bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of thermal oxidation of thin film of trilinolein by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Takaoka Kyo , Kobayashi Koichi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe thermal oxidation of thin film of trilinolein has been investigated. The amounts of thermal decomposition products and polymerization products were determined using vacuum thermogravimetric analysis (vacuum TGA). It was found that the thermal oxidation decomposition and polymerization occurred in at least the outermost 120 µ of trilinolein films heated at 200 C for 4 min. In addition, it was found that the thermal polymerization is markedly affected by the nature of sample pans.
Varietal variations in content, characteristics and composition of mango seeds and fat
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Ramalingaswamy P. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWide variations were found in the content, characteristics and composition of seed and fat of 43 varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) fruit. The seed in fruit amounted to 3–25% and kernel in seed 54–85% on an as‐is basis. The contents of fat, protein and ash in kernel ranged 3.7–12.6, 4.0–8.1 and 1.0–3.7 (% on dry basis), respectively. Acid value of fat varied from 2.1 to 8.8 and unsaponifiables from 1.0 to 5.3%. The ranges for fatty acids, as determined by gas chromatography, were: 16:0, 3–18; 17:0, traces‐2.0; 18:0, 24–57; 18:1, 34–56; 18:2, 1–13 and 20:0, traces‐4 (area %).
Fatty acid composition ofcuphea seed oils
Authors: Wolf R. B. , Graham S. A. , Kleiman R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNineteen species of 10 taxonomic sections ofCuphea were analyzed for fatty acid composition of the seed oils. Two sections of the genus,Trispermum andPseudocircaea, previously unreported, are included. Lauric acid is the major component of the seed oil in seven of the species surveyed; capric andmyristic each predominate in five. Linolenic acid, previously thought to be only a trace component ofCuphea seed oils, is the major constituent of two species. Two others are rich in linoleic acid, another minor component of mostCupbea oils.
Reactivity of fatty acids in the different positions of the triglycerides during hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: Fan Tie , deMan L. , deMan J. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCanola oil was hydrogenated under selective and nonselective conditions. After various hydrogenation times, the triglycerides were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and the monoglycerides separated by TLC. Triglycerides and monoglycerides were analyzed for fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content. The reaction rate in the 2‐ and 1,3‐positions of the glycerides was identical and of first order kinetics. Since the 2‐position of the canola oil contained higher levels of 18:2 acids, the rate of change was greater than in the 1,3‐positions. There were indications of a slightly lower rate oftrans formation in the 2‐position during nonselective hydrogenation. Linoleate selectivities for the 2‐ and 1,3‐positions were determined.
The effect of feeding di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the lipid metabolism of laying hens
Authors: Wood D. L. , Bitman Joel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDi‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer, is now seen as an environmental pollutant. DEHP has been found to inhibit lipid and sterol synthesis in rats and mice. The effects of DEHP on various aspects of lipid metabolism were examined in chickens. White Leghorn laying hens were fed either a standard laying mash control diet (C) or the control diet containing 1% DEHP (DEHP) or 1% DEHP and 5% tallow (DEHP‐T) for 28 days. DEHP and DEHP‐T lowered feed consumption 10% but did not significantly affect body weight. After 3 weeks on the diets, egg production was 15–20% less in DEHP‐T than in C and DEHP hens. No differences were observed in egg weight, percent shell, white or yolk among the groups. DEHP and DEHP‐T did not alter egg lipid or egg cholesterol concentrations. DEHP and DEHP‐T lowered plasma lipid concentration about 20% and free and total cholesterol 20–30%. Liver weights increased, being 30, 34 and 39 g for C, DEHP and DEHP‐T hens, respectively, after 28 days. Total liver lipid and cholesterol increased 19% and 26% in DEHP hens and 54% and 79% in DEHP‐T hens when compared to controls. In contrast, the fat content of pectoralis major muscle decreased significantly in DEHP and DEHP‐T hens. These results, in showing that DEHP alters plasma and tissue cholesterol but not yolk cholesterol, demonstrate again that egg cholesterol is remarkably resistant to alteration by dietary means.
Vitamin A induced hypertriglyceridemia in cholesterol‐fed rats
Authors: Solomon Louis W. , Erdman John W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of level and feeding frequency of retinoic acid (OIC) or retinyl acetate (YL) on the accumulation of lipids in the serum and liver of rats were investigated. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed ad libitum 1% cholesterol diets with or without supplemental OIC or YL. Vitamin A‐fed groups included (per g of dry diet): 105 μg of OIC or 113 μg YL daily for 28 days, 735 μg OIC or 791 μg YL once each week for 28 days; and 735 or 105 μg OIC on day 1 or 105 μg OIC daily for the week experiment. Daily feeding of OIC or YL increased serum triglyceride concentrations as compared to controls. Several days after removal of OIC or 1 week after removal of supplemental YL from the rat diets, serum triglyceride concentrations returned to basal levels. Cholesterol feeding elevated serum cholesterol as well as hepatic cholesterol, total lipids and vitamin A concentrations. Daily OIC feeding depressed serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. These results show that daily supplement of vitamin A increased serum triglycerides and reduced serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Serum and liver alterations were dependent on continued feeding.
Analysis of dolichol in human tissues by high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Freeman D. J. , Rupar C. A. , Carroll K. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDolichol from human liver was shown by reverse‐phase high pressure liquid chromatography to consist of a series of homologues ranging in length from 17 to 23 isoprene units. The two major components, corresponding to 19 and 20 isoprene units, respectively, were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Dolichyl palmitate, synthesized from liver dolichol, showed an identical series of peaks with longer retention times. Attemps to chromatograph dolichyl phosphate under similar conditions were unsuccessful. Dolichol from uterine tissue and several other human tissues showed a shift toward shorter chain length, with a predominance of homologues containing 18 and 19 isoprene units.
Secondary regulatory sites in rat liver cholesterol biosynthesis: Role of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
Authors: Jabalquinto Ana María , Cardemil Emilio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe activity of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase in 43,000 g supernatant fractions from livers and kidneys of male adult rats has been determined. Enzyme activity in liver is significantly increased when rats are fed a diet containing 3% cholestyramine (268% of control rats) and decreased when fed a diet containing 2% cholesterol (25% of control rats). No circadian rhythm of enzyme activity is found in liver or kidneys. These results show that variations in hepatic cholesterogenesis affect the activity of 5‐pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase in a similar way as other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Heats of vaporization of then‐fatty acid esters
Authors: Fisher Charles H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeats of vaporization at both 25°C and normal boiling points are given for then‐fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters and then‐alkyl acetates. The validity of the reported heats of vaporization is supported by: (i) their agreement with those estimated by alternate methods, and (ii) the equations correlating heats of vaporization with homolog carbons have the proper slopes (approximately 4.96). Equations also are given for correlating heats of vaporization with boiling points, and boiling points and molar volumes with homolog chainlength.
Filtration in hydrophobic media: 2. A triglyceride partition phenomenon as observed by tangential filtration of butter oil
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHaving demonstrated a partition of a hydrophobic medium (butter oil) under crossflow filtration and having tentatively explained the phenomenon on stereochemical and saturation basis, the molecular partition was studied by tangential filtration. Under specific hydrodynamic conditions, a filtration phenomenon was demonstrated. The solid fat content (SFC) at 20°C of the fractions obtained was investigated accordingly. When the molecular partition takes place, an SFC divergency between the permeate and the retentate is observed. The amplitude of the divergency depends on experimental conditions.
Weak gels of fat crystals in oils at low temperatures and their fractal nature
Authors: Johansson Dorota 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe formation of fat crystal gels in soybean oil has been studied by sedimentation in a low concentration region at 10–25°C. At 10°C, weak gels were formed with 1% crystals, and no gels formed at concentrations of 2–5%. At temperatures of 15–25°C, no gels were formed at concentrations of 1–5%, and samples sedimented. Stronger gels of fat crystals were formed with ∼10% fat crystals at all temperatures examined. Formation of weak gels is a consequence of the fractal nature of fat crystal aggregates and sediments. At low temperature, the interaction is weak. The fractal dimension is then high, and the floc size is large for low crystal concentrations. These large flocs form a three‐dimensional network that act as a weak gel and withstand gravitational force. When the temperature is increased, the fat crystal interaction becomes stronger, fractal dimension decreases, and floc size decreases. Smaller flocs have a higher density, pack more easily, and sediment. Similar effects are observed when the concentration of fat crystals is increased at low temperature due to a decrease in floc size.
Preparation and composition of a dry‐milled flour from cowpeas
Authors: Phillips R. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCowpeas having a smooth, brown, loosely adhering seedcoat (Mississippi Silver Hull Crowder) were milled to a flour by coarsely cracking the dry (12% H2O) peas on a Morehouse Mill, aspirating the seedcoats on a peanut sheller, and reducing the cotyledon fraction to a flour by several passes through the Morehouse Mill. The flour was produced in 88% yield from the starting peas. The proximate composition of resulting flour differed from that of whole peas principally in fiber content (2.5 vs 7.1% ADF), and also contained (dsb) 26% protein, 1.6% fat, 3.3% ash and ∼67% NFE. Seed coat removal also reduced tannin content and effective trypsin inhibitor activity of the flour. The essential amino acid profile of cowpea flour resembled that of soy flour, but was somewhat lower in the limiting sulfur amino acids.
Hydrolysis of human horny cells by alkaline protease: Morphological observation of the process
Authors: Hoshino Eiichi , Maruta Kazunari , Wada Yasunao , Mori Kazuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe interaction of highly purified alkaline protease fromBacillus sp. KSM‐K16 with the horny cells of human skin contained in skin grime was directly visualized by electron microscopy. It became clear that the protease first penetrates the horny cells and then adsorbs, mainly onto the internal structure of the cells at the initial stage of hydrolysis, and directly hydrolyzes the keratin filaments, though the marginal band surrounding them retains its original shape. Then, hydrolysate produced from the keratin filaments flows out of the cell, and early in the hydrolysis process keratin filaments decrease and then disappear, leaving a marginal band, i.e., the cell turns to a hollow state. As a result, the remaining marginal band loses support from inside the cell, thus promoting cleavage and dispersion. Until this stage in the protease reaction, the remarkable liberation of hydrolysis products as water‐soluble protein does not occur.
Quantitative analysis of oil removal from cotton fabrics through thein situ formation of microemulsions by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Joubran Remon , Parris Nicholas , Dudley Robert , Cooke Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSolubilization and subsequent removal of soybean oil from cotton fabrics through thein situ formation of microemulsions were evaluated by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Regions of water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water microemulsions were identified for systems that contained polyoxyethylene (60) sorbitol hexaoleate, soybean oil, and an aqueous phase composed of water/ethanol or isopropanol (80:20 wt%) at 25°C. The amount of oil removed from the cotton fabrics was determined by solid‐state NMR after constructing a calibration curve relating the intensity of camphor/oil NMR signals (Ic/Io) to their molar ratio (Mc/Mo). A precision Crockmeter (Mul‐Tech Industries, New York, NY) was used to reproducibly remove soybean oil stain from cotton fabric, which was subsequently analyzed by NMR. Typically, more than 90% of the oil stain was removed after 200 revolutions of the Crockmeter finger with 2 wt% surfactant at 25°C. Increasing the amount of surfactant to 6 wt% improved soybean oil removal from the fabric to 99 wt%.
Measurement of adulteration of olive oils by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Wesley I. J. , Barnes R. J. , McGill A. E. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAuthentication of olive oils is of great importance, not only because they command a high price but also because of the health implications of adulteration with seed oils. A method for predicting the level of adulteration in a set of virgin and extra‐virgin olive oils adulterated with corn oil, sunflower oil, and raw olive residue oil by near‐infrared spectroscopy is presented. The best result was a correct prediction for 98% of the samples. Principal component analysis was used to predict the type of adulterant. The best result was a 75% prediction rate. From these results, it is concluded that it is possible to design a quality control system, which uses near‐infrared technology to measure the level of adulteration. In the case where the only test is whether the sample is adulterated or not, a simple calibration for adulteration can be used. The results suggest that principal component analysis may offer a means of identifying the adulterant, although more work is required to give an acceptable level of accuracy.
Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of phospholipid adsorption onto silicic acid
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDiffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the mode of adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in hexane onto silicic acid (SA). PC adsorption was mainly through the charged phosphate group with minimal binding through the ester carbonyl. When the SA surface with adsorbed PC is washed with hexane, containing a small concentration of isopropanol, the desorbed PC is recovered without structural change, i.e., there is no evidence of PC hydrolysis in the adsorption process. Adsorbent misture probably promotes PC adsorption due to the increased availability of surface water hydroxyl groups for interaction with the PC phosphate groups. Isopropanol promoted PC binding by destabilizing PC reverse miscelles in solution, thus promoting its adsorption.
Analysis of hydroxylated fatty acids from plant oils
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Vosmann Klaus , Fehling Eberhard , Mukherjee Kumar D. , Bergenthal Dieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel process has been described recently for the preparation of hydroxylated fatty acids (HOFA) and HOFA methyl esters from plant oils. HOFA methyl esters prepared from conventional and alternative plant oils were characterized by various chromatographic methods (thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as well as1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HOFA methyl esters obtained fromEuphorbia lathyris seed oil, low‐erucic acid rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil contain as major constituents methylthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxy octadecanoate (derived from oleic acid) and methyl dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran octadecanoates, e.g., methyl 9,12‐dihydroxy‐10,13‐epoxy octadecanoates and methyl 10,13‐dihydroxy‐9,12‐epoxy octadecanoates (derived from linoleic acid). Other constituents detected in the products include methyl esters of saturated fatty acids (not epoxidized/derivatized) and traces of methyl esters of epoxy fatty acids (not hydrolyzed). The products that contain high levels of monomeric HOFA may find wide application in a variety of technical products.
Margarines: A rheological study
Authors: Segura J. A. , Herrera M. L. , Añón M. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTime‐dependent flow properties of both commercial and pilot plant‐made margarines were characterized under steady shear. Flow curves were fitted to the kinetic expression τ = τi +a e−k1t +b e−k2t. A first‐order kinetic model did not describe the observed destruction process of the margarine structure in an adequate manner. In the proposed model, two structures with different destruction rates are postulated. Each structure contributes to a part of the shear stress necessary to deform the margarine sample. The parameters τia andb are temperature‐dependent. Decreasing temperatures produce an exponential increase of τi, a linear increase ofb and an increase ofa up to a point beyond which it remains constant. A physical interpretation of the model is proposed. The role of the aqueous phase was also studied. Greater hardness was detected at higher water content. Parameter τi increased, at any selected temperature, with increasing aqueous phase content of the sample. Parametera increased with decreasing temperatures and higher water content. On the other hand, parameterb was not affected by the amount of aqueous phase. This kinetic model could be employed to perform studies on the influence of different parameters of margarine formulation on its rheologic behavior.
Search for new industrial oils. XIII. Oils from 102 species of cruciferae
Authors: Miller Roger Wayne , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeed from additional species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for crude protein, oil and fatty acids in the oil. Oils were like those reported earlier from other crucifers, except forCardamine impatiens which is unique among known seed oils because it contains some 25% dihydroxy acids. Erucic acid is present (0.3舑55%) in about three‐fourths of the 102 samples. Eicosenoic acid is a major constituent (32舑53%) in four species and monohydroxy acids (45舑72%) in another four. Linolenic acid occurs (2舑66%) in oil of all species.
In vitro inhibition of lipase activity by malonaldehyde, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde
Authors: Landsberg J. D. , Sinnhuber R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe in vitro inhibition of bovine pancreatic lipase by malonaldehyde, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde was investigated. Malonaldehyde, as sodium 3‐oxy‐prop‐2‐enal (MA‐Na), was found to be the most inhibitory at pH values below 7. Its reaction with lipase appeared to be two part: the first was rapid and a function of the MA‐Na concentration; the second part was slower and related linearly to the MA‐Na concentration. Methanol‐free formaldehyde was a much less effective inhibitor. Low concentrations (0.01 M) had little effect on lipse activity. Propionaldehyde produced the least inhibition. A break point in the reaction of propionaldehyde with lipase occurred with time. After the break point, the inhibition nearly parallelled that seen in the control.
Instrumental study of aldehyde oils and their reaction with selected amines
Authors: Sharpe R. E. , Berry D. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnsaturated aldehyde oils prepared by partial ozonization of soybean oil gave infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in qualitative accord with the structures expected. Infrared spectra indicated that the unsaturation present was in thetrans form. Reactions of dialdehyde oil with various amines proceeded with surprising ease at room temperatures to give facticelike, crosslinked products.
Study on the effect of antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl nonconjugated octadecadienoates
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMany studies have been published on the effect of antioxidants on unsaturated fatty acid esters but the differences of the effects of antioxidants on geometric isomers have never been investigated. In this study, methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate and itstrans isomer methyltrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoate were used as methyl nonconjugated dienoates, and BHA, BHT, PG, NDGA, 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐3,5,3′,5′‐tetratert‐butyl diphenyl methane, L‐thyroxine sodium salt,a‐tocopherol and sesamol were used, as antioxidants. The differences of the effects of antioxidants on both geometric isomers were investigated by determining the induction period using the weighing method. Also determined were the infrared and ultraviolet spectra, peroxide values, conjugated diene contents, isolatedtrans double bond contents and molecular weights for the controls and the samples containing antioxidants. Thecis,cis isomer was more easily autoxidized and had a shorter induction period than thetrans,trans form. By the end of the induction period, no isolatedtrans double bond forms in thecis,cis isomer, but a considerable amount of isolatedtrans double bond decreased in thetrans,trans isomer. In general, the effects of antioxidants, except NDGA, on thecis,cis isomer were larger than thetrans,trans form.
Computerization in fabric detergency testing
Authors: Illman J. C. , Hartwig G. M. , Roddewig J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn automated method is described which greatly speeds the calculation of fabric detergency test results. Laboratory determination of fabric detergency commonly involves replicated, bench scale washing of small pieces of cotton artificially soiled with various oil‐carbon black mixtures. Reflectance measurements before and after washing give a measure of the amount of soil removed. Often, in a program involving several variables, thousands of reflectance measurements may be involved. By converting the electrical signal from the reflectometer to digital form, and feeding this value to a card punch, the reflectance values are systematically recorded on punched cards. Using an appropriate computer program, the reflectance changes for each test are calculated and tabulated, the saving in operator time is large and statistical examination of the data can be incorporated with the program. An example of the type of data output is given.