bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of false feedback on attributed arousal and rated attractiveness in female subjects1
Authors: Woll Stanley B. , McFall Miles E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn an expanded version of the Valins false feedback paradigm, female subjects viewed ten slides of seminude males accompanied by either an increase or no change in amplified heart beats. Heart rate increase slides were rated as both more attractive and more arousing than no‐change slides. These two measures were highly correlated, and did not differ significantly in the degree to which they were influenced by feedback. Subjects also showed significantly greater changes in actual heart rate for the increasing feedback slides than for the no‐change slides, although the feedback produced no corresponding differences in GSR. Despite the effects on both subjective report and cardiac activity, correlations between these two measures were generally nonsignificant. Subjects classified as high in autonomic perception showed no significant relationship between actual cardiac activity and slide ratings, nor were they more influenced in their ratings by the feedback than subjects low in autonomic perception. Implications for the false feedback paradigm and for current issues in the social psychology and psychophysiology of emotion are discussed.
The comparative relevance and predictive validity of subject generated trait descriptions1
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Gilliland LuNell 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBased upon the conclusion of Bern and Allen (1974) that any trait term is relevant to only a subset of people, the present study investigated the comparative relevance of common trait terms by comparing the extent to which subjects (N= 180) generated these traits as relevant self‐descriptors. Each self‐attributed descriptor was assigned to one of the 45 categories of trait terms in the preliminary trait taxonomy developed by Layman and McDonald (Goldberg, 1975, 1976). The proportion of subjects employing terms in each category ranged from .00 (simple‐intricate; inarticulate‐articulate; men) to .72 (reclusive‐gregarious; women). The predictive validity of subjects' self‐descriptions was shown for one of these trait categories (dominance). Subjects (N= 62) were grouped according to whether they described themselves as dominant (N= 19), reserved (N= 20), or did not employ a term in the dominance category in their self‐description (N= 23). The dominance behavior of subjects was rated in a “typical” group situation (no instructions given) and a “maximal” group situation (subjects told to be as dominant as possible). Significant group (p < .001) and situation effects (p < .001) resulted. The mean rating of the dominant group was significantly larger than that of the reserved group in both the typical and maximal situations. The trait irrelevant group showed situational variability by acting similar to the reserved group in the typical situation and the dominant group in the maximal situation. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of personality researchers being selective in the traits they investigate or the samples employed in these investigations.
Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory
Authors: Zuckerman Miron 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDo causal attributions serve the need to protect and / or enhance self‐esteem? In a recent review, Miller and Ross (1975) proposed that there is evidence for self‐serving effect in the attribution of success but not in the attribution of failure; and that this effect reflects biases in information‐processing rather than self‐esteem maintenance. The present review indicated that self‐serving effects for both success and failure are obtained in most but not all experimental paradigms. Processes which may suppress or even reverse the self‐serving effect were discussed. Most important, the examination of research in which self‐serving effects are obtained suggested that these attributions are better understood in motivational than in information‐processing terms.
Personality integration and social schemata1
Authors: Cooley Rebecca Smith , Seeman Julius 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether persons of differing levels of personality integration utilize different response sets to govern their personal space boundaries in relationships with parents and peers. These response sets or “social schemata” were operationally defined by Kuethe's (1962a) free placement felt figures technique and by tape recorded interviews with 30 female and 30 male undergraduates. Findings indicate that personality integration is significantly related to equality with parents and peers, to women's perceived closeness to parents, to the variability of personal space boundaries, and to “communicative richness” when individuals are asked to describe their interpersonal relationships verbally.
Relationships between locus of control, trait anxiety, and state anxiety: An interactionist perspective1
Authors: Archer Robert P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study examined the relationships among generalized expectancy for internal or external control, situational expectancy of control over aversive stimuli, trait anxiety level, and state anxiety reactivity. Seventy‐two male subjects, selected from the upper and lower halves of the distributions of scores from the I‐E and STAI A‐Trait Scales, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions of expectancy of control over electric shock. Repeated measures of state anxiety were taken at three points in the experiment, and subjects were asked to rate the degree of control they expected to have in avoiding shocks. Results, based upon analyses of variance, were interpreted as strongly supportive of the use of the interactionist model in understanding the manner in which personality trait and situational variables interact in the determination of subject expectancies of control and anxiety reactivity.
Objective self‐awareness as a nonaversive state: Effect of anticipating discrepancy reduction
Authors: Steenbarger Brett N. , Aderman David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe possibility that self‐aware subjects in previous objective sell‐awareness studies displayed heightened negative affect and avoidance reactions because they were made to focus on permanent negative discrepancies was investigated in the present research. Subjects were first induced to regard a negative real‐ideal discrepancy as either permanent or reducible in size, and then were either made or not made objectively self‐aware. As expected, those self‐aware subjects who anticipated no reduction in discrepancy size were found to be more negative in mood and quicker to exit from the experimental room than were their counterparts in the other three conditions. It was concluded that self‐focused attention only generates aversive reactions when it brings to awareness a negative real‐ideal discrepancy which the individual feels cannot be altered.
Harm‐doing and victim's racial or orthopedic stigma as determinants of helping behavior1
Authors: Katz Irwin , Glass David C. , Lucido David , Farber Joan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree experiments tested a prediction derived from an ambivalence theory of behavior toward the stigmatized. The prediction was that unintentional harm‐doers would be more likely to make restitution by doing a favor for a stigmatized victim than for a nonstigmatized one. In Experiment 1 it was upheld for black versus white victims. In Experiment 2, where the victim of harm‐doing was either physically handicapped or normal, the prediction was upheld only among older subjects, following the post hoc introduction of an age variable. Experiment 3 also used a physical disability variable. The data were consistent with the prediction, although the adequacy of the harm‐doing manipulation was not checked empirically. On the whole, these results are seen as complementing previous findings of amplified post‐harm‐doing denigration of black and disabled victims. An assumption that the relationship between harm‐doing and altruism was mediated by guilt arousal received only fragmentary support. That is, self‐reports of guilt were highest in the harm‐doing black confederate condition in Experiment 1, and self‐reports of negative affect were highest in the harm‐doing/wheelchair confederate condition in Experiment 3, but there were no significant relationships between individual differences in guilt or negative affect on the one hand, and amount of helping, on the other.
The relationship of moral maturity and ethical attitude1
Authors: Nardi Peter M. , Tsujimoto Richard N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo issues related to Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes (SEA) were investigated. First, the adequacy of Hogan's theoretical characterizations of the two poles of the SEA was tested. The results supported his characterization of the ethics of conscience, but only partially supported his characterization of the ethics of responsibility. Our second focus was on Hogan's prediction that “moral maturity” should be curvilinearly related to the SEA. As predicted, when moral maturity was measured in Hogan's sense, subjects scoring in the middle of the SEA dimension showed higher levels of moral maturity than those at either the ethics of conscience end or the ethics of responsibility end. In contrast, moral maturity in Kohlberg's sense was linearly related to the SEA with the most mature individuals scoring at the ethics of conscience end of the dimension. The total pattern of results highlights the importance of conceptual clarity and conceptual pluralism in research on morality.
Effects of rape victim resistance, assault outcome, and sex of observer on attributions about rape
Authors: Krulewitz Judith E. , Nash Janet E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPerceptions of sexual assault were investigated as a function of sex of observer, nature of victim resistance, and assault outcome. Two hundred twenty‐nine subjects were randomly assigned by sex to six resistance × outcome conditions. Hypotheses that women and men apply sex‐role stereotypes in evaluating the rape situation were supported: (a) subjects were more certain that rape had occurred as the victim resisted more; (b) subjects attributed greater responsibility to the victim for completed than for attempted rape, while the reverse pattern was found for the assailant; (c) women attributed more responsibility to the assailant than did men; and (d) men attributed less fault and more intelligence, and women attributed more fault and less intelligence to the rape victim as she resisted more forcefully. Attributional terms; fault, blame, and responsibility were found not to be interchangeable. Rape attributions are discussed within the contexts of identification with victim's situation and perceptions of victim's control. Implications for choice of self‐defense strategy and treatment of rape victims are also considered.
Group performance and interpersonal evaluations as determinants of egotistical attributions in groups1
Authors: Schlenker Barry R. , Miller Rowland S. , Leary Mark R. , McCown Nancy E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGroup members often try to claim personal credit for the successes of their group while avoiding blame for group failures. Two experiments examined the effects of evaluations from their fellows on such egotism in groups. In Experiment 1, 96 subjects participated in four‐person, problem‐solving groups, and, after completing the group tasks, rated the competency and worth of each of the other group members. Subjects then received bogus written feedback indicating that the group had either succeeded or failed, and that the other members had considered them: (a) the most competent member of the group, (b) the least competent, or (c) of average competence. Group performance and personal evaluations interacted in influencing subjects' perceptions of their personal performances, relative responsibility for the group performance, and potency within the group, generally supporting predictions derived from self‐esteem and equity theory. Subjects claimed more responsibility for success than for failure only when they were favorably evaluated by their peers, and claimed the least responsibility for group success when they were unfavorably evaluated. The latter acceptance of negative peer evaluations was examined in Experiment 2, which manipulated the consensus of the evaluations given 76 high or low self‐esteem subjects. Regardless of their self‐esteem or the consensus of the evaluations, subjects again seemed to accept unfavorable evaluations. High self‐esteem subjects did, though, rate their personal performance and relative responsibility higher than low self‐esteem subjects.
Locus of causality and the use of information in the development of causal attributions1
Authors: Ruble Diane N. , Feldman Nina S. , Higgins E. Tory , Karlovac Marylie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to examine whether attributions made about events may be influenced by individual assumptions regarding causation that are age related. In Study 1, 96 subjects at three age levels (four and five years, eight and nine years, and college students) observed a target actor on videotape select an item from an unseen array, and four other actors either agree (high consensus) or disagree (low consensus) with the choice. Subjects were asked to decide why the actor liked the chosen object best—because of something about the actor (person attribution) or because of something about the item (entity attribution). The results showed that perceived locus of causality shifted from entity to person attributions with age. In addition, subjects at all ages were able to utilize the consensus information when they had no opportunity to form their own impressions about the items in the array. In Study 2, 126 subjects at four age levels (five and six years, seven and eight years, nine and ten years, and high school students) chose an item from among an array for themselves and responded to a person (self)/entity attribution question regarding the locus of their own choice. The entity to person shift with age was again found and was supported by additional measures. The results are discussed in terms of children's causal reasoning capacities and social environmental factors affecting developmental change in social judgments.
Whites' ethnocentrism and their attributions for the behavior of blacks: A motivational bias1
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Rosenfield David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious research has shown that people make more derogatory attributions for the behavior of outgroup members than for the behavior of ingroup members. However, these results may be due merely to a cultural stereotype of the outgroup rather than to ethnocentrism (which would entail dislike for members of the outgroup). To examine the effect of ethnocentrism on attributions, irrespective of the cultural stereotype, and to examine whether people who differ in ethnocentrism also differ in their attributions for whites and blacks, high and low ethnocentric whites made attributions for the success and failure of black and white actors on a task which required an ability that was outside the scope of the cultural stereotype of blacks, i.e., ESP ability. Examination of these attributions revealed that the more ethnocentric the subjects were, the more they tended to give whites greater credit for success than blacks, and the more they tended to give whites less blame for failure than blacks. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for the persistence of prejudice and for the effects of motivations on attributions for the behavior of others.
A constructivist analysis of the Rotter I‐E scale1
Authors: Tyler Forrest B. , Gatz Margaret , Keenan Kevin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA conception of locus of control attribution was advanced as an alternative to the generalized expectancy view presented by Rotter. That alternative stems from regarding the individual as actively constructing a pattern of specific choice consequence relations out of his/her ongoing experience. An integration of structural and factor approaches was used to analyze the Rotter I‐E scale. The structural analysis categorized items on four dimensions (focus, area, self‐attribution and world attribution) and indicated that the I‐E scale unevenly represents the domain it encompasses. Nevertheless, specification of that structural matrix helps to provide a more comprehensive framework for interpreting I‐E response patterns of 216 high school juniors and seniors. For example, male responses cohered around asserting active control over tasks hut attributing control to external sources with regard both to personal issues and to more abstract systems‐related issues. Females organized their senses of self‐efficacy with a central theme being that of a passive agent stance, plus an expectation that circumstances would provide equality of opportunities to which they could respond. Thus the present approach has demonstrated its utility in interpreting I‐E findings and its conceptual advantage for personality research on locus of control and on similiar attributional characteristics.
Causal projection, similarity projection, and coping with threat to self‐esteem1
Authors: Burish Thomas G. , Houston B. Kent 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effectiveness of causal projection and similarity projection in controlling stress associated with threat to self‐esteem was investigated. To induce threat to self‐esteem, half of the subjects were told that they had done poorly on an important achievement test while the remaining subjects were not told that they had done poorly. The projection strategies were manipulated by encouraging subjects to attribute the cause of their poor performance to the examiner instead of to themselves (causal projection) or to estimate how poorly their friends would have scored on the test had they taken it and not performed well on it (similarity projection). Measures of subjective anxiety, depression, and anger indicated that (a) the testing situation and negative feedback were effective in increasing stress, (b) causal projection was effective in controlling stress, and (c) similarity projection was partially effective in controlling stress. The results provide evidence that causal projection can be effective in controlling stress and also have implications concerning the conditions under which the use of projection will and will not be effective for coping with stress. The importance that situational factors may have on the effectiveness of cognitive coping strategies was emphasized.
Performance‐self‐esteem and dominance behavior in mixed‐sex dyads1
Authors: Stake Jayne E. , Stake Michael N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPast studies suggest that males tend to be more dominant than females in task‐oriented, mixed‐sex groups. It was hypothesized that one factor accounting for this sex difference is performance‐self‐esteem. Subjects were 44 male‐female pairs (college undergraduates) who participated in a decision‐making task. As predicted, female performance‐self‐esteem level was related to the dominance cluster of opinions, disagreements, and decision outcome scores (p < .035). Females were more dominant and males less dominant in dyads containing high performance‐self‐esteem females; the reverse was true in dyads containing low performance‐self‐esteem females. No relationship was found between male performance‐self‐esteem level and dominance. Also, with performance‐self‐esteem level controlled, no overall sex difference in dominance occurred. However, some sex differences were found in the relationships between outcome satisfaction and dominance for high and low performance‐self‐esteem subjects.
Effects of a model on eating behavior: The induction of a restrained eating style1
Authors: Polivy Janet , Herman C. Peter , Younger Jonathan C. , Erskine Barbara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a same‐sex model on females' eating behavior. The model ate either a large or small quantity along with the subject in an ad lib satiation context, and either did or did not identify herself as a dieter. Subjects were 86 female undergraduates, split into normally dieting or nondieting subgroups. Number of sandwich quarters consumed ad lib following a small fixed preload was found to vary as a function of (a) model's consumption (b) model's dieter status and (c) subject's dieter status; there were no significant interactions. A subsequent taste‐rating assessment of nut consumption, in which the model was present but could neither see nor be seen by the subject, indicated that the three factors which had previously affected sandwich consumption independently combined to affect nut consumption interdependently. The results were interpreted in terms of the effect of the model on the quantity and pattern of consumption, and conclusions were drawn about the dynamics of restrained and unrestrained eating and implications for therapy.
Self‐other orientation and legislative behavior1
Authors: Stone William F. , Baril G. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSelf‐esteem and self‐complexity of first‐term Maine legislators were assessed at the beginning of a legislative session, using Ziller's (1973) topological method. Peer ratings of the freshman members' promise and likeability, and measures of their legislative activity were collected. Legislators rated as successful by their colleagues were of two distinct self‐other types: low self‐esteem, high complexity, or high self‐esteem, low complexity. These two types were termed the Pragmatist and the Ideologue, respectively. The distinctions implied by these labels were supported by analyses of activity and voting records. High complexity of the self‐concept, interpreted here as defensiveness, seems to moderate the effects of self‐esteem on political activity.
Sex, sex‐role identification, and awareness of sex‐role stereotypes
Authors: Wolff Laura , Taylor Shelley E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experiment was run to determine if androgynous people have transcended traditional sex roles or merely incorporated both sex roles into their repertoire. Masculine sex‐typed, feminine sex‐typed, and androgynous people listed as many masculine and feminine stereotypes as they could think of in a time‐limited task. Highly sex‐typed individuals showed more awareness of their own sex's attributes than the other sex's stereotypes. Androgynous people showed greater awareness of both sexes' attributes as compared with sex‐typed people, indicating support for the incorporation hypothesis rather than the transcendance hypothesis. However, the stereotypes androgynous people listed were somewhat less evaluative in tone compared with those of sex‐typed people, Overall, subjects listed more stereotypes of females than males, and female stereotypes were more negative than male stereotypes.