bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of a computer simulation to promote scientific conceptions of moon phases
Authors: Bell Randy L. , Trundle Kathy Cabe 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study described the conceptual understandings of 50 early childhood (Pre‐K‐3) preservice teachers about standards‐based lunar concepts before and after inquiry‐based instruction utilizing educational technology. The instructional intervention integrated the planetarium software Starry Night Backyard™ with instruction on moon phases from Physics by Inquiry by McDermott (1996). Data sources included drawings, interviews, and a lunar shapes card sort. Videotapes of participants' interviews were used along with the drawings and card sorting responses during data analysis. The various data were analyzed via a constant comparative method in order to produce profiles of each participant's pre‐ and postinstruction conceptual understandings of moon phases. Results indicated that before instruction none of the participants understood the cause of moon phases, and none were able to draw both scientific moon shapes and sequences. After the instruction with technology integration, most participants (82%) held a scientific understanding of the cause of moon phases and were able to draw scientific shapes and sequences (80%). The results of this study demonstrate that a well‐designed computer simulation used within a conceptual change model of instruction can be very effective in promoting scientific understandings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 346–372, 2008
The development of seventh graders' views of nature of science
Authors: Khishfe Rola 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the development in students' nature of science (NOS) views in the context of an explicit inquiry‐oriented instructional approach. Participants were 18 seventh‐grade students who were taught by a teacher with “appropriate” knowledge about NOS. The intervention spanned about 3 months. During this time, students were engaged in three inquiry‐oriented activities that were followed by reflective discussions of NOS. The study emphasized the tentative, empirical, inferential, and creative aspects of NOS. An open‐ended questionnaire, in conjunction with semi‐structured interviews, was used to assess students' views before, during, and after the intervention. Before instruction, the majority of students held naïve views of the four NOS aspects. During instruction, the students acquired more informed and “intermediary” views of the NOS aspects. By the end of the intervention, the students' views of the NOS aspects had developed further still into informed and “intermediary.” These findings suggest a developmental model in which students' views develop along a continuum during which they pass through intermediary views to reach more informed views. Implications for teaching and learning of NOS are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 470–496, 2008
The writing on the wall: Classroom context, curriculum implementation, and student learning in integrated, community‐based science projects
Authors: Venville Grady , Sheffield Rachel , Rennie Léonie J. , Wallace John 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this study we examined curriculum integration in new ways by exploring the link between classroom context, the implementation of community‐based, integrated science projects, and the subsequent student learning. The literature is inconsistent regarding the benefits of an integrated approach to curriculum. The research design was a multiple case study conducted in two classrooms in different schools. We employed a “worldly interpretive framework” that recognizes and embraces the importance of context in framing curriculum practices and outcomes. We found that similar projects in the two classrooms produced distinctly different (and equally valid) outcomes—focused either on bounded discipline‐specific knowledge or, alternatively, on issues and problems that transcended disciplinary boundaries. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 857–880, 2008
Comparison of Two Analytical Methods for Assessing Antioxidant Capacity of Rapeseed and Olive Oils
Authors: Szydłowska‐Czerniak Aleksandra , Karlovits György , Dianoczki Csilla , Recseg Katalin , Szłyk Edward 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used for the determination of antioxidant capacities (AC) of rapeseed oils at different steps of technological process and olive oils. The mean ORAC and FRAP results obtained for rapeseed oils (1,106–160 and 552–95.6 μmol TE/100 g) were higher than for olive oils (949–123 and 167–32.1 μmol TE/100 g). Although, FRAP values were lower than ORAC values for all studied oils, there is a linear and significant correlation between these two analytical methods (r = 0.9665 and 0.9298, P < 0.0005) for rapeseed and olive oils, respectively). Also, total phenolic compounds in rapeseed oils and olives correlated with antioxidant capacities (correlation coefficient ranged between 0.9470 and 0.8049). The refining process of rapeseed oils decreased the total phenolics content and antioxidant capacities by about 80%.
The parasitoid complex ofParthenolecanium corniBouché in the city of Tbilisi and its surroundings and comparison with some other European countries
Authors: Japoshvili G. , Gabroshvili N. , Japoshvili B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe European fruit lecanium (EFL),Parthenolecanium corniBouché (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), is a common and harmful soft scale, which attacksFraxinus oxycarpaWilld. and other ornamental and orchard plants in Tbilisi, Georgia. This study investigates the phenology, degree of plant damage and effect of parasitoids on this scale in Tbilisi, a densely populated area. We present data on the 32 species of chalcidoid parasitoids recorded from EFL in Georgia and south-eastern Europe. The scale is heavily parasitized in Tbilisi, but we did not find any variation in seasonal abundance. The most common parasitoid of EFL wasBlastothrix longipennis(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Saccaggi D.L. , Krüger K. , Pietersen G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMolecular species identification is becoming more wide-spread in diagnostics and ecological studies, particularly with regard to insects for which morphological identification is difficult or time-consuming. In this study, we describe the development and application of a single-step multiplex PCR for the identification of three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) associated with grapevine in South Africa:Planococcus ficus(vine mealybug),Planococcus citri(citrus mealybug) andPseudococcus longispinus(longtailed mealybug). Mealybugs are pests on many commercial crops, including grapevine, in which they transmit viral diseases. Morphological identification of mealybug species is usually time-consuming, requires a high level of taxonomic expertise and usually only adult females can be identified. The single-step multiplex PCR developed here, based on the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (CO I) gene, is rapid, reliable, sensitive, accurate and simple. The entire identification protocol (including DNA extraction, PCR and electrophoresis) can be completed in approximately four hours. Successful DNA extraction from laboratory and unparasitized field-collected individuals stored in absolute ethanol was 97%. Specimens from which DNA could be extracted were always correctly identified (100% accuracy). The technique developed is simple enough to be implemented in any molecular laboratory. The principles described here can be extended to any organism for which rapid, reliable identification is needed.
Mating activity of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on its larval host plant Solanum mauritianum Scopoli in southeast Queensland
Authors: Drew R.A.I. , Rodgers D.J. , Vijaysegaran S. , Moore C.J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA detailed study was conducted on the mating behaviour of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in nature. Plant tissues from Solanum mauritianum Scopoli, the primary larval host for B. cacuminata, were also analysed for methyl eugenol content. In the field, over a 15 month period, 44,171 observations of adult B. cacuminata individuals were made including 1109 mating pairs on S. mauritianum. Calling behaviour consisting of wing fanning and anus beating by males was also consistently observed on the underside of leaves of S. mauritianum after sunset. Female flies that arrived into these groups of 10–15 calling males were mated and often remained coupled until dawn. No methyl eugenol was detected from the analysis of leaves, flowers and fruits of S. mauritianum. Thus, B. cacuminata does not need to aggregate at sites where methyl eugenol is present and the hypothesis that this chemical plays a role in the selection of mating sites by B. cacuminata is not supported by the current study. It is concluded that S. mauritianum is the primary site of mating for B. cacuminata in nature and that the concept that the larval host plant is the centre of activity for dacine fruit flies remains robust, being fully supported by the results of this study.
Kampimodromus aberrans(Acari: Phytoseiidae) from the USA: morphological and molecular assessment of its density
Authors: Tixier M.-S. , Kreiter S. , Croft B.A. , Cheval B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMorphological measurements and a mitochondrial molecular marker (COI) were used to identity specimens reported asKampimodromus aberranson hazelnut in the USA. Several species and populations of this genus were studied to assist with identification. Both data types showed that specimens from the USA differed fromK. aberransfrom other regions. USA specimens seem to belong to the same species asKampimodromusspecimens from France on hazelnut. These mites were morphologically similar toKampimodromus coryliandK. corylosus, which according to the original descriptions, are distinguished by the presence or absence of a tooth on the movable digit of the chelicera, withK. corylihaving one tooth andK. corylosusnone. As chelicerae ofKampimodromusfrom hazelnut in the USA and France are toothless, they are assigned to the speciesK. corylosus. Studies showed that morphological characters traditionally used to identifyKampimodromusspecies, such as setal length, are of less value than other characters that are difficult to observe, such as the numbers of solenostomes and the presence of teeth on the movable digit of the chelicerae. Some synonyms are discussed.
Molecular characterization ofGonatocerus tuberculifemur(Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a prospectiveHomalodisca vitripennis(Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) biological control candidate agent from South America: divergent clades
Authors: de León J.H. , Logarzo G.A. , Triapitsyn S.V. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe genetically characterized the prospective South American egg parasitoid candidate,Gonatocerus tuberculifemur, of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS),Homalodisca vitripennis, for a neoclassical biological control program in California. Two molecular methods, inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction DNA fingerprinting and a phylogeographic approach inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), were utilized. Five geographic populations from South America were analyzed; in addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed with several named and one unnamedGonatocerusspecies using the COI gene. DNA fingerprinting demonstrated a fixed geographic banding pattern difference in the population from San Rafael, Mendoza Province, Argentina. The COI analysis uncovered haplotype or geographic structure inG. tuberculifemur. A neighbour-joining distance (NJ) and a single most parsimonious tree (MP) clustered the populations into two well-supported distinct clades with strong bootstrap values (97–99% and 92–99%, respectively) with populations from San Rafael clustering into clade 2 and the rest of the populations clustering into clade 1. No haplotype sharing was observed between individuals from the two clades. Phylogenetic analyses performed by NJ and MP methods with 15Gonatocerusspecies confirmed species boundaries and again uncovered two distinct clades inG. tuberculifemurwith strong bootstrap support (95–100% and 68–100%, respectively). However, the NJ tree supported the morphologically defined relationships better than the MP tree. The molecular evidence in the present study is suggestive of a species level divergence. BecauseG. tuberculifemuris under consideration as a potential biological control agent for GWSS in California, understanding cryptic variation in this species is critical.
Seasonal and annual genotypic variation and the effect of climate on population genetic structure of the cereal aphidSitobion avenaein northern France
Authors: Dedryver C.-A. , Le Gallic J.-F. , Haack L. , Halkett F. , Outreman Y. , Simon J.-C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChanges in the genetic structure and genotypic variation of the aphidSitobion avenaecollected from cereal crops in northern France were examined by analysing variation at five microsatellite loci across several years and seasons. Little regional and temporal differentiation was detected, as shown by very lowFSTamong populations. Repeated genotypes, significant heterozygote deficits, positiveFISvalues and frequent linkage disequilibria were found in nearly all samples, suggesting an overall pattern of reproductive mode variation inS. avenaepopulations. In addition, samples from Brittany (Bretagne) showed greater signs of asexual reproduction than those from the north of France, indicating a trend toward increasing sexuality northward. These patterns of reproductive variation inS. avenaeare consistent with theoretical models of selection of aphid reproductive modes by climate. Contrasting with little changes in allelic frequencies, genotypic composition varied substantially in time and, to a lesser extent, in space. An important part of changes in genotypic arrays was due to the variation in frequency distribution of common genotypes, i.e. those that were found at several instances in the samples. Genotypic composition was also shown to vary according to climate, as genotypic diversity in spring was significantly correlated with the severity of the previous winter and autumn. We propose that the genetic homogeneity amongS. avenaepopulations shown here across large temporal and spatial scales is the result of two forces: (i) migration conferred by high dispersal capabilities, and (ii) selection over millions of hectares of cereals (mostly wheat) bred from a narrow genetic base.
Characterization of the M918T sodium channel gene mutation associated with strong resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer)
Authors: Eleftherianos I. , Foster S.P. , Williamson M.S. , Denholm I. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecent advances in the characterisation of insect sodium channel gene sequences have identified a small number of point mutations within the channel protein that are implicated in conferring target-site resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (so-called knockdown resistance or kdr). The L1014F (leucine-to-phenylalanine) mutation located in the centre of segment 6 of the domain II region (IIS6) of the sodium channel (the so-called kdr trait) has been detected in the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), and is considered to be the primary cause of pyrethroid resistance in this species. Here we report on the characterisation of a second mutation, M918T (methione-to-threonine), within the nearby IIS4–S5 intracellular linker (the so-called super-kdr trait) in a field clone also possessing L1014F, with both mutations present in heterozygous form. The resistance phenotype ofM. persicaeclones possessing various combinations of L1014F and M918T to a wide range of pyrethroids (both Type I and II) was assessed in leaf-dip bioassays and to lambda-cyhalothrin applied at up to ten times the recommended field rate as foliar sprays to aphids feeding on whole plants. Bioassay results demonstrated that presence of both mutations was associated with extreme resistance to all the pyrethroids tested relative to aphids lacking the mutations. Furthermore, this resistance well exceeded that shown by aphids that were homozygous for L1014F but lacking M918T. However, pre-treatment with piperonyl butoxide in the leaf-dip bioassays failed to suppress pyrethroid resistance in aphids carrying one or both of the mutations. The relevance of these findings for monitoring and managing pyrethroid resistance inM. persicaepopulations in the field is discussed.
Reproduction inStrongyloides(Nematoda): a life between sex and parthenogenesis
Authors: STREIT A. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYNematodes of the genusStrongyloidesparasitize the small intestines of vertebrates. In addition to a parasitic life-cycle, which is generally considered to be parthenogenetic,Strongyloidescan also have a facultative, free-living generation involving male and female worms. The purpose of the present article was to review the literature on the modes of reproduction, the routes of development in the two generations ofStrongyloides, discuss the controversial opinions in the literature regarding these aspects and point to new opportunities for addressing key questions in relation to the biology of reproduction of members of the genus employing genetic and genomic tools.
Characterization of highly concentrated serum lectins in spotted halibutVerasper variegatus
Authors: HATANAKA A. , UMEDA N. , HIRAZAWA N. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMannose-binding lectins were purified from flatfish spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) serum. These lectins, which we named VVL (Verasper variegatuslectin)-α (~33 kDa) and VVL-β (~30 kDa) (VVLs), under non-reducing SDS-PAGE, were surprisingly highly concentrated in serum (1·92±0·55 mg/ml;n=5), compared with other serum lectins. Both VVLs are heterodimers comprised of 2 types of subunit via inter-subunit disulfide bonds, and one subunit of VVL-α has a N-linked sugar chain. Based on N-terminal amino acid sequences, the nucleotide sequences of one subunit of VVL cDNAs were determined by 3′- and 5′-rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The full-length VVL subunit cDNAs contained 489 bp, encoding an open reading frame of 163 amino acids. We found that VVLs bind to an ~8 kDa ciliary surface glycoprotein (a putative agglutination/immobilization antigen that we reported previously) of the fish parasiteNeobenedenia girellae, and agglutinate this parasitein vitro.
Parental mental illness and fatal birth defects in a national birth cohort
Authors: Webb R. T. , Pickles A. R. , King-Hele S. A. , Appleby L. , Mortensen P. B. , Abel K. M. 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundFew large studies describe links between maternal mental illness and risk of major birth defect in offspring. Evidence is sparser still for how effects vary between maternal diagnoses and no previous study has assessed risk with paternal illnesses.MethodA population-based birth cohort was created by linking Danish national registers. We identified all singleton live births during 1973–1998 (n=1.45 m), all parental psychiatric admissions from 1969 onwards, and all fatal birth defects until 1 January 1999. Linkage and case ascertainment were almost complete. Relative risks were estimated using Poisson regression.ResultsRisk of fatal birth defect was elevated in relation to history of any maternal admission and also with affective disorders specifically, although the strongest effect found was with maternal schizophrenia. The rate was more than doubled in this group compared to the general population [relative risk (RR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–3.77], which also represented a significant excess risk compared with all other admitted maternal disorders (p=0.018). Risk of death from causes other than birth defect was no higher with schizophrenia than with other maternal conditions. There was no elevation in risk of fatal birth defect if the father was admitted with schizophrenia or any other psychiatric diagnosis.ConclusionsThere are many possible explanations for a higher risk of fatal birth defect with maternal schizophrenia and affective disorder. These include genetic effects directly linked with maternal illness, lifestyle factors (diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs), poor antenatal care, psychotropic medication toxicity, and gene–environment interactions. Further research is needed to elucidate the causal mechanisms.
Sky of blue, sea of green: a semiotic reading of the film Yellow Submarine
Authors: LETTS MARIANNE TATOM 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Beatles’ film Yellow Submarine (1968) reflects conflicts between conventional society, represented by classical music, and rebellious youth culture, represented by other musical types, such as folk and pop (subsumed under the term ‘vernacular’). Taking their inspiration from the song ‘Yellow Submarine’ (Revolver, 1966), the filmmakers created a narrative for a psychedelic ‘hero’s journey’ from existing Beatles songs. This article discusses how the musical codes that symbolise different groups are used to mediate between divergent elements in both the film and contemporary society, by referring to such elements beyond the film as the Beatles’ comprehensive body of songs (which in itself forms a kind of mythology) and cultural events of the time. In Yellow Submarine, the Blue Meanies imprison Pepperland by immobilising all producers of music, whether ‘classical’ (the string quartet led by the elderly Lord Mayor) or ‘vernacular’ (Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band). The Beatles are able to free Pepperland by manipulating and ultimately uniting the musical codes – an idealistic message for the ‘real world’ to heed.
Black, white and blue: the racial antagonism of The Smiths’ record
sleeves
Authors: WARNES ANDREW 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAs Matthew Bannister has recently suggested in these pages (see Popular Music, 25/1), The Smiths stand at the head of a 1980s Indie canon based on its rejection of a commodification associated with contemporary black US musics. This article argues that this racial understanding has also bled into the band’s critical reception, encouraging many to assume that Morrissey and Marr drew on exclusively white influences. Specifically, I argue that the white camp icons from the 1950s and 1960s who famously adorn the band’s record sleeves together form a kind of smokescreen, or ‘beard’, which stokes interest in Morrissey’s sexual predilections and orients it away from his and Marr’s Black Atlantic sources. The pre-immigrant Britain summoned up by these icons, I argue, helps prevent fans and critics alike from grasping that Morrissey’s lyrical attempts to find humour and succour by remembering pain is profoundly inspired by the African-American form of the Blues.