bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe Removal and Disposal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials from Oilfield Equipment
Authors: Janssen R. J. J. N. , van der Last B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Most natural raw materials contain small traces of radionuclides from the uranium and thorium decay series. They are widely known as Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). Depending on production or processing parameters these materials can be deposited as a scale on the internal surfaces of production or processing installations.
Installation parts contaminated with NORM have to be decontaminated before they can be disposed of, either by "wet" technologies or "dry" technologies. "Dry" technologies offer the advantage of (almost) zero secondary radioactive waste generation. For this reason a range of "dry" technologies is made available at our facility.
For tubing a dedicated tool is used: a self-propelling mechanical grinder. For other installation parts manual mechanical technologies are used which enable full decontamination even in less accessible corners.
This paper will also highlight associated topics like release measurements and health & safety.
Simulation of Paraffin and Asphaltene Deposition in Porous Media
Authors: Shaojun Wang , Civan Faruk , Strycker Arden R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA one-dimensional, three-phase and four-pseudo-component model for simultaneous deposition of paraffin and asphaltene in porous media is developed and validated by experimental data. The paraffin and asphaltene retention by static and dynamic pore surface depositions, and pore throat plugging is considered. A fully implicit finite-difference numerical scheme is developed and solved by a double iteration procedure. The simulator is applied to six typical cases of the reported laboratory core tests. The model accurately predicts the results of the laboratory core tests within the order of the accuracy of the laboratory measurements. The case studies reveal that the static surface deposition may occur in certain situations even without the fluid flowing. However, during flow, the dynamic surface deposition is predominant. The plugging deposition may occur under certain conditions, depending on the properties of the fluid, the porous media, and the paraffin and asphaltene precipitates, and the injection rate and pressure conditions. The best estimates of the model parameters are determined by history matching. These studies indicate that the approach taken to model and simulate the simultaneous paraffin and asphaltene deposition during the flow of oil through porous media is adequate.
Modeling of Profile Modification by Induced Precipitation
Authors: Shu Zhengying , Roegiers Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive two-phase, multi-species mathematical model for selective plugging of highly watered-out zones by induced precipitation. The approach considers the porous medium as having two regions (macropores and micropores) with different permeabilities. Two sets of coupled equations, one set for each region, are derived to simulate the selective plugging processes occurring in the formation. The mechanisms causing alteration of porosity and permeability include particles mobilization and retention in pore spaces, particles transfer at fluid-fluid interfaces, as well as chemical and physical precipitations. The ternary phase diagram is applied to represent the phase behavior during flow and plugging processes. The model allows changes of temperature both in fluids and rock. The effects of concentration, temperature, and pressure on density, viscosity, porosity and permeability are also considered.The capability and validity of the model are demonstrated by comparing its predictions with experimental data from alcohol-induced precipitation, a newly proposed selective plugging method. Simulation results from the model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. This model can be used for diagnosis, evaluation, and simulation of selective plugging processes caused by induced precipitation in both laboratory tests and field operations.
A Study of Refracturing in Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Wang Fengjing , Ding Yunhong , Lu Yong 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Several key problems concerning refracturing in low permeability reservoirs have been studied, i.e. effectiveness of initial fractures, effects of water cut, reservoir pressure on post refrac performance and selection of candidate wells, optimization of fracture length, treatment design, implementation and evaluation. Both technological and economic achievements have been obtained.
P. 333
Effects of Important Factors on Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding
Authors: Yuan Shiyi , Yang Hua , Shen Kuiyou , Yang Puhua 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Based on the research of earlier stage, a detailed investigation was conducted over the synergistic oil displacement mechanism and various physico-chemical phenomena. Especially, the new physico-chemical phenomena of combination flooding recognized in recent years have been further studied and described in detail. Both the mathematical model and the software ASP used for combination flooding established before have been systematically improved or modified. For the first time, such factors as change of interface tension caused by the multi-extraction of alkali, change of solution viscosity due to the further polymer hydrolysis after adding alkali, and change of combination system interface tension by adding polymer have been incorporated into the mathematical model. Thus the model is a more consummate, more exquisitely described and more realistic one. Based on the detailed analysis of various vital influential factors, the improved simulator ASP is used to conduct a great number of series of numerical simulation research. A systematic analysis is firstly carried out upon the sensitivity of various influential factors (including geological factors, physicochemical phenomena, starting conditions and operational parameters) of combination flooding and its effects, from which important recognitions and conclusions in regular have been drawn. A further understanding has been achieved on combination flooding process that is important for further researches and oilfield applications.
P. 357
In-Door Study of Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding Cases
Authors: Shen Pingping , Shi Wen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
From the beginning of 90's, volatile reservoirs have been frequently discovered in Western China. Systematic hydrocarbon miscible indoor studies were performed when drawing the development program of the reservoirs. The studies include physical experiments and EOS compositional modeling in 1D, 2D and 3D of miscible, near-miscible, immiscible and WAG drives. The paper summarizes main achievements of the studies on hydrocarbon miscible flooding and the recommended work flow path completed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED). Some new understandings on hydrocarbon miscible mechanisms are also discussed.
P. 375
Study on Reservoir Engineering: ASP Flooding Pilot Test in Karamay Oilfield
Authors: Gu Hongjun , Yang Ruiqi , Guo Shuanggeng , Guan Weidong , Yue Xinjian , Pan Qianyin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the northern part of Erzhong District in Karamay conglomerate oilfield, Xinjiang, China, ASP pilot tests have been conducted in 13 wells in a pilot area of 0.031 square kilometers since September 1994. The pilot area was developed through combining laboratory results in recent years with specific conditions in the field. This test is aimed to verify oil displacement efficiency of ASP and related reservoir behaviors, to improve production techniques necessary to obtain remaining oil from conglomerate reservoirs, and to provide data for economic feasibility evaluation.
P. 385
Some Problems in the Exploration and Exploitation Low Permeability of Oil and Gas Resources in China
Authors: Luo PingYa , Meng YingFeng , Shu ShiHong 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In China, at least 50% of the total oil and gas resources exist in the low permeability resrevoirs. Whether the low permeability oil and gas resources can be produced and utilized commercially is one of the important problems for China's energy supplying in the 21st century. The most important problem in the exploration and exploitation of low permeability oil gas resources is the serious formation damage in pay zones. This formation damage exists from the beginning to the end in drilling, well completion, stimulation, oil and gas production. Another important problem is the economical benefit. The production and utilization of low permeability oil and gas resources was limited by the high input and the low output. Based on systematical analysis of reservoir characters, damage mechanism and flowing patterns of low permeability reservoirs, a suit of techniques was worked out to deal with low permeability reservoirs in this paper, including exploration, reservoir description, drilling, well pattern, stimulation and production.
P. 429
A Super-Dual-Porosity Simulation Model for Water-Channeling in Naturally Fractured Gas & Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zhou Hongbo , Li Zhipin , Li Yun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The dual porosity model, since it was put forward, has been regarded as the best simulation model in describing the fluid flow through naturally fractured heterogeneous reservoirs. Nowadays it has been extensively applied to the development of gas & oil fields. In most gas fields in Sichuan, China, the distribution of natural fractures and aquifers is complicated. And this type of fractured systems could usually experience some abnormal flow phenomena such as that the crestal well produces water while the downdip well in the same gas reservoir produces gas; or the same gas well produces water intermittently; It is difficult to explain these phenomena by existing principles. All kinds of conventional dual-porosity models, which are based on the ideas proposed by Warran & Root in 1963, cannot simulate satisfactorily such problems in practice. Therefore, these problems often puzzle the people involved in the development of gas & oil fields. In this paper a super-dual-porosity model is presented for the serious water-channeling phenomena in the fractured reservoirs, especially the gas reservoirs in Sichuan, China. A new mathematical model is developed by introducing larger-aperture fractures and a new combined-fracture media, and is used to describe quantitatively the fluid-channeling through the larger-aperture fractures. Then the solution and coding work of this model are also completed. Finally, the results calculated by the new model are compared with those obtained by running the conventional models. The practical applications demonstrate that if the larger-aperture fractures are known this model could make a good history match and dynamic prediction, and it is very difficult for the conventional models to perform the tasks as well.
P. 467
Policies Necessary For The Conversion Of Utility Power Plants To Coal Fired Facilities
Authors: Smith Don S. 
Published: December 2007

Smith, Don S., Commissioner, Federal Power Commission

Introduction
Electric utilities in the United States use in the generation of electricity more than one-quarter of all the primary energy consumed in this country by all segments of the economy. To date, although nuclear energy is making rapid inroads into the generation field, fossil fuels - coal, oil, and gas - remain the principal source of energy, and it appears that fossil fuels will continue to play a major role in the electric power generation picture until the turn of the power generation picture until the turn of the century.
In 1973, 55 percent of the fossil energy used by electric utilities (on a B.T.U. basis) was derived from coal, 21.6 percent from oil, and 23.4 percent from gas. However, two significant elements in our fuel supply picture which have clearly emerged in recent years are apt to change this electric utility fuel mix. One element is the growing scarcity of natural gas and the need to conserve gas for higher priority uses than under electric utility boilers; the second is our determination to reduce our national dependence on foreign sources of oil supply. Since this country is well endowed with coal reserves, the obvious substitute fuel for scarce gas and foreign oil is coal. A variety of physical and institutional obstacles, however, stand in the way to more rapid introduction of coal into our energy economy. It is my intention here to explore in greater detail the rationale for the need to convert more utility plants to the use of coal, to examine the obstacles to the greater use of coal in electric power generation, and to recommend policies which, I believe, are necessary for the conversion of utility power plants to coal-fired facilities.

1. FUELS FOR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

A. Historical Data and Projections of Electric Energy for Load
1) Historical Review. In 1920, thermal and hydro-electric power plants in the United States generated 39.4 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity; by 1970, generation had increased nearly 40-fold to 1,531.6 kilowatt-hours. During the past five decades, the average annual compound past five decades, the average annual compound rate of growth was 7.4 percent, i.e., electricity generation more than doubled each decade.
Pressure-Enhanced Penetration with Shaped-Charge Perforators
Authors: Glenn Lewis A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Computational analysis demonstrates that the penetration of a shaped charge jet can be enhanced by at least 25% by imploding the liner in a high pressure light gas atmosphere. The gas pressure helps confine the jet on the axis of penetration in the latter stages of formation. A light gas, such as helium or hydrogen, is required in order to keep the gas density low enough so as not to inhibit liner collapse.
Low Gel Loading Increases Well Production in Eastern U.S.
Authors: Terracina J. M. , Yaritz J. G. , Powell R. J. , McCabe M. A. , Slabaugh B. F. , McKeon M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents case histories showing that operators drilling in eastern states have increased oil and gas production by reducing the amount of guar polymer used to stimulate a well. The fluid system used in the 80 to 140°F applications in the region is a 20- to 25-lbm/Mgal guar with a buffered borate crosslinker that provides an instant crosslink. The wells being treated as described are shallow, and rapid complexation is needed to ensure proppant transport through the perforations.
Laboratory test results are also presented. Rheology and sand transport for the optimized fluid system are compared to similar properties of conventional borate-crosslinked fluids. In general, fluid properties of the low-guar polymer compare to properties of conventional borate-crosslinked fluids containing polymer concentrations 5 to 15 lbm/Mgal greater. Viscosity and fluid-efficiency values of the low-guar system (25 lbm/Mgal) compare to a 35-lbm/Mgal conventional borate-crosslinked fluid. Because reservoir cleanup after fracturing is an important component of production, production increases seen in these wells are mainly attributed to the lower gel loading used.
Key Parameters Controlling the Performance of Neuro-Simulation Applications in Field Development
Authors: Doraisamy H. , Ertekin T. , Grader A. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the use of artificial neural networks in exploring field development strategies in conjunction with various recovery schemes. In reservoir engineering applications, the field development process is considered to be highly challenging due to inherent time constraints, lack of sufficient data, and the presence of several degrees of freedom that need to be taken into consideration. In this paper, the respective roles of the important neural network parameters with relevance to recovery scenarios under consideration are examined. The overall objective, in these recovery scenarios, is to increase the rate of oil recovery under specified GOR and WOR constraints. The increase in the oil recovery rate can be achieved by implementing an infill-drilling program or by introducing an improved recovery technique such as water or gas injection. In both cases, one of the critical decisions is to determine the locations of the new wells that need to be drilled.
This paper investigates the potential use of artificial neural networks as an effective tool in identifying the optimum well locations in field development studies for various recovery schemes. The efficiency and accuracy of an artificial neural network are controlled by various parameters that are specific to a given network topology. Two of the artificial neural network parameters that control the robustness of the entire process include the learning constant, and the number of middle layer neurons. Another issue that needs to be addressed is the hidden danger stemming from the over-training of a neural network. Over-training a neural network causes the network to memorize rather than learn. A training session that concludes with memorization rather than learning will cause the artificial neural network to generate biased answers during the prediction phase. Suggestions are made in this paper to avoid the occurrence of memorization during the training process. By developing a good understanding of the roles of these key artificial neural network parameters, one will be better equipped to successfully implement the proposed hybrid (soft and hard) computing methodologies to field development studies.
Federal Safety Standards For Gas Pipelines (A Guide For Industry)
Authors: Thomas J.C. 
Published: December 2007

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Introduction
Purpose Purpose The purpose of this guide is to assist the regulated industry in achieving a satisfactory level of safety through a better understanding of the meaning and intent of the minimum Federal Safety Standards.

Need for the Study
Gas pipeline operators face many challenges in their day-today activities. One area where a good strategy can help the operator allocate his resources purposefully is in the application of pipeline safety.

Method and Scope of Investigation
The information for this study was obtained from available literature and through personal pipeline safety experience. personal pipeline safety experience. The scope of this investigation is limited to those considerations that would be of interest to gas pipeline operators. These facts are discussed under the following three headings:Federal Safety Standards as minimum requirements,operator's responsibility in pipeline safety, andplanning for safety in system operations.
planning for safety in system operations.

DISCUSSION

Federal Safety Standards as Minimum Requirements
The Federal Safety Standards (FSS) for gas pipelines establish minimum regulatory requirements for designing, constructing, testing, operating and maintaining gas pipeline systems. The operator determines pipeline systems. The operator determines the methods and procedures for achieving safety and the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) of the Department of Transportation monitors the industry's performance.
Protecting the Public Protecting the Public The key to pipeline safety lies in Congress's intent of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968. The Act intended the promulgation of rules and regulations for the promulgation of rules and regulations for the protection of the public and any conflict protection of the public and any conflict between the regulated industry and the regulators is resolved in the public interest.
Two-Party Understanding. The gas pipeline industry recognizes the need for pipeline industry recognizes the need for safety regulation.
The Office Of Coal Research And Its Activities
Authors: Lamb George A. 
Published: December 2007

The Office of Coal Research was established by Public Law 86-599, approved July 7, 1960. It was organized upon an operational basis in the spring of 1961, and awarded its first contract in August of that year. It is charged with the development through research of new and more efficient methods of mining, preparing and utilizing coal. This is done through contracts with agencies of Government and with private organizations; OCR does no in-house research.
Private research in the coal industry has been limited to activities by coal associations and by a comparatively few companies. This industry is composed mainly of small business units that are unable to finance laboratory and pilot plant operations. A good deal of coal research has been governmental. Total research, however, has been inadequate and coal resources have not been effectively utilized as a consequence. The necessity for an expanded and more balanced coal research program becomes particularly apparent once consideration is given to future requirements for energy.

1. Future Energy Requirements
Fuel forecasters in estimating long-term energy requirements and supplies have predicted a bright outlook for coal. Some predictions have annual coal output reaching 800 million tons by 1980, almost twice the average of the last five years. The projections reflect advanced statistical techniques in evaluating the prospective growth of the economy and its resulting energy needs, Supplies for the future energy load are distributed between the fuels and hydro. While coal production amounts to new records in the distant years ahead, its share in total energy supply is expected to be near what it is presently.
These projections assume that ultimate consumer energy products will be supplied adequately not only in volume but also by kind and type. The consumer energy schedule shifts continually as it reflects the changing demands for numerous uses. Its appearance, expressed generally in proportions of solids, liquids, gases and electricity, is quite different today from what it was in 1940.