bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training's woeful countenance
Authors: Kopp David M. , Desiderio Katie P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, we explore how the folk science of physiognomy shaped the training given to salesmen in the early 20th century. In reviewing training and vocational counseling manuals from the past and using them as cultural artifacts, one can put forth the theme that the field of training and development advances only through critical reflection—specifically, questioning training's role within a broader context including issues of social justice. Lessons learned here include the recurring idea that we, in human resource development (HRD), must be vigilant in ensuring that not only are training outcomes ethical but so too are the interventions.
Competencies needed by Korean HRD master's graduates: A comparison between the ASTD WLP competency model and the Korean study
Authors: Lee Yonghak 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to identify competencies needed by current human resource development (HRD) master's degree graduate students in Korea. The study used a quantitative method, the Delphi technique, in combination with a qualitative method consisting of a series of in‐depth interviews. The Delphi technique was conducted using a survey questionnaire instrument based on a list of competencies analyzed by means of median scores and standard deviation that was developed for the ASTD study. The in‐depth interviews were conducted with the Delphi panelists. The study found that both faculty and professional respondents rated all the ASTD competencies as quite important, and there were considerable gaps between the importance and expertise level of each competency for Korean HRD master's graduates. In the qualitative portion of the study, respondents suggested several additional competencies that were relevant to the Korean cultural context.
Differential mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of rats with acute and chronic exposure of sarin & physostigmine
Authors: Bansal Iti , Waghmare C. K. , Anand T. , Gupta A. K. , Bhattacharya B. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA time‐course study was carried out to measure the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression in the brain of female rats exposed to different doses of sarin and physostigmine. Short‐term effects were studied with an acute single subcutaneous dose (s.c.) of 80 µg kg−1(0.5 × LD50) sarin. Cortex and cerebellum showed a significant decline in AChE mRNA expression at 2.5, 24 and 72 h. Biochemical studies showed that plasma butrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain AChE activities were significantly decreased at 2.5 h, which came back to near control values by 24 h in both cases. For long‐term chronic studies, three groups of female rats received daily doses of physostigmine (0.1 mg kg−1 day−1) intramuscularly (i.m.), sarin (15 µg kg−1 day−1) s.c. independently and a combined dose of physostigmine (i.m.) (0.1 mg kg−1 day−1) followed by sarin (s.c.) (15 µg kg−1 day−1) continuously for 30 days. Differential AChE mRNA levels in cortex and cerebellum of rat brain were observed after 30 days and after a lag period of another 30 days with no further administration. Plasma (BChE) and brain (AChE) showed irregular inhibition profile in biochemical studies at 30 days and returned to control levels after 60 days. The acute single subcutaneous administration of sarin for short‐term as well as chronic long‐term studies showed that AChE inhibition alone does not lead to observed changes in mRNA expression of AChE gene. These observations further suggest that route of administration as well as dose exposure regimen also contributes to the regulation of AChE mRNA expression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collagen vitrigel membranes for the in vitro reconstruction of separate corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cell layers
Authors: McIntosh Ambrose Winnette , Salahuddin Afrah , So Stephen , Ng Shengyong , Ponce Márquez Sara , Takezawa Toshiaki , Schein Oliver , Elisseeff Jennifer 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the potential suitability of collagen Vitrigel (CV) membrane as a substrate for the separate reconstruction of the three main cellular layers of the cornea. Limbal explants, keratocytes, and endothelial cells were cultured on transparent membranes made of type I collagen. The resulting cell sheets were evaluated using RT‐PCR, in addition to light and electron microscopy. Tensile testing was also performed to examine the mechanical properties of CV. Limbal explant cultures resulted in partially stratified epithelial sheets with upregulation of the putative stem cell marker p63. Keratocytes cultured in serum on CV exhibited stellate morphology along with a marked increase in expression of corneal crystallin ALDH and keratocan, (a keratan sulphate proteoglycan: KSPG), compared to identical cultures on tissue culture plastic. Endothelial cells formed dense monolayers with uniform cell size, tight intercellular junctions, and expression of voltage‐dependent anion channels VDAC2 and VDAC3, chloride channel protein CLCN2, and sodium bicarbonate transporter NBC1. Epithelial and endothelial cells exhibited adhesive structures (desmosomes and hemidesmosomes) and evidence of apical specialization (microplicae), while endothelial cells also produced a Descemet's membrane‐like basal lamina. CV was found to possess ultimate tensile strengths of 6.8 ± 1.5 MPa when hydrated and 28.6 ± 7.0 MPa when dry. Taken together, these results indicate that CV holds promise as a substrate for corneal reconstruction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Comparison of B‐scan sonographic measurements of optic cup with fundus photographic measurements
Authors: Ali Nadir Ali Mohamed , Subrayan Visvaraja , Reddy Sagili Chandrasekhara , Othman Faizah 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPurpose.To compare the measurements of the optic cup diameter with B‐scan sonography with fundus photography in patients with clear ocular media and to propose a solution for the clinical problem of determining the cup‐disc ratio in eyes with opaque ocular media.Methods.We studied 122 patients (glaucoma patients and non‐glaucoma controls) with clear ocular media. Measurements of optic cup diameters using Quantel 10 MHz B‐scan sonography were compared with magnification‐corrected measurements of the same area using Zeiss FF450 Plus fundus camera. Paired‐sample t‐test was used to compare the measurements. The correlation between measurements of optic cup diameters using the 2 methods was established. In addition, the optic disc diameters of both eyes were measured on fundus photographs and compared with each other.Results.There was no significant difference between the fundus photographic and sonographic measurements of optic cup diameters. There was no difference in the fundus photographic measurements of optic disc diameters between the 2 eyes.Conclusion.In an eye with opaque ocular media, the cup‐disc ratio can be calculated by using the optic cup diameter of this eye with B‐scan sonography and the optic disc diameter of the fellow eye with clear media measured by fundus photography. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Biliary dilatation secondary to lithiasis in a child affected by Langerhans' cell histiocytosis
Authors: Caruso Settimo , Miraglia Roberto , Spada Marco , Luca Angelo , Gridelli Bruno 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLangerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis, caused by clonal proliferation of Langerhans' cells. Liver involvement results in a cholangiopathy, which has the radiologic appearance of sclerosing cholangitis. Only 1 case of obstructive jaundice due to common bile duct stone in a patient with LCH has been described. We present a case of a 31‐month‐old child with LCH and liver involvement on the waiting list for liver transplantation. During the follow‐up, there was a rapid onset of jaundice due to sludge and lithiasis. The patient was treated first with an endoscopic biliary plastic stent and then with percutaneous biliary drainage and bilioenteric anastomosis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Spermatozoal RNAs: What about their functions?
Authors: Dadoune Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe profound architectural changes that transform spermatids into spermatozoa result in a high degree of DNA packaging within the sperm head. However, the mature sperm chromatin that harbors imprinted genes exhibits a dual nucleoprotamine/nucleohistone structure with DNase‐sensitive regions, which could be implicated in the establishment of efficient epigenetic information in the developing embryo. Despite its apparent transcriptionally inert state, the sperm nucleus contains diverse RNA populations, mRNAs, antisense and miRNAs, that have been transcribed throughout spermatogenesis. There is also an endogenous reverse transcriptase that may be activated under certain circumstances. It is now commonly accepted that sperm can deliver some RNAs to the ovocyte at fertilization. This review presents potential links between male‐specific genomic imprinting, chromatin organization, and the presence of diverse RNA populations within the sperm nucleus and discusses the functional significance of these RNAs in the spermatozoon itself and in the early embryo following fertilization. Some recent data are provided, supporting the view that analyzing the profile of spermatozoal RNAs could be useful for assessment of male fertility. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sulfamic acid catalyzed one‐pot synthesis of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles under microwave irradiation and conventional heating
Authors: Madhav J. Venu , Reddy Y. Thirupathi , Reddy P. Narsimha , Crooks Peter. A. , Kumar V. Naveen , Rajitha B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
magnified imageSulfamic acid has been found to be an efficient catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of novel 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles by condensation of different coumarinoyl hydrazides with various coumarinoyl or quinolinoyl chlorides under microwave irradiation and conventional heating. Some of the advantages of this method are low reaction times, operational simplicity, and high yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009)
Amodiaquine N‐oxides and other 7‐chloro‐4‐aminoquinoline n‐oxides
Authors: Elslager Edward F. , Gold Eva H. , Tendick Frank H. , Werbel Leslie M. , Worth Donald F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOxidation of amodiaquine with perbenzoic acid gave amodiaquine N‐α‐oxide, whereas N4‐methylamodiaquine and amodiaquine 1‐oxide afforded N4‐methylamodiaquine N‐α,1‐dioxide and amodiaquine N‐α, 1‐dioxide, respectively. Amodiaquine 1‐oxide, O‐methyl‐amodiaquine 1‐oxide, oxychloroquine 1‐oxide, and a variety of other 4 ‐ (7‐chloro‐4‐quinolylamino)‐α‐dialkylamino‐o‐cresol 1‐oxides and 7‐chloro‐4‐[(mono‐ and dialkylamino)‐alkylamino]quinoline 1‐oxides were prepared by the condensation of 4, 7‐dichloroquinoline 1‐oxide with a 4‐amino‐α‐(dialkylamino)‐o‐cresol, N‐α, N‐α‐diethyl‐6‐methoxytoluene‐α, ‐3‐diamine, or a mono‐ or dialkylaminoalkylamine in phenol or aqueous ethanol. N4‐Methyl‐amodiaquine was synthesized from p‐ [(7‐chloro‐4‐quinolyl)methylamino]phenol, diethyl‐amine, and paraformaldehyde. Many of the N‐oxides are highly active against the plasmodia of malaria.
Studies directed toward the total synthesis of novel azasteroids. III. The formation of a hexahydroisoquinoline, octahydroisoquinoline and a decahydro‐2h‐benzo[a]quinolizine as precursors to 8‐azasteroids
Authors: Meyers A. I. , Betrus B. J. , Ralhan N. K. , Rao K. Babu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA plan of approach to novel 8‐azasteroids was tested with suitable model compounds to determine its feasibility. The results of these experiments are described.
Pteridine XXIX Über die synthese von pteridin ‐7‐0‐ und ‐n‐8‐glucosiden
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang , Söil Dieter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEs wird über die erstmals gelungenen Synthesen der beiden möglichen O‐ und N‐Gluco‐side eines 7‐Hydroxypteridins berichtet. Die Direktglucosidierung des 4‐Dimethylamino‐7‐hydroxypteridins mit Acetobromglucose führte zum 4‐Dimethylamino‐7‐(2. 3.4. 6‐tetra‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)pteridin während die Darstellung des isomeren 8‐(2.3.4.6‐Tetraacetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐4‐dimethylamino ‐7‐oxo‐ dihydropteridins nur ausgehend vom 4‐Amino‐6‐dimethylaminopyrimidin und Glucosidierung auf der Pyrimidinstufe re‐alisiert werden konnte. Die Pteridin‐glucoside wurden durch UV‐Absorptionsspektren, Drehwerte und Hydrolyseversuche charakterisiert.
Fluoro derivatives of phenarsazine
Authors: Thu‐Cuc S. T. , Buu‐Hoi N. P. , Xuong N. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral fluorinated derivatives of phenarsazine and benzophenarsazines, bearing various additional substituents in their molecule, have been prepared from arsenic trichloride and the appropriate N, N'‐diarylamines. These compounds showed strong irritant and sternutatory properties.
Aeridizinium derivatives having meta‐directing substituents
Authors: Bradsher C. K. , Parham J. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThrough cyclization of suitably substituted 1‐benzyl‐2 ‐ (1, 3‐ dioxolan‐2‐yl)pyridinium salts, ačeridizinium salts having nitro, carboxyl or sulfo substituents have been prepared. The 9‐sulfo aeridizinium derivative exists as a remarkably stable betaine.
Mass spectra of furoxans
Authors: Ungnade H. E. , Loughran E. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mass spectra of furoxans have large NO+ peaks due to the fragmentation of the ring system at C‐N and N‐O bonds. Cleavage of the substituents and to a smaller extent ring fission at C3‐C4 account for other ion peaks. The spectra are sufficiently characteristic to serve for the identification of these compounds. The related furazans give different fragmentation patterns because carbon‐carbon cleavage predominates.
A new synthesis of 3‐chloroflavones
Authors: Newman Melvin S. , Ferrari John L. , Garg C. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of a number of 3‐chloroflavones by a new method, involving reaction of arylmagnesium bromides with 3,4‐dichlorocoumarins, is described. The synthesis of 2‐chloro‐7‐methyl‐11H‐benzofuro[3,2‐b] [1)benzopyran‐11‐one is also described.
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XII. On the relative contribution by the 2‐amino and 4‐hydroxy groups of 2‐amino‐5‐(3‐anilinopropyl)‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinol to inhibition of folic reductase and thymidylate synthetase
Authors: Baker B. R. , Ho Beng‐Thong , Neilson Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure of 2‐amino‐5‐(3‐anilinopropyl)‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinol (II), an inhibitor of both dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase, has been modified by replacement of the 2‐amino group by hydrogen or the 4‐hydroxyl group by hydrogen, mercapto or amino. Enzymic evaluation showed that 5‐(3‐anilinopropyl)‐2,4‐diamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidine was a 170‐fold more effective inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase than thymidylate synthetase. This specificity is due to the fact that replacement of the 4‐hydroxyl group of II with 4‐amino enhances binding to dihydrofolic reductase by 350‐fold, but binding to thymidylate synthetase is unchanged. No significant cross‐over specificity was noted with the six compounds studied.Replacement of the 4‐hydroxyl group of II by hydrogen gave a compound (XVII) that was a slightly more effective inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase than II, but was slightly less effective on thymidylate synthetase. Binding to dihydrofolic reductase and to thymidylate synthetase could be increased by 17‐fold and 5‐fold, respectively, by replacement of the 4‐hydroxyl group of II by 4‐mercapto (XVI). It was concluded that the mode of binding in the N‐3 and 4‐hydroxyl region of II was not the same for the two enzymes.Synthesis of the 2‐amino‐, the 4‐hydroxy‐ and the 4‐mercaptopyrimidyl analogs of II are described. Also described are the partial purification of and assays for dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase by procedures more familiar to the organic chemist.
Azasteroids. I. A convenient synthesis of ethyl 1,2,3,3‐tetrahydrohenzo[f] quinoline‐3‐carboxylate
Authors: Popp Frank D. , Schleigh William R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn view of the fact that a synthesis of 3‐desoxy‐18‐nor‐14‐azaequilenin (I) has recently been reported (3) we wish to report on our synthetic path to this azasteroid. In this work the intermediate ethyl 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoline‐3‐carboxylate (II) was conveniently synthesized from commercially available benzo[f]quinoline (III). Compound III was converted to the Reissert compound (IV) (4), which on hydrolysis (5) gave the acid V. Catalytic hydrogenation of V gave poor results when carried out in glacial acetic acid or 15% hydrochloric acid at room temperature. However, the reduction proceeded smoothly and quantitatively by the procedure indicated in the experimental. Esterification of the crude, reduced acid hydrochloride (VI) proceeded to give II which can be converted into I as described (3).
The synthesis of 2,2 and 5,5 ‐bi(1,10‐phenanthroline)
Authors: Case Francis H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe well‐known chelating ability of 1,10‐phenanthroline and its derivatives for Fe(II) and Cu(I) have prompted the synthesis of 5, 5′‐bi(1, 10‐phenanthroline) (I) and 2, 2′‐bi(1, 10‐phenanthroline (II).
Spiranes. V. A synthetic route to symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,9‐diazaspiro [5.5]undecanes
Authors: Rice Leonard M. , Grogan Charles H. , Freed Meier E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of derivatives of the hitherto unreported 3,9‐diazaspiro[5,5]undecane has been accomplished. Starting from the dianhydride of methanetetraacetic acid or from N‐methyl‐4‐piperidone, synthetic paths have been developed which permit the preparation of either symmetrical or unsymmetrical derivatives.
The chemistry of triazine derivatives. I. The alkylation of 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐s‐triazine
Authors: Osborne David R. , Levine R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe direct alkylation of 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐s‐triazine (I) has been effected by treating (I) with a series of alkyl halides using potassium amide in liquid ammonia as the condensing agent. The present method gives a simple, direct route to the preparation of unsymmetrically substituted trialkyl‐s‐triazines.
N‐(2‐benzoxazolyl)anthranilic acid and 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐quinazoline‐2,4‐dione
Authors: Sam Joseph , Richmond Charles W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe hydrolysis of 12H‐benzoxazolo[2,3‐b]quinazolin‐12‐one (I) yields N‐(2‐benzox‐azolyl)anthranilic acid (III) and 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)quinazoline‐2,4‐dione (IV). Unequivocal syntheses of both III and IV are described.
The acylation of 2‐picoline‐N‐oxide and 2,6‐lutidine N‐oxide
Authors: Osborne David R. , Levine Robert 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Picoline N‐oxide and 2,6‐Lutidine N‐oxide have been acylated in good to high yields by reaction with a series of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic esters using sodium amide in liquid ammonia as the condesing agent.
A high‐yield modification of the baker‐venkataraman rearrangement. Application to the synthesis of 5‐hydroxyflavone and 6,8‐dichloro‐5‐hydroxyflavone
Authors: Looker J. H. , Edman James R. , Dappen J. I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA three‐step synthesis of 5‐hydroxyflavone in 80% yield from 2,6‐dihydroxyaceto‐phenone is described. The key step is a modification of the Baker‐Venkataraman rearrangement in which small amounts of water are deliberately introduced. Characterization of the primary rearrangement products, 1‐(2,6‐dinydroxyphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐1,3‐propane‐dione, and 1‐(2‐benzoyloxy‐6‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐1,3‐propanedione, is reported. Application of the synthesis to 3,5‐dichloro‐2,6‐dihydroxyacetophenone gives a mixture of 6,8‐dichloro‐5‐hydroxyflavone and its 3‐benzoyl derivative. Infrared spectral data are presented for several intermediates and flavones, and indicate the utility of the previously described infrared spectral method for detecting 3‐aroylflavones.
The chemistry of pyrazine and its derivatives. IX The pyrazylethylation of amines
Authors: Singerman Gary M. , Levine Robert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of pyrazylethylated derivatives of the type C4H3N2CH2CH2N= has been prepared in high yields by the reactions of vinylpyrazine with amines using methanolic acetic acid or metallic sodium as the catalyst.
14H‐Indolo[2,3‐a]phenanthridizinium Salts
Authors: Bradsher C. K. , Litzinger E. F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFour l‐Aryl‐9H‐[3,4‐b]pyridoindoles have been prepared and quaternízed with bromoacetone. The resulting salts were cyclized under acidic conditions to afford 5‐methyl‐14H‐indolo[2,3‐a]phenanthridizinium perchlorate as well as the 2,3‐dimethoxy‐, 2,3‐methylenedioxy‐ and 2‐methoxy‐ derivatives.
New derivatives of ϵ‐caprolactam
Authors: Reimschuessel Herbert K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of α ‐ (carbethoxyvinyl)caprolactam (V) is reported. This synthesis involves condensation of α‐bromocaprolactam with diethyl malonate, semi‐hydrolysis of the malonic ester derivative, and a Mannich reaction on the product of the latter reaction. All of the intermediate compounds and some of the by‐products are new derivatives of ϵ‐caprolactam. Their infrared and n.m.r. spectra are recorded.
Imidazole‐catalyzed hydrolysis of acetoxyflavones physical and chemical properties of hydroxyflavones. III
Authors: Looker J. H. , Holm Myron J. , Minor J. L. , Kagal S. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA method for the hydrolysis of acetoxyflavones with catalytic amounts of imidazole in 60% ethanol or 60% methanol is described. The method has been applied to the acetates of monohydroxyflavones, polyhydroxyflavones, and the trihydroxyflavones naringenin and hesperetin. Partial deacetylation of quercitrin heptaacetate is described. The methane‐sulfonates of several monohydroxyflavones, and the stability of flavonol methanesulfonate in the imidazole‐ethanol reagent are reported.
Difluorodiazirine. IV. Synthesis of substituted perfluorocyclopropanes
Authors: Mitsch Ronald A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation of eight previously undisclosed substituted perfluorocyclopropanes by the addition of difluorocarbene to the respective fluorocarbon olefins is described. The yields, generally 30‐85%, are dependent upon the reaction temperature, the amount of excess olefin and the nature of the groups present in the fluoroolefin.
N,N'‐carbonyldiimidazole as a reagent for the preparation of five‐membered heterocycles
Authors: Wright William B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDerivatives of 2‐benzimidazolinone, 2‐imidazolidinone, and 2‐oxazolidinone are obtained in good to excellent yield when the appropriate diamine or aminoalcohol is allowed to react with N, N'‐carbonyldiimidazole.
Crystal and molecular structure of 7‐(p‐lodobenzenesulfonyl)‐7‐azabicyclo 4.1.0 heptane
Authors: Trefonas L. M. , Majeste Richard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure of 7‐(p‐iodobenzenesulfonyl)‐7‐azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane has been determined by a three dimensional single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P/n with cell dimension a0 = 10.35 ± .005, b0 = 16.33, c0 = 8.22 Å and a monoclinic angle, β = 99°40° ± 5′. The aziridine ring is fused cis to the cyclohexane ring with fusion angles of 122°. The cyclohexane ring is flattened appreciably, although still in the chair conformation. Bond distances within the cyclohexane ring are shortened to an average value of 1.49 Å. The p‐iodobenzene‐sulfonate group is at an angle of 98. 3° to the bicyclic system containing the aziridine and cyclohexane fused rings. A final value of R = 0. 115 was obtained for the 1272 independent reflections.