bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsocial behaviour and biology of some Mexican membracid bugs
Authors: HINTON H. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Observations were made in Mexico on the subsocial behaviour and biology of some membracids. An attempt was made to quantify the amount of violence to which the female of Bilimekia broomfieldi could be subjected without causing it to abandon its eggs or larvae.2. The brooding behaviour of females of different species can be very dissimilar, even within the same genus, e.g. Polyglypta.3. The females of many species exhibit a striking reversal of behaviour when they begin to tend eggs. When not tending eggs or larvae they take evasive action, often flying away, when a large predator approaches closely. However, once they are brooding the female stays with the eggs when a large predator approaches and may behave in a manner that in a higher animal might be described as a purposeful counter‐attack.4. Brooding females of Bilimekia broomfieldi were killed and other brooding females were used as surrogate mothers for the orphaned eggs and larvae. The surrogate mothers appeared to behave towards the strange eggs and larvae as if they had been their own.5. Observations were made on the way in which some membracids defend themselves against attacks by ants.6. During development, membracids of most species undergo morphological colour changes. The significance of the change from black aposematic in first instar larvae to bright yellow and black aposematic in later instars, a change which appears not to be reversed in any species, is discussed.7. The aposematic pattern of the larvae of some species of both Membracis and Acanophora partly consists of a white encrustation secreted in patches or stripes over the epicuticle. The encrustation reflects ultraviolet light, so perhaps the aposematic pattern confers some protection against other insects as well as vertebrates.8. A new species of membracid, Bilimeki broomfieldi, is described.
The immigration of spiders (Araneida) into a new polder
Authors: MEIJER JAN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. (1) The immigration of spiders into the Lauwerszeepolder (constructed in 1969) was studied during four years in four areas. The spider fauna was sampled weekly and 65 000 specimens of eighty‐four species were caught using strip traps, window traps, simple pitfall traps and fences.(2) About sixty species from all kinds of habitats were caught rarely; nineteen species were caught in numbers that suggest that they had established populations in the study areas.(3) The four successful pioneer species, plus two marsh‐dwelling species, were most abundant during 1969 and 1970. The 1971 catch was dominated by species from saline habitats; they became less abundant in 1972 when species from non‐saline habitats increased. Only halotolerant species established populations.(4) No evidence was found that dispersing spiders select certain areas. The differences between the spider fauna of the differennt study areas arise from degrees of success in colonization by immigrants. Pioneer species are least influenced by the abiotic environment.(5) A greater aeronautic dispersal power is found in species inhabiting unstable habitats than in species from stable habitats.(6) Aeronautic activity in adult linyphiids (s.l.) is not restricted to a special season, but is related to definite phases of the phenology.(7) Male and female erigonids are equally active in aeronautic behaviour. In erigonids and linyphiids intense aeronautic activity coincides with great ground activity; on the ground males are more active than females.
Response of both sexes of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone
Authors: BIRCH M. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Male and female Trichoplusia ni were caught at three locations in California in 1974 and 1975, in traps baited with virgin female T. ni or with synthetic female pheromone.2. 71% of the females were captured between 20.00 and 21.00 hours; only 22% of the males.3. Both mated and unmated females were trapped.4. Comparisons of live trap vs. dead trap catches suggest that females are responding to the virgin females (or synthetic pheromone) and not to a combination of stimuli from the first trapped males plus female pheromone.
Effects of chronic gamma radiation on populations of Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in trap logs
Authors: BROWER JOHN H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Population dynamics of Ips calligraphus and I. grandicollis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were studied in a forest exposed to high doses of gamma radiation.2. Populations were replicated at eleven dose rates by using ‘trap logs’.3. Adult beetles did not avoid high radiation intensities and attacked all sites equally.4. Utilization of the cambium‐inner bark area varied from c. 2% at a dose rate of 2520 R/20 h day to 90% at dose rates of 63 and 105 R/20 h day.5. Developmental success of the new brood was directly dependent on the dose rate, and developing progeny were often killed by accumulated exposure.6. Larger, slower developing species of subcortical beetles were eliminated at dose levels that allowed successful development of the two species of Ips bark beetles.
Some advances in the trapping of tsetse (Glossina spp.) and other flies
Authors: HARGROVE J. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Shortcomings in the methodology of testing mechanical traps for tsetse and other flies have been partically overcome by relating all trap efficiencies to that of electric trapping devices which have been shown, independently, to capture over 95% of tsetse colliding with them.2. In Rhodesia the classical ‘animal’ type traps only caught a small percentage of tsetse which approached them. The addition of ox odour increased the number of tsetse visiting the trap but did not affect trap efficiency.3. Changes in trap design have resulted in increases in trapping efficiency of up to 4–5‐fold over classical designs.4. The addition of large quantities of ox odour increased the efficiency of the most successful trap described here, as well as the absolute number of flies taken. When the odour of livestock of total mass 11.5 tonnes was used, over 2000 tsetse could be trapped in a 3 h period.5. None of the traps described here was particularly suitable for tabanids but some were used to trap large numbers of biting muscids.6. The implications for new methods of tsetse control are discussed.
Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs in soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae)*
Authors: BLUMBERG DANIEL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The Mediterranean black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) was the most suitable host for the imported Metaphycus aff. stanleyi Compere and Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) and for the local Metaphycus flavus (Howard).2. Difficulties were encountered in the mass rearing of the introduced parasitoids, particularly M. aff. stanleyi, on the hemispherical scale Saissetia coffeae (Walker) and on the brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum L., because many of the eggs were encapsulated.3. Although all the eggs of M.aff.stanleyi were encapsulated shortly after being deposited in S.coffeae, some larvae developed, broke out of the capsule and developed normally.4. The incidence of parasitized scales containing only encapsulated eggs of any of the three Metaphycus species, increased with the stage of the host.
Observations on the ecology of Simuliidae from the River Frome, Dorset
Authors: LADLE M. , BASS J. A. B. , PHILPOTT F. R. , JEFFERY A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The species of Simulium present at twenty‐seven stations in the River Frome and some of its tributaries are recorded.2. In the lower reaches of the river Simulium omatum and Simulium lineatum have basic life histories comprising four generations of larvae annually.3. At other stations the annual pattern is modified by weed cutting and flow regulations and by position in the river system.4. In winter generations the larvae and pupae are larger than at other times of the year. A survey of the size of pupae at ten stations in October 1973 indicated that temperature could account for variations in size.
Phenotypic induction in Pieris napi L.: role of temperature and photoperiod in a coastal California population
Authors: SHAPIRO ARTHUR M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Californian Pieris napi have previously been reported as producing dark‐veined and light‐veined adults from diapausing and. non‐diapausing pupae respectively; the converse has not been reported.2. A population of the coastal subspecies venosa from Monterey County was examined to determine whether pupal temperature exposure was involved in proximate control of seasonal phenotypes.3. When reared under continuous light at 25°C this stock produced seventeen diapause pupae, thirteen of which have eclosed yielding typical dark‐veined adults, and thirty‐eight non‐diapause pupae.4. Of fifteen non‐diapause pupae held in a dark box at 25°C, fourteen produced typical light‐veined adults and one produced a dark‐veined individual of intermediate phenotype.5. Of twenty‐three non‐diapause pupae held in a dark box at 10°C for 24 days, twenty‐two produced dark‐veined butterflies of intermediate phenotype and one produced a light‐veined adult.6. When the experiment was repeated with an inland, population of subspecies microstriata, which is normally univoltine and monophenic, the temperature effect on phenotype was still present but less pronounced.7. The nature of phenotypic determination is reviewed with particular regard for the developmental environment of butterflies from diapaused pupae. The thermal environment of reactivating diapausers, rather than the diapause state itself, may determine adult phenotype.
Industrial and non‐industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Bistort betularia (L.)
Authors: STEWARD R. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Estimates of the relative crypsis of the melanic and typical morphs of B.betularia have been made at fifty‐two sites in southern England and south Wales and these estimates were compared with melanic frequencies in samples from these sites.2. The decrease from east to west in the frequency of the melanic form, carbonaria, and increase in the frequency of a second melanic form, insularia, across the southern part of England and Wales is largely independent of changes in smoke concentration, sulphur dioxide concentration or relative crypsis.3. When all the available information on the distribution of the melanics of B.betularia is considered, sulphur dioxide concentration is correlated with the geographic variation in carbonaria frequency. This, together with evidence of the close relationship between carbonaria crypsis and sulphur dioxide levels, indicates that outside southern England and south Wales, either selective predation, or some direct selective effect of pollutants, is of major importance in determining the variation in carbonaria frequency.4. Some features of the pattern of the spread of carbonaria in England and Wales during the last century give reasons for expecting non‐industrial selective factors to be of greater importance in determining the distribution of melanics of B.betularia in southern England and south Wales than in the rest of Britain.
The ant mosaic on cocoa and other tree crops in Western Nigeria
Authors: TAYLOR BRIAN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Data on ant distribution on the various blocks of cocoa studied at Gambari Experimental Station shows a clear mosaic of ant colonies. Distribution maps and analyses of associations between common species are given.2. Surveys of ant populations on kola, cashew, coffee, oil palm, plantain and indigenous forest trees revealed dominance by the same ant species as occur on cocoa.3. The adundance of any particular dominant ant species is shown to be related mainly to the habitat provided by a specific tree crop.4. The potential utilization of ants as biological control agents is discussed.
Factors influencing aggregation between nymphs of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae (L.)
Authors: KIDD N. A. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Aggregation in the lime aphid is influenced by the newly‐born nymphs staying close to their mother.2. The aggregations are brought about by gregariousness between the first instar nymphs and their reluctance to move far from their birthplace.3. As the nymphs mature they become more wide‐ranging and leave the aggregation. Dispersal is also promoted by a lack of gregariousness between different instars.4. Such aggregations remain intact only as long as the adult continues to reproduce the relatively sedentary first instars.5. The significance of this behaviour in the spacing of the lime aphid is discussed.
Attractant traps for monitoring pea moth, Cydia nigricana (Fabr.)
Authors: MACAULAY E. D. M. , LEWIS T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Several slightly different models of traps of triangular cross‐section, each containing (E)‐10‐dodecenyl acetate as a lure, were compared for effectiveness for trapping male pea moths.2. Catches did not increase when the sticky surface was greater than 180 cm2.3. Sticky surfaces placed in a basal position were the most effective.4. Traps that were self‐aligning in the wind were no more effective than static traps.5. Dispensers of different sizes but containing the same amount of attractant had no effect on the numbers caught. The patterns of smoke plumes dispensed from the traps suggested an explanation for this.
Interrelationships between Arixenia emu (Dermaptera) and molossid bats and their ectoparasites in Malaysia
Authors: MARSHALL ADRIAN G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Four species of Molossidae occur in Malaysia (Cheiromeles torquatus and three Tadarida species) and from these, six species of potentially ectoparasitic insect have been recorded (two Etermaptera: Arixeniina; two Hemiptera: Cimicidae; two Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae).2. The two Arixeniina, Arixenia esau and Xeniaria jacobsoni are obligatorily associated with C. torquatus and only accidentally with Tadarida species with which C. torquatus often roosts. The nature of this association is presumed to be mutualistic and its origins are discussed.3. A.esau can occur in great numbers in association with C.torquatus. It is primarily a roost dweller and is seldom found upon flying bats, although it is in this way that transference to new roosts must occur. It feeds mainly upon body exudates and skin debris from its hairless host. Aspects of its biology are discussed.4. Arixenia species are usually found together with Xeniaria species but always greatly outnumber them. Differences between A.esau and X.jacobsoni are discussed.5. The remaining four species of insect all feed upon blood and are truly parasitic, both species of bedbug and one flea being associated with C. torquatus and the other flea with Tadarida species. A.esau acts as a phoretic host for the flea host‐specific to C. torquatus. Lagaropsylla turba. Otherwise no interactions were noted amongst the six insects.
The distribution of wood‐ants (Formica lugubris Zetterstedt) in a northern English forest
Authors: SUDD J. H. , DOUGLAS J. M. , GAYNARD T. , MURRAY D. M. , STOCKDALE J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A survey of 202 ha of planted forest in Langdale Forest, North Yorkshire, in 1972 discovered 326 occupied and thirty‐eight deserted nests of Formica lugubris Zetterstedt. The average density of occupied nests was therefore 1.61 ha‐1.2. Nests were associated with most crop trees and wild trees present, but were most abundant near to plantation margins and regenerating natural scrub.3. In planted areas 76% of nests were found 5 m or less from the plantation boundary. More nests were found on the south and west border of plantations than on the north and east respectively, and most nests were not shaded from the south or southeast.4. An analysis of nearest neighbour measurements showed that the dispersion of nests was not random but contagious (clumped). Nest mounds were higher in shaded situations than in unshaded.5. The diameter of nest mounds was greater in areas planted with trees before 1945 than in areas planted since 1945.6. The present population of F.lugubris appears to have spread into planted areas from nests present in marginal natural woodland which escaped the disturbance of the area at the time of planting.
Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare L. and Sinapis alba L.
Authors: CORBET SARAH A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The time‐course of anthesis of Echium vulgare is described.2. Diel changes in the sugar concentration of the nectar, the quantity of nectar and the quantity of sugar per flower are illustrated for E.vulgare and for Sinapis alba.3. These changes are interpreted in terms of (a) the periodicity of secretion and (b) the influence of microclimate and insect visits on post‐secretory changes in the composition and volume of nectar.4. There was hour‐to‐hour and day‐to‐day variation in the species composition and the proportion of workers taking nectar rather than nectar plus pollen among the social bees visiting E.vulgare.5. Honeybee visits to E.vulgare were more numerous in humid weather, when there was enough nectar per flower for their relatively short tongues to reach, and in an area where the corollas grew shorter than they did elsewhere.6. The significance of changes in the caloric content, volume, concentration, viscosity and sugar composition is discussed from the points of view of insects and ecologists.
How to analyse host discrimination
Authors: LENTEREN J. C. van , BAKKER K. , ALPHEN J. J. M. van 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Two usual definitions of host discrimination are presented. The first is ‘the ability of a parasite to distinguish unparasitized from parasitized hosts and to lay eggs in the former’. This definition is not useful and even confusing since it does not include the ability of a parasite to distinguish hosts containing different numbers of parasite eggs and to lay preferably only in those with the lowest numbers.2. The second definition is ‘the ability of a parasite to distribute its eggs in a non‐random, regular way among its hosts’. It is argued that most field data are insufficient to permit any conclusions about host discriminative ability on the basis of this definition. An example is given of an apparent random distribution by parasites that are perfectly able to discriminate.3. Arguments are given for studying the behaviour of the parasite in order to answer the question of host discrimination. Five examples of parasites are presented that would erroneously have been classified as non‐discriminators on the basis of the first definition, since they all superparasitize.4. It is suggested that the meaning of the term ‘host discrimination’ be extended to include the ability of a parasite to distinguish hosts with different numbers of eggs.
Beetles, parasitoids and tropical morning glories: a study in host discrimination
Authors: CARROLL C. RONALD 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The common cassidid beetle, Stolas sp., feeds as both larva and adult on the leaves of the vine, Ipomoea asarifolia, a wild relative of the sweet potato.2. In the region around Manaus (Amazonas State, Brazil) an average of 86% of the egg clutches were completely parasitized by the eulophid, Emersonella niveipes.3. The wasp is phoretic on female beetles. In comparison with field beetles that lacked phoretic wasps, beetles associated with wasps produced eggs sooner, laid more egg clutches, and had a shorter laboratory life expectancy.4. Host discrimination by the wasp is probably an active process rather than a passive association with randomly encountered beetles.5. Emersonella niveipes also attacks Chelymorpha cassidea, a pest of sweet potato. Adults of Stolas sp. do not feed on sweet potato foliage nor occur in sweet potato fields, so they could provide a useful innocuous alternate host for Emersonella niveipes.6. As some species in the Convovulaceae are important weeds in field crops, foliage‐feeding cassidid beetles may play a useful role in weed suppression. Any biological control programme for the suppression of sweet potato pests may favour the spread of those noxious weeds that share the herbivore fauna of sweet potatoes.
Colony structure, seasonality and food requirements of the crazy ant, Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.), in the Seychelles
Authors: HAINES I. H. , HAINES J. B. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. In Seychelles, A. longipes nests on the ground and in trees, underground nests do not occur, possibly because soils are too hard or unstable.2. Nest density approached 700 ha‐1 in some areas and nests contained, on average, about 4000 ants. The total population (including foragers) in heavily infested areas may exceed 10 millions ha‐1.3. On average, each nest contained about forty queens and fifty males, although only 50% of nests contained males. A few nests contained up to 300 queens, 1000 males, 36 000 workers and 23 000 brood.4. Production of sexual adults and brood was related to the wet season, most being produced shortly before or after the heavy rains from November to March.5. Natural spread is probably by budding of colonies which, during an expansive period, may advance 1 m day‐1.6. Food collected by the colony included sugary substances from fruits, honey‐dew‐producing insects and plant exudates, and proteinaceous material, mainly in the form of insect prey and carcases. A forager collected, on average, 1.2 mg of liquid or 2.8 mg of solid material on each foraging trip.7. Foraging occurred at fluctuating intensities throughout the day and night, but was limited by heavy rain, strong winds and substrate temperatures above 30°C. Maximum activity occurred at ground temperatures of 25–30°C and ceased about 44°C.8. Availability of food and nest sites proably have the greatest influence on population size.
The repair of larval cells and other larval activities inGeotrupes spinigerMarsham and other species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
Authors: KLEMPERER H. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.1.G. spinigerlarvae repaired openings in their cells by excavating dung from the brood‐mass and placing it in the edge of the hole. Thrusting with the head sealed small holes but pushed dung away from larger defects. Sliding and somersaulting movements allowed repair of different parts of a defect. Repair was provoked by contact with the defect, not by changes in humidity.2. Dung excavated at the anterior end of the cell was transferred by somersaulting, and thrust into the posterior end to seal off foreign bodies. Burrowing by the larvae depended on similar behaviour which moved the whole cell within the brood‐mass.3. Larvae were sensitive to surface contact, making a coordinated attack on a source of stimulation. They also moved towards dung and wet soil.4. Fluid regurgitated by disturbed larvae killed blowfly larvae when injected, and repelled earthworms.5. To construct a pupal cell, excavated material was transferred by somersaulting and used to build a transverse partition without the usual vigorous thrusting movements. The ability to re‐initiate pupal cell formation was retained for about 4 days.6. Larvae enclosed in artificial brood‐balls enlarged defects while attempting to repair them, but larvae just prior to pupation taken from recently made pupal cells could repair such defects.7.Aphodius fossorlarvae rarely attempted to repair openings in their cells and usually escaped by burrowing (as above), but opening a recent pupal cell always provoked repair.8. Repair byG. spinigerlarvae is closely related to other larval activities but lacks several features that are important for repair by species developing in freestanding brood‐balls.