bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between the Presence of Tooth‐Borne Subgingival Deposits and Inflammation Found With a Dental Endoscope
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , Harrel Stephen K. , Nunn Martha E. , Francis Bonnie , Webb Kara 
Published: November 2008

Background: Inflammatory periodontal diseases are found in many dentate individuals, but therapists and researchers who assess disease activity have had to rely on external clinical signs and symptoms to ascertain the health of the subgingival periodontal tissues. However, by using an endoscope in the subgingival environment, the therapist can see the relationship of subgingival tooth‐borne accretions to signs of inflammation in the pocket wall. This study explored those relationships via the endoscope.Methods: Twenty‐six patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were chosen. The study visit involved a standardized, masked examiner who gathered data on the external gingival index, probing depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level. A second standardized examiner, masked to the findings of the first, used a dental endoscope. A set of indices (endoscopic biofilm index, endoscopic calculus index, and endoscopic gingival index) specifically developed for subgingival parameters was used. A fixation stent ensured that the periodontal probe and the endoscopic explorer traveled along the same path.Results: A statistically significant relationship was found between deposits of subgingival calculus covered with biofilm and inflammation of the pocket wall, as measured by color change. In >60% of the cases, this inflammation was associated only with biofilm over deposits of calculus, not biofilm alone. Only subgingival calculus was statistically significant in relation to the positive traditional gingival index.Conclusions: Deposits of subgingival calculus covered with biofilm were directly related to >60% of pocket wall inflammation as measured by increased redness of the pocket epithelium. This was in comparison to biofilm alone.
Absence of Histologic Signs of Chronic Inflammation Following Closed Subgingival Scaling and Root Planing Using the Dental Endoscope: Human Biopsies – A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilson Thomas G. , Carnio João , Schenk Robert , Myers Gayle 
Published: November 2008

Background: The primary goal of periodontal therapy is the reduction or elimination of inflammation. Traditionally, this is accomplished through removal of subgingival tooth‐borne accretions using non‐surgical and/or surgical treatment modalities. Numerous studies indicated the difficulty in removing these accretions to the point that histologic manifestations of chronic inflammation are eliminated. A companion to the current study demonstrated that subgingival inflammation was associated most often with calculus covered with biofilm, not biofilm alone. This pilot study evaluated the histologic response in humans to removal of calculus and biofilm with the aid of the dental endoscope.Methods: Twelve teeth in six patients were identified as test teeth, and all subgingival deposits visible with the endoscope were removed in a single treatment by an operator experienced in root planing and the use of the dental endoscope. The 12 teeth and the coronal portion of their periodontal attachment apparatus were removed 6 months after a single episode of closed subgingival scaling and root planing. Biopsies were processed for histologic evaluation.Results: There were no histologic signs of chronic inflammation. Deposits of calculus and biofilm were seen on one section of one tooth but apparently were deposited after initial therapy. Bone repair and the growth of a long junctional epithelium were observed on previously diseased root surfaces.Conclusion: Histologic signs of chronic inflammation were absent 6 months after a single course of closed subgingival scaling and root planing using the dental endoscope.
Gingival Status of Brazilian Renal Transplant Recipients Under Sirolimus‐Based Regimens
Authors: Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Oliveira Ana Paula Lima , Costa José Eustáquio , Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Costa Fernando Oliveira 
Published: November 2008

Background: Although the prevalence of gingival overgrowth (GO) in calcineurin‐inhibitor (CNI) immunosuppressive regimens has been well documented, to the best of our knowledge data from sirolimus (SIR) regimens have not been described. We sought to investigate the gingival status of renal transplant recipients under SIR‐based regimens with regard to the prevalence and potential risk variables associated with GO.Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted at a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Of 886 transplant recipients, an eligible sample of 144 subjects was selected. Medical, pharmacologic, and periodontal variables were recorded for each subject. GO was assessed through visual inspection and was evaluated in relation to variables of interest by univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: Although not clinically significant, 20.8% of the samples had GO, with a mean GO score of 5.0% ± 3.98% (range, 0% to 19%) and mean GO score per papilla of 0.378 ± 0.361 (range, 0.1 to 1.9); the percentage of papilla affected by GO was 14.35% ± 9.86% (range, 5% to 45%). The multivariate final model, excluding periodontal variables, showed that the concomitant use of calcium channel blockers (P = 0.033) and the interaction between time since transplant and previous CNI use (P <0.001) were associated with GO. Adding periodontal variables to the model improved its accuracy and retained papillary bleeding index as being strongly associated with GO (P <0.001).Conclusions: GO was observed in a considerable number of subjects under SIR‐based immunosuppressive regimens, although the relationship was not clinically significant. Findings point to the importance of cooperation between medical and dental health care personnel in the maintenance of renal transplant recipients under SIR‐based immunosuppressive regimens.
The Effect of Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Subjects With Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Karlsson Marcus R. , Diogo Löfgren Christina I. , Jansson Henrik M. 
Published: November 2008

Background: The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of laser therapy as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment in adults with chronic periodontitis.Methods: A search was conducted for randomized controlled trials comparing the outcome of periodontitis with laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. The electronic databases, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, were used as data sources. Screening, data abstraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by three reviewers (MK, HJ, and CDL). The primary outcome measures evaluated were changes in clinical attachment level, probing depth, and bleeding on probing.Results: The search resulted in 25 abstracts; four randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Four different laser methods were used; consequently, it was impossible to conduct a quantitative data synthesis leading to a meta‐analysis. All studies included a limited number of subjects.Conclusions: No consistent evidence supports the efficacy of laser treatment as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment in adults with chronic periodontitis. More randomized controlled clinical trials are needed.
The Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health of 15‐ to 16‐Year‐Old Adolescents
Authors: Heikkinen Anna Maria , Pajukanta Riitta , Pitkäniemi Janne , Broms Ulla , Sorsa Timo , Koskenvuo Markku , Meurman Jukka H. 
Published: November 2008

Background: Smoking is a severe risk factor for periodontal health in adults, but data on the effect of smoking on periodontal health in teenage populations are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duration and quantity of smoking on periodontal health in teenagers and possible differences between genders.Methods: The oral health of 501 adolescents (15‐ to 16‐year‐old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 243]) was examined. A structured questionnaire about self‐reported smoking and health habits was filled out, and bitewing x‐rays were taken. Clinical examinations included measuring periodontal indexes, such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, root calculus (RC), probing depth, and attachment loss. Results were analyzed by generalized linear logistic regression.Results: Twenty‐five percent of boys and 27% of girls were smokers. The boys and girls who smoked had higher RC values than non‐smokers (P <0.001). The adjusted scores for smoking boys and girls were 17.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6 to 31.7) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.5 to 29.7), respectively. The adjusted scores for non‐smokers were 10.4 (95% CI: 5.7 to 18.3) and 7.7 (95% CI: 3.3 to 17.3), respectively. Smoking boys and girls also had more periodontal pockets ≥4 mm than non‐smokers: the score for boys was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.2 to 9.1), and the score for girls was 5.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 23.2; P <0.001).Conclusion: Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health in teenagers.
Advanced Glycation of Type I Collagen and Fibronectin Modifies Periodontal Cell Behavior
Authors: Murillo Jesse , Wang Yao , Xu Xiaoping , Klebe Robert J. , Chen Zhihua , Zardeneta Gustavo , Pal Sanjay , Mikhailova Margarita , Steffensen Bjorn 
Published: November 2008

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been linked to pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the contribution of protein glycation to periodontal disease in patients with diabetes. Therefore, this study investigated whether glycation of type I collagen (COLI) and fibronectin (FN) modified the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLs).Methods: Procedures for rapid in vitro glycation of COLI and FN used methylglyoxal (MG). Formation of AGEs was analyzed by changes in protein migration using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with antibodies specific for MG‐glycated proteins. Experiments then characterized the effects of glycated FN and COLI on the behavior of hGFs and hPDLs.Results: MG glycated COLI and FN in <6 hours. Confirming the specificity of the reactions, antibodies specific for MG‐induced AGEs reacted with glycated FN and COLI but not with control proteins. In cell culture experiments, glycated FN was significantly less efficient in supporting the attachment of hGFs and hPDLs (P <0.05). Moreover, the morphologic parameters, including length, area, perimeter, and shape factor, were altered (P <0.001) for cells on both glycated proteins. Finally, cell migration was reduced on glycated FN and COLI (P <0.001).Conclusions: MG treatment efficiently glycated COLI and FN, providing a new tool to study the effects of diabetes on periodontal disease. The substantial effects of glycated COLI and FN on hGF and hPDL behavior indicated that protein glycation contributed to the pathogenesis and altered periodontal wound healing observed in patients with diabetes.
Improved Method for Compositional Modeling Using a Fine Scale Geological Description Within Gas Injection Pattern in Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Obeida Tawfiq , Gibson Adrian , Al-Hashemi Hussain , Baruah Bikram 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to address the challenges that are frequently encountered in simulation studies when using local grid refine (LGR) within upscaled models. The difficulties mainly arise due to the unreliability of populating the fine grids with reservoir properties and attributes.
Dynamic modeling of a pilot is an important task to predict fluid flow and reservoir behavior which is a major step of pilot design. Dynamic models usually have many limitations when it comes to geological description due to the upscaling of fine-grid static model. Using local grid refinement (LGR) alone for the pilot area within a coarse dynamic model also would not enhance reservoir description of the pilot area without a realistic reservoir description. This work was aimed to provide an improved method for the proper simulation of pilot project in order to optimize the design of the pilot injector, borehole location and length. Furthermore, the model would be used to plan an efficient reservoir monitoring program including an optimized well data gathering with sponge coring for defining the remaining oil saturation.
To overcome these limitations, the proposed method introduces a special fine scale LGR covering the pilot area within the upscaled dynamic model. Whereas the upscaled model has 36 layers, the LGR contains exactly the same fine-scale layering scheme and reservoir properties as the static model with 160 layers. Thus, it eliminates the upscaling process within the LGR. This process will ensure a better quality history match, for example the TDTs and RSTs derived saturations when compared against the fine layer LGR from the dynamic model.
The dynamic model in this study is a large sector model (Nx 167, Ny 98 and Nz 36) with a detailed LGR (Nx 130, Ny 145 and Nz 160). The fluid properties were calculated from a 10-components equation of state (EOS). After the addition of the LGR, the model history match was updated. Several prediction cases were then studied to optimize well location (injector and observation wells) in order to convert the existing inverted five-spot gas pattern into water injection line-drive. Several saturation maps and profiles were generated to predict the breakthrough time for each observer and utilized to design the future pilot monitoring program. The new data will be utilized for future updates of the history match and performance of pilot under the optimum scheme of sweep and thus well spacing.
Pipeline Construction Challenges in Brownfield
Authors: Thabet Hussein Ahmed Bin , Murad Mahmoud Mohamed , Azouz Amr Mohamed 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
ADMA-OPCO is the pioneering offshore Oil and Gas Producer in Abu Dhabi, UAE dating back to the 1950s. ADMA-OPCO operates more than 1500 km of sub sea pipeline network, built over the years as part of the progressive development in Umm Shaif and Zakum fields.
ADMA-OPCO vision is to work effectively as one integrated team to produce hydrocarbons from offshore areas aspiring to excellence in all aspects of the business.
This paper identifies ADMA-OPCO current key challenges being faced in and around existing developments, "Brownfields" considering the additional challenges imposed by the extensively busy oil & gas market.
Better Contracting in Oil & Gas Markets - Finding Mutually Acceptable Ways of Securing the Best Supply Chains in a Tight Market
Authors: Nouwailati Kenan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Oil companies and their suppliers need to design and implement contracts to build new production capacity quickly IOCs, NOCs/Host Governments, and Major Suppliers have different perspectivesThey all need to deliver complex and technically challenging projects on time, while guaranteeing quality and controlling costsAlthough their interests sometimes diverge, operators and suppliers share the need to improve the effectiveness and clarity of their contracting approachesThere are 8 levers that can improve project contracting for all parties
Using Crystallized Superabsorbent Copolymer for Plugging High-Permeability Channeling and Vugular Communication
Authors: Albidrez Patricia , Dalrymple Eldon Dwyann , Vasquez Julio , Adokpaye Anino E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAs fluids are produced from a reservoir, zones of higher permeability and corresponding higher flow rates create channels for the preferential movement of fluids. This can result in diminished sweep efficiency when there is premature communication between an injector and a producer. Crystallized superabsorbent copolymer (CSC) is a water-swellable (but not water-soluble), 100% crystalline synthetic polymer. CSCs are resistant to degradation by CO2 and bacteria and have a temperature range of 70 to 275°F. In addition, rigless placements can be made on current injection tubulars. This eliminates the expense of using a workover unit (Griffen 2000). This paper addresses the uses of CSC in the Permian Basin for the treatment of vugular communication, lost circulation, and near-wellbore remediation problems.
Deployment of a Rotodynamic Multiphase Pump in a Remote Hilly-Terrain Oil Field in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hamoud Amir A. , Boudi Adnan A. , Al-Qahtani Saeed D. , Al-Dayil Nasir 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Multiphase boosting technology can provide a cost-effective option for developing remote and marginal oil field discoveries, by reviving dead oil wells and increasing the production from active wells. The implementation of the multiphase technology at the remote field is a new strategy to obtain increased production and flow assurance from the operator.
This paper describes the implementation of a rotodynamic (helicon-axial) multiphase pumping (MPP) system at a remote, hilly-terrain onshore oil field in Saudi Arabia. The process conditions, the MPP package scope of supply, the MPP installation setup and operation will be discussed in detail.
TAML Level 3 Tri-lateral with Sand Control Application for Saudi Aramco
Authors: Refai Ibrahim , Assal Anwar , Fould Jeremie , O'Rourke Tim , Haque Muhammad Habib , Akram Nawaf Sayed 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A number of the wells reach there economical production limit and are consequently abandoned or mothballed until viable solutions are available to enhance there production to an economically feasible level. The Hawtah field (see Figure 1) discovered in the late 1980s is located 180 km south of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia (figure 1). Hawtah is one of several small fields located along the Hawtah Trend (others are Ghinah, Hazmiyah, Nisalah and Umm Jurf). The Trend runs approximately 30 km east to west and 50 km north to south. Production in Hawtah comes from the Unayzah sandstone and consists of Arabian super light (50° API) sweet crude oil.
Hawtah field is a mature and depleted reservoir, and in order to maintain economical levels of production a combination of several technologies is being applied.
Due to the poor natural production from the vertical cased and perforated completions in Hawtah and little associated gas, electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) have been used in Hawtah to enhance production since early 1990's.
Existing wells are standard 9-5/8" vertical cased wells with perforations through the thin producing interval with ESP set in the same casing. Due to the low productivity of this type of completion, and high water cut a work-over program was initiated by Saudi Aramco in the late 90s to re-complete these wells as horizontal producers using various sand control techniques.
While converting from vertical, cased and perforated wells to single horizontal producers has helped to improve production, multilateral wells are needed in Hawtah to achieve and maintain economical production rates from these wells. In addition sand control solutions are required to safely deploy several branches off one main vertical well.
This paper will describe the history of the well HWTH-34 and workover's performed during its life span. It will also discuss the latest achievement deploying Saudi's first TAML Level 3 multilateral completion of a tri-lateral well.
Field Development Plans Optimization by Modeling Fluids Flow Impact and Assessing Intelligent Wells on Reservoir Performance
Authors: Elrafie Emad , Al-Qahtani Ghazi D. , Agil Mohammad , Rincon Alexander , Colomar François-Michel 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The understanding and accuracy of modeling fluid flow behavior in naturally fractured carbonate reservoir is critical in predicting reservoir sweep efficiency, remaining drilling targets and evaluating field development alternatives. The use of appropriate complex wells design such as Horizontals, (H) Multi-laterals (ML) and completion technology such as equalizers (ICD) or Inflow Control Valves (ICV) are of equal importance.
The approach presented in this paper is based on detailed integrated analysis of all available well data including logs, production, pressure transient analysis (PTA), fracture distributions, well flow profiles (PLT) etc, to provide a first-line insight of the fractured reservoir fluid flow mechanism. These first-line insights provide the basis to develop mechanistic or concept reservoir simulation models to fine-tune fluid movement understanding in fractures, reservoir matrix, well types (H, ML) and completion placement to field development strategies. Sector modeling provides further insight to well design in field areas of different rock quality and fracture density. Well type and completion strategy alternatives for each identified field area including intelligent smart well completions are developed and tested in each sector model. The combined developed understanding of fluid flow mechanisms, well type and completion strategy are rolled up and implemented into a full field simulation model, fine tuned through history match and prediction processes.
This paper describes the methodology used to study a number of naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs through the integrated "Event Solution"1 study approach. The methodology presented in this paper was applied on a number of large Middle East carbonate fields. The fields studied have naturally fractured reservoirs with two distinct fracture systems. Namely, fracture corridors or clusters and diffuse or layer-bounded fractures. Diffuse fractures are typically horizontal (layer-bounded fractures) inter-connect with the fracture corridors which are normally vertical to sub-vertical. This fracture system combination forms a highly conductive fluid flow and pressure medium which is responsible for observed water movement as well as pressure propagation from the aquifer/injectors into the reservoirs.
Integrity Management during Design Stage
Authors: Baby Reji 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The surging cost of Crude Oil has provoked oil and gas exploration and production to higher levels than expected. The wells that were previously considered abandoned for less GOR is now profit earning facility. Exploration and exploitation of new wells are at full swing and the time frame between identifying prospective wells and commission of a facility has shortened much. Planning, development and production of new facilities and systems / equipment needed for its support must take into account how operation and maintenance requirements are met into the design. Omitting the human factor and ergonomics (fitting the workplace to worker) in design has compromised the safe and efficient production, reliability, availability and maintainability of facilities leading to injuries to personnel and damage to equipment as well as costly retrofit. In the race to start an early production, integrity of assets has to be ensured in design, technical and operational phases for long term operational benefits.