bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal Sacrifice and Graeco-Roman Culture
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores animal sacrifice as a key element in the common Graeco-Roman culture that local elites used in negotiating a place for themselves in the empire-wide network of social power. As a cult practice existing from time immemorial in both Greek and Roman tradition, Greeks and Romans alike could regard it as a normal, natural way of demonstrating piety. At the same time, because individual cults had their own particular procedures, there was flexibility in what counted as proper animal sacrifice. Thus, when new peoples were incorporated into Roman hegemony, their elites could adapt native traditions of animal sacrifice, highlighting similarities and downplaying differences with Graeco-Roman procedure, in order to employ it as a tool for cultural and political negotiation. Two case studies illustrate the forms these negotiations could take. In northern Gaul, offering animal sacrifices to ancestral gods allowed local elites to maintain a distinctively Gallic identity, even as they brought Gallic sacrificial practice and structures of social power into conformity with Graeco-Roman norms. Although Judaean sacrificial practice differed from the Graeco-Roman norm more than Gallic practice, there were enough similarities that Judaeans and non-Judaeans were able to employ it to forge and maintain positive relations with each other.
Oh, I Know I’m Different
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the development of ideas that would end up in Romero’s teen vampire movie Martin (1977) and in the radically different Bruiser (2000), a film about a put-upon office drone taking bloody revenge on everyone who’s wronged him. In the early 1970s, Romero started—and quickly abandoned—a novel about a dissatisfied middle-aged businessman named Martin Matthias. He then placed that character in a film treatment called Blood, in which a hereditary condition causes Martin to start feeling an uncontrollable urge to feed on human blood. About two years later, Romero rewrote that treatment for a script that would become the feature film Martin, about a painfully shy vampire who appears to be a teenager but who claims he’s much, much older. The film treats Martin’s condition as an illness, but it is unflinching in detailing the ugliness of his actions: it shows remarkable sympathy for Martin but also insistently humanizes his victims. More than two decades later, Romero would revisit themes from Blood for Bruiser, but where Martin relentlessly examined the morality of its protagonist and used him as a means of exploring the limits of sympathy, the more glib Bruiser glamorizes and celebrates its hero’s violence. This chapter uses these distinct projects to articulate Romero’s larger project in horror, in which monsters become central figures in stories of sympathy and recognition: they are us, in all our weakness, vulnerability, and prejudices.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe introductory chapter sets up the underlying puzzle of the book: rebel groups that win civil war come into power having won the sympathies of only a portion of the state's civilians. In the post-war period, they face a polarized political climate and, often, armed rivals. What governing strategies do rebel victors undertake to engage in post-war state-building and the consolidation of their power? The chapter lays out the argument in brief: (1) rebel victors allocate resources toward violence and development to consolidate control; and (2) where resources are allocated, and whether state-building strategies are ultimately successful at preventing return to conflict, depend on the spatial distribution of rebel–civilian ties on the ground. This chapter situates this book within broader literatures on conflict, development, and state-building. Finally, the introduction considers scope conditions, outlines the case selection process, and discusses the empirical approaches used throughout the book.
External Comparisons
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTo account for the differences between Zimbabwe and Liberia that could have led to divergences in their ability to consolidate power, the final empirical chapter analyzes these two cases alongside conflicts in Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, Burundi, and Rwanda. Angola's War for Independence began with similar motivations, ideology, time period, regional context, and political institutions as Zimbabwe. The narrative traces how the conflict unfolded and explain why Angola's post-independence politics resembled the state failure in Liberia. Côte d'Ivoire is similarly selected as a case with pre-war similarities to Liberia but, owing to differences in wartime processes, the victor's post-war trajectory enjoyed a relatively quick path to consolidating power. Finally, the chapter investigates a paired examination of the Burundi and Rwanda cases—neighboring states with similar ethnic cleavages and histories, but diverged in their post-war experiences. Together, these four cases provide evidence that wartime control is a strong predictor of post-war power consolidation following rebel victory.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 summarizes the book’s key concepts, main argument, and methods. It begins by illustrating the complexity of politicizing ethnicity during elections and introduces the concepts of ethnic bonding, bridging, and bypassing appeals. To explain how and why candidates use particular ethnic appeals in electoral campaigns, it argues that three factors—electoral rules, ethnic group viability, and party ideology—interact to guide candidates’ behavior. These factors provide the microfoundations for their ethnic appeal strategy. Indonesia is then introduced as an excellent testing ground for the argument due to the variation in its electoral rules, party ideologies, and ethnic diversity. The chapter describes the extensive fieldwork conducted and the unique collection of Indonesian campaign newspaper reports and election posters that were gathered and coded. Finally, it provides an overview of subsequent chapters.
The Logic of Ethnic Appeals
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents the book’s main argument, which explains why candidates choose to politicize ethnicity in particular ways during elections. It begins by reviewing studies on ethnic demographics and the personal vote. Building on this review, it proposes an argument composed of three explanatory factors. The first factor is electoral rules, which can range from party-centric to candidate-centric. Second is ethnic group viability, which relates to the size of the ethnic group and any social constraints on appealing to it. Third is party ideology, which can be ethnic or not. The chapter also highlights three additional factors (ethnic reputation, co-ethnic competition, and competitiveness) that can have a second-level effect. The chapter argues that these factors, plus what it calls the bonding-trumps-bridging heuristic, guide candidates’ behavior and provide the microfoundations for candidates’ ethnic bonding, bridging, or bypassing strategy. In the final section, the chapter elaborates on competing explanations, organized around three prominent driving forces: ethnic attachment, cultural modernization, and critical junctures.
Party Ideology
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 analyzes how political party ideology affects the kinds of ethnic appeals candidates make. In terms of ideology, Indonesian parties fit largely into two categories: nationalist and Islamic. An analysis of election posters confirms the impact of this ideological distinction: Islamic party candidates tended to make Islamic bonding appeals, while nationalist party candidates made bridging and bypassing appeals far more frequently. Moreover, this ideological distinction was strongly mediated by the type of electoral system. In more party-centric legislative elections, candidates looked largely to the party and its ideology to inform their campaign, while in the candidate-centric regional head elections there was a scant relationship between party ideology and candidates’ appeals. Finally, the chapter studies regional political parties that competed only in the legislative election in Aceh. Compared to candidates from parties that competed nationally, Acehnese regional party candidates were more strongly affected by their party’s religious or indigenous ideological stance.
The Religion of Whiteness
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , E. Bracey II Glenn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why does the U.S. still experience racism and racial inequality, despite decades of social movements and tremendous personal sacrifices, and despite new laws and policies? The Religion of Whiteness offers a new perspective that this inequality is perpetuated because it is a necessary feature of a religion, a religion practiced and held dearly by millions of people. That religion, which we label the Religion of Whiteness, raises racial interests to the level of spiritual commitment rivaling followers’ commitment to Christianity itself. The Religion of Whiteness, a sect within historical Christianity, has risen to canonical status in many churches and among its millions of followers. This religion has its own unique beliefs, practices, sacred symbols, and organizations. It drives the nation’s politics, divides families, and is especially harmful to communities of color. Using national survey data, in-depth interviews, and focus group results over several years of study, we show how the Religion of Whiteness distorts the practice of traditional Christianity for millions of Americans. We find that the Religion of Whiteness has two distinct but mutually constitutive groups, which we call the White Veil and the White Might groups. These two groups work to defend and uphold the Religion of Whiteness, at great costs to any who do not follow the religion. If churches hope to promote traditional Christianity and navigate the many contentious issues of the nation, they must confront the distorting power of the Religion of Whiteness. The book concludes with a suggested path for doing exactly that.
Deterrence Is Not (Just) One Thing
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The theme of this book is that deterrence is a complex relationship between many ends and many means. The overview of the theory is presented in two chapters. This chapter tackles the many ends of deterrence. The next chapter will delve into its many means. This chapter first returns to first principles and delineates the basic features of the bargaining model of war. The bargaining model suggests four different objectives for deterrence strategy (reducing risk, increasing influence, maximizing power, reducing costs), even as it is silent about which of these actors should prefer. Second, we delve into a discussion of general tensions across these objectives. These tensions have always been inherent in deterrence, but rarely considered together. Third, it emphasizes that the source of complexity is ultimately rooted in domestic preferences over the various objectives of deterrence theory.
Cyber
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Nadiya Kostyuk 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that improvements in the general availability of information in and through cyberspace are correlated with other factors that make conventional war less likely. States that are getting rich through economic interdependence have less reason to go to war for economic resources. And economic interdependence depends increasingly on information technology. But the price of the modern informational peace is an increasing attractiveness of intelligence contests in and through cyberspace. The same developments that discourage conventional war, therefore, will also encourage information “conflict” or intelligence contests. Common information systems improve economic prosperity, and actors moderate the intensity of cybercrime and cyber espionage to preserve the benefits of digital globalization, which include opportunities for future exploitation. The chapter presents empirical evidence that supports the hypothesis that cyber conflict is an indirect substitute for conventional war.
Increasing Access and Equity for First-Generation Scholars in Linguistics
Authors: Mantenuto Iara , Levy Tamaya , Reyes Stephanie , Zhang Zhongyin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides information about who first-generation scholars are in the field of linguistics, and the work that the authors have done with their First Gen Access and Equity (FGAE) committee. The authors argue that the field of linguistics needs to do better to recruit and retain first-generation scholars, and to do so linguists need to educate themselves, by reflecting on some of the hurdles that institutions create. The chapter focuses in particular on two main issues the authors have faced in their experiences as first-generation scholars: financial barriers to success and the culture of exclusion. This chapter and the FGAE committee offer tools to start improving and advocating for the first-generation scholar experience, while also creating a supportive community.
Pedagogies of Inclusion Must Start from Within
Authors: Chung Rhonda , Cruz John Wayne N. dela 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBefore contact, the Americas were a multilingual pastiche of Indigenous communities. The arrival of colonial linguistic policies disrupted this biodiversity with monolingual (i.e., English-only) pedagogies. To reverse this noninclusive trend, Indigenous scholarship asks settler teacher programs to self-locate their teaching practices on the land and confront TESL’s role in maintaining settler-only linguistic futures. To explore a land-based resistance to monolingual pedagogies, the authors piloted and then conducted a two-hour online workshop with ESL instructors in a Canadian university in Québec. The first half of the workshop combined individual self-reflection and self-location activities, followed by small group discussions that located attendees’ language teaching practices and learning experiences on the land (Landguaging). The second half explored maintaining multilingual landscapes via three plurilingual teaching strategies, which attendees evaluated in small groups. Participants positively perceived the Landguaging exercises and plurilingual strategies, viewing them as helpful combinations to foster inclusion in the ESL classroom.
Transforming Impeding Structures for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality
Authors: Hirway Indira 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are two formidable structures to women’s empowerment, namely, social structure in the form of patriarchy, and economic structure in the form of exclusion of unpaid work, in which women are predominantly engaged, from the purview of the economy. Unpaid work here is the work that is located outside the production boundary and includes unpaid domestic services and unpaid care performed at the household level. Both these structures reinforce each other and have far-reaching impact on multiple aspects of women’s lives. There are also structures like race, caste, religion etc., which cut across gender but impact on women more intensively. The policies and programmes for women in India have not been able to address these structures upfront. As the unpaid work contributes significantly to the economy in multiple ways, and vice versa, it is too valuable to be excluded from the economy. Exclusion of unpaid work results in several distortions in the economy, which are primarily unfair and unjust to women. One major strategy for empowering women and for gender equality is integration of unpaid work with the mainstream economy. The paper discusses these strategies, and explores the pathways to women’s empowermet.
Care Economy in India
Authors: Neetha N. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Care work has replaced the term housework world over, and in India too care work is an important area of discussion and analysis from varied entry points. Labour market changes, such as the low and declining work participation of women and the growth of paid domestic workers, were important concerns that illuminated the interest in care work in the Indian context. The understanding of care, though, has developed; the institutions or practices of care are mostly defined by the social and gendered understanding of care. The paper outlines these developments and dimensions of care work, setting the larger context. Various care institutions and practices are examined alongside highlighting the interconnectedness of these institutions. The paper points to the importance of family and the gendering of care work, though market for care services has expanded. Other arrangements for care, provided either through state or community intervention or corporate employers, are found minimal. Public crèches and preschools and institutional arrangements such as maternity leave are not available to the bulk of women. The burden of care work and its social and cultural understanding is a hurdle for women to enter paid work. Even when they are in employment, women shoulder multiple responsibilities, resulting in occasional interruptions in employment adversely affecting their status as workers, which makes state support crucial.
Gender Inequalities in Health and Care
Authors: Mehta Aasha Kapur , Chowdhury Samik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses existing secondary data and information to draw attention to gender inequalities in health and care outcomes in India and their complex determinants that are rooted in the intrinsic gender biases prevalent within the household and in society. It analyses issues of access, financing and care, with the understanding that to address inequalities in health outcomes, we also need to focus on the processes that lead to them. Government spending on health in India is among the lowest in the world. Out of pocket expenditure on health is extremely high. A dysfunctional health system that is predominantly based on out-of-pocket expenditure adversely affects women and girls due to gender bias inherent in household spending decisions. Hence, the chapter underlines the important role of public provisioning of health and corresponding health financing arrangements required for enabling gender equitable access, availability and affordability of health care. Even before the onset of COVID-19, India was unlikely to achieve SDG1 and SDG3. However, the pandemic has thrown open the fault lines caused by persistent poverty combined with low public investment in health care leading to severe shortfalls in the access to health care services. This adds to women’s unpaid care work as the burden of providing emotional, physical, nutritional care etc., is primarily borne by them. Hence, it is extremely important that all forms of care work are measured and women’s unpaid care work is reduced and redistributed through universal access to publicly provisioned quality care services. This requires substantial increases in budgetary allocation for health on priority.
Expanding Statistical Paradigm: Mainstreaming Time Use Surveys in the India Statistical System
Authors: Hirway Indira 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The present statistical system in India collects data, through the available survey techniques, related to production, consumption and incomes generated in the entire economy at different levels – from micro to macro levels covering the production boundary of the economy. Human life however goes much beyond the production boundary, as human activities also cover activities lying within the general production boundary, and personal activities that are non-delegable. Expanding the statistical paradigm to cover these activities will provide a broader and realistic view of human life, which will open up immense possibilities of understanding human life. Time use survey is the only survey technique available to us today to cover all human activities in the national statistical paradigm. National Statistical Organization of India conducted the first all India TUS recently in 2019. This paper examines briefly the history of time use surveys in India, assesses the conceptual and methodological concerns of this 2019 all India survey, and then presents how to conduct a time use survey in the countries of the Global South using rigorous concepts and methods to produce quality time use data
Languages without Native Speakers
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of grammatical and notational technologies for encoding song lyrics and pronunciation standards that more nearly mimicked daily speech of official and, finally, local languages. Drawing on research of scholars like Sheldon Pollock and Alexander Beecroft on development of vernaculars out of cosmopolitan literary languages and work of scholars like Haun Saussy on inscription and orality, this chapter uses cognitive concepts like memory chunking to argue that material technologies, like writing and print, and scholarly activities, like dictionary and rhyme book writing, gradually enabled a “natural” stylistic of individual sentiment explored by poets and dramatists like Li Qingzhao and Xu Wei. The end of this chapter revisits the “Tang-Shen debate” to describe a dialectic of (classical) “elegance” and “fashionable” intelligibility in late imperial efforts to craft performing arts with empire-wide appeal.
Fictions of Race in Contemporary French Literature
Authors: Achille Étienne , Panaïté Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Fictions of Race in Contemporary French Literature: French Writers, White Writing engages with Whiteness in French literature to provide an unprecedented critique of the institutionally and symbolically hegemonic figure that has gone heretofore unacknowledged and untheorized. The book identifies a set of formal features, functions, and aesthetic dispositions which reveal the ways in which White writers grapple with the postcolonial subject matter. We focus on seven case studies featuring texts by Marie Darrieussecq, Virginie Despentes, Annie Ernaux, Nicolas Fargues, Pierre Lemaitre, Édouard Louis, and Nicolas Mathieu, representative of a larger body of works published by left-leaning, politically progressive writers who stand in stark ideological contrast while sharing certain thematic and aesthetic similarities with books published by neo-reactionary authors such as Michel Houellebecq, purportedly the epitomic French writer of our age. By positing the operative and transitional concept of White writer, our analysis surpasses disciplinary boundaries established in distinct historical and political contexts and maintained by institutional inertia and ideological inducements, to foreshadow the poetics of White writing in contemporary France and offer a replicable model for engaging with a literary field pervaded by (post)colonial themes. We argue that it is imperative to recast critically the enduring boundedness of race and empire as a matter of equal concern to White and non-White writers. Ultimately, this epistemological gesture, stemming from the recognition that Whiteness constitutes a determining factor in the construction of the modern literary field, allows readers and scholars to grasp the relationality of contemporary writing and to uncover the ‘common library’ of literature in French.