bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Observations on the Religious Festivals, Village Rituals and the Religiosity of the Sinhala Rural Folk in the N.C.P. Ceylon
Authors: Pathirana-Wimaladharma Kapila 
Published: March 2007

Le peuple rural singhalais, comme tout autre monde paysan traditionnel, célèbre une série de fêtes prescrites par sa reli gion. Certains rituels collectifs, quoiqu'ils ne soient pas sou tenus par la tradition orthodoxe, font néanmoins partie inté grante de la religion vécue du village. Une enquête sur les comportements religieux du peuple rural confronté aux processus du déueloppement fut menée à trois endroits choisis dans la région sèche de Ceylan. Les indicateurs du comportement reliqieux retenus furent : le nom bre de jours de travail sacrifiés, le montant des dépenses effectuées et le taux de participation. Les résultats de l'enquête montrent que le développement n'a pas en lui-même d'impact explicite sur la religiosité du paysan traditionnel. Les degrés différents des sacricifes finan ciers et des taux de participation selon les trois localités sont expliqués principalement par des circonstances économiques particulières et l'environnement écologique spécifique. Cependant, les chanqements économiques accompaqnant la modernisation et le développement ont opéré un glissement dans les significations données jusqu'ici aux fêtes et aux rites traditionnels. Ccrtaines assemblées religieuses sont transfor mées en commémorations nationales ou en expressions de la culture paysanne. Les anciens rituels continuent donc d'être accomplis (souvent dans des versions abrégées) tandis que les positions doctrinales sont réinterprétées en vue de s'acco moder avec le nouvel environnement économique. Cette ingénuité sur le plan des rationalisations est par venu à accorder la religion au développement dans le cadre de la société aqrairc contemporaine à Ceylan.
Perspective anthropologique sur un mouvement religieux actuel
Authors: Doutreloux Albert , Degive Colette 
Published: March 2007

This article attempts, first of all, from an epistemological and methodological viewpoint, to transcend the dilemma posed by the so-called participant observation method as it is applied to groups which are constituted around a particular ideology : one must either adopt the ideology in question and lack objec tivity, or maintain distance towards the ideology and imperil the group's existence. The article continues by showing the functioning of some charismatic renewal groups within Belgian Catholicism. The a priori systematization of every reality and all discourse that occur within these groups blocks the symbolic process upon which the movement justifies its existence. Consequently, the movement which presents itself as innovating and renovating is caught up in a structure which imposes its stereotypes upon the guilt-ridden adherents. The Charismatic renewal thus be comes an instrument of conservatism and of the demobili zation of certain dynamic movements induced in Catholicism after Vatican II.
Islam et structures sociales chez les immigrés Soninké en France
Authors: Hames Constant 
Published: March 2007

In spite of the fact that Islam represents the second largest religious community in France, as a result of the African Muslim immigration, we do not know anything about its dif ferent national components, nor about the reactions or the transformations it undergoes in a foreign country. This article presents a few elements of a survey devoted to the case of the Mauritanian Soninké. The author emphasizes the relationship which exists between religion and a certain social category, the moodi, i.e. those who are depositaries of religious knowledge. Religious action is seen under two aspects : Muslim teaching as it is provided by the moodi, on the one hand, and certain magic practices which claim to be attached more or less to Islam, on the other. While the latter practices enjoy the possibility of being spread through im migration, the teaching nevertheless continues to be given in the context of the homes that are provided for the immigrants. As a result, Islam seems to be advancing amidst the soninké immigration, except for the practices of ramadân. This is due not only to the permanent character of the soninké social structures which are reproduced during immigration — the moodi continue to play their role, but also to a shift in Muslim values, which tend to identify themselves with the sociological essence of the community which confronts a French society perceived as a danger for the soninké identity.
A Hydrogen Bonding Mechanism for the Permanent Setting of Wool Fibers
Authors: Farnworth A.J. 
Published: March 2007

It is shown that wool fibers in which the cystine linkages have been permanently broken can be given a set in boiling water equal to that of normal fibers. Set imparted by water or steam can be released by further treatment at 10° to 20° C. above that used in setting. Boiling solutions of reducing agents begin to impart permanent set in less than 15 sec., and a very high degree of permanent set is obtained within 30 sec. A high degree of permanent set can be imparted in a short time at low temperatures by treatment of extended fibers with a solution of urea containing a reducing agent. The resultant set is greater than that obtainable with boiling water after prolonged treat ment, or with boiling alkaline solutions. The results are readily explained by breakdown and reformation of hydrogen bonds following scission of some cystine linkages.
Some Properties of Native Hemp, Jute, and Kapok Celluloses
Authors: Timell T.E. 
Published: March 2007

The general chemical composition of untreated fibers of hemp, jute. and kapok has been studied, and the results have been compared to the composition of the corresponding α-celluloses and of the cellulose nitrates obtained by direct nitration of the original materials. After correction for nonglucose sugar residues, the data indicated the presence of approximately 80, 60, and 40% cellulose, respectively, in the native fibers. Unlike the hemp and jute, the kapok cellulose could not be nitrated to completion. No evidence was obtained for any association between α-cellulose and xylan in the jute. The average degree of polymerization of the nitrates was 4800 for the hemp, 4700 for the jute, and 3300 for the kapok cellulose, the first two values being the same as those found previously for native cotton and flax celluloses. The molecular weight distributions contained only one maximum and were symmetrical for hemp and jute. For kapok a curve with a slight right hand skewness was obtained. The results were compared to data obtained earlier for other bast and seed fibers.
“His Majesty the Baby”
Authors: SCHWARTZ PETER HAMMOND 
Published: March 2007

The child shall have things better than his parents: he shall not be subject to the necessities which they have recognized as dominating life. Illness, death, renunciation of enjoyment, restrictions on his own will, shall not touch him; the laws of nature, like those of society, are to be abrogated in his favor; he is really to be the center and heart of creation, “His Majesty the Baby,” as we once fancied ourselves to be.... At the weakest point of all in the narcissistic position, the immortality of the ego which is so relentlessly assailed by reality, security is achieved by fleeing to the child. Parental love, which is so touching and at bottom so childish, is nothing but parental narcissism born again.... Sigmund Freud, “On Narcissism”
Political Metaphysics
Authors: KORDELA A. KIARINA 
Published: March 2007

In truth, however, value is here the active factor in a process, in which, while constantly assuming the form in turn of money and commodities, it at the same time changes in magnitude, differentiates itself by throwing off surplus-value from itself; the original value, in other words, expands spontaneously. For the movement... is its own movement... is automatic expansion... able to add value to itself... living off-springs...golden eggs...an independent substance....It differentiates itself as original value from itself as surplus value; as the father differentiates himself from himself qua the son, yet both are one and of one age: for only by the surplus value of £10 does the £100 originally advanced become capital, and so soon as this takes place, so soon as the son, and by the son, the father, is begotten, so soon does their difference vanish, and they again become one, £110.3. Marx (1967, 1:171-73) The future must no longer be determined by the past....Anticipation is imperative...in order to be more than herself...“impossible” subject, untenable in a real social framework....But secretly, silently, deep down inside, she grows and multiplies...she goes and passes into infinity....Heterogeneous, yes...she does not cling to herself; she is dispersible, prodigious, stunning, desirous and capable of others, of the other woman that she will be, of the other woman she isn't, of him, of you...she is everywhere, she exchanges...in the exchange that multiplies....She does not “know” what she's giving, she doesn't measure it...she finds not her sum but her differences....In one another we will never be lacking. Cixous (1986, 309-20) If God is dead, everything is permitted, then the conclusion imposing itself within the text of our experience is that the response to God is dead, is nothing is any longer permitted. Lacan (1991, 139) It is therefore absolutely impossible to control capitalism from the metalevel, because capitalism itself is deconstructive. Karatani (1995, 71)
Agreement Coefficients as Indices of Dependability for Domain-Referenced Tests
Authors: Kane Michael T. , Brennan Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

A large number of seemingly diverse coefficients have been proposed as indices of dependability, or reliability, for domain-referenced and/or mastery tests. In this paper it is shown that most of these indices are special cases of two generalized indices of agreement—one that is corrected for chance and one that is not. The special cases of these two in dices are determined by assumptions about the na ture of the agreement function or, equivalently, the nature of the loss function for the testing proce dure. For example, indices discussed by Huynh (1976), Subkoviak (1976), and Swaminathan, Hambleton, and Algina (1974) employ a threshold agreement, or loss, function; whereas, indices dis cussed by Brennan and Kane (1977a, 1977b) and Livingston (1972a) employ a squared-error loss function. Since all of these indices are discussed within a single general framework, the differences among them in their assumptions, properties, and uses can be exhibited clearly. For purposes of com parison, norm-referenced generalizability coeffi cients are also developed and discussed within this general framework.
The Family and the Professions
Authors: MORONEY R. M. , DOKECKI P. R. 
Published: March 2007

If families are to be strengthened they should not only be viewed as means to societal ends (such as economic and social stability) but also their well-being should be recognized as a valied end in its own right. Interdependence should characterize optimal family-society relations. Society should be built on the values of community, mutual aid, cooperation, reduction of alienation, shared responsibility, human development, and Competent Society. This article explores the rationale for such a paradigm shift, identifies structural and professional barriers that would need to be addressed, and concludes with a number of recommendations. This article explores the rationale for such a paradigm shift, identifies structural and professional barriers that would need to be addressed, and concludes with a number of recommendations.
THE RECEPTION AND UTILITY OF MAX WEBER'S CONCEPT OF PATRIMONIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Zabludovsky Gina 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the validity of Max Weber's theory of domination as applied to Latin America and its social and political structures. The article concentrates on the advantages and risks involved when using the concept of patrimonialism to explain the authoritarian regimes of Latin American societies. To do this, the author examines how this concept has been applied for the study of the political organisation in different countries during various periods of time: the colonial era, the nineteenth century and contemporary societies. Focused on terminological analysis, the paper shows the conceptual problems of classical sociological theory when used for the study of social realities that were not at all central preoccupations for the original European writers. The author points out two main causes for the ambiguities and multiple meanings of concepts 1) the partial and fragmented reception of Weberian sociology in Latin America and 2) certain confusion already present in Weber's studies.
Supermarkets and Culture Clash: The Epistemological Role of Metaphors in Administrative Practice
Authors: Yanow Dvora 
Published: March 2007

Metaphor analysis traditionally treats its subject as a figure of speech, that is, a purely literary device that can be replaced by literal language. However, recent work suggests that metaphors should be thought of as figures of thought strongly based in cognition; they thus imply action. This article examines a particular organizational metaphor that founders created and members used to form an organization. Tacitly known, the metaphor shaped building design; program offerings; management, staff, and client behaviors; and evaluation criteria. But it also fueled conflict with one subdivision of the organization whose professional practice was not in keeping with the actions the metaphor suggested. The case example, then, illustrates a metaphor that was both a help and a hindrence in shaping organizational action. Although metaphors may clarify and confuse at the same time, it is not clear that we can eliminate this pitfall by substituting literal language or other metaphors. This article argues that organizational metaphors are not merely decorations or unclear thought, but are cognitively grounded and cannot be replaced without changing the way people think about and understand the nature and mission of their organization. The article addresses the argument that metaphors should be explicit and suggests some concerns this position raises.
Basic Solid Mechanics for Tactile Sensing
Authors: Fearing Ronald S. , Hollerbach John M. 
Published: March 2007

In order for a robot hand to grasp objects stably without using object models, tactile feedback from the fingers is sometimes necessary. This feedback can be used to adjust grasping forces to prevent a part from slipping from a hand. If the angle of force at the object-finger contact can be deter mined, slip can be prevented by the proper adjustment of finger forces. Another important tactile sensing task is finding the edges and corners of an object since they are usually feasible grasping locations. This paper describes how this information can be extracted from the finger-object contact using strain sensors beneath a compliant skin. For determining contact forces, strain mea surements are easier to use than the surface deformation profile. The finger is modeled as an infinite linear elastic half-plane to predict the measured strain for several contact types and forces. The number of sensors required is less than has been proposed for other tactile recognition tasks. A rough upper bound on sensor density requirements for a specific depth is presented that is based on the frequency response of the elastic medium. The effects of different sensor stiffnesses on sensor performance are discussed.
A New Method for Analysing and Representing Singing
Authors: Elmer Stefanie Stadler , Elmer Franz-Josef 
Published: March 2007

In psychological and cross-cultural (e.g. ethnomusicological) research the analysis of song-singing had always been an intricate and serious obstacle. Singing is a transient and mostly unstable patterning of vocal sounds that is organised by applying more or less linguistic and musical rules. Traditionally, a sung performance has been analysed by mere listening and by using the western musical notation for representing its structure. Since this method neglects any in-between categories with respect to pitch and time, it proves to be culturally biased. However, acoustic measures as used in speech analysis have had limited application and were primarily used to quantify isolated parameters of sung performances. For analysing and representing the organisation of pitch in relation to the syllables of the lyrics, and its temporal structure, we devised a computer-aided method in combination with a new symbolic representation. The computer program provides detailed acoustic measures on pitch and time. We reduce the redundancy of the detailed information by a notation system that shows pitch and time each on a continuous scale, including glissandi, breathing, joint singing, and instructional help. By combining acoustic with auditory analyses, this method allows to describe reliably sung performance's structures with respect to the organisation of pitches, together with syllables, and their timing. The resulting configuration of data includes qualitative aspects such as stable and unstable pitches. Such microanalytic descriptions are very useful for studying the nature of sung performances, their structures, and processes of change due to learning and development.
The Revolution in the World-View of History
Authors: Anderle Othmar 
Published: March 2007

About twenty years ago a book entitled Umsturz im Weltbild der Physik (“The Revolution in the World-View of Physics”) appeared and was eventually widely read. It described the basic change which our views in the natural sciences had undergone during the first three decades of this century.A similar book could be written today concerning the other, humanistic side of our conception of the world, for so radical a change has taken place since then in humanistic ideas as well, that it approaches complete revolution. This change can be briefly described as a transition from the part-whole synthetic point of view to whole-part, analytic thinking; from a Ptolemaic, egocentric standpoint to a Copernican, relativistic one; and from “thinking in terms of nations” to “thinking in cultures.”
The Public and Its Soul
Authors: Sperber Manès 
Published: March 2007

No research in the field of aesthetics can avoid the question of the value which every work of art poses as urgently as does every living thing: its raison d’être. Traditional aesthetics conceived only an absolute value. That is why it attempted to establish absolute, eternal criteria. More modest, the psychologist of the creative person, the philosopher of creativity and the historian of civilizations tend to acknowledge a value which is of relative importance only. Certain works suggest new criteria and survive them. Others, which conform to established criteria, frequently die with them. A work which does not beget, sooner or later, its own public and the sensitivity which recognizes itself in it, would consequently be ephemeral.The commercial value of an artistic production is determined by the intensity and the duration of the satisfaction that it procures for a sufficiently widespread need. The relation between supply and demand also regulates the market for that curious species of merchandise which paintings, books, songs, etc., represent-but not definitively. The creative work is quite often devoid of “exchange value” because it scarcely encounters a demand before it has stimulated one. It is sought only after it has been found, sometimes a long time after the death of the artist.
Comparative Study of the Notion of History in China, India and Japan
Authors: Nakamura Hajime 
Published: March 2007

The East has not been a cultural unit as a whole. In the East there have been several cultural areas, the most important of which must have been those centering in India and in China. Japan has a peculiar and unique significance of her own in comparison with these two.The notion of history differs greatly according to these cultural areas. We shall discuss them one by one.
Project for Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Gusdorf Georges 
Published: March 2007

The epistemological situation of the human sciences today is characterized by a state of dismemberment corresponding very closely to the very dislocation of the present world. For all science of man is a knowledge of man.The need for unification of this knowledge is, therefore, also an aspect of the urgent demand for world unification, and for a reconciliation of man with his fellows and with himself. Having predetermined this need, the importance of the task to be undertaken comes to the forefront; at the same time, its limitations are marked. Carrying such a reflection to its conclusion implies a gathering together of the human community: a state of affairs certainly very far from the present political and social universe.
Moses: the Ideal of a Leader
Authors: Roshwald Mordecai 
Published: March 2007

And I will give you shepherds after mine heart and they shall feed you knowledge and understanding(Jeremiah 3:15)To talk about leadership in our times evokes the spectre of those leaders in the thirties and forties who led their nation to disaster, without any consideration for the cost in human suffering and moral degradation which their course involved. Yet, despite the distasteful association, we talk about the need for leadership in various domains of life—education, business, politics—and we look for individuals who are capable of providing such leadership also in civilizations which are committed to the principles of liberalism and democracy. Obviously, there is more than one sort of leader and more than one kind of leadership.
The Political Economy of Rural Energy Planning in the Third World
Authors: Ganapathy R. S. 
Published: March 2007

R. S. Ganapathy might be seen as writing a memo to newly-trained energy planners. The essence of his message is that energy planning does not take place in a social or political vacuum. In effect, if as a planner you value collective self-reliance and democratic control by people over their affairs and equity, you must not let yourself make energy prescriptions based only on economic (cost/benefit) and engineering analyses. Also, even as a "well-trained " energy planner, you still know less than you think about what any specific rural community needs in the way of energy investment. But your technical expertise, along with the community's sometimes unarticulated understanding of its real needs, may together ameliorate their energy problem in a progressive way. The article is concerned first with energy planning in the Third World and second with the types and means of international support for appropriate, non-imperialist, transfer of energy technology. In fact, the preceding two articles have illustrated energy planning and technology transfer when Ganapathy's concerns are not addressed. Although implementing Ganapathy's program under current conditions may seem utopian, the issues raised here are nevertheless the ones raised in continuing discussions of the formation of official policies for rural development in a number of countries which profess to be following socialist paths to development.