bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The South Korean Twin Registry
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Shin Joong Sik , Jeong Hoe-Uk , Han Jung Yeol 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe South Korean Twin Registry (SKTR), previously called the Seoul Twin Family Study, is a nationwide volunteer registry of South Korean twins and their families. Since 2002, the SKTR has been updated in 4 important ways. First, continued sampling led to an increase in the number of twins. Second, the target area, Seoul, was enlarged to include other cities and rural areas in the country. Third, the target population was extended from school-aged twins to preschool and adult twins. Fourth, the research focus was expanded to include psychiatric and physical disease phenotypes. The present article describes a brief history of the SKTR, goals and current research highlights, recent major accomplishments, and future directions.
The Birmingham Registry for Twin and Heritability Studies (BiRTHS)
Authors: Krone Ruth E. , Ewer Andrew K. , Barrett Timothy G. , Moy Robert J. , Bakour Shagaf , Maher Eamonn R. , Thangaratinam Shakila , Cox Philip , Martin Bill , Khan Khalid S. , Zeegers Maurice P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article we present the protocol of the Birmingham Registry for Twin Heritability Studies (BiRTHS), which aims to establish a long-term prospective twin registry with twins identified from the antenatal period and subjected to detailed follow-up. We plan to investigate the concordance in anthropo-metrics and early childhood phenotypes between 66 monozygotic and 154 dizygotic twin pairs in the first 2 years of recruitment. In this project we plan to determine the relative contributions of heritability and environment to fetal growth, birth size, growth in infancy and development up to 2 years of age in an ethnically mixed population. Twins will be assessed with the Griffitth's Mental Development Scales, which will enable us to obtain detailed information on development. As maternal depression may have an effect on the twins' neurodevelopment, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale will be used at various stages during pregnancy and after delivery to assess maternal depressive symptoms. The increasing prevalence of obesity in both adults and children has raised concerns about the effect of maternal obesity in pregnancy on fetal growth. The prospective study design gives us the opportunity to obtain data on maternal nutrition (reflected by body mass index) and ante- and postnatal growth and development of twins.
The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California: II
Authors: Baker Laura A. , Barton Mafalda , Lozano Dora Isabel , Raine Adrian , Fowler James H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Southern California Twin Register was initiated in 1984 at the University of Southern California, and continues to grow. This article provides an update of the register since it was described in the 2002 special issue of this journal. The register has expanded considerably in the past 4 years, primarily as a result of recent access to Los Angeles County birth records and voter registration databases. Currently, this register contains nearly 5000 twin pairs, the majority of whom are school age. The potential for further expansion in adult twins using voter registration records is also described. Using the Los Angeles County voter registration database, we can identify a large group of individuals with a high probability of having a twin who also resides in Los Angeles County. In addition to describing the expansion of register, this article provides an overview of an ongoing investigation of 605 twin pairs who are participating in a longitudinal study of behavioral problems during childhood and adolescence. Characteristics of the twins and their families are presented, indicating baseline rates of conduct problems, depression and anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnoses which are comparable to nontwins in this age range.
Colorado Twin Registry
Authors: Rhea Sally-Ann , Gross Andy A. , Haberstick Brett C. , Corley Robin P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Colorado Twin Registry (CTR) is a population-based registry housed at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado. Recruited subjects' birth years date from 1968. Four samples comprise the CTR: the Community Twin Sample, Infant Twin Sample, Longitudinal Twin Sample, and the Early Reading Development Sample. Criteria for enrollment, recruitment strategies, demographic information and zygosity assignment are explained for each sample. In addition, 8 studies in which CTR twins have participated are highlighted. These include studies of early cognition, early reading ability, executive cognitive function, and vulnerability to substance abuse and antisocial behavior. Goals, measures, and brief results are provided for each study. The development of the CTR is an ongoing and evolving process, and it has proved to be a valuable resource, relatively representative of the population from which it was drawn.
Duke Twins Study of Memory in Aging in the NAS-NRC Twin Registry
Authors: Plassman Brenda L. , Steffens David C. , Burke James R. , Welsh-Bohmer Kathleen A. , Newman Tiffany N. , Drosdick Deborah , Helms Michael J. , Potter Guy G. , Breitner John C. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Duke Twins Study of Memory in Aging is an ongoing, longitudinal study of cognitive change and dementia in the population-based National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry of World War II Male Veterans. The primary goal of this study has been to estimate the overall genetic and environmental contributions to dementia with a specific focus on Alzheimer's disease. An additional goal has been to examine specific genetic and environmental antecedents of cognitive decline and dementia. Since 1989, we have completed 4 waves of data collection. Each wave included a 2-phase telephone cognitive screening protocol, followed by an in-home standardized clinical assessment for those with suspected dementia. For many participants, we have obtained postmortem neuro-pathological confirmation of the diagnosis of dementia. In addition to data on cognition, we have also collected information on occupational history, medical history, medications and other lifetime experiences that may influence cognitive function in late life. We provide an overview of the study's methodology and describe the focus of recent research.
The Georgia Cardiovascular Twin Study: Influence of Genetic Predisposition and Chronic Stress on Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ge Dongliang , Dong Yanbin , Wang Xiaoling , Treiber Frank A. , Snieder Harold 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Georgia Cardiovascular Twin Study is a longitudinal study of biobehavioral antecedents of cardiovascular disease in youth and young adults, including around 500 twin pairs with roughly equal numbers of African Americans and European Americans. Focus of study includes the longitudinal change in relative influence of genetic and environmental factors (especially chronic stress) on development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Approaches include quantitative genetic modeling of phenotypic twin data as well as the examination of the influence of polymorphic variation in candidate genes and their potential interaction with environmental factors on these risk factors. Future work will expand the scope of the study to investigating the impact of chronic stress as measured by indices of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system on preclinical markers of cardiovascular disease, essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Effect of photolysis on 17th/18th century paper
Authors: Knutson Kristina , Pu Yunqiao , Elder Thomas , Buschle-Diller Gisela B. , Yang Rallming , Thomson Cameron , Kim Dong Ho , Dang Zheng , J. Ragauskas Arthur 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Samples of two historical papers from the late 17th and early 18th centuries were irradiated with a 350-nm λmax light source. Atomic force microscopy examination of untreated samples of these laid paper sheets revealed notable surface inhomogeneity. Diffuse brightness values show that irradiation resulted in an initial decrease followed by a rapid increase in brightness with increasing irradiation time from 0.5 to 28 h. The bleaching effect then slowed, following a logarithmic path that did not plateau within 197 h of irradiation time. Irradiated sheets stored for 3 months exhibited brightness reversion of 7%. Fluorescence also decreased with irradiation time if excitation wavelengths of 320, 350, and 400 nm were applied for samples exposed to narrow-band irradiation at 350 nm. The fold endurance decreased by 34–72% after 197 h of irradiation. Changes in tear and tensile values were less dramatic. The Z-direction ultrasonic velocity decreased after 197 h of irradiation; however, the ultrasonic conductivity partially recovered during 9 months of storage.
Commentary: Isolated Stem Cells—Patentable as Cultural Artifacts?
Authors: Hansson Mats G. , Helgesson Gert , Wessman Richard , Jaenisch Rudolf 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This article argues that an isolated embryonic stem cell basically represents a cultural artifact that has no equivalent to cells of the embryo, and that it is likely that the isolation of adult stem cells has a similar consequence. An isolated stem cell could thus be distinguished as something other than the stem cell existing as part of a human body. Since isolation of stem cells implies modification, product patents should, where the results carry enough novelty, inventive step, and potential for industrial application, as a matter of principle be a viable option for patent authorities. Questions of morality, which may affect the patentability, should also be viewed in light of the distinction between isolated result and body part. At the same time, it is essential that patent authorities do not accept broad patent claims that will be detrimental to research.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
A modification of a continuous time model for first conception
Authors: Singh S. N. , Chakrabarty K. C. , Singh V. K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The interval between marriage and the first conception leading to a live birth plays an important role in the determination of fertility components. Several probability models (Potter and Parker, 1964; Singh, 1961, 1964, 1967) based on varying sets of assumptions relating to this interval have been propounded in the recent past. All of them are based on the assumption that the females under study are susceptible to conception at the time of marriage. However, in certain situations, where some of the females already pregnant at the time of marriage report to have conceived within a short interval following marriage, this condition is not satisfied and these models become unsuitable. A probability distribution which is an inflated form of the continuous model proposed by Singh, for the time of the first conception leading to a live birth, is presented in this paper. It describes reasonably well the data on first conception times in the context of premarital conceptions. Simple expressions for the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters involved in the model are obtained and a method for finding the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimators is outlined. The model is applied to four sets of data.
Age Patterns of Mortality and Cause-of-Death Structures in Sweden, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Himes Christine L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper uses a new standard model of adult mortality to compare the mortality patterns of Swedes, Japanese, and U.S. whites between 1950 and 1985. It examines changes in the age patterns of mortality and the cause-of-death structures within the populations. and the relationships between those two factors. As Japan has reached a level of mortality similar to that in Sweden, the age patterns of mortality in the two populations have become more similar despite distinct differences in causes of death. The United States has a cause-of-death structure similar to that of Sweden, but the age pattern of mortality is very different. High mortality in the middle age range in the United States results in approximately a one-year loss of life expectancy at age 45 in comparison with Sweden.
The English in Muscovy during the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Casimir Nicholas , de Bogoushevsky Baron 
Published: March 2007

In the sixteenth century England had not become Empress of the ocean; but the enterprising spirit which mainly contributed to her pre-eminence had induced her even then to compete with Spain, Portugal, and Genoa, for the sovereignty of the seas.A favourite project of English navigators was the discovery of a direct passage through the polar seas to Cathay and India. They imagined that this passage could be found by ships sailing from English ports in a north-easterly direction. This theory being supported by the renowned navigator Sebastian Cabot, a company was registered in England under the title of “Merchants A dventurers for the Discoverie of Lands, Territories, and Seignories Unknown.” Each member was to subscribe not less than twenty-five pounds, and the company in a short time raised a capital of £6,000. The majority were swayed by the hope of gain; but there were some who desired to solve an interesting problem, and to advance the commercial interests of their country; among these were the Marquis of Winchester, the Earls of Arundel, Bedford, and Pembroke, and Lord Howard of Emngham.
The Personal Expenses of Charles II. In the City of Worcester
Authors: Woof Richard 
Published: March 2007

He accounts of the city of Worcester are comprised in a series of foolscap folio volumes, commencing with the year 1540, from which time they are complete, with the exception of the twenty-two years from 1600 to 1623, and they exhibit the whole revenue and expenditure of the faithful city, as annually audited by the proper civic authorities. These ancient tomes throw much light upon historic events, which have had local effect, as well as upon customs and transactions more peculiarly confined to the citizens and their city, but many searches have been made by historians and antiquaries for information of the eventful period of the battle of Worcester, without any result beyond a few casual items which possess little direct interest. In another series of records, called “Chamber Orders,” possessed by the Corporation of Worcester, entries occur which relate to this stirring time so far as it affected the corporate body, but it is not with these I have now to deal. No doubt many records were abstracted by the troopers of Cromwell, as I find at the audit of 1652:—“Item payed Steephen Fields, who had payed to a souldier to regayne some of the records that were taken out of the Treasurie 5 s.”The civic state sword also seems to have disappeared, as £5 8s. 6d.
Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander Second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and Founder of the Alexander Library, Trinity College, Dublin
Authors: Rogers Charles 
Published: March 2007

The Will of Sir Jerome Alexander, a parchment transcript of which is preserved in the Chief Probate Office, Dublin, is a document of more than ordinary interest; even with its cumbrous repetitions we owe no apology for producing it in full:–“In the name of God Amen. I, Sr Jerome Alexander of the City of Dublin, one of the unprofitable servants of Almighty God, being of a perfect sound disposing memory, praised bee God, this three and twentieth day of March in the yeare of the Raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second of that name by the grace of God of England, Scotland, Fraunce and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &c. the two and twentieth, and hereby renounceing and admitting and declareing all former Wills and Testaments by mee at any time heretofore made to bee utterly void & of none effect, doe declare this to bee my last true Will and Testament in manner & form following and doe now soe declare it to bee. And first of all I resigne my soul into the hands of Jesus Christ my blessed Saviour and Redeemer, confidently trusting and assureing myselffe in by and through his onely merritts and mediation to receive life everlasting; and I doe hereby profess myselfe to dye as I have allways lived, a sonne of the Church of England, which is the most absolute and best forme of government in all the world,’ twere to bee heartily wished that it were practised in all the Churches of Christendome, and my body I commend unto the earth from whence it came to receive decent and comely buryall, without any greate pompe or ceremonies whatso-ever, not doubting but at the last day it shall bee raised againe and united unto my soule with it for to partake of immortall and everlasting happiness.
The Free Grammar School of Bristol, and The Thorns, its Founders
Authors: Nicholls J. F. 
Published: March 2007

Iceland, which lies but ninety-five miles distant from the nearest part of the American continent, was well known to the merchants of Bristol, who traded thither in the early part of the fifteenth century.During William Cannynge's second Mayoralty in 1450, King Henry VI. specially exempted that distinguished merchant by name in a treaty made with Denmark, which prohibited all other Englishmen from trading with Iceland.
Notes on the History of Eastern Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery, and Foreign Intercourse with Japan
Authors: Pfoundes C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the paper I had the honour of reading before this society on a previous occasion, I alluded to the early explorers and adventurers, whose efforts were directed towards “Japan,” no doubt incited by the accounts of Marco Polo, and other early voyagers and travellers. Numerous efforts were made by private individuals, as well as by the heads of great nations, to open up fresh routes. I am strongly of opinion that justice is not done to the intelligence and energy of these early explorers, whom it has been but too general a fashion to call buccaneers. Few written accounts have come down to us of the earlier explorers and adventurers. Few men of those times had the literary talent, even if they had the will, to have their adventures put down in writing; but there are other and more cogent reasons why so little has been handed down to us.
The Colonial Empire of the Portuguese to the Death of Albuquerque
Authors: Beazley C. Raymond 
Published: March 2007

The first of modern colonial empires, the dominion of the Portuguese on the coasts and seas of Africa and India is in one sense more interesting than any of its successors. For it is, of course, essentially and peculiarly connected with the beginnings of that expansion of Europe and Christendom which, above all else, marks off the modern from the mediæval world. In other words, the growth of Portugal through discovery into a position of commercial and naval leadership is of general value to the whole of the Western world, in a way that is not shared by the similar and later growth of Spain, Holland, France or England. The development of these states belongs mainly to their own history. Immensely as they influenced one another, they none of them, to the same extent as Portugal, opened the way by which alone Europe could expand at all. None of them can rival her in the credit of breaking down the middle wall of superstitious terror which parted the unknown worlds along and beyond the ocean from the Christendom of Dante and Chaucer. None of them, in the same special originative way, can claim the glory that Camoens claims for his nation, the glory ofOpening up those wastes of tide,No generation openèd before.
The National Study of Naval History II. New Methods of Research
Authors: Hall Hubert 
Published: March 2007

In the present paper I propose only to refer to a single problem of the modern study of history, naval or otherwise—the exigencies of research.Naval history is at length recognised as a subject of special study ; it has its historians, its scholars, students, and the general readers of its special publications, and it has a large and powerful society which represents their literary interests.
An Address delivered November 15, 1894, on the occasion of the Gibbon Centenary Commemoration
Authors: Harrison Frederic 
Published: March 2007

Mr. Frederic Harrison, V.P.R.Hist. S., said:It is now just one hundred years ago that, in a remote village church under Ashdown Forest in Sussex, and in the most simple manner, were laid to rest, by the loving care of his lifelongfriend, the mortal remains of the most famous writer of history in the English language. Edward Gibbon, the immortal author of ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’, died in London in January 1794, at the age of 56, after an illness of a few days, almost in the fulnessof his intellectual power, at the zenith of his fame, with the great work of his life achieved, in perfect peace of mind, and surrounded by the esteem and affection of all who knew him. Hisdear friend, we may almost say his brother by adoption, Lord Sheffield, whose grandson to-day presides over this gathering, placed the body in the Sheffield mausoleum in Fletching Church, where it still reposes; and he collected in the house of Sheffield Place portraits, miniatures, personal relics, manuscripts, diaries, and letters of the historian; and there, until now, they have been religiously preserved as heirlooms in the Sheffield family. Nor have the literary remains ever been examined since the publication of Lord Sheffield's five volumes of ‘Miscellaneous Works’ in 1814, except partially by Dean Milman more than fifty years ago.
Italian Bankers and the English Crown
Authors: Whitwell Robert Jowitt 
Published: March 2007

THE geographical position of Britain made her dependent upon the Mediterranean races—with their higher civilisation and more advanced mechanical processes—for the development of the natural resources of the island.Her distance from the central marts of the world was counterbalanced in the dawn of her history by the excellence and cheapness of her tin and hides; and in the eleventh and later centuries by the primacy of her wools in all the textile work of Europe.
The English Occupation of Tangier (1661–1683)
Authors: Routh Enid 
Published: March 2007

When Charles II. announced his impending marriage with Catharine of Portugal, the inclusion of Tangier in the Princess's dowry was the most popular clause of the marriage treaty.English hopes ran even higher round the little African port than over the companion gift of Bombay, for Tangier, situated almost on the north-west point of Morocco, lay in the direct trade route from the Levant to Western Europe. The English Consul at Lisbon pointed out that it might from its position become a magazine for all the Levant, a port which would be used by the Spanish West India fleet homeward bound to Seville or Cadiz, in order to avoid the high duties imposed by the Crown of Spain in its own ports—valuable asset this in case of war with Holland, Spain, or France.