bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BODIES ON SOME WETTING AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GLAZES *
Authors: Lampman C. Major 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVariations in the fluid properties of glazes produced by different bodies were studied, and several methods for testing the wetting ability of the glazes were compared. An angle‐of‐contact method was found best for measuring the ability of glazes to wet bodies. It was found that different bodies had varying effects on the fluid properties of a glaze. The maturing temperatures of a glaze are not fixed for a given glaze but may vary as much as four cones on different bodies, if wetting ability is considered in determining this temperature.
FOURIER ANALYSIS OF X‐RAY PATTERNS OF SODA‐SILICA GLASS *
Authors: Warren B. E. , Biscob J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns were obtained for five compositions of soda‐silica glass. The patterns were made in an evacuated camera, using MoKα radiation monochromated by reflection from rock salt. The patterns show a perfectly continuous change in appearance with increasing soda content. From a Fourier analysis of the X‐ray scattering curves, radial distribution curves for the five glasses were obtained. The distribution curves uniquely establish several important points. Each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 oxygens at a distance of about 1.62A and each sodium by about 6 oxygens at 2.35A. The existence in the glass of simple discrete molecules, such as SiO2, NaaO, Na2Si2O6, and Na2SiO3, is uniquely ruled out by the distribution curves.The X‐ray results lead to the following picture of soda‐silica glass. Each silicon is tetrahedrally surrounded by 4 oxygens at a distance of about 1.62A. Part of the oxygens are bonded to 2 silicons and part only to 1 silicon. The sodium ions Na+ are arranged in various holes in the silicon‐oxygen network, being surrounded on the average by about 6 oxygens at a distance 2.35A. Although this is a definite scheme of structure, it does not repeat identically at regular intervals, and the material, therefore, is noncrystalline.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF SODA‐BORIC OXIDE GLASS *
Authors: Biscoe J. , Warren B. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns have been made of three samples of soda‐boric oxide glass of the following molal compositions: 0.114 Na2O, 0.225 Na2O, and 0.333 Na2O. The patterns were made in an evacuated camera, using MoK α radiation monochromatic by reflection from rock salt. Radial distribution curves for the three compositions were obtained by Fourier analysis. The first peak of the distribution curves is due to the boron‐oxygen separation. The distances are 1.37, 1.42, and 1.48A. From the peak areas, the number of oxygens about a boron is found to be 3.2, 3.7, and 3.9. The continuous change, both in interatomic distance and number of surrounding oxygens, indicates that the borons are partly in triangular and partly in tetrahedral coordination, the fraction in the latter increasing with increase of soda. Six oxygens about each sodium at 2.4A and from five to six oxygens about each oxygen at 2.4A are consistent with the distribution curves. The results can be interpreted in terms of a random network picture of vitreous soda‐boric oxide, in which the borons are bonded either to three or four oxygens and the sodium atoms are randomly distributed in holes in the boron‐oxygen network. Maxima and minima in the physical properties of glasses containing boric oxide and soda are explained in terms of the ability of the boron atom to change to tetrahedral coordination when some oxide such as Na2O is present to supply the necessary extra oxygen.
GRINDING DRY‐PROCESS ENAMEL AND ITS EFFECT ON WORKING PROPERTIES *
Authors: Manson M. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe degree of grinding dry‐process enamels has a marked effect on the packing of powder on the balls and mill walls, on the loss due to convection currents during the dusting operation, and on the ease with which the powder goes through a vibrating screen. The use of small amounts of water in the mill during grinding is beneficial to all these powder characteristics.
IMPROVEMENT OF STIFF‐MUD CLAYS THROUGH PH CONTROL *
Authors: Barker G. J. , Truog Emil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractClays, when given a correct alkali treatment, show a marked improvement in working qualities. They become more plastic, require less power to extrude the clay through the die, and, when dried, have greater strength and are less pervious to water. The tendency of clays to laminate is reduced. The fired ware is stronger and has a lower moisture absorption. Both acid and calcareous clays are susceptible to improvement by this process. The amount of reagents must be carefully controlled by pH measurement for best results. The method of testing for pH. and the limits within which the two type clays must be held are described.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON ACCELERATED CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS MADE ON COMMERCIAL GLASS BOTTLES*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemical durability results obtained by tests on crushed samples and bottle surfaces on a variety of commercial glass‐bottle compositions show the difficulties encountered in attempting to correlate accelerated tests with the actual performance of the bottles toward various solutions under service conditions. The results obtained thus far indicate that the value of accelerated tests conducted with distilled water as a leaching medium is questionable as an aid in predicting resistance of various glass compositions to neutral solutions at room temperature.
DEFORMATION OF INSULATING FIREBRICK UNDER LOAD*
Authors: Norton C. L. , Duplin V. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn electrically heated furnace and a method to apply loads to full‐size insulating firebrick heated throughout to thermal equilibrium are described. Sixteen commercial brands of insulating firebrick of various use limits were tested under several loads over a range of temperatures. No correlation was found to exist between the weight and the resistance to hot loading or between the cold crushing strength and the hot load‐bearing capacity.
EFFECT OF ENAMEL ON THE STRENGTH OF ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Dietterle E. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGround‐coat enamel was first applied on one side and then on each side of 26‐, 20‐, 18‐, 10‐, and 6‐gauge enameling stock, and the strengths of the pieces were determined in cross bending. The results show a decided increase in strength for the enameled specimens over that of the stock before enameling. An increase in the thickness of the enamel also increases the strength within limits. The effect on the lighter gauges is greater than on the heavy gauges, and the strength is greater when the enamel is under compression than under tension.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON TORSION PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Sullivan John D. , Graham Robert P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTorsion properties of a plastic fire clay, a ball clay, two flint fire clays, a bentonite, and Georgia kaolin were studied. The effect of exchangeable bases on the surface of the clay particles on stress‐strain relationships was established. The widest differences, in general, were found in the sodium and hydrogen forms of the various bodies. A rational explanation of the behavior of clays with different exchangeable bases lies in the fact that their colloidal natures govern to a large degree their workable characteristics, and colloidal properties, in turn, are dependent on the water film surrounding the particle. The nature of the water film is influenced by the kind and the nature of the charges in the ion atmosphere surrounding the particles and may be changed by replacing an exchangeable base with another cation.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON DRYING OF CLAY BODIES*
Authors: Sullivan John D. , Graham Robert P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies were made at 100°F. and 50% relative humidity, 150°F. and 50% humidity, and 175°F. and 15% humidity to determine the effect of exchangeable bases present on the surface of the clay particles on drying rates. Drying may be considered to take place in two stages which are characterized by different rates. The first is rapid and is accompanied by shrinkage of the body, whereas the second is considerably slower and the shrinkage is slight. The drying rates of the base‐saturated bodies studied were nearly the same in the first stage, but in the second pronounced differences resulted. Sodium clays dried much more slowly than the other bodies investigated. At 175°F. and 15% humidity, H clay dried the most rapidly. A rational explanation of the phenomena, based on the colloidal nature of the clay particle and on the unfired absorption of the bodies, is given.
A PINITIZED TUFF OF CERAMIC IMPORTANCE*
Authors: Kerr Paul F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOne of the chief objects of the study of the pinitized zone at American Canyon has been the identification of the material, with particular attention to the mineral content and nomenclature. The firing behavior has also been investigated and compared with the corresponding behavior of comparable material from other localities, including pyrophyllite, sericite, and muscovite. The methods employed include a brief field inspection, microscopic observation, chemical analysis, and an X‐ray diffraction study of natural and fired samples.
DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PINITE*
Authors: Page G. A. , Raine F. F. , Sullivan V. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA deposit of a soft talclike rock, called “pinite,” composed of hydrous aluminum silicates, has been found recently in South American Canyon on the east side of the Humboldt Range near Rochester, Nevada. Prospecting and development of the deposit have consisted of trenching, open‐cut work, and the subsequent removal of sufficient tonnage to show a large zone of uniform material.Pinite inverts readily to mullite, and firing is accompanied by a permanent expansion. Thermal‐expansion curves show an absence of free silica. Pinite has a high specific gravity, it fires extremely hard and white, and the fired product is highly resistant to certain types of fluxes and to abrasion.Refractories have been produced and placed in selected applications. The results obtained from tests with pinite indicate a superiority over other refractories in certain types of service.Products have been made by the stiff‐mud and casting processes, Pinite refractories have been used in rotary enamel smelting furnaces and in the cold zone and cooler linings of rotary cement, lime, and magnesite kilns.
RELATION OF PARTICLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM PORCELAIN ENAMEL SURFACES*
Authors: Zwermann C. H. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVarious opacifiers were added in increasing percentages to clear, regular white, very opaque white, and acid‐resisting enamels. These were ground to various degrees of fineness from coarse down to a few microns or finer; they were applied to sample plates and their reflectances were measured. Increased opacity is obtained by extremely fine milling because of the excellent dispersion of the opacifiers.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SCUMMING PROBLEM*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , McMahon L. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe two general types of scumming and their causes are discussed. The sulfate type of scumming is caused by sulfates either in the enamel materials or in the atmosphere to which the ware is exposed. Nonsulfate types of scums are usually caused by a combination of factors, which include underfiring, excess water vapor in the furnace atmosphere, fineness of grinding, and mill additions, especially clays and opacifiers.
EFFECT OF MOLTEN ALUMINUM ON VARIOUS REFRACTORY BRICK*
Authors: Burrows H. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo study the effect of molten aluminum on refractory brick with a view toward explaining some of the brick failures in aluminum melting furnaces, the following test was conducted. Brick of different compositions and from various manufacturers were placed on end in the bottom of an electrically heated ladle to which molten aluminum was added. After holding the molten aluminum in contact with the brick for thirty‐five days, it was poured out and the ladle was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature.A study of the brick revealed that some failed by penetration of the aluminum into the brick accompanied by a reaction between the aluminum and the brick. This penetration was less with the denser brick than with the more porous ones. Of the brick tested, there was the least reaction between aluminum and the chrome brick and most between aluminum and silica brick. Many other factors, however, must be considered when deciding which brick is the most economical to use in aluminum melting.
REVIEW OF FOUR YEARS OF RESEARCH ON REFRACTORY PROPERTIES OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST OLIVINE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Skinner Kenneth G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis discussion covers a study of the refractory properties of the olivine from two large deposits in Washington. The research was devoted mainly to (a) physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, (b) effect of chemical additions, (c) development of the densest and most refractory body, (d) manufacture of brick, (e) comparison of these brick in P.C.E., spalling, load test, absorption, and resistance to basic slags with other brick, and (f) local use of olivine as a foundry sand.
MECHANISM OF THE HARDENING OF CLAY‐SODIUM‐SILICATE MIXTURES*
Authors: Morgan W. R. , Peskin W. L. , Kronman S. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAcid salts, such as might be expected to be present in clays, reacted readily with sodium‐silicate solutions and produced marked changes in viscosity out of contact with air. Magnesium salts gave the most gelatinous and bulky precipitates.Experiments with fuller's earth and a plastic fire clay, which were free of soluble salts and were saturated with hydrogen, indicated that base‐exchange reactions may also cause hardening of silicate mixtures out of contact with air. Natural plastic fire clays, which contained negligible amounts of soluble salts, were found to harden out of contact with air when calcium and magnesium were present as exchangeable bases, but they did not harden when these bases were absent.It was found possible to prevent hardening of clay‐sodium‐silicate mixtures by subjecting the clay to a preliminary treatment with nonprecipitating sodium ions, introduced as sodium carbonate, before mixing the clay with sodium silicate.
CONTROL FOR LUMINOUS FLAME FIRING IN GLASS FURNACES*
Authors: Schwalbe F. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLuminous‐flame firing of natural gas in glass furnaces has been accomplished inefficiently and with, difficulty for many years in an attempt to secure the advantages of the luminosity characteristics. Luminosity in the gas flame is now secured by retardation of combustion between overlying layers of air and gas, the resulting flame being particularly adapted for glassmelting. A successful method for controlling the length and shape of the luminous flame in a glass furnace involves the mixing of spent gases from the flue with the incoming fuel gas.
WET‐PROCESS LEADLESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELS*
Authors: Niklewski B. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVariations in the compositions of wet‐process, leadless cast‐iron enamels were studied in the development of better enamels. The work was initiated in the laboratory and later was transferred to plant production where the enamels were developed to successful operation. The nonsintered ground coat and the colored cover enamel applied directly on the iron were particularly satisfactory.
VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SODA‐BORIC OXIDE‐SILICA GLASSES AT TEMPERATURES FROM 900° TO 1500°F.*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe viscosities of a number of soda‐boric oxide‐silica glasses were approximately determined in the temperature range from 900° to 1500 °F. These were obtained by noting the deformation of small glass rods. Three steps were observed in the process of deformation which occurred at definite viscosities, the absolute magnitudes being obtained by correlation with glasses of known properties.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE CLAY MINERALS ILLITE AND MONTMORILLONITE*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Bradley W. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples of three purified illites, one purified montmorillonite, and one natural clay containing montmorillonite, quartz, and limonite were heated at successive temperatures up to 1400°C. X‐ray and optical determinations were made on all samples. The changes that take place in the clay minerals, illite and montmorillonite, when they are heated at various temperatures up to 1400°C. are discussed.
STUDY OF THE REFRACTORY PROPERTIES OF TOPAZ*
Authors: Bradley R. S. , Schroeder F. W. , Keller W. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of heat treatments on the chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of topaz is described. The samples were obtained from a deposit of potential commercial importance. Brick made from calcined and uncalcined topaz were tested according to standard A.S.T.M. test methods, and the results are presented.
EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON DEVITRIFICATION OF SODIUM OXIDE‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: SILVERMAN W. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of the substitution of A12O3 for the oxides of sodium, silicon, calcium, and magnesium in the ratio in which they occur in dolomite on the liquidus temperatures and phase relations for glasses lying within the composition range, Na2O 12 to 16%, CaO‐MgO 0 to 20%, SiO2 63 to 78%, and A12O3 0 to 10%, has been determined. The results on 116 individual determinations are given. Devitrite is the primary phase in very few glasses. Several glasses were found which cannot be devitrified. A comparison of devitrification temperatures of calcite and dolomite‐lime glasses is made.
ANALYSIS OF HIGH‐ALUMINA CLAYS BY THE THERMAL METHOD*
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSix samples of clay from Dutch Guiana were analyzed chemically and thermally to determine the silica, the alumina, and the clay minerals present. The thermal method gives excellent quantitative results with a precision of 3 or 4% on clays of this type. Thermal curves are also shown for a few other hydrated iron minerals as data on these were not previously available.
REVIEW OF THE RELATION OF DENSITY AND REFRACTIVE INDEX TO THE COMPOSITION OF GLASS: I *
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Safford Hurd W. , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe density, refractive index, and specific refractivity and their relationship to the composition of glass are discussed. The subject is treated from the standpoint of additive properties based on composition both as to linear and collective or complex functions. Not only are these applied in the rapid checking of constancy of composition in practice but also from the standpoint of possible changes in properties through partial changes of individual components. There is the further possibility of tying up constitution with composition so that a structural analysis may result. The article serves as a review of existing literature and elaborates the possibility of expansion of published data.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POROSITY IN REFRACTORY MATERIALS *
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Tucker Bradford S. , Dheiligman H. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe construction and operation of a mercury volumeter suitable for determining the volume of a composite sample of refractory grains is described. Porosity determinations by the method described are accurate within ∼0.15%. Convenient volume‐density‐porosity conversion charts are included.
USE OF CAST ALUMINA REFRACTORIES IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY *
Authors: Baumann H. N. , Turner A. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe development of cast alumina refractories is briefly described, and the physical and chemical properties of three types of high‐alumina, fusion‐cast refractories that have proved commercially successful are given. Such properties as microstructure and glass‐refractory interface reactions are discussed, and the use of these refractories with several different types of glass is described.
CONCENTRATION OF FELDSPATHIC WASTE FROM A TITANIUM MINE NEAR ROSELAND, VIRGINIA *
Authors: Smith D. I. , O'mbaea R. G. , McVay T. N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe beneficiation of the feldspathic waste from a titanium mine near Roseland, Virginia, is discussed. This waste, which is mainly sodic plagioclase, quartz, and an iron‐bearing mineral, gedrite, contains about 5.3% of Fe2O3. By magnetic concentration, 73% of the feed was recovered in a feldspar‐quartz mixture with an iron content of 0.81% of Fe2O3. From this nonmagnetic product, between 85% and 90% of the feldspar with an iron content of 0.41 to 0.52% of Fe2O3 was recovered by agglomerate tabling and flotation. Examination of the feldspar concentrate, however, showed that iron stains and iron‐bearing impurities of microscopic size in the feldspar prevented the separation of a feldspar concentrate with less than 0.36% of Fe2O3.
PETROGRAPHIC AND CERAMIC PROPERTIES OF PENNSYLVANIAN SHALES OF ILLINOIS*
Authors: Grim Ralph E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCoal Measures shales, which are widespread in Illinois, are used extensively as a ceramic raw material. Ceramic determinations are given for a large number of shales to illustrate the wide range in their properties. The mineral composition, base‐exchange capacity, and textural characteristics are presented for the same shales, and the relation of these characteristics to the ceramic properties of the shales is analyzed.
TESTS FOR THE CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF BOTTLES*
Authors: Lieebmann A. J. , Rosenblatt M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract(1) A description is given of a reliable and reproducible analytical method for testing the small amount of alkali derived from the glass by titration. (2) The magnitude and type of extraction of various commercial glasses by neutral alcoholic liquids during the accelerated test are determined, and a method of sealing alcoholic liquids in bottles during tests run above the boiling point is described. (3) The conditions of the test are determined for extracting alkali of the same order of magnitude as in (2), with water used as a leaching medium. (4) A correlation of the results on accelerated tests with visible flaking phenomena is presented. (5) The use of a dispersion function, as measured by standard deviation, to judge the results of an accelerated test is indicated.
INVESTIGATION OF FISH‐SCALE PHENOMENA*
Authors: Higgins W. W. , Deringer W. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSome of the characteristics of fish scaling are discussed, and the writers establish the fact that fish scaling is always accompanied by the evolution of gas. Three factors, which were believed to influence the tendency to fish scale and which were investigated, are (1) the base metal: the metallurgy of the steel and the effect of cold‐working on steel; (2) the clay in the enamel: the effects of various types of clays on fish scaling; and (3) the furnace atmosphere: the effects of various furnace atmospheres and of water vapor in the furnace atmosphere.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS ON CONVERSION OF QUARTZ TO CRISTOBALITE AND TRlDYMlTE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Lin Cho‐Yuan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe action of a considerable number of pure oxides, fluorides, chlorides, borates, phosphates, carbonates, and other compounds and of certain mixtures, as well as the effect of several minerals in promoting or accelerating the inversion of quartz to cristobalite and tridymite at temperatures between 1000 and 1500°C. has been studied. Alkali oxides are found to be superior to all other substances, and they are effective in amounts of less than 0.1%. Acid oxides, such as BIOs or Plot., seem to have little or no value as catalysts for this inversion. Possible mechanisms for the inversion process are presented, and some applications of controlled inversion in the heat treatment of ceramic bodies are mentioned. A few data are also given on the temperature of the “low‐high’ change in cristobalite.