bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women in the Hungarian Populist Youth Movement: The Szeged Youth
Authors: Cornelius Deborah S. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundDuring the conservative period in Hungary between the two world wars, three unusual young women, Erzsébet Árvay, Judit Kárász, and Viola Tomori, joined a vanguard of youth who claimed to lead a new generation of Hungarians. As members of the Szeged Youth, they took up the cause of the peasantry of the Great Hungarian Plain, an isolated and neglected population presumed to bear “original Hungarian characteristics.” Until recently, the relationship between gender and nationalism in studies on Eastern Europe has been neglected. Current developments in post-communist societies have sharpened our realization that historical periods are experienced differently and have different implications when seen from the vantage point of women rather than men. Intriguing questions are raised concerning these women's participation in the Szeged Youth Movement and their active role with the peasantry. In a society often characterized as restrictive and limiting, what was the experience of the young woman activist? Was she accepted by her peers as their intellectual equal? How did she feel about her final place in national affairs? These questions are elusive and complex, yet the example of the Szeged Youth Movement in the 1920s and 1930s provides a compelling study of the intersection of gender and national identity in the Hungarian context.During the interwar period in Hungary, the question of the fate of the Hungarian “nation”—which included the Hungarian population in the territories lost after World War I—took precedence over all others. This was true in respect to women's issues as well. The peace settlement was viewed as a national tragedy, reviving fears that the Hungarians or magyarsag would disappear, swallowed up by the surrounding Germanic and Slavic peoples. Virtually the whole population believed that the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, which had reduced the Hungarian state to two-thirds of its former size, leaving 33.5% of the ethnic Hungarian inhabitants outside the borders, had been unjust and should be revised. The government under Prime Minister István Bethlen struggled to restore economic stability and to regain acceptance by the Western powers, on whom revision of the treaty depended. Certain moderate reforms were introduced, including the extension of the franchise to women and the broadening of educational opportunities. Yet, social insurance reforms for the urban populations were not extended to the masses of peasantry and rural proletariat, which still constituted over half of the population. In fact, the need to maintain the support of the large landowners precluded any extensive land reform, and Hungary remained a country of large estates.
The Colonization and Peoples of Novaya Zemlya Then and Now
Authors: Serebryanny Leonid 
Published: October 2007

The huge polar archipelago of Novaya Zemlya is well known as a nuclear testing site devoid of a civilian population. But in many cartographical sources, e.g., maps in the National Geographic Magazine, one can still see a set of settlements along its coasts. Soviet sources showed these settlements until 1956 (Atlas mira, 1954; Atlas mira, 1955), at a time when full military control was established on the islands. But what is the fate of these high latitude settlements now? It is their historical background and population that will be reviewed with special reference to ethnic problems, proving to be a unique experiment in the economic use of this high Arctic area.
Taken as a key area, Novaya Zemlya is the largest archipelago of the European Arctic, ca. 83,000 sq.km., consisting of two main islands and numerous smaller ones. The main islands, Northern and Southern, are separated by the narrow strait, Matochkin Shar. The huge archipelago stretches almost 900 km in a submeridional direction and is considered a structural continuation of the Urals. The mountains often rise more than 1,000 m above sea-level, the highest summit attaining 1,547 m. Almost 25% of the total area is covered by ice. The most extensive glaciation is on the northern and central parts of the Northern Island, which is a vast ice sheet and an outlet of several glaciers.
The Building of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Idea and the First Common State of The South Slavs
Authors: Zlatar Zdenko 
Published: October 2007

Three full brothers were building a city,Three full brothers, three Mrljavcevices:The first brother was King Vukasin,The second was Voivode Ugljesa,The third was Mrljavcevic Gojko;They were building Skadar on the Bojana,They were building for full three years,For three years with three hundred masons,But they could not lay the fundament,Much less raise up the turreted city:What the masons built by the dayThe highland oread destroyed by night.Upon the dawn of the fourth year,The oread cried from the mountain:“Do not torment yourself, King Vukasin,Torment yourself and waste your treasure;You cannot, O king, lay the fundament,Much less raise up the turreted city,Until you find two kindred names,Until you find Stoja and Stojan,One a sister and the other brother,And wall them up in the fundament,So that the fundament will be maintained,So that you will build your turreted city.”[From a Serbian epic song “The Building of Skadar,” quoted by Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia, p. 406.]
A Brief History of the Kazak People*
Authors: Otarbaeva Bakhytnur 
Published: October 2007

We, the people of Kazakstan, creatingstatehood on the ancient KAZAK land … Constitution of the Republic of KazakstanIn December 1995, Kazakstan celebrated its fifth anniversary as a sovereign state, although the rich, tumultuous history of the Kazaks themselves encompasses more than five centuries. The complexity of this history is revealed in a statement by Kemal Akishev, a well-known archeologist: “Kazakstan reveals itself through territorial contact, where, beginning in ancient times, infiltration and aggression, immigration and ethnic immigration, the integration and spreading of culture, and racial and linguistic palimpsests took place.” The ethnogenesis of the Kazak people can be divided into three periods: the pre-Turkic, the Turkic, and the Turko-Mongolian periods. The development of modern Kazakstan likewise falls into three periods: the pre-revolutionary, the Soviet, and the modern republic.
The Importance of Being Ethnic: Minorities in Post-Soviet States—The Case of Russians in Kazakstan
Authors: Davis Sue , Sabol Steven O. 
Published: October 2007

IntroductionThe fall of the Soviet Union prompted an outpouring of concern over borders, identity, and stability. Many students of the region predicted that the breakup would lead to violence and instability. Scholars of the Soviet region emphasized cultural pluralism—in particular ethnic and religious pluralism or the “national question”—as the ultimate lesson of the Gorbachev era. In other words, ignore ethnicity at your own peril. To this point, that has not been the case. There have been only a few areas where instability, ethnic strife, and violence have been rampant—the Transdniestr region, Tajikistan, and Chechnia in particular. Why has this been the case? The lack of ethnic violence and severe ethnic tensions in this diverse region should lead one to reconsider the role of ethnicity in politics.
The Kuban’ Cossack Revival (1989–1993): The Beginnings of a Cossack National Movement in the North Caucasus Region*
Authors: Boeck Brian J. 
Published: October 2007

The Cossacks are coming straight out of some nineteenth century nightmare. Those fearsome horsemen once again stalk the Russian steppes, whips stashed in their belts, defending God and country and longing for the restoration of the Romanov dynasty.Kyle Crichton,New York TimesThe emergence of a strong Cossack movement has great implications for the future of Russia and the post-Soviet space. It is at once the glorification of a mythical past and a powerful alternate vision of the future. Old questions of Cossack identity are once again being debated and a Cossack presence is strongly felt in the cities of southern Russia. In the volatile North Caucasus region the Cossack revival has increasingly assumed many of the features of national movements in other areas of the former Soviet Union.
Research to practice—formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Australia
Authors: MCBRIDE NYANDA T. , FARRINGDON FIONA H. , KENNEDY CAROL A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. This paper discusses the formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (National SHAHRP Dissemination Project) in Australia. The original SHAHRP research programme (SHAHRP study) was assessed previously for effectiveness during a longitudinal research study which followed the student participants over 32 months post‐intervention. The SHAHRP study focused on evaluating the behavioural impact of the programme and the results indicated that wider dissemination would be of value. Design and Methods. The National SHAHRP Dissemination Project involved key decision makers of drug education in the Government, Catholic and Independent schools sectors, in targeted states, agreeing to disseminate the SHAHRP Project through teacher educators and teachers in their sector and regions. Process, reach and project satisfaction were assessed. Results. The Dissemination Project conducted two workshops for 35 teacher educators. Fifteen teacher educators subsequently conducted 21 workshops for teachers between August 2003 and June 2004. One hundred and seventy schools and nearly 300 (294) teachers were involved in this training. Discussion and Conclusions. The advantages and barriers of researcher‐led dissemination, as illustrated in this study, suggest that methods other than publication in scientific journals and presentation at conferences may be useful for the transfer of effective intervention research programmes to practice. There may be some benefit to identifying and testing other research‐initiated pathways leading to evidence‐based policy and practice which, in combination with practitioner‐led transfer, can help to bridge the gap between research and practice in the future.
The creation of evidence in ‘evidence‐based’ drug prevention: a critique of the Strengthening Families Program Plus Life Skills Training evaluation
Authors: GORMAN D. M. , CONDE E. , HUBER J. C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSchool‐based curricula have become a mainstay of drug prevention policy in the United States and are increasing in popularity in other parts of the world. The promotion and dissemination of these interventions has been driven in large part by the creation of lists of programmes which, it is claimed, are grounded in scientific evidence demonstrating their effectiveness. Recently concerns have been raised about the data analysis and presentation practices used in evaluations of a number of programmes that appear on these lists. Here we examine a series of papers from an evaluation of an intervention that combined the Strengthening Families Program 10–14 and Life Skills Training Program, each of which is among the most widely advocated universal drug prevention programmes. The data analysis and presentation practices employed in the evaluation of this combined programme include one‐tailed significance testing, alpha levels of 0.10, changes in outcome variables across publications and use of the post‐test data as the baseline when assessing change over time. Taken together, these practices severely limit the claims that can be made about the results presented in the evaluation. Specifically, we believe that far from supporting the evaluators' claims concerning the rigour of the findings and their generalisability and public health significance, the results are very fragile, of little practical significance and quite possibly analysis‐dependent.
Replacing ineffective early alcohol/drug education in the United States with age‐appropriate adolescent programmes and assistance to problematic users
Authors: SKAGER RODNEY 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIssues. Despite more than a decade of federal sponsorship of ‘evidence‐based’ alcohol/drug education, there has been no consistent downward trend in overall prevalence among youth over the past 15 years. Reasons underlying this situation are examined. Approach. Published technical critiques of initial research supporting widely used evidence‐based programs are reviewed along with replication studies conducted later by independent researchers not associated with initial program development. Social and institutional barriers in the US against changes in AOD policy and practice for young people are also suggested. Key Findings. Emerging use of diverted pharmaceuticals (now second to cannabis in prevalence) may underlie moderate recent decline in use of alcohol. Early federal certification standards for ‘evidence based’ prevention education have been seriously compromised. Technical critiques of initial evaluations and negative replication studies of these programs are consistent with lack of impact. Finally, fidelity of implementation in regular school settings is commonly flawed. Implications. Failure of these mainly pre‐secondary educational programs may underlie recent federal support for forced random AOD testing of secondary school students. A new approach to drug education for adolescent students seems warranted as a positive alternative to personally intrusive surveillance. Conclusion. An interactive approach at the secondary school level that incorporates an age‐appropriate educational process is proposed. While advising abstinence, this approach also facilitates identifying and assisting problematic AOD users.
Harmful effects of alcohol on sexual behaviour in a New Zealand university community
Authors: CASHELL‐SMITH MARTINE L. , CONNOR JENNIE L. , KYPRI KYPROS 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The prevalence of hazardous drinking among university students in New Zealand is very high, but the impacts on sexual behaviour are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of alcohol‐related risky and unwanted sexual experiences. Methods. We conducted a web‐based survey of a random sample of university students, asking about specific experiences resulting from their own drinking or the drinking of others, and some beliefs about drinking. Results. A total of 1564 students responded (82%) and the following were reported as the result of drinking, by women and men respectively, in the last 3 months: unprotected sex 11% and 15%; sex they were not happy with at the time 6% and 7%; sex later regretted 16% and 19%. Also, 34% of women and 25% of men reported unwanted sexual advances in the past 4 weeks as a result of other people's drinking. These experiences were all associated positively with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores of the respondents, certain types of living arrangements and specific attitudes to drinking. In addition, 1% of women and 0.5% of men reported sexual assault in the past 4 weeks. Discussion and Conclusions. Interventions to reduce alcohol‐related risky sexual behaviours should target both male and female drinkers and identifiable subgroups at higher risk. Prevention policy should also address the high levels of availability and promotion of alcohol in the campus environment.
Does harm minimisation lead to greater experimentation? Results from a school smoking intervention trial
Authors: HAMILTON GREG , CROSS DONNA , RESNICOW KEN , SHAW THERESE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Declines in adolescent smoking prevalence have slowed recently, resulting in increased interest and literature in tobacco harm minimisation. To date, harm reduction strategies have focused largely on modifying the product and alternative (safer) mechanisms of nicotine delivery. There has been little exploration of primary harm minimisation to prevent the onset of regular smoking among young people. A major concern expressed about harm reduction interventions and young people is that they may increase experimentation among non‐users. Design and Methods. The Smoking Cessation for Youth Project was a 2‐year school‐based cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in 30 Western Australian schools. Results on the primary outcome showed a significant reduction in regular smoking among 4636 13–15‐year‐olds receiving a harm minimisaton versus standard intervention. This paper addresses the intervention effects on 2078 students who had not smoked at baseline. Results. At 20‐month follow‐up, smoking initiation was slightly lower among intervention students than comparison students (who received a largely abstinence‐based intervention), although this difference did not attain statistical significance (OR = 0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 1.09). Discussion and Conclusions. This study provided limited evidence to suggest that harm minimisation is a superior approach to abstinence‐based interventions for non‐smokers. However, this intervention did not contribute to increased experimentation among non‐smokers. Although more trials are required, these results indicate that fears of potential negative iatrogenic effects from school‐based harm minimisation interventions may be unwarranted.
Implementation evaluation of the Blueprint multi‐component drug prevention programme: fidelity of school component delivery
Authors: STEAD MARTINE , STRADLING ROBERT , MACNEIL MORAG , MACKINTOSH ANNE MARIE , MINTY SARAH 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn order to achieve their desired aims, evidence‐based, theory‐driven drug education programmes need to be implemented as intended. Measurement of ‘fidelity of implementation’ is now included increasingly as part of programme evaluation, although measures and methods are sometimes limited. A more sophisticated approach to assessing implementation fidelity, based on Dane & Schneider's (1998) five dimensions, was used to examine the classroom curriculum element of the Blueprint programme. Blueprint was the largest and most rigorous evaluation of a multi‐component drug prevention programme to date in the United Kingdom. Lessons were, overall, delivered with reasonable fidelity, although teachers did not always understand the thinking behind particular activities, suggesting that training needs to focus not only on content and methods but why particular approaches are important. Different dimensions of fidelity could conflict with one another: under pressure of time, generic elements and processes designed to reflect on learning were sometimes sacrificed in order that core drug education activities could be completed. Future drug education curricula need to build in more flexibility for discussion without compromising core evidence‐based elements. Even with substantial training and support, individual variations in delivery were found, although few differences were found between teachers with prior expertise and teachers new to drug education. The methods and measures applied in the Blueprint study all represent attempts to improve on previous measures in terms of both reliability and sensitivity. In this respect the Blueprint study represents a valuable contribution to the science of implementation fidelity.
Dredging for edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) on intertidal flats: short-term consequences of fisher patch-choice decisions for target and non-target benthic fauna
Authors: Kraan Casper , Piersma Theunis , Dekinga Anne , Koolhaas Anita , van der Meer Jaap 
Published: October 2007

AbstractKraan, C., Piersma, T., Dekinga, A., Koolhaas, A. and van der Meer, J., 2007. Dredging for edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) on intertidal flats: short-term consequences of fisher patch-choice decisions for target and non-target benthic fauna. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64. Intertidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea are protected by national and international treaties. Still, mechanical dredging for edible cockles Cerastoderma edule was allowed in 74% of 1200 km2 of intertidal flats. Cumulatively, between 1992 and 2001, 19% of the intertidal area was affected by mechanical cockle-dredging at least once. On the basis of a grid of 2650 stations sampled annually, we evaluate the extent to which cockle-dredging from 1998 to 2003 was selective with respect to non-target macrozoobenthic intertidal fauna. In all 4 years that comparisons could be made, to-be-dredged areas contained greater diversity of macrobenthic animals than areas that remained undredged. Targeted cockles were 2.5 times more abundant in areas that were to be dredged shortly, but other species also occurred in higher densities in these areas. Small amphipods and some bivalves occurred less in to-be-dredged areas than elsewhere. In terms of short-term responses to dredging, four non-target species showed a significant decrease in abundance 1 year after dredging. Only Tellina tenuis showed an increase a year after dredging.
Male behaviours towards unplanned pregnancy: experiences of Brazilian low‐income women
Authors: Hoga L. A. K. , Manganiello A. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Lone women are responsible for a quarter of Brazilian families. The unplanned pregnancy, a strong reality for many young poor women in this country, provokes a strong impact on physical, emotional, socio‐economic and family dimensions.Research questions:  Do personal characteristics determine the behaviours of males towards unplanned pregnancy? Do the associations between the couple’s bond and male behaviours influence attitudes towards unplanned pregnancy?Methods:  This descriptive study was carried out in a low‐income community in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. A structured form was composed to obtain data from 100 women who have lived out the unplanned pregnancy experience.Findings:  Personal characteristics do not appear to determine male behaviours towards unplanned pregnancy. There was a statistically significant difference among men in different types of bonding relationship (married, cohabiting, dating, without bonding) with regard to the following behaviours: attention given during pregnancy; changes to the type of bond between partners; civil registration of the child by the father; financial support provided by the father and contact with the child.Conclusions:  Bonding and correlated topics are essential in sexual and reproductive healthcare education and promotion.Limitations:  Population sampling was statistically calculated based on community demographic data and the conclusions refer to the estimated parameters of men’s behaviours according to women’s experiences.