bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Magnetic Observatory at Manhay
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

The participation of Belgium in the Second International Polar Year, 1932–33, was marked by the establishment of two magnetic observatories, one at Manhay (Province of Luxembourg, Belgium) and the other at Elisabethville (Belgian Congo). The site of Manhay, 45 km from Liège on the height of land between the valleys of the Ourthe and the Amblève and about 15 km distant from each stream (latitude 50° 17.′9 north, longitude 5° 40.′9 east) seemed very suitable for a permanent observatory destined to replace the observatories of Uccle and Cointe, long ago rendered useless by the encroachments of electric tram‐lines.The construction of the building for the Manhay Observatory was completed at the end of July, 1932. The installation and adjustment of the variometers occupied the whole of the month of August. The station was ready for operation by September 1, but the absolute hourly values of the horizontal and vertical components could not, for various reasons, be satisfactorily obtained until towards the end of 1932. The magnetic results for Manhay for the International Polar Year 1932–33 were published in 1937.
Committee to promote observations of daily variation of the horizontal magnetic force between and near the geographic and magnetic equators
Authors: Egedal J. 
Published: February 2008

The work to be done by this newly‐formed Committee is indicated in Resolution No. 7 adopted at the Oslo Assembly (1948) of the International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity. This resolution reads:"The International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity endorses resolution No. 14 adopted at the Brussels meeting of the Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere of the International Council of Scientific Unions, namely: 'That, in view of the remarkable geomagnetic control of F2‐layer density and the known abnormal daily variation of the magnetic force in regions where the geomagnetic and geographical equators are widely separated, efforts should be made to achieve operation, for one or two years, of a chain of ionospheric and magnetic stations across these equators near the longitude of Huancayo or in East Africa and, if possible, another chain near a place at which these equators coincide'."
Viewing water renovation and reuse in regional water resources systems
Authors: Frankel Richard J. 
Published: February 2008

In planning regional water resource systems, water renovation and reuse on a large‐scale basis are virtually disregarded as serious alternatives to pollution abatement for future water use requirements. Where projects are wholly federally planned, the chief reason for this situation stems from current policy, which authorizes low‐flow augmentation as the sole tool of water quality management available to river‐basin planners on a nonreimbursable basis. This institutional constraint has introduced serious inefficiencies into federal expenditure programs for quality improvement [Davis, 1966; Natl. Acad. Sci., 1966].No public measures currently exist to induce municipalities to reclaim wastewaters, and if the only beneficiaries are downstream water users, the municipalities themselves are unwilling to take action. However, by enforcing high effluent standards and thereby forcing municipalities to expend large sums in waste treatment, pollution control agencies have improved the prospects for wastewater reclamation. Obviously, with sale of reclaimed effluent for water supplies or reutilization of reclaimed waters for recreation, upstream as well as downstream communities can benefit greatly through reclamation measures.
Hydrodynamic instability of miscible fluids in a vertical porous column
Authors: Bachmat Y. , Elrick D. E. 
Published: February 2008

A series of experiments have been conducted at a constant temperature on the intrusion of salt from a reservoir containing a fixed volume of solution into an underlying long vertical column of porous material, initially saturated with pure water and sealed at the bottom. The variation with time of the salt concentration in the reservoir was measured for different types of porous materials, different initial concentrations, and different mechanical treatments of the solution. The experimental results, substantiated by the theoretical analyses, indicate that the main contributor to the influx of salt into the porous material is the convective dispersion arising from the onset of horizontal variations of the salt concentration and of the vertical velocity component. The rate of this process is governed by a characteristic timewhere ρU and ρL are the initial densities in the reservoir and in the porous material, respectively; K is the hydraulic conductivity of the porous material with respect to the liquid initially saturating it; and H is a characteristic head of the solution. Approximate expressions have been derived for the rate of decrease of the salt concentration in the reservoir, for the influx of salt into the porous material, and for the advances of the salt front within it.
Symposium on Planning and Design of Groundwater Data Programs: Introduction
Authors: Johnson A. I. 
Published: February 2008

‘Planning and Design of Groundwater Data Programs’ was the subject of a symposium presented on December 8, 1970, during the National Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The symposium was sponsored by the Groundwater Committee, Section of Hydrology, American Geophysical Union.Over the past decade groundwater has become an increasingly more important part of the total water resources system. The increased need and use of groundwater have produced a growing awareness of the complexity of groundwater investigations and increased interest in improved management of aquifer studies, as well as in management of the groundwater resource as a whole. Economic and technical requirements have focused attention on the need for specific criteria for the planning and design of data collection networks as a part of broad groundwater resource programs. With those trends in mind, the Groundwater Committee believed the subject symposium was timely in not only presenting some scientific contemplation and research results presently available but also in stimulating future study of this subject.
Changes in macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in a medium‐sized river following a breach of a low‐head dam
Authors: MALONEY KELLY O. , DODD HOPE R. , BUTLER STEVEN E. , WAHL DAVID H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. Dam removal has great potential for restoring rivers and streams, yet limited data exist documenting recovery of associated biota within these systems following removals, especially on larger systems. This study examined the effects of a dam breach on benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in the Fox River, Illinois, U.S.A.2. Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected above and below the breached dam and three nearby intact dams for 1 year pre‐ and 3 years post‐breach (2 years of additional pre‐breach fish data were obtained from previous surveys). We also examined the effects of the breach on associated habitat by measuring average width, depth, flow rate and bed particle size at each site.3. Physical habitat at the former impoundment (IMP) became comparable to free‐flowing sites (FF) within 1 year of the breach (width and depth decreased, flow rate and bed particle size increased). We also found a strong temporal effect on depth and flow rate at all surveyed sites.4. Following the breach, relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (largely due to hydropsychid caddisflies) increased, whereas relative abundance of Ostracoda decreased, in the former IMP to levels comparable to FF sites. High variation in other metrics (e.g. total taxa, diversity) precluded determination of an effect of the breach on these aspects of the assemblage. However, non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations indicated that overall macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at the former IMP shifted to a characteristically FF assemblage 2 years following the breach.5. Total fish taxa and a regional fish index of biotic integrity became more similar in the former IMP to FF sites following the breach. However, other fish metrics (e.g. biomass, diversity, density) did not show a strong response to the breach of the dam. Ordinations of abundance data suggested the fish assemblage only slightly shifted to FF characteristics 3 years after the breach.6. Effects of the breach to the site immediately below the former dam included minor alterations in habitat (decreased flow rate and increased particle size) and short‐term changes in several macroinvertebrate metrics (e.g. decreased assemblage diversity and EPT richness for first post‐year), but longer‐term alterations in several fish metrics (e.g. decreased assemblage richness for all three post‐years; decreased density for first two post‐years). However, NMDS ordinations suggested no change to overall assemblage structure for both macroinvertebrates and fish following the breach at this downstream site.7. Collectively, our results support the effectiveness of dam removal as a restoration practice for impaired streams and rivers. However, differences in response times of macroinvertebrates and fish coupled with the temporal effect on several habitat variables highlight the need for longer‐term studies.
Influence of mood state on capacity to consent to research in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Misra Sahana , Socherman Robert , Park Byung S , Hauser Peter , Ganzini Linda 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  Experts have debated the ability of patients with bipolar illness to consent to research participation when manic. We compared 25 euthymic bipolar and 26 manic bipolar patients in their understanding of three hypothetical studies of varying complexity.Methods:  Hypothetical studies were presented as written informed consent forms, which were reread up to three times. Questions included assessment of hypothetical study purposes, procedures, risks and benefits, and voluntariness of participation.Results:  After adjusting for educational level, subjects with mania had lower mean understanding scores for all three hypothetical studies compared to euthymic subjects on initial assessment. By the end of Trial 3 of each hypothetical study, there were no significant differences between groups. The proportion of subjects with mania who met predetermined pass criteria for sufficient understanding was lower than the proportion of euthymic subjects on initial assessment of the first hypothetical study, but not the other hypothetical studies (odds ratio = 0.24; 95% confidence interval = 0.07–0.8; p = 0.02). Both groups exhibited an increase in the pass proportion by the end of the third trial for each hypothetical study with no significant differences between groups.Conclusions:  We conclude that subjects with mania exhibited significantly poorer levels of understanding of relevant information in hypothetical research consent forms compared to euthymic subjects when initially presented with research information. The improvement in manic patients’ understanding scores with the iterative review of consent forms suggests that many manic patients may be able to consent to research protocols containing an educational intervention as a part of the informed consent process.
Call divergence is correlated with geographic and genetic distance in greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloides): a strong role for stochasticity in signal evolution?
Authors: IRWIN D. E. , THIMGAN M. P. , IRWIN J. H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDivergence in signalling systems might play a central role in speciation. To assess the importance of possible causes of signal divergence, we examine two types of vocalizations within a geographically variable species complex, the greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloidesSundevall). Calls, which are used by both sexes throughout the year, and songs, which are sung primarily by breeding males, differ distinctly between two distinct Siberian forms. Through a ring of southern populations that connect the northern forms, signal divergence is correlated with both geographic distance and genetic divergence. Calls and songs differ in their particular patterns of geographic variation, probably because of the larger influence of sexual selection on songs than on calls. These patterns are supportive of neither acoustic adaptation nor morphology being major drivers of divergence in vocalizations. Rather, these results support the importance of stochastic evolution of communication systems in the evolution of new species.
A MODEL FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS WITH CRACKS UNDER HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT CONDITIONS
Authors: Goldstein R. V. , Balueva A. V. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— We consider the slow growth of normal tension cracks as quasi‐brittle behaviour under hydrogen embrittlement conditions. Experiments show that the cracking resistance of a material in such cases is not a constant of the material, but is characterized by some function that relates the rate of crack growth to the stress intensity factor. We propose a numerical method for the calculation of opening mode crack growth when the kinetics are controlled by the gas diffusion into the material. The problems under consideration model the fracture phenomena inherent to structures (e.g. pressure vessels, pipelines) that operate in an aggressive medium and in particular a hydrogen environment.In such problems it is necessary to calculate the pressure variation inside a crack as a result of gas diffusion and crack growth under the action of this pressure. Hence it is necessary to solve problems of diffusion theory and elasticity theory for a cracked medium together with some additional conditions that provide the link between these two fundamental problems.We study the case of an infinite medium containing a crack which occupies a plane domain of arbitrary shape. To avoid difficulties related to the three‐dimensionality of the problems, we reduce them to two‐dimensional integro‐differential equations for the crack domain. The integro‐differential equation of the elasticity problem of the crack is solved on the basis of the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The crack kinetics are calculated using a scheme previously introduced by one of the authors and then the BEM is used to solve the integral equation for the diffusion‐into‐the‐crack problem similar to the analogous problem of filtration of the fluid into a crack.
THE BOUSSINESQ WEDGE AND THE Jk, L AND M INTEGRALS
Authors: Seed G. M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex‐variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path‐dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path‐dependent whereas L and M are path‐independent.The property that the L and M integrals are path‐independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner‐loaded edge crack in a half‐plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half‐plane.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN D16T A1‐ALLOY SHEET SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL OUT‐OF‐PHASE LOADING
Authors: Shaniavski A. A. , Orlov E. F. , Grigoriev V. M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Fractographic peculiarities of fatigue crack development are studied in cruciform specimens of D16T aluminium alloy under out‐of‐phase biaxial tension and tension‐compression. In the range of the biaxial load ratios λ from −0.5 to +0.5 and an R‐ratio of 0.3, fatigue striation formation took place beyond a crack growth rate near to 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The striation spacing and the crack growth rate increase as the φ‐angle of the out‐of‐phase biaxial loads increases in the range of φ‐angles from 0° to 180°. The ratio between the increment of crack growth, da/dN, and the striation spacing, δ, is approximately 1 to 1 when da/dN is greater than 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The relationship between the number of cycles from the beginning of a test up to the growth rate of 10−6 m/cycle (Nd), and the crack growth period, NP, from when the crack initiates up to the instant when that growth rate is reached, was determined for different λ ratios and φ angles. The value of Nd decreases as the φ angle is increased in the range from 0° to 1807deg;.Cycle loading parameters must be taken into account in order to describe the crack growth period when using a unified method that involves an equivalent stress intensity factor Ke=KIF1(λ, R)F2(φ). The values of F2(φ) were determined.The calculated fatigue crack growth period, Nc, applicable up to and including the stage of fatigue striation formation (predicted by using both of the F1(λ, R) and F2(φ) functions) is correlated with the experimental data and the error is of the order of 15%.
The role of teacher, student and ICT in enhancing student engagement in multiuser virtual environments
Authors: Rappa Natasha Anne , Yip Daniel Kok Hoong , Baey Shi Chen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the teaching and learning practices and processes that were adopted in a study that incorporated multi‐user virtual environments to support General Paper teaching and learning. The paper discusses the roles of the teacher, student and ICT in facilitating engaged learning. As this project is the first of its kind for the subject in Singapore, the paper seeks to highlight strategies that were adopted or could have been adopted to facilitate the enactment of such teacher and student roles as well as ensure effective deployment of ICT to support engaged learning.
Knowledge and discipline – knowledge as discipline: aspects of the oral history of Irish sexuality
Authors: Salazar Carles 
Published: February 2008

This article examines the recent history of sexual morality in rural Ireland. My thesis is that this history can be defined as a process of structural change in which a normative model has been replaced by a cognitive model. Both models give rise to disciplinary systems but, I argue, they differ from each other in their respective objects: whereas a normative model has the body as its immediate object of discipline, in the cognitive model body discipline is mediated through the individual's self. Since the normative model is grounded in religious values, I consider that this transition can be also interpreted as an instance of the process of secularization.RésuméL’auteur examine l’histoire récente de la moralité sexuelle dans l’Irlande rurale. Sa thèse est que cette histoire peut être définie comme un processus de changement structurel dans lequel un modèle normatif a été remplacé par un modèle cognitif. Les deux modèles donnent tous deux naissance à des systèmes disciplinaires mais, de l’avis de l’auteur, ceux‐ci n’ont pas le même objet : alors que le modèle normatif définit le corps comme objet immédiat de la discipline, la discipline corporelle dans le modèle cognitif est médiée par le Soi de l’individu. Dans la mesure où le modèle normatif est ancré dans les valeurs religieuses, l’auteur considère que cette transition peut aussi être interprétée comme une manifestation du processus de sécularisation.
Laticifers and secretory ducts: two other tube systems in plants
Authors: Pickard William F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe plant kingdom has elaborated several conducting systems. Three are primarily for mass transport: the aerenchyma (for gas exchange in submerged parts), the phloem (for exchange of nutrients within the plant), and the xylem (largely for transport of water from soil to transpiring leaves). Two others are believed to be primarily defensive and to store under pressure aversive contents which they exude when punctured: the laticifer and the secretory duct. This review provides for the latter two systems the highlights of what is known about their general physiology and ecophysiology but not their metabolism and their molecular biology. It is argued that, given the importance of laticifers and secretory ducts to plant defense against insect herbivory, these structures are under‐investigated and deserve more intensive study.
SELF‐THINNING AND SIZE INEQUALITY DYNAMICS IN A CLONAL SEAWEED (SARGASSUM LAPAZEANUM, PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Rivera Mónica , Scrosati Ricardo 
Published: February 2008

Fronds of clonal seaweeds with extensive holdfasts relative to frond size are known not to self‐thin during growth, even in crowded stands. We tested whether frond self‐thinning would occur for such a seaweed since these traits are more similar to those of unitary seaweeds, which do self‐thin in crowded conditions. We used Sargassum lapazeanum Setch. et N. L. Gardner (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico, for which we first confirmed its clonal nature by performing a regeneration experiment in culture tanks. During the growth season (winter to late spring), S. lapazeanum stand biomass increased, while frond density and size inequality (Gini coefficient for frond biomass) decreased. These results indicate that self‐thinning occurred at the frond level. We propose a conceptual model for frond dynamics for clonal seaweeds in general. In stands of clonal species with small fronds and relatively extensive holdfasts (particularly when holdfasts are perennial), frond dynamics would be determined mostly by intraclonal regulation, which seems to prevent excessive crowding from occurring. Such species display a positive biomass–density relationship during the growth season. On the contrary, in stands of clonal species with large fronds relative to holdfast size, frond dynamics would be determined mostly by interactions among genets. For such species, self‐thinning may be detected at the frond level in crowded stands, resulting in a negative biomass–density relationship during growth.
PROROCENTRUM LEVIS, A NEW BENTHIC SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND, TWIN CAYS, BELIZE1
Authors: Faust Maria A. , Vandersea Mark W. , Kibler Steven R. , Tester Patricia A. , Litaker R. Wayne 
Published: February 2008

As part of a long‐term study of benthic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef system, we report a new species: Prorocentrum levis M. A. Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P. A. Tester et Litaker sp. nov. P. levis cells are oval in valve view and range in size from 40 to 44 μm long and 37 to 40 μm wide. Each valve surface is smooth, with 221–238 valve pores and 99–130 marginal pores. These pores are uniformly small and range in diameter from 0.13 to 0.19 μm. Asexual reproduction in P. levis is atypical, occurring within a hyaline envelope, and produces long branching chains of adherent cells. A phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated that of the Prorocentrum species sequenced so far, P. levis was most closely related to P. concavum. P. levis produces okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin‐2 (DTX2). Further, SEM observations and SSU rDNA sequence for P. belizeanum M. A. Faust, which was isolated at the same time, are also presented.