bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Intra-State Federalism in Western Europe
Authors: Kirchheimer Otto 
Published: July 2006

Among the constitutional devices sometimes recommended as remedies for the ills of present society, federalism has come to play a consistent, if not a major, role. A rapid glance at the balance sheet of Western European intrastate federalism over the last three decades might therefore be of some usefulness.The uncertainty over the continued existence of federal states is shown by the difficulty in defining their distinguishing features. Assertions in constitutional documents do not help much, as they are political assertions rather than guiding principles of interpretation. Some constitutions have even tried to square the circle. Thus, the Spanish Constitution of 1931 in the same breath called Spain an “integral state” and defined it as consisting of provinces as well as regions formed according to the “principle of autonomy.” The Bonn Basic Law of 1949 dodges the issue elegantly by affirming in its preamble that it is the German people in the eleven states who have enacted the basic law.
Personality, Prejudice, and Politics
Authors: Lasswell Harold D. 
Published: July 2006

In studying world affairs we are acutely conscious of the fact that many rivalries and conflicts are carried on with hostility on all sides, but within a framework of mutual respect. We have too many examples of honor among enemy soldiers to regard this as remarkable.At the same time we know that one of the most exacerbated forms of conflict occurs when incompatible respect demands are involved. The “ex-colonials” of the globe are asserting themselves with vindictive passion against “white imperialists.” Most of these “ex-colonials” are colored, and they are reacting against the memory of years of humiliation, fancied or real, inflicted by the West. In some states of the “West,” notably the Union of South Africa and the United States, internal politics are torn by ethnic hostilities. Many historical cases support the proposition that conflict is peculiarly atrocious when an established system of caste is challenged, or is believed to be challenged. We recall the outrages perpetrated by serfs in revolt against lords, or by masters against revolting (or allegedly revolting) slaves.
Approaches to the Problem of Economic Development
Authors: Kervyn Albert 
Published: July 2006

These two books provide an opportunity to compare the approach of the economist and of other social scientists to the problem of economic development, although neither volume can be taken as a fair measure of the contributions the various disciplines can make to understanding the growth process in particular societies.The United Nations Report, which is the work of a group of economists appointed by the Secretary General of the organization, aims at policy more than analysis. It is also quite general in character, and a discussion that embraces the tremendous diversity of so-called underdeveloped countries must perforce maintain a distressing level of abstraction. Despite this structure, the Report remains eminently readable.
Historia Mentem Armet: Lessons of the Past
Authors: Morton Louis 
Published: July 2006

It is a distressing paradox of our time, when we are concerned as never before with military problems on whose solution may depend our national existence and even the survival of civilization, that we should turn our backs on history and deny that the lessons of the past have any validity for the present.There are many reasons for this. The problems we face are enormously complex and highly technical; the weapons on which we must rely and which threaten our existence are so revolutionary in character as to make past experience seem highly irrelevant. And there are few to tell us that this is not so, for military history has never really been seriously studied in this country. The historian has stood on the sidelines while his academic colleagues, the political scientists, the economists, the physicists, and others, have become increasingly active, officially and unofficially, in the study of national security problems.
Peaceful Change Today
Authors: Dunn Frederick S. 
Published: July 2006

The immense increase in the costs and risks of using military force to pursue political aims has once again focussed attention on the available ways of effecting changes in the international status quo by non-violent means. This is the subject of “peaceful change,” which has for some years troubled the minds of those concerned to reduce the resort to violence in international affairs.The international status quo is embodied in several thousand treaties and understandings that mark out the current distribution of values and resources among nations. But this distribution is subject to constant pressure for revision as the needs and ambitions of nations change.
Assumptions of Rationality and Non-Rationality in Models of the International System
Authors: Verba Sidney 
Published: July 2006

It is a truism that all action within the international system can be reduced to the action of individuals. It is also true, however, that international relations cannot be adequately understood in terms of individual attitudes and behaviors. Models of the international system usually deal with larger units, nation-states, as prime actors. To what extent can such models give us adequate explanations of international relations without some built-in variables to deal with individual decision-making?It may be that some processes in international relations can be adequately explained on the level of social structure without explicit consideration of the personality, predispositions, attitudes, and behavior of the individual decision-maker. In that case, the introduction of variables dealing with individual behavior would complicate the model without commensurate payoff in terms of increased understanding and prediction. This would be true if the impact of individual decision-making on the behavior of nations in their relations with other nations were slight, or if the impact varied randomly (because, for instance, of idiosyncratic factors) among the population of international events that one was trying to explain. If, on the other hand, models of the international system that either ignore or make grossly simplifying assumptions about individual decision-making can explain international relations only very imperfectly, it may well be worth the additional effort to build variables about individual decision-making into them.
Government-Sponsored Research in International Studies
Authors: Black Cyril E. 
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary evaluation of the pattern of support of research in international studies in the United States by federal agencies, with a view to identifying critical issues in research policy deserving of more detailed study.The security and welfare of the people of the United States depend to a significant degree on the quality of the system of knowledge available to their leaders and to the community of scholars on whose advice regarding the international system in all of its aspects their leaders depend.
Political Culture and Political Symbolism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis
Authors: Dittmer Lowell 
Published: July 2006

The concept of political culture embraces some of the most basic, perennially fascinating concerns in behavioral political science; because of certain ambiguities in its theoretical formulation, however, there has been a tendency for the term to grow fuzzy with continued use. Its connection with related concepts, such as political psychology, political structure, and political language, has remained unclear, with the result that political culture has been difficult to isolate as an independent variable. Thus it has come to occupy a position on the periphery of politics, and is usually presumed to reinforce the status quo.This paper re-examines previous formulations of the concept and proposes a theoretical synthesis. The analytical framework is derived fromsemiological theory, a branch of science specifically designed for the analysis of meanings. The central variable is thepolitical symbol. By analyzing the interactions of political symbols within a comprehensive semiological framework, the traditional concerns of political culture can be accommodated in a more precise and systematic way.
Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation
Authors: Jervis Robert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent work has focused on the problem of how states cooperate in the environment of anarchy. Linked to the ideas of the Prisoners' Dilemma and public goods, that work has provided important insights and lines of research. But it also has problems and limitations, which are explored in the paper. The anarchy approach stresses individual actors' choices and slights questions of how issues are posed and constrained. It takes preferences as given without exploring either the frequency of PD situations or the ways in which preferences are formed and can change. Many of the concepts the framework uses—e.g., cooperation and defection, the distinction between offense and defense, and the nature of power—are problematical. Issues of beliefs, perceptions, norms, and values also lead to a different perspective on cooperation.
What Makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary? Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Collective Action
Authors: Lichbach Mark I. 
Published: July 2006

Peasant upheavals are studied from the perspective offered by the selective incentives solution to Olson's collective action problem. This article presents much evidence from three different forms of peasant struggles—everyday forms of peasant resistance, unorganized rural movements, and organized peasant rebellions—that demonstrates the widespread existence of selective incentives. Questions about the causes and consequences of selective incentives are then examined. First, what are the conditions under which peasant struggles emphasize material selective incentives rather than nonmaterial altruistic appeals? The level of selective incentives in any peasant upheaval is a function of demand and supply considerations. Peasants demand selective incentives. The suppliers include one or more dissident peasant organizations, the authorities, and the allies of both. A political struggle ensues as the suppliers compete and attempt to monopolize the market. Second, what are the conditions under which the pursuit of material self-interest hurts rather than helps the peasantry's collective cause? Selective incentives supplemented by ideology can be effective; selective incentives alone are counterproductive.These questions and answers lead to the conclusion that the selective incentives solution reveals much more about peasant upheavals than simply that peasants will often be concerned with their own material self-interest. It is therefore important to study the following three aspects of peasant collective action: thedilemmapeasants face, or how peasant resistance is in the interest of all peasants but in the self-interest of none; theparadoxpeasants face, or that rational peasants do solve their dilemma (for example, with selective incentives) and participate in collective action; and theironypeasants face, or that self-interest is both at the root of their dilemma and at the foundation of a solution to their paradox.
Market segment analysis to target young adult wine drinkers
Authors: Thach Elizabeth C. , Olsen Janeen E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConsumer segmentation in the wine industry takes on many forms: demographic, geographic, behavioral, and others. In the United States, one of the most promising new demographic segments is the Millennial or Echo Boomer segment, which is being targeted by many consumer industries due to its size and buying power. For the wine industry, this group currently fits the legal drinking age range of 21 to 28. This empirical study describes the perceptions and attitudes of 108 Millennials regarding wine and what the wine industry can do to better market to them in a responsible manner. Results indicate that there is a need for greater wine advertising to this group utilizing fun, social, and relaxed settings; more innovative packaging and labels; a focus on “value” wines; as well as taste enhancements and environmental emphasis. [EconLit citations: M310]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 307–322, 2006.
The influence of wine attributes on region of origin equity: An analysis of the moderating effect of consumer's perceived expertise
Authors: Perrouty Jean Philippe , d'Hauteville François , Lockshin Larry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research addresses the interaction between the components of brand. More specifically, the authors evaluate how the region of origin as a component of a wine brand adds value to a wine purchaser. Previous research suggests that the region of origin equity is significantly moderated by the other wine attributes with which it is combined on the wine label: commercial brand, level of price, type of bottler, grape variety. The authors test whether the moderating effects depend on self‐perceived consumer expertise. They use a discrete choice method to survey 1,162 European wine purchasers, about equally selected from France, Austria, Germany, and the UK. Results show that the region of origin equity is indeed significantly moderated by the other wine attributes. They also show these moderating effects are more important for consumers who perceive themselves as “more expert” than for consumers who feel they are “novices.” [EconLit citation: M310]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 323–341, 2006.
Financial strategies of multinational firms in the world wine industry: An assessment
Authors: Coelho Alfredo Manuel , Rastoin Jean‐Louis 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis work sheds light on the emergence of financialization in the wine industry by wine multinationals (MNEs). First, we suggest a conceptual framework to analyze MNEs' strategies in the world market. Second, by using a sample of major MNEs listed on stock markets, we focus on shareholder value sharing (dividends, stock buybacks). Our results demonstrate wine MNEs entered in a new era in which strategies are driven by attempts to maximize shareholder value through financialization. This entails restructuring operations and financial engineering. Finally, we discuss the implications of these strategies for industrial concentration. [EconLit classification: F230, G300]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 22: 417–429, 2006.
Web content mining for comparing corporate and third‐party online reporting: a case study on solid waste management
Authors: Pollach Irene , Scharl Arno , Weichselbraun Albert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the coverage of solid waste management on 1142 websites maintained by companies, news media and non‐governmental organizations to validate an automated approach to content and language analysis. First, a frequency analysis of waste management terms sheds light on the breadth and depth of their environmental discourses, revealing that corporate and media attention to waste management is small compared with that of non‐governmental organizations. Second, an investigation of their attitudes toward waste management suggests that companies avoid negative information in environmental communication, unlike news media or non‐governmental organizations. Ultimately, an automated tool for ontology building is employed to gain insights into companies' shared understanding of waste management. The ontology obtained indicates that companies conceptualize waste management as a business process rather than framing it from an ecological perspective, which is in line with findings from previous research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Variations of the 2‐His‐1‐carboxylate Theme in Mononuclear Non‐Heme FeII Oxygenases
Authors: Straganz G. D. , Nidetzky B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA facial triad of two histidine side chains and one aspartate or glutamate side chain forms the canonical metal‐coordinating motif in the catalytic centers of various mononuclear non‐heme FeII enzymes. Although these active sites are based on totally unrelated protein folds and bring about a wide range of chemical transformations, most of them share the ability to couple dioxygen reduction with the oxygenation of an organic substrate. With the increasing number of protein structures now solved, it has become clear that the 2‐His‐1‐carboxylate signature is less of a paradigm for non‐heme FeII active sites than had long been thought and that it can be replaced by alternative metal centers in various oxygenases, the structure–function relationships and proposed catalytic mechanisms of which are reviewed here. Metal coordination through three histidines and one glutamate constitutes the classical motif described for enzyme members of the cupin protein superfamily, such as aci‐reductone dioxygenase and quercetin dioxygenase, multiple metal forms of which (including the FeII type) are found in nature. Cysteine dioxygenase and diketone dioxygenase, which are strictly FeII‐dependent oxygenases based on the cupin fold, bind the catalytic metal through the homologous triad of histidines, but lack the fourth glutamate ligand. An α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent FeII halogenase shows metal coordination by two histidines as the only protein‐derived ligands, whilst carotene oxygenase, from a different protein fold family, features an FeII site consisting of four histidine side chains. These recently discovered metallocenters are discussed with respect to their metal‐binding properties and the reaction coordinates of the O2‐dependent conversions they catalyze.
Study on Platinum(II) Induced Formation of Dithiiranes
Authors: Petzold Holm , Bräutigam Silvio , Görls Helmar , Weigand Wolfgang , Celeda Małgorzata , Mloston Grzegorz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe reaction of a series of stable α‐chlorinated oligosulfanes 2 and 3 with [Pt(η2‐C2H4)(Ph3P)2] 1 have been investigated. Starting with the α‐chlorodisulfanes 2 a,b, the platinum dichloride complex 5 and the side‐on bonded thioketone platinum complexes 6 a,b were formed. Complex 1 was treated with corresponding trisulfanes 3 a,b to give 5, 6 a,b and the dithiolatocomplexes 7 a,b. We assume that the {Pt0(Ph3P)2}‐complex fragment inserted along the SS bond to form the unstable intermediate G, which decomposed to form the products described above. We could prove that the sterically crowded 1,2,4‐trithiolane 8 was not involved in the reaction pathway by treatment of 1 with 8 under the same conditions; after 24 h, 8 was found to be unreacted. X‐ray structure analyses were performed on complexes 6 a, 7 a and 7 b.
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Molecular Rods as Potential Electronic Devices
Authors: Błaszczyk Alfred , Chadim Martin , von Hänisch Carsten , Mayor Marcel 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe design and synthesis of the macrocycles 1 and 2 as model compounds for the investigation of negative differential conductance phenomena in molecular junctions are reported. The macrocycles 1 and 2 comprise a molecular rod subunit consisting of three ethynyl‐linked phenyl rings. While the rotational freedom along the rod axis of both terminal phenyl rings is limited by the macrocyclic frame, the central phenyl ring is revolving. The rod substructure is terminally functionalized with acetyl‐protected thiol groups to enable its immobilization between gold contacts. The central phenyl ring is functionalized with one and two nitro groups for 1 and 2, respectively. The nitro groups are of particular importance as i) both macrocycles are model compounds to investigate a hypothetical intramolecular interaction of the nitro group with the opposite macrocyclic subunits and ii) the nitro group(s) result in limited thermal stability of the compounds due to the intramolecular rearrangement to macrocycles comprising isatogen subunits. These highly functionalized macrocycles have been assembled by acetylene scaffolding strategies in combination with functional group transformation chemistry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Enhanced separation of purine and pyrimidine bases using carboxylic multiwalled carbon nanotubes as additive in capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Xiong Xin , Ouyang Jin , Baeyens Willy R. G. , Delanghe Joris R. , Shen Xiumin , Yang Yiping 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the enhanced separation of adenine (A), hypoxanthine (HX), 8‐azaadenine (8‐AA), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U) and guanine (G) by CZE dispersing carboxylic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (c‐MWNTs) into the running buffer. The effect of important factors such as c‐MWNT nanoparticle concentration, the acidity and concentration of running buffer, and separation voltage were investigated to acquire the optimum conditions. The seven purine and pyrimidine bases could be well separated within 16 min in a 35 cm effective length fused‐silica capillary at a separation voltage of +8.0 kV in a 23 mM tetraborate buffer (pH 9.2) containing 8.0×10−5 g/mL c‐MWNTs. Under the optimal conditions, the linear ranges were of 2–250 μg/mL for A (R2 = 0.995), 3–200 μg/mL for U (R2 = 0.990) and G (R2 = 0.992), 3–250 μg/mL for T (R2 = 0.998), 2–200 μg/mL for C (R2 = 0.985) and 4–200 μg/mL for HX (R2 = 0.988) and 8‐AA (R2 = 0.990). The detection limits were 0.9 μg/mL for A (S/N = 3), 2.4 μg/mL for U, 2.0 μg/mL for T, 1.5 μg/mL for C, 2.5 μg/mL for G and 3.0 μg/mL for HX and 8‐AA. The proposed method was successfully applied for determining five purine and pyrimidine bases in yeast RNA.
Differential activation of microglia in neurogenic versus non‐neurogenic regions of the forebrain
Authors: Goings Gwendolyn E. , Kozlowski Dorothy A. , Szele Francis G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractProliferation decreases in the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) of mice after aspiration lesions of the cerebral cortex. We hypothesized that microglial activation may contribute to this given microglial activation attenuates neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Using CD45, CD11b, IB4, and IL‐6 immunohistochemistry (IHC), BrdU IHC, and fluorescent bead tracking of peripheral monocytes into the brain, we compared microglial activation in the SVZ to non‐neurogenic forebrain regions. SVZ microglia exhibited greater constitutive activation and proliferation than did microglia in non‐neurogenic regions. In contrast to the SVZ, the dentate gyrus (DG) contained relatively few CD45+ cells. After aspiration cerebral cortex lesions, microglia became activated in the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, and striatum. SVZ microglial activation did not increase, and similarly, microglia in the DG were less activated after injury than in adjacent non‐neurogenic regions. We next showed that SVZ microglia are not categorically refractory to activation, since deep cortical contusion injuries increased SVZ microglial activation. Macrophages migrate into the brain during development, but it is unclear if this is recapitulated after injury. Infiltration of microbead‐labeled macrophages into the brain did not change after injury, but resident SVZ microglia were induced to migrate toward the injury. Our data show that both constitutive and postlesion levels of microglial activation differ between neurogenic and non‐neurogenic regions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.