bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Progesterone and Educational Attainments
Authors: Dalton Katharina 
Published: August 2008

SummaryChildren whose mothers received prenatal progesterone have been shown to be advanced in development at one year and to have greater academic achievement at 9–10 years. This study compares the educational attainments at 17–20 years of 34 progesterone children with 37 normal and 12 toxaemic controls. More progesterone children continued schooling after 16 years compared with controls; a higher proportion left school with ‘O’ level and ‘A’ level passes, the average number of passes per child was greater at both levels and more obtained a university place. The best academic results were in those whose mothers had received over 5 grams of prenatal progesterone, and for whom administration commenced before the sixteenth week and treatment lasted longer than eight weeks.
Respiratory Ventilation and Carbon Dioxide Levels in Syndromes of Depression
Authors: Mora J. Damas , Grant L. , Kenyon Patricia , Patel M. K. , Jenner F. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe breathing rate and PCO2in end-tidal air have been studied in controls and in patients with endogenous depression (retarded and non-retarded), with neurotic depression, and with schizophrenia. It has been shown that breathing rate goes up and PCO2down in non-retarded and neurotic depression. Schizophrenia gives more anomalous results. The fact is emphasized that such changes must lead to alterations in pH and other variables. Studies showing some small chemical differences between these clinical entities and control subjects might therefore be explained by these findings.
The Hla System and the Clinical Response to Treatment with Chlorpromazine
Authors: Smeraldi E. , Bellodi L. , Sacchetti E. , Cazzullo C. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of 33 schizophrenic patients were typed for HLA-SD antigens and their qualitative clinical responses to chlorpromazine therapy determined. A highly significant positive correlation was found between response to chlorpromazine and HLA-A1 positive, while HLA-A2 positive subjects showed a significant negative correlation to chlorpromazine treatment.In a second group of 17 patients the clinical responses to chlorpromazine were evaluated quantitatively, by WPRS, in HLA-A1 positive and HLA-A1 negative patients. There were no pre-treatment differences in the scores. After treatment the scores of positive patients were significantly lower, indicating that they responded to a greater degree.Since the frequency of HLA-A1 in hebephrenic patients is higher than that in other schizophrenics this may explain our earlier finding that hebephrenics, as a group, respond better to chlorpromazine than do other schizophrenics.
Height and Personality Characteristics of 47, XYY Males in a Sample of Tall Non-Institutionalized Males
Authors: Dorus Elizabeth , Dorus Walter , Telfer Mary A. , Litwin Samuel , Richardson Claude E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA sample of 471 enlisted men 183 cm or taller serving in the US Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps was screened for Y-chromosome aneuploidy by use of quinacrine fluorescence of peripheral blood smears. Two 47, XYY males were detected, resulting in a prevalence of .00425 or approximately 1 in 236. The prevalence of 47, XYY males (.00331) in a number of samples of tall, non-institutionalized males is significantly higher than the incidence in newborn males (.00091), indicating that 47, XYY males are disproportionately represented in tall male populations. The 47, XYY males had significantly higher scores than 46, XY males on the Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia + 1K, and Prejudice scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and significantly lower scores on the Dominance scale. Since the probability that a randomly selected pair of subjects in the sample had four or more scale scores significantly different from the remainder of the group was greater than .05, it is possible that the differences between the 47, XYY and 46, XY males occurred by chance. On the other hand, one or more of these scales may measure personality dimensions on which non-institutionalized 47, XYY males may, in fact, differ from 46, XY males.
Cultural and Temporal Variations in Schizophrenia: A Speculation on the Importance of Industrialization
Authors: Cooper J. E. , Sartorius N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA speculative hypothesis is presented which links the late development of modern concepts of schizophrenia with social and familial effects of industrialization. It is suggested that the social and family structures found historically in pre-industrial societies and currently in developing countries exert a comparatively benign effect upon patients with schizophrenia, and that these effects are lost during and after industrialization. Thus the severe and chronic forms of the illness became prominent and therefore recognized in the segregated institutions of Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth century.Possible mechanisms are examined by which industrialization could influence the structure of communities and families and the development of individuals to produce the postulated changes in the individual's response to the schizophrenic illness. It is suggested that three major areas of interest for the identification of these mechanisms are (i) the rapid increase in size of towns and communities, (ii) changes in perinatal and infant mortality and morbidity, and (iii) changes in family structure. Some ways of testing the hypothesis and its implications are outlined.
Capgras' Syndrome and Cerebral Dysfunction
Authors: Hayman Martin A. , Abrams Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo cases of Capgras' syndrome in association with coarse brain disease are presented. The authors suggest that prosopagnosia (face non-recognition) may be the primary expression of a specific cerebral dysfunction which forms the basis for a delusional elaboration resulting in Capgras' syndrome.
Another Style of Psychogeriatric Service
Authors: Baker A. A. , Byrne R. J. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes a psychogeriatric service in Gloucestershire. Agreement on policies was reached with general practitioners, Social Services, other psychiatrists and hospital nursing staff. The day hospital is regarded as the preferred area of treatment for a wide variety of patients, including the severely demented. In this service less than five per cent of admissions appear to become long-stay. With emphasis on day hospital and community support the number of beds for this type of patient recommended by DHSS may be excessive.
Neurological Investigation of Dementia
Authors: Victoratos G. C. , Lenman J. A. R. , Herzberg L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-two patients thought to be suffering from dementia when first seen as neurological out-patients were fully investigated.Four of them were found to have tumours, whilst in five the dementia was due to a treatable cause.Neither a long history nor an age above sixty-five precludes a dementia being due to a treatable cause.
Folie à Quatre
Authors: Sims A. C. P. , Salmons P. H. , Humphreys Philippa 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of folie à quatre is described affecting a proband and his wife, sister and brother. The three family members retained their symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. The wife was not mentally ill and her delusions disappeared in time (folie imposée). Coincidentally, there were several cases of Huntington's chorea amongst her relatives. Different categories of folie à deux are demonstrated in the various family members and relationships.
Usefulness of Saliva Lithium Estimation
Authors: Verghese Abraham , Indrani N. , Kuruvilla K. , Hill Peter G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEstimation of lithium in 24 samples of serum and saliva show that there is a very high correlation between the lithium levels in serum and saliva (r= +0·88). The ratio found in our patients is very similar to that reported from North America. Estimation of lithium in saliva at different periods of time show there is a good degree of stability for saliva lithium levels. Thus saliva can be used as a substitute for serum for lithium monitoring. The practical advantages of this are discussed.
Seriousness of Suicide Attempt in Relation to Personality
Authors: Pallis D. J. , Birtchnell J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFrom a sample of psychiatric referrals who had completed the MMPI the following three groups, matched for age and sex, were derived: 42 patients with a history of a serious suicide attempt, 42 patients with a history of a non-serious attempt, and 126 patients who had neither attempted nor contemplated suicide. Non-serious suicide attempters were shown to be the most deviant group and differed to a significant extent from each of the other two groups on the Dependency, Hostility and Unconventionality scales. Male non-serious attempters showed the most disturbed personality profile. This implies that there is, for males, a higher personality threshold for making a non-serious attempt, which may account for the fact that suicide attempts, most of which are non-serious, are commoner among females.
The EEG as a Measure of Cerebral Functional Organization
Authors: Shaw J. C. , O'Connor K. P. , Ongley C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvidence suggests that anomalies of functional organization in the brain may be present in some psychiatric disorders and that EEG differences between psychiatric patients and appropriate control groups may depend on them. It is therefore of practical importance to develop further ways of examining the association between the EEG and such organization. The change in inter-hemisphere coherence (a measure of EEG synchronicity) in the alpha frequency band when carrying out a task is shown to discriminate a group of 11 right from 11 left preferent normal individuals. Since right and left preference is associated with differences in cerebral functional organization, the coherence measure may be a useful way of studying this feature of psychiatric illness.
Electrical Aversion Therapy with Alcoholics: A Comparative Follow-up Study
Authors: Glover J. H. , McCue P. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of alcoholics treated by partially reinforced electrical escape conditioning were found to have a significantly better outcome on follow-up than a selected control group, who showed a parallel level of motivation, and were treated by conventional methods. No sex differences in outcome were found for either group. In the experimental group, better prognosis was associated with higher social class and older age, and poorer prognosis with single marital status. There were no variations in outcome for age in the control group. In the age range 20–40 aversion therapy showed no better results than conventional therapies, but with subjects above this age range it was very significantly superior. The results are discussed with reference to the application of aversion therapy to alcoholism.
A Danish Twin Study of Manic-Depressive Disorders
Authors: Bertelsen A. , Harvald B. , Hauge M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe existence of a nation-wide twin register and central psychiatric register has made possible a catamnestic investigation of an unselected and representative sample of twins with manic-depressive disorders.From a total population of 11,288 same-sexed twin pairs born 1870–1920 in Denmark 126 probands from no pairs were ascertained. Among the co-twins of 69 monozygotic probands there were found 46 with manic-depressive disorders, and a further 14 had presented other psychoses or marked affective personality disorders or had committed suicide, yielding a proband rate of strict concordance, C1= 0·67 and of broad, partial concordance, C2= 0·87. The corresponding direct pairwise concordance rates were 32/55 = 0·58 and 46/55 = 0·84 respectively. For the dizygotic twins the proband concordance rate of C1was 11/54 = 0·20 and of C220/54 = 0·37, and the direct pairwise rates were 9/52 = 0·17 and 18/52 = 0·35 respectively. The differences between the pairwise rates for the monozygotic and dizygotic twins are significant (P < 0·001 at χ2analysis). This finding is in accordance with previous twin studies of manic-depressive disorders and confirms the evidence of a strong genetic factor. The concordance with respect to unipolar and bipolar forms was not in contradiction to recent evidence of a genetic difference between the bipolar and unipolar form, the latter probably related to the female sex.
The Impact of an Abnormal Child upon the Parents
Authors: Gath Ann 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty families with a newborn mongol baby were matched with thirty families with a normal baby. Both groups were followed for eighteen months to two years and interviewed six times. Few differences could be found in the mental or physical health of the two groups of parents, but marital breakdown or severe marital disharmony was found in nine of the mongol families and in none of the controls.
The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds
Authors: Bowlby John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn account is given of how a clinician guided by attachment theory approaches the clinical conditions to which the theory is held to apply, which include states of anxiety, depression and emotional detachment. Assessment of a patient is in terms of the patterns of attachment and caregiving behaviour which he commonly shows and of the events and situations, both recent and past, which may have precipitated or exacerbated his symptoms. The problems posed by relevant information being suppressed or falsified are noted.Viewed in this perspective a psychotherapist is seen to have a number of interrelated tasks: (a) to provide the patient with a secure base from which he, the patient, can explore himself and his relationships; (b) and (c) to examine with the patient the ways in which he tends to construe current interpersonal relationships, including that with the therapist, and the resulting predictions he makes and actions he takes, and the extent to which some may be inappropriate; (d) to help him consider whether his tendencies to misconstrue, and as a result to act misguidedly, can be understood by reference to the experiences he had with attachment figures during his childhood and adolescence, and perhaps may still be having.
Aspects of Outcome in a Therapeutic Community Setting
Authors: Kennard D. H. W. , Clemmey W. R. L. , Mandelbrote B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHow patients are seen by themselves and others close to them may influence the process of re-integration in the community after discharge. In a study in a psychiatric admission unit employing a therapeutic community approach, patients who sought little or no contact with the unit after discharge saw themselves, and were seen by others, as less ‘pleasant’ but less ‘ill’ than those who continued more regular contact. Perceptions were measured with the semantic differential technique. Patients' social class and household position were found to have a marked effect on the level of contact and on its association with how patients were seen. Diagnosis did not appear to influence hospital contact.
Kibbutz Civilian Population Under War Stress
Authors: Kaffman Mordecai 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 measures had to be taken by the kibbutz civilian population in Israel to cope with the stresses of war. The measures adopted, and the specific characteristics of an organized cohesive group, appear to have succeeded in reducing the severity of the reactions to stress and in lowering the incidence of psychiatric casualties among children and adult members of the kibbutzim.
Survival of Nieces and Nephews of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Buck Carol , Simpson Helen , Wanklin James M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvidence was found against the hypothesis that heterozygous carriers of a schizophrenic gene have a reproductive advantage through enhanced fertility. In consequence an investigation was made of the possibility that an advantage is gained through diminished early mortality among the offspring of carriers. The results were equivocal. While an observed deficit of infant deaths was attributable to under-reporting, the possibility of a true advantage could not be ruled out, because of the statistical unreliability of the findings in a sample of the size available. A plea is made for a collaborative effort to settle the issue.
The Effect of Varying the Rate of Presentation on the Information Transmission of Schizophrenic and Control Groups
Authors: Wijesinghe O. B. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGroups of subjects were tested on a paced serial reaction-time task in order to study the effect of varying the rate at which information was presented. The groups were: two groups of patients with acute schizophrenia but differentiated on the basis of primary symptoms, a group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients, a group of neurotic patients and a normal group. All groups showed a reduction in efficiency when the presentation rate was increased. The groups most adversely affected were the non-integrated and institutionalized schizophrenic patients. The integrated schizophrenic and the neurotic groups were affected to a lesser degree, the normal groups being least affected. These results favour a dimensional view of personal illness, in which deficits are most marked in patients with non-integrated schizophrenia.
A Comparison of Piribedil, Procyclidine and Placebo in the Control of Phenothiazine-induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Mindham R. H. S. , Lamb Pauline , Bradley Rachel 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double-blind, cross-over trial of the effectiveness of piribedil, procyclidine and placebo in the control of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine decanoate was conducted in sixteen cases of chronic schizophrenia. Procyclidine was shown to be more effective and piribedil less effective than the placebo. Piribedil produced a number of unpleasant effects, including headache, vomiting and malaise.
A New Technique for the Treatment of Guilt
Authors: Friedman Dennis , Grossman Ashley 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA behavioural technique is described suitable for the treatment of patients with high levels of guilt who attempt to relieve their depression by risk-taking activities which reflect their individual wishes and fears, or who suffer anxiety due to unacceptable past behaviour. It is recommended as an alternative brief method of treatment to psychoanalysis and is based on the application of behaviour therapy to a patient's psychopathology. Three case histories are described to illustrate the principles of the technique.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis with History of Childhood Autism
Authors: Lindley Peter , Marks Isaac , Philpott Robin , Snowden John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA young man was followed-up over three years who had severe obsessive-compulsive rituals and ruminations, interpersonal deficits, complicating depression and a history of childhood autism. Intensive behavioural treatment was given in an operant framework, with exposure in vivo, modelling, response prevention and social skills training. Compulsive rituals improved markedly and lastingly, but ruminations and social defects persisted. When intercurrent depression occurred dothiepin facilitated behavioural treatment. Adjustment remained fragile. Minimum maintenance treatment in the community could not be adequately arranged, so that gains made in hospital were partly lost at follow-up, despite continuing improvement in rituals.
The Stability of Mood and Social Perception Measures in a Sample of Depressive In-Patients
Authors: Lunghi Martin E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty depressives and 40 matched controls were compared in terms of a number of self-report variables and in terms of their descriptions and evaluations of both real-life and hypothetical social relationships. Clear differences between the two groups reveal poorer self-ratings in the depressive sample, together with a tendency to describe and to evaluate both real and imaginary relationships more negatively. A retest of the depressed patients at the time of discharge from hospital showed improvement only in the two depression measures and not in any of the other self-rating and perceptual measures used. The possibility is discussed that the perceptual variables are predisposing to depression rather than concomitant with it.
Changes in Cognitive Functioning in Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Whitehead Antonia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryElderly psychiatric patients who were in contact with the hospital one year after in-patient admission were retested on a number of clinical and psychometric measures first done soon after admission. In general, changes were small; and for several measures very high correlations existed between the scores gained on the two occasions. When those patients with uncomplicated chronic brain syndromes were considered separately, increasing impairment was demonstrable.
Psychiatric Illness in Male Doctors and Controls: an Analysis of Scottish Hospitals In-patient Data
Authors: Murray Robin M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn investigation was undertaken into the first admissions to (for the years 1963, 1965, 1968, 1972) and the total discharges from (for the years 1963–72) Scottish mental hospitals and psychiatric units of male doctors and other social class I males. The overall rates for both first admission and for all discharges were more than twice as high among male doctors as among other social class I males. First admission and total discharge rates for drug dependence, alcoholism, neurotic and ‘functional’ depression and for affective psychosis were all significantly higher among doctors than non-doctors. Doctors were more likely than non-doctors to have been referred by themselves or by medical sources other than general practitioners, and were as willing as non-doctors to enter hospital voluntarily. Greater access to psychiatrists may have contributed to their higher rates of in-patient care, but it is improbable that such factors accounted for all of the excess in rates of drug dependence, alcoholism and depression.
Pathological Mourning after the Death of a Domestic Pet
Authors: Keddie Kenneth M. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPathological bereavement reactions following the death of a close relative or friend have been well documented in the literature. Similar grief reactions have been described following other personal losses, such as the loss of a limb or the loss of one's home.The cases of three women are described in whom pathological grief followed another category of loss, that represented by the death of a much loved domestic pet. The patients suffered disabling psychiatric symptoms following the death of their pet dogs. The dogs were all of the toy dog variety and had been at least 13 years of age at the time of their death. Institution of psychiatric treatment resulted in rapid recovery and at follow-up after a year there had been no recurrence of symptoms.
A Test of the Hierarchical Model of Personal Illness
Authors: Mcpherson F. M. , Antram Marian C. , Bagshaw V. E. , Carmichael Sheila K. , McPherson F. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo test the Foulds and Bedford hierarchical model of personal illness, the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI) was administered to 100 psychiatric in-patients. Ninety-six had symptom patterns compatible with the hierarchy. This is significantly more than expected on the basis merely of the number of DSSI items affirmed, and overall the results support the model.