bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceylon's Government, Old and New
Authors: Fairlie John A. 
Published: May 2006

The government of Ceylon presents several points of interest to the student of political institutions. The island is the most important of the British crown colonies, and has been governed in recent years under a dual system, with an appointed executive and a legislative council, a majority of which is elected. A new constitution, which will go into effect during the present year, provides for a novel system with a very large measure of responsible government, on the basis of universal suffrage, for a population overwhelmingly Asiatic, but of several stocks, and with a small European element. This experiment should throw light on the larger problem of the government of India.Some data—geographical, historical, economic, and social—seem essential to an understanding of the political situation. Ceylon is an island of 25,000 square miles (about half the size of the state of Illinois), lying south of India and just north of the equator. The largest element in the population is the Sinhalese, descendants of an Aryan race that came from North India about the sixth century B.C., became Buddhists in the third century B.C., and retain that religion. Later came other peoples (Tamils) from South India, Hindu in religion, who occupied the northern part of the island. In the sixteenth century, the Portugese gained control of the coasts; and in the seventeenth, the Dutch conquered the Portugese districts. In 1796, during the Napoleonic wars, the Dutch sections were conquered by the British; and after a brief period under Madras they became a separate colony in 1802. After a war with the Sinhalese in the interior hill country, the whole island came under British control.
Geography and Foreign Policy, I
Authors: Spykman Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2006

“La politique de toutes les puissances est dans leur géographie,” conceded the man whose famous retort, “Circonstances? Moi, je fais les circonstances,” indicates his contempt for any agency but the human will as the arbiter of human destiny. But since the Red Sea parted for Moses and the sun obligingly paused for Joshua, the human will has been unable to recapture the control over topography and climate exhibited by those forceful gentlemen, and it is probably safe to say that it was by Russian geography rather than by men that the diminutive Corsican was finally defeated. If he is still living, there is at Waterloo even today a loyal guide who asserts with unshakable conviction that neither genius nor skill but a swampy ditch gave that victory to Wellington.Unfortunately for the political scientist with a fondness for simplification, but fortunately for the statesman striving to overcome the geographic handicaps of his country, neither does the entire foreign policy of a country lie in geography, nor does any part of that policy lie entirely in geography. The factors that condition the policy of states are many; they are permanent and temporary, obvious and hidden; they include, apart from the geographic factor, population density, the economic structure of the country, the ethnic composition of the people, the form of government, and the complexes and pet prejudices of foreign ministers; and it is their simultaneous action and interaction that create the complex phenomenon known as “foreign policy.”
Constitutional Law in 1943–44
Authors: Cushman Robert E. 
Published: May 2006

There were no changes in the personnel of the Court during the 1943 term. Disagreement amongst the justices mounted sharply. In seventeen cases, four justices dissented; three dissented in twenty others. Two cases overruled previous decisions of the Court, bringing to twenty-four the total list of reversals since 1937. One of the two recent reversals, that in the very important case holding the insurance business to be interstate commerce, was effected by a minority of the justices, who divided four-to-three.A. Questions of National Power1. The war PowerConstitutionality of Wartime Price Control and Rationing. In a group of cases, the Court came to grips with the constitutionality and construction of the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942. The most important of these was Yakus v. United States, involving a conviction in a federal district court in Massachusetts for a violation of the maximum prices fixed by the O.P.A. on the sale of wholesale cuts of beef. Yakus refused to obey the price regulation, declined to follow the procedure made available in the statute for protesting against it, and attempted in his criminal trial to challenge the validity of the price regulations and of the statute on which they rested. This he was not permitted to do. Speaking through Chief Justice Stone, the Gourt held the Emergency Price Control Act to be valid, not only in its substantive regulations, but also in the procedures set up for its enforcement. The Court's opinion dealt with four points.
The Demise of the French Constitution of 1875
Authors: Loewenstein Karl 
Published: May 2006

French constitutional theory, on the basis of extensive national experience, distinguishes between revolutions from below—elementary ground-swells among the masses which sweep irresistibly over the nation and destroy all constitutional obstacles—on the one hand, and revolutions from above, by coup d'état of a constituted organ, either a legislative body or a governmental agency, on the other hand. In the latter case, an effort is made to connect the new régime with the preceding order by what constitutional ropes, or even threads, are still available. This habit has created, in spite of frequent upheavals in the first half of French constitutional life since 1789, a strong sense of constitutional tradition and legal conservatism.The events of July, 1940, may amount to a full-fledged revolution, but not a revolution in the common sense of the word, that is, a ground-swell rising from below. When France adopted the authoritarian form of government, no fascist mass party, today the indispensable prerequisite of popular upheavals, was in existence. It was a coup d'état from above, a deliberate act of the defeated military leaders and their political advisers—in short, a skillfully engineered political stratagem. The politicians among the group must have been well aware of the character of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, capable of being abrogated only by a legislative act of equal rank.
New York's Legislature Under the Microscope
Authors: Lederle John W. 
Published: May 2006

In these days of widespread dissatisfaction with legislative bodies, we are being presented with numerous studies on legislative improvement. One of the most interesting has recently been made by a special grand jury which investigated the New York state legislature. Although the final presentment praises the “general efficiency” and “rectitude” of the legislature and concludes with the statement that “the general picture … is of earnest men diligently engaged upon a public task in an earnest manner,” specific findings reveal serious laxities in the conduct of the state's legislative affairs. No doubt similar laxities may be found in most other states.There are always rumors and whisperings as to evil goings-on in our legislative halls. The New York special grand jury did a real service in finding out their truth or falsity. It is of interest that neither the legislature nor the governor would, on their own volition, have considered such an investigation. We owe it to the fortuitous circumstance that Republican Governor Dewey and the Democratic political machine of Albany county did not like each other.
The Nature of Political Representation, II
Authors: Fairlie John A. 
Published: May 2006

In the literature of law, there has been comparatively little discussion as to the nature of political representation. A representative democracy has been defined as “a form of government where the powers of the sovereignty are delegated to a body of men, elected from time to time, who exercise them for the benefit of the whole nation.” And a representative form of government has been defined as “a government conducted and constituted by the agency of delegates, or deputies, chosen by the people.”Judge Thomas M. Cooley, speaking for the Michigan supreme court, said: “A representative is one chosen by a principal to exercise for him a power or perform for him a trust. In that sense, the mayor of a city is a representative for some purposes, the members of the common council for others, and the members of the board of education for still others … the right to be represented implies a right, not merely to name the person, but also to designate the trust that shall be confided to him.” On this basis, it was held that a board of park commissioners established by the state legislature with certain powers, and recognized by the common council of the city, could not be vested afterwards by the legislature with additional powers previously exercised by the council.Somewhat similar is the position of an English judge as to the authority of a representative in a legal proceeding. “A solicitor is the representative of his client, but counsel is not, for counsel has the whole conduct of the case, and can act even against the instructions of his client.” It was accordingly held that a solicitor is a representative within S. 17(4) Bankry Act, 1883, and must be “authorized in writing” to entitle him to question a debtor at a public hearing.
The Village District in New Hampshire
Authors: Harvey Lashley G. 
Published: May 2006

Although legally buried since 1891, the “precinct” in New Hampshire, like Banquo's ghost, continually arises to baffle students of New England local government. To the lawmakers, it is known as the village district; while in its annual report the state tax commission lists village districts as precincts, only adding to the confusion.In making a count of governmental areas in New Hampshire, one finds the state divided into ten counties. Within these, there are eleven municipalities classed as cities and 224 towns. The cities were once towns, but have been incorporated as cities by the legislature, not in accordance with a population prerequisite, but upon application. The first city to be incorporated was Manchester in 1846.All New Hampshire cities and towns include within their limits a great deal of rural land. Clusters of houses or settlements are sprinkled over these areas. Frequently, a settlement has several stores, a post office, and a railroad station and has the outward appearance of a village. Legally, however, such a settlement is not a village. It is administered entirely as a part of the town or city in which it is located, although it may be several miles from the principal urban center. New Hampshire has 639 such settlements, none of which is incorporated. Villages are not incorporated in New Hampshire as they are in Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine. Frequently they are referred to as places, but they should not be confused with the 23 so-called “unincorporated places” (found principally in the White Mountains), which are administered by the county and state governments almost completely. However, there are a few of the “villagelike” settlements within unincorporated places.
The Komsomols—A Study of Youth under Dictatorship
Authors: Fainsod Merle 
Published: May 2006

One of the most striking characteristics of modern totalitarianism is the conscious attention which it devotes to the organization and indoctrination of youth. The Soviet dictatorship is unique in having set the pattern of such activity; it has carried it on at a level of intensity and over a span of time unmatched by its now defunct Fascist and Nazi rivals. A third of a century has passed since the Bolsheviks rode to power in 1917; the membership of the Communist Party is today overwhelmingly composed of a generation which not only came of age since the Revolution but which also largely served its apprenticeship in the Young Pioneers and Komsomols. And waiting at the threshold of power is a new generation of approximately 10,000,000 Komsomols and 13,000,000 Pioneers, from whose ranks the Communist élite of the future is to be recruited.What has been the history of this effort to assimilate and discipline the new generations? What manner of training are they receiving? What values does the present leadership seek to implant in them? What motives operate to induce affiliation with the Komsomols? How is the Komsomol organized? What are the activities of its membership? How are the oncoming waves of Soviet youth relating themselves to the society which has produced them? To what extent are they deeply loyal to the present régime? Is there evidence of disaffection among them, and if so, does this disaffection present any important threat to the stability of the régime itself?
State Constitutional Law in 1948–49
Authors: Sherwood Foster H. 
Published: May 2006

The ever-increasing volume of litigation in state courts has made it necessary to exclude this year all decisions of courts other than those of last resort. In addition, with respect to subjects such as “police power” and “equal protection,” where classification or analysis of the decisions would require space out of all proportion to their importance, only a listing of the subjects involved in the case is attempted. The cases fall generally into the pattern used last year.I. GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION1. Special Constitutional Provisions. The effective date of a new constitutional amendment was the subject of two decisions this year. In one, the amendment extending the term of office of county attorneys from two to four years was approved at a general election in which county attorneys were elected. The court held that the officers elected then were elected for the longer term, even though the amendment by its own terms did not become operative until the January following the election. This was so, even though the required local notice of the amendment omitted the effective date, since full state-wide notice was published by the secretary of state. The other case holds that the amendment becomes effective on the date of the canvass of votes rather than on the date of the election. Here, too, there were irregularities in the published notice in that it was not published in all counties on the same days and minor inconsistencies appeared in the printed versions. The court held that the purpose of notice had been substantially served.
The Role of the Military in Middle East Politics
Authors: Khadduri Majid 
Published: May 2006

During the past four years several Middle Eastern countries have experienced governmental changes in which the army took an active part. In Syria and Egypt the army deliberately intervened to overthrow discredited regimes and to depose the heads of state. In Lebanon and Iraq the heads of state, themselves alarmed by an intense struggle among rival political parties, invited the army to intervene in order to maintain order. In Lebanon the army refused to crush the opposition, acting only as a caretaker; in Iraq the army agreed to support authority against disorder and the effect of its intervention cannot yet be foreseen.This control of government by the military is indicative both of serious defects in democratic processes in the Middle East and of the eagerness with which Middle Eastern leaders seek high political office. In Western democratic countries, traditions have developed which tend to keep the army isolated from domestic politics, although military advice has often been sought on foreign policy, and persons whose careers have been in the military service are not infrequently elected, or appointed, to high political positions. This is a quite different matter, however, from the military's choosing to occupy high political office through the weapons of its own profession.
Highly Efficient Approach to 4‐Ethoxy‐5,6‐dihydro‐6,6‐disubstituted Pyran‐2‐ones using a Combinational Lewis Acid‐Base System
Authors: Liu Jie , Li Xing , Wang Jun , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe first efficient approach to 5,6‐dihydro‐6,6‐disubstituted pyran‐2‐ones was successfully achieved from the reaction between commercially available ethyl 3‐ethoxybut‐2‐enoate and ketones in the presence of BF3⋅Et2O, InBr3 and LDA. BF3⋅Et2O and InBr3 were employed as the Lewis acid to activate the ketone and LDA was employed as the Lewis base to activate ethyl 3‐ethoxybut‐2‐enoate. Aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic ketones were converted to the corresponding δ‐lactones containing quaternary carbon atom centers in excellent yields (up to 99%) under mild conditions.
Candida antarctica Lipase B: An Ideal Biocatalyst for the Preparation of Nitrogenated Organic Compounds
Authors: Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Busto Eduardo , Gotor Vicente 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCandida antarctica lipase B (CAL‐B) is a very effective catalyst for the production of amines and amides using different enzymatic procedures. Simplicity of use, low cost, commercial availability and recycling possibility make this lipase an ideal tool for the synthesis and resolution of a wide range of nitrogenated compounds that can be used for the production of pharmaceuticals and interesting manufactures in the industrial sector.
Gilt die Minersche Regel für Sand?
Authors: Wichtmann Torsten , Niemunis Andrzej , Triantafyllidis Theodor 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBelastungen mit variierender Amplitude werden in Berechnungen mit einem expliziten (hochzyklischen) Akkumulationsmodell vereinfacht durch Zyklenpakete mit jeweils konstanter Amplitude ersetzt. Diese Paketierung nach dem Kriterium der Amplitude setzt voraus, daß die Reihenfolge hinsichtlich des Endwertes der bleibenden Verformung von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist, d. h., daß die sog. Miner sche Regel gilt. Leider liegen für Sand nur wenige experimentelle Studien mit einer geringen Zyklenanzahl vor. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse von Triaxialversuchen mit Zyklenpaketen, in denen die Gültigkeit der Miner schen Regel für Sand bei größeren Zyklenanzahlen (N ≥ 105) überprüft wurde. Es zeigt sich, daß der Einfluß der Reihenfolge der Pakete (zumindest bei Zyklen mit konstanter Polarisation) vernachlässigt werden kann, d. h., daß die Vorgehensweise expliziter Modelle legitim ist. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust methods for multivariate data analysis
Authors: Møller S. Frosch , von Frese J. , Bro R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOutliers may hamper proper classical multivariate analysis, and lead to incorrect conclusions. To remedy the problem of outliers, robust methods are developed in statistics and chemometrics. Robust methods reduce or remove the effect of outlying data points and allow the ‘good’ data to primarily determine the result. This article reviews the most commonly used robust multivariate regression and exploratory methods that have appeared since 1996 in the field of chemometrics. Special emphasis is put on the robust versions of chemometric standard tools like PCA and PLS and the corresponding robust estimates of regression, location and scatter on which they are based. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitorization of consumer and naïf panels in the sensory evaluation of two types of potato chips by predictive biplots applied to generalized procrustes and three‐way Tucker‐1 analysis
Authors: Alves M. Rui , Oliveira M. Beatriz 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPotato chips of industrial and domestic types, produced in batch and continuous plants, with oils of different qualities, were analyzed by a naïf panel with five assessors following an insipient quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), and by a panel of 15 consumers following a simplified free‐choice profiling (FCP) technique. The naïf panel results were analyzed by a three‐way Tucker‐1 common loadings model with predictive biplots, which proved to be a very good way to evaluate each assessor's perceptions and scoring patterns and to monitor the evolution of the overall panel's performance during training, including the validation of the list of attributes. The consumer panel results were also analyzed by predictive biplots applied to individual dimensions in generalized procrustes analysis (GPA), following data compression through principal components analysis. This technique, which can be extended to a detailed analysis of scoring patterns, enabled the checking of the main consumer's perceptions and beliefs, and simultaneously the evaluation of the interplay of constructs in the build up of consumers' main dimensions. Both panels were able to distinguish the main types of potato chips, as well as the different status of oil quality, producing similar overall solutions to the problem. However, it is observed that when working with consumer panels, due to the great variability involved, at least a reasonably trained sensory panel will help to validate the results obtained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for monitoring of mitochondrial cytochrome c release during cell death: Immunodetection of cytochrome c by flow cytometry after selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane
Authors: Campos Claudia B. L. , Paim Bruno A. , Cosso Ricardo G. , Castilho Roger F. , Rottenberg Hagai , Vercesi Anibal E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol is a hallmark of apoptosis and is used to characterize the mitochondria‐dependent pathway of this type of cell death. Techniques currently used to measure cytochrome c release, Western blot and fluorescence microscopy of immunolabeled cells, are time‐consuming and inaccurate, and the latter is still limited by sample size.Methods:We developed a rapid and reliable technique to detect cytochrome c release during drug‐induced apoptosis, using flow cytometry. Plasma membrane of apoptotic HL‐60 cells and thymocytes, treated with staurosporine and dexamethasone, respectively, were selectively permeabilized by digitonin at a low concentration. The released cytochrome c was quickly washed out from cells and that which remained in the mitochondria was immunolabeled after fixing the cells.Results:The fraction of cells that retained their mitochondrial cytochrome c, or the highly fluorescent cells, gradually decreased so that after 4–8 h of drug treatment almost all the cells lost their cytochrome c and emerged as a population of low fluorescent cells. This was confirmed by parallel fluorescence microscopy of cells immunolabeled for cytochrome c.Conclusions:This technique allows the analysis of cytochrome c release from mitochondria of a large number of apoptotic cells in a short period of time and is proposed as an alternative to the methods currently used for this same purpose. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology