bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host‐size‐dependent sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Ueno Takatoshi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCharnov's host‐size model explains parasitoid host‐size‐dependent sex ratio as an adaptive consequence when there is a differential effect of host size on the offspring fitness of parasitoid males versus females. This article tests the predictions and the assumptions of the host‐size model. The parasitoid wasp Pimpla nipponica Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) laid more female eggs in larger or fresher host pupae when choice among hosts of different sizes or ages was allowed. Then, whether an asymmetrical effect of host size and age on the fitness of females versus males existed in P. nipponica was examined. Larger or fresher host pupae yielded larger wasps. Larger females lived longer, whereas male size did not influence male longevity. Large males mated successfully with relatively large females but failed with small females, whereas small males could mate successfully either with small or with large females. Thus, small‐male advantages were found, and this held true even under male–male competition. Ovariole and egg numbers at any one time did not differ among females of different sizes. Larger females attained higher oviposition success and spent less time and energy for oviposition in hosts. Larger females produced more eggs from a single host meal. Taken together, females gained more, and males lost more, by being large. Host size and age thus asymmetrically affected the fitness of offspring males versus females through the relationships between host size or hast age and wasp size, which means the basic assumption of the host‐size model was satisfied. Therefore, sex ratio control by P. nipponica in response to host size and age is adaptive.
Indirect interactions in aphid–parasitoid communities
Authors: Müller C. B. , Godfray H. Charles J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIndirect interactions between populations of different species can be important in structuring natural communities. Indirect effects are either mediated by changes in population densities (trophic or density‐mediated effects) or by changes in the behavior of species that are not trophically connected (behavioral or trait‐mediated effects). We reviewed the literature on aphids and their parasitoids to explore the various possible indirect interactions that can occur in such communities. The review was motivated by our study of a particular aphid–parasitoid community in a natural (i.e., nonagricultural) habitat, and by the wealth of information that exists about aphid–parasitoid systems in agricultural settings. We focused our review on aphid–parasitoid interactions, but considered how these were influenced by the other aphid natural enemies and also by aphid mutualists and host plants. We conclude that indirect effects are likely to have a major effect in structuring aphid–parasitoid communities, and that the latter are a valuable model system for testing ideas about community interactions.
Colony expansion model for describing the spatial distribution of populations
Authors: Yamamura K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo equations have been used frequently to describe the relation between the sample variance (s2) and sample mean (m) of the number of individuals per quadrat: Taylor's power law, s2 = amb, and Iwao's m*−m regression, s2 = cm + dm2, where a, b, c, and d are constants. We can obtain biological information such as colony size and the degree of aggregation of colonies from parameters c and d of Iwao's m*−m regression. However, we cannot obtain such biological information from parameters a and b of Taylor's power law because these parameters have not been described by simple functions. To mitigate such in‐convenience, I propose a mechanistic model that produces Taylor's power law; this model is called the colony expansion model. This model has the following two assumptions: (1) a population consists of a fixed number of colonies that lie across several quadrats, and (2) the number of individuals per unit occupied area of colony becomes v times larger in an allometric manner when the occupied area of colony becomes h times larger (v≥ 1, h≥ 1). The parameter h indicates the dispersal rate of organisms. We then obtain Taylor's power law with b = {ln[E(h)] + ln[E(v2)]}/{ln[E(h)] + ln[E(v)]}, where E indicates the expectation. We can use the inverse of the exponent, 1/b, as an index of dispersal of individuals because it increases with increasing E(h). This model also yields a relation, known as the Kono–Sugino relation, between the proportion of occupied quadrats and the mean density per quadrat: −ln(1 −p) = fmg, where p is the proportion of occupied quadrats, f is a constant, and g = ln[E(h)]/{ln[E(h)] + ln[E(v)]}. We can use g as an index of dispersal as it increases with increasing E(h). The problem at low densities where Taylor's power law is not applicable is also discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Liebhold A. , Kamata N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFoliage‐feeding forest insects have served as model systems in the study of animal populations for more than 50 years. Early studies emphasized identification of “key” mortality agents or density‐dependent sources of mortality. However, these efforts became burdened by rhetorical ambiguity, and population ecologists are increasingly focusing on characterizing population behavior and identifying the processes that generate that behavior. Two types of behavior seem to be common in forest insect populations: periodic oscillations (“population cycles”) and spatial synchrony (synchronous fluctuations over large geographic areas). Several population processes (e.g., host–pathogen interactions) have been demonstrated to be capable of producing periodic oscillations, but the precise identity of these processes remains uncertain for most forest insects and presents a challenge to future research. As part of these efforts, a greater emphasis is needed on the use of statistical methods for detecting periodic behavior and for identifying other types of population behavior (e.g., equilibrium dynamics, limit cycles, transient dynamics). Spatial synchrony appears to be even more ubiquitous in forest insect populations. Dispersal and regional stochasticity (”Moran effect”) have been shown to be capable of producing synchrony, but again more research is needed to determine the relative contribution of these processes to synchrony observed in natural populations. In addition, there is a need to search for other types of time–space patterns (e.g., traveling waves, spiral waves) in forest insect populations and to determine their causes.
Modern Morbidity following Pulmonary Resection for Postprimary Tuberculosis
Authors: Rizzi Adriano , Rocco Gaetano , Robustellini Mario , Rossi Gerolamo , Pona Claudio Della , Vertemati Giuseppe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBetween January 1991 and March 1996, a total of 28 patients with postprimary tuberculosis underwent resection
for disease progression (n= 8), multidrug resistance or noncompliance to the medical treatment (n= 11), parenchymal sequelae (n= 3), suspected cancer
(n= 5), and for the correction of postpneumonectomy
bronchopleural fistula and empyema (n= 1). On
admission, eight patients presented with sputum positivity (28.6%). Similar to previous series, tubercular predilection for upper lobes was
confirmed (21/28, 75%); accordingly, upper lobectomy through an
extrapleural approach was the most common procedure (16/28, 57.1%). Atypical segmental resections or segmentectomies were performed in
seven patients (25%), whereas a bilobectomy was necessary in another
three patients (10.7%) and a completion pneumonectomy in one (3.6%). Additional procedures were an open‐window thoracostomy with
transpericardial closure of the main bronchus and a tailored
thoracoplasty. No operative mortality was reported. Healing was
achieved in 26 patients (93%). Bleeding, either from the chest wall or
hilar dissection, was the only reported intraoperative complication. Median blood loss, inclusive of early postoperative collections from
chest tubes, reached 1330 ml (range 100–3700 ml). Major postoperative
complications included recurrent disease (2/28, 7%) in sputum‐positive
patients and segmental pulmonary embolism (3.5%). Causes of minor
morbidity were air leaks resulting in residual space undergoing
spontaneous resolution (18%), wound breakdown (14%), and, fever
(11%). This limited series confirms the therapeutic value of the
surgical treatment of postprimary tuberculosis, provided that correct
indications, adequate pre‐ and postoperative medical coverage, and
meticulous technique are applied.
Abdominal Tuberculosis
Authors: Aston Niall O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThroughout the world tuberculosis is associated with poverty, deprivation, and human immunodeficiency virus
infection. Abdominal tuberculosis is usually of insidious onset with
diverse symptoms and signs. A few present with acute complications of
perforation, obstruction, or bleeding. The diagnosis is difficult, especially in areas where the disease is less common, as many patients
do not have evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis or a positive skin test. The main differential diagnosis ranges from Crohn's disease in the
young and advanced malignancy in the elderly. Delayed diagnosis is
common, resulting in high mortality. Many investigations provide
findings suggestive but not diagnostic of tuberculosis. With peritoneal
tuberculosis, assay of ascitic fluid adenosine deaminase activity is a
valuable, simple method of diagnosis that may reduce the need for
laparoscopic biopsy. If the clinical suspicion of abdominal
tuberculosis is high, a trial of medical treatment is appropriate. Surgery should be reserved for the complications of the disease. All
patients require treatment with three antituberculous drugs over a
6‐month course.
Surgical Treatment of Bacillus Calmette Guérin Lymphadenitis
Authors: Hengster Paul , Sölder Brigitte , Fille Manfred , Menardi Gesine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough its protective effect is contested and the risk of contracting tuberculosis is rather low
nowadays, BCG vaccination is frequently performed. Changes of strain
repeatedly led to an increased complication rate. In Austria between
1990 and 1991, of 3386 newborn babies (Strain Pasteur) 116 developed
lymphadenitis 3 to 28 weeks after vaccination. The affected children
received four types of treatment: nothing specific, isoniazid, or
surgery with and without isoniazid. Surgical treatment was found to be
necessary in 96 cases. Bacilli were successfully grown in culture in
46% of cases up to week 20 after vaccination; but later than 20 weeks
no culture became positive. All cultured bacteria were
isoniazid‐sensitive. From our data we drew the following conclusions:
Isoniazid therapy did not prove successful when inflamed lymph nodes
exceeded a certain size. Suppurative lymphadenitis in lymph nodes
exceeding 1.0 to 1.5 cm usually led to infiltration or even perforation
of the skin. Surgery prevents these complications and significantly
reduces healing time. Adjuvant isoniazid therapy cannot be recommended, except for generalized BCG tuberculosis.
Prevention of Postoperative Late Kyphosis in Pott's Disease by Anterior Decompression and Intervertebral Grafting
Authors: Korkusuz Feza , İslam Cihangir , Korkusuz Zeki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 185 patients with Pott's disease were operated on between 1973 and 1992. Anterior decompression
by preserving the pleura (extrapleural approach) was the preferred
method in the thoracic spine. In the lumbar spine the approach was
retroperitoneal, and interbody fusion was performed in both for the
thoracic and the lumbar regions. Anterior decompression and
intervertebral grafting comprised the treatment. In five patients, internal fixation accompanied anterior decompression and intervertebral
grafting. The aim of instrumentation was to enhance anterior spinal
stability, and Alıcı spinal instrumentation was the preferred
device. Graft destruction and a late increase in kyphosis was prevented
by this means. The mean follow‐up period was 7.5 years. Thirty‐two of
the cases were admitted to the clinic because of Pott's paraplegia: 19 of the cases recovered completely following anterior decompression;
partial recovery was observed in 5 cases; but 8 cases did not recover. Various complications, including seven deaths, were observed in 42 of
the cases.
Risks of the Minimal Access Approach for Laparoscopic Surgery: Multivariate Analysis of Morbidity Related to Umbilical Trocar Insertion
Authors: Mayol Julio , Garcia‐Aguilar Julio , Ortiz‐Oshiro Elena , De‐Diego Carmona Jose A. , Fernandez‐Represa Jesus A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the morbidity associated with trocar and needle insertion for
laparoscopic surgery and to identify risk factors for complications. Data from a prospectively collected database of all laparoscopic
operations performed at a major teaching hospital over a 4‐year period
were analyzed. In 203 patients closed laparoscopy (Veress needle plus
blind trocar insertion) was used to establish the pneumoperitoneum. Open laparoscopy with a Hasson's trocar was performed in 200 patients. A total of 1206 operative trocars were inserted (mean ± SD
2.99 ± 0.4). Sixty‐nine percutaneous punctures for
cholangiography or liver biopsy were carried out. Of the 403 patients
undergoing laparoscopic surgery, 20 (5%) had developed complications
specifically related to the access to the abdominal cavity after a
minimum follow‐up of 3 months, abdominal wall hematoma being the most
frequent (n= 8, 2.0%), followed by umbilical hernias (n= 6, 1.5%) and umbilical wound infection
(n= 5; 1.2%). The rate of penetrating injuries was
0.2% (n= 1). Of 20 complications, 15 (75%) were
related to the umbilical insertion site. Female sex and closed
laparoscopy were associated with umbilical morbidity by univariate
analysis. In a multivariate analysis, closed laparoscopy was the only
factor associated with these complications (odds ratio = 6.0;p= 0.04). Age, gender, obesity, diabetes mellitus, previous abdominal surgery, and the specific procedure had no
influence. In conclusion, gaining access to the peritoneal cavity for
laparoscopic surgery may cause severe complications, most of which are
related to the umbilical trocar. Although closed laparoscopy can be
safely used, open laparoscopy is associated with a lower morbidity
rate; therefore its utilization is recommended.
Parathyroid Function and Histology in Patients with Parathyroid Adenoma: Correlation of Clinical and Morphologic Findings
Authors: Luts Lena , Bergenfelz Anders , Alumets Jan , Sundler Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, creatinine, and vitamin D
and the glomerular filtration rate were compared with the histologic
properties and expression of PTH and chromogranin A in excised
parathyroid adenomas from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
(pHPT). PTH and chromogranin A were detected immunohistochemically, and
their mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hybridization with
quantification of their mRNA levels by image analysis. There was a
positive correlation between the cellular levels of PTH mRNA and the
cellular levels of chromogranin A mRNA (r= 0.4;p < 0.05). However, within certain parts of the adenomas, mostly consisting of chief cells, the expression of PTH mRNA
and chromogranin A mRNA was heterogeneous and the levels did not
correspond to each other. A reduced suppressibility of PTH in patients
with pHPT was confirmed. Although cellular levels of PTH and
chromogranin A and their mRNAs were low in the oxyphilic parts of the
adenomas, there was no correlation between the amount of oxyphilic
cells in the adenomas and the suppressibility of PTH by calcium. There
was also no association between the cellular levels of PTH mRNA or
chromogranin A mRNA as studied by image analysis and “calcium
sensitivity.” Our results thus demonstrate that although PTH and
chromogranin A mRNA levels are in general correlated to each other
there are differences in their expression within and between individual
parathyroid adenomas. It therefore seems likely that the expression of
PTH and chromogranin A are differentially regulated, and that PTH and
chromogranin A may not always be co‐secreted. This point could be of
importance, as chromogranin A and its cleavage products are known to
influence PTH secretion.
Little‐Known Aspect of Theodor Billroth's Work: His Contribution to Musical Theory
Authors: McLaren Neil , Thorbeck Rafael Vara 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTheodor Billroth's contribution to musical theory is discussed and evaluated. Billroth was a close friend
of the composer Johannes Brahms and was himself extremely musical. At
his death he left the manuscript of a book on musical theory, Wer ist Musikalisch?, which had gone through four editions by 1912. In it he attempted to answer important questions on the nature of sound
perception, the importance of rhythm as a fundamental element in music, the relation of pitch, tone, and volume, and the ways in which to
account for the affective power of music. This article outlines the
main concepts, contributions, and opinions offered by Billroth.
Regeneration of Abdominal Wall Aponeurosis: New Dimension in Marlex Peritoneal Sandwich Repair of Incisional Hernia
Authors: Matapurkar B.G. , Bhargave A. , Dawson Leelawathi , Sonal B. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.Loss of abdominal wall substance is a major cause of incisional hernia formation. It makes repair of this iatrogenic human ailment a difficult surgical problem. The abdominal wall substance loss has compelled the world's surgical community dealing with this condition to substantiate the repair with extra material such as skin, fascia, wire mesh, and lately biocompatible synthetic mesh. Even though the synthetic mesh is compatible and well tolerated by body tissues, it is not without complications. Regenerative repair in the region of the abdominal wall with substance loss is probably the best repair if it can be achieved. With reasonable success in animal experiments and the positive regenerative capacity of stem cells to transform the peritoneum into an aponeurotic layer, the new technique using a Marlex peritoneal sandwich for repair of large incisional hernias was attempted but was not reported in the article published in the World Journal of Surgery in 1991. The present study is based on experiments on seven mongrel dogs. A suitable embryonal segment of autogenous peritoneum was excised and transfered to the rectus sheath region. The gross appearance of the grafted membrane 3 months after operation revealed tough, thick tissue formation. The histology confirmed the presence of collagen fiber tissue in layers similar to the aponeurosis in the grafted peritoneal membrane. The use of this regeneration in the Marlex peritoneal sandwich technique of repair of large incisional hernias and the scientific rationale of tissue regeneration by desired metaplasia is discussed.
New Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique Using Arterial T‐grafts for Treatment of Double‐vessel Coronary Artery Disease: Experimental Study
Authors: Gulielmos Vassilios , Wagner Florian M. , Behr Friederike , Dangel Markus , Schueler Stephan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.Minimally invasive surgery has been used successfully in patients with single‐vessel coronary artery disease (CAD), but there are no clinical reports of surgical techniques for the treatment of multivessel disease in this field using both internal mammary arteries (IMAs). Therefore a canine model has been established to demonstrate the feasibility of a minimally invasive surgical treatment of coronary artery double‐vessel disease using both IMAs. Ten mongrel dogs underwent bilateral thoracoscopic preparation of both internal mammary arteries through small left lateral chest ports. Using the Port Access endovascular cardiopulmonary bypass system the right IMA (RIMA) was anastomosed as a free graft end‐to‐side to the left IMA (LIMA) as a T‐graft. After induction of cardioplegic arrest the RIMA was anastomosed to the circumflex artery and the LIMA to the left anterior descending artery. All animals were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass without inotropic support. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with no signs of ischemia. Intraoperative coronary angiography demonstrated patency of all anastomoses. The minimally invasive surgical treatment of double‐vessel CAD using arterial T‐grafts of both IMAs is thus feasible. Surgical trauma can be further reduced by harvesting the RIMA transmediastinally through the left lateral chest.
Clinical Experience with Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery and Mitral Valve Surgery with the Advantage of Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Cardioplegic Arrest Using the Port Access Technique
Authors: Gulielmos Vassilios , Wagner Florian M. , Waetzig Beate , Solowjowa Natalja , Tugtekin Sems M. , Schroeder Claudia , Schueler Stephan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract.To minimize surgical trauma, the use of Port Access cardiac surgery was initiated in patients (pts) with coronary artery disease (CAD) (42 pts) or mitral valve disease (MVD) (24 pts) in March 1996 at our institution. Altogether 42 pts (36 men, 6 women; age 31–75 years, median 59.0 years) with isolated lesions of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery underwent Port Access coronary artery surgery (PACAS). A small (5–9 cm) incision was done parasternally on top on the fourth rib. The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was dissected through the minithoracotomy or by using an additional thoracoscopic approach. A total of 24 pts (12 men, 12 women; age 30–75 years, median 62 years) underwent Port Access mitral valve surgery (PAMVS). In these pts the procedure was performed through a small right thoracotomy (6–8 cm). In all cases, endovascular cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was instituted through femoral cannulation, and an additional endoaortic balloon catheter was introduced into the ascending aorta for aortic occlusion. In pts with PACAS the survival was 98% (41/42) and in the PAMVS group 100%. All pts but one survived the PACAS and are well today. There were no deaths in the PAMVS group. The hospital stay was reduced by 1 day on average after PACAS and 3 days after PAMVS. Thus in well selected patients Port Access cardiac surgery represents a safe and feasible minimally invasive surgical approach that avoids the potential complications of a sternotomy while offering the advantages and safety of CPB and cardioplegic arrest. This minimally invasive approach offers a shortened hospital stay and earlier rehabilitation.