bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Further Re‐regulation of Farming Employment Relations in New Zealand
Authors: Tipples Rupert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article extends the analysis of employment relations in New Zealand agriculture, begun in this journal in 1987, with a look backwards into how employment had developed from colonisation in the nineteenth century. That was extended by a further article in 1995, which considered the changes in employment relations that had followed the profound restructuring of the agricultural industries from 1984. Since 1995 there have been further profound changes but this time in New Zealand's parliamentary arrangements, following the introduction of the German proportional representation system of voting for the 1996 General Election. Subsequently governments have been coalitions and legislation has had to be less extreme. The Employment Contracts Act, 1991 has been replaced by the Employment Relations Act, 2000. High unemployment has been replaced by the lowest levels experienced in 30 years. The largest changes to affect the industries' employment relations, it is argued, are those brought about by the globalisation of agricultural supply chains and the changed labour market. Supermarket chains require not only quality‐assured produce to avoid risks to customers' health and safety, but also that food contracted is produced by properly trained, rewarded and satisfied staff. Thus, by a strange quirk, supermarkets in the vanguard of food capitalism may achieve more for improvements in agricultural employment than successive government policies have struggled to do.
The sigmatic future and the Genetic Affiliation of Venetic: Latin faxō‘I shall make’ and Venetic vha.g.s.to‘he made’1
Authors: Cirilo de Melo Wolfgang David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLatin has a so‐called sigmatic future faxō‘I shall make’. Scholars are divided as to the origins and antiquity of faxō; some believe it to go back to desideratives, others to aorists, and some argue that the formation arose within Latin, others that it can be traced back to Proto‐Italic. Closely connected with these problems are the questions whether Venetic is an Italic language and whether its past (‘aorist’) tense vha.g.s.to‘he made’ is related to faxō. I intend to show that faxō is based on inherited s‐aorists, not on desideratives, that the formation arose late, within Latin itself rather than within Proto‐Italic, and that there was never a past indicative beside it. Because of the last two reasons, vha.g.s.to must be independent of faxō. Venetic may still be an Italic language, but the form vha.g.s.to cannot be used as an argument in favour of such a connection.
Managed activism: two union organising campaigns in the not‐for‐profit sector
Authors: Simms Melanie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo union recognition campaigns are contrasted: one focusing on developing workplace activism but with little sectoral focus (a ‘bottom‐up’ campaign), and the other with a sectoral strategy and less emphasis on workplace campaigning (a ‘top‐down’ campaign). The outcomes indicate the need for approaches, which allow both a strong workplace activism and a clear sectoral strategy as both the ‘top‐down’ and ‘bottom‐up’ strategies present difficulties. Although there are positive outcomes in both campaigns, the cases show that unions seeking to represent the interests of previously unorganised groups of workers need influence at both the sectoral and workplace levels if they are to demonstrate their effectiveness.
Taking an inclusive turn
Authors: Ainscow Mel 
Published: February 2007

This special edition of the journal focuses on what is, arguably, the biggest challenge facing education systems, that of developing practices that will reach out to those learners who are failed by existing arrangements. Specifically, the papers look at ways of using the views of stakeholders in order to move schools and other centres of learning in a more inclusive direction.My own contribution is to provide an overall context for the ideas presented by the authors. I do this by first reflecting on what inclusion in education means and then outlining my own thoughts on what research suggests about strategies for moving thinking and practice forward. This leads me to stress the importance of evidence as a ‘lever for change’ (Ainscow, 2005, p. 111).
Scaling of lactate threshold by peak oxygen uptake and by fat‐free mass0·67
Authors: Davis James A. , Storer Thomas W. , Caiozzo Vincent J. , Pham Patrick H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe lactate threshold (LT) represents the onset of metabolic acidosis during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). It is measured as a O2 in the units of ml min−1. In order to make comparisons among subjects, LT is often scaled or normalized by O2 peak resulting in the LT/O2 peak ratio. Ratio variables have underlying assumptions. One assumption is that the relationship between the numerator and denominator is linear with a zero y‐intercept. If the relationship has a positive y‐intercept, then the ratio will decrease with increasing values of the scaling variable thereby penalizing subjects with larger values of the scaling variable. Our purpose was to examine the validity of scaling LT by O2 peak and by fat‐free mass raised to 0·67 power (FFM0·67) as dimensional analysis predicts that LT is proportional to FFM0·67. Cycle ergometer CPET was administered to 204 healthy, sedentary subjects (103 males) to the limit of tolerance. Lactate threshold was estimated noninvasively using the V‐slope technique. Fat‐free mass was assessed by skinfolds. The relationship of LT versus O2 peak was linear with a positive y‐intercept for both sexes. Consequently, the LT/O2 peak ratio decreased as O2 peak increased for both sexes. The relationship of LT versus FFM0·67was linear with a zero y‐intercept for both sexes. Consequently, the plot of the LT/FFM0·67 ratio versus FFM resulted in a straight line with a slope of zero for both sexes. The results of this study support the conclusion that FFM0·67, but not O2 peak, is a valid scaling variable for LT.
Factors affecting the three‐dimensional distribution of exogenous zinc in a sandy Luvisol subjected to intensive irrigation with raw wastewaters
Authors: Dère C. , Cornu S. , Lamy I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMassive volumes of raw wastewater have been spread on sandy Luvisols in the Paris region since 1899, causing major soil contamination with metallic trace elements (MTE). To identify the factors influencing the vertical and horizontal redistribution of MTE at the plot scale, a study was carried out of the three‐dimensional distribution of zinc. The background and exogenous fractions of zinc in the contaminated soil were discriminated using correlations between zinc and iron defined from unpolluted soils of the area. At the surface, the spatial distribution of zinc is determined by the geometry of the irrigation system and the terrain topography. The highest concentrations are observed near the irrigation outlets and in areas of very slight slope. The exogenous zinc has migrated down to the base of the studied solums (1 m depth), and its subsurface distribution depends upon the physico‐chemical properties of the horizons. In the E horizon, the trapping of exogenous zinc is governed by the number of available reactive sites, whereas in the Bt horizon it is a function of the vertical and lateral behaviour of the drainage. Moreover, lateral transfer of exogenous zinc occurs in the C horizon. In the case of soil contaminated with raw wastewater, the organization of water flow on the surface and in the subsurface is a determining factor in the redistribution of zinc within a plot.
Polyhedral studies for minimum‐span graph labelling with integer distance constraints
Authors: Mak Vicky 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper studies the polytope of the minimum‐span graph labelling problems with integer distance constraints (DC‐MSGL). We first introduce a few classes of new valid inequalities for the DC‐MSGL defined on general graphs and briefly discuss the separation problems of some of these inequalities. These are the initial steps of a branch‐and‐cut algorithm for solving the DC‐MSGL. Following that, we present our polyhedral results on the dimension of the DC‐MSGL polytope, and that some of the inequalities are facet defining, under reasonable conditions, for the polytope of the DC‐MSGL on triangular graphs.
Network modelling of underground mine layout: two case studies
Authors: Thomas Doreen A. , Brazil Marcus , Lee David H. , Wormald Nicholas C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dominant working structure of an underground mine is a set of interconnected tunnels which provides access to ore zones and haulage of ore from the designated ore zones to the mill. This set of interconnected tunnels forms a network. We describe a mathematical network model and the modelling features of our two software tools for designing underground mine layouts that minimise associated costs. The application of these techniques is illustrated in two industry case studies. In the first, we apply the underground network optimisation tool to design an extension to an Australian gold mine where 15 new distinct orebodies are located in a 3 km long region, several hundred metres underground. In a second case study, we design a single decline for accessing a large orebody where a turning circle constraint is a significant factor. An efficient decline is found using the decline optimisation tool.
Psychological Status, Coping, and Social Support of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Central China
Authors: Sun HuiMin , Zhang JunJian , Fu XueDong 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate psychological status, coping, social support, and psychosocial factors associated with people living with HIV/AIDS in a highly HIV‐infected area of central China.Design: Cross‐sectional descriptive correlation study.Sample: Of 200 individuals with HIV/AIDS registered at the “Warm Homestead” health care center (central China), all who met the eligibility criteria (n=103) were recruited; 94 of these completed questionnaires.Measurements: Four anonymous self‐administered questionnaires were used: (a) demographic data questionnaire, (b) Symptom Checklist–90 (SCL–90), (c) Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, and (d) Perceived Social Support Scale questionnaire.Results: Participants had low education levels and family incomes. The majority (n=87, 92.6%) had become infected due to improper procedures during plasma donations. Participants reported moderately high levels of perceived social support, but their high SCL–90 scores indicated high levels of psychological distress. The most frequently used coping style was confrontation. Both acceptance‐resignation and avoidance coping styles were significantly correlated with high distress (high SCL–90 total and subscale scores).Conclusion: Public health personnel and AIDS professionals may consider further interventions to promote psychological health in HIV/AIDS‐positive individuals in highly HIV‐infected areas of China, as the available social support did not seem to be effective in decreasing psychological pathology or mobilizing their coping strategies.
Does the Theory of Planned Behavior Identify Diabetes‐Related Cognitions for Intention to Be Physically Active and Eat a Healthy Diet?
Authors: Blue Carolyn L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Diabetes, a major public health problem, can be prevented or delayed with physical activity and diet modifications, but this requires changing behavior. Understanding the beliefs of persons at risk for diabetes may result in more effective and efficient behavior change interventions.Objective: To explore the utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and perceived diabetes risk for identifying modifiable diabetes‐related beliefs for behavior change.Design: Descriptive survey based on the TPB and perceived risk.Sample: Convenience sample included 106 adults at risk for diabetes.Measurements: Mailed questionnaire with scales to measure TPB variables.Results: Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were related to intention to be physically active, and attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were related to intention to eat a healthy diet. Perceived diabetes risk was not related to intention to be physically active or eat a healthy diet.Conclusions: The TPB is a useful theory in explaining physical activity and healthy eating intentions in persons at risk for diabetes. The relationship of perceived diabetes risk and intentions to be physically active and eat a healthy diet needs further investigation.
Searching Health Information Via the Web: Hong Kong Chinese Older Adults' Experience
Authors: Leung Angela , Ko Peggy , Chan Kin Sun , Chi Iris , Chow Nelson 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective and sample: This paper reports on the learning experience of 88 Chinese older adults who attended a health Web‐navigating workshop.Design: Through a 3‐hr training workshop, participants were guided to browse through seven health Web sites that provide authoritative health information by the Hong Kong government, academic institutions, or professional bodies.Methods: Upon completion of the workshop, an evaluation was made of the participants' confidence in navigating health Web sites by themselves at home and in utilizing the health information sources.Results: The findings indicated that participants' confidence in seeking health information via the Internet was not associated with their age, educational level, or experience of using computers before the workshop but was significantly associated with their satisfaction with the workshop (p<.05). Significant change of source of health information was noted at follow‐up, suggesting that the workshop was successful.Conclusions: Implications of the results for running health Web‐navigating programs among Chinese older adults are discussed.
The Effectiveness of Denture Cleansers on Soft Denture Liners Colored by Food Colorant Solutions
Authors: Saraç Duygu , Saraç Y. Şinasi , Kurt Murat , Yüzbaşioğlu Emir 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the color stability of soft denture liners and the effectiveness of denture cleansers on soft denture liners colored by food colorants in different time periods.
Materials and Methods: A plasticized acrylic resin soft liner (Viscogel) and a silicone‐based soft liner (Mollosil) were used in this study. From each material 30 specimens (a total of 60 specimens) were prepared in a Teflon mold 15 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. The prepared specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C. Initial color measurements of the specimens were made using a small‐area colorimeter. The specimens of the two soft liners were divided into three groups each containing 10 specimens. The specimens of the first, second, and third group were immersed for 14 hours (2 hours × 7 days) in 3% erythrosine, tartrazine, and sunset yellow food colorant solutions, respectively. Then the second color measurements were made. After the second measurements, the specimens of each group were divided into two subgroups (n = 5) and were immersed in denture cleansers (Fittydent and Curadent Weekly) for 8 hours, and the third measurements were made. At the end of these procedures, the weekly simulation period was completed. The fourth, fifth, and sixth color measurements were made at the end of the simulation periods for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. Color difference (ΔE) values were calculated, and the derived data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for three‐way classification and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests (α= 0.05).
Results: There were significant differences between soft liners and cleansers in terms of color change. Mollosil demonstrated mean discoloration values (ΔE) between 0.81 and 2.66, Viscogel showed ΔE between 1.26 and 12.83. Viscogel exhibited slightly greater color changes than Mollosil and the results showed significant differences ( p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the food colorants ( p > 0.05). Denture cleansers showed significant differences ( p < 0.001). Fittydent demonstrated lower ΔE values than Curadent.
Conclusion: Silicone‐based soft denture lining material seems to be more resistant to staining. With respect to denture cleansers, Fittydent was more effective than Curadent in this trial.
Effect of Water Storage and Surface Treatments on the Tensile Bond Strength of IPS Empress 2 Ceramic
Authors: Salvio Luciana A. , Correr‐Sobrinho Lourenço , Consani Simonides , Sinhoreti Mário A.C. , De Goes Mario F. , Knowles Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water storage (24 hours and 1 year) on the tensile bond strength between the IPS Empress 2 ceramic and Variolink II resin cement under different superficial treatments.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty disks with diameters of 5.3 mm at the top and 7.0 mm at the bottom, and a thickness of 2.5 mm were made, embedded in resin, and randomly divided into six groups: Groups 1 and 4 = 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds; Groups 2 and 5 = sandblasting for 5 seconds with 50 μm aluminum oxide; and Groups 3 and 6 = sandblasting for 5 seconds with 100 μm aluminum oxide. Silane was applied on the treated ceramic surfaces, and the disks were bonded into pairs with adhesive resin cement. The samples of Groups 1 to 3 were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours, and Groups 4 to 6 were stored for 1 year. The samples were subjected to a tensile strength test in an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min, until failure. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (5%).
Results: The means of the tensile bond strength of Groups 1, 2, and 3 (15.54 ± 4.53, 10.60 ± 3.32, and 7.87 ± 2.26 MPa) for 24‐hour storage time were significantly higher than those observed for the 1‐year storage (Groups 4, 5, and 6: 10.10 ± 3.17, 6.34 ± 1.06, and 2.60 ± 0.41 MPa). The surface treatments with 10% hydrofluoric acid (15.54 ± 4.53 and 10.10 ± 3.17 MPa) showed statistically higher tensile bond strengths compared with sandblasting with 50 μm (10.60 ± 3.32 and 6.34 ± 1.06 MPa) and 100 μm (7.87 ± 2.26 and 2.60 ± 0.41 MPa) aluminum oxide for the storage time 24 hours and 1 year.
Conclusions: Storage time significantly decreased the tensile bond strength for both ceramic surface treatments. The application of 10% hydrofluoric acid resulted in stronger tensile bond strength values than those achieved with aluminum oxide.
Porcelain Inlays Cemented with Composite Resin Cement: An In Vivo Investigation of Pulpal Reaction One Year Following Cementation
Authors: Vigolo Paolo , Graiff Lorenzo , Mutinelli Sabrina , Fonzi Fulvio 
Published: February 2007

Purpose: This in vivo study was designed to verify the presence of pulpal inflammation on teeth after 1 year of function from cementation of porcelain inlays.
Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two vital, healthy, caries‐free and previously untreated maxillary and mandibular first premolars in eight patients needing extraction for orthodontic reasons were included in this study. For each patient three first premolars were randomly chosen and treated with porcelain MOD inlays. One first premolar served as the control group with no restorations. The porcelain inlays were cemented with dental adhesive and composite resin cement without pulpal protection. The same dentist, following standardized preparation, impression, and cementation techniques, accomplished all clinical phases. The teeth were extracted 1 year later. The condition of the pulp tissues of the 24 teeth with porcelain inlays was compared with the pulpal tissues of the eight teeth of the control group. The data relating to the number of inflammatory cells were evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance to assess quantitative differences between the group of teeth with porcelain inlays and the group without porcelain inlays (p < 0.05). Means and standard deviations were calculated for each group.
Results: The microscopic analysis revealed the absence of pulpal inflammation of the teeth with porcelain inlays when compared with the teeth of the control group. The analysis of variance revealed no statistical differences between the two groups compared.
Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the cementation of porcelain inlays with dental adhesive and composite cement on healthy premolars did not result in any inflammatory reaction of the pulpal tissues 1 year after placement.
Ground Water Flow Modeling with Sensitivity Analyses to Guide Field Data Collection in a Mountain Watershed
Authors: Johnson Raymond H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn mountain watersheds, the increased demand for clean water resources has led to an increased need for an understanding of ground water flow in alpine settings. In Prospect Gulch, located in southwestern Colorado, understanding the ground water flow system is an important first step in addressing metal loads from acid‐mine drainage and acid‐rock drainage in an area with historical mining. Ground water flow modeling with sensitivity analyses are presented as a general tool to guide future field data collection, which is applicable to any ground water study, including mountain watersheds. For a series of conceptual models, the observation and sensitivity capabilities of MODFLOW‐2000 are used to determine composite scaled sensitivities, dimensionless scaled sensitivities, and 1% scaled sensitivity maps of hydraulic head. These sensitivities determine the most important input parameter(s) along with the location of observation data that are most useful for future model calibration. The results are generally independent of the conceptual model and indicate recharge in a high‐elevation recharge zone as the most important parameter, followed by the hydraulic conductivities in all layers and recharge in the next lower‐elevation zone. The most important observation data in determining these parameters are hydraulic heads at high elevations, with a depth of less than 100 m being adequate. Evaluation of a possible geologic structure with a different hydraulic conductivity than the surrounding bedrock indicates that ground water discharge to individual stream reaches has the potential to identify some of these structures. Results of these sensitivity analyses can be used to prioritize data collection in an effort to reduce time and money spend by collecting the most relevant model calibration data.