bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of mantle musculature and implications for jet locomotion in oval squidSepioteuthis lessoniana
Authors: Thompson Joseph T. , Kier William M. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYWe examined the relationship between mantle muscle structure and mantle kinematics in an ontogenetic series (5-85 mm dorsal mantle length) of oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Thick filament length increased during growth in the mantle muscle fibres that power jet locomotion (i.e. the circular muscles). The thick filament length of both the superficial mitochondria-rich (SMR; analogous to vertebrate red muscle fibres) and central mitochondria-poor (CMP; analogous to vertebrate white muscle fibres) circular muscles increased significantly during ontogeny. Thick filaments in the SMR circular muscle fibres of newly hatched squid (N=5) ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 μm and averaged 1.0 μm, while the thick filaments of the SMR fibres of the largest squids (N=4) studied ranged from 1.2 to 3.4μm and averaged 1.9 μm. The ontogeny of thick filament length in the CMP circular muscle fibres showed a similar trend. The range for hatchling CMP circular muscles was 0.7-1.4 μm, with an average of 1.0 μm, whereas the range and average for the largest squids studied were 0.9-2.2 μm and 1.5μm, respectively. Within an individual hatchling, we noted no significant differences between the thick filament lengths of the SMR and CMP fibres. Within an individual juvenile, the thick filaments of the SMR fibres were∼25% longer than the CMP fibres. The change in thick filament length may alter the contractile properties of the circular muscles and may also result in a decrease in the rate of mantle contraction during jetting. In escape-jet locomotion, the maximum rate of mantle contraction was highest in newly hatched squid and declined during ontogeny. The maximum rate of mantle contraction varied from 7-13 muscle lengths per second in newly hatched squid(N=14) and from 3-5 muscle lengths per second in the largest squids(N=35) studied.
Children recalling an event repeatedly: Effects on RM and CBCA scores
Authors: Granhag Par Anders , Strömwall Leif A. , Landström Sara 
Published: January 2006

Purpose. The fact that abused children often talk about their experiences before entering the legal system is a neglected factor in terms of the validation of different reliability assessment techniques. Hence, the present study investigated the extent to which the scores of the reality monitoring technique (RM) and the criteria‐based content analysis technique (CBCA) were affected by the number of times children recalled an experienced or an imagined event.Method. Children (aged 12–13 years, N – 80) participated in an experiment where half the sample experienced a real event (an interaction with a stranger outside his car) and then recalled it either one or four times (over a period of 14 days), and the other half imagined the same event and thereafter recalled it either one or four times. The statements given at the final (or only) recall session were analysed with both CBCA and RM.Results. The results revealed that, on a multivariate level, both the CBCA and RM sets of criteria discriminated between truthful and fabricated statements. The total RM score (but not the total CBCA score) discriminated reliably between truthful and fabricated statements. Furthermore, RM (but not CBCA) were sensitive to the number of times the experienced or imagined event was recalled: increased presence of criteria after repeated recall.Conclusions. The results were rather promising for the RM and less so for the CBCA. Furthermore, we found that the number of recalls moderated the effectiveness of the techniques. Hence, when assessing the reliability of a child's memory, it is crucial to learn about the history of the first documented statement.
Predicting expert social science testimony in criminal prosecutions of historic child sexual abuse
Authors: Connolly Deborah A. , Price Heather L. , Read J. Don 
Published: January 2006

Purpose. Recently courts in several Common Law jurisdictions have been faced with the daunting task of adjudicating criminal complaints of child sexual assault that are alleged to have occurred in the distant past (historic child sexual abuse; HCSA). In the present data set, alleged offences ended between 2 and 48 years before the trial. These cases, which involve claims of repressed memory and continuous memory for the offence, raise many issues that hitherto had only rarely been faced by criminal courts and that are within the realm of issues studied by social scientists. In this paper we explore variables that predict the presence of a social science expert, called by the prosecution or the defence or an expert called by both sides.Methods. A total of 2,064 actual criminal cases involving HCSA were coded on a variety of variables that were then used to predict the presence of an expert at trial and to predict the presence of an expert to evaluate the perpetrator for sentencing.Results. Six variables predicted the presence of an expert at trial: offence description, frequency of abuse, complainant/accused relationship, complainant age, presence of repression, and complainant gender. Seven variables predicted the presence of an expert at sentencing: offence description, frequency of abuse, length of delay to trial, presence of threat, trial date, plea, and age difference between complainant and accused.Conclusions. We use these archival data to generate hypotheses concerning the observed predictors of the use of expert testimony by courts in HCSA cases. The objective is to encourage more controlled studies of the particular case characteristics about which courts seek guidance from social scientists.
An examination of the questioning styles of police officers and caregivers when interviewing children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Agnew Sarah E. , Powell Martine B. , Snow Pamela C. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose. This research provided a detailed analysis of the types of questions and verbal strategies used by police officers and caregivers when interviewing children with intellectual disabilities about events.Method. Twenty eight children aged 9 to 13 years with a mild or moderate intellectual disability participated in a staged event at their school. Each child was then interviewed on separate occasions by the child's primary caregiver and by a police officer who was authorized to conduct investigative interviews with children.Results. While the approach used by the police officers was broadly consistent with best‐practice recommendations (i.e. their interviews contained few leading, coercive or negative strategies), they frequently interrupted the child's account and used relatively few minimal encouragers and other strategies designed to keep the child talking. The caregivers used a high proportion of direct, leading and coercive strategies to elicit information from their children. Even when caregivers used open‐ended questions, their children provided less event‐related information than they did to the police interviewers.Conclusion. The quality of evidence obtained from children with intellectual disabilities is likely to be dependent (albeit in part) on the degree to which police interviewers adhere to best‐practice guidelines, as well as the children's general experience with an open‐ended style of communication.
A conceptual care model for individualized care approach in cardiac rehabilitation – combining both illness representation and self‐efficacy
Authors: Lau‐Walker Margaret 
Published: January 2006

Purpose This paper analyses the two prominent psychological theories of patient response – illness representation and self‐efficacy – and explore the possibilities of the development of a conceptual individualized care model that would make use of both theories.Methods Analysis of the literature established common themes that were used as the basis to form a conceptual framework intended to assist in the joint application of these theories to therapeutic settings.Results Both theories emphasize personal experience, pre‐construction of self, individual response to illness and treatment, and that the patients' beliefs are more influential in their recovery than the severity of the illness. Where the theories are most divergent is their application to therapeutic interventions, which reflects the different sources of influence that each theory emphasizes. Based on their similarities and differences it is possible to integrate the two theories into a conceptual care model.Conclusion The Interactive Care Model combines both theories of patient response and provides an explicit framework for further research into the design of effective therapeutic interventions in rehabilitation care.
The psychological and physiological responses of sedentary individuals to prescribed and preferred intensity exercise
Authors: Parfitt Gaynor , Rose Elaine A. , Burgess William M. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives Affective valence responses to exercise may influence adherence. According to a newly proposed dual‐mode model, affective responses have been proposed to vary depending on whether exercise is undertaken above or below the anaerobic threshold. With the model in mind, the study objectives were to explore the impact of an above‐lactate, below‐lactate, and self‐selected exercise condition on acute affective responses in sedentary individuals.Design Using a repeated measures design, 12 volunteers participated in two prescribed intensity exercise conditions (above and below‐lactate threshold) and one self‐selected intensity exercise condition. The three conditions were randomized.Method An incremental walking protocol was used to identify exercise intensities that would elicit above‐ and below‐lactate threshold work rates for each participant. The exercise conditions were completed on different days and each lasted for 20 minutes. Physiological and affective responses were recorded pre‐exercise, during exercise, and post‐exercise.Results Affective responses were more negative in the above‐lactate condition during exercise compared with the below‐lactate and self‐selected conditions. There were no differences between the conditions post‐exercise. Participants exercised around the lactate threshold and at a significantly higher intensity in the self‐selected compared with the below‐lactate condition. Inter‐individual variability in responses was greatest below the lactate threshold, with similar levels of variability in the self‐selected and above‐lactate conditions.Conclusions Data are consistent with the proposals of the dual‐mode model and support the use of self‐selected intensity with sedentary individuals to promote positive affective responses.
Hippocampus-Mediated Activation of Superficial and Deep Layer Neurons in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex of the Isolated Guinea Pig Brain
Authors: Gnatkovsky Vadym , de Curtis Marco 
Published: January 2006

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is regarded as the structure that regulates information flow to and from the hippocampus. It is commonly assumed that superficial and deep EC neurons project to and receive from the hippocampal formation, respectively. Anatomical evidences suggest that both the hippocampal output and deep EC neurons also project to superficial EC layers. To functionally characterize the interlaminar synaptic EC circuit entrained the by hippocampal output, we performed simultaneous intracellular recordings and laminar profile analysis in the medial EC (m-EC) of thein vitroisolated guinea pig brain after polysynaptic hippocampal activation by lateral olfactory tract (LOT) stimulation. Optical imaging of voltage-generated signals confirmed that the LOT-evoked hippocampus-mediated response is restricted to the m-EC. The hippocampal output generated an extracellular current sink in layers V–VI, coupled with an EPSP in deep neurons. Deep neuron firing was terminated by a biphasic IPSP. The earliest response observed in superficial layer neurons was characterized by a feedforward IPSP of circa 100 ms (–69 ± 1.3 mV reversal potential) abolished by local application of 1 mmbicuculline. The feedforward IPSP was followed by a delayed EPSP blocked by AP-5 (100 μm), presumably mediated by deep-to-superficial m-EC connections.Our findings demonstrate that superficial m-EC cells are inhibited by the hippocampal output via a feedforward pathway that prevents activity reverberation in the hippocampal–EC–hippocampal loop. We propose that such inhibition could serve as a protective mechanism to prevent epileptic hyperexcitability.
Synthesis, crystal structure and theoretical studies of aryltellurenyl tetramethylthiourea(tmtu) iodine complexes: Ph-Te(tmtu)I (1) and β-naphtyl-Te(tmtu)I (2)
Authors: Schulz Lang Ernesto , Ledesma Gabriela Nanci , Abram Ulrich , Vega-Teijido Maurício , Caracelli Ignez , Zukerman-Schpector Julio 
Published: January 2006

Summary
(1) C11H17IN2STe, M
r = 463.83, P21/n, a = 7.6582(8), b = 13.8008(9), c = 15.026(3) Å, β = 96.233(12)°, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.0318. (2) C15H19IN2STe, M
r = 513.88, P21/n, a = 8.434(5), b = 11.697(5), c = 18.472(5) Å, β = 98.556(5)°, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.0236. The synthesis of the aryltellurenyl N,N′-tetramethylthiourea (tmtu) iodide has been performed by ligand exchange with potassium iodide and the corresponding aryltellurenyl(tmtu) bromide. In both structures the tellurium atom is primarily three-coordinated, being bonded to a carbon atom of the organic ring and, in directions nearly perpendicular to the Te—C bond, to one tmtu sulfur atom and one iodine. In addition there are Te…secondary bonds, joining the molecules in centrosymmetric dimers, which in turn are joined through C—H…I and C—H…S interactions, in (1) and (2) respectively.
Ventricular Septal Defect With Secondary Left Ventricular–to–Right Atrial Shunt Is Associated With a Higher Risk for Infective Endocarditis and a Lower Late Chance of Closure
Authors: Wu Mei-Hwan , Wang Jou-Kou , Lin Ming-Tai , Wu En-Ting , Lu Frank Leigh , Chiu Sheunn-Nan , Lue Hung-Chi 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE. Although ventricular septal aneurysm may diminish or even close the shunt through the ventricular septal defect (VSD), developing a left ventricular–to–right atrial (LV-RA) shunt may be unfavorable. This study sought to clarify this issue on the basis of an extended observation of such patients.
METHODS. Sixty-eight patients (1201 patient-years) who had small perimembranous VSD and LV-RA shunt and were not operated on before 6 years of age were studied.
RESULTS. The onset age of LV-RA shunt was 5.8 ± 3.3 years, with clinical improvement later observed in 23 (34%). The murmur disappeared and showed spontaneous closure in 5 (7%). Seven episodes of infective endocarditis occurred in 6 (8.7%, or 58 per 10000 patient-years), with 2 receiving surgery. Another 4 received surgery during follow-up. With echocardiography, aneurysmal transformation involving the anterior and septal leaflets of tricuspid valve (double sac) was found in 56 (85%), whereas only the septal leaflet (single sac) was involved in 10. Patients with double sac were less likely to show improvement, whereas patients who had superior QRS axis and were female showed clinical improvement more frequently.
CONCLUSIONS. VSD with secondary LV-RA shunt is associated with a higher risk for infective endocarditis but still has a low chance for late improvement and even closure.
A Theoretical Elucidation on the Solvent‐dependent Photosensitive Behaviors of C60
Authors: Shen Liang , Ji Hong‐Fang , Zhang Hong‐Yu 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the solvent‐dependent photosensitive behaviors of fullerene (C60) were investigated in polar and nonpolar solvents by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculation. Based on the calculated physicochemical parameters on triplet state, it is revealed that excited‐state C60 only generates 1O2 via energy transfer in benzene, but can give birth to O2˙− and 1O2 in water via energy transfer and electron transfer, respectively. Considering the fact that electron transfer is more favorable compared with energy transfer in polar biological systems, especially with the presence of electron donors, the O2˙−‐generating process will get predominant in physiological systems. These results account well for the experimental observations that O2˙− and ˙OH are primarily responsible for the photoinduced DNA cleavage by C60 under physiological conditions, whereas 1O2 plays a critical role in nonpolar solvents.
A Modified Box Trap Design for Sampling Emigrating Salmonid Smolts from Small Streams
Authors: Roth Robert N. , Orvos David R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A box trap was constructed and used to collect juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in Spooner Creek, Erie County, New York, during the spring of 2000 and 2001. The trap was designed for use in streams with short waterfalls. It was utilized for approximately 70 d each spring and trapped 552 and 1,702 steelhead juveniles in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Approximately 5–75 steelhead per night were collected with negligible mortality, and streams were effectively sampled in discharges below 35 ft3/s. Trap efficiencies averaged 51% and 63% in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Problems were encountered during high-water periods, as high water caused the trap to become submerged and useless once the windows were plugged with forest litter. However, these episodes were rare. The modified box trap design presented here proved effective in a variety of conditions and should provide fisheries scientists an effective tool for sampling juveniles in smaller streams.
Evaluation of the Impacts of Carlin Tags, Fin Clips, and Panjet Tattoos on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Dietrich Jason P. , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The potential impacts of marking techniques on juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were assessed in a hatchery and in the wild. Hatchery-reared parr ranging from 12.0 to 20.8 cm were marked with Carlin tags and fin-clipped. Anal, pelvic, or caudal fin clips were used to investigate the rate of fin regeneration. No mortality or tag loss occurred, and there was no significant change in condition factor between marked and unmarked treatments or among fish of different mark groups. Carlin tag wounds began to heal within 28 d. However, this was followed by a period where the majority of wounds became irritated, thus slowing the healing process; thereafter, the majority of individuals showed an accelerated healing that continued until the end of the hatchery experiment (146 d). Caudal fins showed the first signs of regeneration, and pelvic fins showed the greatest amount of regeneration by the end of the experiment (146 d). Anal fins showed significantly less fin regeneration than pelvic or caudal fin clips and so were used as a secondary mark in the field to investigate differences in survival and mark retention between Panjet tattoos and Carlin tags. Panjet-tattooed and Carlin-tagged smolts held for 24 h posthandling showed no difference in survival (97% overall), and mark retention was 100%. Recapture success was equivalent between tagged and tattooed individuals, and none of the recaptured smolts showed evidence of tag loss. The results of this study provide evidence of the efficacy in using anal fin clips, tattoos, and Carlin tags as marking techniques in fisheries research.
Detection of Uncured Visible Implant Elastomer Tags in Larval Pacific Lampreys
Authors: Stone Jen , McGree Michelle , Whitesel Timothy A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Lampreys in the Columbia River basin are a conservation concern, and understanding their status is a priority among managers. Many population assessment techniques depend on the ability to tag fish so that these tags are retained for the duration of the study with minimal effect on survival. There are several methods for tagging small fishes in streams, including passive integrated transponders, coded wire tags, and visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags. Of these, VIE tags have not been extensively tested on larval or juvenile lampreys. We evaluated the performance of uncured VIE tags on ammocoetes of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata in a laboratory experiment to determine tag detection and the influences of color and tag position on detection. Additionally, we examined the effects of transformation (ammocoete to macrophthalmia) on tag detection. Though survival was not specifically tested, 0 of the 84 lampreys died as a result of tagging. Tag detection was 87% after 168 d in lampreys that did not transform; in those that did transform, however, tag detection was reduced to 38%. Tag position did not affect detection, but red and orange tags were detected more consistently than green tags. Overall, uncured VIE tags can be used effectively to tag larval lampreys; however, studies that depend on long-term tag detection either should be conducted at a time when lampreys are not expected to transform or should only use ammocoetes that are not likely to transform during the study.
Abundance of Adult Saugers across the Wind River Watershed, Wyoming
Authors: Amadio Craig J. , Hubert Wayne A. , Johnson Kevin , Oberlie Dennis , Dufek David 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The abundance of adult saugers Sander canadensis was estimated over 179 km of continuous lotic habitat across a watershed on the western periphery of their natural distribution in Wyoming. Three-pass depletions with raft-mounted electrofishing gear were conducted in 283 pools and runs among 19 representative reaches totaling 51 km during the late summer and fall of 2002. From 2 to 239 saugers were estimated to occur among the 19 reaches of 1.6–3.8 km in length. The estimates were extrapolated to a total population estimate (mean ± 95% confidence interval) of 4,115 ± 308 adult saugers over 179 km of lotic habitat. Substantial variation in mean density (range = 1.0–32.5 fish/ha) and mean biomass (range = 0.5–16.8 kg/ha) of adult saugers in pools and runs was observed among the study reaches. Mean density and biomass were highest in river reaches with pools and runs that had maximum depths of more than 1 m, mean daily summer water temperatures exceeding 20°C, and alkalinity exceeding 130 mg/L. No saugers were captured in the 39 pools or runs with maximum water depths of 0.6 m or less. Multiple-regression analysis and the information-theoretic approach were used to identify watershed-scale and instream habitat features accounting for the variation in biomass among the 244 pools and runs across the watershed with maximum depths greater than 0.6 m. Sauger biomass was greater in pools than in runs and increased as mean daily summer water temperature, maximum depth, and mean summer alkalinity increased and as dominant substrate size decreased. This study provides an estimate of adult sauger abundance and identifies habitat features associated with variation in their density and biomass across a watershed, factors important to the management of both populations and habitat.