bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filling factors and scale heights of the diffuse ionized gas in the Milky Way
Authors: Berkhuijsen E. M. , Mitra D. , Müller P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe combination of dispersion measures of pulsars, distances from the model of Cordes & Lazio (2002) and emission measures from the WHAM survey enabled a statistical study of electron densities and filling factors of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in the Milky Way. The emission measures were corrected for absorption and contributions from beyond the pulsar distance. For a sample of 157 pulsars at |b | > 5. and 60° < ℓ < 360°, located in mainly interarm regions within about 3 kpc from the Sun, we find that: (1) The average volume filling factor along the line of sight $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ and the mean density in ionized clouds $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ are inversely correlated: $ \bar f _{\rm v} $($ \bar n _{\rm c} $) = (0.0184 ± 0.0011)$ \bar n _{\rm c} $–1.07 ± 0.03 for the ranges 0.03 < $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ < 2 cm–3 and 0.8 > $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ > 0.01. This relationship is very tight. The inverse correlation of $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ and $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ causes the well‐known constancy of the average electron density along the line of sight. As $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ) increases with distance from the Galactic plane |z |, the average size of the ionized clouds increases with |z |. (2) For |z| < 0.9 kpc the local density in clouds n c(z ) and local filling factor f (z ) are inversely correlated because the local electron density n e(z ) = f (z )n c(z ) is constant. We suggest that f (z ) reaches a maximum value of >0.3 near |z | = 0.9 kpc, whereas n c(z ) continues to decrease to higher |z |, thus causing the observed flattening in the distribution of dispersion measures perpendicular to the Galactic plane above this height. (3) For |z | < 0.9 kpc the local distributions n c(z ), f (z ) and $ n _{\rm e}^{2} $(z ) have the same scale height which is in the range 250 < h ≲ 500 pc. (4) The average degree of ionization of the warm atomic gas $ \bar I _{\rm w} $(z ) increases towards higher |z | similarly to $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ). Towards |z | = 1 kpc, $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ) = 0.24 ± 0.05 and $ \bar I _{\rm w} $(z ) = 0.24 ± 0.02. Near |z | = 1 kpc most of the warm, atomic hydrogen is ionized. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar dynamo driven wind braking versus disc coupling
Authors: von Rekowski B. , Brandenburg A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStar‐disc coupling is considered in numerical models where the stellar field is not an imposed perfect dipole, but instead a more irregular self‐adjusting dynamo‐generated field. Using axisymmetric simulations of the hydromagnetic mean‐field equations, it is shown that the resulting stellar field configuration is more complex, but significantly better suited for driving a stellar wind. In agreement with recent findings by a number of people, star‐disc coupling is less efficient in braking the star than previously thought. Moreover, stellar wind braking becomes equally important. In contrast to a perfect stellar dipole field, dynamo‐generated stellar fields favor field‐aligned accretion with considerably higher velocity at low latitudes, where the field is weaker and originating in the disc. Accretion is no longer nearly periodic (as it is in the case of a stellar dipole), but it is more irregular and episodic. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Naturschutz und Tourismus am Brocken. Der neue Nationalpark im Harz
Authors: Fester Thomas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIm Gebiet des Hochharzes verbindet sich eine schützenswerte Natur mit interessanten historischen und kulturgeschichtlichen Aspekten. Besonders schützenswert sind die zahlreichen Hochmoore der Region sowie der unmittelbare Gipfelbereich des Brockens. Der Gipfel beherbergt aufgrund seiner exponierten Lage und seines rauen Mikroklimas eine Reihe seltener, zum Teil endemischer Arten.Durch massive menschliche Einflussnahme vor allem im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die natürliche Flora und Fauna des Brockengipfels allerdings stark beeinträchtigt. Ähnliches gilt für die Wälder des Hochharzes, wobei die menschliche Einflussnahme hier wesentlich früher ansetzte. Der neu formierte Nationalpark Harz bietet die große Chance, das touristische Potenzial der Region für eine nachhaltige Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zu nutzen.
Der genetische Code im Wandel. Zwischen Evolution und Engineering
Authors: Weitze Marc‐Denis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDer genetische Code gilt bis auf wenige Ausnahmen in allen Organismen. Seine komplexe molekulare Maschinerie und seine Eigenschaften lassen es unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, dass er zufällig entstand und nicht selektiert wurde. Ähnliche Codons stehen für ähnliche Aminosäuren, so dass Mutationen oder Translationsfehler die codierten Proteine nicht stark verändern. Dies wird durch Computersimulationen bestätigt, die zudem Hinweise darauf geben, dass dieser Code besonders gut für die Doppelstrangcodierung geeignet ist.Es sind RNA‐Welt‐Szenarien denkbar, die zur Entstehung des Codes geführt haben. Bei dem heutigen Code sind Änderungen zwar nicht mehr einfach, weil dann ein Großteil der codierten Information umgedeutet wird, aber Varianten des Codes in allen drei Organismenreichen deuten auf eine prinzipielle Wandelbarkeit des Codes hin. Die für die Code‐Veränderung vermuteten molekularen Mechanismen zeigen Parallelen zu Prozessen bei der künstlichen Code‐Veränderung, die etwa mit dem Ziel eines erweiterten Aminosäure‐Repertoires für Proteine in der Biotechnologie durchgeführt werden.
DNA‐Barcoding. Taxonomie des 21. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Brede Nora , Steinke Dirk 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDas internationale “Consortium for the Barcode of Life” will ein standardisiertes DNA‐Fragment aller Organismenarten der Welt sequenzieren. Dieser “Barcode” soll dazu dienen, Arten schnell und eindeutig zu bestimmen. Ziel ist neben der Katalogisierung des Lebens auf unserem Planeten auch die Entwicklung eines handlichen Geräts, das in der Lage ist, kostengünstig kleine Proben eines Organismus einer Art zuzuordnen. Profitieren können von diesem Ansatz nicht nur die Grundlagenforschung, sondern auch gesellschaftliche und politische Institutionen. Zudem stellt DNA‐Barcoding einen sehr wichtigen Beitrag zur Beschreibung der Artenvielfalt dar, da es diesen Prozess stark beschleunigen kann.
Astronomie hilft bei der Identifizierung von Walhaien
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDer Walhai (Rhincodon typus), mit einer Länge von bis zu 15 Metern die größte lebende Fischart, zeichnet sich durch ein charakteristisches Muster von kleinen hellen Flecken auf dunklem Hintergrund aus – fast wie der Sternenhimmel in einer klaren Nacht, nur etwas regelmäßiger. Diese Ähnlichkeit hat jetzt Forscher dazu animiert, Methoden aus der Astronomie zur Identifizierung einzelner Walhaie zu verwenden.
25. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Protozoologie
Authors: Hausmann Klaus 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDie Deutsche Gesellschaft für Protozoologie e.V. besteht seit einem Vierteljahrhundert und begeht im März 2006 ihre 25. Jahrestagung in Form eines Jubiläums unter dem Leitgedanken “Protist Diversity: Past, Present and Future”.
Geschuppte Giftmischer
Authors: Wendler Silke 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNeben den Schlangen waren nur zwei Krustenechsenarten (Heloderma suspectum und Heloderma horridum) bekannt, die Giftdrüsen im Mund besitzen. Bislang wurde angenommen, dass sich die Giftdrüsen der Echsen unabhängig von denen der Schlangen entwickelt haben. Umso überraschender ist, dass auch weitere Echsen über echte Toxine verfügen.
Prehospital administration of enoxaparin before primary angioplasty for ST‐elevation acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Labèque Jean Noël , Jaïs Catherine , Dubos Olivier , Denard Maializ , Berhouet Marianne , Leroux Lionel , Laplace Guillaume , Vergnes Christine , Pradeau Catherine , Thicoïpe Michel , Santos Pierre Dos , Coste Pierre 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe hypothesized that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could be performed with prehospital injections of enoxaparin for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Enoxaparin has been studied in combination with fibrinolysis in STEMI, but has not been evaluated as anticoagulant regimen for primary PCI. In a prospective registry, 143 consecutive patients with STEMI received prehospital 0.5 mg/kg intravenous (IV) bolus followed by 1 mg/kg subcutaneous enoxaparin before immediate transport for PCI. We focused on anti‐Xa activities before and after PCI, bleedings, infarct‐related artery patency, and major adverse cardiac events at day 30. Anti‐Xa activity was at the target level (>0.5 IU/ml) in 99% of patients during PCI, and in 100% 4 hr after injections; over‐anticoagulation (>1.5 IU/ml) was noted in 9 and 2%, respectively at start and 4 hr after injections. Bleeding complications with enoxaparin were rare : major in 1.4% (no intracranial hemorrhages), minor in 2.1%. A patent infarct‐related artery (TIMI 2 + 3) was observed in 40.6% of the patients before PCI. TIMI 3 flow was obtained in 88.1% of the cases after PCI. Major adverse cardiac events at 30 days occurred in 5.6 % of cases: death 2.8%, reinfarction 3.5%, and target lesion revascularisation 3.5%. Prehospital IV and subcutaneous enoxaparin provides simple and rapid anticoagulation for PCI in STEMI patients. Enoxaparin dose needs to be reduced regarding the 9% of over‐anticoagulation. This study suggests the potential of enoxaparin as an alternative anticoagulant regimen for primary PCI. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect type ostium secundum using the new Intrasept occluder: Initial experience
Authors: Goy J.J. , Stauffer J.C. , Yusoff Z. , Wong A.R. , Owlya R. , Perret F. , Siegenthaler M. , Savcic M. , Ménétrey R. , Seydoux C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe report the first experience obtained with the new Intrasept device. We attempted to treat 35 patients with a mean age of 43 ± 21 years. The mean size of the defect was 17/15 mm. It was successfully closed in 31 patients. In the remaining four the device could not be stabilized because of excessive defect size. A small residual shunt was present immediately following implantation in three patients. No complications occurred during the procedure and at 6 months, 31 patients had an uneventful outcome. Only one patient had a small residual shunt. No thrombus, embolization, or device fracture was documented during a mean follow‐up of 17 ± 11 months. Percutaneous closure of ASD ostium secundum is feasible with the Intrasept device with a high success rate and very good medium‐term outcome. Our initial experience and results were excellent with small to medium size defects, however, large defects (>20 mm) remain challenging. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of interventional cardiology for the management of adults with congenital heart defects
Authors: Chessa Massimo , Carrozza Marianna , Butera Gianfranco , Negura Diana , Piazza Luciane , Giamberti Alessandro , Feslova Vasta , Bossone Edoardo , Vigna Carlo , Carminati Mario 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study is to assess the impact of interventional cardiology procedures for the management of ACHD. The interventional approach to the management of CHD in the adult population is becoming increasingly recognized as the preferred treatment option for a wide number of congenital cardiac conditions. The files of all consecutive patients over 18 years of age who were hospitalized in our department from January 2000 to December 2004 were reviewed. Over the study period, 1,115 ACHD (583 women; mean age 41 ± 13.8, years, range 18–72 years) were hospitalized in our department; 752 patients underwent cardiac catheterization and 82.4% of them had an interventional procedure carried out. ASD (329/620) and PFO (159/620) closure account for 78% of all the procedures carried out, with a 2.7% of major complications incidence (all of them closing ASDs). Other procedures such as stenting aortic coarctation (40/620), ventricular septal defect closure (33/620), patent ductus arteriosus embolization (30/620), pulmonary valvuloplasty (12/620), stenting pulmonary artery branches (8/620), etc (5/620) were carried out. The most important complication was one death, which occurred in the case of a 22‐year‐old woman after stent implantation for a recurrent aortic coarctation. A trivial residual shunt was detected in only 5% of the patients who had a 6‐month follow‐up after VSD closure; no residual shunt was found after PDA embolization during the 12‐month follow‐up. In conclusion, we believe that the interventional approach is a safe and successful treatment option for a wide number of congenital cardiac conditions. The increasing use of catheter interventions for these patients will be responsible for an increase of complex cases in surgery. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of extended inverse scatter correction to mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of soil
Authors: Gallagher Neal B. , Blake Thomas A. , Gassman Paul L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractScattering artifacts adversely affect infrared reflectance measurements of powders and soils, and extended inverse scatter correction (EISC) is a flexible method useful for correcting these artifacts. EISC was used to correct mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of two different soils coated with dibutyl phosphate and the results were examined using regression analysis. To obtain the correction, EISC fits a measured spectrum to a reference spectrum. However, if measured spectra contain features not included in the reference spectrum the fit can be biased resulting in poor correction. Weighted and robust least squares were used to account for these potential biases. Additionally, the present work demonstrates how analyte‐free samples can be used to determine basis functions for an extended mixture model used in the correction. Corrected spectra resulted in partial least squares models that performed at least as well as 2nd derivative spectra and were more interpretable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of batch reactions with in situ spectroscopic measurements and calorimetry
Authors: Puxty Graeme , Maeder Marcel , Rhinehart R. Russell , Alam Samir , Moore Shane , Gemperline Paul J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes kinetic fitting of UV‐visible spectra and energy flow measured as a function of time from a reaction calorimeter, giving a single global model that achieves fusion of spectroscopic and calorimetry data. We demonstrate that a temperature controlled model of a reaction mechanism fitted to in situ spectroscopic measurements can be coupled to an energy balance model, since the amount of energy released by the reaction is proportional to the change in concentration of reactants and products with time. This allows simultaneous determination of the reaction mechanism parameters and the reaction enthalpy by fitting the coupled model to the spectroscopic and temperature data. The resulting model fully characterizes the kinetics and thermochemical properties of reactions that take place during a batch titration reaction of salicylic acid (SA) with acetic anhydride (AA) to form acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The model comprises a system of ordinary differential equations fit directly to the spectroscopic and calorimetry data. It permits accurate estimates of model parameters producing estimates of concentration and reaction temperature profiles as a function of time, provided a sufficiently accurate description of the reaction mechanism is specified. No standards or pure component spectra were required, giving calibration‐free estimates of concentration and temperature profiles. The parameters estimated in the model include kinetic rate constants and heat of reaction of the reactions observed during the experiment. In addition, heat capacities of reagents flowing into the reactor and thermal transfer coefficients were estimated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symbiosis of chemometrics and metabolomics: past, present, and future
Authors: van der Greef Jan , Smilde Age K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMetabolomics is a growing area in the field of systems biology. Metabolomics has already a long history and also the connection of metabolomics with chemometrics goes back some time. This review discusses the symbiosis of metabolomics and chemometrics with emphasis on the medical domain, puts the combination of the two in historical perspective and tries to give ideas for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI)
Authors: Eriksson Lennart , Wold Svante , Trygg Johan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI) is discussed. Here, each image represents one observation and the data set contains a set of congruent images. With ‘congruent images’ we mean a set of images, properly pre‐processed, oriented and aligned, so that each data element (‘feature’, pixel) corresponds to the same element across all images. An example may be a set of frames from a fixed video camera looking at a stable process. The purpose of a MACI is to find and express patterns over a set of images for the purpose of classification or quantitative regression‐like relationships. This is in contrast to standard image analysis, which is usually concerned with a single image and the identification of parts of the image, for example tumour tissue versus normal. We also extend MACI to the case with a set of images that initially are not fully congruent, but are made so by the use of wavelet analysis and the distributions of the wavelet coefficients. Thus, the resulting description forms a set of congruent vectors amenable to multivariate data analysis. The MACI approach will be illustrated by four data sets, three easy‐to‐understand tutorial image data sets and one industrial image data set relating to quality control of steel rolls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of Palladium and Group‐12 Metal Complexes with a Hybrid Phosphanylphosphonate Ferrocene Ligand
Authors: Štěpnička Petr , Císařová Ivana , Gyepes Róbert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDiethyl [1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]phosphonate (1) was synthesised by stepwise metallation/functionalisation of 1,1′‐dibromoferrocene and studied as a ligand for palladium(II) and group‐12 metals. Treatment of [PdCl2(cod)] (cod = η2:η2‐cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) with 1 in 1:1 or 1:2 molar ratios gave, respectively, the dinuclear, chloride‐bridged complex [{Pd(μ‐Cl)Cl(1‐κP2)}2] (2) and the mononuclear complex trans‐[PdCl2(1‐κP2)2] (3), where 1 coordinates exclusively through the phosphane function. The reactions between 1 and group‐12 metal bromides MBr2 in a 1:1 molar ratio gave the adducts [MBr2(1)] [M = Zn (4), Cd (5), and Hg (6)], whose crystal structures change considerably with the metal ion. Thus, whereas 4 is a molecular complex with 1 coordinating as an O1,P2‐chelate, its cadmium(II) analogue is a polymer built up from symmetric {CdBr(μ‐Br)}2 units interconnected by pairs of O1,P2‐bridging phosphanylphosphonate ligands. Finally, the mercury(II) complex 6 is a halide‐bridged dimer, [{Hg(μ‐Br)Br(1‐κP2)}2]. However, this compound is structurally fluxional in solution (NMR spectra) and, in the crystal, it attains a structure similar to 5 owing to weak interactions between mercury and phosphonate‐O1 atoms from adjacent molecules. An isomer to 6, [{HgBr2(1‐κ2O1,P2)}2] (7), was isolated from attempted alkylation of 6 and structurally characterised as a dimer, where ligands 1 bridge two {HgBr2} units. All compounds were studied by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, mass) and the solid‐state structures of 1, 2·${1 \over 2}$ H2O, 3·4 CHCl3, 4, 5, 6·5 C6H6, and 7 have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactions of Ruthenium–Aminophosphane Complexes with Diynes: P–N Bond Activation and Formation of Novel Phosphaallyl, Azaallyl, and Aminocarbene Complexes
Authors: Pavlik Sonja , Jantscher Florian , Dazinger Georg , Mereiter Kurt , Kirchner Karl 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aminophosphane complexes [RuCp(PPh2NRR′2)(CH3CN)2]+ and [RuCp*(PPh2NRR′2)(CH3CN)2]+ (NRR′ = NHnPr, NEt2, NC5H5) react with 1,6‐heptadiyne and 1,7‐octadiyne to yield novel η3‐phosphaallyl–η2‐vinylamine complexes of the types [RuCp{η3‐(P,C,C)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η2‐(C,C)–C=CHNRR′2}]+ and [RuCp*{η3‐(P,C,C)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η2‐(C,C)‐C=CHNRR′2}]+ (n = 3, 4). These complexes are the kinetic products but eventually form the η1‐phosphaallyl–η3‐azaallyl complexes [RuCp{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+ and [RuCp*{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+, respectively. With n = 3 elevated temperatures are required, while with n = 4 this conversion takes places already at room temperature. The only exception is [RuCp*(PPh2NHnPr)(CH3CN)2]+ where amido butadiene complexes [RuCp*{η1‐(N)‐NnPrPPh2‐η4‐CH=C(CH2)nCH=CH2}]PF6 (n = 3, 4) are obtained instead. In the case of [RuCp{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)3–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+ with NRR′ = NEt2 and NC5H5, a further rearrangement took place at elevated temperatures affording the aminocarbenes [RuCp{=C(NRR′)‐η2‐(C,C)‐C(CH2)3C–CH2–(η1‐(P)‐PPh2)}]+. Representative X‐ray structures are presented. Moreover, conceivable mechanisms for all these reaction sequences are established by means of DFT/B3LYP calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Relevance of social categories, depersonalization and group processes: two field tests of self‐categorization theory
Authors: Voci Alberto 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo field studies investigated whether, as predicted by self‐categorization theory (Turner, 1987), the relationship between comparative fit of an ingroup‐outgroup categorization and group phenomena is mediated by depersonalization of self‐perception, and moderated by category accessibility. In the first study participants were football fans, and in the second they were employees in an organization. In each study, two experimental conditions were created, whereby the accessibility and salience of the ingroup‐outgroup categorization were varied. New measures of comparative fit and depersonalization were developed, based on meta‐contrast ratios. Outcome variables were ingroup bias (Studies 1 and 2), ingroup entitativity, organizational citizenship behaviours, job satisfaction and turnover intentions (Study 2). Consistent with self‐categorization theory, results showed (a) that comparative fit determined ingroup bias and other criterion variables through the mediating process of depersonalization, and (b) that this process was active only when the category was highly accessible. The moderational role of accessibility concerned the relationship between depersonalization and outcome variables, not the link between fit and depersonalization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.