bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of whiteness and tint of fluorescent substrates with good interinstrument correlation
Authors: Griesser Rolf 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhite is primarily a sensation like blue, green, or red and, as such, is not measurable directly. Only a physical property, the spectral reflectance of a sample, can be measured directly. But this is not a standard, fixed quantity; it depends on a number of individual properties of the measuring instrument used. the entire geometry of the illuminating chamber—generally speaking a sphere is used for samples with a structured surface—is incorporated in the measuring results. the size of the aperture and the exclusion or inclusion of gloss also influence reflectance. High whiteness is obtainable only with the aid of fluorescent whitening agents [FWAs], and is hence a fluorescent color, which demands specific qualities of the illumination. the sample illumination must be identical with that for which the colorimetric values have been calculated. Nowadays, however, this is usually standard illuminant D65, which can be simulated only approximately in measuring instruments. In addition, all lamps used are subject to changes in spectral energy distribution. the problem is how to obtain constant, comparable results, namely whiteness, tint, and lightness for fluorescent materials using measuring instruments of different designs incorporating different means of simulating standard illuminant D65 or other D illuminants. This article presents a method that has been in use in industry for about 20 years. the method in question comprises two parts: first, on the hardware side, sample illumination that has to meet specific requirements, match the UV excitation required, and remain stable; second, on the software side, the two critical dimensions of whiteness and tint are calculated indirectly from the measuring results. Only in this way is it possible to achieve a large measure of comparability between different instruments. In principle, the method is also suitable for different illuminants and for any white preference. In all other methods of assessment the parameters are not matched to the instrument characteristics. If the results obtained with different measuring instruments are to be compared, difference values have to be used, entailing the need for standards and involving all the drawbacks associated with them.
Effects of observer metamerism in the determination of human color‐matching functions
Authors: Rich Danny C. , Jalijali Jocelyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article addresses the results of the recent North and Fairchild article on observer metamerism. It reports on the results of a different experiment that produced similar results to those of North and Fairchild. The history of observer metamerism is outlined briefly and some possible sources of the large variations in inter‐observer matches are suggested. Finally, a plea for a commercially viable special index of metamerism for change in observer is formulated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Results of the ASTM field test of tristimulus weighting functions
Authors: Fairman Hugh S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1993, the American Society for Testing and Materials carried out a field test of newly calculated tristimulus weighting factors. These weighting factors had been calculated by a method proposed by Venable. the test also included a method of correction for bandpass dependence put forth by Stearns. the purpose of the trial was to assess the possible reduction in bandpass dependence introduced by each of these sets of weights. A large number of sets of spectral data were gathered from the cooperators in the field test. Results of integration by the various sets of tristimulus weighting factors were calculated. A total of 15 120 color differences were calculated and statistics were derived to test the probable error resulting from each method of correction. Errors attributable to bandpass dependence were on the order of a few tenths to as much as one CIELAB unit when uncorrected weight sets were used. These errors could be reduced to a few hundreths of a CIELAB unit, and in some cases to a few thousandths of a unit, by employing one correcting strategy or the other. an overall mix of strategies was ultimately chosen to minimize the bandpass dependence over the entire range of weight sets. Utilizing this mixed strategy, the median error introduced into 10‐nm integration by bandpass dependence was only 0.004 CIELAB units. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Automotive color certification
Authors: Longley William V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBecause of the subjective nature of determining visual color‐match acceptability, we have for many years hoped that color measurement would provide objectivity for clear‐cut decisions. Despite impressive advances in spectrophotometers and computer software, few produceruser programs have been successful using only numerical data and with no visual override. Most companies “accumulate data” but make final decisions visually. Considering the many observers making color‐match decisions at color producer sites, molding plants and assembly plants, Ford set out to establish a plan for fully objective analysis. While developing the plan, certain guidelines became critical to good correlation of visual to measured data. A pilot program is described in which the resin producers certify batches of color concentrate or precolored resin as meeting certain measured criteria. the parts are then molded and installed in vehicles and are not challenged visually but are monitored for the record. Good color match quality has resulted. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting the colour of trichromatic prints
Authors: Kulube Herbert M. , Hawkyard Chris J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe colour resulting from the partial overlap of tiny dots of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks in a matrix is difficult to predict. A method of simulating it on the macro‐scale has been devised by measuring discs with coloured sectors using a spectrophotometer. Here the separate colours are mixed within the integrating sphere of the instrument. Although subtractive mixing occurs where colours overlap, the overall result to the eye/brain is interpreted by additive means. The result of mixing known areas of coloured surfaces additively was predicted successfully by Maxwell in the last century. His method, combined with the use of the CIE System, has been successfully used to predict the coordinates of the mixture of coloured sectors measured on the spectrophotometer. The theoretical model developed applies to trichromatic or polychromatic printing, whatever the substrate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visibility of durable fluorescent materials for signing applications
Authors: Burns David M. , Pavelka Lee A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIncreasing visual complexity in the roadway environment is making the task of driving a greater challenge for the motorist. Recent advances make it possible to produce fluorescent retroreflective materials suitable for long‐term outdoor signing applications. This article presents the results of a field study investigating the relative advantage of fluorescent colors over standard colors for detection, color recognition, and conspicuity against a complex dark background. These fluorescent retroreflective materials are detected with higher frequency, and recognized with greater accuracy at further distances than the corresponding standard highway colors. They also have greater attention‐getting properties (more conspicuous) during daylight than the corresponding standard highway colors. The luminance contrast ratio of the sample to the camouflage background appears to correlate with the visibility/conspicuity results obtained in this study, particularly within a given color series. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptation of CIELAB CMC Acceptability Formulase to the Problem of Metamerism ( a 3‐Light Special Index of Metamerism)
Authors: Carstensen Lawrence D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractI have used the metamerism equation for the past two years on hundreds of colors. I have found the equation's agreement with visual evaluation to be a useful tool in color‐matching situations. I would appreciate any feedback on the use of this equation. I can be reached at (614) 297‐6138 or fax your comments to (614) 297‐2912.
A general form of color difference formula based on color discrimination ellipsoid parameters
Authors: Cui Chengwu , Hovis Jeffery K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA general color difference formula has been derived based on the parameters of color discrimination ellipsoids in the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space. By using different orders of approximation, the general formula resembles the basic forms of the current formulae. The method described in this article suggests a framework for modifying the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color difference formula.
A systematic method for color planning in product design
Authors: Hsiao Shih‐Wen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA quantitative approach for color planning in product design is addressed in this article. the color image that a product has is quantified by using the membership function of a fuzzy set. the color plan for designing an ice shaver is used as an example to show the procedure. the Hue and Tone System and the Color Image Scale are used to transform colors into images or images into colors. the composite operation for fuzzy sets is used to simulate a color projection technique to get the semantic equivalence of words and colors. A computer program is built to get the membership functions between the colors and image words. the membership functions are arranged by size and suggested to the designer to help make a decision on what color should be used. In this manner, the psychology of customers can easily be captured by the designer, consequently increasing the efficiency of the decision process. Though a simple product is taken as an example here, this systematic method can be used to design other more complicated products. In addition, the results can be used to investigate the color psychology.
The colour sensitivity of a colour matching recipe
Authors: Sluban Boris , Nobbs James H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe article examines the concepts of the following three quantities: partial colour sensitivity of a recipe to a particular colorant, colour balance of a recipe, and the overall colour sensitivity and the related property of colour robustness of a recipe. the way to calculate numerical estimates of the above quantities is extended from the case of CIE L *a*b* to the case CMC(l:c) colour difference formula. Results of a few numerical experiments are included for illustration and some possible practical consequences are discussed.
Anomalies in additive colour matches
Authors: Ábrahám Gy , Körösi H. , Schanda J. , Shapiro A. G. , Wenzel K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractW.A. Thornton [W. A. Thornton, Toward a more accurate and extensible colorimetry, Parts I–III, Color Res. Appl. 17, 79–122, 162–186, 240–261 (1992).] reported significant discrepancies in Maxwell colour matches when using different sets of primary lights. His experiments were performed by a small, mainly older group of observers. the aim of this investigation was to test these findings over wider age ranges. We matched a broad‐band white light of constant luminance with two sets of three monochromatic primaries. These sets were similar to Thornton's AP set (497, 579, and 653 nm) and Thornton's PC set (452, 533, and 607 nm). Thirty‐two observers performed the tests with 10° fields. the chromaticities of the matches made with the AP set had a large variance and were centered around the chromaticity of the reference white. the chromaticities of the PC‐primary matches were clustered closely together and were centered at a point significantly different from the chromaticity of the reference white. the magnitudes, but not the directions, of the dispersions of the matching chromaticities were consistent with age related changes in the spectral transmission of the lens.
Abnormal Hue‐Angle change of the gemstone tanzanite between CIE illuminants d65 and a in CIELAB color space
Authors: Liu Yan , Shigley James , Fritsch Emmanuel , Hemphill Scott 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe blue‐to‐purple color appearance change observed in some rare specimens of the gemstone tanzanite between daylight and incandescent light is contrary to the hue‐angle change calculated between CIE illuminants D65 and A in CIELAB color space. This abnormal calculated hue‐angle change for tanzanite can be corrected by using the spectral sensitivity functions of the three kinds of cone photoreceptors to directly calculate color. This study suggests that the cone spectral sensitivity functions are more fundamental in color calculations than the CIE color‐matching functions.
Sample‐independent color rendering index
Authors: Xu H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Sample‐Independent Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure that is independent of the choice of test color samples and that can be used for assessing one important aspect of color‐rendering properties of illumination, the aspect of accuracy of color rendering in a broad sense. This Sample‐Independent CRI works by measuring the degree of conformity between the maximum color solid attainable under a test illuminant and that under a reference illuminant. the derivation of the Sample‐Independent CRI, the calculation procedure involved, and some calculated results are presented.
Various chromatic‐adaptation transformations tested using new colour appearance data in textiles
Authors: Kuo Wen‐Guey , Luo M. Ronnier , Bez Helmut E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new set of colour appearance data was obtained from a series of experiments in which 240 wool samples having a large size of 3 x 3 in. square that subtends 10° at the observer's eye, and covering a large colour gamut were used. Each colour was assessed by a panel of five observers using a magnitude estimation method under three light sources, D65, TL84, and A. In total, 10,770 estimations were made, and these form a set of new colour appearance data in textiles. Data analysis was carried out and shows that the accuracy of the visual results for different observers is quite good. the colour appearance data were used to test the performance of seven chromatic‐adaptation transformations, i.e., BFD, Bartleson, von Kries, CIE, Hunt, CIEL*a*b*, and Fairchild. the results show that the BFD transformation gives the most accurate prediction to the visual results between all transformations studied. All transformations can have a better fit to the experimental grid under TL84 than that under A. However, the results given by the best chromatic‐adaptation transformation are still unsatisfied in colour industries, especially in the textile industry. the two sets of experimental grids respectively derived from this work and by Luo et al. (1991) were also studied. an expected difference between the two sets of experimental grids was found. the difference may mainly result from two factors: the experimental method in assessment and the size of the samples. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Considerations on the calibration of color displays assuming constant channel chromaticity
Authors: Jiménez Barco L. Del , Díaz J. A. , Jiménez J. R. , Rubiño M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo calibrate a CRT color monitor, several assumptions are often made about its performance, one of the most accepted being constanel channel chromaticity. However, when the measurements are taken in a extended field of CRT screen, where it is assumed that only one primary phosphor is excited, the relative spectral radiance of the other primary phosphors that are contained in that field also contributes, if the background luminance is not zero. This contribution is greater at low levels of RGB channel stimulation and would invalidate the results obtained with calibration methods based on the hypothesis of constancy of chromaticity coordinates of RGB channels. We have studied this effect on the calibration of the CRT color monitor and, as a result, we propose a calibration that takes this effect into account. to evaluate the accuracy of the method, we have calculated color differences between the chromaticity that we wanted to reproduce and the one displayed with the CIELUV color‐difference formula, and the color tolerances with the line element of MacAdam ellipses.
Nickel Complexes Bearing 2‐(Benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐1,10‐phenanthrolines: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Catalytic Behavior Toward Ethylene Oligomerization
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Shu , Hao Peng , Jie Suyun , Sun Wen‐Hua , Li Peizhou , Lu Xiaoming 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of 2‐(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐1,10‐phenanthrolines and their nickel(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analysis along with single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that complexes 1a and 6a have a six‐coordinate distorted octahedral geometry due to the coordination of solvent molecules, whereas 3a is a centrosymmetric dimer in the solid state and 5b displays a five‐coordinate distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry. Upon activation with diethylaluminum chloride (Et2AlCl), high catalytic activity up to 1.27 × 107 g·mol–1(Ni)·h–1 and high selectivity for 1‐butene (90.5 %) could be achieved. A higher activity up to 3.95 × 107 g·mol–1(Ni)·h–1 was observed in the 7a/Et2AlCl system with addition of 20 equiv. of PPh3 as an auxiliaryligand. Reaction conditions and the ligand environmentsignificantly influenced the catalytic properties of the complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Improved seismic hazard model with application to probabilistic seismic demand analysis
Authors: Bradley Brendon A. , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Cubrinovski Misko , Mander John B. , MacRae Greg A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn improved seismic hazard model for use in performance‐based earthquake engineering is presented. The model is an improved approximation from the so‐called ‘power law’ model, which is linear in log–log space. The mathematics of the model and uncertainty incorporation is briefly discussed. Various means of fitting the approximation to hazard data derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis are discussed, including the limitations of the model. Based on these ‘exact’ hazard data for major centres in New Zealand, the parameters for the proposed model are calibrated. To illustrate the significance of the proposed model, a performance‐based assessment is conducted on a typical bridge, via probabilistic seismic demand analysis. The new hazard model is compared to the current power law relationship to illustrate its effects on the risk assessment. The propagation of epistemic uncertainty in the seismic hazard is also considered. To allow further use of the model in conceptual calculations, a semi‐analytical method is proposed to calculate the demand hazard in closed form. For the case study shown, the resulting semi‐analytical closed form solution is shown to be significantly more accurate than the analytical closed‐form solution using the power law hazard model, capturing the ‘exact’ numerical integration solution to within 7% accuracy over the entire range of exceedance rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels antagonize ictal‐like epileptiform activity in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus
Authors: Andreasen Mogens , Skov Jane , Nedergaard Steen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReactive glial cells, for example, from patients with temporal lope epilepsy have a reduced density of inward rectifying K+ (Kir) channels and thus a reduced K+ buffering capacity. Evidence is accumulating that this downregulation of Kir channels could be implicated in epileptogenesis. In rat hippocampal brain slices, prolonged exposure to the nonselective Kir channel antagonist, Cs+ (5 mM), gives rise to an epileptiform field potential (Cs‐FP) in area CA1 composed of an initial positive (interictal‐like) phase followed by a prolonged negative (ictal‐like) phase. We have previously shown that the interictal‐like phase depends on synaptic activation. The present study extends these findings by showing that the ictal‐like phase of the Cs‐FP is (i) sensitive to osmotic expansion of the extracellular space, (ii) reversed very quickly during wash out of Cs+, and (iii) re‐established in the presence of Ba2+ (30–200 μM) or isosmotic low extracellular concentration of Na+ ([Na+]o, 51.25 mM). The interictal‐like phase showed less or no sensitivity to these treatments. In the complete absence of Cs+, the Cs‐FP could be fully reconstructed by the combined application of 4‐aminopyridine (0.5 mM), an isosmotic high extracellular concentration of K+ ([K+]o, 7 mM), and low [Na+]o (51.25 mM). These results suggest that the interictal‐like phase is initiated through synaptic activation and results from an unspecific increase in neuronal excitability, whereas the ictal‐like phase is entirely dependent on blockade of Kir channels in CA1. We propose that glial dysfunction‐related loss of Kir channels may not alone be sufficient for starting the induction process, but will likely increase the tendency of an epileptogenic process to proceed into seizure activity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychotherapy in Japan: The case of Mrs. A
Authors: Kanazawa Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problems of Mrs. A's children are the initial focus of professional work. Her depression receives professional attention in the course of treatment of the children. Mrs. A is most likely working individually with an eclectic therapist, with increasing her awareness and insight as treatment goals. Developing a good working relationship with the client is of prime importance to the therapist. Projective as well as objective psychological tests may be used. Her psychiatrist prescribes antidepressant and sleep‐inducing medications. Mrs. A's family may not be involved in her treatment; group therapy and self‐help resources are also unlikely to be used. I argue that to understand psychotherapy in Japan, the context of psychotherapy practice as well as cultural influence need to be considered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 755–763, 2007.
Psychotherapy in South Africa: The case of Mrs. A
Authors: Cooper Saths 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPsychotherapy in South Africa is confronted by issues that reflect the emerging nature of the nascent democracy. Historic racial patterns have characterized the production of psychotherapists and psychologists who are predominantly white female and who often have difficulty mediating the socioeconomic and ethnic reality of their black clientele. Despite this problem, psychotherapists are increasingly relied on and are equipping themselves to intervene meaningfully without their values impacting on the outcomes. These points are illustrated in the case of Mrs. A, who is treated in the cultural context of an evolving South Africa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 773–776, 2007.
An international perspective on psychotherapy
Authors: Wedding Danny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis commentary reviews the contributions made in each of the other articles in this issue in the context of the author's international experience. I discuss the tremendous diversity in education, training, experience, and legal status of psychologists around with world, using examples from Argentina, Australia, Brunei, Iran, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, and Spain—the eight countries represented in this issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 785–790, 2007.