bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of school meals to food consumption and nutrient intakes of young people aged 4–18 years in England
Authors: Nelson M , Lowes K , Hwang V ,   members of the Nutrition Group, School Meals Review Panel, Department for Education and Skills
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo undertake secondary analyses of the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4–18 years in order to describe the contribution of school meals to daily food and nutrient intakes; and to compare the findings from 1997 with data collected in English primary and secondary schools in 2004–2005.DesignCross-sectional analysis of 7-day weighed inventory food consumption data according to age, sex, household income, free school meals and breakfast consumption. Comparison of food consumption with the Balance of Good Health and of nutrient intake data with the Caroline Walker Trust (CWT) guidelines.SettingUnited Kingdom.SubjectsOne thousand four hundred and fifty-six UK schoolchildren aged 4–18 years, 7058 English primary-school pupils and 5695 English secondary-school pupils.ResultsPupils' school meal choices in 1997 did not accord with the Balance of Good Health. Food choices in school were less healthy than choices outside school. School meals failed to make good the shortfalls in daily intakes of non-starch polysaccharides and zinc in primary-school pupils, and of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and non-starch polysaccharides in secondary-school pupils, nor excess daily intakes of saturated fatty acids, non-milk extrinsic sugars and sodium at all ages. School meals typically failed to meet CWT guidelines. They were more likely to meet CWT guidelines when choice of foods was restricted.ConclusionsSchool meals need substantial improvement to meet CWT guidelines for healthy eating. The introduction of food-based guidelines for school meals in England in 2001 did not improve the food choices in school meals.
Do early infant feeding practices vary by maternal ethnic group?
Authors: Griffiths Lucy J , Tate A Rosemary ,   Carol Dezateux and the Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine UK country and ethnic variations in infant feeding practices.DesignCohort study.SettingInfants enrolled in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.SubjectsA total of 18 150 natural mothers (11 286 (8207 white) living in England) of singleton infants.Outcome measuresBreast-feeding initiation, breast-feeding discontinuation and introduction of solid foods before 4 months.Explanatory variablesMaternal ethnic group, education and social class.ResultsSeventy per cent of UK mothers started to breast-feed, of whom 62% stopped before 4 months. Median age at discontinuing breast-feeding was 14, 13, 10 and 6 weeks in Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively. Thirty-six per cent of UK mothers (34% in England) introduced solids before 4 months. White mothers were more likely to discontinue breast-feeding (62%) and introduce solids early (37%) than most other ethnic minority groups; those stopping before 4 months were more likely to introduce solids early compared with those continuing to breast-feed beyond this age (adjusted rate ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.3 (1.1–1.2)). Educated mothers were less likely to stop breast-feeding before 4 months (white mothers, 0.8 (0.8–0.9); non-white mothers, 0.9 (0.8–1.0)) than those with no/minimal qualifications but, among ethnic minorities, were more likely to introduce solids early (1.3 (1.0–1.6)). Socio-economic status was positively associated with breast-feeding continuation among white women, and with age at introduction of solids among non-white women.ConclusionsWe have identified important geographic, ethnic and social inequalities in breast-feeding continuation and introduction of solids within the UK, many of which have not been reported previously. The factors mediating these associations are complex and merit further study to ensure that interventions proposed to promote maternal adherence to current infant feeding recommendations are appropriate and effective.
Hyper‐immunoglobulin M syndrome caused by a mutation in the promotor for CD40L
Authors: Van Hoeyveld Erna , Zhang Ping‐Xia , De Boeck Kris , Fuleihan Ramsay , Bossuyt Xavier 
Published: March 2007

SummaryHyper‐immunoglobulin M (IgM) syndrome (HIGM) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by elevated or normal IgM and absent or markedly decreased amounts of IgG, IgA and IgE. The X‐linked form (HIGM1) is the most common type and is caused by mutations in the gene for CD40L, a T‐cell surface molecule required for T‐cell driven immunoglobulin class switching by B cells. In the present study we have identified a patient with X‐linked hyper‐IgM who failed to express CD40L on the cell surface of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Sequence analysis of CD40L genomic DNA showed no mutations. CD40L mRNA was absent and sequence analysis of the CD40L promotor revealed a mutation at position −123 from the transcription start site. The mutation in the promotor region likely contributed to the decreased transcription as demonstrated by a luciferase reporter assay.
CD4+ CD5+ regulatory T cells render naive CD4+ CD25– T cells anergic and suppressive
Authors: Qiao Miao , Thornton Angela M. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryCD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) are potent inhibitors of almost all immune responses. However, it is unclear how this minor population of cells is capable of exerting its powerful suppressor effects. To determine whether nTreg mediate part of their suppressor function by rendering naive T cells anergic or by converting them to the suppressor phenotype, we cocultured mouse nTreg with naive CD4+ CD25– T cells from T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice on a RAG deficient (RAG–/–) background in the presence of anti‐CD3 and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) to promote cell viability. Two distinct responder cell populations could be recovered from the cocultures. One population remained undivided in the coculture and was non‐responsive to restimulation with anti‐CD3 or exogenous IL‐2, and could not up‐regulate IL‐2 mRNA or CD25 expression upon TCR restimulation. Those responder cells that had divided in the coculture were anergic to restimulation with anti‐CD3 but responded to restimulation with IL‐2. The undivided population was capable of suppressing the response of fresh CD4+ CD25– T cells and CD8+ T cells, while the divided population was only marginally suppressive. Although cell contact between the induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) and the responders was required for suppression to be observed, anti‐transforming growth factor‐β partially abrogated their suppressive function. The iTreg did not express Foxp3. Therefore nTreg are not only able to suppress immune responses by inhibiting cytokine production by CD4+ CD25– responder cells, but also appear to modulate the responder cells to render them both anergic and suppressive.
Older caregivers’ coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to quality of life
Authors: Ekwall Anna Kristensson , Sivberg Bengt , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper reports a study to investigate coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to gender, the extent of care, caregiving activities and health‐related quality of life in a population‐based sample of caregivers aged 75 and over.Background.  Caring for another person can be stressful both emotionally, and caregiver burden may affect quality of life in a negative way for the carer. Caregivers’ experience of burden may depend on for example, the behaviour of the person cared for, their own health and their sense of coherence. Older people take a great part of caregiving responsibility and thus understanding of their strain and coping is required.Methods.  A postal survey was carried out in 2001 with 171 informal caregivers, aged 75 or older. The response rate was 47%. The questionnaire included the Short‐Form 12, Carer's Assessment of Managing Index, and Sense of Coherence instrument.Results.  Almost 70% of caregivers provided help every day. Higher health‐related quality of life was predicted by using self‐sustaining coping strategies and by high sense of coherence. Poor economic situation and demanding social and practical support predicted low scores.Conclusion.  These findings could help identify those at risk of low quality of life due to caregiving, dysfunctional coping or lack of information about care. Early intervention, including education about alternative coping strategies and practical information, might allow caregivers better possibilities to continue caring with less negative effects on their lives.
Establishing a super‐link system: spinal cord injury rehabilitation nursing
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Yu , Boore Jennifer R.P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper reports a study to identify the needs of clients with spinal cord injury and their family/carers during rehabilitation, and the strategies used by rehabilitation nurses to meet those needs.Background.  In Taiwan, spinal cord injury is a major problem with financial implications for the state and major bio‐psycho‐social and spiritual implications for the individual. Rehabilitation nurses do not have an appropriate nursing theory to guide their care.Methods.  Using a grounded theory approach, data were collected from October 2002 to March 2003 in a rehabilitation hospital in Taiwan by means of interviews, participant observations and documentary resources; analysis was an interrelated process. A total of 39 interviews was carried out with 31 individuals, including eight rehabilitation nurses, one nurse supervisor, seven clients with tetraplegia, eight with paraplegia and seven family/carers. There were 18 participant observations. Data were analysed using a multi‐step analytic procedure, based on the works of Glaser, Charmaz, and Strauss and Corbin.Findings.  The core category, ‘establishing a super‐link system’, explained the complex structure of interactions observed during the investigation and the importance of developing a middle‐range theory entitled the ‘Super‐Link System Theory’. This theory includes the following four links: ‘linking to client’, ‘linking to family/carer’, ‘linking to interdisciplinary rehabilitation team’ and ‘linking to community’.Conclusion.  This Super‐Link System Theory will help rehabilitation nurses to organize their thinking about spinal cord injury rehabilitation nursing, to transfer their thinking into practice by making links effective, and to promote their professional position in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team.
PCR‐RFLP genotypes associated with quinolone resistance in isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Izumi S , Ouchi S , Kuge T , Arai H , Mito T , Fujii H , Aranishi F , Shimizu A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel genotyping method for epizootiological studies of bacterial cold‐water disease caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum and associated with quinolone resistance was developed. Polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was performed on 244 F. psychrophilum isolates from various fish species. PCR was performed with primer pair GYRA‐FP1F and GYRA‐FP1R amplifying the A subunit of the DNA gyrase (GyrA) gene, which contained the quinolone resistance determining region. Digestion of PCR products with the restriction enzyme Mph1103I showed two genotypes, QR and QS. The difference between these genotypes was amino acid substitutions at position 83 of GyrA (Escherichia coli numbering). The genotype QR indicated an alanine residue at this position associated with quinolone resistance in F. psychrophilum isolates. Of the 244 isolates tested in this study, the number of QR genotype isolates was 153 (62.7%). In isolates from ayu (n = 177), 146 (82.5%) were genotype QR. With combination of this technique and previously reported PCR‐RFLP genotyping, eight genotypes were observed in F. psychrophilum isolates. Using this genotyping system, the relationships between genotype and host fish species, or locality of isolation, were analysed and are discussed.
Blind component separation for polarized observations of the cosmic microwave background
Authors: Aumont J. , Macías-Pérez J. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe present in this paper the PolEMICA (Polarized Expectation-Maximization Independent Component Analysis) algorithm which is an extension to polarization of the SMICA (Spectral Matching Independent Component Analysis) temperature multidetectors multicomponents (MD-MC) component separation method. This algorithm allows us to estimate blindly in harmonic space multiple physical components from multidetectors polarized sky maps. Assuming a linear noisy mixture of components we are able to reconstruct jointly the anisotropies electromagnetic spectra of the components for each mode T, E and B, as well as the temperature and polarization spatial power spectra, TT, EE, BB, TE, TB and EB for each of the physical components and for the noise on each of the detectors. PolEMICA is specially developed to estimate the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra from sky observations including both CMB and foreground emissions. This has been tested intensively using as a first approach full-sky simulations of the Planck satellite polarized channels for a 14-month nominal mission assuming a simplified linear sky model including CMB, and optionally Galactic synchrotron emission and a Gaussian dust emission. Finally, we have applied our algorithm to more realisticPlanck full-sky simulations, including synchrotron, realistic dust and free–free emissions.
International study into the use of intermittent hormone therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate: a meta‐analysis of 1446 patients
Authors: Shaw Greg L. , Wilson Peter , Cuzick Jack , Prowse David M. , Goldenberg S. Larry , Spry Nigel A. , Oliver Tim 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVETo review pooled phase II data to identify features of different regimens of intermittent hormone therapy (IHT), developed to reduce the morbidity of treating metastatic prostate cancer, and which carries a theoretical advantage of delaying the onset of androgen‐independent prostate cancer, (AIPC) that are associated with success, highlighting features which require exploration with prospective trials to establish the best strategies for using this treatment.METHODSIndividual data were collated on 1446 patients with adequate information, from 10 phase II studies with >50 cases, identified through Pubmed.RESULTSUnivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed to predict treatment success with a high degree of statistical success. The prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir, the PSA threshold to restart treatment, and medication type and duration, were important predictors of outcome.CONCLUSIONSThe duration of biochemical remission after a period of HT is a durable early indicator of how rapidly AIPC and death will occur, and will make a useful endpoint in future trials to investigate the best ways to use IHT based on the important treatment cycling variables described above. Patients spent a mean of 39% of the time off treatment. The initial PSA level and PSA nadir allow the identification of patients with prostate cancer in whom it might be possible to avoid radical therapy.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A RESPONSE TO NYIKA
Authors: VAN BOGAERT DONNA KNAPP 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTLike other so‐called ‘parallel’ practices in medicine, traditional medicine (TM) does not avoid criticism or even rejection. Nyika’s article ‘Ethical and Regulatory Issues Surrounding African Traditional Medicine in the Context of HIV/AIDS’ looks at some of the issues from a traditional Western ethical perspective and suggests that it should be rejected. I respond to this article agreeing with Nyika’s three major criticisms: lack of informed consent, confidentiality and paternalism. However, as traditional healers are consulted by over 70% of South Africans before any other type of healthcare professional, a blanket negation of TM is not possible, nor is it politically feasible. A pragmatic approach would be to work within the current structures for positive change. I point out that, as all cultural practices do, TM will change over time. Yet, until some regulations and change occur, the problem of harm to patients remains a major concern.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Akamatsu Kaname , Noda Fukuo , Uchida Naosaku , Nagai Shinichi 
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:JAN TINBERGEN, Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.MYRON WEINER, The Politics of Scarcity—Public Pressure and Political Response in India.LEA E. WILLIAMS, Overseas Chinese Nationalism: the Genesis of the Pan‐Chinese Movement in Indonesia, 1900–1916.Lucian W. Pye, Politics, Personality and Nation Building: Burma's Search for Identity.
THE JAPANESE LAND REFORM: ITS EFFICACY AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: ÕCHI TSUTOMU 
Published: March 2007

Land Reform in Japan has been regarded as one of the most successful and drastic in the world. But it has been confronting the new phase of structural problems which requires resolution from the point of view of the long‐run prospect of agriculture and national economy.Policies for establishment of owner‐farmers introduced by the reform gave an incentive to high productivity and secured the stability of the farmer's household. However, since the stage of so‐called High Economic Growth, the small‐scale farming and fragmentary holding of arable land have resulted in a bottleneck to the further development of the Japanese economy.
THE NORTH‐SOUTH PROBLEM AND JAPAN
Authors: Miyazaki Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2007

The author intends to clarify the poverty of the prevailing economic theories for the fundamental solution of the new “World Dispute.” The so‐called “Theory of Modern Capitalism” was characterized as backward nationalism expressing the interests of the industrialized countries, in contrast to the forward nationalism of growing countries who are demanding the renovation of the present international economic system.This paper contains some proposals in order to take a step further towards solving the problem of integrating both the backward and forward aspects of nationalism, which by nature is dual.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCE IN THE MEIJI PERIOD (THE PERIOD OF TAKE‐OFF)
Authors: ASAKURA KŌKICHI 
Published: March 2007

The financiers and merchants had accumulated enormous amounts of capital by the end of the Tokugawa period. The finance of the Meiji period remained in the hands of these men hence reflected to a great extent a pre‐modern type of finance.Furthermore, the fact that the financial sector was able to contribute to increases in productivity and to become one factor in providing a base for economic take‐off may be attributed to financing carried out on the profitable and safe security of landed property. This type of credit is a special characteristic of Japanese finance, and has been one of the factors sustaining the recent high rate of economic growth.
Hegel's Theory of Freedom
Authors: Matarrese Craig 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHegel's theory of freedom is complex and sweeping, and while most interpreters of Hegel will readily agree that it is the centerpiece of his political philosophy, perhaps also of his social philosophy and philosophy of history, they will just as readily disagree about what exactly the theory claims. Such interpretive disagreements have fueled, in large part, the resurgence of interest in Hegelian philosophy over the last few decades.
REDUCTIONS IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION DURING DIVES AND ESTIMATED SUBMERGENCE LIMITATIONS OF STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS)
Authors: Hastie Gordon D. , Rosen David A. S. , Trites Andrew W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAccurate estimates of diving metabolic rate are central to assessing the energy needs of marine mammals. To circumvent some of the limitations inherent with conducting energy studies in both the wild and captivity, we measured diving oxygen consumption of two trained Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the open ocean. The animals dived to predetermined depths (5–30 m) for controlled periods of time (50–200 s). Rates of oxygen consumption were measured using open‐circuit respirometry before and after each dive. Mean resting rates of oxygen consumption prior to the dives were 1.34 (±0.18) and 1.95 (±0.19) liter/min for individual sea lions. Mean rates of oxygen consumption during the dives were 0.71 (±0.24) and 1.10 (±0.39) liter/min, respectively. Overall, rates of oxygen consumption during dives were significantly lower (45% and 41%) than the corresponding rates measured before dives. These results provide the first estimates of diving oxygen consumption rate for Steller sea lions and show that this species can exhibit a marked decrease in oxygen consumption relative to surface rates while submerged. This has important consequences in the evaluation of physiological limitations associated with diving such as dive duration and subsequent interpretations of diving behavior in the wild.
Obligatory premarital tests for β‐thalassaemia in the Gaza Strip: evaluation and recommendations
Authors: TARAZI I. , AL NAJJAR E. , LULU N. , SIRDAH M. 
Published: March 2007

Summary β‐Thalassaemia is a major health problem in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, where 293 patients are currently treated with transfusions and chelation. In September 2000, Palestine adopted a prevention programme of obligatory premarital testing for β‐thalassaemia before the issue of a marriage certificate. From April 2003 to May 2005, 21 825 blood samples from 19 712 couples were collected and analysed. Samples (n = 2251, 10.3%) with microcytosis (mean cell volume <80 fl) and/or hypochromasia (mean cell haemoglobin <26 pg) were considered as suspicious for β‐thalassaemia and subjected to serum ferritin and HbA2 quantification. Of these samples, 25% were carriers for β‐thalassaemia while 32.4% were iron deficient. A diagnosis could not be established in 15.3% of the suspect samples. An increasing percentages of carrier couples did not go ahead with their marriage in the successive years of the programme, which was fitted to zero in the first year and reached 73.7% in the year 2005 (both partners were carriers in 19 couples, 14 decided to separate while five continued). Since implementation, there has been a reduction in the birth of children with β‐thalassaemia major. This study evaluated the 5‐year experience of the Gaza Strip in implementing the obligatory premarital testing programme for β‐thalassaemia and recommends measures that could improve it.