bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of alcohol intake on breastfeeding duration in Australian women
Authors: Giglia Roslyn C , Binns Colin W , Alfonso Helman S , Scott Jane A , Oddy Wendy H 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: This study investigated the relationships between alcohol consumption and breastfeeding initiation and duration.Methods: Design and Setting: A 12‐month longitudinal study was conducted in two public hospitals in Perth, Australia between September 2002 and July 2003. Intervention: Participating mothers completed a self‐administered baseline questionnaire. Follow‐up telephone interviews were conducted at 4, 10, 16, 22, 32, 40 and 52 weeks. Main outcome measures: Association of the relationships between alcohol consumption and breastfeeding initiation and duration.Results: After 6 months of follow‐up, women who consumed alcohol at levels of more than two standard drinks per day were almost twice as likely to discontinue breastfeeding than women who drank below these levels (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.0).Conclusion: Consuming alcohol in excess of two standard drinks per day during lactation was found to be independently associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, even after consideration of previously identified predictors of breastfeeding duration. Guidelines that provide direction on safe alcohol consumption for lactating mothers may help support extended breastfeeding duration.
Tick‐borne encephalitis in Styrian children from 1981 to 2005: a retrospective study and a review of the literature
Authors: Fritsch Peter , Gruber‐Sedlmayr Ursula , Pansi Heike , Zöhrer Bettina , Mutz Ingomar , Spork Dietmar , Zenz Werner 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Tick‐borne encephalitis in children appears to be more benign than in adults and shows also a more favourable outcome. Only some authors report of sequelae like paralysis, paresis or seizures and behavioural abnormalities. The aim was to describe the clinical features of tick‐borne encephalitis in children with special attention to sequelae and to review the literature.Methods: Retrospective review of all charts of children with serologically confirmed tick‐borne encephalitis hospitalised in Styria between 1981 and 2005.Results: One hundred sixteen children were diagnosed with tick‐borne encephalitis. Ninety‐two children (79.3%) developed meningitis and 24 (20.7%) meningoencephalitis. Eleven patients with meningoencephalitis showed somnolence, 5 confusion, 5 tremors, 2 facial palsy, 1 ataxia, 1 epileptic seizure and 1 hemi paresis. Seven patients had to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Two children (1.7%) developed long time neurological sequelae: one epileptic seizure with requirement of antiepileptic therapy and one left‐sided hemi paresis. One hundred twelve children had been not and 3 incompletely vaccinated against tick‐borne encephalitis. Only one child had been fully vaccinated according to the Austrian vaccination schedule.Conclusion: Our study provides further evidence that tick‐borne encephalitis in children has a substantial morbidity and in single cases severe long‐time neurological sequelae are observed.
Radiation, retardation and the developing brain: time is the crucial variable
Authors: Nowakowski Richard S , Hayes Nancy L 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Widespread radiation is a threat unique to the modern world. A recent report reveals that sub‐clinical damage to human foetuses between 8 and 25 weeks of gestation can result in cognitive deficits still manifest 16–18 years after birth. These previously unrecognised, long‐term effects are apparently produced by a relatively short pulse of exposure to radioactive fallout at levels that were previously thought not to be deleterious. This idea is plausible given the nature of the developmental events occurring in the brain during this period of gestation.Conclusion: This exposed population should be examined for other neurological and psychiatric syndromes. If these findings are corroborated, in the event of future radiation exposures, steps should be taken to shield pregnant women who are within this window of vulnerability.
Romantic Literature and Colonialism
Authors: Bolton Carol 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCurrent critical approaches to Romantic literature recognise the formative influence of historical and political developments on its creation. This article contributes to this understanding by focusing on British colonialism of the period from 1780 to 1830, in order to illustrate the relationship between these events and the writing which emerged from that context. The texts discussed include a wider variety of different forms of literary engagement with colonialism, and therefore a broader interpretation of Romantic literature than it is conventionally accorded. Travel narratives, missionary accounts, journalism and reports written to encourage settlement, as well as novels and poetry are all considered. Suggestions for further reading, particularly secondary works that discuss specific geographical regions in more detail, are provided in the Works Cited.
Estimating index of population trend by re‐sampling techniques (jackknife and bootstrap) and its application to the life table study of rice leaf roller,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Tao Fang‐Ling , Min Shi‐Fan , Wu Wei‐Jian , Liang Guang‐Wen , Zeng Ling 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTaking a published natural population life table of rice leaf roller,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), as an example, we estimated the population trend index,I, via re‐sampling methods (jackknife and bootstrap), determined its statistical properties and illustrated the application of these methods in determining the control effectiveness of bio‐agents and chemical insecticides. Depending on the simulation outputs, the smoothed distribution pattern of the estimates ofIby delete‐1 jackknife is visually distinguishable from the normal density, but the smoothed pattern produced by delete‐djackknife, and logarithm‐transformed smoothed patterns produced by both empirical and parametric bootstraps, matched well the corresponding normal density. Thus, the estimates ofIproduced by delete‐1 jackknife were not used to determine the suppressive effect of wasps and insecticides. The 95% percent confidence intervals or the narrowest 95 percentiles andZ‐test criterion were employed to compare the effectiveness ofTrichogramma japonicumAshmead and insecticides (powder, 1.5% mevinphos + 3% alpha‐hexachloro cyclohexane) against the rice leaf roller based on the estimates ofIproduced by delete‐djackknife and bootstrap techniques. At α= 0.05 level, there were statistical differences between wasp treatment and control, and between wasp and insecticide treatments, if the normality is ensured, or by the narrowest 95 percentiles. However, there is still no difference between insecticide treatment and control. ByZ‐test criterion, wasp treatment is better than control and insecticide treatment withP‐value < 0.01. Insecticide treatment is similar to control withP‐value > 0.2 indicating that 95% confidence intervals procedure is more conservative. Although similar conclusions may be drawn by re‐sampling techniques, such as the delta method, about the suppressive effect of trichogramma and insecticides, the normality of the estimates can be checked and guaranteed, and the correlation among sequential life stages of rice leaf roller is also considered in the estimation. Judged by theP‐values fromZ‐test, the delta method is more conservative.
Development rate and lower temperature threshold in the eggs of Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)
Authors: Kivan Mujgan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. has a wide distribution in the Palearctic region. It is the most important pest problem of wheat in Turkey. The objective of this study was to attain better knowledge of the development of the sunn pest eggs. The lower temperature threshold and development rate of eggs were determined at 17, 20, 23, 26 and 32°C ± 1°C in the laboratory. A linear model was used to describe the developmental rate and temperature. The egg development required 90.9 degree‐days above the theoretical threshold of 11.7°C. The development time was 17.6 ± 0.1 days at 17°C, and 4.5 ± 0.01 days at 32°C. Incubation time was inversely related to temperature. The study showed that the eggs of E. integriceps needed shorter periods of time to complete their development than immature stages of their parasitoids Trissolcus spp.
Assessing the sensitivity of Melanoplus frigidus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to different weather conditions: A modeling approach focussing on development times
Authors: Finch Oliver‐D. , Löffler Jörg , Pape Roland 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe temperature and soil moisture conditions as well as vegetation patterns were studied to describe the habitat and to model the life cycle of Melanoplus frigidus, a true alpine grasshopper of the Scandes. In the low alpine belt of the Norwegian Scandes the species colonizes only the warmest microhabitats with maximum soil surface temperatures of 31°C. Vegetation of these habitats consists of shrub‐rich heath dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris. Using continuously measured temperature data, the development times for four different seasons were modeled and related to field observations. The maximum delay of adult molt was estimated to amount to 3 weeks, the delay being determined by the variation in spring temperature conditions between different years. The possibilities of using M. frigidus as an indicator organism of climate change effects on alpine zoo‐coenoses of the Scandes are discussed.
Ground Water Budget Analysis and Cross‐Formational Leakage in an Arid Basin
Authors: Hutchison William R. , Hibbs Barry J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGround water budget analysis in arid basins is substantially aided by integrated use of numerical models and environmental isotopes. Spatial variability of recharge, storage of water of both modern and pluvial age, and complex three‐dimensional flow processes in these basins provide challenges to the development of a good conceptual model. Ground water age dating and mixing analysis with isotopic tracers complement standard hydrogeologic data that are collected and processed as an initial step in the development and calibration of a numerical model. Environmental isotopes can confirm or refute a priori assumptions of ground water flow, such as the general assumption that natural recharge occurs primarily along mountains and mountain fronts. Isotopes also serve as powerful tools during postaudits of numerical models. Ground water models provide a means of developing ground water budgets for entire model domains or for smaller regions within the model domain. These ground water budgets can be used to evaluate the impacts of pumping and estimate the magnitude of capture in the form of induced recharge from streams, as well as quantify storage changes within the system. The coupled analyses of ground water budget analysis and isotope sampling and analysis provide a means to confirm, refute, or modify conceptual models of ground water flow.
Heat shock factor activation in human muscles following a demanding intermittent exercise protocol is attenuated with hyperthermia
Authors: Palomero J. , Broome C. S. , Rasmussen P. , Mohr M. , Nielsen B. , Nybo L. , McArdle A. , Drust B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim:  The present study investigated whether increased activation of heat shock factors (HSF) following exercise relates primarily to the increased muscle temperature or to exercise in general.Methods:  Six subjects completed 40 min of intermittent cycling (15s : 15s exercise:recovery at 300 ± 22 W) at an ambient temperature of either 20.0 ± 1.3 or 40.3 ± 0.7 °C. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to and immediately following the exercise protocol with samples analysed for HSF DNA binding by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Results:  Exercise at 40 °C resulted in significantly increased oesophageal (39.3 ± 0.2 °C) and muscle temperature (40.0 ± 0.2 °C) at the end of the exercise protocol compared with 20 °C (oesophageal, 38.1 ± 0.1 °C; muscle, 38.9 ± 0.2 °C). However, an increased DNA binding of HSF was not evident following exercise at 40 °C (reduced by 21 ± 22%) whereas it increased by 29 ± 51% following exercise at 20 °C.Conclusion:  It appears that increased temperature is not the major factor responsible for activation of HSF DNA binding.
Potassium channels sensitive to combination of charybdotoxin and apamin regulate the tone of diabetic isolated canine coronary arteries
Authors: Pataricza J. , Márton Z. , Lengyel Cs. , Tóth M. , Papp J. Gy. , Varró A. , Kun A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims:  Functional roles of calcium‐activated potassium channels on the mechanical activity of epicardial coronary arteries obtained from a canine model of diabetes were investigated.Methods:  Coronary arteries were isolated from healthy, alloxan‐diabetic and insulin‐treated diabetic dogs. Basal tensions, contractions induced by the prostaglandin (PG) analogue, U46619, and endothelium‐dependent relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) were modified with charybdotoxin (CHTX) + apamin (APA), inhibitors of calcium‐activated potassium channels, as well as with Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (LNA) + indomethacin (INDO) to suppress the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and PGs. The relaxing effect of nitroprusside‐sodium (SNP), an NO donor, was also determined.Results:  In diabetic coronary arteries, CHTX + APA did not change while LNA + INDO elevated the basal tension. PG‐induced contractions were enhanced by CHTX + APA and by LNA + INDO in all the three groups of animals. CHTX + APA decreased the maximal relaxations to ACh in a partly insulin‐dependent manner. LNA + INDO abolished the endothelium‐dependent relaxations to ACh. In diabetic coronary arteries, the sensitivity to SNP‐induced relaxation was enhanced, insulin independently, suggesting that NO could be partly responsible for maintaining intact ACh‐induced vasorelaxation.Conclusion:  In diabetic canine coronary artery, the vasomotor responses reflect up‐regulation of calcium‐activated potassium channels. This endothelial mechanism of the canine epicardial coronary artery may oppose vasoconstrictions in diabetic vascular tissue.
Effect of medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acid diets on PPAR and SREBP‐1 expression and glucose homeostasis in ACBP‐overexpressing transgenic rats
Authors: Oikari S. , Ahtialansaari T. , Huotari A. , Kiehne K. , Fölsch U. R. , Wolffram S. , Jänne J. , Alhonen L. , Herzig K.‐H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim:  Acyl‐CoAs are important intermediates and regulators of lipid metabolism. Binding proteins like acyl‐CoA binding protein (ACBP) can influence their regulatory functions. ACBP has also been shown to exert direct effects on gene regulation in vitro. As the physiological relevance of ACBP in the regulation of lipid metabolism under high fat diets is unclear, we investigated the influence of such diets on the metabolic responses in ACBP‐overexpressing rats.Methods:  A transgenic rat line overexpressing the ACBP gene was used to study the effects of 4 weeks of feeding with medium‐ (MC) or long‐chain (LC) fatty acid‐containing diets. Glucose tolerance tests were performed. Expression of transcription factors was measured by quantitative RT‐PCR and protein levels of AMP‐activated protein kinase were determined by western blotting.Results:  Transgenic animals fed the MC diet had an improved glucose tolerance and lower serum insulin levels compared with controls. Their liver PPARγ (by 43%) and SREBP‐1 (by 35%) mRNA levels were found to be decreased, while adipose tissue PPARγ expression was increased by 31%. Tg animals fed the LC diet did not exhibit changes in glucose or insulin levels but exhibited increased mRNA levels of liver PPARs and SREBP‐1 (1.5–3.5 times) and decreased protein levels of AMPKα (by 48%).Conclusions:  Our results demonstrate that ACBP overexpression affects metabolic responses to diets with distinct difference in their fatty acid chain lengths. The molecular regulatory mechanism behind these effects seems to be an ACBP‐induced tissue‐specific regulation of expression of PPARs and SREBP.
Sociospatial Applications of Remote Sensing in Urban Environments
Authors: Gatrell Jay D. , Jensen Ryan R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough the development and application of remote sensing data and techniques has been uneven, new sensors, techniques, and research questions have enabled human geographers and workers in other fields to use geospatial technologies to study sociospatial phenomena in built areas. This article describes how remote sensing data have been used in urban areas and highlights some research areas where remote sensing may continue to aid urban geographical inquiry, and some potential pitfalls. It is concluded that remote sensing has a critical role to play in the analysis of the interactions that occur between people and urban environments that may help shape our understanding of humans and the principle environment in which they live. The article also demonstrates how remote sensing can be used to improve the quality of life in the sustainability of cities.
The Geographic Cluster: A Historical Review
Authors: Vorley Tim 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe notion of the cluster has become a highly interdisciplinary project, although it remains intrinsic to human and more specifically economic geography as a discipline. This article reviews the concept of the cluster from its origin in the work of Alfred Marshall and the industrial district, and how it has come to inform much subsequent thinking. Despite the strong foundation of Marshall's work, the contemporary cluster has become repopularised through the work of Michael Porter whose brand of cluster has rejuvenated interest in the cluster by policymakers and academics alike. However, Porter's work has also created a more critical revival of the cluster that has seen the concept examined in terms of innovation systems and other non‐Porterian alternatives. The article reviews these alternatives in terms of whatBenneworth and Henry (2004) term a ‘multiperspectival approach’, and argues the strength of the cluster concept to be as a dynamics and metaphorical construct rather than as a scientifically analysable conceptper se.
Why Do People Join Groups? Three Motivational Accounts from Social Psychology
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Hohman Zachary P. , Rivera Jason E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper describes and contrasts three contemporary social psychological theories that focus on why people join and identify with groups: the sociometer model, terror management theory, and uncertainty–identity theory. The sociometer model argues that people have a need to be socially included, and that self‐esteem is a meter of successful inclusion and group belonging. Terror management theory argues that people are motivated to reduce fear of the inevitability of their own death, and that the consensual belief–confirmation provided by groups drives people to belong. Uncertainty–identity theory argues that people have a basic need to reduce uncertainty about themselves, their attributes, and their place in the world, and that cognitive processes associated with group identification reduce such uncertainty. We critically contrast these three accounts to conclude that all three motivational processes may play a role, but that self‐uncertainty may have the benefit of wide generality to all groups and group contexts and of detailed specification of cognitive processes.
Social Identities in Childhood: When Does the Group Become a Part of the Self‐Concept?
Authors: Bennett Mark , Sani Fabio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch in developmental psychology has almost invariably neglected to distinguish betweencategorization of the self in group termsandsubjective identification with a group.Methodologically, this has been exemplified in investigators’ widespread assumption that children's ascription of group labels (e.g., ‘I'm a Chinese American’) reflects proper identification with the named category. We argue that more subtle measures are required in order to determine whether social groups have become assimilated to the self‐concept, as would be required in order to infer that identification (rather than mere categorization) has taken place. Following a review of extant literature, we introduce our own program of research, conducted over the last decade, which draws upon methods from cognitive social psychology. Based on this research, we conclude that genuine identification with social groups is likely to be in place at least by the age of five years. However, our findings suggest that cognitive aspects of identification are likely to antecede affective aspects.
Personal Projects and Free Traits: Personality and Motivation Reconsidered
Authors: Little Brian R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI review a social ecological model of human development that stimulates reconsideration of some traditional views in personality and motivational psychology. I propose that the quality of lives is contingent upon the sustainable pursuit of core personal projects. Project pursuit may occasionally require the suspension of biogenic fixed traits and the adoption of ‘free traits’, and I review some preliminary research on this recent topic. Free traits are culturally scripted patterns of conduct that are strategically crafted to advance projects about which a person cares deeply. Biogenic introverts, for example, may act as extraverts in order to advance projects requiring expressions of enthusiastic assertiveness. This may not only enhance well‐being by promoting successful project pursuit but may also compromise well‐being because of challenges to the autonomic nervous system. The costs of free‐traited behavior can be mitigated by the provision and use of restorative resources. When viewed through this perspective seeming inconsistencies and paradoxes of daily life become less puzzling as well as more intriguing. By tracing these themes through the lives of a hypothetical couple, George and Elizabeth, I hope to provide a stimulant to theory, research, and applications that can both explain and enhance the quality of lives.
Dental treatment in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Siqueira Maria Alice , De Souza Silva Juliana , Silva Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e , Díaz‐Serrano Kranya Victória , Freitas Aldevina Campos de , Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino de 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTEpidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare inherited group of genodermatoses characterized by mucocutaneous fragility and blister formation, either spontaneously or as a result of minimal mechanical trauma. The repetition of these episodes in the oral cavity leads to atrophy of the mucosa, causing microstomia, ankyloglossia, tongue denudation, and vestibule obliteration, characteristics that make dental treatment difficult. Patients with EB are at high risk for caries due to the presence of dental anomalies; they also tend to have a soft diet and difficulties with mechanical removal of the dental biofilm. This case report presents a patient diagnosed with EB and describes the difficulties faced by the clinician during dental treatment as well as the measures adopted to safely manage the patient's dental care.