bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats
Authors: Youngs C. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been described for the quantitative determination of the following six glyceride types in fats: SSS, SSU, SUS, SUU, USU, and UUU. The method involved a quantitative oxidation of the unsaturated acids in the whole fat to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids. The oxidized fat was separated on a liquid‐liquid partition column into two fractions, the first containing glycerides having no dicarboxylic acid or one dicarboxylic acid and the second containing glycerides with two or three dicarboxylic acids. Analysis of these fractions by gas chromatography coupled with lipase hydrolysis allowed the calculation of the proportions of the above six glyceride types.The oxidation, fractionation, lipase hydrolysis, gas chromatographic analysis, and the over‐all method were checked on natural fats and mixtures of synthetic glycerides. The final glyceride composition appeared to be reliable to within plus or minus 2 unit per cent.Analyses are given for five natural fats. The compositions found agree very well with those calculated by a distribution theory recently proposed by Vander Wal.
The structural components of milk triglycerides
Authors: Ast H. J. , Vander Wal R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPancreatic lipase hydrolysis and gas chromatographic analysis of two samples of butter fat show that the individual acyl groups are not dispersed at random among all the glyceryl carbons. When considered only as saturated or unsaturated, and not as individuals, they appear to be distributed intermolecularly at random, or nearly so, but tend to assume specific positions intramolecularly.
Analysis of the glyceride structure of cocoa butter by thermal gradient crystallization
Authors: Jones Gary V. , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCocoa butter was separated into 43 fractions by crystallization in a thermal gradient. Similar fractions were pooled and converted into methyl esters which were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The amount of cocoa butter separated into a pure glyceride type was 85%. No significant difference was found in the ratio of palmitic to stearic acid in the GSU2 and GS2U. In the GS2U, ternary and binary eutectic mixtures are predicted by the ideal solution theory. When the eutectics are taken into consideration, the individual glyceride composition of cocoa butter agrees well with the composition predicted by restricted random distribution. To test the ability of thermal gradient crystallization to separate GU3 and GS2U a sample of cocoa butter plus 10% triolein was analyzed. The apparent composition of the cocoa butter and triolein indieated that the GU3 and the GS2U separation was incomplete.
Partial fractionation of fatty acid triglycerides on a silicic acid column
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Chapman D. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA silicic acid column chromatographic method for the fractionation of glyceride types, employing an all‐glass apparatus which permits gradient changes in solvent mixtures under pressure is described. Data on seven natural fats are discussed on the basis of the iodine values of individual fractions. The general trend in elution with the increasing concentration of ethyl ether in n‐hexane is governed by a) chain length and b) unsatuation of the constitutent fatty acids. Glycerides containing short‐chain acids are more strongly adsorbed than those containing long‐chain acids and glycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids are more strongly adsorbed in direct relation to unsaturation than those containing saturated acids of the same chain‐length.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol concentrations of plasma and aorta and their relationship to avian atherosclerosis
Authors: Feigenbaum A. S. , Fisher H. , Leveille G. A. , Weiss H. S. , Griminger P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGrowing cockerels were fed diets varying in level of protein and cholesterol and in the type of fat. Their plasma and aortas were examined for cholesterol, polynsaturated fatty acids, and atherosclerotic involvement.

The cholesterol levels of plasma and aorta were increased by low‐protein diets and by added dietary cholesterol, singly or in combination.
There appeared to be an inverse relationship between cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in both the plas and aorta.
It was again confirmed that atherosclerotic involvement is greatest in theabdominal section of the avian aorta.
There was no clear intergroup relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid levels or cholesterol concentration of the blood and the aorta and atherosclerotic involvement.
The birds receiving the combination of coconut oil and cholesterol showed a clear trend towards greater atherosclerotie involvement than those fed corn oil.
A comparison of two methods for testing detergents
Authors: Barker George E. , Kern Curtis R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA comparative study has been made of two common methods of measuring detergency. It has been shown that the method involving the measurement of light reflectance of soiled and washed fabrics gives results which lead to essentially the same conclusions as does the method involving the determination of the light transmission of wash liquors for a typical non‐ionic detergent and a typical anionic detergent. The two methods did not give comparable results when tallow soap was used.A simple experimental method which indicates the applicability of the method involving the measurement of light transmission of wash liquors has been devised.
Modification of vegetable oils. IX. Purification of technical monoglycerides
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Gros Audrey T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethods of purifying technical monoglycerides produced from cottonseed oil stearine by interesterification were investigated.It was found that the concentration of uncombined glycerol in technical monoglycerides could be reduced to about 0.4% by dissolving the technical product in commercial hexane, adding water equivalent to twice the amount of free glycerol, and separating the hexane solution. The formation of stable emulsions was largely avoided by this procedure.Technical monoglycerides containing 38.9% monoglycerides were purified by distributing them between two immiscible liquid phases (commercial hexane and an aqueous solution of methanol or ethanol). Products containing as much as 80% of monoglycerides were obtained in this manner.On fractionally crystallizing a solution of the same technical monoglyceride from aqueous ethanol, a glyceride fraction having a purity of 92% and containing 74% of the monoglycerides in the technical product was obtained.It was found that by addition of proper amounts of water ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and acetone could be made nearly equivalent for fractionating mixtures of glycerides. Methanol is most sensitive to a change in water content while isopropanol is least sensitive.When commercial hexane was used in the fractional crystallization of technical monoglycerides, as much as 84% of the non‐monoglycerides was retained in the liquid phase, and the glycerides from this phase were found to have a monoglyceride content of 9.8%. The solids obtained by crystallizations from hexane were found to simulate the filtrates obtained with the polar solvents.When a mixture of technical monoglycerides was partially crystallized from a solvent, the composition of the glycerides remaining in the solvent was relatively unaffected by changes in the concentration of the glycerides originally present in the solution.
Extraction and evaluation of oil from dried brewer's grains
Authors: Brasch J. F. , Gibbs P. , Siefker J. A. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionThe oil extracted from dried brewers' grains from a brewery using rice as an adjunct is somewhat similar in its fatty acid composition to cottonseed oil, but its dark color, high free fatty acid (19.6 to 23.2%), high unsaponifiable fraction (3.5 to 5.5%), and high acetone‐insoluble fraction (2.11 to 9.23%) lessen the value of this oil. Since conventional methods of refining did not prove satisfactory, this oil appears to be of value only as a source of fatty acids and would therefore have to be classified with vegetable oil foots.
Synthesis and bacteriostatic properties of acylarylureas and alkylarylureas
Authors: Micich T. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatty substituted ureas (RNHCONHR’) were prepared where R is an aliphatic acyl or alkyl group and R’ is a substituted phenyl group or a thiazole group. The benzene ring was generally substituted with chlorine, nitro, hydroxy, or a combination of these groups. The compounds were ineffective against gram‐negative microorganisms but a number of samples inhibited the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus at 1 ppm. Bacteriostatic activity was generally observed where the acyl or alkyl group contained 6–10 carbon atoms and where R’ is 4‐nitrophenyl, 4‐chloro‐3‐nitrophenyl or a thiazole group derived from 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazole. Scattered activity at 1 ppm was observed where R’ is 3‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐ and 3,5‐dichlorophenyl, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐chlorophenyl, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrophenyl, 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenyl, 3,5‐dinitrophenyl and 2‐nitro‐4‐chlorophenyl. The alkylureas appear to be more active than the acylureas.
A study of surfactant flooding at high salinity and hardness
Authors: Novosad J. , Maini B. , Batycky J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe main purpose of this work was to evaluate surfactant systems in terms of viscosities and retention levels in Berea sandstone and in terms of their oil displacement efficiencies. Commercially available surfactants can act as effective cosurfactants to petroleum sulfonates in high salinity and high hardness environments. Such systems can achieve the ultralow interfacial tensions required for effective tertiary oil recovery. The two cosurfactants producing effective systems distribute between the phases in such a way that one is between the upper and middle phases, and the other is between the middle and lower phases. The cosurfactant material increases the excess phase uptake into the microemulsion‐rich phase which is opposite to the behavior of alcohols used in low salinity formulations. Tertiary oil in Berea sandstone is recoverable by such surfactant systems in high salinity and high hardness environments. The chromatographic separation of surfactant species has been observed. Retention levels are quite high and must be reduced substantially before these systems can be commercialized.
Polarographic studies of fat oxidation
Authors: Kalbag S. S. , Narayan K. A. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe polarograms of autoxidized soybean oil indicated the presence of a peroxide, which was formed in considerably larger proportion in soybean oil than in methyl esters of similar composition. This peroxide was reduced at more positive potentials than the hydroperoxide at the dropping mercury electrode. In solvent fractionation, using mixtures of Skellysolve F and acetone, this peroxide associates with the polymerized fraction. Hydrogenated soybean oil samples and olive oil also showed the presence of this peroxide in considerable concentrations in the period that they began to give turbid solutions in Skellysolve F. Soybean oil oxidized in the presence of cobalt catalyst contained negligible proportions of peroxides normally reduced at the dropping mercury electrode. Attempts to concentrate the peroxides from methyl oleate oxidized in a similar manner did not succeed.
Gossypol and gossypurpurin in cottonseed of different varieties of G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, and variation of the pigments during storage of the seed
Authors: Boatner Charlotte H. , Castillon Leah E. , Hall C. M. , Neely J. Winston 
Published: May 2007

SummarySelected varieties of cottonseed comprising three Sea Island cottons, four Egyptian cottons, and 10 upland cottons providing two or more varieties having the following characteristics: short, intermediate, and long staple; low, intermediate, and high content of lipids; and low, intermediate, and high content of protein, were planted and grown under as nearly identical conditions as possible.The initial contents of moisture, lipids, nitrogen, gossypol, and gossypurpurin of the harvested seed were determined, after which samples of all of the seed were stored for a year under identical conditions and analyzed periodically for gossypol and gossypurpurin.A definite relation was found between the species of the seed and their content of gossypol and gossypurpurin. Sea Island and Egyptian seed of the speciesG. barbadense contained more gossypol and very much more gossypurpurin than seed of the speciesG. hirsutum. Within the speciesG. barbadense Sea Island seed contained more gossypol and less gossypurpurin than Egyptian seed.Gossypurpurin increased during storage of all of the seed whereas gossypol varied in a number of different ways, increasing in some, decreasing in others, and remaining relatively constant in a few samples of stored seed.A discussion is presented of the theoretical and practical implications of these observations.
A new oxidation method for the determination of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Fitelson J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method for the quantitative determination of the saturated acids in fats has been developed. This method is based upon the non‐disruptive oxidation of the unsaturated acids by performie acid, extraction of the oxidized mixture with petroleum ether and, finally, chromatographie purification of the saturated acids. The final residue contains a small quantity of non‐acid material, usually 0.1 to 0.7%, based on the total mixed fatty acids. The unsaturation of these saturated acids is equivalent to about 0.1%, as oleic acid, so that a total absolute correction of about 0.4% must be applied. The method is fairly simple and rapid, requiring about six hours for one determination and can be applied to a wide variety of fats.The method has been tested with known mixtures of pure saturated and unsaturated acids, with results varying up to 0.6% from the calculated values. Recovery of added saturated acids to olive oil fatty acids has also been satisfactory. Application of the method to the common fats shows good reproducibility, with results that compare favorably with the best accepted values. Fats containing distinctive acids, such as isooleic, eleaostearic, chaulmoogric, and rieinoleic acid, presented no analytical difficulties. However celery seed oil (petroselinic acid) contains interfering nonfatty material so that the final residue must be further purified. The method can also be used with fats containing lauric, capric, and small quantities of caprylic acids but is not satisfactory when appreciable quantities of water‐soluble saturated acids are present.
The melting point behavior of mixtures of the solid tetra‐ and hexabromides of linoleic and linolenic acids
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

The melting points of binary mixtures of tetrabromostearic acid and hexabromostearic acid are reported.

The system shows a eutectic between 9 and 10% by weight of hexabromide and at a temperature of 112°C.

It has been shown that it is necessary to report heating time and rate as well as melting point for hexabromostearic acid because of its extreme sensitivity to heat.
Lespedeza seed oil
Authors: Wiley Richard H. , Cagle A. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLespedeza seéd oil has been isolated by extraction of the pulverized seed with diethyl ether, petroleum ether, hexane, and tetrachloroethylene in 11.1–11.7% yield. The crude oil has been characterized by a number of standard tests. Its outstanding properties are its iodine number of 147 and its ability to dry.
Investigation of methods for determining the refining efficiency of crude oils
Authors: Linteris L. , Handschumaker E. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsVarious methods for estimating the neutral oil content, or conversely the loss constituents of crude cottonseed oil and soybean oil, have been explored. Of those techniques studied the International Chemical Union chromatographic procedure seemed most appropriate because it was found to be reasonably accurate and most reproducible, was easy and rapid to carry out, and required no special, elaborate, or expensive equipment. The chromatographic method has been successfully applied to a variety of crude cottonseed and soybean oils and to a few vegetable oil residues containing high percentages of loss constituents. The results obtained with this technique would appear to be eminently suitable for evaluating the efficiency of plant refining processes.Indications are that the method might ultimately prove useful for establishing the value of the various lots of crude cottonseed oil and soybean oil which normally change hands in commercial channels. The last‐mentioned application will probably have to wait for the development of a suitable companion, semimicro, or chromatographic bleach test and the adoption of an adequate acceptable standard spectrophotometric method for measuring oil color.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: IX. α‐sulfo fatty alkanolamides as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Smith F. D. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Sulfo fatty alkanolamides were prepared by sodium methylate catalyzed reactions of methyl α‐sulfo fatty esters with alkanolamines, such as ethanolamine, N‐methyl‐2‐hydroxyethylamine, diethanolamine, 3‐hydroxypropylamine, 2‐hydroxypropylamine, and diglycolamine. Pure compounds, such as α‐sulfo palmitamides and stearamides, as well as the α‐sulfo tallow amides, were prepared and evaluated as surface‐active agents. The α‐sulfo fatty alkanolamides were found to have excellent stability to alkali. Their stability to acid ranged from excellent in the case of α‐sulfo diglycolamides to poor in the case of α‐sulfo diethanolamides. Poor stability to acid was related to ease of conversion to ester‐amines. Washing tests on standard soil cloths showed that the compounds were good detergents by themselves and were also effective in combination with soap and silicates. Their lime soap dispersant requirements ranged from 7–10.
Iron and phosphorus contents of soybean oil from normal and damaged beans
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Beal R. E. , Black L. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnalyses of commercial crude soybean oils showed a highly significant correlation of 0.74 between free fatty acid and iron content. Poor flavor characteristics exhibited by finished oils extracted from damaged beans may be caused in part by a higher free fatty acid and related higher iron content in crude oils. Source of the increased iron appears to be both damaged beams and steel processing equipment. Crude oil from damaged beans is 2–10 times higher in iron than crude oil extracted from sound beans. Iron appears loosely bound in soybeans, since autoclaving, spontaneous heating in storage, or treating with alcohol increased the level of iron in laboratory extracted crude oil from 0.2 to more than 1 ppm. Present data do not indicate that iron and phosphorus contents are associated statistically in extracted oils.
Determination of therminol 66 heat transfer fluid in palm and coconut oils
Authors: Marcus Jack G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA semiquantitative method for determination of low levels of Therminol 66 heat transfer fluid in plam and coconut oils is described. After separation of the unsaponifiable matter in the triglyceride oil, IR analysis is used to determine the fluid level utilizing representative peaks at 700 and 760 cm−1.
Purification of sucrose esters by ultrafiltration
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA sucrose ester product containing glycerides and free fatty acids has been separated into a sucrose ester rich fraction and a glyceride‐fatty acid rich fraction by ultrafiltration using a benzene or carbon tetrachloride solution and a polysulfone membrane which normally separates solutes above and below a molecular weight of 10,000.
Effect of 2‐oleodipalmitin and 2‐elaidodipalmitin on polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter
Authors: Gray M. S. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter mixed with 2‐oleodipalmitin (POP) or 2‐elaidodipalmitin (PEP) was investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. Six mixtures of cocoa butter containing 10, 25, and 50% POP and 10, 25, and 50% PEP were used. Each of the three cocoa butter‐POP mixtures exhibited at least four polymorphic forms. The lowmelting form was obtained by quick chilling; the intermediate, by tempering for several hours just below the melting range; and the high‐melting, by raising the temperature slowly to 25 C then holding there overnight or longer. In the cocoa butter‐POP mixtures, only the low‐melting form appeared to be more stable than the corresponding form for pure POP or cocoa butter. In addition to increased stability of the unstable low form, the rate of conversion from the intermediate to the high form, normally quite slow, increased in the cocoa butter‐POP mixtures. Typical melting point lowering occurred when POP was added. POP was quite compatible with cocoa butter, the tempered mixture melting as a single compound; and the melting curves were fairly sharp. The three cocoa butter‐PEP mixtures appeared to be incompatible. The cocoa butter and PEP behaved like a mixture of two fats, each of which melted independently.
Rapid method for the quantitative determination of individual tocopherols in oils and fats
Authors: Müller‐Mulot Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOils and fats are frozen two times from acetone solution at ‐80 C under protection by ascorbyl palmitate. Tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) present in the filtered extract are separated into their homologues by one‐dimensional thin layer chromatography on precoated silica gel plates in the n‐hexane/ethyl acetate system 92.5:7.5. Complete separation of the positional isomers β‐T and γ‐T is accomplished as well, whereas β‐T3 and γ‐T are assumed to form identical bands. Suitable spray‐ and detection systems including new found coloring ones are described for the qualitative estimation of the chromatograms. The content of individual tocopherols (T and T3) of 24 commercial vegetable oils is quantitatively determined using the Emmerie‐Engel procedure.
Decarbonylation dehydration of fatty acids to alkenes in the presence of transition metal complexes
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe catalytic decarbonylation of stearic acid into a mixture of heptadecenes has been accomplished by use of a catalyst system comprised of rhodium trichloride (RhCl3) and triphenylphosphine. The isomeric composition of the heptadecenes formed was found, by spectroscopic and chemical methods, to be dependent upon the type of rhodium catalyst employed. Anhydrous RhCl3produced about the same amount of 2‐heptadecene, twice the amount of 3‐heptadecene, and about half the amount of 1‐heptadecene as hydrated RhCl3. The active catalytic species formed in situ has been identified as the rhodium I complex [(C6H5)3P]2Rh(CO)Cl. A mechanistic pathway to account for the observed decarbonylation products employing the above catalyst is presented.
A simple and rapid method for assessing rancidity of oils based on the formation of hydroperoxides
Authors: Eskin N. A. M. , Frenkel C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new colorimetric method is reported for determining rancidity of oil based on the complex formation between titanium and lipid hydroperoxides present in the oil. This method was highly correlative with peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods as well as with odor intensity value (OIV).