bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Distance for Nasojejunal Tube Insertion in Children
Authors: Cirgin Ellett Marsha L. , Beckstrand Jan 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. As no consistent predictor of insertion tube distance has been determined for intestinal feeding tubes and fluoroscopic placement is very expensive, this study sought a reliable method of blind placement.DESIGN AND METHODS. This cross‐sectional study measured the internal distance from the lip to the pylorus in 387 children undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and compared those measurements to the external distances measured from the nose around the ear to the 10th rib and lip around the ear to the 10th rib.RESULTS. Regression equations using height fitted in four age groups were the best predictors of the internal pyloric distances.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Predicting this distance with height may help healthcare providers be more successful in blind placement of intestinal feeding tubes. A table of predicted nasointestinal tube insertion distances is included.
Pediatric Nurses: Advocates Against Youth Violence
Authors: Gance‐Cleveland Bonnie 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. This article examines the issues of youth violence and the role of the pediatric nurse in addressing youth at risk for violence. An example of a school‐based violence prevention program is included.CONCLUSIONS. Black adolescent males from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and violent communities tend to be at highest risk. However, the profile of risk for violence is expanding to include youth in rural and middle‐class suburban settings.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the identification of at‐risk youth and in the planning and evaluation of interventions for youth violence prevention.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Ground Water Sampling Mechanisms
Authors: Barcelona M.J. , Helfrich JA , Garske E.E. , Gibb J.P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe reliability of ground water monitoring information can be assured by careful selection of sample handling and analytical procedures. Sampling mechanism selection has been studied far less than analytical methodologies (Scalf et al. 1981, Nacht 1983). This study has as its primary goal the identification of reliable sampling mechanisms for purgeable organic compounds and gas‐sensitive chemical parameters in ground water. Carefully controlled sampling experiments were run to investigate the error contributed to chemical results due to sampling mechanism alone. Fourteen commercial sampling devices in five mechanistic categories were evaluated for their performance in sample collection for solution parameters, dissolved gases and purgeable organic compounds. Systematic errors related to sampling mechanism can reduce the accuracy of monitoring data by factors of two to three times that involved in analytical procedures.
Optimizing Pumping Strategies for Contaminant Studies and Remedial Actions
Authors: Keely Joseph F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne of the more common techniques for controlling the migration of contaminant plumes is the use of pumping wells to produce desired changes in local flow rates and hydraulic gradients. When seeking to optimize an array of pumping well locations and discharge rates, it is important to consider the effects that non‐ideal aquifer conditions, well construction and demographic constraints produce. Heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifer conditions seriously complicate siting and discharge rate requirements for pumping wells because of the distorted cones of depression that result from withdrawing water in such settings. Proper screen selection, gravel pack emplacement and well development are crucial factors affecting the operational characteristics and economics of pumping wells; these factors are generally recognized, though often undervalued. The impacts that well depth and diameter, and screen length and position have on the effectiveness of pumping efforts are also often undervalued, with detrimental consequences. Perhaps the most difficult problems to overcome in designing pumping schemes, however, are posed by demographic constraints. Denial of property access, vandalism and the unpredictability of nearby water supply and irrigation pumpage tend to wreak havoc with the best of pumping strategies.
Long‐Term Confidence in Ground Water Monitoring Systems
Authors: Perazzo James A. , Dorrier Richard C. , Mack James P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art analytical techniques are capable of detecting contamination In the part per billion (ppb) range or lower. At these levels, a truly representative ground water sample Is essential to precisely evaluate ground water quality. The design specifications of a ground water monitoring system are critical in ensuring the collection of representative samples, particularly throughout the long‐term monitoring period.The potential interfaces from commonly used synthetic well casings require a thorough assessment of site, hydrogeology and the geochemical properties of ground water. Once designed, the monitoring system must be installed following guidelines that ensure adequate seals to prevent contaminant migration during the installation process or at some time in the future. Additionally, maintaining the system so the wells are in hydraulic connection with the monitored zone as well as periodically Inspecting the physical integrity of the system can prolong the usefulness of the wells for ground water quality. When ground water quality data become suspect due to potential interferences from existing monitoring wells, an appropriate abandonment technique must be employed to adequately remove or destroy the well while completely sealing the borehole.The results of an inspection of a monitoring system comprised of six 4‐inch diameter PVC monitoring wells at a hazardous well facility Indicated that the wells were improperly installed and in some cases provided a pathway for contamination. Subsequent down hole television inspections confirmed inaccuracies between construction logs and the existing system as well as identified defects in casing materials. An abandonment program was designed which destroyed the well casings in place while simultaneously providing a competent seal of the re‐drilled borehole.
The Application of Telemetry to Large‐Scale Horizontal Anisotropic Permeability Determinations by Surface Tiltmeter Survey
Authors: Loo Walter W. , Franz Klaus , Holzhausen Gary R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn advanced two‐way radio link (transceiver units) and data logging system have provided a powerful means of real‐time series data collection and analysis. The application of this telemetry system to surface tiltmeter surveys provides significant cost savings for testing and analysis of deep, large‐scale horizontal anisotropic permeability and heterogeneity determinations.The determination of horizontal anisotropic properties requires one pumping well and eight to 10 tiltmeter monitoring stations. The validity of the depth of the test may reach 4,000 feet below land surface. With the addition of one partially penetrating observation well, the entire three‐dimensional anisotropic permeability can be determined. With the addition of a fully penetrating well, the storage coefficient can be determined as well as leakage property (including vertical permeability of the confining layers). An example test case was analyzed for horizontal anisotropic permeability with remarkable success despite relatively unfavorable detection conditions.A thorough understanding of the geology overlying the aquifer system must be made in order to assess the applicability of the surface tiltmeter survey to large‐scale horizontal anisotropic permeability determinations.
The Application of Television Borehole Logging to Ground Water Monitoring Programs
Authors: Morahan Thomas , Dorrier Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBorehole television has been successfully utilized to gather in situ information on boreholes and wells in several ground water monitoring programs. Borehole television surveys are proposed as a viable alternative to other downhole instruments in the subsurface investigation stages of a ground water monitoring program.The borehole television camera used by the authors was originally developed for use in the examination of nuclear reactor cores; the camera has since been modified for use in borehole investigations. The lens attachments are capable of looking sideward or downward and include built‐in lighting assemblies. Use of the camera, lenses and various support equipment are discussed.The in situ characterization of fractures that can provide pathways for contaminant migration poses a significant challenge. Borehole television inspection can provide information on the frequency, size and orientation of these fractures. Vertical correlations of rock cores in areas where voids are present (i.e. deep mining or karst topography) can also be simplified by this technique. In addition, borehole television can also be used to check monitoring well integrity. Casing inspections are especially useful where construction details are not known. Well screens may be inspected in place to determine if rusting has enlarged the screen openings or if screens have been damaged during emplacement or well development operations (i.e. surge block, air jetting, etc.). This information may prove to be very valuable in the decision to decommission a well. Examples of these successful applications in ground water monitoring programs at several Superfund hazardous waste sites are presented.
Monitoring in the Vadose and Saturated Zones Utilizing Fluoroplastic
Authors: Fishbaugh Timothy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA ground water monitoring program should include an investigation of all possible areas of concern. To be completely effective, the program should include soil sampling, soil analysis and water‐quality examination of both the saturated and unsaturated zones. A well‐tooled drill rig can take all the proper soil samples, perform all necessary tests and install a functional monitoring well. With the introduction of the fluoropolymer (Teflon(r)) sleeve lysimeter, a single monitoring well can be constructed to monitor both the saturated and unsaturated zones in one installation. The monitoring well screen and casing may also be completely constructed of fluoropolymer.The sleeve lysimeter is designed with a threaded hollow inner diameter, allowing it to be attached between the joints of a casing string. This hollow I.D. acts as an extension of the casing; the lysimeter surrounds the casing. This creates an isolated vessel for sampling the vadose zone. Access to the screened monitoring well below is unaffected. Tests have shown that when properly installed, these porous fluoropolymer filter units can collect samples with no interaction between the filter and collected fluids.
A Computerized Ground Water Monitoring System
Authors: Way Shao‐Chih (Ted) , McKee C.R. , Wainwright H. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes a computer automated, hydrologic analysis system designed to allow the collection of high quality, long‐term pumping test data. The instrument solves two of the major problems encountered in the field during aquifer tests: insufficient data, particularly during the early part of a test when drawdown is rapid; and high labor costs associated with long‐term monitoring.To illustrate the system's application, results are presented from the test of a highly transmissive aquifer. The aquifer's drawdown response was rapid; thus the time‐drawdown curve was essentially flat after the first two minutes of the test, and correspondingly rapid data acquisition was essential for a unique solution of the aquifer's three‐dimensional hydraulic conductivities.
New Tape For Ground Water Measurements
Authors: Sanders Paul J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA composite tape has been developed which can be the link to various sensing devices for measuring ground water parameters. The tape consists of a standard steel engineering tape with two conductors at the edges of the tape, similar to a TV antenna wire. The tape coating is clear Tefzel®, which has outstanding chemical and physical resistance. At the bottom end of the tape is a probe which can sense either water level by conductivity, a layer of organic liquid by an optical device, temperature by advanced semiconductor temperature transducers, pH, dissolved oxygen, absolute conductivity, or any other measurement that can be made with a small in situ probe.The steel tape itself provides one of three conductors and, because of its thin, flat shape, provides an excellent ground plane for electronic noise reduction. A multiplexing circuit commonly used in the electronics industry is placed inside the probe tip housing and routinely allows up to 16 signals to be transmitted to the hub at ground level. Most probes can be powered with a common 9V rechargeable battery. Signals are given either by low power‐consuming light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) ∼ 5 milliamperes (mA), piezo‐audible alarms ∼ 3mA, or liquid crystal displays ∼ l‐2mAThis configuration allows for extremely accurate depth profiles of the desired parameters.
Types and Usages of Drilling Fluids Utilized to Install Monitoring Wells Associated with Metals and Radionuclide Ground Water Studies
Authors: Ericson Wayne A. , Brinkman James E. , Darr Paul S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvaluation for metal and radionuclide contamination associated with selected inactive uranium mill tailings repositories required the installation of monitoring wells in both shallow unconfined and deep artesian aquifer systems. To prevent ionic exchange between the dissolved cationic metals and the cations in bentonitic drilling fluids, organic‐based fluids were used during the drilling and installation of monitoring wells. Experience gained at three western U.S. sites involving inactive uranium mill tailings indicates organic drilling fluids can be used to advance drill holes in soil materials ranging from saturated silts and fine sands to unsaturated gravels. However, it has been determined that certain types of these organic fluids can clog very narrow screen slots and remain present in well discharge, even after several hours of well cleaning. Certain types of organic drilling fluids appear to be preferable for these types of water chemistry studies.
An Evaluation Technique for Ground Water Quality Beneath Urban Runoff Retention and Percolation Basins
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Harrison Doug , Salo John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA subsurface water (vadose zone or ground water) extractor is described. Construction materials were Teflon and a porous ceramic suction cup. The unique features are: •Check valves are not needed. •Complete retention of water sample in a 1.8L capacity reservoir, even if vacuum is lost or when the reservoir is pressurized to transfer sample to ground surface and the collection bottle. •The extractor can usually be retrieved if the access well and well head as described are used. The ceramic cup can then be replaced if necessary and the extractor reused at another site. The water extractor is not suitable for obtaining samples for analysis of highly volatile pollutants.Up to four of these water extractors were used to monitor the quality of percolating urban runoff water and top of the ground water table (20 to 30m) beneath retention/recharge basins. The presence of water in the basins requires constructing a sealed borehole annular space, a watertight well head, and seal around the Teflon access tubes to the extractor at a control box containing the valves in the access tubes.
A Comparison of Sampling Mechanisms Available for Small‐Diameter Ground Water Monitoring Wells
Authors: Nielsen David M. , Yeates Gillian L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objective of most ground water quality monitoring programs is to obtain samples that are “representative” or that retain the physical and chemical properties of the ground water in an aquifer. Many factors can influence whether or not a particular sample is representative, but perhaps the most critical factor is the method or type of sampling device used to retrieve the sample.The sampling equipment available today ranges from simple to highly sophisticated, and includes bailers, syringe devices, suction‐lift pumps, gas‐drive devices, bladder (Middelburg‐type) pumps, gear‐drive and helical rotor electric submersible pumps and gas‐driven piston pumps. New devices are continually being developed for use in small‐diameter wells in order to meet the needs of professionals engaged in implementing elaborate ground water monitoring programs.In selecting a sampling device for a monitoring program, the professional must consider a number of details. Among the considerations are: the outside diameter of the device, the overall impact of the device on ground water sample integrity (including the materials from which the sampling device and associated equipment are made and the method by which the device delivers the sample), the capability of the device to purge the well of stagnant water, the rate and the ability to control the rate at which the sample is delivered, the depth limitations of the device, the ease of operating, cleaning and maintaining the device, the portability of the device and required accessory equipment, the reliability and durability of the device, and the initial and operational cost of the device and accessory equipment. Based on these considerations, each of the devices available for sampling ground water from small‐diameter wells has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable for sampling under specific sets of conditions. No one sampling device is applicable to all sampling situations.
Geophysical Monitoring of Ground Water Contamination Around Waste Disposal Sites
Authors: Greenhouse John P. , Monier‐Williams Mark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe potential and the problems for geophysical monitoring programs at waste disposal sites are discussed. No data are presented, but the expectations, design criteria and implementation of a geophysical monitor are examined for a hypothetical landfill. We conclude that any geophysical monitor must be designed to allow for future changes in the physical setting, geophysical technology and the personnel who will record, process and interpret the data. This suggests that permanent installations be kept to a minimum, and that a high priority be given to simplicity and reliability. It is also important that the detection limits of the monitor be clearly established, that the noise levels in readings unrelated to changes in contamination levels are well defined and that the monitor is integrated into an overall hydrogeological monitoring program.
Installation of Observation Wells on Hazardous Waste Sites in Kansas Using a Hollow‐Stem Auger
Authors: Perry Charles A. , Hart Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNoncontaminating procedures were used during the hollow‐stem auger installation of 12 observation wells on three hazardous waste sites in Kansas. Special precautions were taken to ensure that water samples were representative of the ground water in the aquifer and were not subjected to contamination from the land surface or cross contamination from within borehole. Precautions included thorough cleaning of the hollow‐stem auger and casing, keeping drill cuttings from falling back into the borehole while drilling, and not adding water to the borehole. These procedures were designed to prevent contamination of the ground water during well installation.Because the use of water during well installation could contaminate the aquifer or dilute contaminants already present in the aquifer, two methods of well installation that did not introduce outside water to the borehole were used. The first method involved using a slotted 3/4‐inch coupling that was attached to the bit plate of the hollow‐stem auger, allowing formation water to enter the auger, thereby preventing sand‐plug formation. This method proved to be adequate, except when drilling through clay layers, which tended to clog the slotted coupling. The second method involved screened well swab that allowed only formation water to enter the hollow‐stem auger and prevented sand from plugging the hollow‐stem auger when the bit plate was removed.
Flow and Containment of Injected Wastes
Authors: Miller C. , Fischer T. A. , Clark J.E. , Porter W.M. , Hales C.H. , Tilton J.R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProper design, construction, testing and maintenance of Class 1 (hazardous waste) injection wells can guarantee that all waste is delivered to the injection zone. To assess the effects of waste injection, analytical models were developed which predict waste movement and pressure increases within the injection zone, and describe upward permeation through confining layers.A basic plume model was used to track waste from several injection wells with varied injection history at DuPont's Victoria Texas site. To determine the maxi‐mum distance that any portion of the waste might travel, special purpose models were employed to account for (1) density differences between the waste and the native formation brine, and (2) layered permeability variation within the injection zone. The results were generalized to a “multiplying factor concept,” which facilitates development of a worst‐case scenario.A pressure distribution model based on the Theis (1935) equation for radial flow was applied to the Victoria site, with modifications to account for multiple wells, injection history and geological complexities.Permeation into an intact confining layer was investigated by a new technique based on the Hantush and Jacob (1955) “leaky aquifer” theory. The model defines the maximum permeation distance, taking into account post‐injection pressure decay.Defects within confining layers, such as faults, fractures and abandoned wells, have been considered. Studies to evaluate their detailed characteristics are continuing. Initial results indicate that faults and fractures are not likely to provide conductive pathways in Gulf Coast settings, and site‐specific evaluations are required to assess the impact of abandoned wells.