bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily Clothing Selection: Interrelationships Among Motivating Factors
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee 
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to test the interrelationships among motivating factors that influence an individual's daily selection of clothes. The motivating factors were classified in two ways. First, they were broken into temporal clothing functions (weather, social activity, practicality, mood, and physical self), and constant factors such as clothing orientation and personality dimensions. Instruments for temporal clothing functions and clothing orientation were developed by the experimentor. Four sub-scales of Shostrom's Personality Orientation Inventory (POI) (Spontaneity, Self-Actualization, Self Regard, and Feeling Reactivity) were adopted for the instrument of personality dimensions. These motivating factors were also classified into exogenous factors (weather, social activity, practicality, and physical self) and endogenous factors (mood, clothing orientation, and personality dimensions). The final survey, consisting of three major sections, was administered to 105 female students in a midwestern university. Multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, and Spearman's correlation were used for the statistical analyses. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that there was a varying degree of correlation between the five temporal clothing functions and the clothing orientation factors. The multiple regression results of the five temporal clothing functions and the four sub-scales of the POI indicated that the coefficients of the "spontaneity" sub-scale were significant for the weather and social activity functions, but not significant for the other temporal clothing functions. Three other sub-scales of the POI showed no bearing on any of the five temporal clothing functions. The multiple regression analysis to test the relationships between exogenous and endogenous factors indicated that mood function (representative of endogenous factors) was significantly influenced (affected) by the weather and physical self functions. The findings in general concur with the presupposition that motivation for clothing selection was multidimensional in its characteristics and the factors were all interdependent.
Comparative Performance of Multilayer Window Treatments Containing Natural and Synthetic Fiber Components
Authors: Horridge Patricia , Woodson Eleanor , Khan Samina 
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to test the performance of 48 experimental multilayer window treatments with respect to overall thermal resistance (R-value), both initially and as a function of time after 150-2400 uses. Following the R-value testing and analysis of commercially available multilayer treatments, the experimental treatments were constructed with the following variables: (1) fiber content and number of layers of batting, (2) fiber content of face and back fabric, and (3) stitching pattern. The results of the study indicate that window treatments can significantly reduce thermal energy losses from window areas. Analysis of the variables indicated that there was little difference with regard to R-value between the two face fabrics. Both cotton and polyester proved to be good insulators. The fiber content or doubling the thickness of the batting materials did not appreciably increase the R-value. Of the stitching patterns, edge provided the highest and onion the lowest R-value. The initial R-values of the treatments were not affected significantly after 2400 uses or the equivalent of daily operation for more than six years.
The Process of Westernization: Adoption of Western-Style Dress by Korean Women, 1945-1962
Authors: Park Sunae , Campbell Warner Patricia , Fitzgerald Thomas K. 
Published: January 2008

This paper details the process of Korean women's abandoning traditional dress and its accessories for the more functional western dress. We analyzed the reported reactions of a sample of Korean women to their experiences during the acculturation period from 1945 to 1962. The 21 women selected for interviews had lived in Korea through the acculturation period and were now living in the United States. The findings generated from this study of Korean women's adoption of western-style dress during the acculturation period revolve around the variables of age and education, physical and psychological comfort, body image, societal and peer pressures, and clothing symbolism as ethnic identity makers. This exploratory study using acculturation as a framework for understanding the different reactions of Korean women showed that change has been dramatic and relatively swift, influenced by two major factors: age and educational background The adoption of western clothing by Korean women reflects their acceptance of this new cultural milieu.
Appraisal at the Crossroads
Authors: Nixon Judy 
Published: January 2008

If you've read this far, you'll be finding that all is not sweetness and light in the application of appraisal outcomes. This school discovered the same and tried to find a route through. - Ed. Appraisal is at a crossroads; the enthusiasm generated in the first round of appraisals is beginning to wane and it is vital that staff see practical outcomes from the process.
Properties of US Standard Endotoxin (EC-5) in human male volunteers
Authors: Hochstein H.D. , Fitzgerald E.A. , McMahon F.G. , Vargas R. 
Published: January 2008

There has been a great interest in endotoxin testing using both Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and the rabbit pyrogen test. It is often difficult to relate the results to the actual biological potency of endotoxin in man. There is a need to have the US Standard Endotoxin (Lot EC-5) tested in human volunteers so that rabbit and human data can be compared. Human male volunteers were divided randomly into 5 groups of 12. Each group was given an intravenous injection of Lot EC-5 at a level of either 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 endotoxin units (EU) per kg of body weight. The oral temperature was taken and recorded every 15 min for 8 h. The pyrogenic properties of the US Standard Endotoxin in humans over the test period were determined. The results indicated that there is a direct correlation between EU/kg administered and temperature rise. The threshold pyrogenic dose (≥ 1.0°F rise in 50% of volunteers) in this study is approximately 4.1 EU/kg.
Structural investigation of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis R45 (Re-chemotype)
Authors: Vinogradov E.V. , Thomas-Oates J.E. , Brade H. , Holst O. 
Published: January 2008

Five phosphorylated saccharides were isolated from the deacylated then N-acetylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Proteus mirabilis R45 (Re-chemotype) by anion-exchange chromatography. Their structures were determined by 1- and 2-dimensional 1H- and 3C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as α-Kdo-(2-4)-[β-L-Ara pNAc-(1-8)-]-α-Kdo-(2-6)-β-D-GIc pNAc-(1-6)-α-D-GIc pNAc 1-phosphate (1), α-Kdo-(2-4)-[β-L-Ara pNAc-(1-8)-]-α-Kdo-(2-6)-β-D-Glc pNAc-(1-6)-α-D-Glc pNAc 1,4'-bisphosphate (2), α-Kdo-(2-4)-α-Kdo-(2-6)-β-D-Glc pNAc-(1-6)-α-D-Glc pNAc 1-phosphate (3), α-Kdo-(2-4)-α-Kdo-(2-6)-β-D-Glc pNAc-(1-6)-α-D-GlcpNAc 1,4'-bisphosphate (4), and β-L-Ara pNAc 1-phosphate (5) (ArapNAc, 4-acetamido-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranose; Kdo, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulopyranosonic acid). Compounds 1-5 were obtained from deacylated LPS in a molar ratio of ~1.1:0.8:1.1:1.0:0.6 as determined by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Although we cannot exclude that in the deacylated LPS (without N-acetylation) the molar ratio may be different, the result can be taken as indication that in LPS about 50% of the 4'-phosphates of lipid A are substituted by (β-L-AraρN. Furthermore, our data prove that the first Kdo in the carbohydrate chain is partially substituted by a second residue of ArapN. The de-O-acylated LPS was additionally investigated using fast atom bombardment and B/E linked scan mass spectrometry which confirmed the above findings and also identified minor amounts of another LPS species possessing a third pentosamine residue.
Design of a semi-synthetic (polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin)4lavidin tetramer and evaluation of its ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced TNFα synthesis
Authors: Coyne C.P. , Moritz J.T. 
Published: January 2008

A method is described for the semi-synthetic production of (polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin) 4lavidin tetramer. In phase I of semi-synthesis procedures, polymyxin-B was reacted with NHS-LC-biotin reagent resulting in the generation of the reactive intermediate, polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin. In phase II of the conjugation procedure, the polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin complex was combined with purified avidin producing the tetramer complex, (polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin) 4lavidin. A 'long-chain' biotinylation reagent, NHS-LC-biotin minimized steric hinderance phenomenon thereby maximizing the binding of multiple lipopolysaccharide molecules. Binding avidity of (polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin) 4lavidin for lipopolysaccharide was established with the application of fluorescein isothiocyanate Escherichia coli (055:B5) lipopolysaccharide conjugate (FITC-LPS). Applying a tissue culture based biological assay, (polymyxin-B•NHS-LC-biotin) 4lavidin was capable of inhibiting Salmonella minnesota (RS) lipopolysaccharide induced synthesis of tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα).
Familial differences in endotoxin-induced TNF release in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro; relationship to TNF gene polymorphism
Authors: Derkx H.H.F. , Bruin K.F. , Jongeneel C.V. , de Waal L.P. , Brinkman B.M.N. , Verweij C.L. , Houwing-Duistermaat J.J. , Rosendaal F.R. , van Deventer S.J.H. 
Published: January 2008

Healthy volunteers show large interindividual differences in endotoxin-induced TNF release in vitro and certain HLA class II types can be related to phenotypic TNF resporise. To investigate the possibility of a genetic basis for endotoxin responsiveness, we tested TNF release in whole blood and PBMNC after stimulation by endotoxin in 47 relatives of 7 healthy volunteers. All volunteers were HLA-typed and the TNF-gene associated Nco1 and DNA microsatellite polymorphisms were determined. A significant difference in TNF release by PBMNC and the Nco1 genotype could be established, showing a lower response of TNFB*2 homozygotes than TNFB*1 homozygotes (165 vs 265, 413 vs 703 and 462 vs 832 pg/106 PBMNC for 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml of endotoxin respectively; P < 0.05). The highest endotoxin-induced TNF release was observed in TNFB*1/TNFB*2 heterozygotes (340, 911 and 1,149 pg/10 6 PBMNC respectively; P < 0.05 compared to TNFB*1 homozygotes and P < 0.0005 when compared to TNFB*2 homozygotes). TNFa and TNFb microsatellite typing revealed extensive polymorphism, showing a significantly lower TNF release in whole blood in individuals with TNFa2, -a6 and -a10 alleles than in individuals with TNFa4 and -a11 microsatellite haplotypes.
Risk assessment in recent clinical trials in sepsis/SIRS: lessons learned and future directions
Authors: Knaus W.A. , Wagner D.P. , Sun X. , Harrell F.E. , Hedstrom J.S. 
Published: January 2008

This presentation reviews recent evidence that the design and analysis of clinical trials in sepsis could be improved by using individualized sepsis specific risk assessments. These individual patient risk profiles are derived from independent databases. They describe patients on a continuum of risk. They have correlated very closely to mortality outcomes in recent clinical trials. These individual risk assessments can improve the interpretation of trial data by controlling for potentially confounding patient risk factors, thereby permitting the signal or impact from novel therapy to be more precisely determined. When these individual risk assessments are combined with data on the degree of the host's specific inflammatory response they may eventually lead to the development of specific patient profiles to describe where immunotherapy is appropriate and other situations where it may either not be indicated or pose a risk. This relationship needs further investigation, however, before it can be confirmed. Changes in the acute physiology score can also hold substantial promise as an alternative endpoint for clinical trials. Therapies which significantly and consistently reduce the APS during the initial days of sepsis in small, early exploratory Phase I and II trials may be excellent candidates for investigation in larger Phase III studies.
Endotoxin tests in patients with sepsis
Authors: Ng K.P. , Bhanumathy M. , Ong G.S.Y. , Yong B.H. , Parasakthi N. , Koh M.T. , Siow C.P. , Bosco J. 
Published: January 2008

A new whole blood agglutination assay and a plasma Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for the measurement of endotoxin were evaluated for the diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock in 73 intensive care patients and 50 normal blood donors. All samples were blinded to the operators performing the tests. The endotoxin test results were compared with blood culture and clinical observations of sepsis progression. Endotoxin was detectable in 34 of 38 patients with culture positive Gram-negative bacteraemia, 2 of 11 patients with Gram-positive bacteraemia, 3 of the 7 patients with suspected sepsis, whose blood culture was repeatedly negative, and 1 of 17 non-septic patients. All blood donors were found to be negative for endotoxin. In 3 patients monitored during the course of their illness, the endotoxin assays correlated closely. We conclude that endotoxin measurement was valuable in the care of patients with sepsis and that the whole blood agglutination assay was rapid and simple to perform.
Differential effects of an infusion of endotoxin on proximal and distal feline jejunal permeability
Authors: Jackman Bradley J. , Eades Susan C. , Moore James N. , Harmon Barry 
Published: January 2008

The effects of an intravenous infusion of endotoxin (750 μg/kg) or an equal volume of saline solution (control) on the proximal and distal jejunal permeability and blood flow were evaluated in cats. In 8 cats, proximal and distal jejunal segments were isolated and mucosal clearance of 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was measured. The mucosal clearance in the distal loop was not altered by endotoxin infusion in 6 cats given endotoxin or 2 cats given saline solution. In 6 cats given endotoxin, the proximal jejunal segment exhibited a 10-fold increase in mucosal permeability. In contrast, mucosal clearance remained stable in the proximal jejunal loop in 2 cats infused with saline solution. In a second group of 13 cats (7 cats infused with endotoxin; 6 cats infused with saline solution), blood flow to the proximal and distal segments was measured. Either endotoxin (n = 7) or saline solution (n = 6) did not significantly alter blood flow to the proximal and distal jejunum in these experiments. Samples of proximal and distal jejunum were collected from 12 cats (6 cats infused with endotoxin and 6 cats infused with saline solution). There was significantly more epithelial necrosis in the endotoxin treated cats than in the saline treated cats. Neutrophil infiltration was greater in the jejunal segments of endotoxin treated cats than in the jejunal segments of saline treated cats. In the endotoxin treated cats, there was significantly greater necrosis in the proximal jejunal segment than in the distal jejunal segment. There were no significant differences in numbers of neutrophils in the proximal and distal jejunal segments. These results demonstrate that the proximal jejunum is more sensitive to endotoxin-induced increases in mucosal permeability than is the distal jejunum. The increases in mucosal permeability in the proximal jejunum were not accompanied by significant reductions in jejunal arterial blood flow. Endotoxemia induced neutrophil infiltration to the proximal and distal jejunum.
Contribution of neutrophils to endotoxin-induced mucosal dysfunction in the feline jejunum
Authors: Mueller P.O.E. , Harmon B.G. , Eades S.C. , Moore J.N. 
Published: January 2008

Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier sustained during the compensated stages of shock may result in bacterial translocation and systemic accumulation of toxins, leading to sepsis and multiple organ failure. Neutrophils are known to be an important component of endotoxin and cytokine-induced tissue injury. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to test the hypothesis that neutrophil infiltration and MPO production accompany endotoxin and TNFα induced intestinal mucosal dysfunction. To evaluate mucosal dysfunction, jejunal blood-to-lumen clearances of chromium 51-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetate (51Cr-EDTA) were measured in cats administered fetal calf serum (controls), endotoxin, TNFα, or polyclonal anti-TNFα antibody followed by endotoxin. Neutrophil accumulation in the jejunal mucosa was evaluated by histologic enumeration and measurement of jejunal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Endotoxin and TNFα induced mucosal dysfunction in the proximal jejunum is accompanied by neutrophil accumulation in the jejunal mucosa as indicated by histologic enumeration and increased MPO activity. Pretreatment with anti-TNFα polyclonal antibody significantly decreased endotoxin-induced increases in jejunal MPO activity. The results of this study support the contribution of neutrophils to endotoxin and TNFα induced mucosal dysfunction.
htrB of Haemophilus influenzae: determination of biochemical activity and effects on virulence and lipooligosaccharide toxicity
Authors: Nichols W.A. , Raetz C.R.H. , Clementz T. , Smith A.L. , Hanson J.A. , Ketterer M.R. , Sunshine M. , Apicella M.A. 
Published: January 2008

The htrB mutant of Haemophilus influenzae (strain B29) has been shown to lack secondary (non-hydroxylated) acyl groups in its lipid A. We have determined through in vitro biochemical assays that the HtrB protein acts as a specific acyltransferase in the late stages of lipid A biosynthesis and that the preferred acyl group donor is myristoyl-acyl carrier protein. Under the conditions employed, the Escherichia coli precursor, Kdo2-lipid IVA, functions as a myristate acceptor. Introduction of the Haemophilus htrB gene into an E. coli mutant lacking htrB complements the biochemical and physiological defects associated with the E. coli htrB mutation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) assays using murine and human macrophage cells indicated that nontypeable H. influenzae (NtHi) strain 2019 and H. influenzae type b strain A2 elicit levels of expression of TNFα that are 30-40 times greater than levels induced by the isogenic htrB mutants (B29 and A2B29). Studies using cell-free LOS indicated that the LOS from wild type strain 2019 elicits levels of TNFα expression that are 6-8-fold higher than those of B29. In situ hybridization studies of a primary human bronchial epithelial cell line demonstrated a greater increase of TNFα message produced in the presence of 2019 LOS than in the presence of B29 LOS. TNFα levels of the cell supernatant of cells stimulated with 2019 LOS were found to be 7-8-fold higher than levels in B29 stimulated supernatants. Using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate for assessment of endotoxic activity, we found that wild type LOS was 8-fold higher in endotoxic activity compared with the mutant LOS. In virulence assays using intraperitoneal inoculation of infant rats, the htrB isogenic strain caused bacteremia at 50% the frequency of the wild type strain. In intranasal inoculation studies, the htrB mutant strain was unable to cause bacteremia whereas the wild type b parent produced bacteremia in 40-60% of the animals. These findings suggest that the htrB gene of H. influenzae is important for virulence and that host TNFα expression is attenuated in response to htrB mutant strains.
Telecom Policy Reforms in India
Authors: Kathuria Rajat 
Published: January 2008

The telecom sector has witnessed rapid changes in the last five years. There have been far-reaching developments in Information Technology (IT), consumer electronics and media industries across the globe. Convergence of both markets and technologies is a reality that is forcing realignment of the industry. At one level, telephone and broadcasting industries are entering each other's markets, while at another level, technology is blurring the difference between different conduit systems such as wireline and wireless. In the New Telecom Policy of 1999, the government recognized that provision of world class telecommunications infrastructure and information is the key to rapid economic and social development of the country. This will not only help in the development of the IT industry, but also provide for widespread spillover benefits to other sectors of the economy. A significant development in the telecom sector that will influence both market structure and technology is convergence. Convergence implies a need not only to consider the appropriate method of licensing and charging licence fee, but also forces the policy maker to review a number of other aspects, including whether to regulate and the nature and extent of regulation. The attempt of all the policy initiatives should be to promote the flexibility of technology choice and service provision. Thus, neutrality of policies towards technology/platform is seen as a desirable attribute, not only because this enhances opportunities but also because the policy maker is not in a position to anticipate the likely developments and fine-tune policy. Telecom policy reform was initiated in India in 1994. Although the reform process has been underway for more than five years with little to show by way of introduction of competition in the sector, there is awareness of the crucial issues that need to be addressed. Given the acknowledged importance of telecommunications to overall national interests, governments tend to get involved in the management of the sector's progress. Unfortunately in terms of development, the interests of the government and the private sector do not always reconcile easily—which has resulted in telecom stagnation in many countries, including India. Evidence shows that governments which most 'competently' foster private sector advancement of their telecommunications industries are best placed to gain world class telecommunications services and the attendant benefits. Arguably, early liberalization could give any country a first mover advantage in attaining high telecommunications performance. However, hasty adoption by developing economies of liberal franteworks adopted by developed economies could easily fail and in the process discredit the idea of liberalization. Enthusiasm for liberalization and its possibilities needs to be juxtaposed with a realistic transformation programme that takes into account the country's economic and political dynamics.
The Emerging Tasks Ahead
Authors: Mitra Amit , Raghavan Pyaralal 
Published: January 2008

Origins of the liberalization programmes can be traced back to ascendance of new political groups to power in the states. Consequently, competing political compulsions at both the state and national levels soon gave rise fiscal profligacy, which slowly reached unsustainable levels and caused a balance of payments crisis. The phasing of reforms, the response these drew from various strands of the civil society, their gradual acceptance by major political formations, and the percolation of the reform agenda to the states provide valuable insights to the economic and political undercurrents steering the liberalization process.