bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persisters and Dropouts in the Canada Manpower Training Program
Authors: Truesdell L.R. 
Published: March 2007

Manpower training programs help to remove certain labor bottlenecks in the economy by providing individuals with the necessary skills to fill areas of increased labor demand. When clients discontinue training after training places have been made available, the losses to society are noticeable. In particular, it may be noted that during fiscal 1969-70 over 150,000 individuals had enrolled in skill courses under the Canada Manpower Training Program, about 20 percent of whom subsequently discontinued their training. In 1973, about 40,000 individuals who had received funding under the Canada Manpower Training Program dropped out from training. This paper undertakes an exhaustive treatment of the subject of discontinuation as it relates to the Canada Manpower Training Program and examines the extent and nature of the relationship between discontinuation and various status and input variables by utilizing a dummy-variable multiple regression model. The effects of labor market conditions are also studied. Since the costs in volved in discontinuation are very large, it is important that re search be made available so that the underlying causes may be further explored. The results indicate that discontinuation in adult training programs is determined by place of residence, the job an indi vidual holds, his attitude towards the course, general economic conditions, and his personal characteristics.
Evidence for Independence of Circadian Characters and Extent of Photoresponsiveness in the Djungarian Hamster, Phodopus sungorus
Authors: Kliman Richard M. , Lynch G. Robert 
Published: March 2007

Djungarian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus) exposed to a short-day photoperiod generally respond with a syndrome of physiological and behavioral changes, such as body weight loss and molt to a white pelage. The extent of the short-day-induced responses differs among individuals. Furthermore, some hamsters show no photoresponse. In this study, we sought to determine whether variation in the photoresponse would be associated with circadian function; whether phase angle or free-running period (τ) would differ between responsive and nonresponsive hamsters; and whether changes in these circadian characters would correlate with the extent of weight loss and molt (and the timing of molt onset) in photoresponsive hamsters. Adult hamsters were kept in a short-day photoperiod (9 hr light, 15 hr dark) for 14 weeks, during which time body weight and molt were measured biweekly. Hamsters were then transferred to cages equipped with running wheels; we measured the phase angle of activity onset under a short-day photoperiod and τ in constant dark. Hamsters exhibiting a short-day-induced molt had a significantly shorter τ and a less negative phase angle than nonmolting animals. Hamsters that exhibited weight loss also had a significantly less negative phase angle, but no difference in τ. No significant Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were found between extent (or timing) of the photoresponse and the circadian characters in responsive hamsters. Although these results indicate that threshold for photoresponsiveness is related to circadian function, the extent (and timing) of the photoresponse may not be.
Social Secuity Reform: The Facts from the Employer's Viewpoint
Authors: Gregory Janice M. 
Published: March 2007

While individual Social Security savings accounts may be attractive and may have beneficial effects for the nation, "by themselves they do nothing to resolve the financial imbalance in the Social Security program. To resolve that imbalance, Congress must cut Social Security benefits, increase revenue to the program, or enact some combination of these two options," states the author. And whatever Social Security reform proposals do exist, she continues, "must be examined not only for their impact on that program but also for their impact on other sources of retirement security and on the national economy." Focusing her response on the "critical" interaction between Social Security reform and retirement income security provided through employer-sponsored retirement plans, she says, "employer-sponsored retirement plans provide the largest source of income other than Social Security for the middle three income quintiles of the elderly population-moreover, the role of these plans is expected to increase in the future. Social Security reform must be shaped in a way that permits employer-sponsored plans not only to adapt, but to flourish."
Compressive Behavior of a Thermoplastic Composite (GR/PEEK)
Authors: Seidensticker David G. , Kim Kwang-Soo , Hahn H. Thomas , Jensen David W. , Goering Jonathan C. 
Published: March 2007

The compressive properties of a graphite/thermoplastic composite (IM6/APC-2) were experimentally determined using unidirectional and multidirectional laminates. The notch sensitivity and damage tolerance of multidirectional laminates were also investigated by comparing the behavior of notched and impacted specimens with unflawed specimens. Whitney's average stress criterion was used to characterize the reduc tion in the compressive strength due to the presence of notches, while damage tolerance of impacted panels was compared directly using strength reduction. Resistance to low velocity impact was compared using a proposed empirical damage resistance parameter, γ, which was determined experimentally. The observed failure mechanisms were typical for a tough-resin composite. In general, the damage was limited to a small region immediately surrounding the source of the stress concentration and only minor delamination was observed. The unidirectional specimens failed due to a band of fiber kinking at a large angle to the applied load, while delamina tion was the dominant failure mechanism in the multidirectional laminates. C-scans of im pacted specimens indicated minimal damage compared with other thermoplastic and un toughened graphite-epoxy composites. The compressive properties of IM6/APC-2 compare favorably with similar commer cially available materials. The compressive longitudinal modulus (146 GPa) and strength (1062 MPa) are high and the notch sensitivity as measured by the characteristic length ( ao = 2.37 mm) is good. In particular, resistance to the initial impact was excellent when compared with untoughened graphite/epoxy systems [1].
The 1993 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa - The Constitutional Court
Authors: O'Malley Kierin 
Published: March 2007

The South African interim constitution (Act 200 of 1993) provides inter alia for a supposedly independent Constitutional Court which is mandated to act as the guardian of the post-apartheid constitutional dispensation. This Court is granted extensive powers of judicial review by the interim constitution. In an attempt to make a distinct break from the previous political and constitutional dispensation, a centralized constitutional court model has been chosen. This has been done in spite of the country's common-law tradition and a general preference for a decentralized model which existed in the early periods of the 1990-93 transition period. The appointment process spelt out in the interim constitution appears unlikely to guarantee a politically independent court. This is borne out by the initial composition of the court which is strongly biased in favour of the majority party in the Government of National Unity, the African National Congress. A high degree of judicial activism and the politicization of the court and South African constitutional law appears likely.
Freud and the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's illness
Authors: Kushner Hovuard I. 
Published: March 2007

A number of observers recently have taken Freud to task for failing to have diagnosed both Frau Emmy von N.'s (1888-9) involuntary ticcing and vocalizations and Daniel Paul Schreber's (1911) coprolalia and convulsive tics as Tourette's syndrome. None of Freud's critics, however, has placed Freud's understanding of motor and vocal tics in historical context. None seems aware of the contests over the classification of tic symptoms in the 1880s and 1890s, nor do they appreciate the extent to which Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette had conceded that motor and vocal tics, as well as coprolalia, could also appear as symptoms of hysteria. Freud was studying with Charcot at the Salpetriere in 1885 when Gilles de la Tourette and Charcot laid out the typology for maladie des tics de Gilles de la Tourette and had read Gilles de la Tourette's 1885 article. Freud, unlike his critics, was familiar with contemporary critiques of Gilles de la Tourette's construction of maladie des tics. Both Guinon and Brissaud had insisted, contrary to Gilles de la Tourette's claims, that many tic patients recovered from their symptoms and most never developed coprolalia. Most important, Guinon argued that his tic patients could be hypnotized. And, it was a maxim of Charcot's theory of hysteria that only true hysterics could be hypnotized. By 1893 (when Freud first wrote out his case of Frau Emmy von N.), both Gilles de la Tourette and Charcot had defended themselves against Guinon's claim that convulsive tics were always a symptom of hysteria by distinguishing those tic symptoms that should be classified as 'maladie des tics' from those that accompanied hysteria. Yet, Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette had agreed by 1890 that tic symptoms were possible outcomes of either maladie des tics or of hysteria. What separated those afflicted with 'maladie des tics' from those afflicted with 'hysteria', were particular inherited factors and whether or not the patient could be cured of tics and vocalizations. Thus, within Charcotian terms, Freud was hardly obligated to conclude that his ticcing and cursing patients should have been diagnosed with maladie des tics de Gilles de la Tourette. From this perspective, there was no reason, given even the non-psychoanalytic view of these behaviours, for Freud in 1911 to diagnose Schreber as afflicted with Gilles de Tourette's illness.
Barriers to Innovation in Small-scale Industries: Case Study from the Briquetting Industry in India
Authors: Clancy Joy 
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the innovation process in small- and medium-scale industries in developing countries, raking the briquetting (densification of biomass) as a case study. The technical efficiency was found to vary significantly between firms, which can be attributed to the lack of technological capabilities within firms and weaknesses in the external envir onment. Management skills were found to be weak, which has been identified as the major factor inhibiting innovation within briquetting firms. Institutional support was found to be weak too. The policy issues that had the most influence on the innovation process were identified as import restrictions and financial incentives. Technology is still interpreted as hardware. Consequently, measures tend to focus on these aspects, whereas attention needs to be given to upgrading and modernising entrepreneurs management skills.
Tunisian Science in Search of Legitimacy
Authors: Sno Francois 
Published: March 2007

Tunisia's scientific system can be seen as the contradictory confluence of a state discourse prescribing the constitution of a national science to serve socio-economic development and the successful transplantation of the most academic elements of the French system of the 1960s and 1970s. These streams of influences provide a ground of both strengths and weaknesses. Strengths lie in the fact that this process has generated representations held by the researchers constructed around certain values imbued from public sector research, inter national collaboration and excellence. The scientific community in Tunisia in a large measure sees itself as being invested with a mission: the reliable production and trans mission ofknowledge, whose continuity in the long term must be ensured. These represen tations have no doubt helped Tunisian research overcome the many trials and tribulations of its short history. However, on the other hand, the state policies from the mid-1990s have set to reorganise the research system to make it more responsive to the economic and practical demands of the society. The combination of these influences. which have historically shaped Tunisian science, will be explored in this paper.
The Role of Moral Standards in Some Selected Dimensions of Law and Criminology: The International Approach
Authors: Cebulak Wojciech 
Published: March 2007

Against the background of increasing rates of international and transnational crime and the accompanying increasing role of comparative international criminology, this analysis deals with an emerging set of moral standards in international criminological issues. The author argues that moral issues in criminology are not restricted to the national criminologies of different countries but extend into international comparative criminology. Examples are cited for different types of international crimes in order to demonstrate the existence of this emerging set of moral standards among nations. The second part of the article focuses on the relationship between morality and international human rights. There is a clear need in the international community to focus more on the moral background of human rights and on other associations between human rights and morality, many of which are discussed in this work. Just as it is true in the area of national criminologies, in regard to international comparative criminology and international human rights it is also imperative that law and morality "should not be allowed to drift apart too often and too conspicuously, as otherwise the law would lose one of its strongest supports"
Applying the DIPAC Model to Predict the Long-Term Thermal Performance of Extruded Polystyrene Foam
Authors: Hofton M.R. 
Published: March 2007

The application of a model to predict long-term thermal perfor mance of extruded polystyrene foam aged under laboratory conditions and tested in laboratory equipment is described. No attempt was made to validate the model using foam aged and measured under service conditions A technique to determine key variables such as the mass extinction coefficient, imtial blowing agent fraction, and blowing agent diffusion rate from fitting data to the aging curves of thin slices is ex plained. Two separate examples are used to show how the model may be used to predict ag ing of extruded polystyrene foam for up to three and one-half years by comparing calculated aging curves with actual behaviour. It was concluded that this model is an excellent research tool, but is too complex to use on a routine basis in its present form.
Impact Resistance of Polyurethane Foam Roofs against Hail
Authors: Kashiwagi Dean T. , Pandey Manoj K. 
Published: March 2007

Facility managers and insurance carriers with extensive damages to roofs are concerned with the performance of sprayed-in-place elastomeric-coated SPF roof systems. This paper analyzes the resistance of different types ofSPF roofsys tems. This research identifies: • use of the "information theory" to modify and add decision-making information to the Factory Mutual Class I, Severe Hail (FM-SH) test • differences in hail resistance ofSPF roofs and recommendations for expanding the FM-SH test
Cultural People and Cultural Contexts: Comments on Cole (1995) and Wertsch (1995)
Authors: Moll Ian 
Published: March 2007

The issue of 'cultural relativism' that has framed much of cross-cultural psychology or social and cultural anthropology poses interesting problems which are analysed as triggered by the papers by Cole (1995) and Wertsch (1995). Cultural psychology may benefit from a consistent assertion that people are basically the same, that they have the same basic cognitive processes, despite different forms of cultural experience. This, of course, supposes an ontological distinction between mind and society. Comparing cultures in terms of manifest performance of persons may be a misguided venture based on essentially unproductive concepts of both mind and culture. In the approach offered here, /culture' becomes conceived as the process that transforms individuals in social, institutional and historical contexts just as much as it is the process whereby individuals transform those contexts; it is the process whereby universal historical constraints make the development of mind possible
Review : Construction and application of paediatric community nursing services
Authors: Winter Ann 
Published: March 2007

■ The available research has seemingly failed to identify a model of delivering specialist nursing care to sick children in their own home ■ Pioneering paediatric community nursing services as well as those occurring in the author's local area are described to demonstrate the application of such services ■ The future of paediatric community nursing needs to consider the evaluation of specialist and generic services in order to provide evidence for use by future decision makers
Review : Involving the non-consenting child in non-therapeutic research
Authors: Smart Fiona , Jalley Jeremy 
Published: March 2007

■ Both the legality and ethics of involving non-consenting children in non-therapeutic research are issues of substance ■ Children's involvement in non-therapeutic research may serve the utilitarian good, but what of the individual child's rights to protection and not to be put at risk? ■ Non-therapeutic research is probably legal and may be ethical if children are able to provide and are asked to give their own informed consent ■ There is a need to build a more complete picture of the development in children's decision-making competence over time as it relates to their involvement in non- therapeutic research
Review : Reviewing the literature: a student's perspective
Authors: Bell Fiona J. 
Published: March 2007

■ The task of reviewing research is now a part of the paediatric nurse's role ■ A literature review refers to two processes: the search for relevant literature and the critical review of this literature ■ A literature review must be systematic in order for it to be effective ■ It should result in the development of new knowledge that can be translated back into the practice setting and/or highlight areas needing further investigation
Co-Extrusion Coating of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Mamish Abboud L. 
Published: March 2007

In the extrusion coating process, anchorage of the extruded film to the substrate (i e , paper, cloth, foil ) is very essential An improper bond between the two surfaces can sometimes lead to catastrophic failures and product non-func tionality. Because extrusion coating process conditions—polymer melt temperature, lami nating mp pressure, air gap, film (coating) thickness, as well as substrate composi tion—play a major role in determining how successful this coating step would be, their effects on the degree of "physical" adhesion is investigated. Data from the aforementioned process investigation strongly reveal that the extru sion melt temperature and film (coating) thickness are the two factors that pre dominantly affect the degree of mechanical anchorage between the film and woven fabric
Polybutylene Blends as Easy Open Seal Coats for Flexible Packaging and Lidding
Authors: Hwo Charles C. 
Published: March 2007

A controllable heat sealing technology, based on blends of DURAFLEX* poly butylene polymer (poly-1-butene) with low density polyethylenes, ethylene-vinyl ace tate copolymers (EVA) and other polyolefins is discussed. A variety of systems are described which provide easy-open or peelable seals on various substrates for both flexible packaging and lidding. The blends are 100% solid (solvent free) and can be processed on standard equipment. The peeling mechanism and variables which permit tailoring of seal strength are discussed. Examples of material structures for various applications are described, including suggested fabrication techniques.
Pulsed magnetization transfer contrast in gradient echo imaging: A two‐pool analytic description of signal response
Authors: Pike G. Bruce 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMagnetization transfer (MT) imaging with a rapid gradientecho sequence and pulsed saturation provides an efficient means of acquiring high resolution three‐dimensional data in vivo. This paper presents a derivation of the theoretical steady‐state signal equation for this sequence based on the two‐site coupled Bloch equations. Numerical simulations are used to validate the derived expression and experiments are performed on an agar gel model and normal brain. Experimental agar data indicate that direct saturation of the liquid component can be a major source of signal attenuation whereas MT normally dominates in brain tissue. The signal equation presented here establishes the necessary theory for sequence design and optimization and provides insight into model parameters and experimental results.
Dynamic shim updating: A new approach towards optimized whole brain shimming
Authors: Blamire Andrew M. , Rothman Douglas L. , Nixon Terry 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe static magnetic field within two widely spaced axial slices of the human brain was mapped in five subjects following global shimming. This revealed a first order field shift in the anterior‐posterior direction between the cerebellum and cerebrum, which has implications for functional and spectro‐scopic magnetic resonance imaging. A new method is described called dynamic shim updating (DSU) to compensate for these field differences whereby the shim correction fields are updated in real time during multislice data acquisition to match the current imaging or spectroscopy slice. A hardware unit is presented to demonstrate the method using the first order shim corrections, which can be updated virtually instantaneously between slice acquisitions to give optimal shimming of each slice. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated using field mapping and high speed MR imaging (echo‐planar imaging), which are sensitive to field inhomogeneity.
Pulsed field gradient NMR and nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of water mobility in hydrated collagen II
Authors: Knauss Robert , Fleischer Gerald , Gründer Wilfried , Kärger Jörg , Werner Annett 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTransverse nuclear magnetic relaxation and self‐diffusion of water were measured in hydrated collagen II. Self‐diffusion measurements were conducted by pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) and weighting of the different species in the signal by variable T2 relaxation in the experiment. Two fractions of water protons were detected, one with a short T2 value but high diffusivity and one with a long T2 value and low, completely restricted diffusion. The distance of the diffusion barriers was determined to be 2.3 μm. Possible reasons for the restriction in the movement of the water molecules in comparison with structural models of collagen II are discussed.