bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLD CLEAN ARTIFICIAL GAS AND A DISCUSSION UPON THE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GASEOUS FUELS1
Authors: Blake Alfred B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper2 is written for the benefit of glass house people whose training has included no particular study of gas as a fuel. The ad vocation of some departure from the common practice, in the light of good and sufficient reasons, ought to be met in a receptive attitude. Warnings are given as to the acceptance of non‐standard processes, and apparatus proposed by those of precarious financial backing and questionable familiarity with the technicalities of gas supply and application.There is a brief survey of the field to be covered, followed by a discussion which shows how various gases may be classified. There is a pronounced difference in quality between the various kinds of producer gas, and other standard gases. The heat content per unit volume of theoretically perfect air‐gas mixture is shown to be approximately equal for all high grade gases. This value plus the reaction temperature form two important considerations in the comparison of gas fuels. The importance of high “thermal head” in relation to rapid heating, and the economies of rapid heat transfer are pointed out. The fitness of high grade gas fuel for attainment of highest efficiency is shown. Theoretical flue gas heat losses are given.A standard of 1.000.000 B.t.u. is proposed as a conversational basis for approximate comparison of gases as regards cost and volumes required. The merits of regeneration or recuperation are obvious for large scale, high temperature heating, but there are many reasons for adopting direct fire heating units for small operations. This emphasizes the value of high grade clean gas. The use of muffles in leers when clean sulphur‐free gas is the fuel is ridiculous.The cost of a method forms the general determining factor in selection when results to be gained are equal. Technical schools ought to give more training on the subjects of fuels and combustion. Apparatus, methods, materials, yields, properties, and application of coal gas, water gas, mixed coal and water gas, and coke producer gas to the glass industry are discussed briefly and illustrations are given. A table of comparison of these gases is given and is followed by the demonstration of the method of obtaining the results given.
CLAY SEWER PIPE MANUFACTURE
Authors: SCHURECHT H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose.—A study was made of the heat distribution in four sewer pipe kilns in order to determine means of making this as uniform as possible and thus produce pipe of uniform maximum strength and reduce the cost of firing.Results.—It was found that the coolest portions of the kilns are along the entire bottom and on the top near the outside of the kiln. The hottest portion is usually on the top in center of the kiln. Kilns having a small diameter have a more uniform distribution of heat than those having larger diameters.
SOM. CAUSES OF BLISTERING OF SHEET STEEL METAL ENAMELS1
Authors: Comstock George F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper gives the results of a metallographic investigation of some samples of defective white enameled ware, the peculiarities of the steel underlying the defects having been examined through the microscope. Two distinct kinds of defects were recognized, one of which, characterized by dark spots arranged in streaks, was found to be due to foreign inclusions in the steel. It was concluded that the other defect, consisting of irregularly scattered spots, was most probably due to gas absorption during pickling, the ultimate cause lying either with the pickling process or the steel quality. Detailed descriptions and photomicrographs are given of the structures and inclusions in the steel bases of the samples examined.
SILICA CEMENT1
Authors: McGee E. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTComposition, requirements and specifications for first quality silica cement are discussed. Adequate control tests for determining its suitability are described, together with such investigations as have been made for the purpose of obtaining a satisfactory cement.The latter part of the paper deals with the bonding qualities. An investigation showed that the use of molasses greatly improved the bond without affecting the refractoriness.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN FIRING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VITREOUS CHINA BODIES1
Authors: Sortwell H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe porosity, transverse strength, compressive strength and impact strength of ten commercial china bodies were determined on sets of specimens fired in three positions in a kiln in each of ten potteries. The results showed that while there was considerable difference in the maximum strength of the bodies, nearly all of them developed high strength when fired most advantageously. The maximum strength existed over a narrower range in heat treatment than that of complete vitrification. Underfiring and overfiring of this type of body caused serious loss in strength.Specimens of eleven bodies fired at cones 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 in a laboratory kiln showed about the same differences in maximum strength as specimens of the same bodies fired in the pottery kilns. In one body only was as high strength. developed in the small kiln as in the factory. In most instances the highest strength developed was coincident with complete vitrification and in all the bodies it occurred near or prior to cone 12. There was considerable difference in the range in temperature over which the different bodies were vitrified and were of high strength. While two of the bodies were excellent in this respect, the remainder were vitrified and of high strength through only a narrow temperature range.
THE PROPERTIES OF SOME CLAY‐LIKE MATERIALS OF THE BENTONITE TYPE1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Douda H. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe evidence obtained in this work would indicate that bentonites are mixtures of two or more materials rather than one. The exact composition of these is not known but they are probably mixtures of colloidal silicates and fine‐grained kaolinite in varying proportions.They are characterized by the following properties: Conchoidal fracture; an index of refraction between 1.48 and 1.54; high water of plasticity and volume drying, shrinkage varying from that of highly plastic clays to 114.61% and 195.9%, respectively; and a high alkali plus alkali earth content, usually above 5%. When added in small amounts to certain clays, some bentonites increase the dry strength to a remarkable extent. In firing they vitrify between 1000°C, soften at cones 1–14 and burn to a buff to brown color and therefore can only be used in small amounts in white ware.It is possible by adding finely ground quartz and small amounts of bentonite to certain fire clays to produce mixtures approaching the Arkansas and certain other glass pot clays in physical properties and in index of refraction. Adding too much bentonite to clays causes them to crack in drying.
FIRING REFRACTORY BRICK IN A ROUND DOWN‐DRAFT KILN WITH A MECHANICAL STOKER1
Authors: Ayars E. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn outline of firing tests conducted on round down‐draft kilns to develop a mechanical stoker for use in firing fire brick and other refractories. Stoker used has been applied to terra cotta kilns with considerable success but it appears that the larger sizes of kilns are not easily handled with this type of stoker. Further tests may develop something in the way of technique which will show a reduction in firing time. Fuel consumption has already been reduced and uniformly fired ware secured. The time element is of great importance in plant capacity.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESISTANCE OF SILICA REFRACTORIES TO ABRASION1
Authors: Harvey Fred A. , Mcgss Earlb N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe resistance to abrasion is tested by grinding a groove in the surface of the refractory by means of a carborundum wheel with suitable mounting. Other methods used in the tests are discussed. Factors affecting resistance of silica brick to abrasion are porosity and degree of burn. Porosity is affected by grind, quality of ganister, per cent lime and workmanship. Data are given showing a rough relation between length of groove, porosity and burn.
THE DEHYDRATION TEMPERATURE OF PYROPHYLLITE AND SERICITE1
Authors: Stuckey J. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPyrophyllite and sericite are sometimes closely associated in works and the clays derived from them. They contain similar amounts of chemically combined water, but the sericite gives up its water more readily than the pyrophyllite, and is completely dehydrated at a lower temperature.
AN ADIABATIC METHOD FOR STUDYING SPONTANEOUS HEATING OF COAL1
Authors: Davis J. D. , Byrne J. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn adiabatic calorimeter is described, by means of which the spontaneous heating characteristics of dry pulverized coal can be studied, so as to obtain a direct measure of the rate of spontaneous heating at different temperatures, uninfluenced by various heat interchange factors. Specimen time‐temperature curves of different coals are presented, which show approximately the same rate of heating over corresponding temperature ranges. From these curves, it is concluded that the main characteristic of spontaneous heating is that the rate of heating is an increasing function of the temperature. An empirical formula is developed, for which the constants, K, a and b, are determined for a Pittsburgh coal; θ= temperature, and T= time. From this formula, it is concluded: (1) no heating will take place below 26.27°C; (2) the time required for Pittsburgh coal to heat from this temperature to ignition is 144 hours, both the coal and the oxygen used being moisture free.
COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1
Authors: Budnikoff P. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO3 and determination of CaO by KMnO4 titration, the SO3 by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO4 has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.
ARTIFICIAL SILLIMANITE AS A REFRACTORY1
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Sims Clarence E. , Schroeder Frederic w. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAlumina‐silica mixtures were prepared by fusing quartz, china clay, fire clay, and alumina in the electric furnace. When alumina is less than 68%, crystalline sillimanite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) with glass is produced. This material is not very resistant to loads at high temperatures because of the early fusion and internal lubricating action of the glass surrounding the crystals. Above 68% alumina, crystalline corundum appears am1 the glass is practically absent. This latter composition is very resistant to high‐temperature loads when ail interlocking, recrystallized bond is developed. This material is not affected materially by acid slags, but it cannot resist basic slags. However, the dense structure of a brick of material above 68% Al2O3 causes less slagging in a laboratory bath test than silica brick. The laboratory made sillimanite‐corundum brick withstood higher temperatures than the best silica, magnesia, chrome, fire clay, or zirconia brick even though the cone of fusion of the former is less than that of MgO, Cr2O3 or ZrO2. More and better service tests with a large number of brick fired in large kilns is needed to follow up this laboratory work.
DEVITRIFICATION IN A LIME‐FLINT GLASS TANK1
Authors: Payne A. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief account of the formation of cristobalite in a tank of soda‐lime glass due to failure of the refractories in the bridge‐wall. The efforts made to eliminate this devitrified glass are described. These efforts were not successful and the only solution was to shut the tank down and rebuild it.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CLAYS AND CLAY‐GROG BODIES
Authors: Schramm Edward 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDeterminations of shrinkage, absorption, and transverse strength were made on a series of clays and clay‐grog bodies fired together. Highly porous grog bodies are obtained with tight burning clays when the latter possess high shrinkage. This is due to the formation of crevices between the clay and grog particles, and to produce a tight grog body the clay must be of low shrinkage and low porosity.
THE ELECTRIC BRASS FURNACE REFRACTORY SITUATION1
Authors: Gillett H. w. , Mack E. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe three prominent types of electric brass furnaces are described, and the conditions which they impose on the refractories are outlined. The limitations which the properties of refractories place on the applicability of the various furnaces are considered and an attempt made to point out lines along which development and improvement are most likely to take place.
THE USE OF BORIC OXIDE IN GLASS‐MAKING
Authors: TURNER W. E. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBoric oxide behaves differently from other glass‐making constituents in that the variation of physical properties is not progressively continuous with a variation in composition. With increase of boric oxide content in sodium borosilicate glasses, the refractive index (μD) rises to a maximum as also does the annealing temperature, while the coefficient of thermal expansion reaches a minimum and then rises. The durability, or resistance to water and hydrochloric acid reaches a maximum when the glass contains about 12% of boric oxide and subsequently falls off very rapidly. There is, accordingly, a limit to the usefulness of boric oxide in glass.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPARENT COLORED GLASS IN AMERICA FOR GOGGLE PURPOSES1
Authors: Hettinger Edwin L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPrior to the World War all of the goggle glass was imported from abroad. Necessity made us develop it in this country. Today all of the colors used for goggles are made near Pittsburgh. Glass is blown into large balls which are cut into strips and then cut into circles. Average thickness of glass is 2 mm. Average diameter of balls, 36 inches. Shades are graded into light, medium and dark. Colors are amber, smoke, fieuzal, amethyst and blue.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE WARPAGE OF SHEET IRON AND STEEL IN ENAMELING1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Hartshorn T. D. , Harrison W. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects upon warpage of different methods of cleaning the metal, durations of firing periods, scaling practices, gages of metal, types of enamel, etc., are studied. Test pieces 16 × 16 inches are employed, several commercial enameling irons and steels being used and compared. Warpage is determined by obtaining the areas on five evenly spaced, vertical planes, parallel to one edge of the test piece,‘included between a flat, horizontal base plane and the contour of the test piece resting thereon. The average of the five areas in square centimeters is used to express numerically the degree of warpage.The conclusions are: (a) A wide divergence between the expansivities of the enamel and the metal base induces warpage, (b) there seems to be less tendency for the scaled metal to warp than for that cleaned chemically, (c) thin metal is more sensitive to the factors affecting warpage than thicker metal,(d) sudden, irregular cooling induces warpage, (e) tendency to warpage is reduced by properly supporting the ware during firing and cooling.
UTILIZATION OF GEORGIA KAOLINS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FACE BRICK1
Authors: Stull R. T. , Bole G. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe availability of the sedimentary kaolins of Georgia for the manufacture of face brick, when blended with sutficient flux‐bearing rock (aplite) and sand, has been demonstrated. Two representative clays were used. Four samples of aplite were mixed with varying amounts of the kaolins and fired to cones 6 and 12. The physical properties of the fired specimens are tabulated. Using this information as a basis, semi‐commercial tests were run using varying percentages of kaolin, aplite and sand. Bricks were made up by both the dry press and stiff mud process and fired to temperatures around cone 9. Trouble was experienced due to excessive shrinkage and due to crack. ing with mixtures containing no sand. Due to lower drying shrinkage, the dry press method of manufacture was found to be better suited to certain mixes than the stiff mud process. A mix was finally produced which went through the stiff mud process nicely, dried safely, and burned to a dense, light buff body at cone 81/2. The total shrinkage of this body was comparatively low.
CLAY SEWER PIPE MANUFACTURE.—IV. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SALT GLAZING TEMPERATURES UPON THE COLOR AND GLOSS OF GLAZES OBTAINED ON CLAYS WITH VARYING SILICA, ALUMINA, AND IRON OXIDE CONTENTS1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTObject .—A study was made of the effects of different salt glazing temperatures upon the color and brightness of salt glazes produced upon clays with varying silica, alumina, and iron oxide contents.Results .—In tests conducted in commercial kilns operating under normal conditions, it was found that increasing the salt glazing temperatures has a tendency to produce duller and darker glazes on clays containing iron oxide.The brightness of the glazes produced may be approximately represented by the following formula: ‐1.00×1+ 0.376×2 ‐ (1.885 + 0.385(1.01253)(T‐1110))×3= 100G ×1, ×2 and ×3 represent the percentages of silica, alumina and iron oxide, respectively. T is the salt glazing temperature in °C. When G was greater than 0, the glazes were bright; when between ‐0.1337 and 0 they were semi matt; and when less than ‐0.1337 they were matt.The color obtained may be approximately represented by the following formula: 10.3x1 ‐ 2.65x2+ (14.6 + 54.1 (1.0066)(T‐1110))x3= 100°CWhen C was between 0 and 2, white to tan glazes were produced; when between 2 and 3.5, light brown glazes were obtained; when between 3.5 and 4.75, brown glazes were produced; when between 4.75 and 8.2, mahogany colors were obtained; and when above 8.2, dark brown to black glazes were produced.Clays containing a high iron oxide content should be salt glazed at low temperatures while clays containing a low iron oxide content should be glazed at high temperatures to produce the best glazes. Decreasing the iron oxide and alumina contents will improve the brightness of the salt glazes. High alumina clays will produce darker colors than high silica clays with the same percentage of iron oxide.
SOME UNAVOIDABLE HEAT LOSSES IN THE USE OF PERIODIC SYSTEMS1
Authors: Armstrong Robert H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with an approximation of the heat lost: (1) In cooling ware from drier temperature to air temperature and the subsequent reheating. (2) In getting rid of moisture absorbed while ware is cooling and being set in kilns. (3) In a waste heat drier system. All heat values are summed up both for one single burn and over a year's time in tons of average coal representing these losses.
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF POROSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFRACTORY BRICK1
Authors: Pressler E. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTComparative data of porosity and specific gravity on several types of refractory brick are presented. Apparent porosity is obtained directly by the water absorption and air expansion methods. Total porosity is calculated from the true specific gravity and apparent specific gravity is calculated from the observed porosity values.The results indicate (1) a more accurate measurement of open pore space in bricks by means of the air expansion method than by water absorption, and (2) the absence of sealed pores in some types of refractory brick.
THE METHOD OF SELECTING REFRACTORIES FOR MARINE PURPOSES OF THE NAVY1
Authors: Norton H. H. , Porters R. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTrouble was experienced with refractories when oil fuel supplanted coal in the furnaces of naval boilers.The selection of refractories for naval oil‐fired boiler furnaces done at the Philadelphia Navy Yard is described.The Navy's test for refractories (chemical analysis, fusion point determination, and the Simulative Service Test). The Simulative Service Test.—Description of, and its value in obtaining satisfactory refractories. The Navy's “Acceptable List of Refractories.” The results of the Simulative Service Test (about 26% of the refractories submitted passed).
ORIGINAL PAPERS THE BONDING EFFECT OF BALL CLAYS IN FIRED BODIES1
Authors: Sortwell H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeven American and fourteen English ball clays were compared in regard to bonding effect, (a) after burning, in a composition containing no fluxes, at cones 5, 8, 10 and 12; (b) in a semi‐porcelain body burned to cone 8; and (c) in a vitreous china body burned to cone 11. The English clays developed greater strength in the absence of fluxes. The semi‐porcelain and vitreous china bodies containing the imported clays were in general of greater strength than those bodies in which the domestic clays were used, but most of the bodies containing American clays were of good transverse strength.
THE RELATION OF TEXTURE AND COMPOSITION OF CLAYS1
Authors: Grout Frank F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwelve Minnesota clays of diverse origin and character, which had been analyzed, were separated mechanically into five fractions, from coarse sand to fine clay, and each fraction was analyzed.Silica is at a maximum in the find sand portion of most clays. Alumina, iron oxides and potash are at a minimum in this portion, but while they rise a little in the coarse sand, they reach their highest proportion in the find clay portion. Other oxides show less regularity.An estimate of the minerals is made on the basis of all available information though it may never be possible to tell how much colloidal material is present, making the calculation inaccurate. It seems clear that kaolinite and limonite are larger in clays than in silts, while quartz and carbonates are smaller. Others are less regular.A detailed comparison of “fluxing constituents” and the temperatures of viscous fusion, led to the suggestion that the behavior of a clay in firing is determined not so much by the total fluxes as by the proportion of fluxes in the fine clay fraction. If this proves to be true, as it seems to be in the Minnesota clays, it should be possible to foretell more accurately than heretofore, the thermochemical and physical changes, on the basis of preliminary laboratory work. Not only the firing of the clay itself, but its effect on admixtures of other clays and its modification by washing can be fairly well estimated from a combined mechanical and chemical test.
A SIMPLE BRICK POROSIMETER1
Authors: Pressler E. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brick porosimeter based upon the air‐expansion principle is described, and various considerations of design discussed. The apparatus described is adapted for testing refractory brick, but. the considerations of design presented are general in character. The design is adapted for commercial control work, and the descriptions serve as complete construction references.Porosity values obtained by the porosimeter and water absorption methods are compared to the values calculated from true sp. gr., to indicate the relative accuracy of the methods.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.—I. SOME REACTIONS OF A WELL KNOWN FIRE CLAY1
Authors: Bole George A. , Jackson Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAfter a review of the literature, a chemical laboratory study is made of the gases evolved on heating a lower Kittanning fire clay at various rates to various temperatures in a current of pure oxygen. The rates of evolution of CO2, SO2, and SO3 are determined under varying conditions. Determinations of the remaining sulphur in the clay after heating are made. Possibilities as to the chemical mechanism of sulphur evolution are suggested. Plans for continuation of the work are outlined.