bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Courts: An Illinois Study
Authors: Golden Kathryn 
Published: March 2007

This study involved the review of685felony casesfor two calendar years in three rural Illinois counties in an attempt to fill an important research need in the study of the operation of rural courts. Variables studied included nature of offenses in formal felony cases, method of adjudication, extent of guilty pleas and plea agreements, and nature of defendant representation. Most formal felony cases involved property offenses, most cases reaching arraignment were disposed of by guilty pleas involving plea agreements, and a high proportion of defendants were indigent and utilized county public defenders. In these aspects, these rural courts operated in ways similar to their more urban counterparts. However, the reasons for these characteristics (most especially the extent ofplea negotiation) may derivefrom the rural andfamiliar nature of the courts studied in addition to other possibilities.
A Study of Protective Orders Issued Under California's Domestic Violence Prevention Act
Authors: Kaci Judy Hails 
Published: March 2007

Temporary and permanent restraining orders offer a measure of protection, in domestic violence situations, that law enforcement officers are frequently unable to provide. The present study reviewed court records of 224 temporary restraining orders issued in Orange County Superior Court under the California Domestic Violence Prevention Act. Civil and criminal court records were also checked to determine whether the parties had been involved in other legal actions. Only 39 percent of the subjects completed the court process to make the temporary restraining orders permanent. Married victims of domestic violence were significantly less likely to seek a final order. There was no significant relationship between the level of violence and the decision to obtain a permanent order. Neither was there a relationship between the level of violence and the decision to file for dissolution of marriage, nor was there a correlation between filing for dissolution of marriage and obtaining a permanent restraining order. Those who filed for dissolution did not come from the most violent relationships. There were significantly fewer criminal charges filed in domestic violence cases involving married couples (17.7%) than in those involving unmarried relationships (32.5%). Charges were dismissed three times as often for nonmarried couples. There was no significant relationship between the level of violence alleged when the civil restraining order was first sought and the filing of criminal charges during the follow-up period (18 months), although criminal charges were most common in cases where the restraining order application alleged minor injuries.
Measuring the Continuum of Force Used by and Against the Police
Authors: Garner Joel H. , Schade Thomas , Hepburn John , Buchanan John 
Published: March 2007

Prior empirical research on the police use of force has conceptualized force in tenrs of simple dichotomnies: lethal force vs. nonlethal force, physical force vs. nonphysical force, and excessive force vs. nonexcessive force. The research has numerous measurement and definition problems and typically has used unsystematic samples. Police professionals employ the concept of a continuum of force; this concept addresses the legal requirements and policy preferences that all use of force by police should be proportionate to the amount of force used against themn. This concept has neither been operationalized as a quantifiable measure nor subjected to empirical research to determine the frequency with which officers encounter specific forms and amounts of resistance. This article reports on a pilot effort to develop explicit measures of the nature and extent of force used by and against police officers. These measures are derived fromn specific behaviors and are formuilated to represent traditional notions of physical force as well as contemporary concepts of the continuum of force. In addition, a prototype mneasure that incorporates some metric qualities is presented. These measures are illustrated with data from 1,585 adult custody arrests in Phoenix, Arizona.
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Automotive Shredder Residues
Authors: Lanoir D. , Trouvé G. , Delfosse L. , Froelich D. , Kassamaly A. 
Published: March 2007

Car manufacturers recycle many of the materials from wrecked vehicles, but the disposal of the lighter components is increasingly difficult. The high cost of landfill is making the option of incineration more attractive, as it reduces the mass and the volume of the waste. Energy recovery is also possible. This paper examines those properties of automotive shredder residues (ASR) which are relevant to the formation of pollutants during incineration. The higher specific energy of ASR was found to be 19,000 kJ kg 1 and the ash content 38%, which indicate that it is a suitable fuel for municipal incinerators or cement kilns. However, it is very heterogeneous, as the low density fraction is mainly composed of plastics, with smaller amounts of metallic pieces, rubber, glass and wood. The macroscopic composition of a representative sample of ASR was determined. The metal and the chlorine contents were analysed by special techniques and were found to be 22% and 3.5%, respectively of the fraction. Laboratory-scale incineration trials of ASR are now planned. © 1997 ISWA
Rhetoric and Rational Enterprises
Authors: LAROCHE MARY G. , PEARSON SHERYL S. 
Published: March 2007

Commentary: It is easier to articulate the issues addressed in this piece today than it was when Written Communication first published it in 1985; we now have the familiar idioms of postmodernism, cultural studies, and reception theory to help illuminate the paradigm that we were arguing governs everyday communication behavior in organizations. In particular, while terms such as contingency, intersubjectivity, shared understandings, social construction of meaning, and discourse communities were familiar enough at the time in the fields of philosophy and critical theory, they had not yet influenced textbooks in organizational communication. Instead, these textbooks were dominated by the human resource and social systems models of the organization at work and by prescriptive approaches to writing. We drew on the work of contemporary theorists (Polanyi, Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin, Perelman, and others) to support the notion that, like scientific communities, organizational communities are “rational enterprises” that develop rules and protocols for the admission and analysis of evidence—criteria which individual practitioners internalize unevenly, imperfectly, and tacitly, and which evolve over time in response to new situations, but which govern the construction of meaning. Through the analysis of a particular case of strategic communication (and one that was deliberately ordinary, not exceptional), we were interested in demonstrating how important the larger context is in shaping communication, how meaning is negotiated by writer and audience, how “good writing” depends less on transmitting a “message” or even adapting a specific format than on tapping (or reenvisioning) shared but tacit recognitions about what is important in the organizational context. Looking back, we are gratified that these observations now seem commonplace, and also that we addressed them in humanistic, cognitive, and philosophical terms to argue the centrality—and complexity—of consensus making. One of the closing sentences still seems like an appropriate call to continue such an inquiry: “In a world marked by divergent values, galloping change, and the need for ethical approaches to problem solving, a rhetoric that both acknowledges the human complexity of decision making and suggests a practical rationale for producing consensus is needed.”
A Decision-Making Approach to Needs Assessment and Objective Setting in Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Mazmanian Paul E. 
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to describe educational needs assessment and objective setting strategies in continuing medical education (CME) program development. A general model por traying needs assessment, objective setting, and program development was developed from descriptions of practice at ten major medical schools. Research methods used to guide the inquiry were those of grounded theory. Results indicated that the predominant stimuli of program ideas were social structural forces external to the CME organizational unit. Planners responded by recognizing a possible problem in medical practice, identifying and gathering resources for analyzing a program idea, refor mulating the program idea, and proposing a change in learner behavior. Three types of planning behavior—coordinative, administrative, and consultative—enabled CME program planners to facilitate systematic decision-making by planning groups.
Photoperiodic Control of Reproduction and Molt in the Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Authors: Meijer Theo 
Published: March 2007

An adaptive decline in average clutch size with progressive date of laying is char acteristic of most bird species with a single clutch of variable size per year. The effect of photoperiod on timing of laying, clutch size, and subsequent molt was investigated in kestrel pairs breeding and raising their young in captivity. In natural daylight (nLD), clutch size, under ad libitum feeding, showed the same decline with date as in nature. Birds breeding later also started molt later and molted faster (more feathers simultaneously), so that all birds completed molt more or less at the same time. Constant long days (LD 17.5:6.5 and LD 13:11) from December 1 onward advanced both reproduction and molt. The LD 17.5:6.5 group developed the reproductive system faster, had a shorter courtship period, and laid eggs earlier than the LD 13:11 group. In both photoperiods there was a decrease in clutch size with progressive laying date, similar to that in nLD. Molt started in both groups at about the end of the laying period and slowed down in the longer photoperiod, especially in males. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) changes in the two pho toperiods were different for males and females. Males showed the expected slower LH re sponse in the shorter photoperiod, but the initial LH response by females was the same in both photoperiods. Data on LH, reproductive behavior, and body mass suggest that females have a wider annual reproductive window than males. Data on time of laying and number of eggs suggest that clutch size in the kestrel is determined by laying date itself, following an endog enous rhythm that is phase-locked to the reproductive cycle.
Hungarian Social Research of the 1990s: Continuity and Discontinuity
Authors: Tamás Pál 
Published: March 2007

In France my attitude as a philosopher is necessarily anomalous, because the unfitness of the upper class obliges me habitually to appeal to the lower, a course which gives a revolutionary colour to the best counsels. In Eastern Europe alone can enlightened theories now find chiefs disposed to appreciate and be able to utilize them. This contrast is a natural result of Western anarchy. Auguste Comte's letter to the czar of Russia
Gender-based and Sexual Violence against Women during Armed Conflict
Authors: Colombini Manuela 
Published: March 2007

Sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflicts lacks visibility and is not fully understood as it is often labelled as a woman's-only issue. Its gendered nature extends beyond the actual period ofconflict, into the period of rehabilitation and reconstruc tion, carrying with it many physical and psychological problems. The sufference endured by women both during the following the conflict is strictly related to the rooted structural gender inequalities within societies in general. In situations of conflict women's oppression and abuse further increase their usual subordination. For example, traditional barriers to health care, including the lack of diagnostic equipment and adequate treatment; the insufficiency of premises for the treatment of survivors; the lack of dedicated venues to seek assistance; poor supplies of essential and specific drugs, together with an inadequacy of health personnel, become even more problematic, and all contribute to poor primary health care. Therefore, understanding the roots of unequal gender treatment, and thus the cultural setting of a community; becomes essential when dealing with the phenomenon of sexual violence. In particular, multidimensional and gender-sensitive health responses to sexual violence should be designed, and services taking into account its multifaceted nature should be provided.
Comment on Boudon
Authors: Shweder Richard A. 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
In Defense of Reciprocity
Authors: Monroe Burt L. 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
CATCH-22 AND KING-OF-THE-MOUNTAIN GAMES
Authors: Brams Steven J. , Jones Christopher B. 
Published: March 2007

In his classic novel, Catch-22 (1961), Joseph Heller describes a thoroughly frustrating situation faced by a combat pilot in World War II. This is generalized to a `generic' 2 × 2 strict ordinal game, which subsumes 12 specific catch-22 games. These games, along with 4 king-of-the-mountain games, turn out to be the only games in which moving power is effective, based on the `theory of moves': each player can induce a better outcome when it possesses this power than when its opponent possesses it. These 16 games constitute 28% of the 57 2 × 2 conflict games, in which there is no mutually best outcome. A specific catch-22 game is used to model the conflict between the pilot and the doctor who can certify his sanity in the Heller novel; a different catch-22 game is used to model medieval witch trials. King-of-the-mountain games portray related situations in which there is a contest to come out on top, but the player who `loses' does not suffer as much as in a catch-22 game. In all these games, cycling is always possible and frequently observed, despite the presence of pure-strategy Nash equilibria in 10 of the 16 games.
Existence Results for Large Deformations of Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Rogers Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

The proof of existence results for the equations describing deformable solid materi als with coupled electromagnetic and elastic effects is complicated by two contradictory technical re quirements. 1. The descriptions of the constitutive equations and elastic effects are best done using a material (Lagrangian) coordinate formulation. 2. Because electromagnetic fields produced by unshielded materials must be described outside of the deformed body (actually on all of space), it is natural to use a spatial (Eulerian) coordinate formulation for these effects. In order to avoid this problem, many authors have studied only small motions of the material so that material coordinates could be extended to all of space. While this approach has sometimes been successful, it has clear drawbacks in many of the applications suggested for magnetostrictive sensors and actuators. This article describes technical tools in which material coordinates are used to describe elastic ef fects, spatial coordinates are used to describe magnetic fields, and spatial fields are "pulled back" to material coordinates so that the two can be combined. This will allow us to give existence results in micromagnetics for large deformations. In addition, results on nonattainment of minima and con struction of minimizing sequences are obtained.
Active Vibration Control in Structures Using Magnetostrictive Terfenol with Feedback and/or Neural Network Controllers
Authors: Bryant Michael D. , Fernandez Benito , Ning Wang  , Murty Venkatesh V. , Vadlamani Viswanath , West Timothy Scott 
Published: March 2007

Experimental results are described in which a rod of magnetostrictive terfenol was used in the dual capacity of a passive structural support element and an active vibration control actu ator and artificial neural networks were used for the adaptive real-time control algorithm. Tests were performed on a three-legged table, where the terfenol actuators mentioned above are the table legs. For the table experiment, shaker vibrations generated in the ground and transmitted to the tabletop (via the legs) were attenuated by counter vibrations synthesized in the table leg actuators. The goal of this experiment was to maintain a quiescent tabletop in the presence of floor vibrations. Utilizing a proportional-integral derivative and a neural network controller, actuated forces were used to cancel applied disturbance forces. The neural network architecture identifies (learns) and adapts to the tabletop forced disturbance through a fast adaptation law known as Adaptive Back Propagation, generating the required counter vibration. The architecture and hence the control was designed to be modular so cross talk (coupling in the control signal) is minimized. This puts an extra burden on the controller to decouple the spillovers but maintains modularity, an important feature for large scale implementations. This article describes work in this area and demonstrates the ability to cancel disturbances from static to the hundred hertz frequency range.
Management and Organisational Factors in New Product Development (NPD) Success
Authors: Barclay Ian , Dann Zoe 
Published: March 2007

The desire to improve the performance of their new product development activities and process is firmly established within companies. This paper describes an attempt to produce an evaluation taxonomy and framework to enable comparisons to assess their NPD performance and the factors leading to success. This framework is based on a product's complexities (structural and functional) and related factors and commercial constraints. In particular, it looks at the management and organisational factors involved in NPD and how these may be enhanced to increase NPD success rates. These factors were investigated during a three-year Engineering and Physi cal Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded research programme. The outcome of this research programme is the Assessment Tool and Methodology (ATM) which evaluates a company's NPD activities and process performance. The various ways in which the ATM may be used are explained. Significant findings relating to success in product development are shown from the initial results comparing successful product devel opments from a variety of companies. Also described are the results of a survey of company based NPD performance improvement ap proaches and the related NPD performance measurement systems and metrics being used. The results from the use of the ATM with Japanese companies within Japan are also included as a comparison.
An Integrated Prototype System For Cost-Effective Design
Authors: Shehab E.M. , Abdalla H.S. 
Published: March 2007

Modem manufacturing companies are moving towards a system of concurrent engineering in order to improve competitiveness. One of the targets of concurrent engineering philosophy is to reduce both cost and time involved in product development at the conceptual stage of the design process. Therefore, if the product manufacturing cost is estimated at an early design stage, designers would be able to modify a design to achieve proper performance as well as a reasonable cost. This paper describes the development of an integrated prototype system for modelling product cost throughout the entire product development cycle. The proposed system is composed of a CAD solid modelling system, user interface, various knowledge bases, process optimisation, databases, design for assembly module and cost estimation module. The system is integrated with a material selection software, to facilitate the material selection process. To overcome uncertainty in the knowledge of cost model, a novel fuzzy logic model is developed and implemented in the developed system to generate reliable estimation of cost. Cost modelling of both a machining component and an injection-moulding component are considered in this research paper. The estimated cost for a moulded component included the costs of material, mould and processing. The main function of the system, besides estimating the product cost, is to generate initial process planning that includes generation and selection of machining processes, their sequence and their machining parameters. In addition, a feature-by-feature cost estimation report is generated using the proposed system to highlight the features of high manufacturing cost. The tangible benefit of implementing this system is that the product manufacturing cost can be estimated at the early stage of the product development cycle. Therefore, a quicker response to customers' expectations is generated. One of the advantageous features of this system is that it warns users of features that are costly and difficult to manufacture. In addition, users can modify the product design at any stage to achieve the targeted cost. Two case studies are demonstrated and discussed to validate the proposed system.