bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heme oxygenase‐1: a new drug target in oxidative tissue injuries in critically ill conditions
Authors: Takahashi Toru , Shimizu Hiroko , Akagi Reiko , Morita Kiyoshi , Sassa Shigeru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOxidative stresses associated with ischemia/reperfusion, neutrophil activation, and anesthesia with certain volatile agents, etc., are thought to play an important role in the development of acute organ failure in critical illnesses, such as acute lung injury, acute coronary artery insufficiency, acute liver failure, acute renal failure, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Such oxidative stressors provoke a set of cellular responses, particularly those that participate in the defense against tissue injuries. Free heme, which can be rapidly released from hemeproteins, may constitute a major threat in the oxidant stress because it catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. To counteract such insults, cells respond by inducing the 33‐kDa heat shock protein, heme oxygenase (HO)‐1, the rate‐limiting enzyme in heme degradation. Induced HO‐1 as such removes free heme by an enzymatic process. In addition, HO‐1 induction itself confers protection to tissues from further oxidative injuries. In contrast, the abrogation of HO‐1 induction, or chemical ablation of HO activity abolishes the beneficial effect of HO‐1, and results in the aggravation of tissue injuries. In this article, we review recent advances in the essential role of HO‐1 in tissue protection in various models of experimental oxidative tissue injuries as well as in human disorders, which is related to critically ill conditions, with special emphasis on the role of its induction in tissue defense and its potential therapeutic implications. Drug Dev. Res. 67:130–153, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the oral bioavailability of low molecular weight heparin formulated with glycyrrhetinic acid as permeation enhancer
Authors: Motlekar Nusrat A. , Srivenugopal Kalkunte S. , Wachtel Mitchell S. , Youan Bi‐Botti C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLow molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is the agent of choice for anticoagulant therapy and prophylaxis of thrombosis and coronary syndromes. However, its therapeutic use is limited due to poor oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the oral delivery of LMWH, ardeparin formulated with 18‐β glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), as an alternative to currently used subcutaneous (sc) delivery. Drug transport through Caco‐2 cell monolayers was monitored in the presence and absence of GA by scintillation counting and transepithelial electrical resistance. Regional permeability studies using rat intestine were performed using a modified Ussing chamber. Cell viability in the presence of various concentrations of enhancer was determined by MTT assay. The absorption of ardeparin after oral administration in rats was measured by an anti‐factor Xa assay. Furthermore, the eventual mucosal epithelial damage was histologically evaluated. Higher ardeparin permeability (∼7‐fold) compared to control was observed in the presence of 0.02 % GA. Regional permeability studies indicated predominant absorption in the duodenal segment. Cell viability studies showed no significant cytotoxicity below 0.01% GA. Ardeparin oral bioavailability was significantly increased (Frelative/s.c.=13.3%) without causing any damage to the intestinal tissues. GA enhanced the oral absorption of ardeparin both in vitro and in vivo. The oral formulation of ardeparin with GA could be absorbed in the intestine. These results suggest that GA may be used as an absorption enhancer for the oral delivery of LMWH. Drug Dev. Res. 67:166–174, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐intensity exercise increases skeletal muscle protein expression of PPARδ and UCP3 in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Fritz Tomas , Krämer David K. , Karlsson Håkan K. R. , Galuska Dana , Engfeldt Peter , Zierath Juleen R. , Krook Anna 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundPhysical exercise provides health benefits for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, partly by enhancing skeletal muscle insulin action. We tested the hypothesis that changes in expression of key genes in skeletal muscles relate to exercise‐induced improvements in type 2 diabetic patients.MethodsWe determined mRNA expression of 20 selected genes following a self‐supervised program of walking (> 150 min per week) over a 4‐month period.ResultsThis level of physical activity improved clinical parameters in approximately half the participants, as determined by reduced hypertension and enhanced insulin sensitivity (defined by reduced plasma‐insulin levels and improved homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)). Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of Cbl‐associated protein (CAP), diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)δ, CAP, uncoupling protein (UCP) 3, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)‐1, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)δ tended to increase in type 2 diabetic patients with an improved clinical profile. Skeletal muscle protein expression of PPARδ and UCP3 was increased significantly after physical exercise in patients with an improved clinical profile, but were unchanged in patients who did not show exercise‐mediated improvements in clinical parameters.ConclusionsThis study provides clinical evidence that improvements in insulin sensitivity can be achieved in type 2 diabetic patients after individually executed low‐intensity exercise training. Moreover, the positive clinical response to exercise is correlated with changes in skeletalmuscle proteins involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. These changes in skeletal muscle gene expression offer a possible molecular explanation for the improvements in clinical outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of caffeine on persuasion and attitude change: The role of secondary tasks in manipulating systematic message processing
Authors: Martin Pearl Y. , Hamilton Victoria E. , McKimmie Blake M. , Terry Deborah J. , Martin Robin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo experiments are reported that examine the effects of caffeine consumption on attitude change by using different secondary tasks to manipulate message processing. The first experiment employed an orientating task whilst the second experiment employed a distracter task. In both experiments participants consumed an orange‐juice drink that either contained caffeine (3.5 mg/kg body weight) or did not contain caffeine (placebo) prior to reading a counter‐attitudinal communication. The results across both experiments were similar. When message processing was reduced or under high distraction, there was no attitude change irrespective of caffeine consumption. However, when message processing was enhanced or under low distraction, there was greater attitude change in the caffeine vs. placebo conditions. Furthermore, attitudes formed after caffeine consumption resisted counter‐persuasion (Experiment 1) and led to indirect attitude change (Experiment 2). The extent that participants engaged in message‐congruent thinking mediated the amount of attitude change. These results provide evidence that moderate amounts of caffeine increase systematic processing of the arguments in the message resulting in greater agreement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple estimates of haplotype relative risks in case‐control data
Authors: French Benjamin , Lumley Thomas , Monks Stephanie A. , Rice Kenneth M. , Hindorff Lucia A. , Reiner Alexander P. , Psaty Bruce M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMethods of varying complexity have been proposed to efficiently estimate haplotype relative risks in case‐control data. Our goal was to compare methods that estimate associations between disease conditions and common haplotypes in large case‐control studies such that haplotype imputation is done once as a simple data‐processing step. We performed a simulation study based on haplotype frequencies for two renin‐angiotensin system genes. The iterative and noniterative methods we compared involved fitting a weighted logistic regression, but differed in how the probability weights were specified. We also quantified the amount of ambiguity in the simulated genes. For one gene, there was essentially no uncertainty in the imputed diplotypes and every method performed well. For the other, ∼60% of individuals had an unambiguous diplotype, and ∼90% had a highest posterior probability greater than 0.75. For this gene, all methods performed well under no genetic effects, moderate effects, and strong effects tagged by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Noniterative methods produced biased estimates under strong effects not tagged by an SNP. For the most likely diplotype, median bias of the log‐relative risks ranged between −0.49 and 0.22 over all haplotypes. For all possible diplotypes, median bias ranged between −0.73 and 0.08. Results were similar under interaction with a binary covariate. Noniterative weighted logistic regression provides valid tests for genetic associations and reliable estimates of modest effects of common haplotypes, and can be implemented in standard software. The potential for phase ambiguity does not necessarily imply uncertainty in imputed diplotypes, especially in large studies of common haplotypes.Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of small reconstruction plates in vascularized bone graft mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Farwell D. Gregory , Kezirian Eric J. , Heydt Jennifer L. , Yueh Bevan , Futran Neal D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:Utilization of vascularized bone grafts rigidly fixated with titanium reconstruction plates is the method of choice for reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects. We hypothesized that the use of the newer 2.0‐mm locking reconstruction plate (LRP) is not associated with higher rates of complications when compared with larger, previously used plating systems.Methods:A retrospective case series of 184 patients undergoing 185 vascularized bone graft reconstruction procedures of the mandible was conducted.Results:There were 37 plate complications. There was no significant difference in complication rates for the 2 most used plate types (14.5% with the 2.0‐mm LRP and 22.2% with the 2.4‐mm LRP).Conclusions:Use of the smaller 2.0‐mm LRP was not associated with an increase in the complications of plate fracture, exposure, infection, or nonunion. Because of its lower profile and ease of application, the 2.0‐mm LRP is our plate of choice for mandibular reconstruction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Susceptibility‐weighted imaging to visualize blood products and improve tumor contrast in the study of brain masses
Authors: Sehgal Vivek , Delproposto Zachary , Haddar Djamel , Haacke E. Mark , Sloan Andrew E. , Zamorano Lucia J. , Barger Geoffery , Hu Jiani , Xu Yingbiao , Prabhakaran Karthik Praveen , Elangovan Ilaya R. , Neelavalli Jaladhar , Reichenbach Jürgen R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic value of susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) for studying brain masses.Materials and MethodsSWI is a high‐resolution, three‐dimensional, fully velocity‐compensated gradient‐echo sequence that uses both magnitude and phase data. Custom postprocessing is applied to enhance the contrast in the magnitude images between tissues with different susceptibilities. This sequence was applied to 44 patients (24 males and 20 females, 15–89 years old, mean age = 50.3 years) with brain masses, pre‐ and/or postcontrast, and compared with conventional sequences (T1, T1 postcontrast, T2, proton density (PD), fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) at 1.5T). Correlation with pathology was obtained in 12 cases. All images were reviewed independently by three radiologists.ResultsIn the evaluation of tumor visibility, boundary definition, blood products, venous vasculature, architecture, and edema, SWI gave better information than the standard T1‐weighted postcontrast images in 11%, 14%, 71%, 73%, 63%, and 75% of the data, respectively, in a subgroup of 38 patients. This demonstrates that the information presented by SWI is complementary in nature to that available from conventional methods. On the whole, SWI was much more sensitive for showing blood products and venous vasculature. SWI showed a useful FLAIR‐like contrast and complemented the information obtained by conventional T1 postcontrast sequences regarding the internal architecture of the lesions. Good pathologic correlations were found for blood products as predicted by SWI.ConclusionSWI should prove useful for tumor characterization because of its ability to better highlight blood products and venous vasculature and reveal new internal architecture. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manipulation of image intensity distribution at 7.0 T: Passive RF shimming and focusing with dielectric materials
Authors: Yang Qing X. , Mao Weihua , Wang Jinghua , Smith Michael B. , Lei Hao , Zhang Xiaoliang , Ugurbil Kamil , Chen Wei 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of high dielectric material padding on RF field distribution in the human head at 7.0 T, and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of RF passive shimming and focusing with such an approach.Materials and MethodsThe intensity distribution changes of gradient‐recalled‐echo (GRE) and spin‐echo (SE) images of a human head acquired with water pads (dielectric constant = 78) placed in specified configurations around the head at 7.0 T were evaluated and compared with computer simulation results using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The contributions to the B1 field distribution change from the displacement current and conductive current of a given configuration of dielectric padding were determined with computer simulations.ResultsMR image intensity distribution in the human head with an RF coil at 7.0 T can be changed drastically by placing water pads around the head. Computer simulations reveal that the high permittivity of water pads results in a strong displacement current that enhances image intensity in the nearby region and alters the intensity distribution of the entire brain.ConclusionThe image intensity distribution in the human head at ultra‐high field strengths can be effectively manipulated with high permittivity padding. Utilizing this effect, the B1 field inside the human head of a given RF coil can be adjusted to reduce the B1 field inhomogeneity artifact associated with the wave behavior (RF passive shimming) or to locally enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in targeted regions of interest (ROIs; RF field focusing). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of perfusion in myocardial viability studies using delayed contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Hedström Erik , Arheden Håkan , Eriksson Rolf , Johansson Lars , Ahlstrom Håkan , Bjerner Tomas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether an extracellular gadolinium‐(Gd)‐based contrast agent (CA) enters nonperfused myocardium during acute coronary occlusion, and whether nonperfused myocardium presents as hyperintense in delayed contrast‐enhanced (DE) MR images in the absence of CA in that region.Materials and MethodsThe left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for 200 minutes in six pigs. The longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) in blood, perfused myocardium, and nonperfused myocardium was repeatedly measured using a Look‐Locker sequence before and during the first hour after administration of Gd‐DTPA‐BMA.ResultsWhile blood and perfused myocardium showed a major increase in R1 after CA administration, nonperfused myocardium did not. R1 in nonperfused myocardium was significantly lower than in blood and perfused myocardium during the first hour after CA administration. When the signal from perfused myocardium was nulled, demarcation of the hyperintense nonperfused myocardium was achieved in all of the study animals.ConclusionGd‐DTPA‐BMA does not enter ischemic myocardium within one hour after administration during acute coronary occlusion. The ischemic region with complete absence of CA still appears bright when the signal from perfused myocardium is nulled using inversion‐recovery DE‐MRI. This finding is important for understanding the basic pathophysiology of inversion‐recovery viability imaging, as well as for imaging of acute coronary syndromes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase contrast MR imaging to measure changes in collateral blood flow after stenting of recurrent aortic coarctation: Initial experience
Authors: Pujadas Sandra , Reddy Gautham P. , Weber Oliver , Tan Christopher , Moore Philip , Higgins Charles B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo assess the feasibility of using phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC‐MR) imaging to measure the change in collateral blood flow early after stenting of aortic coarctation.Materials and MethodsA total of 10 consecutive patients with coarctation of the aorta underwent MR imaging, X‐ray angiography, and stent placement. PC‐MR at two sites in the descending aorta was performed before and early after stenting in order to estimate collateral inflow to the descending thoracic aorta. The collateral flow and collateral flow percentage before and after stent placement were compared.ResultsBefore stenting, the mean proximal aortic flow = 43.9 ± 14.6 mL/second; mean distal flow = 54.2 ± 10 mL/second; collateral flow = 10.2 ± 6.8 mL/second; and collateral flow percentage = 30.1 ± 27.9%. After stenting, the mean proximal aortic flow = 62.1 ± 17.9 mL/second; mean distal flow = 60 ± 19 mL/second; collateral flow = –1.9 ± 3.7 mL/second; and collateral flow percentage = –3.3 ± 6.8%.ConclusionPC‐MR can be used to measure changes in collateral circulation after stent treatment of coarctation of the aorta. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination between UV radiation‐induced and thermally induced spectral changes in AT‐paired DNA oligomers using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Jirasek Andrew , Schulze H. Georg , Hughesman Curtis H. , Creagh A. Louise , Haynes Charles A. , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUltraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRRS) was used to monitor UV radiation and thermal energy deposition in 12‐ and 18‐mer AT oligomers. Difference spectroscopy and two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) were used to characterize the distinct spectral responses manifested by the two processes, and to examine their potential cooperative and/or independent effects on the ensemble spectrum. Experiments utilizing incremental doses of 257‐nm radiation revealed that the most affected bands are those involving double bonds when the sample temperature was held constant. Complementary experiments utilizing sample heating indicated that the most affected bands were those involving hydrogen‐bond disruption. Finally, it is shown that bands associated with Watson–Crick hydrogen‐bond disruption are the most affected in rapidly heat‐cycled samples. The results also suggest that both radiation and thermal effects produce independent structural changes in AT oligomers and, furthermore, that these effects are complementary when the experiments involve single‐strand DNA fragments. When using UVRRS to study one of these perturbations (e.g. thermal stability of DNA), the concurrent perturbation (e.g. UV exposure) must not be neglected, since UV exposure is inherent in the UVRR process. These findings thus have implications for the use of UVRRS in the study of DNA dynamics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyphenol oxidase activity in grass and its effect on plant‐mediated lipolysis and proteolysis of Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) in a simulated rumen environment
Authors: Lee Michael RF , Olmos Colmenero Jose de J , Winters Ana L , Scollan Nigel D , Minchin Frank R 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLittle is known about the level or activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in grasses and its potential impact on proteolysis and lipolysis. Six grass species were initially screened for PPO activity (740.6, 291.9, 213.6, 119.0, 16.3 and 6.5 U g−1 fresh weight (FW) for cocksfoot, hybrid ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, timothy and tall fescue respectively). Cocksfoot, which expressed the highest activity, was then used to determine the effect of PPO on plant‐mediated proteolysis and lipolysis in a simulated rumen environment. Sourced cocksfoot was macerated and incubated in an antibiotic‐containing anaerobic medium with or without ascorbate to deactivate PPO in the dark at 39 °C over five time points. At each time point (0, 1, 2, 6 and 24 h), six replicate samples were destructively harvested; three of the replicates were used for lipid analysis and the other three for protein, free amino acid and bound phenol determination. Characterisation of the herbage showed PPO activities of 649.6 and 0 U g−1 FW, which were reflected in the extent of phenol (derived from quinones) binding to protein after 24 h of incubation, namely 65.1 and 29.6 mg bound phenol g−1 protein (P < 0.001) for cocksfoot and cocksfoot + ascorbate respectively. Proteolysis, measured as free amino acids released into the incubation buffer, was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) with increasing PPO activity, with values after the 24 h incubation of 0.03 and 0.07 mmol L−1 g−1 FW for cocksfoot and cocksfoot + ascorbate respectively. Lipolysis, measured as the proportional decline in the membrane lipid polar fraction, was likewise reduced (P < 0.001) with increasing PPO activity, with values after the 24 h incubation of 0.43 and 0.65 for cocksfoot and cocksfoot + ascorbate respectively. Changes that occurred in protein and the lipid fractions (polar fraction, monoacylglycerol + diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and free fatty acids) during the incubations are also reported and discussed. These results support the selection of forages high in PPO activity to reduce protein and lipid losses in silo and potentially in the rumen. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical investigation of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication with newtonian solid–liquid lubricants
Authors: Mongkolwongrojn M. , Thammakosol K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper reports a theoretical investigation of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication of a line contact. A time‐dependent Reynolds equation and elasticity equations for compressible solid–liquid lubricants were solved using finite volume and multigrid techniques. The lubricants used were mineral oils mixed with very small solid particles, MoS2 and PTFE which can be treated as Newtonian fluids. The two surfaces were initially at rest and in contact. The transient oil film pressure and oil film thickness were calculated numerically. This simulation showed the significant effects of solid particles on the lubrication characteristics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of primary focal dystonias in the western area of tottori prefecture in Japan: Comparison with prevalence evaluated in 1993
Authors: Fukuda Hiroki , Kusumi Masayoshi , Nakashima Kenji 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn epidemiological survey of primary focal dystonias in the western area of Tottori Prefecture in Japan was conducted in 2003, and the results were compared with those of a previous survey in 1993. The service‐based prevalence of primary focal dystonia was 13.7 per 100,000 population, representing an increase from that found in the 1993 survey. In 1997, botulinum toxin type A was approved for use in Japan to treat blepharospasm, and the increased number of patients now being evaluated and diagnosed with focal dystonias at medical centers throughout Japan may be responsible for this increased prevalence. Prevalence by subtype per 100,000 population was as follows: facial dystonia, 6.5; spasmodic torticollis, 2.0; writer's cramp, 4.4; and other focal dystonias; 0.8. Facial dystonia showed the most marked increase in service‐based prevalence among these subtypes. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society