bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three new Xanthoria species from South Africa: X. hirsuta, X. inflata and X. doidgeae
Authors: EICHENBERGER Christof , APTROOT André , HONEGGER Rosmarie 
Published: November 2007

Abstract:Three new Xanthoria species are described from South Africa. Xanthoria hirsuta sp. nov. has hairs on the surface of the thallus and apothecia, best visible in young, growing parts. Dust particles and sand granules stick to this hairy surface, giving the thallus a somewhat dirty appearance. Xanthoria inflata sp. nov. has inflated lobes similar to a Menegazzia. It carries numerous crystals on its medullary hyphae, which are ivory-coloured in young, but intensely orange coloured in old lobes. Xanthoria doidgeae sp. nov. has relatively small lobes with pruinose margins. All three species are fertile, none of them forms symbiotic propagules.
Diploschistes elixii (Ostropales: Thelotremataceae), an overlooked terricolous species from Western Australia
Authors: LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , MANGOLD Armin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract:The new species Diploschistes elixii is described from Western Australia. It is characterized by perithecioid ascomata and large ascospores. It resembles D. hensseniae but is readily distinguished by larger ascospores (up to 45 μm), having lecanoric acid as major constituent, and an epruinose thallus surface. It is currently known from several localities in south-western Australia, where it grows on soil.
New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America
Authors: FLAKUS Adam , KUKWA Martin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract:New records of 15 Lepraria species from South America are presented. Two species are newly described from the Bolivian Andes: Lepraria achariana Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: lecanoric, angardianic/roccellic acids and anthraquinones) and L. neojackii Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: porphyrilic, angardianic/roccellic, cf. rangiformic acids and anthraquinone). Lepraria impossibilis, L. lecanorica and L. rigidula are reported as new for the Southern Hemisphere, L. alpina, L. aff. caesiella and L. squamatica as new to South America, and other species as new to several countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay). In addition, two putative, undescribed species are discussed. Chemistry, ecology and general information concerning distribution of the species are presented, and the differentiation of some critical taxa discussed. A provisional key to Lepraria in South America is provided.
Human identity, immanent causal relations, and the principle of non-repeatability: Thomas Aquinas on the bodily resurrection
Authors: DYKE CHRISTINA VAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCan the persistence of a human being's soul at death and prior to the bodily resurrection be sufficient to guarantee that the resurrected human being is numerically identical to the human being who died? According to Thomas Aquinas, it can. Yet, given that Aquinas holds that the human being is identical to the composite of soul and body and ceases to exist at death, it's difficult to see how he can maintain this view. In this paper, I address Aquinas's response to this objection (Summa Contra Gentiles, IV.80–81). After making a crucial clarification concerning the nature of the non-repeatability principle on which the objection relies, I argue that the contemporary notion of immanent causal relations provides us with a way of understanding Aquinas's defence that renders it both highly interesting and philosophically plausible.
Human nature as God's purpose
Authors: AFFOLTER JACOB 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article responds to one of Thaddeus Metz's criticisms of the theory that the meaning of life is to fulfil a purpose assigned by God. In particular, it addresses the argument that only an atemporal God could ground meaning but that an atemporal God could not assign a purpose. In order to do this, the article first argues that Metz's criticisms misread the relevant sense of purpose. It then argues that on a more plausible reading of ‘purpose’, we can see that it is in fact the kind of thing that an atemporal God could assign.
Religious disagreement, externalism, and the epistemology of disagreement: listening to our grandmothers
Authors: KRAFT JAMES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new emphasis in epistemology is burgeoning, known by the phrase ‘the epistemology of disagreement’. The object of investigation is the situation where the two combatants of a disagreement are equally well situated epistemologically. Central questions include whether peer epistemic conflict reduces the support one has for one's belief, whether the reduction should be understood on internalist or externalist lines, and how often such peer conflict happens. The main objective in the first two sections will be to provide background by bringing key points of contention to the surface in the recent epistemologies of disagreement both in mainstream epistemology and in religious epistemology. A final section asserts that epistemic externalism in religious epistemology doesn't easily escape the challenge of epistemic, peer, religious disagreement.
A novel method for observing proteins in vivo using a small fluorescent label and multiphoton imaging
Authors: Botchway Stanley W. , Barba Ignasi , Jordan Randolf , Harmston Rebecca , Haggie Peter M. , Williams Simon-Peter , Fulton Alexandra M. , Parker Anthony W. , Brindle Kevin M. 
Published: November 2007

A novel method for the fluorescence detection of proteins in cells is described in the present study. Proteins are labelled by the selective biosynthetic incorporation of 5-hydroxytryptophan and the label is detected via selective two-photon excitation of the hydroxyindole and detection of its fluorescence emission at 340 nm. The method is demonstrated in this paper with images of a labelled protein in yeast cells.
Current status of pancreatic islet transplantation
Authors: Merani Shaheed , Shapiro A. M. James 
Published: November 2007

DM (diabetes mellitus) is a metabolic disorder of either absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Optimized insulin injections remain the mainstay life-sustaining therapy for patients with T1DM (Type I DM) in 2006; however, a small subset of patients with T1DM (approx. 10%) are exquisitely sensitive to insulin and lack counter-regulatory measures, putting them at higher risk of neuroglycopenia. One alternative strategy to injected insulin therapy is pancreatic islet transplantation. Islet transplantation came of age when Paul E. Lacy successfully reversed chemical diabetes in rodent models in 1972. In a landmark study published in 2000, Shapiro et al. [A. M. Shapiro, J. R. Lakey, E. A. Ryan, G. S. Korbutt, E. Toth, G. L. Warnock, N. M. Kneteman and R. V. Rajotte (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 230–238] reported seven consecutive patients treated with islet transplants under the Edmonton protocol, all of whom maintained insulin independence out to 1 year. Substantial progress has occurred in aspects of pancreas procurement, transportation (using the oxygenated two-layer method) and in islet isolation (with controlled enzymatic perfusion and subsequent digestion in the Ricordi chamber). Clinical protocols to optimize islet survival and function post-transplantation improved dramatically with the introduction of the Edmonton protocol, but it is clear that this approach still has potential limitations. Newer pharmacotherapies and interventions designed to promote islet survival, prevent apoptosis, to promote islet growth and to protect islets in the long run from immunological injury are rapidly approaching clinical trials, and it seems likely that clinical outcomes of islet transplantation will continue to improve at the current exponential pace.
Predictive modelling of tree species distributions on the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum and Mid‐Holocene
Authors: Benito Garzón Marta , Sánchez de Dios Rut , Sáinz Ollero Helios 
Published: November 2007

This paper reports a bioclimatic envelope model study of the potential distribution of 19 tree species in the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 yr BP) and the Mid‐Holocene (6000 yr BP). Current patterns of tree species richness and distributions are believed to have been strongly influenced by the climate during these periods. The modelling employed novel machine learning techniques, and its accuracy was evaluated using a threshold‐independent method. Two atmospheric general circulation models, UGAMP and ECHAM3 (generated by the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, PMIP), were used to provide climate scenarios under which the distributions of the 19 tree species were modelled. The results obtained for these scenarios were assessed by agreement measure analysis; they differed significantly for the LGM, but were more similar for the Mid‐Holocene.The results for the LGM support the inferred importance of pines in the Iberian Peninsula at this time, and the presence of evergreen Quercus in the south. Important differences in the altitude at which the modelled species grew were also predicted. During the LGM, some normally higher mountain species potentially became re‐established in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The warm Mid‐Holocene climate is clearly reflected in the predicted expansion of broad‐leaved forests during this period, including the colonization of the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula by evergreen Quercus species.
Outcome following admission to UK intensive care units after cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database*
Authors: Nolan J. P. , Laver S. R. , Welch C. A. , Harrison D. A. , Gupta V. , Rowan K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUsing a retrospective analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme Database (ICNARC CMPD), we have summarised the characteristics and outcomes for mechanically ventilated patients admitted to UK intensive care units (ICUs) after cardiac arrest. Descriptive statistics on case mix, physiology, treatment, service delivery, outcome and activity were described separately for community cardiac arrest, in‐hospital cardiac arrest (peri‐operative) and in‐hospital cardiac arrest (not peri‐operative). The impact on outcome of several patient characteristics and physiological values were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Mechanically ventilated survivors of cardiac arrest accounted for 24 132 (5.8%) of all admissions to the 174 ICUs in the ICNARC CMP. Of these, 10 347 (42.9%) survived to leave the ICU and 6778 (28.6%) survived to acute hospital discharge. The ICNARC model gives much better discrimination than APACHE II for predicting hospital mortality after admission to ICU following cardiac arrest: the predicted hospital mortality based on the APACHE II and ICNARC model was 41.9% and 79.7%, respectively.
The efficacy of a commercial shampoo and whirlpooling in the treatment of canine pruritus – a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Löflath A. , Von Voigts‐Rhetz A. , Jaeger K. , Schmid M. , Kuechenhoff H. , Mueller R. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two dogs with a history of at least 4 weeks pruritus were studied to determine the effect of whirlpool use on the efficacy of topical therapy with an antipruritic shampoo (Allermyl®, Virbac; Bad Oldesloe, Germany). Dogs in group 1 received initially topical therapy with conventional shampooing (2 mL shampoo per kilogram bodyweight) once weekly for 4 weeks. Dogs in group 2 received the same therapy using a whirlpool (Sanwhirl, Peter Aschauer GmbH; Gräfelfing, Germany). The treatments were crossed between the groups resulting in each dog in groups 1 and 2 receiving both therapies. Group 3 was the control group and was treated once weekly in the whirlpool without any shampoo during the 8 weeks of study. Prior to each therapy, dogs were evaluated by a clinician not aware of the type of treatment using a clinical scoring system (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index – CADESI). Owners evaluated the pruritus daily on a visual analogue scale. There was a significant difference in pruritus scores but not CADESI scores after therapy between the control treatment and the conventional shampoo therapy or shampoo treatment in the whirlpool. These results provide evidence for the short‐term benefit of shampoo therapy for canine pruritus.
Identity of naturalised exotic Wisteria (Fabaceae) in the south‐eastern United States
Authors: TRUSTY J L , LOCKABY B G , ZIPPERER W C , GOERTZEN L R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryExotic Wisteria are increasingly serious invasive plants of watersheds and managed forests throughout the south‐eastern United States. Naturalised individuals are frequently identified as either Wisteria floribunda or W. sinensis, but may differ significantly from the original descriptions of either of those species. Here, we use data from the nuclear and chloroplast genomes to determine the species classification or hybrid status of naturalised plants collected in five south‐eastern states. Twenty‐four of twenty‐five collections (96%) were identified as hybrids between W. floribunda and W. sinensis. Haplotype analyses show that naturalised hybrid Wisteria is genetically diverse and that no relationship between haplotype and collection location exists. Morphological characters that clearly differentiate the introduced species cannot be used to reliably identify naturalised individuals. These data, along with observations of the continued spread of Wisteria in the south‐eastern United States, suggest that hybridisation may be playing a key role in the ongoing invasion of this taxon.
Resequencing of the human major histocompatibility complex in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls in Alaska Natives of Southeast Alaska
Authors: Yan Z. , Ferucci E. D. , Geraghty D. E. , Yang Y. , Lanier A. P. , Smith W. P. , Zhao L. P. , Hansen J. A. , Nelson J. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHigh prevalence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an early age of onset have previously been described in Alaska Native and American Indian (AN/AI) populations. The contribution of HLA‐DRB1 alleles encoding a similar amino acid sequence, referred to as the shared epitope (SE), to RA risk is well recognized in multiple populations worldwide. DRB1*1402 allele is the major SE‐encoding allele in AN/AI populations. However, DRB1*1402 is highly prevalent in healthy Alaska Natives of Southeast Alaska (AN), with no significant difference from RA patients, indicating this allele alone is not informative for defining genetic risk and non‐human leukocyte antigen (non‐HLA) genes are likely important in AN. We sought to deep resequence the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to characterize the single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes within this region in RA cases and controls in AN. Approximately 99 kb of the MHC was resequenced with 95 amplicons throughout this region. Thirty‐four cases and 74 controls were examined. A total of 696 SNPs were discovered from 85 of the selected 95 amplicons. Disease association signals were detected for nine of the 95 amplicons analyzed. Increased risk of RA was associated with five amplicons in the class I, class II or class III region and resistance to disease with four amplicons in the class I region. Our results indicate that non‐HLA MHC genes and/or unknown exogenous factors likely modulate risk of RA in the AN population.
Glycoproteins in the Epithelium of Lips and Associated Structures of a Hill Stream Fish Garra lamta (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes): A Histochemical Investigation
Authors: Pinky  , Mittal S. , Mittal A. K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA series of histochemical procedures were employed to localize and characterize glycoprotein (GP) classes elaborated in the epithelia of the upper and lower lips and associated structures, namely the rostral cap, the adhesive pad, the horny upper and lower jaw sheaths and the folds of skin between them, of a hill stream fish Garra lamta. The epithelia of the lips, the folds of skin and the major portions of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad are mucogenic. The epithelia of the horny jaw sheaths and parts of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad are keratinized. Based on the histochemical characterization of GPs, the cells involved in the secretions in the epithelia at the mucogenic regions of the rostral cap and the adhesive pad comprise the epithelial cells, the type A mucous cells and the club cells. In the lips and the folds of skin, in contrast, the club cells are absent and most mucous cells belong to the type B category. Type A mucous cells are few. GPs elaborated by cellular components of the mucogenic epithelia include GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols, GPs with O‐sulphate esters, GPs with sialic acid residues without O‐acyl substitution or with O‐acyl substitution at C7, C8 or C9 and GPs with O‐acyl sugars. The different types of cells show significant differences in the classes as well as in the concentrations of the GPs elaborated by them. GPs have also been identified in the subcorneal space between the unculi and the epithelial cells in the replacement layer in the epithelia at the keratinized regions. Elaboration of more than one type of GPs suggests a basis for functional discrimination in their role in the mucous secretions at the surface as an adaptation to the feeding ecology and the environment inhabited by the fish.
Polyglycolic Acid Sutures in Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Walker Thqmas D. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe trial of 1·5 metric (4/0) polyglycolic acid suture was conducted in extra‐ocular muscle surgery using the patient as his own control in 25 cases. It is suitable for this purpose and has some advantages over the currently available sutures with little disadvantage.
Pterygium: Intensity and Frequency of Activity
Authors: Saad Ronald S. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA review of the literature on prevalence studies, a specific study in 1965–1966 on veterans seen in Sydney, a review of clinical records dating back to 1939 and a follow‐up study from 1962 to 1975 on the rate of pterygium removal operations performed in the Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, against the background of the veteran population of N.S.W. showed that the highest incidence of pterygium was in early middle‐age and the lowest incidence in late middle‐age (excluding childhood when pterygium was rare).Pterygium activity has been classified according to its frequency and intensity. Frequency of activity is a new concept and means the percentage of eyes (not subjects) affected with active pterygia in a given population. This includes newly developed pterygia and pterygia which had developed in an earlier age group but which were still active. Frequency of activity was found to be low in youth, very high in early middle‐age, very low in late middle‐age and high in senility. Intensity of activity, on the other hand, was found to be high in youth and low in middle‐age and thereafter.
TAENIA SOLIUM IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Authors: Welsh N. H. , Proctor E. M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA case of the cestode, Taenia Solium, occurring in the anterior chamber, is presented. The usual presentation is that of the cystic stage, cysticercus cellulosa, occurring in the retina or vitreous. This case is particularly interesting since anterior chamber occurrence is rare and in addition, the cystic stage has been circumvented and the worm itself has developed, a condition which is excessively rare, if not unique.
CLINDAMYCIN IN HUMAN OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Chandra Jay , F.R.A.C.O. E.J. Donaldson. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn initial clinical impression on the therapeutic effectiveness of clindamycin in human ocular toxoplasmosis is reported. Fourteen patients have been treated with clindamycin, a chemical analogue of lincomycin. All patients responded satisfactorily to therapy, with 71.4% of the patients responding within the first week of treatment. In most cases normal to near normal visual acuities were restored. No serious gastro‐intestinal side effects were seen. One patient developed rashes.
A STUDY OF THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE LOWERING EFFECT OF TIMOLOL AND DIPIVALYL EPINEPHRINE
Authors: FRUMAR K. D. , McGUINNESS R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA double masked cross‐over study was carried out to compare the intraocular pressure lowering effect of Timolol maleate 0.25% and Dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE) 0.1% eye drops. Timolol showed a greater effect in reducing intraocular pressure, with a mean reduction of 8.0 mm/Hg than did DPE, with a mean reduction of intraocular pressure of 4.3 mm/Hg.
OXYGEN INDUCED RETINOPATHY: THE KITTEN MODEL RE–EXAMINED
Authors: GOLE G. A. , GANNON B. J. , GOODGER A. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have studied the kitten model of oxygen induced retinopathy by the technique of corrosion vascular casting/scanning electron microscopy. The predominant morphological features of the kitten model are preretinal and intraretinal neovascularization with a minor component of arteriovenous shunting. This is contrasted with the active phase of the blinding disease in the human neonate which is characterised predominantly by so called ‘mesenchymal arterio‐venous shunting’. A failure to appreciate fundamental differences in the nature of oxygen induced retinopathy between the human infant and its kitten mode! we believe has led to erroneous conclusions about pathogenesis in the human neonate.
BLUNT OCULAR TRAUMA AND HYPHAEMA
Authors: LITTLEWOOD K. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract138 consecutive cases of traumatic hyphaema treated at Royal Perth Hospital were studied retrospectively. 47% of cases were caused by sporting injuries; 21% by squash alone. 105 cases were available for follow‐up examination at 6 weeks. Using x2 distribution the finding of worse than 6/12 vision at follow‐up was significantly related to the occurrence of major associated ocular injury, and also to the occurrence of secondary haemorrhage. The benefit of hospital admission is doubtful when compared to the cost. Modern therapeutic modalities including anti‐fibrinolytics have improved the prognosis of secondary haemorrhage.
RURAL OPHTHALMOLOGY IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: DOWN BRENDA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEye disease is common in Africa where it causes much suffering and loss of valuable man‐power. Simple measures can provide immense relief at little cost The majority of the population is not wealthy and lives in rural areas. The Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind (RCSB) has established mobile eye units as a cost‐effective means of treatment and prevention of blindness, and for training national personnel to continue the good work. Ophthalmologists prepared to give a period of service are urgently needed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HLA‐B27 ANTERIOR UVEITIS
Authors: FRACP DENIS WAKEFIELD , BSc JOAN EASTER , MSC PAUL ROBINSON , DSC RONALD PENNY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAnalysis ol the immunological features of anterior Uveitis (AU) revealed a dichotomy of abnormalities defined in terms of the HLA‐B27 status of the patient. HLA‐B27‐positive AU was characterised by the occurrence of ins autoantibodies and an absolute T cell lymphopenia during active disease which returned to normal with recovery. This phenomenon was not observed in HLA‐B27‐negative AU or in controls and could not be attributed to antilymphocyte antibodies as these were not detected. Furthermore, there were no changes in T‐cell subsets (helper and suppressor T lymphocytes). Compared with HLA‐B27‐positive AU patients, the HLA‐B27‐negative group demonstrated elevated lgE levels and increased prevalence of smooth muscle autoantibodies. Key words: anterior Uveitis, HLA‐B27, immunological abnormalities, T lymphocytes, autoantibodies.