bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE BY THYROID TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: IRVINE W. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human thyroid cells were grown in tissue culture in media containing normal human serum, Hashimoto serum, and rabbit sera containing antibodies to purified human thyroglobulin and to crude thyroid extract, respectively. The thyroid cells grew equally well in all media, with the exception of the rabbit serum containing antibodies to crude thyroid extract.
Intact thyroid cells obtained from tissue culture failed to fix Hashimoto antibodies in the presence of complement, whereas the constituents of disrupted thyroid cells gave a strongly positive complement-fixation test with Hashimoto serum. It is therefore suggested that the intact thyroid cell is impermeable to complement-fixing Hashimoto antibody.
The evidence afforded by the present work adds further weight to the belief that Hashimoto's disease may not be due to a simple auto-immunizing process consequent upon the interaction of thyroid antigen and the known circulating auto-antibodies. Evidence in support of an alternative hypothesis involving 'cell-bound' antibodies with disruption of the follicular basement membrane is discussed.
INCIDENCE OF SIMPLE GOITRE IN AREAS OF ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS
Authors: SIDDIQUI A. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The results of analyses of the mineral content of drinking water from three Indian villages with endemic fluorosis, surveyed for the incidence of thyroid enlargement, are reported.
With the possible exception of temporary thyroid enlargement encountered in pubertal subjects (type b, see text, p. 105), no relation was found between the incidence of endemic goitre and fluorine in the water supply.
A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF URINARY 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: FEW J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method for the analysis of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids is described. The urinary steroids are submitted, in situ, to sodium borohydride reduction, sodium periodate oxidation and mild alkaline hydrolysis. The generated 17-ketosteroids are separated by partition chromatography into 11-deoxy and 11-oxy fractions which are separately estimated by the Zimmermann reaction. By this method it is possible to estimate the urinary metabolites of cortisol without interference by corticosteroids not oxygenated at C-11.
THE EFFECT OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE ON PREGNANCY
Authors: LINDSAY D. , POULSON E. , ROBSON J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on pregnancy in mice has been investigated. Deleterious effects have been observed at all stages. In advanced pregnancy a single dose may kill the foetuses within half an hour.
The effect in early pregnancy can be antagonized by progesterone and by prolactin, as can the toxic effects of the drug on the experimental decidual reaction. In late pregnancy progesterone produces little, and prolactin no, reversal of the toxic action of 5-HT. It is suggested that in early pregnancy, 5-HT interferes with the hormonal mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of gestation, while later on its main toxic action is exerted directly on the uterine contents.
GENETIC AND HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON OVULATION AND IMPLANTATION IN ADULT MICE TREATED WITH GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: EDWARDS R. G. , WILSON E. D. , FOWLER RUTH E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The innate oestrous cycle, the dose of hormone, and the strain of mouse used influence ovulation and implantation in adult mice treated with pregnant mares' serum (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Almost all of the treated mice in some strains will mate, while those from other strains are less responsive.
Excess of hormone reduced the mating response and also suppressed ovulation through the formation of atretic corpora lutea and atretic follicles. Provided that the amount of hormone was not excessive, ovulation was induced in almost all mice of all strains irrespective of age, body weight, or stage of the oestrous cycle when treatment began. In one strain more eggs were recovered from females in metoestrus than from those in oestrus or dioestrus at the beginning of treatment, but this effect of the oestrous cycle was only found with low doses of PMS.
The proportion of mice with implanted embryos after treatment was influenced by the dose of hormone, strain differences, and the stage of the oestrous cycle when treatment began. This proportion was low after large amounts of PMS and HCG, and generally higher in strains of high natural fertility than in those of low fertility. Fewer of the mice in dioestrus, when injected with PMS, had implanted embryos than had those in oestrus or metoestrus. A strain of mice containing many acyclic females was least successful in implanting embryos.
The proportion of embryos that implanted decreased with increasing doses of hormone, apparently because of the increased competition between them for uterine sites.
IN VIVO STIMULATION BY ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN (ACTH) OF RAT ADRENALS IN RELATION TO DIETARY FAT
Authors: SKOVSTED L. , FUNCH J. P. , DAM H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Administration of ACTH did not change the amount or pattern of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the adrenals of rats given a fat-free diet, or diets containing hydrogenated or unhydrogenated peanut oil. The amounts in the adrenals of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, dienoic, tetraenoic, pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids decreased while trienoic acids increased in the adrenals of rats given the fat-free or hydrogenated peanut-oil diets. The secretion of corticosterone by the adrenal cortex following administration of ACTH in vivo was significantly reduced in rats maintained on a fat-free diet.
STEROIDS IN THE SEMEN OF DOGFISH (SQUALUS ACANTHIAS)
Authors: SIMPSON T. H. , WRIGHT R. S. , GOTTFRIED H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
11-Deoxycorticosterone has been found in surprisingly high concentration (ca. 500 μg./100 g.) in the semen of Squalus acanthias. Accompanying steroids are progesterone (8 μg./100 g.), androstenedione (2 μg./100 g.), dehydroepiandrosterone (2 μg./100 g.), pregnenolone (14 μg./100 g.), androsterone (< 5 μg./100 g.) and possibly aldosterone (< 1 μg./100 g.); three unidentified compounds were also detected. Only a small proportion (ca. 5%) of the 11-deoxycorticosterone is present in that portion of the semen which passes an ultrafilter. The remainder is either present as a sperm cell constituent or is bound to extracellular mucoids or proteins.
RESPONSE OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND OF THE CASTRATED MOUSE TO LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF STEROIDS
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. , TAYLOR W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of testosterone propionate (TP) and of 17α-ethyl-19 nor-testosterone (ENT) on the submandibular glands, levator ani muscles and seminal vesicles of castrated mice have been compared. ENT restores submandibular weight and histology about as well as TP but has less effect on the levator ani muscle and much less effect on the seminal vesicles. Both steroids can act directly on the submandibular gland. It is suggested that the effect on the gland may be an indication of the 'anabolic' rather than the 'androgenic' potency of the steroids, and the possible use of this response for the assay of 'anabolic' steroids is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONES IN VITRO ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF TOAD TISSUES
Authors: THORNBURN C. C. , MATTY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Isolated tissues of the toad Bufo bufo were treated in vitro with thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and their oxygen uptake determined by conventional Warburg manometry. The respiration of the urinary bladder was stimulated by the hormones, and that of the kidney was reduced. Skin, heart, and muscle were affected to a lesser extent, the effect varying with dose and hormone.
THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF OESTROGEN IN RAT TISSUES
Authors: KING R. J. B. , GORDON J. , INMAN D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The radioactive material in rat pituitary, liver and uterus 1 hr. after the s.c. injection of either 0·73 or 7·3 μg. [6,7-3H]oestradiol has been investigated. Oestrone and oestradiol were the only compounds detected in pituitary and uterus whereas at least six compounds were present in liver.
Cell fractionation studies have been carried out on anterior pituitary and liver from female rats which had received an injection of either 0·73 or 7·3 μg. [6,7-3H]oestradiol in vivo. Most of the tritium in the anterior pituitary was associated with the nuclear fraction whereas most of the tritium in the liver was in the soluble fraction. The uptake of [6,7-3H]oestradiol by the anterior pituitary reached a maximum ½-1 hr. after injection of the steroid and remained at this level for the next 3 hr. The intracellular distribution of this steroid at different times after injection suggests that the steroid passes into the cytoplasm and then into the nucleus.
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN RAT THYMUS AFTER THE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF CORTISOL
Authors: BELLAMY D. , JANSSENS P. A. , LEONARD RUTH A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Several properties of the thymus were examined from the point of view of the mechanism of corticosteroid-induced involution. Involution, as measured by weight loss, proceeded for 3 days after a single subcutaneous injection of cortisol (3·0 mg./100 g. body wt.) into male rats. In thymus slices there was initially a transient inhibition of oxygen uptake. Other changes, namely a decreased concentration of ribonucleic acid and an increased release of protein from incubated slices, occurred later. There was no change in the degree of penetration of inulin, sucrose or sodium into incubated slices. It is thought that the results are consistent with the concept that cortisol sets in motion a set sequence of events, and that some of the changes are not dependent on the continued presence of hormone in the gland.
INTRA-UTERINE PRESSURE CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION IN RABBITS
Authors: PORTER D. G. , SCHOFIELD BRENDA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Small balloons attached to polyethylene tubing were inserted into either end of one uterine horn in rabbits on about the 22nd day of pregnancy. The tubing was threaded subcutaneously and brought out through an incision at the back of the neck; recordings of intra-uterine pressure changes were made up to and including parturition. There were no pressure changes which could be ascribed to contraction of the myometrium until an average of 31 hr. before delivery of the first foetus but there was considerable variation. Pressure waves recorded from the two balloons were often different in frequency and amplitude and were seldom synchronous. In none of the rabbits did one end of the horn develop 'parturient pressure' before the other and, in general, pressure at the ovarian end of the uterus was higher than at the cervical end. The rabbits could be divided into two groups: (I) those in which the onset of delivery was abrupt and preceding pressure waves were of low amplitude; (II) those in which the pressure waves increased gradually in intensity over several hours before delivery. Both the duration of delivery and the mortality rate of the foetuses were significantly greater in group II than in group I. The results in group I are consistent with the concept that in the normal rabbit parturition is initiated by a release of oxytocin. It is suggested that in group II oxytocin release failed to occur and that this failure was due to 'emotional stress' and possibly circulating adrenaline.
QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF THE ACUTE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY DEPRESSING EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN MAN
Authors: HEDNER L. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The reduction in plasma corticosteroid levels in man after administration of prednisolone, 16-methyleneprednisolone, triamcinolone and dexamethasone at four dose levels has been investigated. Homogeneous response variances and rectilinear log dose-response relationships were found for all of the preparations, thus providing a valid basis for a bioassay of the hypothalamus-pituitary depressing effect of these glucocorticosteroids. With respect to this effect, the relative potencies for the preparations in the order mentioned above were 1:0·64:1·63:17·5, and the index of precision for the log dose-response lines ranged from 0·19 to 0·39.
The requirements of the method are discussed and a comparison made with corresponding results obtained with other methods.
GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL STRUCTURE: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS
Authors: SHIRE J. G. M. , SPICKETT S. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five quantitative parameters of adrenal structure have been measured for the adrenal glands of young adult mice of three inbred strains. Male and female A/Cam, CBA/FaCam and SF/Cam mice were compared in a first experiment and A and CBA males in a second. The findings in the two experiments were similar.
Significant strain differences, sex differences, and strain differences in sex difference, were found for the volume of the permanent cortex, and for the number of cells in it. There were strain differences in the volume of the cells of the zona fasciculata, and striking strain differences in the absolute and relative volume of the X-zone in female mice. Significant strain differences were also found in the volume of the medulla in males and females.
The findings are discussed in relation to the observed differences between the strains in adrenal weight, and in relation to the regulation of the size of the several zones of the cortex.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: ALLEN W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A quantitative haemagglutination—inhibition assay was used to measure pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) concentration in six Welsh Mountain pony mares and ten thoroughbred mares during early pregnancy. In both groups of animals PMSG was first detected in the serum between 35 and 41 days of gestation, the limit of sensitivity of the assay being 0·6 i.u. PMSG/ml. The levels rose sharply to reach a maximum at 55–60 days of gestation in the ponies and 60–65 days in the thoroughbreds. The highest concentrations recorded in both groups were 100–112 i.u. PMSG/ml., although one animal never produced more than 11 i.u./ml. The highest concentrations were found in the primiparous ponies. The rate of decline of the PMSG concentrations was not as great as the initial rate of increase, and in all animals PMSG had virtually disappeared from the serum by 120–130 days of gestation.
The haemagglutination-inhibition assay was evaluated as a pregnancy diagnosis test; 183 sera from 58 mares of various breeds between 41 and 87 days of gestation all gave a positive result, whereas 47 sera from non-pregnant mares, geldings and stallions gave uniformly negative results. An additional 64 sera from 23 mares between 88 and 110 days of gestation gave 62 positives, the two negative reactions being in a pony mare that showed exceptionally low concentrations of PMSG throughout pregnancy.
COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF ESTIMATES BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF INSULIN CONCENTRATIONS IN PLASMA SAMPLES EXAMINED IN GROUPS OF FIVE OR SIX LABORATORIES
Authors: COTES P. MARY , MUSSETT MARJORIE V. , BERRYMAN I. , EKINS R. , GLOVER S. , HALES N. , HUNTER W. M. , LOWY CLARA , NEVILLE R. W. J. , SAMOLS E. , WOODWARD PATRICIA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Results of a collaborative study in which the insulin concentrations of a number of plasma samples were estimated in several laboratories are reported. They indicate that: (1) laboratories agreed on the ranking of plasma samples according to insulin content; (2) the reproducibility of replicate estimates obtained in the same assay usually overestimated the reproducibility of estimates made on different occasions; (3) values reported for the insulin concentration of the same plasma examined in each of a number of laboratories were likely to range from about one half to twice the inter-laboratory mean estimate.
Possible reasons for the variability of estimates are discussed.
THE ROLE OF THE OESTROGEN SECRETED BEFORE OESTRUS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE UTERUS FOR IMPLANTATION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: FINN C. A. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Priming of ovariectomized mice with 0·1 μg. oestradiol-17β for 3 days modified the subsequent cellular response of the uterus to oestrogen and progesterone. A single dose of oestradiol-17β (0·02 μg.), or progesterone (1 mg.), or of both hormones given simultaneously, stimulated mitosis in the epithelial cells of the endometrium (although not in the stromal cells). However, the same hormones administered to primed mice stimulated considerable stromal cell division and reduced epithelial mitosis. The maximal effect was found when both hormones were given on the 4th day after the end of priming. It is suggested that the priming of the uterus by oestrogen secreted by the ovary before mating is concerned in the abrupt change from epithelial to stromal cell division that occurs between days 3 and 4 of pregnancy, and is of importance in the sensitization of the uterus for implantation.
PITUITARIES OF SPAYED MICE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS: CYTOLOGY AND GONADOTROPHIN CONTENT
Authors: RANADIVE K. J. , KARANDE K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The response to gonadectomy was shown to vary in two cancer-susceptible strains of mice, C3H/Jax and ICRC. In the strain ICRC, unlike strain C3H, adrenocortical response to gonadectomy was completely absent. The cytology of the pituitaries was studied in different age groups of these strains and the gonadotrophin content of the pituitaries after ovariectomy was determined.
A consistent increase in the number and size of the gonadotrophs accompanied by a rise in the storage of pituitary gonadotrophins was demonstrated after ovariectomy. These changes were much more pronounced and occurred earlier in strain C3H than in strain ICRC. The responses of strain ICRC closely resembled those of the cancer-resistant strain C57. It is suggested that the pituitary gonadotrophic response to gonadectomy is inadequate in strain ICRC which leads to the lack of responses from adrenal cortex and thus to the oontrol of breast cancer development.
STEROIDS OF A CHONDROSTEAN: IDENTIFICATION OF INTERRENAL TISSUE IN THE AMERICAN ATLANTIC STURGEON, ACIPENSER OXYRHYNCHUS MITCHILL, BY HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL METHODS
Authors: IDLER D. R. , O'HALLORAN M. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Yellow bodies scattered throughout the kidney tissue and posterior cardinal veins of the American Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill were examined by histological and histochemical methods. Their histology resembled that of interrenal tissue, rather than that of corpuscles of Stannius.
The tissue was assayed histochemically for 3β-, 3α-, 11β-, 20β- and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity. Intense 3β-HSD activity was observed in the yellow bodies when dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone were employed as substrates. Very weak 3α-HSD activity was observed with androsterone as a substrate. No 11β-HSD activity was observed with cortisol and corticosterone as substrates, and no 20α- or 20β-HSD activity when 20α- or 20β-hydroxyprogesterone respectively were employed as substrates.
These studies suggest that the yellow bodies found in the posterior cardinal veins and kidney tissue of A. oxyrhynchus Mitchill are true interrenal tissue.
STEROIDS OF A CHONDROSTEAN: IN-VITRO STEROIDOGENESIS IN YELLOW BODIES ISOLATED FROM KIDNEYS AND ALONG THE POSTERIOR CARDINAL VEINS OF THE AMERICAN ATLANTIC STURGEON, ACIPENSER OXYRHYNCHUS MITCHILL
Authors: IDLER D. R. , SANGALANG G. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
This report presents direct evidence for steroidogenesis by chondrostean tissue. The enzymes necessary for steroid transformation and cleavage of the cholesterol sidechain are present in yellow bodies isolated from the kidneys and along the posterior cardinal veins of the Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill.
Yellow bodies of the Atlantic sturgeon were incubated with [16-3H]pregnenolone plus [4-14C]progesterone in vitro and cortisol was formed in yields of 54·3 and 55·1% of the 3H and 14C precursor activities, respectively. Double-labelled cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone were isolated as transformation products but in relatively much lower yields. 11-Deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone and 1α-hydroxycorticosterone were not detected. When yellow bodies were incubated with [7-3H]cholesterol the following labelled transformation products were isolated: pregnenolone (0·43%), progesterone (0·091%), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (0·023%), cortisol (0·061%), cortisone (0·004%), corticosterone (0·001%) and 11-deoxycortisol (0·047%). Again, 11-deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone, and 1α-hydroxycorticosterone were not detectable. All steroid products were identified by their isopolarity with authentic steroids by repeated chromatography, and by recrystallizations of free steroids and/or derivatives, after addition of authentic radio-inert steroids, to constant 3H:14C isotope ratios.
THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISOL ON THE SKIN OF SHEEP ON DIFFERENT PLANES OF NUTRITION
Authors: CHAPMAN R. E. , BASSETT J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of prolonged administration of cortisol on epithelial and dermal tissues were examined in three groups of non-pregnant ewes with different food intakes. The changes observed depended on the degree of increase in plasma cortisol and in some instances on the amount of food eaten.
Successive increases in plasma cortisol up to about 3 μg/100 ml progressively inhibited the tissues in the skin of sheep on restricted food intakes, but not those in the skin of sheep which increased their intakes. In the latter, a slight increase in plasma cortisol to about 1 μg/100 ml stimulated wool production and fibre-length growth rate. Moderate increase to about 2 μg/100 ml produced temporary enlargement of sweat glands, dilatation of capillaries and an increase in the number of dermal mast cells.
Regardless of the amount of food eaten, retrogression of all epithelial and dermal components was maximal when plasma cortisol remained above about 3 μg/100 ml. Follicle inactivation and cessation of fibre-growth occurred with the formation of brush-ends on the fibres. The retrogression of the tissues occurred in spite of increased blood glucose concentrations, indicating that cortisol depressed the utilization of glucose by the skin. Keratinization of the epidermis was altered and was possibly hastened.
The rates of recovery of the different tissues after cessation of cortisol administration were variable. Follicle regeneration and commencement of fibre regrowth were the slowest. The epidermis of the sheep on restricted food intake showed an unusual thickening.
Cortisol acetate applied topically to the skin of other sheep produced changes consistent with those induced by injected cortisol.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE UPTAKE OF TECHNETIUM-99m AND IODINE-131 BY THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: McGILL P. E. , HARDEN R. McG. , ROBERTSON I. W. K. , SHIMMINS J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake by the thyroid gland of 99mTc has been measured 20 min after administration of a tracer dose in seven normal controls and 52 patients with thyroid disease. The mean uptake in normal subjects was 0·96 ± 0·17% of the dose, in patients with non-toxic goitre 2·87 ± 0·39% of the dose, in thyrotoxic patients 16·7 ± 1·9% of the dose and in hypothyroid patients 1·94±0·27% of the dose. The uptake of 131I administered simultaneously with 99mTc was measured after 20 min and 5 h. The 20 min 99mTc uptake correlated well with the 20 min 131I uptake, but less well with the 131I uptake at 5 h. As a test of thyroid function, 99mTc has the advantages of low radiation dose and less inconvenience for the patient if thyroid scanning is also required. However, because of the high background activity in the neck it is necessary to use an isotope scanning technique.