bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Safety of Oral Antidiabetic Agents: The Insulin Secretagogues
Authors: Caulfield Michael T. , O’Brien Kevin D. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefThis article reviews and dispels concerns about the potential cardiotoxicity of insulin and oral diabetes drugs, specifically the insulin secretagogues, in patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors focus on insulin and the sulfonylurea drugs but also briefly discuss meglitinide analogs.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-Based Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus on Exenatide
Authors: Dungan Kathleen , Buse John B. 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEFTherapies based on the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 are novel treatment options for type 2 diabetes that act through a variety of complementary mechanisms. Exenatide, which will likely become the first application to reach the market, has shown promise in phase III trials in reducing hemoglobin A1c without causing significant hypoglycemia or weight gain.
Dynamic‐mechanical and thermal characterization of polypropylene/ethylene–octene copolymer blend
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolypropylene/Ethylene–Octene copolymer (PP/EOC) blends were prepared by melt blending technique followed by compression molding. The effect of addition of EOC on the mechanical behavior of the PP matrix was investigated. Tensile and flexural strengths decreased with the incorporation of EOC. However, the impact strength of the matrix polymer increased in all the blend systems. The blends prepared at 30% EOC content showed an increase in the impact strength to the tune of 380% as compared with polypropylene (PP) matrix. The morphology of the fractured surfaces was investigated employing Scanning Electron Microscopy. SEM micrographs depicted the formation of biphase structure, wherein the EOC phases were homogeneously dispersed as small droplets within the PP matrix. WAXD patterns revealed that the α monoclinic form of isotactic PP does not show any significant change with the incorporation of EOC up to 70 wt %. DSC thermograms revealed a decrease in the melting temperature of the virgin matrix with the addition of EOC. The blend system at 50% EOC exhibited a broad crystallization exotherm at 75°C thus indicating multiple crystallization behavior primarily attributed to the difference in the nucleation process. Further DMA analysis showed presence of two different relaxation peaks corresponding to the Tg of EOC and PP matrix respectively, confirming the formation of a biphase structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Ermüdungssicherheit für Stahlbeton unter Temperaturzwang: Einsichten für Praktiker
Authors: Meek Jethro W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFür Stahlbetonbrücken erweist sich der Nachweis der Ermüdungssicherheit manchmal als entwurfsbestimmend. Die Wichtigkeit von Temperaturzwang in statisch unbestimmten Tragwerken wird überschätzt, wenn die effektive Steifigkeit gerissener Querschnitte unnötig groß angesetzt wird und die daraus resultierenden Spannungsschwankungen in voller Höhe als ermüdungswirksam angesehen werden. Einfache aber grundsätzliche Überlegungen decken die physikalischen Zusammenhänge auf und ermöglichen eine realistische Erfassung der Auswirkung von Temperaturzwang auf die Ermüdungssicherheit.
Density Matrices in NMR Spectroscopy: Part I
Authors: Farrar Thomas C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor many of the modern NMR experiments such as INEPT, DEPT, COSY and others, simple vector diagrams are not adequate for explaining or predicting the time evolution, the selective cross‐polarization or the multiple quantum processes which take place in the spin system. Density matrix theory is a powerful, elegant and relatively simple formalism for describing in detail the time evolution of spin systems. The fundamentals of matrix theory are presented in this paper along with some simple examples for a single spin of 1/2 and for a system of two spins of 1/2.
Introduction to magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Talagala S. Lalith , Lowe Irving J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCross‐sectional magnetic resonance imaging using the spin‐warp technique is described in detail. NMR signals originating from different positions in a three‐dimensional object are discriminated via slice‐selection, phase‐encoding, and frequency‐encoding procedures. During slice selection, magnetization corresponding to a narrow slice of the object is excited by a frequency selective rf pulse applied in the presence of a magnetic field gradient perpendicular to the slice. The spatial information along one of the dimensions in the imaged plane is encoded into the phase of the ensuing signal by incrementing, in successive experiments, the magnitude of a field gradient applied before signal detection (phase‐encoding). The spatial information along the other dimension defining the imaged plane is incorporated into the frequency of the signal by imposing a gradient during signal detection. Cross‐sectional images are obtained by two‐dimensional Fourier transformation of a series of appropriately phase‐ and frequency‐encoded echoes. Extension of the method to multi‐slice imaging is also discussed.
The effects of pay and job satisfaction on the labour supply of hospital consultants
Authors: Ikenwilo Divine , Scott Anthony 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere is little evidence about the responsiveness of doctors' labour supply to changes in pay. Given substantial increases in NHS expenditure, new national contracts for hospital doctors and general practitioners that involve increases in pay, and the gradual imposition of a ceiling on hours worked through the European Working Time Directive, knowledge of the size of labour supply elasticities is crucial in examining the effects of these major changes. This paper estimates a modified labour supply model for hospital consultants, using data from a survey of consultants in Scotland. Rigidities in wage setting within the NHS mean that the usual specification of the labour supply model is extended by the inclusion of job quality (job satisfaction) in the equation explaining the optimal number of hours worked.Generalised Method of Moments estimation is used to account for the endogeneity of both earnings and job quality. Our results confirm the importance of pay and non‐pay factors on the supply of labour by consultants. The results are sensitive to the exclusion of job quality and show a slight underestimation of the uncompensated earnings elasticity (of 0.09) without controlling for the effect of job quality, and 0.12 when we controlled for job quality. Pay increases in the new contract for consultants will only result in small increases in hours worked. Small and non‐significant elasticity estimates at higher quantiles in the distribution of hours suggest that any increases in hours worked are more likely for consultants who work part time. Those currently working above the median number of hours are much less responsive to changes in earnings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annexin 1: Differential expression in tumor and mast cells in human larynx cancer
Authors: Silistino‐Souza Rosana , Rodrigues‐Lisoni Flávia C. , Cury Patricia M. , Maniglia José V. , Raposo Luis S. , Tajara Eloiza H. , Christian Helen C. , Oliani Sonia M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAnnexin 1 protein (ANXA1) expression was evaluated in tumor and mast cells in human larynx cancer and control epithelium. The effect of the exogenous ANXA1 (peptide Ac 2‐26) was also examined during the cellular growth of the Hep‐2 human larynx epidermoid carcinoma cell line. This peptide inhibited the proliferation of the Hep‐2 cells within 144 hr. In surgical tissue specimens from 20 patients with larynx cancer, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry analysis showed in vivo down‐regulation of ANXA1 expression in the tumor and increased in mast cells and Hep‐2 cells treated with peptide Ac2‐26. Combined in vivo and in vitro analysis demonstrated that ANXA1 plays a regulatory role in laryngeal cancer cell growth. We believe that a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ANXA1 in tumor and mast cells may lead to future biological targets for the therapeutic intervention of human larynx cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwave tomography: From theory to practical imaging systems
Authors: Bolomey Jean‐Charles , Pichot Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with numerical processing techniques and practical applications of active microwave imaging. Different wavefront processing are presented, from an immediate use of measured projections to more complex procedures. Both spectral approaches to diffraction tomography and spatial iterative methods for generalized imaging are considered using multi‐incidence of multifrequency techniques for 3D and/or 2D objects. The technology of the so‐called microwave camera is presented for the fast recording of the scattered field with arrays of probes involving one‐ or two‐dimensional sensors at a single frequency or in a broad‐frequency band. Three different systems are depicted: a single‐frequency linear sensor devoted to industrial applications (on‐line transverse control of conveyed products), a single‐frequency planar microwave camera for biomedical applications and research, and a broad‐frequency linear microwave camera for civil engineering applications (detection of the rebars in reinforced concrete strctures). Microwave images obtained experimentally with the three systems are presented on configurations of practical interest for each field of application.
Object synthesis in remote sensing imagery understanding
Authors: Denisov D. A. , Plaksin M. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMatching as a general decision‐making paradigm in computer vision and image understanding is considered. The object‐growing technique as an “analysis by synthesis” idea elaboration is developed. The technique applied to “geological objects” extraction and identification is described. Computer implementation on the base of production model utilization is suggested. The results of experiments of remote sensing image processing aimed at geological deciphering are presented.
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imaging
Authors: Novak L. M. , Netishen C. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMIT Lincoln Laboratory in investigating the detection and identification of stationary ground targets in high resolution, fully polarimetric, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. This article (1) provides a brief description of the Lincoln Laboratory SAR, (2) describes an optimum polarimetric processing technique used to construct minimum‐speckle SAR intensity imagery, and (3) presents examples of polarimetrically processed imagery.©1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc
Development of experimental ionospheric tomography
Authors: Kersley L. , Pryse S. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article describes the development of experimental work on ionospheric tomography carried out in Europe. It starts with early two‐station observations and discusses the recent complex coordinated campaigns that have involved ionosondes to determine the bottomside profile and incoherent scatter radar to verify the image.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc
Edge‐preserving tomographic reconstruction from gaussian data using a gibbs prior and a generalized expectation‐maximization algorithm
Authors: Bedini Luigi , Salerno Emanuele , Tonazzini Anna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe problem of edge‐preserving tomographic reconstruction from Gaussian data is considered. The problem is formulated within a Bayesian framework, where the image is modeled as a pair of Markov Random Fields: a continuous‐valued intensity process and a binary line process. The a priori information considered here enforces constraints both on the local regularity of the image and on the line configurations. The solution, defined as the maximizer of the posterior probability, is obtained using a Generalized Expectation‐Maximization (GEM) algorithm, in which both the intensity and the line processes are iteratively updated. The simulation results show that introducing suitable priors on the line configurations improves the quality of the reconstructed images, and is particularly useful when the data record is small. The relationships with other approaches for managing discontinuities are outlined. A comparison between the GEM algorithm and an algorithm based on mixed‐annealing is made on the basis of computer simulations.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc
High‐temporal‐resolution studies of the human primary visual cortex at 4 T: Teasing out the oxygenation contribution in FMRI
Authors: Menon Ravi S. , Ogawa Seiji , Uǧurbil Kâmil 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined the EPI time course in functional MR imaging at 4 T from cortical gray matter, local draining veins, and venous sinuses. We found a small temporal shift between the initial hyperoxygenation blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) response in tissue and the larger draining veins. However, the fluctuations in the tissue time course showed strong similarity with the fluctuations in the local veins when shifted by the appropriate lag, suggesting that a large amount of this apparent “noise” is hemodynamic in nature and not related to motion. The tissue BOLD time course was observed to display a biphasic time dependence (first negative, then positive) in response to photic stimulation when substantial intersubject averaging was performed. Other areas, including those where draining veins are visible, showed only a monophasic (positive) signal change, reaching a maximum of about 6% after the onset of the visual stimulus. These time constants are in very good agreement with published data obtained with intrinsic optical mapping techniques, in which a deoxygenation phase has been shown to occur in functionally specific cortical columns, followed by an increase in blood volume which is more distributed in nature. We can use the time lag between oxygen demand and flow increase to estimate stimulus induced local tissue oxygen extraction increases of about 11%.
Using light to probe the brain: Intrinsic signal optical imaging
Authors: Frostig Ron D. , Masino Susan A. , Kwon Mike C. , Chen Cynthia H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe theory and application of intrinsic signal optical imaging is described. This in vivo imaging method is based on capturing small activity‐related reflectance changes from the illuminated brain with sensitive cameras. Intrinsic signal imaging excels in the spatial domain (∼50 μ m) and thus enables the visualization of the small, repeated functional domains that are the basis of the functional organization of the cortex in mammals. Recent developments are described, and the advantages and limitations of this imaging method and its relevance of fMRI are discussed.
Some practical aspects of image restoration
Authors: King Ivan R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRestoration procedures can greatly sharpen and beautify the details of an image, but they also have some drawbacks. Some of these adversely affect the photometry of stars in an astronomical image. One trouble is nonlinearity; another is that the restored pixels are no longer statistically independent. A more subtle problem is that the comparison of images in different wavelength bands poses an unusual requirement of identical restoration of two images that have different values of signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Astrometry with reconstructed hubble space telescope planetary camera (WF/PC 1) images
Authors: Girard Terrence M. , Li Yu , Van Altena William F. , Núñez Jorge , Prades Albert 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of image reconstruction on the astrometric precision of the Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera (WF/PC 1) has been investigated. Depending on the crowded nature and exposure of the stellar images, the reconstruction process may provide benefits for the image centering, especially in terms of the number of stars which can be detected. Unfortunately, there is also evidence that the positions derived from reconstructed images are biased toward the center of individual pixels, an astrometrically unacceptable condition.
Determination of five protein analytes using the beckman array™ and the behring nephelometer system
Authors: Schotters Susan B. , McBride James H. , Rodgerson Denis O. , Higgins Sharon , Pisa Marilyn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Beckman Array and the Behring Nephelometer offer the clinical laboratory completely automated discrete protein analysis. To select one of these systems, we compared five protein analytes: IgG, IgA, IgM, transferrin, and prealbumin. In addition to automation, we wanted to achieve better precision than our present method and have available a wider range of test selection. The Beckman Array gave 2‐week stability of calibration, analyzed lipemic samples without significant problems, and had direct manufacturer's service available. The Behring Nephelo meter offered a choice of single or multipoint calibration, retrieval of raw data, ease of operation, more flexibility in test parameters, and choice of calibrator. Interference from lipemia frequently caused variable results requiring pretreatment of the sample. Both instruments demonstrated excellent precision, linearity, and correlated adequately with the Hyland Laser Nephelometer PDQ. The Array demonstrated slightly better slope values than those of the Behring Nephelometer with the exception of prealbumin analysis.
Development and applications of sensitive enzyme immunoassay for antibodies: A review
Authors: Ishikawa Eiji , Kohno Takeyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sensitivity of the conventional enzyme immunoassay methods is seriously limited by the presence of nonspecific immunoglobulins at high concentrations in test serum. In order to overcome this difficulty, various methods have been developed, and the detection limit of serum antibodies has been lowered to 50–100 ng/l, which is 300,000‐fold lower than that by the conventional enzyme immunoassay method using antigen‐coated solid phases and anti‐immunoglobulin antibody‐enzyme conjugates. As a result, anti‐insulin antibodies have been demonstrated in most of patients treated with insulin for 0.5–10 months, and anti‐thyroglobulin IgG has been demonstrated not only in all patients with Graves' disease and chronic thyroiditis, but also in a large proportion of healthy subjects.
Predictive value of antinative dna for systemic lupus erythematosus: Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Clough John D. , Chang Rose K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPositive predictive values for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were determined for two antinative DNA assays: a Farr‐type radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a solid‐phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The study population consisted of all patients whose EIA anti‐DNA results were positive (>250 IU) during a 150 day period; in addition all patients whose EIA anti‐DNA results were 100–50 IU during the first 25 days of this period were also included. Simultaneous Farr RIA were performed on all sera, and the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescent assay was also carried out on those with positive RIA and/or EIA results. Diagnoses were established by chart review, and disease activity was scored for SLE patients. Positive predictive values for SLE were dependent on the level of test positivity, and “normal” limits of 10% binding for the Farr RIA and 800 IU for the EIA gave comparable results. Combination with Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence increased the sensitivity of both assays, especially the EIA. Results of both assays correlated significantly with activity scores in SLE patients.
Detection of cytomegalovirus‐specific igm in renal transplant recipients
Authors: McMahon Cheryl A. , Lentz Ellyn B. , Dock Nancy L. , Lamberson Harold V. , Forbes Betty A. , Dock Nancy L. , Lamberson Harold V. , Reinitz Emanuel R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have compared two IgM‐specific cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody assays, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA‐M) and an enzyme‐linked antigen immunoassay (ELA‐M), with an assay for CMV total antibody (ELISA) and viral culture for the detection of active CMV infection in renal transplant recipients. Of 75 patients (49 ELISA negative pretransplant, 26 ELISA positive), CMV‐specific IgM was detected in 35 (27 ELISA negative pre‐transplant, 8 ELISA positive) using the IFA‐M assay and in 25 (16 ELISA negative pretransplant, 9 ELISA positive) using the ELAM test. Of the 25 patients identified as positive by ELA‐M, 21 had positive viral cultures post‐transplant, two seronegative patients had evidence of infection indicated by post‐transplant seroconversion, and two patients were seropositive pretransplant but remained viral culture negative throughout the follow‐up period. ELA‐M and CMV total antibody ELISA detected primary infection in renal transplant recipients equally well, but ELA‐M was found to be superior to ELISA and IFA‐M for detecting reinfection and reactivation infections.
Senile dementia, alzheimer type: A distinct entity in the immunosenescence?
Authors: Antonaci Salvatore , Garofalo Anna R. , Chicco Carmela , Polignano Antonia V. , Pugliese Piervito , Misefari Aldo , Jirillo Emilio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince previous data have provided conflicting results on immunoresponsiveness in senile dementia, Alzheimer type (SDAT), we evaluated the immune function in groups of SDAT patients and aged and young donors. In comparison to the younger subjects, SDAT and aged subjects did not exhibit significant differences in lymphocyte surface markers. Both groups of aged donors showed decreased B cell polyclonal responsiveness in a nonspecific T cell‐driven B lymphocyte differentiation system. The use of an antigen‐specific induction assay revealed an imbalance of T helper (Th) or T suppressor function in the elderly, while SDAT individuals were characterized by decreased Th activity. At the same time, aged individuals manifested an impairment of leukocyte‐inhibiting factor (LIF) and lymphocyte‐derived chemotactic factor production; a selective deficit of LIF release was seen in SDAT. Finally, elderly individuals displayed a decline of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)‐mediated functions and monocyte phagocytosis; only a decrease in PMN response was observed in SDAT. These results reveal discrepancies in impaired immune responses between SDAT and aging.
New assay to detect shedding antigen with use of anti‐idiotypic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Tsujisaki Masayuki , Imai Kohzoh , Tokuchi Shigeru , Masuya Jiroh , Ishida Tadao , Adachi Masaaki , Hinoda Yuji , Yachi Akira , Hanzawa Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAnti‐idiotypic (Anti‐Id) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody 5B3 (IgG 1) were prepared and characterized. Five anti‐Id MoAbs recognized the private idiotype of MoAb 5B3. Idiotype mapping suggested that MoAb 5B3 had at least three distinct idiotopes at its antigen combining site.Utilizing the inhibition of idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interaction with use of anti‐Id MoAb T4‐305 or T4‐212, an immunoassay to detect shedding CEA was established. The results of this inhibition assay correlated with those of double determinant immunoassay and inhibition percentages linearly increased in a CEA concentration‐dependent manner.Since it requires only one epitope of a given antigen molecule, this assay could be widely used for detection of shedding antigens, including tumor‐associated antigens.