bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical reactions involved in the deep‐fat frying of foods1
Authors: Chang Stephen S. , Peterson Robert J. , Ho Chi‐Tang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDeep‐fat frying is one of the most commonly used procedures for the preparation and manufacture of foods in the world. During deep‐fat frying, oxidative and thermal decompositions may take place with the formation of volatile and nonvolatile decomposition products, some of which in excessive amounts are harmful to human health. A limited survey of frying fats used in commercial operations indicated that some were maintained at good quality and others were overused or abused. The volatile decomposition products produced by corn oil, hydrogenated cotton‐seed oil, trilinolein, and triolein, under simulated commercial frying conditions, were collected, fractionated, and identified. A total of 211 compounds were identified. The nonvolatile decomposition products produced by trilinolein, triolein, and tristearin under simulated commercial frying conditions were collected and characterized. After being treated under deep‐fat frying conditions at 185 C for 74 hr, trilinolein yielded 26.3% non‐urea‐adduct‐forming esters, triolein yielded 10.8%, and tristearin also yielded 4.2%.
The occurrence of 6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid inEchium plantagineum seed oil
Authors: Smith C. R. , Hagemann J. W. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe seed oil ofEchium plantagineum, a mem‐ber of the borage family, has been shown to contain two polyunsaturated fatty acids not com‐monly found in vegetable oils: all‐cis‐6,9,12‐octa‐deeatrienoic acid and all‐cis‐6,9,12,15‐octadeca‐tetraenoic acid. Prior to their discovery in the Boraginaceae, nonconjugated tetraenoid acids were not known to occur in oils of higher plants.
Studies of soiling and detergency
Authors: Fort Tomlinson , Billica H. R. , Grindstaff T. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study was made of the desorption of carbon‐14 labeled fatty acid, fatty alcohol, hydrocarbon, triglyceride, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic particulate carbon from cellulose, Nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate films into aqueous solutions of cationic, anionic, and nonionic deter‐gents. Use of the polymers in film form as end‐windows of a Geiger counter and labeling of the soils with radioactive carbon‐14 allowed con‐tinuous monitoring of the amount of sorbed material and normalized the usual complication of fiber and fabric geometry so that results ob‐tained with different polymers could be directly compared. An excellent correlation was established be‐tween fatty soil removal from polyethylene terephthalate film and fabric surfaces; thus re‐sults obtained with film substrates have practical significance. Wash variables were carefully con‐trolled and were altered one at a time to learn their effect on the soil‐removal process. Results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms of soil removal.
Crambe meal as a protein source for feeds
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Tookey H. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCrambe abyssinica may be grown for its seed oil containing 55‐60% erucic acid, which fills a long‐term, technologically important US industrial market. The residual meal could serve in animal feeds, but, like other Cruciferae, crambe seed contains glucosinolates that limit the feed value of the defatted meal. Protein content, amino acid composition, protein efficiency tests and numerous animal feeding experiments show that crambe meal contains protein of good nutritional quality. Means of reducing, nullifying or removing the glucosinolates and their hydrolysis (aglucon) products have been the object of many studies, and crambe meals containing native levels of glucosinolates and/or aglucon products have been shown to be lethal to mice, rats and chicks when fed at significant dietary levels. Animal performance is inversely related to sublethal concen‐trations of these compounds in modified meals. However, water‐extracted crambe meals have excellent nutritional quality when such extraction removes the glucosinolates and/or aglucon products. Feeding experiments suggest that these meals, although more costly to prepare, could be used in feeds for nonruminant animals. On the other hand, moist heat‐toasting of crambe meals in conventional oilseed extraction facilities provides meals of value for supplemental protein in beef rations. For this use, specifications and FDA ap‐proval are in place for commercial exploitation of crambe meal. These studies and the status of crambe as a protein source in feeds are reviewed.
Effects of refining on chemical and physical properties of palm oil products
Authors: Siew W. L. , Mohammad Yassin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome chemical changes in the composition and physical properties of palm oil products are discussed. The effects of bleaching and deodorization on oxidative properties and possible isomerization and interesterification of the fatty acids were indicated from laboratory refining experiments. Investigation of commercial samples of refined palm oil products showed that the conjugated dienes and trienes formed are minimal, indicating the use of good quality raw materials and mild processing conditions. Very little isomerization occurred in commercial refined products as indicated from the level oftrans acids, and changes in the POP to PPO triglycerides due to possible interesterification were insignificant. Changes in physical properties were inevitable due to the removal of free fatty acids and diglycerides and to minor impurities.
Effects of ammoniation on aflatoxins in rations fed lactating cows
Authors: Mckinney John D. , Cavanagh George C. , Bell J. T. , Hoversland A. S. , Nelson D. M. , Pearson J. , Selkirk R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA multifaceted cooperative research program involving industry, government and universities was initiated to determine the effects of feeding lactating dairy cows rations containing various levels of cotton‐seed and cottonseed meal that had been naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. Evidence is presented that ammoniation of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed and cottonseed meal eliminates the aflatoxins, producing a product safe for feeding to ruminants. The aflatoxin M1 content of milk samples of individual cows receiving rations containing (a) prime cottonseed meal, (b) aflatoxin contaminated meal, and (c) aflatoxin contaminated meal that had ammoniation treatment is reported. Data comparing results with (d) prime cottonseed, (e) aflatoxin contaminated seed, and (f) aflatoxin‐contaminated seed that had ammoniation treatment are also reported. None of the milk samples from cows fed ammoniated rations contained any detectable M1 by the modified Jacobson et al. methodology used. The sensitibity of the method in this laboratory is 0.1 μg M1/liter of milk. Under the conditions of this study, aflatoxin M1 levels are related to the levels of aflatoxin B1 consumed in the diet of the cows. Conversion ratios are reported. Aflatoxin M1 levels in the milk, relative to the time of the cows’ initial ingestion of aflatoxin B1, the persistence of M1 in the milk after discontinuing ingestion of B1, and disappearance of M1 under the conditions of the analytical methodology used relative to storage time and temperatures, are reported for liquid milk and for frozen milk. Milk containing the highest level of aflatoxin M1 was treated with rennet. An 80:20 partion of aflatoxin M1 was observed between curd and whey, respectively.
Soybean protein in human nutrition: An overview
Authors: Young V. R. , Scrimshaw N. S. , Torun B. , Viteri F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe nutritional value of processed soy protein in human protein nutrition is reviewed on the basis of growth, nitrogen balance and metabolic studies in infants, children, adolescents and adults. When well processed soy products serve as the major or sole source of the protein intake, their protein value approaches or equals that of foods of animal origin, and they are fully capable of meeting the long term essential amino acid and protein needs of children and adults. The significance of the sulfur amino acid content of soy protein for practical human nutrition is also examined. For young children and adults, under conditions of normal usage of soy protein, it is concluded that methionine supplementation of good quality products is unnecessary and possibly undesirable. For feeding of the newborn, the limited data available suggest that supplementation of soy‐based formulas with methionine may be beneficial. However, the appropriate level of supplementation is considerably less than that suggested from results obtained in rat feeding studies. At total protein intakes that approximate current dietary protein allowances, well processed soy protein products can replace meat and fish proteins without reducing the utilization of dietary nitrogen in adults, and they can serve as nutritionally valuable protein sources in cereal‐based diets for child feeding. The value of long term studies concerned with tolerance to and acceptability of new soy protein products in adults is emphasized, and favorable results with two isolated soy protein products are described. The data indicate that properly processed soy protein foods are well tolerated and of good protein value for humans of all ages.
Fermented vegetable protein and related foods of Southeast Asia with special reference to Indonesia
Authors: Winarno F. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs rising populations cause more demand for food, Southeast Asian residents will depend increasingly on plant sources, rather than animal sources, for their dietary protein and calorie needs. Tempeh and other fermented vegetable protein products already are familiar parts of the diet throughout Southeast Asia. The low cost production process also provides protection against aflatoxin contamination, an important consideration. All these factors indicate that fermented foods will play a larger role in the future diet for millions of people in Southeast Asia.
Infant formulas and the use of vegetable protein
Authors: Thomson W. A. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoy‐based formulas and meat‐based formulas are used as successful replacements for milk in the nutritional management of infants who are, or are suspected to be allergic to milk. Used most widely are soy‐based formulas which eliminate the symptoms and ensure normal growth and well being of the infant. Soy‐based formulas are made in both powdered and liquid forms, and the trend during the past decade has been to use a soy protein isolate to reduce or eliminate the presence of carbohydrates which cause flatulence and abnormal stooling. Details of the nutritional composition of soy‐based infant formulas are discussed together with the selection and processing of protein in order to minimize the presence of antinutritional factors.
Food uses of wheat gluten
Authors: Sarkki Marja‐Leena 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew separation methods for wheat gluten have increased production and made possible the use of mass wheat as a raw material. This widens the use of gluten in the fields where functional as well as baking properties are important. Solubility, swelling, viscosity and nutritional aspects of gluten are reviewed. The current applications of wheat gluten are mainly in baked products, breakfast foods, and meat analogs. Many chemical modifications of gluten have been developed. Modifications are not in use, but the increased gluten production will bring them into use.
Chemical composition and characteristics ofMoringa peregrina seeds and seeds oil
Authors: Somali M. A. , Bajneid M. A. , Al‐Fhaimani S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTheMoringa peregrina kernel contains 1.8% moisture, 54.3% oil, 22.1% protein, 3.6% fiber, 15.3% carbohydrate and 2.5% ash. The composition and characteristics of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 14.7% saturated fatty acids and 84.7% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: palmitic 9.3%, palmitoleic 2.4%, stearic 3.5%, oleic 78.0%, linoleic 0.6%, linolenic 1.6%, arachidic 1.8% and behenic 2.6%.
Nutritive value of poppy seed protein
Authors: Eklund A. , Ågren G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe chemical and biological properties of poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) were studied to evaluate its possible role as a complement to or replacement for rapeseed in Sweden. A white variety of the seed contained 40% crude oil and 27% protein (N × 6.25), while a blue variety contained 33% oil and 21% protein. The amino acid composition of the two varieties were similar with chemical score values of 60 and 66, respectively. A meal was prepared by hydraulic pressing at room temperature. The protein efficiency ratio for this meal in rats was 2.34. A protein concentrate was prepared from the poppy seed meal by alkaline water extraction followed by iso‐electric precipitation of protein. The freeze‐dried precipitate contained 70% protein and 18% fat. Available lysine was the limiting amino acid in the protein concentrate.
Crismer values and erucic acid contents of rapeseed oils
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryCrismer Values of rapeseed oil extracted from different Canadian varieties are reported. Seventeen samples of oil containing up to 4.1% erucic acid gave an average value of 68.45±0.92 C with a range of 67.10 to 69.29. Crismer Values of high erucic acid oils (20~45% erucic acid) ranged from 76 to 82 C.
Examination of the parameters governing oily soil removal from synthetic substrates
Authors: Dillan K. W. , Goddard E. D. , Mckenzie D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rate of removal of mineral oil soils from model polyester sub‐strates by the roll‐up mechanism shows a marked dependence on nonionic surfactant concentration even above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Similarly, although the solid/water interfacial tension is observed to be constant, the equilibrium oil/water inter‐facial tension in these systems consistently decreases as the nonionic surfactant concentration is increased. The dependence of removal time and oil/water interfacial tension on surfactant concentration above the cmc is most pronounced for nonionic surfactants having relatively high cmc. At a given concentration, surfactants exhibiting the lowest equilibrium oil/water interfacial tension generally provide the most effective soil removal, suggesting that the reported depen‐dence of removal time on surfactant concentration is related to the commensurate lowering of the oil/water interfacial tension. Nonyl phenol ethoxylates perform exceptionally well with mineral oil on polyester substrates because of the combination of a low oil/water interfacial tension and high solid/water adhesion tension. Regardless of surfactant structure, mineral oil on Teflon FEP maintains a high contact angle in the water because the solid/oil interfacial tension is less than the solid/water interfacial tension. Oil removal in such systems occurs only by an inefficient necking and drawing process. Oleyl alcohol displays a high contact angle in the water on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates for reasons similar to that of mineral oil on Teflon FEP. Partial oil removal occurs from both substrates in selected built systems, presumably because a low oil/ water interfacial tension promotes necking and drawing. Given sufficient time, unremoved oils develop a liquid crystalline phase which results in slow oil removal via dispersion. Triolein soils also possess a relatively low solid/oil interfacial tension and similarly exhibt a high contact angle (in water) on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates in unbuilt surfactant systems. Builder addition lowers the oil/water interfacial tension and thereby prompts necking and drawing action.
Differences in arterial compliance, microvascular function and venous capacitance between patients with heart failure and either preserved or reduced left ventricular systolic function
Authors: Balmain Sean , Padmanabhan Neal , Ferrell William R. , Morton John J. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundUp to 50% of patients with the clinical syndrome of heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function (HF‐PSF). These patients may have abnormalities of ventriculo‐vascular coupling, due to increased vascular and ventricular stiffness.MethodsWe compared arterial compliance, microvascular vasodilator function and venous capacitance (VC) in 3 groups of patients (n<=12 each) matched for the presence of coronary heart disease: 1) HF and preserved systolic function (HF‐PSF), 2) HF and reduced systolic function (HF‐RSF) and 3) controls (no HF, PSF). Arterial compliance was assessed by measuring aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) with applanation tonometry. Cutaneous microvascular function was assessed using Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) coupled with iontophoresis of endothelium‐dependent (acetylcholine) and ‐independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. VC was measured using venous occlusion plethysmography.ResultsPWV was significantly higher in HF‐PSF subjects than in both HF‐RSF and control groups (10.7 [1.1], 8.9 [1.7] and 8.6 [2.1] m/s respectively, p<0.05). Acetylcholine and nitroprusside induced vasodilatation were equally impaired in HF‐PSF and HF‐RSF, as compared to controls (p<0.01). VC was higher in HF‐RSF subjects compared with HF‐PSF subjects (1.75 [0.41], 1.34 [0.34] ml/100 ml forearm vol. respectively, p<0.05).ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with a more marked increase in vascular stiffness in HF‐PSF than in HF‐RSF and suggest that arterial stiffness, dynamic vasodilator function and venous abnormalities may be implicated in the complex pathophysiology of HF‐PSF.
Services liberalization in the new generation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs): how much further than the GATS?
Authors: ROY MARTIN , MARCHETTI JUAN , LIM HOE 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to fill a gap in the trade literature by providing a comprehensive overview of services liberalization commitments in the new generation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) as compared to prevailing GATS commitments and Doha Round offers. The paper reviews the commitments undertaken by 36 WTO Members (counting the EC as one) under mode 1 (cross-border supply) and mode 3 (commercial presence) in 32 PTAs negotiated since 2000. Among other things, the results suggest that, overall, PTA commitments tend to go significantly beyond GATS offers. Countries that have signed PTAs with the United States have made spectacular improvements, but GATS+ commitments are not limited to such agreements. The paper also discusses the potential economic costs arising from these preferential agreements and implications for the role of GATS and for multilateral services negotiations. The paper concludes by exploring possible approaches to overcome the downsides of services PTAs, including suggestions for a more pro-active role for the WTO in the surveillance of these agreements.
Evidence that the Cytoskeleton Plays a Key Role in Cell Adhesion
Authors: Chong AS‐F , Parish CR , Coombe DR 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA range of pharmacological agents with defined effects on cell metabolism was used to determine the metabolic requrements of three cell adhesion systems: aggregation of cells from the sponge, Ophlitaspongia tennis; fibronectin‐induced adhesion of fibroblasts to subsiraia and an in vitro murine thymocyic‐macrophage interaction. Cell adhesion in all three systems was found to have similar metabolic requirements, implying that the mechanism of cell adhesion has been conserved through evolution. In fact, based on analysis of F‐actin organization in throblasts, all of the pharmacological agents that inhibited cell adhesion were found to disrupt the cytoskeleion, suggesting that the cytoskeieton plays a central role in the adhesion process, presumably via redisiribution of cell surface molecules. This concept was supported by the finding that the same drugs that inhibited cell adhesion inhibited anti‐lg‐induced redistribution of surface Ig on B tymphocytes. The drug Inhibition studies also revealed that two drugs, bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) and norditiydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), that were previously believed lo be selective inhibitors of arachidonic acid synthesis and metabolism, are also potent disruptors of the cyioskeleton.
Substance P induces chemotaxis of neutrophils in normal and capsaicin‐treated rats
Authors: Helme RD , Eglezos A , Hosking CS 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPrimary afferent unmyelinated nerves modulate the inflammatory response to injury through a process known as neurogenic inflammation. The undecapeptide Substance P is contained in many of these nerves and therefore may be an important mediator of the response. Treatment of neonatal rats with capsaicin permanently destroys primary afferent unmyelinated nerves and depletes the skin and other organs of Substance P. These animals have a reduced capacity to mount an inflammatory response to injury. We examined the ability of Substance P to chemo‐attract neutrophils from normal rats and rats treated as neonates with capsaicin. Substance P was shown to cause normal rat neutrophils to chemotact at an optimum concentration of 5 × 10−5 M. Equivalent chemotaxis was observed in neutrophils from rats pretreated as neonates with capsaicin. Substance P did not increase chemokinesis. These in vitro results support the view that the reduced neurogenic inflammatory response seen in capsaicin‐pretreated rats is not due to a direct toxic effect of capsaicin on neutrophils, but may be due to a decreased availability of neurally derived Substance P at the site of injury.
Monoclonal antibodies reactive with mucin expressed in breast cancer
Authors: Xing P‐X , Tjandra JJ , Stacker SA , Teh JG , Thompson CH , McLaughlin PJ , McKenzie IFC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThree murine monoclonal antibodies (BC 1, BC2 and BC3) were developed against human milk fat globule membrane (HMFGM). By immunoperoxidase staining, it was found that the antigenic determinants had a predominant distribution in breast cancer tissue. In addition, the antibodies reacted preferentially with mucin derived from human milk rather than that derived from the breast cancer cell line ZR75; they also recognized polymorphic high molecular weight components (MW ≥ 230 000) in serum and in human milk fat globule membrane. Thus the antibodies appear to react with a component of the family of mucins found in breast cancer and human milk and it appears likely that at least part of each epitope is protein in nature. Antibodies BC1, BC2 and BC3 recognized related but not identical epitopes, and they appear to be co‐expressed on the same molecules as 3E1·2‐defined antigen (mammary serum antigen, MSA) which is also a member of the family of breast cancer‐related mucin. However, the 3E1 2 epitope is distinct and non‐cross‐reactive with those described for BC1, BC2 and BC3. The BC2 and BC3 defined epitopes were examined for their value in serum assays. Immunoassay was developed with a combination of two antibodies, using antibody BC3 for antigen capture and antibody BC2 or 3E1·2 for antigen detection and gave reasonable sensitivity (~85%) and specificity (~95%) in such serum tests for breast cancer. In a limited study, these tests appeared to complement the MSA test in the detection of breast cancer.