bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zirconium Cladding Deformation in a Steam Environment with Transient Heating
Authors: Chapman RH , Crowley JL , Longest AW , Hofmann G 
Published: March 2009

Zircaloy-4 cladding is being tested under loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) conditions to determine its deformation behavior and to provide data for verification of analytical models. Data obtained thus far from 34 single-rod tests imply less ballooning, and consequently less flow restriction, than would be predicted from earlier data.
The instrumented simulators, consisting of unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding with an internal heater to simulate fuel pellet heating, are tested to failure in superheated steam over a wide range of internal pressures at a temperature increase rate of about 28°C/s. Cladding surface temperature and internal pressure data are recorded during the transient and deformation measurements are obtained posttest.
An analytical expression is given for the burst temperature as a function of burst pressure. The experimental results show excellent correlation between cladding deformation and surface temperature distribution. Deformation is extremely sensitive to small temperature variations.
Variation in Response to Methylmercury by Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) Embryos
Authors: Weis J , Weis P , Heber M 
Published: March 2009

Some female killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from Montauk, N.Y., produce eggs that are much more resistant to the craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal effects of 0.05 ppm methylmercury than eggs of other females. The following relationships were observed in studying 128 batches of eggs from 85 females fertilized by 35 males.
Batches of eggs with a high percentage of noncleaving eggs (NCEs) tended to be most susceptible. Tolerance was also associated with the relation of the date to the lunar spawning cycle and with the number of dorsal fin rays in the females; fish that had ten fin rays produced no unaffected batches, whereas those with eleven or twelve rays produced eggs ranging from very tolerant (unaffected) to very susceptible. A weaker correlation with female weight was seen. Because of the importance of the percentage of NCEs in determining the tolerance of a batch of eggs, the data were reanalyzed after removing all those batches with high rates of (&gt;35 percent) NCEs. This revealed a strong association of tolerance with the stickiness of the eggs in that batches which were very sticky tended to be more resistant. Correlations were also seen with female length and fecundity. No correlations were seen with any measured traits of the males.
International Study on Artemia XXII: Nutrition in Aquatic Toxicology—Diet Quality of Geographical Strains of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia
Authors: Beck AD , Bengtson DA 
Published: March 2009

A reference and four geographical strains of brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) nauplii were evaluated as diets for the larvae of a marine fish, the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). The survival of fish fed the various strains was significantly different and ranged from 82 to 57 percent.
Previous related studies had evaluated five other geographical strains fed to both fishes and invertebrates utilized in toxicological studies at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory in Narragansett, R.I. Significant differences in survival and growth, related to diet, were also found in these species.
The effects on survival and growth of M. menidia are related to the size of the nauplii.
Use of a standard geographical strain of Artemia is recommended for the diet of aquatic animals utilized in toxicological studies.
Development of Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia and Total Residual Chlorine for the Protection of Aquatic Life in Two Johnson County, Kansas, Streams
Authors: Hazel RH , Burkhead CE , Huggins DG 
Published: March 2009

A study was conducted to determine water quality criteria for ammonia and total residual chlorine (TRC) for the protection of aquatic life in two streams in Johnson County, Kan. The test streams selected were Mill and Cedar Creeks. The parallel streams flow into the Kansas River and share similar watershed characteristics. However, unlike Mill Creek, Cedar Creek does not receive sewage treatment plant effluents.
Species indigenous to the streams were collected, and 96-h acute toxicity tests were conducted with ammonia and TRC. Following the laboratory work, a test was conducted in Cedar Creek whereby ammonia was introduced for 24-h. Test organisms were placed in cages in the stream, and mortalities were observed throughout the test period.
Based on this research and other existing evidence, the conclusion was reached that if un-ionized ammonia concentrations in the two streams do not exceed 0.07 mg/litre un-ionized ammonia expressed as nitrogen (NH3-N) as a 24-h average, or 0.4 mg/litre NH3-N at any time, aquatic life in the two streams will suffer no adverse effects. Nor will these organisms be adversely affected by total residual chlorine concentrations that do not exceed 0.02 mg/litre TRC as a 24-h average, or 0.03 mg/litre TRC at any time.
Structure-Property Relationships for Pearlite-Reduced Mo-Nb Steels Finish-Rolled Moderately Below Ar3
Authors: Coldren AP , Eldis GT , Tither G 
Published: March 2009

A study of five laboratory steels was conducted to determine the relative effects of ferrite grain refinement, dislocation substructure, and niobium (carbon, nitrogen) [Nb(C,N)] precipitation strengthening on the as-rolled strength and toughness properties of 19-mm (0.75-in.) plates finish rolled in the two-phase region, moderately below the Ar3 temperature. The steels were molybdenum-niobium (Mo-Nb) pearlite-reduced steels having a nominal composition range of 0.08C, 1.4Mn, 0.1Si, 0.2/0.4Mo and 0/0.6Nb. The amount of ferrite formed prior to the last pass and the percent reduction imparted on the last pass were varied while the finishing temperature was held constant at 745°C (1375°F).
It was found that the introduction of deformed ferrite into the structure brought two strengthening effects: dislocation substructure and, in the niobium-containing steels, strain-enhanced precipitation. The combined effect of these mechanisms reached a maximum in plates containing approximately 30 to 40 percent deformed ferrite that had experienced a 20 percent reduction on the final pass. The impact toughness was not impaired by this method of upgrading strength.
Regarding grain refinement, the 0.2Mo-0.035Nb steel experienced increases in yield strength of up to 85 MPa (12.4 ksi) due to the additional grain refinement produced by rolling below the Ar3 temperature instead of finishing just above the Ar3. This type of strengthening was smaller in the 0.2Mo-0.06Nb steel and absent in the 0.4Mo-0.06Nb steel, because the initial grain sizes of these steels were finer, and lowering the finish-rolling temperature produced little or no further refinement.
Structure and Properties of a 19Cr-25Ni-Mo-Ti Steel
Authors: Andersson T , Törnblom H , Samuelsson A 
Published: March 2009

SANDVIK 12RN72 is a 19Cr-25Ni austenitic steel with additions of molybdenum, titanium, and boron. In this paper structure, mechanical properties, and high-temperature corrosion properties of 12RN72 are presented.
The structure of 12RN72 in the solution heat treated condition consists of a fully austenitic matrix with some undissolved carbides and nitrides of type TiC and TiN. During creep, M23C6 precipitates in the grain boundaries, and both M23C6 and finely dispersed TiC-particles precipitate in the grains. The small TiC-particles, which precipitate at dislocations, are very stable and their growth rate is low.
The precipitates of TiC and M23C6 greatly contribute to a high creep-rupture strength. For instance, at 700°C the 100 000 h creep-rupture strength of 12RN72 is at least twice that of TP316 and TP347 and about 50 percent higher than that of Alloy 800H. Another prominent feature is the high creep ductility with a transcrystalline rupture behavior.
The high chromium and nickel contents of 12RN72 account for an improved corrosion resistance at elevated temperature in comparison with the standard austenitic steels. Up to about 1000°C, the corrosion properties are similar to those of Alloy 800H that has been verified by tests in air, steam, and impure helium.
Melting of Superalloys
Authors: Lherbier LW 
Published: March 2009

Melting of superalloys is the initial, and perhaps most important, step in the production of materials used in critical high-temperature applications. Increasing demand for high-quality superalloys with specific characteristics has resulted in various combinations of primary, melting, refining, and secondary remelting operations. Specific characteristics of each of these process operations are used to produce superalloys that meet customer quality requirements for (1) chemistry, (2) product form, and (3) structural uniformity.
Various combinations of melting processes can be used to obtain a desired primary chemistry not only in terms of the primary elements, but also for residual and tramp elements. Product forms frequently dictate a combination of melting processes that give importance to the shape of ingots, the end product of superalloy melting processes. Additionally, it is frequently important to choose melting combinations that achieve ingot structure control for optimum primary phase distribution, cleanliness or hot workability, or both.
Survey of Mechanical Properties of Steel Cord and Related Test Methods
Authors: Bourgois L 
Published: March 2009

This paper gives a survey of the different testing methods for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of steel cord used as tire reinforcement material.
The paper will deal with the latest findings relative to tension tests, compression tests, rotaflex test, dynamic compression tests, fretting simulation tests, and rubber penetration tests.
The steel cord properties measured in those tests will be discussed in relation to tire performance, including steel radial passenger car tires, truck and bus tires, and off-the-road tires. The principal steel cord properties will be illustrated.
Belt Test for the Evaluation of the Fretting Fatigue and Adhesion Behavior of Steel Cord in Rubber
Authors: Bourgois L 
Published: March 2009

An endless belt test to investigate the fretting fatigue and dynamic adhesion behavior of steel cord has been developed in the laboratory. The specimen consists of an endless belt with steel cord reinforcement in the circumferential direction. The choice of the testing conditions (stress levels) has been made so as to simulate as well as possible the maximum stresses produced in a running truck tire carcass.
The percentages of loss in cord breaking load have been measured after twenty million cycles, which equals a mileage of 72 000 km for a 11.00 R 20 tire of 16 ply rating (PR). Those percentages of loss have been measured on separate wires taken from three cords.
Further, the adhesion level before and after fatigue can be measured in a cord peel test, which consists of peeling three belt cords, each cord separated by another cord.
Methodology for the Determination of Rates of Microbial Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments
Authors: Schwall LR , Herbes SE 
Published: March 2009

A methodology has been developed for measurement of aerobic rates of microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment samples. Individual 14C-labeled PAH are added to sediment aliquots in sealed vials containing potassium hydroxide (KOH) traps. Vials containing sterile sediment portions are treated similarly and serve as controls. Sediment microbial activity is halted at intervals by addition of acetone to each vial. Following quantitation of 14CO2 in each trap by liquid scintillation counting, each sediment portion is extracted with acetone in a micro-Soxhlet apparatus. Extractable 14C is separated into unaltered 14C-PAH and polar transformation products by column or thin-layer chromatography; each fraction is quantified by liquid scintillation or automated thin-layer scanning. Residual 14C is measured by combustion of extracted sediment and liquid scintillation counting of the 14CO2 evolved.
Tests show that the presence of acetone in amounts used in the assay does not significantly alter transformation rates. The measured rate of anthracene transformation was proportional to 14C-anthracene concentration at the substrate level employed, thus suggesting that addition of 14C-labeled substrate does not alter significantly the microbial transformation rate. To date sediments from three locations have been examined: a pristine stream, one receiving runoff from a petroleum storage depot, and a stream receiving a byproduct coking plant effluent discharge. Transformations of 14C-naphthalene, anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene have been observed in the two contaminated streams. Evolution of 14CO2 as a proportion of substrate added varies greatly between compounds: while 64 percent of 14C-naphthalene transformed during one assay was trapped in KOH, corresponding values for 14C-anthracene and 14C-benz(a)anthracene were 11 and 15 percent, respectively. The principal transformation product in most assays is residual 14C, which presumably has been incorporated into cells in a nonextractable form. Polar extractable metabolites are also quantitatively significant, particularly for 14C-anthracene and 14C-benz(a)anthracene, although thin-layer chromatographic patterns of metabolite formation from 14C-anthracene differ between sediments obtained from waters receiving coking plant effluent and petroleum storage runoff. The assay procedure permits a more valid estimation of microbial transformation rates in sediment than do procedures previously applied.
Toughness Properties of Vacuum Induction Melted High-Chromium Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Deverell HE 
Published: March 2009

Impact transition behavior of commercial heats of three low interstitial vacuum induction melted high-chromium ferritic stainless steels was studied as a function of gage. A 50 percent shear fracture (FATT50) (fracture appearance transition temperature) of Charpy V-notch impact specimens was used as the transition criterion.
E-BRITE alloy, a 26Cr-1Mo alloy, was studied as formerly melted using electron beam refining and as currently melted by vacuum induction melting. With either melting, E-BRITE shows substantially lower impact transition at a given gage than a titanium-stabilized 26Cr-1Mo alloy made to conventional interstitial levels. Gage was observed to affect impact transition, with light gages showing lower FATT50. Slow cooling from anneal is observed to substantially increase FATT50 in comparison with water quenching. This effect is also seen in the heat-affected zone of welds. Using proper shielding and preparation, however, weld metal and base metal away from the weld show similar transition temperatures.
The other two alloys studied are high-purity materials containing 29Cr-4Mo and 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni, respectively. These are similar to E-BRITE alloy in impact behavior with the exceptions (1) that 2 percent nickel can lower water-quenched FATT50, and (2) that these alloys are sensitive to precipitation of σ and χ phases.
Full-size (10 mm) impact specimens of each alloy can show FATT50 below room temperature if satisfactorily heat-treated.
Effect of Electrode Coating on the High-temperature Mechanical Properties of Aisi 316 Austenitic Weld Metals
Authors: Thomas RG 
Published: March 2009

It is generally recognized that the long-term ductility of AISI 316 stainless steel weld metal is inferior to that of the parent metal but is influenced by weld metal composition. The present work is the initial part of a broadly based investigation of the high-temperature mechanical properties of AISI 316 weld metals. In particular, the correlation between manual metal-arc (MMA) electrode constitution and weld deposit tensile strength and ductility at temperatures between 500 and 700°C has been examined. It was found that these material properties depended upon the basicity of the electrode coating, and the observed variations have been explained in terms of differences in weld metal composition arising from changes in the slag/metal reactions which occur during welding.
Phosphorus and boron levels have also been investigated. Variations in the former have no effect on tensile properties, while 60-ppm boron increases deposit strength without significantly reducing ductility. This is probably a consequence of the effect of boron on the microstructural stability of the weld metal.
Water Vapor Diffusion Through Insulated, Masonry Building Walls
Authors: Demars Y , Buck Y 
Published: March 2009

The transfer of water vapor through insulated masonry walls is considered in a series of tests in an experimental station.
To discover under what conditions condensation will take place, calculations based on Glaser's theory and conventional permeability values are made, then the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results.
Conclusions are that predictions are pessimistic. It is shown that a vapor barrier system is not the definitive solution for preventing condensation on a masonry wall.
Moisture Problems in Buildings in the Subarctic
Authors: Zarling JP , Rice E , Swanson KC 
Published: March 2009

Because of the long heating season and the extreme low temperatures experienced in arctic regions most buildings experience some form of moisture-related problems. These problems can range from frost buildup on windows or glaciering on window sills to ice/frost formation in the insulation within the wall cavity of the structure. The formation of ice/frost in the insulation usually goes unnoticed until a warm spell or the springtime when outdoor temperatures rise above the freezing point and melt water appears.
This paper presents several case studies of moisture migration through building materials with the subsequent damage caused by this migration. Most of the examples demonstrate that the cause of the damage was not the failure of the vapor retarder itself, but holes created in the vapor retarder due to the installation of windows, doors, vents, electrical outlets, chimneys, and structural members. Sealing the vapor retarder at these wall penetrations is difficult, which suggests a need for improved design and construction methods. A brief discussion of some possible solutions to these problems also is presented.
The Development of Fluorides for High Power Laser Optics
Authors: Ready JF , Vora H , Skogman RA , Leung KM , Bernal GE 
Published: March 2009

The development of improved optical materials with low nonlinear refractive index and good vacuum ultraviolet transparency is needed for future laser systems to heat fusion targets. This program has produced lithium fluoride windows through isostatic forging of single crystalline material. For reductions around 60%, forging yields fine-grained material with considerably increased yield strength and fracture energy. The ultraviolet transparency of the material is not degraded by the forging.
This paper will describe the improvement of yield strength and fracture energy as a function of forging parameters. It will discuss measurements of optical homogeneity, optical scattering and visible and ultraviolet transmission for both the original material and the forged material.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Schemel JH , Papazoglou TP 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Fourth International Conference on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry was held 26-29 June 1978, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This conference was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee B10 on Refractory Metals and Alloys in cooperation with the American Nuclear Society, the British Nuclear Energy Society, and The Metals Society (U.K).. The program was planned by representatives of ASTM Subcommittee B10.02 on Zirconium and Hafnium and K. G. Sumner of British Nuclear Fuels, Ltd. J. H. Schemel, Sandvik Special Metals Corp., and K. G. Sumner, BNFL, served as the conference co-chairmen, T. P. Papazoglou, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, as editorial chairman, and H. M. Cobb, ASTM Staff, as conference coordinator.
Single-Ply Roofing Technology
Authors: Gumpertz WH 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Single-Ply Roofing Technology was presented at Detroit, Michigan, 24 June 1981. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing, Waterproofing, and Related Bituminous Materials and organized by D. E. Brotherson, University of Illinois, D. M. Greason, Dow Chemical Company, Bernard Jones, United States Bureau of Reclamation, J. J. Klimas, GAF Corporation, and H. E. Saint-Amour, Building Products of Canada, Ltd., H. E. Saint-Amour was symposium chairman. W. H. Gumpertz, Simpson Gumpertz & Herger Inc., was committee chairman and editor of this publication.
DNA Damage Mediated S and G2 Checkpoints in Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Wang XiaoQi , Lui Vincent C.H. , Poon Ronnie T.P. , Lu Ping , Poon Randy Y.C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
For mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, the importance of the S and G2 cell cycle checkpoints for genomic integrity is increased by the absence of the G1 checkpoint. We have investigated ionizing radiation (IR)-mediated cell cycle checkpoints in undifferentiated and retinoic acid-differentiated human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Like mouse ES cells, human EC cells did not undergo G1 arrest after IR but displayed a prominent S-phase delay followed by a G2-phase delay. In contrast, although differentiated EC cells also failed to arrest at G1-phase after IR, they quickly exited S-phase and arrested in G2-phase. In differentiated EC cells, the G2-M-phase cyclin B1/CDC2 complex was upregulated after IR, but the G1-S-phase cyclin E and the cyclin E/CDK2 complex were expressed at constitutively low levels, which could be an important factor distinguishing DNA damage responses between undifferentiated and differentiated EC cells. S-phase arrest and expression of p21 could be inhibited by 7-hydroxystaurosporine, suggesting that the ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad-3-related-checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1), and p21 pathways might play a role in the IR-mediated S-phase checkpoint in EC cells. IR-mediated phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, (CHK1), and checkpoint kinase 2 were distinctly higher in undifferentiated EC cells compared with differentiated EC cells. Combined with the prominent S and G2 checkpoints and a more efficient DNA damage repair system, these mechanisms operate together in the maintenance of genome stability for EC cells.