bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion extraction of rapeseed glucosinolates with ethanolic sodium hydroxide
Authors: Bhatty R. S. , Sosulski F. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGlucosinolates are readily diffused from whole rapeseed by repeated extractions with ethanolic sodium hydroxide. Four 2 hr extractions or six 1 hr extractions were most efficient for the diffusion of glucosinolates with minimum losses of other seed constituents. The ethanolic sodium hydroxide treatment inhibited myrosinase activity and lowered sulfur concentration in the oil. The oil from treated seed gave a higher hydrogenation number than the oil from untreated seed. The oil content of rapeseed was not substantially affected by the diffusion extraction process. Loss of diffused solids was ca. 15%, and loss of nitrogen did not exceed 10%. Most of the nitrogen diffused from the seed was nonprotein nitrogen. The principal disadvantages of the ethanolic sodium hydroxide procedure were reduced solubility of the rapeseed proteins and the higher fiber levels in the meals. The treated seed may be suitable, after partial dehulling or air classification, for the preparation of protein concentrates.
Automatic melting point determination of fats
Authors: Mertens W. G. , DeMan J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Mettler FP3 automatic dropping point apparatus was used for the determination of melting points of a variety of edible fat products. The instrument was particularly suitable for this purpose because of the availability‐of different heating rates. Advantages were the fully automatic heating, the automatic and objective endpoint determination, the application for melted as well as solidified samples (shortening, margarine, butter), and good reproducibility of results. A standard laboratory method for melted fat samples has been suggested.
Assay of cyclopropenoid lipids by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Pawlowski Norman E. , Nixon Joseph E. , Sinnhuber R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the quantitative analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) in lipids is described. Good accuracy is obtained at CPFA concentrations of 1% to 100%. At a CPFA concentration of 10%, NMR is accurate to 0.5%. The position of absorption of the two ring methylene hydrogens is solvent dependent.
Projections and prospects for the lauric oils: 1972–1987
Authors: Labys Walter C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA set of economic forecasts based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis of market prospects is presented. The forecasts have been more general than particular, but this has been the result of the difficulties of analyzing market prospects for a large number of specialized end‐uses. Several basic uncertainties which limit the fulfillment of these forecasts are reviewed. The demand forecasts presented hopefully will be more meaningful as the surrounding uncertainties are lessened, especially with regard to supply. At present it appears that the Philippine coconut situation is improving with potential export availabilities in the near future closer to the high assumption than the medium assumption. Should no typhoons or droughts set back the anticipated increases for the Philippines, we should be entering a period of greater lauric oil export availabilities. No anticipated increases are foreseen immediately for Ceylon or Indonesia. Given the existence of adequate supplies of lauric oils on a world basis, the demand for these oils is likely to be steady, although increasing only slowly. This conclusion, of course, assumes that a period of adequate supplies will foster a price level which is both reasonably low and reasonably stable. Such an outcome is difficult to envision given the random fluctuations in supply which the industry has habitually experienced. However, should this prophecy be fulfilled, it will be welcome news indeed.
Effect of nonionic surfactants on the polarographic maximum and electrocapillary curves: A comparative study
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Jhamb O. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polarographic and electrocapillary curve methods have been used to determine the maximum suppression point (MSP), polarographic micelle point (PMP) and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of some polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants, viz., Tween 20, Tween 40 and Tween 80. The cmc values thus obtained have been compared with the values obtained by surface tension, iodine solubilization, spectral dye and radiometric methods.
The biodegradation of some sulfated alkanolamides
Authors: Cordon T. C. , Maurer E. W. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBiodegradability tests were carried out in a controlled nutrient medium under aerobic and micro‐aerophilic conditions, in river water and in soil. Degradation occurred under all conditions but more rapidly when the oxygen concentration was high. Degradation was rapid in sterilized river water inoculated with anaerobic sewage sludge under microaerophilic conditions and in soil. LAS was not degraded in any of the microaerophilic tests.
Critical unit operations of the aqueous processing of fresh coconuts
Authors: Hagenmaier Robert , Cater Carl M. , Mattil Karl F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn aqueous process was investigated for the recovery of oil and food grade protein from fresh coconuts. Efficient recovery of oil, which is very important for economical reasons, was related to three critical unit operations: separation of oil from the fiber, destabilization of an oil‐in‐water emulsion, and recovery of a protein product that is low in oil content. The material balance is reported for a laboratory process that satisfactorily separates oil and breaks the emulsion, and data are shown which has led to a process for recovery of a protein with low oil content.
The effect of ammoniation upon ricinine in castor meal
Authors: Hinkson J. W. , Elliger C. A. , Fuller G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen castor meal is detoxified by treatment with ammonia to destroy ricin and various allergens the amount of ricinine, a toxic pyridone normally present in castor, is also reduced by about 25%. It was shown that the majority of ricine loss can be accounted for by the production of 4‐amino‐3‐cyano‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyridone, a product formed by displacement of the original methoxyl group of ricinine with ammonia. In vitro enzymatic studies have demonstrated that neither this compound nor ricinine significantly affects lactate dehydrogenase. Another possible derivative of ricinine formed from ammoniation, 4‐amino‐3‐carboxamido‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyridone, which was not found in ammoniated castor meal,did inhibit lactate dehydrogenase.
Detergent application of the measurement of critical micelle concentration
Authors: Harris J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe measurement of critical micelle concentration is discussed from the viewpoint of practical detergent application. Micelles are briefly characterized, and methods for measurement are discussed. The difficulties of measuring nonionic surfactant critical concentrations is indicated, and several applicable methods are described. The practical detergent applications of critical micelle concentration (cmc), as affected by electrolyte builder combinations, are illustrated. A concise summary of the principles governing micelle formation has been developed.
Divinyl sulfone‐eleostearate adducts as plasticizers for nitrile rubber
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Pastor H. P. , Hughes J. P. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour divinyl sulfone‐eleostearate adducts were synthesized and compared with dibutyl sebacate as plastieizers for nitrile rubber. Three of these, the adducts of methylalpha‐eleostearate, its hydrogenated derivative, and that of tung oil, were found to be satisfactory primary plastieizers. The stocks prepared from the unhydrogenated adducts were superior in plasticizing efficiency to those prepared from their hydrogenated derivatives. The divinyl sulfone‐tung oil adduct yielded a rubber which met the low‐temperature flexibility requirements (−40°C.) of the automotive industry.
Nutritional and toxicological evaluation ofHibiscus sabdariffa oil andCleome viscosa oil
Authors: Rukmini C. , Vijayaraghavan M. , Tulpule P. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMesta seed oil (Hibiscus sabdariffa), like cottonseed oil, contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids (2.9%) and epoxy fatty acids (2.6%) in addition to normal fatty acids found in vegetable oils.Cleome viscosa (Capparidaceae) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid (70%) and free from any abnormal chemical constituents. Nutritional and toxicological evaluations of these two oils were done by multigeneration breeding studies by feeding the respective oils and groundnut oil as control at 10% level in a 20% protein diet with adequate vitamins and minerals. These studies revealed that rats fed mesta oil had inferior growth and reproductive performance and also had altered liver metabolism. Rats fedC. viscosa oil did not show any abnormal growth or reproductive performance or altered liver lipid levels. Thus, these studies indicate that raw or refined mesta oil may not be suitable for human consumption whereasC. viscosa oil can be used safely by humans.
Reuse of copper catalyst in continuous hydrogenation
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Scholfield C. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractContinuous hydrogenation of soybean oil using copper catalyst can be improved economically by reusing the catalyst. A hydrogenated oil with an approximate iodine value drop of 25 was attained by regulating the conditions and size of the reactor. Catalyst was removed by centrifuge and recycled. Reaction products were evaluated to determine catalyst activity, linolenate selectivity andtrans formation. By adding 0.2–0.4% fresh catalyst each time, the activity was retained. Linolenate selectivity ranged from 6 to 11 andtrans formation, expressed as specific isomerization, ranged from 0.63 to 0.78.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids inSterculia colorata seed oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Ankalgi R. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed oil ofSterculia colorata is found to contain the following acids (wt %): sterculic (4.9%), malvalic (3.2%), myristic (0.3%), palmitic (29.4%), stearic (1.7%), oleic (56.6%), and linoleic (3.9%). The co‐occurrence of malvalic and sterculic acids was established by gas liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate methanol‐treated esters usingS. foetida esters as reference standard.
Analytical method for a cationic fabric softener in waters and wastes
Authors: Osburn Q. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Waters and Kupfer disulfine blue method for cationic surfactants has been extensively modified in order to extend its applicability to the broad range of samples necessary for elucidating the removal and biodegradability of the cationic fabric softener distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC) during sewage treatment. In addition, these modifications have overcome the need for preconditioning anion‐exchange resin columns and the instability of the disulfine blue‐quaternary ion association compound, both recognized by the authors as problems associated with the Waters and Kupfer method. The addition of a thin layer chromatographic procedure has made possible the semiquantitative estimation of the DSDMA+ cation contribution to the measured level of disulfine blue active substances.
Glycerolysis of fats and methyl esters — Status, review and critique
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWith the possible exception of catalytic hydrogenation, perhaps no unit operation within the realm of oleochemistry is as thoroughly complex as that of glycerolysis. Among the misconceptions and half‐truths that prevail concerning the glycerolysis of fats are the notions that it involves a strictly random distribution of acyl groups among all of the available hydroxyl groups, that the solubility of glycerol in the fat at the reaction temperature determines the yield of monoglyceride that may be obtained, that the advantageous effects of the Law of Mass Action can be realized only when the reaction media is in ultimate homogeneity, in other words, complete mutual solubility, and, more importantly, that there is an equivalence of emulsification properties for the chief products of glycerolysis, i.e., the α‐and β‐monoglycerides, in both food and industrial emulsification. Numerous examples from international literature establish the limitations which prevail in temperature, agitation and use of excess of glycerol in batch glycerolysis reactions, but the practical limits for glycerolysis undersuperemulsification conditions remain to be established. The disadvantages of glycerolysis in homogeneous solvents still are insufficient to justify the use of those that are available, but the use of both pressure and gaseous catalysts such as carbon dioxide appear to offer the greatest hope for improvement in yields. Substantial energy savings may dictate the choice of methyl ester glycerolysis processing for future plants, especially those in the international sphere. Pros and cons of monoglyceride analytical methodology are evaluated.
Surfactant‐enhanced steam drives for heavy oil recovery
Authors: Dilgren R. E. , Owens K. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA steam/noncondensible gas foam formulation was developed to reduce steam mobility in the steam drive process as applied to heavy oil reservoirs with little or no dip such as the Kern River field. The steam/noncondensible gas foam process is intended to reduce or minimize the gravity layover problem in such reservoirs. Laboratory experimentation started with foam studies in the absence of both porous media and crude oil at a substeam temperature. Conditions existing in the application under actual field use were then added in a step‐by‐step manner, i.e., inclusion of porous media, existence of an oil saturation, and the addition of steam foam components to injected steam. Added salt was necessary for mobility reduction. Mode of noncondensible gas injection (constant mass vs constant volume) was not important. Adsorption of surfactant was shown to be quite low at steam temperature. The concentrations of steam foam components — Siponate DS‐10, salt and nitrogen — recommended for the Kern River pilot resulted in a steam mobility 0.18 of that obtained with steam alone.
Application of surfactants in the petroleum industry
Authors: Nelson R. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurfactants are used throughout the petroleum industry. Some of those uses are mentioned in this paper. Market growth in surfactants for refinery products probably will be small. More rapid growth is anticipated for surfactants used in the oil field. A large potential market exists for surfactants in enhanced oil recovery, but many technical and economic problems remain to be solved. However, it would seem, as we enter the last decades of the “petroleum age,” that enough of those technical problems will be solved and that the oil we leave behind will become valuable enough to allow some methods of enhanced oil recovery to become economical, commercial processes.
Evaluation of “Hysoy” in exterior paints
Authors: Lewis A. J. , Teeter H. M. , Walton W. T. , Haines R. S. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsHysoy and blends of Hysoy and soybean oil can be used successfully in the formulation of white exterior paints. Such paints compare favorably in outdoor weathering tests with similar paints made with linseed and soybean oils. The principal advantage shown by paints formulated with Hysoy is a decrease in drying time.
Potassium silicates in soaps
Authors: Merrill R. C. , Getty Raymond 
Published: May 2007

SummaryProperties of potassium silicates of interest in regard to their use as a detergent with soaps have been studied. A 40% potassium coconut oil soap can be mixed in all proportions with the comercial 3.3 ratio potassium silicate containing 39.6% solids. The pH's of the silicate solutions vary from 9.6 to 11 at concentrations of most practical interest. The 3.3 ratio silicate increases the pH of a potassium coconut oil soap solution. More suds form when the soap is dissolved in a 0.031% K2O·3.3SiO2 solution than in the same molality of a potassium carbonate solution or in pure water.Quantitative measurements of their suspending action on ilmenite shows that at their optimum concentrations both silicates are more effective than potassium carbonate and almost as good as soap. The maximum effect of soap occurs at a higher concentration than that for the silicates. A mixture of soap and K2O·3.3SiO2 prevents the deposition of ferric oxide pigment on cotton cloth about equally as well as soap alone; this mixture is more effective than soap alone for preventing the deposition of raw umber. Both silicates prevented the deposition of raw umber more effectively than soap alone or soap‐alkali mixtures below 0.1% and are not much less effective above this concentration.Soil removal experiments with a cottonseed oil‐Oil‐dag soil showed that a mixture of K2O·3.3SiO2 and potassium coconut oil soap was about equally as efficient in distilled water and more efficient in 300 p.p.m. hard water than soap alone.
The lipids of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal
Authors: Jackson A. H. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFreshly dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was repeatedly extracted with acetone, ethyl alcohol, and Skellysolve B in a percolator at room temperature; 6.59% of crude extract was obtained. This extract was composed of 3.7% phospholipids, 33.2% triglycerides, 17.2% crude wax, 8.3% unsaponifiable, and 37.6% water soluble material.Spectrophotometric analysis of the mixed methyl esters from the triglyceride fraction indicated the presence of 32.2% linolenic, 16.9% linoleic, 31.0% oleic, and 19.9% saturated acids. The mixed methyl esters from the phospholipid fraction contained 35.2% linolenic, 14.7% linoleic, 36.8% oleic, and 13.3% saturated acids.
Sesame oil. I. Properties of a solvent‐extracted sesame oil
Authors: Andraos Victor , Swift C. E. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData and information have been presented with respect to the extraction, processing characteristics, and the chemical and physical characteristics of oil obtained from white sesame seed.Extraction of sesame seed with hexane yielded a crude oil low in free fatty acids and in color. The oil was refined with caustic soda under a variety of conditions with low losses and bleached with comparatively small quantities of several bleaching earths each of which produced a light‐colored oil.Data have been presented on progressive changes which occurred in the composition, stability, plasticity, and refractive index of the fat during selective hydrogenation of the refined and bleached oils.Sesame oil hydrogenated to shortening consistency exhibited extremely high stability when tested by the accelerated active oxygen method. This stability confirms previous suggestions that sesame oil contains one or more antioxidants of greater activity than those present in most of the other vegetable oils of commerce.
Characteristics of Iranian almond nuts and oils
Authors: Mehran Mostafa , Filsoof Mehrzad 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlmonds of nine different iranian cultivars were studied. The characteristics of almond nuts and almond oils from these cultivars were determined. They also were studied for possible deterioration of their oils during long storage time. Almond nuts from some cultivars showed significant differences. The variations found in the oil characteristics of different cultivars are not definitely due to varietal differences. The majority of these data does not agree with that found in literature. Acid and peroxide values are very low in both 3 and 12 month old samples, proving the good keeping quality of almonds with regard to their oil content.
Relationship of structure to properties in surfactants: II. Efficiency in surface or interfacial tension reduction
Authors: Rosen Milton J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe concept of a quantitative measure for the efficiency with which surfactants depress surface or interfacial tension is introduced. It is shown that the quantity, log (1/C)π=20, where C is the bulk concentration or surfactant required to reduce the surface or interfacial tension by 20 dynes/cm (surface pressure, π=20), is a suitable measure of the efficiency. This quantity is a linear function of the free energy of transfer of the surfactant molecule from the interior of the bulk phase to the interface. The effect upon the efficiency of various structural groupings in both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the molecule is calculated and the results discussed. From surface and interfacial tension data, it is shown that the free energy decrease involved in the transfer of a −CH2‐group at π=20 to the aqueous solution‐air interface is 450–500 cal mole−1 at 25 C; for the aqueous solution‐heptane interface, the free energy decrease/−CH2‐group transferred is greater than 427 cal mole−1 at 50 C.
Cucurbit seeds: III. Ultrastructure of quiescent storage tissues
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. , Yatsu Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractElectron‐microscopic examinations of seeds from wild xerophilous cucurbits revealed that their storage tissues ultrastructurally resembled those of commercially important oilseeds such as castor, cotton, peanut, soy, and tung.
Lipid composition of selected vegetable oils
Authors: Carpenter Dorothy L. , Lehmann Joanna , Mason Blanche S. , Slover Hal T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper gives analytical data on the composition of 14 selected consumer‐available liquid vegetable oils, including soybean, soybean‐cottonseed blends, corn, safflower, peanut, olive and apricot kernel oils. Label information identified six samples as specially processed or refined and three samples as cold pressed with no preservative added; the labels of the remaining five samples did not mention processing. Data are given for fatty acid composition,trans content, location of the double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids, percent conjugation, tocopherol content, fatty acid composition of the 2‐poisition of the triglycerides, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio, and the ratio of α‐tocopherol to polyunsaturated fatty acids (α‐T/P). The ranges of values found were: conjugated unsaturation, 0.18–1.09%; α‐tocopherol, 0.01–0.60 mg/gm; total tocopherol 0.14–1.52 mg/gm; P/S, 0.5–8.7; and α‐TP, 0.03–2.26. The compositions of the fatty acids on the 2‐position and on the 1,3‐position of the triglycerides were compared with those calculated by the Evans’ hypothesis and found to agree well for all but olive and apricot kernel oils.
Speculations on the nature of the metabolic defects in Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, Gaucher舗s and Alzheimer舗s diseases, and metachromatic leucodystrophy
Authors: Rouser George , Kritchevsky Gene , Galli Claudio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is concluded that the defect in Tay‐Sachs disease is for an enzyme degrading a monosialoganglioside, in Niemann‐Pick disease for an enzyme degrading sphingomyelin or possibly ceramide, in chronic Gaucher舗s disease for an enzyme degrading a glucocerebroside, and in metachromatic leucodystrophy for an enzyme for degradation of sulfatide. Alzheimer舗s disease does not appear to involve any specific changes in lipid composition. An hypothesis to explain the findings in Alzheimer舗s disease is presented.
Studies in estolides. I. Kinetics of estolide formation and decomposition
Authors: Modak S. N. , Kane J. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the rate of formation of estolides from castor oil fatty acids and of their decomposition at different temps. Estolide formation appears to be optimum at the end of 5 hr at about 220C, beyond which estolides start decomposing, giving rise to DCO fatty acids. At about 300C, estolide decomposition is complete within an hour.During estolide formation there is a linear increase in optical rotation which again decreases linearly, although at a different rate, during estolide decomposition. At optimum estolide formation, the optical rotation is as high as 25.5.