
Authors: Fukuda Hiromi , Sakagami Shôichi F. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe brood survival in honeybee workers was measured in order to obtain the data basic to the preparation of life tables. Under normal condition, that is, at the center of brood area, the survival is high. The survival/stage function runs 100.0 eggs, 94.2 unsealed brood (=feeding larvae), 86.4 sealed brood (=post‐feeding larvae and pupae) and 85.1 adults. The total duration of immature stages is 20 days in 87.1%, 21 days in 8.3% and 19 days or more than 22 days in the residual fraction of successfully emerging workers.The survival remarkably decreases at peripheral areas within the hive. Various factors affecting the brood survival are discussed and the importance of a dense worker cover on the brood area is stressed in relation to the maintenance of thermal conditions optimal to the brood. The occurrence of one factor, which is not expected in solitary animals, the self‐control of population by egg eating, is pointed out.
The ingestion in wolf spiders I. Capacity of gut of Lycosa pseudoannulata
Authors: Nakamura Kazuo 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata, collected from the field were reared in test tubes supplied with fruit flies as the food, and the number and weight of fruit flies killed per unit time and the weight of residuum of killed flies were recorded. When the cumulative number of flies killed by a spider was plotted against time after the beginning of food supply, the angle of the curve obtained decreased gradually until a constant value. In this time, it seems that the gut of spider had saturated with food and the increase rate of number of flies killed reflects the rate of food disappeared from gut by assimilation and egestion. The amount of ingestion was obtained by subtracting the weight of residuum and the gain of live weight of the spider from the weight of killed flies. After the gut has saturated, the amount of food remained in the gut is considered to be equal to the capacity of gut, which is an essential factor in the study of predation. The amount of food disappearance from gut was also estimated.There was a linear relationship between the log body weight of spiders and the log capacity of gut. The linear relationship was also seen between the log total amount of ingestion and the log total amount of food disappeared from gut.
Intraspecies competition in a field population of Gregopimpla himalayensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitic on Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Shiga Masakazu , Nakanishi Akinori 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIntraspecies competition in a field population of Gregopimpla himalayensis (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) parasitic on the prepupae of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) was investigated.The parasite oviposits the sufficient number of progeny (5 individuals/0.1 g dry weight of host) to exhaust a single host in a single attack. However, at the intensity less than 22–26 individuals/0.1 g d.w. of host, all individuals can emerge, i.e. density‐dependent mortality does not occur. Within this range of intensity, survival of parasite larvae is guaranteed by diminution in body size and decreasing sex ratio. In contrast, total biomass of parasites showed a peak at 5 individuals/0.1 g d.w. of host at which a single host is exhausted.Above the intensity of 22–26, extraordinary minute individuals appeared and they died before maturation.If intraspecies competition play a role in regulation of G. himalayensis population in the field, the process is usually not through density‐dependent mortality but through decreasing reproductive rate caused by decrease in the sex ratio, adult longevity and fecundity.
Selection for divergent emigration rates in laboratory populations of Musca domestica
Authors: Collier Boyd 
Published: October 2006

SummaryHigh and low emigration rates through a laboratory system were selected for in populations of house flies (Musca domestica L.). Emigration consisted of movement of flies from on plastic box to another by way of a connecting tube. Selection was carried out by first dividing a wild population of flies into two lines and then selecting for movement from the box in one line and against movement from the box in the other line. The selection experiment was performed twice. In both experiments a statistically significant difference between the two strains was obtained in three to four generations of selection. In the second experiment, after 5 genrations the mean number of high emigration rate flies emigrating in 1 hour was 4.37 times the mean number of low emigration rate flies and in 24 hours was 2.81 times the number of low emigration rate flies. The second experiment was terminated after 6 generations, but the first experiment was continued for 35 generations. In this case, divergence ceased in roughly 15 generations.The possible relevance of the findings to laboratory population experiments in which spatial discontinuities are included is discussed.
Stability of environment and of insect populations
Authors: Wolda Henk , Spitzer Karel , Lepš Jan 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe abundance of moths was monitored with light‐traps in two sites in southern Bohemia, České Budějovice for 22 years and in Černiš for 9 years. In these sites, that are vastly different in environmental stability and predictability, stability of insect populations was studied. The amplitude of fluctuations in abundance of the insect populations, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV), varied a great deal between species so that there was a large overlap between the two sites. Nevertheless there was a highly significant tendency for species at Černiš, the more stable site, to have smaller values of CV, i.e., to be less fluctuating. Also in species co‐occurring in the two sites, the CV at Černiš tended to be smaller. Trends in abundance of individual species over time, both increases and decreases, were common in both sites and did not differ between habitats. Environmental stability begets insect population stability in terms of the amplitude of the fluctuations, but trends in time occur irrespective of stability of the habitat.
A ten‐year study of population dynamics of citrus pests in the pesticide‐reduced orchard
Authors: Itioka Takao , Inoue Tamiji , Ishida Norio 
Published: October 2006

SummaryTo determine the effectiveness of a pest management system that uses pesticides at a low level, we censused populations of seven insect pests and three plant diseases from 1980 to 1989 in a citrus orchard which was managed with a pesticide‐reduced and pesticide‐free protocols, in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. In the orchard, we controlled the pests solely by spraying petroleum oil once a year from 1980 to 1985, by not spraying insecticide in 1986, and spraying only germicide in 1987. The arrowhead scale population remained much lower level at which citrus trees begin to wither when petroleum oil was sprayed, whereas it rapidly increased and began to wither trees during the years without spraying petroleum oil. The Indian wax scale population rapidly increased only during a 2‐year period and then declined. Although the infection level of the sooty mold was unusually high on the trees where the density of the scale was high, this pathogen did little damage to citrus trees. The population of the red wax scale gradually increased throughout the census period but did not reach the level at which citrus trees begin to be damaged. Other pests also caused negligible damages to citrus trees. The results indicated that the pesticide‐reduced pest management system which was proposed by Inoue and Ohgushi (1976, 1977) is valid for the prevention of the outbreak of the arrowhead scale, and that is has the sufficient control efficiency for the other pests in citrus orchards.
A mathematical model for the survivorship curve
Authors: Murai Minoru 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA mathematical function describing the various kinds of survivorship curve is formulated with the useful parameter, environmental capacity. Three types of the survivorship curve illlustrated byDeevey can be obtained from changing the value of this function. When a cohort is large and the competition occurs in the scramble type, this function shows the third type ofDeevy's and this to the first type in the case of low density and the contest type of competition. But the second type would rather be obtained by the action of density independent agencies.
A method for estimating natural survival rate and mean fecundity of an adult insect population by dissecting the female reproductive organs
Authors: Hokyo Nobuhiko , Kiritani Keizi 
Published: October 2006

SummarySeveral problems were discussed in relation toMacDonald's method (MacDonald, 1957) for estimating the survival rate of a natural population of adults with varying survival rates and unstable age structure.
Random samplings with a fixed sampling ratio and an appropriate census interval is pre‐requisite during the occurrence of the adults.
At each sampling, female adults are dissected to know the ratio, pi, of nulliparous females in ith sample (i=0, 1, 2, 3, …,). The Σnipi/Σni gives an estimate of the ratio, Fα/F, of nulliparous females in the population where ni refers to the population size on ith census date. If a constant daily survival rate is assumed, the daily survival rate is estimated from equation (4′). When the survival rate is not constant over the period of adult occurrence, e. g. before and after the initiation of oviposition, the survival rate during pre‐ovipositional period is estimated by equation (4″).
Decision of an economic census interval to obtain a reliable estimate of the ratio, Fα/F, is depending on the form of emergence curve, particularly on its duration and the length of pre‐ovipositional period. If the normal distribution can be assumed for the emergence curve, an interval less than one third of the emergence period is recommended. Concerning with insects having a long pre‐ovipositional period, a census interval which exceeds one third of the emergence period still gives a good estimate of Fα/F.
The mean realized fecundity of some kind of insects can be estimated by equation (5′ or 5″) using the estimates obtained by the present method.
Productivity of high and low density populations of Japonaria laminata armigera (Diplopoda) in a warm‐temperate forest ecosystem
Authors: Saito Susumu 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe productivity of the final larval and adult populations of a large sized diplopod, Japonaria laminata armigera were studied at a warm temperate ever‐green broad leaf forest in Chiba Japan. The population density was about 200/m2 in May 1962, and 7/m2 in May 1966, the former being about 30 times as much as the latter. A remarkable growth of animals was seen from June to November, and the growth pattern of individuals in both populations was very similar. The growth and mortality were calculated by the following formulae,
urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0153:equation:pope0153-math-0001
where G is growth, M mortality, Nt number at the time t,Wt−1 mean body weight of animals at the time t−1, ΔN decrease in number during the period of time from t−1 to t, ΔW growth in mean body weight during the time from t−1 to t. The constant b in the formula R=aWb representing the relation between body weight and oxygen consumption of Japonaria laminata was determined at 0.81, and Q10 was estimated at about 2. The amounts of growth and assimilation were calculated. The pattern of dynamics in terms of productivity of the population in the two periods were very similar. But, the amounts of assimilation were computed at 57.8 kcal/m2/from May 1962 to April 1963, and 3.01 kcal from May 1966 to April 1967. The former is 20 times as much as the latter. The growth or ecological efficiencies for the populations were similar.
Extinction of the trochid gastropod,Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum(Lamarck), and associated species on an intertidal sandflat
Authors: Tamaki Akio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn an intertidal sandflat in western Kyushu, Japan in 1979, the trochid gastropod,Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum(Lamarck), and the thalassinidean ghost shrimp,Callianassa japonicaOrtmann, densely inhabited the lower and upper zones, respectvely.Callianassa japonicasubsequently expanded its distribution range considerably, having occupied almost the entire sandflat by 1983. Concurrently, theU. moniliferumpopulation gradually declined, becoming extinct in 1986. Furthermore, the populations of 9 species associated withU. moniliferum(predators, an ectoparasite, and subsequent inhabitants of emptyU. moniliferumshells) had disappeared by the end of 1992. The extinction processes ofU. moniliferumand the two other most numerically dominant species, the ectoparasitic gastropod,Odostomiasp., and the hermit crab,Diogenes nitidimanusTerao, were described in detail. It is believed that the bioturbation of sediments byC. japonicawas responsible for the extinctions, possible mechanisms involved being discussed. This is the first documented record of the extinction of a large part of a macrobenthic assemblage centering on a filter‐feedingUmboniumspecies which is characteristic of the benthic communities on many intertidal sandflats extending from Japanese to Southeast‐Asian waters.
Annual survival rate and age structure of habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Viperidae), on Minna island, Japan: Estimation from removal trapping
Authors: Nishimura Masahiko , Katsuren Seiki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA population of a viperid snake, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, was studied over 10 years by removal trapping on a small subtropical island in Japan. The sex ratio of trapped individuals changed seasonally, but was not biased to either sex in the whole sample of 258 individuals. The age of each individual was estimated through the size structure and the age‐size relationship. The minimum number of individuals at the beginning of the study was estimated through accumulating older individuals trapped in the subsequent years. By assuming an annual natural survival rate in the course of this accumulation, an age structure was simulated which led to calculate a resulted natural survival rate. The assumed rate of 0.62 fitted best to the resulted one. The annual trapped proportion estimated on the simulated absolute number of individuals was higher in older individuals than in younger ones with the overall mean of 16%.
Cyclicity and synchrony of historical outbreaks of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) in Japan
Authors: Liebhold Andrew , Kamata Naoto , Jacob Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHistorical records of the incidence of defoliation caused by the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) in northern Japanese prefectures from 1910–1993 were used to characterize the cyclicity and synchrony of outbreaks. Cyclicity and synchrony were quantified using standard Box‐Jenkins time series methods as well as spectral analysis and simple Markov models. Statistical analysis of these records indicated the presence of quasi‐periodic behavior with 8–11 yr between outbreaks. Outbreaks tended to occur synchronously among different prefectures, though the onset of outbreaks was typically lagged. This study illustrates the use of specific statistical methods for characterizing cyclicity and synchrony from crude records of the presence/absence of outbreaks.