bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of 31 Studies with 70,000 Events
Authors: Moghaddam Alireza Ansary , Woodward Mark , Huxley Rachel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death and illness in developed countries. Previous reviews have suggested that obesity may be associated with 30% to 60% greater risk of colorectal cancer, but little consideration was given to the possible effect of publication bias on the reported association.
Methods: Relevant studies were identified through EMBASE and MEDLINE. Studies were included if they had published quantitative estimates of the association between general obesity [defined here as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2] and central obesity (measured using waist circumference) and colorectal cancer. Random-effects meta-analyses were done, involving 70,000 cases of incident colorectal cancer from 31 studies, of which 23 were cohort studies and 8 were case-control studies.
Results: After pooling and correcting for publication bias, the estimated relative risk of colorectal cancer was 1.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.11-1.29], comparing obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) with normal weight (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2) people; and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.31-1.61), comparing those with the highest, to the lowest, level of central obesity. After correcting for publication bias, the risk of colorectal cancer was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30-1.54) in men compared with 1.08 (95% CI, 0.98-1.18) for women (Pheterogeneity &lt;0.001). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship between BMI and colorectal cancer: for a 2 kg/m2 increase in BMI, the risk of colorectal cancer increased by 7% (4-10%). For a 2-cm increase in waist circumference, the risk increased by 4% (2-5%).
Conclusions: Obesity has a direct and independent relationship with colorectal cancer, although the strength of the association with general obesity is smaller than previously reported. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(12):2533–47)
Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India
Authors: O'Hanlon Rosalind 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCultivation of the bodily skills required in cavalry warfare was a prominent theme in India's pre-colonial societies. Demand for these expertises enabled fighting specialists to develop an India-wide network of patronage and employment. Wrestling and its associated exercises became the indispensable accompaniment to military preparation in the early modern period. Appreciation of the wide social diffusion of these expertises also allows for a better understanding of colonial demilitarization, the displacement of important cultures of the body, as well as the loss of mobility and honorable employment. La formation aux arts de la guerre montée fut une caractéristique dominante important dans les sociétés précoloniales de l'Inde. Grâce à la demande de ces techniques de combat leurs spécialistes surent se créer un réseau de patronage et d'emploi à travers l'Inde. Pendant la période prémoderne les préparatifs de guerre exigèrent toujours l'apprentissage de la lutte à mains nues et des arts de combat associés. En se rendant compte de l'ampleur de la diffusion des ces arts martiaux à travers la société on comprend mieux que la démilitarisation coloniale emmena la déchéance des arts martiaux, ainsi que la perte de mobilité des lutteurs et la possibilité de trouver un emploi honorable.
The Criteria Local Government Reorganisation and Local Authority Autonomy
Authors: Bristow Stephen L. 
Published: December 2007

In the controversy surrounding the Government’s Local Government Bill one set of criteria which could well be used to judge the effectiveness of the proposed reorganisation has been consistently overlooked. Argument has tended to centre on two main aspects: the size of the proposed units and the number of tiers which appear to be most appropriate or desirable. There has been a consequent neglect of the extent to which social needs and the resources available to meet those needs differ from authority to authority, and the variations in service provision which may well develop between authorities for determinate structural rather than conscious political reasons.
One of the primary values which have infused the debate about the need for reorganisation is that of local autonomy. The Redcliffe-Maud Report expressed this value forcibly:

‘In a period of great change, when huge unrepresentative organisations seem to control the lives of individuals and restrict personal freedom, people might be tempted to give up as a bad job the effort to master these impersonal forces. If they yielded, the loss would be irreparable. In this situation, local self-government should be a crucial influence.
Impact of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A Deletion on the Adult Murine Skeleton
Authors: Tanner Sharon J , Hefferan Theresa E , Rosen Clifford J , Conover Cheryl A 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction: The metalloproteinase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) functions to enhance local insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I bioavailability through cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding proteins. Because IGF-I is an important regulator of skeletal growth and remodeling and PAPP-A is highly expressed by osteoblastic cells, we hypothesized that, in the absence of PAPP-A, bone physiology would be compromised because of a blunting of local IGF-I action even in the presence of normal circulating IGF-I levels.
Materials and Methods: pQCT, μCT, histomorphometry, and mechanical strength testing were performed on bones from PAPP-A knockout (KO) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates at 2–12 mo of age. IGF-I levels and bone formation and resorption markers were determined in sera from these animals.
Results: Volumetric BMD in PAPP-A KO mice measured by pQCT at the femoral midshaft, which is primarily cortical bone, was 10% less than WT at 2 mo. This difference was maintained at 4, 6, and 12 mo. Cortical thickness at this site was similarly decreased. On the other hand, trabecular bone at the distal femur (pQCT) and in the tibia (μCT) showed age-progressive decreases in bone volume fraction in PAPP-A KO compared with WT mice. Tibial μCT indicated a 46% relative decrease in trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and a 28% relative decrease in trabecular thickness in PAPP-A KO compared with WT mice at 6 mo. These trabecular deficiencies in PAPP-A KO mice corresponded to a weakening of the bone. Serum markers and bone histomorphometry indicated that the primary impact of PAPP-A is on skeletal remodeling resulting in a state of low-turnover osteopenia in adult PAPP-A KO mice. Circulating IGF-I levels were not altered in PAPP-A KO mice.
Conclusions: PAPP-A is a bone growth regulatory factor in vivo and, in its absence, mice show skeletal insufficiency in mass, density, architecture, and strength. The data suggest a primary role for PAPP-A in modulating local IGF bioavailability for trabecular bone remodeling.
Electronic Health Record for Forensic Dentistry
Authors: Dostálová T. , Hanzlíček P. , Teuberová Z. , Nagy M. , Pieš M. , Seydlová M. , Eliášová H , Šimková H. , Zvárová J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Objectives:
To identify support of structured data entry for electronic health record application in forensic dentistry.

Methods:
The methods of structuring information in dentistry are described and validation of structured data entry in electronic health records for forensic dentistry is performed on several real cases with the interactive DentCross component. The connection of this component to MUDR and MUDRLite electronic health records is described.

Results:
The use of the electronic health record MUDRLite and the interactive DentCross component to collect dental information required by standardized Disaster Victim Identification Form by Interpol for possible victim identification is shown.

Conclusions:
The analysis of structured data entry for dentistry using the DentCross component connected to an electronic health record showed the practical ability of the DentCross component to deliver a real service to dental care and the ability to support the identification of a person in forensic dentistry.
Polyether polyurethanes: Synthesis, characterization, and thermoresponsive shape memory properties
Authors: Merline J. Dyana , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan , Gouri C. , Bandyopadhyay G. G. , Ninan K. N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThermoresponsive shape memory polymers based on polyurethane with soft segment consisting of poly (tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) and hard segment arising from urethane reaction of tolylene diisocyanate with OH terminal of PTMO and 1,4 butane diol (BD) were synthesized by a two‐ step process. The molar ratios of the reactants were varied to get polymers of different soft – hard segment contents. These were characterized by DSC, IR, DMTA, XRD, SEM analyses, and mechanical properties. The shape memory behavior was evaluated by cyclic tensile tests. PTMO served as the switching segments whose crystalline melting was responsible for the switching behavior. As the hard segment‐content increased, transition temperature (Ttrans) diminished and so did the elongation and tensile strength of the polyurethane. Higher glassy/rubbery modulus ratio observed for higher hard segment‐content polymer was conducive to better shape recovery properties. The influence of hard/soft segments on the thermal, mechanical, damping and shape memory properties of the copolymers are presented and correlated to their phase morphology, as investigated by FTIR and SEM. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hydrophilic microporous PES membranes prepared by PES/PEG/DMAc casting solutions
Authors: Li Jing‐Feng , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Yang Hu , Feng Cui‐Ping , Shi Jiang‐Huan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMicroporous poly(ether sulfones) (PES) membranes were prepared via phase inversion using poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) as additive and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent. Thermodynamic of the casting solutions was studied by coagulation value while precipitation rate was observed by light transmittance measurement. It was found that casting solution with PEG200 as additive was thermodynamically less stable than those with PEG400 and PEG600 as additive and easier to cause phase separation in exposure time. With the increase of PEG200 concentration, the casting solution became thermodynamically less stable and easier to cause phase separation in exposure time, but precipitation rate during immersion precipitation decreased because of the increased viscosities. ATR‐FTIR spectra and TGA curves showed that the membranes prepared using PEG200 as additive had less PEG residual than those of PEG400 and PEG600, but it showed better permeation performance than that prepared using PEG400 and PEG600 as additive. With the increase of PEG200 concentration from 30 to 70 wt %, the cross section structure changed from macrovoid to sponge‐like, micropores with a mean pore size around 0.1 μm began to form on the top surface. When the PEG200 concentration is 60 wt %, the pure water flux was 1845 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is the highest value. As the PEG200 concentration increased from 30 to 60 wt %, the contact angles decreased from 82.1° to 58.2°. As the addition amount of PEG200 increased, the residual PEG made the prepared membranes more hydrophilic. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of Y2 Receptor Deletion on Whole Bone Structural Behavior in Mice
Authors: Mikic Borjana , Zhang Mimi , Webster Eidan , Rossmeier Kerri 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecent evidence has shown that mice deficient in the NPY Y2 receptor have an increase in trabecular bone volume as well as cortical bone mass due to increased osteoblast activity. However, the mechanical phenotype of Y2 −/− bone has not yet been assessed. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Y2 deletion on murine cortical bone structural behavior, as well as to assess the material and geometric contributions to that behavior. The results of this study indicate that Y2 −/− mice on a 129 SV × Balb/c background strain are smaller in body mass and have smaller bones than wild‐type controls. As expected based on smaller bone cross‐sectional properties, cortical bone structural strength was lower in −/− animals. Surprisingly, the structural stiffness of −/− bones was comparable to that of +/+ bones despite their smaller cross‐sectional geometry. Comparable structural stiffness appeared to be achieved by means of an elevated effective shear modulus, which was associated with a small, but statistically significant, higher ash content in Y2 −/− bones. These data represent the first comprehensive characterization of the effect of Y2 deletion on cortical bone structural and material behavior to date. Anat Rec, 291:14–18, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bridging Mucosal Vessels Associated with Rhythmically Oscillating Blood Flow in Murine Colitis
Authors: Turhan Aslihan , Konerding Moritz A. , Tsuda Akira , Ravnic Dino J. , Hanidziar Dusan , Lin Miao , Mentzer Steven J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOscillatory blood flow in the microcirculation is generally considered to be the result of cardiopulmonary influences or active vasomotion. In this report, we describe rhythmically oscillating blood flow in the bridging vessels of the mouse colon that appeared to be independent of known biological control mechanisms. Corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy of the mouse colon demonstrated highly branched bridging vessels that connected the submucosal vessels with the mucosal plexus. Because of similar morphometric characteristics (19 ± 11 μm vs. 28 ± 16 μm), bridging arterioles and venules were distinguished by tracking fluorescent nanoparticles through the microcirculation using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy. In control mice, the blood flow through the bridging vessels was typically continuous and unidirectional. In contrast, two models of chemically induced inflammation (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and dextran sodium sulfate) were associated with a twofold reduction in flow velocity and the prominence of rhythmically oscillating blood flow. The blood oscillation was characterized by tracking the bidirectional displacement of fluorescent nanoparticles. Space–time plots and particle tracking of the oscillating segments demonstrated an oscillation frequency between 0.2 and 5.1 cycles per second. Discrete Fourier transforms demonstrated a power spectrum composed of several base frequencies. These observations suggest that inflammation‐inducible changes in blood flow patterns in the murine colon resulted in both reduced blood flow velocity and rhythmic oscillations within the bridging vessels of the mouse colon. Anat Rec, 291:74–82, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paläogene Vögel. Die Vogelschar vor Fink und Star
Authors: Mayr Gerald 
Published: December 2007

AbstractZahlreiche Neufunde der vergangenen Jahre belegen eine wenig wahrgenommene Vielfalt paläogener Vögel. Anhand von Beispielen aus marinen und terrestrischen Ökosystemen wird ein kurzer Überblick gegeben und dargelegt, dass sich die paläogene Vogelwelt deutlich von der heutigen unterschied. Eine detaillierte Kenntnis der Fossilgeschichte der Vögel ist nicht nur entscheidend für ein Verständnis der Vogelevolution, sondern trägt aufgrund der vielfältigen ökologischen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Vögeln und anderen Lebewesen auch zu einem besseren Verständnis der Evolution von Ökosystemen im Allgemeinen bei.
Überraschende kognitive Leistungen bei Elefantenrüsselfischen
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSeine Stromstöße töten nicht, sie verraten dem Elefantenrüsselfisch Gnathonemus petersii jedoch vieles über seine Umgebung. Er zählt zu den schwach elektrischen Fischen und ortet aktiv elektrosensorisch lebendes Futter oder unbelebte Objekte, die ihm als Landmarken den Weg zu seinem Versteck weisen. Darüber hinaus zeigt eine aktuelle Studie, dass die Fische abstrahieren können.
Riesige “Klaue” enthüllt größten bekannten Gliederfüßer
Authors: Poschmann Markus , Braddy Simon J. , Tetlie Erik O. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIm Gegensatz zu der relativen Kleinwüchsigkeit heutiger Arthropoden (Gliederfüßer) zeigen uns Fossilien, dass einige Repräsentanten dieser Gruppe geradezu gigantische Ausmaße erreichten. In der Eifel wurde nun die Chelicere eines Seeskorpions aus dem Unterdevon gefunden, der vermutlich 2,46 m lang war.
Die Antikörperfabrik: Antikörper für jedes Protein
Authors: Schirrmann Thomas , Hust Michael , Dübel Stefan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAntikörper sind unersetzliche Werkzeuge für die Analyse von Proteinen und damit Schlüsselreagenzien für eine Hauptaufgabe der Genomforschung – der Zuordnung von Funktionen zu der noch riesigen Zahl von uncharakterisierten Gensequenzen und den dazu gehörigen Genprodukten. Zur Bewältigung dieser Aufgabe entwickelt die Antikörperfabrik (Antibody Factory) Verfahren, mit denen spezifische Antikörper in einem weit höherem Durchsatz als bisher generiert werden können. Als zentrale Technologie wird hierfür das Antikörper‐Phagen‐Display eingesetzt, mit dem Antikörper vollständig ohne Versuchstiere aus menschlichen Antikörper‐Genbibliotheken isoliert werden können.
Ion‐Conduction Pathways in Self‐Organised Ureidoarene–Heteropolysiloxane Hybrid Membranes
Authors: Michau Mathieu , Barboiu Mihail , Caraballo Rémi , Arnal‐Hérault Carole , Perriat Pascal , van der Lee Arie , Pasc A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on hybrid organic–inorganic dense membrane materials in which protons and ions are envisioned to diffuse along the hydrophilic pathways. The hierarchical generation of functional hybrid materials was realised in two steps. First, the self‐assembling properties of 3‐(ureidoarene)propyltriethoxysilane compounds1–5in aprotic solvents were determined, revealing the formation of supramolecular oligomers. Compounds1–5generate organogels in chloroform or in acetone, leading in a second sol–gel transcription step to hybrid membrane materials on a nanoscopic scale. The crystal structures of1–5indicate that the arrangement is mainly defined by periodic parallel sheets, resulting from the alignment of hydrophobic organic and inorganic silica layers. Hybrid materialsMB 1–MB 4, with a similar lamellar structure, define particularly attractive functional transport devices; they are oriented along the organic layers and sandwiched between the two siloxane layers. These systems have been employed successfully to design solid dense membranes and illustrate how the self‐organised hybrid materials perform interesting and potentially useful functions.
Manipulative therapy of secondary lymphedema in the presence of locoregional tumors
Authors: Pinell Ximena A. , Kirkpatrick Stephanie H. , Hawkins Kennedy , Mondry Tammy E. , Johnstone Peter A. S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Complete decongestive therapy (CDT), including manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is a manipulative intervention of documented benefit to patients with lymphedema (LE). Although the role of CDT for LE is well described, to the authors' knowledge there are no data regarding its efficacy for patients with LE due to tumor masses in the draining anatomic bed. Traditionally, LE therapists are wary of providing therapy to such patients with ‘malignant’ LE for fear of exacerbating the underlying cancer, and that the obstruction will render therapy less effective. In the current study, the authors' experience providing CDT for such patients is discussed.METHODS.Cancer survivors with LE were referred to therapists at 2 Atlanta‐area clinics. CDT consists of treatment (Phase 1) and maintenance phases (Phase 2). During Phase 1, the patient undergoes manipulative therapy and bandaging daily until the LE reduction plateaus; at that point, Phase 2 (self‐care) begins. At the beginning and end of Phase 1, LE is quantified and differences in girth volume calculated. The results for patients completing Phase 1 therapy for LE in the presence of locoregional masses were compared with results for patients with LE in the absence of such disease. Both volume reduction of the affected limb and number of treatments to plateau were analyzed.RESULTS.Between January 2004, and March 2007, LE of 82 limbs in 72 patients was treated with CDT and Phase 1 was completed. The median number of treatments to plateau was 12 (range, 4–23 treatments); the median limb volume reduction was 22% (range, −23 to 164%). Nineteen limbs (16 patients) with associated chest wall/axillary or pelvic/inguinal tumors had nonsignificant difference in LE reduction (P = .75) in the presence of significantly more sessions to attain plateau (P = .0016) compared with 63 limbs in 56 patients without such masses.CONCLUSIONS.Patients with LE may obtain relief with CDT regardless of whether they have locoregional disease contributing to their symptoms. However, it will likely take longer to achieve that effect. Manipulative therapy of LE should not be withheld because of persistent or recurrent disease in the draining anatomic bed. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Repopulation of cochlear macrophages in murine hematopoietic progenitor cell chimeras: The role of CX3CR1
Authors: Sato Eisuke , Shick H. Elizabeth , Ransohoff Richard M. , Hirose Keiko 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCochlear macrophages have been shown to accumulate in the murine cochlea following acoustic trauma. This investigation was performed to determine whether cochlear macrophages could be replaced by donor transplantation of bone marrow precursors. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with hematopoietic precursors from CX3CR1GFP/GFP fetal mice. CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in monocytes and macrophages and possess no functional CX3CR1. Donor monocytes and macrophages can be easily traced in the wild‐type recipient with fluorescent microscopy. We studied mice at 2–16 weeks after transplantation to assess repopulation of cochlear macrophages. A separate group of chimeras was exposed to octave band noise (8–16 kHz for 2 hours) 2 weeks after transplantation to evaluate the migration properties of donor hematopoietic precursors. We found that macrophages derived from donor hematopoietic precursors appeared in cochlea 3–4 weeks after transplantation and increased week by week. Noise exposure induced a massive accumulation of leukocytes, particularly in the spiral ligament of the basal turn. There was no difference between CX3CR1GFP/GFP donor/wild‐type recipient chimeras and the wild‐type donor/wild‐type recipient chimeras in hearing thresholds, accumulation of cochlear macrophages, or tissue injury after noise exposure. These data indicate that cochlear macrophages are derived from bone marrow precursors and that they are an exchanging and migratory population. Furthermore, CX3CR1 in hematopoietic precursors is not necessary for macrophage migration into cochlea and when deleted in this cell population, the absence of CX3CR1 does not substantially effect the outcomes after noise. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:930–942, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using the proper vocabulary
Authors: Kagan Jerome 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper makes three points. First, inferences from biological and psychological evidence pertaining to psychological constructs must use distinct vocabularies because they represent different phases of a cascade of processes. Second, there are necessarily indeterminate relations between phases of the cascade that begins with an incentive evoking a brain state which, in turn, may generate a psychological reaction and/or action. Finally, all biological and psychological phenomena occur in particular species and specific contexts; hence it is useful to append to every conclusion information on the agent and the setting in which the evidence was gathered. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 4–8, 2008.