bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Locus in Human Extrastriate Cortex for Visual Shape Analysis
Authors: Kanwisher Nancy , Woods Roger P. , Iacoboni Marco , Mazziotta John C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to locate an area in human extrastriate cortex that subserves a specific component process of visual object recognition. Regional blood flow increased in a bilateral extrastriate area on the inferolateral surface of the brain near the border between the occipital and temporal lobes (and a smaller area in the right fusiform gyms) when subjects viewed line drawings of 3-dimensional objects compared to viewing scrambled drawings with no clear shape interpretation. Responses were Seen for both novel and familiar objects, implicating this area in the bottom-up (i.e., memory-independent) analysis of visual shape.
Spoken Sentence Comprehension in Aphasia: Event-related Potential Evidence for a Lexical Integration Deficit
Authors: Swaab Tamara , Brown Colin , Hagoort Peter 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In this study the N400 component of the event-related potential was used to investigate spoken sentence understanding in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. The aim of the study was to determine whether spoken sentence comprehension problems in these patients might result from a deficit in the on-line integration of lexical information. Subjects listened to sentences spoken at a normal rate. In half of these sentences, the meaning of the final word of the sentence matched the semantic specifications of the preceding sentence context. In the other half of the sentences, the sentence-final word was anomalous with respect to the preceding sentence context. The N400 was measured to the sentence-final words in both conditions. The results for the aphasic patients (n = 14) were analyzed according to the severity of their comprehension deficit and compared to a group of 12 neurologically unimpaired age-matched controls, as well as a group of 6 nonaphasic patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere. The nonaphasic brain damaged patients and the aphasic patients with a light comprehension deficit (high comprehenders, n = 7) showed an N400 effect that was comparable to that of the neurologically unimpaired subjects. In the aphasic patients with a moderate to severe comprehension deficit (low comprehenders, n = 7), a reduction and delay of the N400 effect was obtained. In addition, the P300 component was measured in a classical oddball paradigm, in which subjects were asked to count infrequent low tones in a random series of high and low tones. No correlation was found between the occurrence of N400 and P300 effects, indicating that changes in the N400 results were related to the patients' language deficit. Overall, the pattern of results was compatible with the idea that aphasic patients with moderate to severe comprehension problems are impaired in the integration of lexical information into a higher order representation of the preceding sentence context.
Higher-Order Associative Learning in Amnesia: Evidence from the Serial Reaction Time Task
Authors: Curran Tim 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPatients with anterograde amnesia are commonly believed to exhibit normal implicit learning. Research with the serial reaction time (SRT) task suggests that normal subjects can implicitly learn visuospatial sequences through a process that is sensitive to higher-order information that is more complex than pairwise associations between adjacent stimuli. The present research reexamined SRT learning in a group of amnesic patients with a design intended to specifically address the learning of higher-order information. Despite seemingly normal learning effects on average, the results suggest that amnesic patients do not learn higher-order information as well as control subjects. These results suggest that amnesic patients have an associative learning impairment, even when learning is implicit, and that the medial temporal lobe and/or diencephalic brain areas typically damaged in cases of amnesia normally contribute to implicit sequence learning.
Common Blood Flow Changes across Visual Tasks: I. Increases in Subcortical Structures and Cerebellum but Not in Nonvisual Cortex
Authors: Shulman Gordon L. , Corbetta Maurizio , Buckner Randy L. , Fiez Julie A. , Miezin Francis M. , Raichle Marcus E. , Petersen Steven E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNine positron emission tomography (PET) studies of human visual information processing were reanalyzed to determine the consistency across experiments of blood flow increases during active tasks relative to passive viewing of the same stimulus array. No consistent blood flow increases were found in cerebral cortex outside of the visual system, but increases were seen in the thalamus and cerebellum. Although most tasks involve increases in arousal, establishing an intention or behavioral goal, setting up control structures for sequencing task operations, detecting targets, etc., these operations do not produce blood flow increases, detectable with the present methods, in localized cortical regions that are common across tasks. Common subcortical regions, however, may be involved.A left cerebellar and a medial cerebellar focus reflected motor-related processes. Blood flow increases in these regions only occurred in experiments in which the subject made an overt response and were largest when the response was made in the active but not passive condition. These motor-related processes were more complex than simple motor execution, however, since increases were still present when the response was made in both the active and passive conditions. These cerebellar increases may reflect processes related to response selection.Blood flow increases in a right cerebellar region were not motor-related. Increases were not modulated by the presence or absence of motor responses during either the active or passive conditions, and increases were sensitive to within-experiment variables that held the motor response constant. Increases occurred in both language and nonlanguage tasks and appeared to involve a general nonmotor process, but the nature of that process was difficult to specify.A right thalamic focus was sensitive to variables related to focal attention, suggesting that this region was involved in attentional engagement. Right thalamic increases were also correlated over conditions with increases in the left and medial cerebellum, perhaps reflecting additional contributions from motor-related nuclei receiving cerebellar projections.Blood flow increases in a left thalamic focus were completely uncorrelated over conditions with increases in the right thalamus, indicating that it was involved in different functions. Both the left thalamus and right cerebellum yielded larger blood flow increases when subjects performed a complex rather than simple language task, possibly reflecting a language-related pathway. Blood flow increases in the left thalamus were also observed, however, during nonlanguage tasks.
Sentence Reading: A Functional MRI Study at 4 Tesla
Authors: Bavelier D. , Corina D. , Jezzard P. , Padmanabhan S. , Clark V. P. , Karni A. , Prinster A. , Braun A. , Lalwani A. , Rauschecker J. P. , Turner R. , Neville H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In this study, changes in blood oxygenation and volume were monitored while monolingual right-handed subjects read English sentences. Our results confirm the role of the left peri-sylvian cortex in language processing. Interestingly, individual subject analyses reveal a pattern of activation characterized by several small, limited patches rather than a few large, anatomically well-circumscribed centers. Between-subject analyses confirm a lateralized pattern of activation and reveal active classical language areas including Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyms. In addition they point to areas only more recently considered as language-relevant including the anterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus. This area has not been reliably observed in imaging studies of isolated word processing. This raises the hypothesis that activation in this area is dependent on processes specific to sentence reading.
Deviance-elicited Changes in Event-related Potentials are Attenuated by Ketamine in Mice
Authors: Ehrlichman Richard S. , Maxwell Christina R. , Majumdar Sonalee , Siegel Steven J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background: People with schizophrenia exhibit reduced ability to detect change in the auditory environment, which has been linked to abnormalities in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission. This ability to detect changes in stimulus qualities can be measured with electroencephalography using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). For example, reductions in the N100 and mismatch negativity (MMN), in response to pitch deviance, have been proposed as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. This study examines a novel rodent model of impaired pitch deviance detection in mice using the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. Methods: ERPs were recorded from unanesthetized mice during a pitch deviance paradigm prior to and following ketamine administration. First, N40 amplitude was evaluated using stimuli between 4 and 10 kHz to assess the amplitude of responses across the frequency range used. The amplitude and latency of the N40 were analyzed following standard (7 kHz) and deviant (5–9 kHz) stimuli. Additionally, we examined which portions of the ERP are selectively altered by pitch deviance to define possible regions for the mouse MMN. Results: Mice displayed increased N40 amplitude that was followed by a later negative component between 50 and 75 msec in response to deviant stimuli. Both the increased N40 and the late N40 negativity were attenuated by ketamine. Ketamine increased N40 latency for both standard and deviant stimuli alike. Conclusions: The mouse N40 and a subsequent temporal region have deviance response properties similar to the human N100 and, possibly, MMN. Deviance responses were abolished by ketamine, suggesting that ketamine-induced changes in mice mimic deviance detection deficits in schizophrenia.
Social Identity and Patterns of Interaction in the Sharia Court of Kastamonu (1740-44)
Authors: Ergene Bogaç 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this article I introduce quantitative techniques and procedures to analyze how various social groups in mid-18th-century Ottoman Kastamonu experienced the court process. By processing the information found in three Kastamonu court registers, I attempt to determine the group identities of court clients and to compare the choices made by different groups in various legal circumstances. I will identify the kinds of issues brought to court by different segments of the social hierarchy, and the legal adversaries and/or contracting parties brought to court by these court clients; and I will assess how these groups fared in their disputes. My analysis confirms the existence of diverse patterns of court use by various groups in 18th-century Kastamonu and the differential use of the court's services by clients with different social and economic backgrounds.
Gendering Border Spaces: Impact of Open Border Policy Between Cambodia-Thailand on Small-scale Women Fish Traders
Authors: Kusakabe Kyoko , Sereyvath Prak , Suntornratana Ubolratana , Sriputinibondh Napaporn 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The study examined how the commodity chain of freshwater fresh fish trade between Thailand and Cambodia developed and became sex segregated, and how women small-scale traders are positioned in the chain. The open border policy increased trade and demand for fish, and made it more difficult for small-scale traders to secure fish. Lack of state control led to rent-seeking, which further closed opportunities for resourceless small-scale traders. Women small-scale border traders tried to counter the marginalization through establishing social networks, but with limited success. Field interviews with 86 traders at the border areas of Thailand and Cambodia were conducted to explore these points.
Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960
Authors: Bigon Liora 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.
Advection, Phase Distortion, and the Frequency Spectrum of Finescale Fields in the Sea
Authors: Pinkel Robert 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Continuous depth–time measurements of upper-ocean velocity are used to estimate the wavenumber–frequency spectrum of shear. A fundamental characteristic of these spectra is that the frequency bandwidth increases linearly with increasing wavenumber magnitude. This can be interpreted as the signature of Doppler shifting of the observations by time-changing “background” currents as well as by instrument motion. Here, the hypothesis is posed that the apparently continuous wavenumber–frequency spectrum of oceanic shear results from the advective “smearing” of discrete spectral lines. In the Arctic Ocean, lines at the inertial (ω = −f ) and vortical (ω = 0) frequencies (where f is the Coriolis frequency) account for most of the variance in the shear spectrum. In the tropical ocean, two classes of inertial waves are considered, accounting for 70% of the observed shear variance. A simple model is introduced to quantify the effects of lateral advection, random vertical advection (“fine-structure contamination”), and deterministic (tidal) vertical advection on these “otherwise monochromatic” records. Model frequency spectra are developed in terms of the probability density and/or spectrum of the advecting fields for general but idealized situations. The model successfully mimics the increasing frequency bandwidth of the shear spectrum with increasing vertical wavenumber. Excellent fits to the observed frequency spectrum of shear are obtained for the Arctic (weak advection and short-spatial-scale inertial waves) and low-latitude (strong advection and long and short inertial waves) observations. While successfully replicating the wavenumber–frequency spectrum of shear, the model does not even consider motion at scales greater than ∼250 m, the “energy containing” scales of the internal wave field. To a first approximation, the waves with the majority of the kinetic and potential energy constitute a population apart from those with the momentum, shear, and strain.
Subsurface Salinity Balance in the South China Sea*
Authors: Yu Zuojun , McCreary Julian P. , Yaremchuk Max , Furue Ryo 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The South China Sea (SCS) is often treated as a semienclosed water body, with the Luzon Strait as its only connection to the Pacific Ocean. A branch of the Kuroshio flows northwestward across the Luzon Strait to enter the SCS, carrying North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) into the basin. Using the subsurface salinity maximum as a tracer for NPTW, the authors show how important three secondary straits—the Taiwan Strait to the north and the Karimata and Mindoro Straits to the south—are to the NPTW intrusion at the Luzon Strait. The authors demonstrate that the SCS cannot reach an equilibrium state that is consistent with the observed subsurface salinity distribution unless all of the following components are in place: the Kuroshio, transports through the three secondary straits, downward mixing of freshwater, horizontal mixing induced by mesoscale eddies, and forcing by the local monsoonal winds.
Buffering Effect and Its Related Ocean Dynamics in the Indonesian Throughflow Region*
Authors: Qu Tangdong , Du Yan , McCreary Julian P. , Meyers Gary , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Analysis of results from a high-resolution general circulation model confirms the existence of a “buffering” effect in the Indo-Australian Basin in which the upper ocean receives an excess of water from February to June and releases it during the rest of the year. A similar, but significantly weaker, phenomenon exists in the Indonesian seas. The buffering mostly results from geostrophic convergence, with the directly wind-driven Ekman divergence playing a role only within the Indonesian seas. Upward phase propagation, or equivalently, downward energy propagation, is revealed, indicating the prominent influence of remotely forced Kelvin waves originating in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The model demonstrates that these Kelvin waves penetrate as far eastward as the Ombai Strait along the southern Indonesian coastal waveguide, and that they have a notable influence on the upper-ocean convergence/divergence in the Indo-Australian Basin. Some of the semiannual signal turns northward through the Lombok and Ombai Straits to impact the circulation and thermal structure within the Indonesian seas.
Asymmetry of Free Circulations in Closed Ocean Gyres
Authors: LaCasce J. H. , Nøst O. A. , Isachsen P. E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Steady flows in regions of closed geostrophic contours, such as in ocean basins or over seamounts, are examined by calculating solutions to the nonlinear quasigeostrophic and shallow-water equations with topography. For oceanically realistic choices of parameters, the solutions are asymmetric in that those with cyclonic circulation resemble the topography while those with anticyclonic circulation exhibit small-scale structure and cross-isobath flow. These small-scale structures reflect topographic wave modes, which are stationary with the anticyclonic circulation. The implication of the asymmetry is that random wind forcing is much more likely to excite persistent cyclonic than anticyclonic flow. This may explain why the circulation in the Norwegian and Greenland Gyres is most often cyclonic.
A Simple Linear Model of the Depth Dependence of the Wind-Driven Variability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Killworth Peter D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The part of the meridional overturning circulation driven by time-varying winds is usually assumed to be an Ekman flux within a mixed layer, and a depth- and laterally independent return flow beneath. For a simple linear frictional ocean model, the return flow is studied for a range of frequencies from several days to decades. It is shown that while the east–west integral of the return flow is usually, but not always, almost independent of depth, the spatial distribution of the return flow varies strongly with both horizontal and vertical position. This can have important consequences for calculations of the northward heat flux, which traditionally assumes a spatially uniform return flow.
The effects of experimentally lowered serotonin function on emotional information processing and memory in remitted depressed patients
Authors: Merens W. , Booij L. , Haffmans PM Judith , van der Does AJW 
Published: February 2008

It has been well documented that acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) induces symptoms in remitted depressed patients treated with an SSRI. ATD also has effects on cognition, both in patients and in healthy samples. The exact nature of ATD-induced cognitive changes in depression remains unclear. It is also unclear whether cognitive effects can be induced through partial ('low-dose') depletion. The aim of this study is to investigate the differential effects of low-dose and high-dose ATD on emotional information processing and mood in remitted depressed patients. Eighteen remitted depressed patients received high-dose and low-dose ATD in a randomized, double-blind, within-subjects crossover design. Mood was assessed before and after administration of the depletion drink. Five hours after administration, patients conducted tests measuring neutral and emotional information processing. High-dose ATD increased depressive symptoms and induced a temporary depressive 'relapse' in half of the patients. High-dose ATD also decreased the recognition of fear and impaired learning and memory retrieval. The impaired learning occurred only in mood-responders. Low-dose ATD had no effects on mood but speeded the recognition of facial expressions of disgust. Accurate recognition of sad faces at baseline was associated with mood response to ATD. High-dose ATD leads to changes in memory and in the recognition of negative facial expressions in SSRI-treated remitted depressed patients. The effect of low-dose ATD on mood and cognition seems to be quite limited. Emotional information processing at baseline predicts mood-response to ATD.
Trends in long-term survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia from the 1980s to the early 21st century
Authors: Brenner Hermann , Gondos Adam , Pulte Dianne 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has remained incurable with standard treatments, newer therapeutic approaches, such as chemoimmunotherapy or stem cell transplantation, bear the potential for prolonged survival. We estimated trends in age-specific 5- and 10-year absolute and relative survival of CLL patients in the United States between 1980-1984 and 2000-2004 from the 1973 to 2004 database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Period analysis was used to disclose recent developments with minimum delay. Overall, 5- and 10-year absolute survival from diagnosis increased from 54.2% to 60.2% (+6 percentage points; P < .0001) and from 27.8% to 34.8% (+7 percentage points; P < .0001), respectively. Despite a strong age gradient in prognosis, increases in 5-year absolute and relative survival over time were rather homogeneous across age groups. In contrast, increases in 10-year absolute and relative survival close to or well above 10% units were observed for all patients younger than 80 years of age at diagnosis compared with no increase at all for older patients. Long-term survival expectations of patients with CLL have substantially improved over the past 2 decades except for patients 80 years of age or older at the time of diagnosis. Future studies are needed to confirm and expand our findings.