bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Behavior of Structural Silicone Glazing
Authors: Zarghamee MS , Schwartz TA , Gladstone M 
Published: March 2009

In seismic events, glass curtain walls undergo racking deformation, while the flat glass lites do not rack due to their high shear stiffness. If the glass curtain wall is not isolated from the building frame by specifically designed connections that accommodate relative motion, seismic racking motion of the building frame will demand significant resiliency of the sealant that secures the glass to the curtain wall framing. In typical four-sided structural silicone glazing systems used in buildings with unbraced moment frames, the magnitude of seismic racking is likely to stress the sealants significantly beyond the sealant design strength.
In this paper, the extent of the expected seismic racking motion, the behavior of the structural silicone glazing when subjected to the expected racking motion, and the field performance of a building with four-sided structural silicone glazing during the Northridge earthquake are discussed. The details of a curtain wall design concept consisting of shop-glazed subframes connected to the building frame and the connections that accommodate seismic motion of the subframe relative to the building frame is developed. Specific recommendations are made for the design of the four-sided structural silicone glazing systems for seismic loads.
Design Considerations for Sealants When Used at Horizontal Expansion Joints in Masonry Cavity Walls
Authors: O'Connor TF , Droz HL 
Published: March 2009

Often, performance factors related to the design and materials used for flashing of masonry support members and the design of the support members themselves are inadequately considered in multistory masonry wall construction. This often results in inadequate conditions for installation of a sealant in the horizontal expansion joint below the support member, which can result in deficient sealant performance, lessened wall system durability, and water infiltration.
This paper will describe a tube and plate support member and its deflection, rotation and erection tolerances; and flashing materials and their durability. The effects of inadequate consideration of these components on the performance of the sealant joint in the horizontal expansion joint will be described; as well as, how to design the horizontal expansion joint for movement and other effects.
Evaluation and Modification of a Statistical Specification for Hot Mix
Authors: Metcalf JB , Ray TG 
Published: March 2009

Louisiana's current statistically based specification system was initiated in 1967. This system was based upon contractor quality control and department acceptance testing using known variability concepts. A materials data base was also initiated at that time to archive materials test results and information. Since inception of the data base and system, major changes have been incorporated into the standard specifications. Further, there have been advances in equipment and operational control devices that can further reduce construction and test variation.
With these changes in mind and the presence of an excellent data base for analysis, this study was directed at updating the system to reflect current operations and to exert pressure for quality improvements where this was practicable. The study began with a statistical analysis of the data, collected for various plants and mix types and proceeded to establish a framework for revision of the specification and quality control system. Its conclusion will be with recommendations for changes that would facilitate the improvement of overall quality of the hot-mix asphaltic concrete.
It is believed that the procedures used, experience gained and knowledge developed by involved personnel will assist those with similar problems in reaching results which improve operations and quality of the final product in a timely manner.
Field Management of Hot Mix Asphalt Volumetric Properties
Authors: Kandhal PS , Foo KY , D'Angelo JA 
Published: March 2009

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Demonstration Project No. 74 has clearly shown that significant differences exist between the volumetric properties of the laboratory designed and plant produced hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixes. The volumetric properties include voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) and the voids in the total mix (VTM). This project was undertaken to develop practical guidelines for the HMA contractors to reconcile these differences thereby assisting them to consistently produce high quality HMA mixes. The HMA mix design and field test data from 24 FHWA demonstration projects were entered into a database. The data included mix composition (asphalt content and gradation) and volumetric properties. The data were analyzed to identify and, if possible, quantify the independent variables (such as asphalt content and the percentages of material passing No. 200 and other sieves) significantly affecting the dependent variables (such as VMA and VTM).
Based on the preceding work, troubleshooting charts have been constructed to correct and reconcile differences between the volumetric properties of the job mix formula and the produced mix.
QC/QA Specifications—A Texas Producer's Experiences
Authors: Dukatz EL 
Published: March 2009

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has adopted QC/QA specifications for hot mix asphalt (HMA) projects. Under these specifications, the contractor is responsible for the HMA design and testing for pay-factors. The testing and pay-factors are broken into three areas: mixture, pavement density and smoothness. The contractor is also required to have a QC program to monitor the non-pay items of the job mix design. The contractor uses the data to make the decision to proceed, make corrections or shut down. The area TxDOT office is responsible for testing split samples taken by the contractor for acceptance. The TxDOT district laboratory is responsible for independent assurance samples. TxDOT, Division of Materials and Tests in Austin has been designated as the referee laboratory to settle any testing disputes not solved at the area office level.
This paper will summarize the construction of three QC/QA projects across Texas. The projects include Highway projects in Abilene and San Antonio and a project on I-20 near Eastland. The HMA used on these projects included a number of asphalt types and mixture designs. The projects used both polymer modified and conventional asphalts. The mixes used included both a dense graded surface mix as well as a coarse matrix high binder (CMHB) mix. The paper will also cover the problems and successes of mix design, testing which included using a nuclear asphalt content gage and communications.
Irradiation Embrittlement Modelling of Linde 80 Weld Metals
Authors: McElroy RJ , Lowe AL 
Published: March 2009

Linde 80 weld metals are characterised by a narrow range of chemical compositions, except for copper content, which varies from 0.2–0.42 wt%. The surveillance database for Linde 80 weld metals constitutes a unique and large database on a single class of material for evaluating embrittlement models and property correlations used in the assessment of RPV embrittlement.
Correlations between Charpy transition temperature shifts and yield strength, which best characterises the hardening behaviour, were tested and it was concluded that fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) provided less scatter and a more representative indicator than either lateral expansion or Charpy 30 ft-lb energy. This is believed to be a consequence of the low upper shelf of Linde 80 weld metals distorting the latter two transition temperatures, especially after irradiation, which induces a significant reduction in upper-shelf to levels approaching the indexing values.
The main purpose of the present study has been to obtain a simple two component barrier hardening model form which best describes the behaviour of Linde 80 weld metal. To this end, the UK Magnox Embrittlement Model, often referred to as the Fisher Model, has been used and the key parameters, such as activation energies, dislocation densities and damage cross sections, were used as fitting parameters. Good agreement was found between model predictions and the surveillance yield strength data following optimisation of model parameters. Applying the latter optimised form produced equally good prediction of HSSI results at a significantly higher damage rate demonstrating the “rate effect” inherent in the irradiation enhanced copper precipitation process. The best agreement was obtained assuming a matrix copper content of about 0.23 wt% which is consistent with recent solubility data for Linde 80 welds. For these materials an insensitivity to bulk copper content was demonstrated even though this varied from 0.21–0.42 wt%. Additionally, the parameters optimised for high copper welds provided a good prediction for low-copper materials indicating that the matrix hardening component was correctly specified. The low matrix hardening and predicted completion of copper precipitation by doses of about 1×1019ncm−2 support the notion of embrittlement saturation at high doses.
The Reconstitution of Charpy-Size Tensile Specimens
Authors: Van Ransbeeck T , Van Walle E , Fabry A , Puzzolante JL , Van de Velde J 
Published: March 2009

Charpy-size tensile specimens have been reconstituted starting from broken Charpy specimens. Precautions have been taken to prevent fracture in the weld regions of the reconstituted specimens.
Careful qualification of the tensile properties of the reconstituted tensile bars has been established and is in agreement with test results on ASTM/E8-size tensile specimens. The tensile properties of the unirradiated weld material of the Belgian PWR Doel 2 and of the unirradiated base metal of the German BWR Philippsburg 1 have been determined using this methodology. Both the resulting yield and maximum loads are in agreement with the actual expectations.
Qualification to apply the technique on irradiated specimens is in preparation.
Notch Reorientation of Charpy-V Specimens of the BWR Philippsburg 1 Through Reconstitution
Authors: van Walle E , Fabry A , Van Ransbeeck T , Puzzolante J-L , Van de Velde J , Tulke K , Backfisch W 
Published: March 2009

10×10×10mm cubes, made from broken halves of un-irradiated and irradiated L-T oriented Charpy-V surveillance specimens of the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Philippsburg 1, were reconstituted to L-T and T-L oriented Charpy-V bars using the studgun welding technique of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN. Instrumented Charpy-V (CV) impact testing, according to the European Standard EN 10045, was performed in order to determine the T-L transition curves of the reconstituted surveillance material. Losses of fracture energy and lateral expansion, mainly as a consequence of constraint of plastic flow due to the reconstitution welds, were detected. No change in shear fracture appearance was observed. The transition curves of the tested T-L reconstituted specimens represent conservative lower bounds that fulfil the CV upper shelf energy requirements of the Regulator. A correction curve allows estimation of the T-L transition curves of non-reconstituted T-L specimens.
The data were consistently analysed with hyperbolic tangent functions, while the load diagram recorded during the instrumented impact tests was used for guidance in the analysis. The quality assurance (QA) was ensured by the ‘Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein Süd-westdeutchland’ (TüV-Südwest), ‘Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt Universitat Stuttgart’ (MPA-Stuttgart) and ‘Kernkraftwerk Philippsburg’ (KKP).
HFIR Steels Embrittlement: The Possible Effect of Gamma Field Contribution
Authors: Remec I , Wang &gt;J-A , Kam FBK 
Published: March 2009

Recent comprehensive dosimetry experiments revealed the presence of an intense gamma field at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) surveillance locations near the pressure vessel. Measured responses of fission dosimeters 238U and 237Np, as well as 9Be helium accumulation fluence monitors were placed in accordance with responses of threshold and thermal neutron activation dosimeters only when photofission and photo-neutron reactions, respectively, were taken into account. Gamma-flux (E &gt; 1MeV)-to-neutron-flux (E &gt; 1MeV) ratios as high as 104 were observed.
It has been generally accepted that neutron interactions with materials are the main cause of changes in mechanical properties of ferritic steels in nuclear reactor environments. However, gamma rays can also create displaced atoms that can in turn contribute to material embrittlement. Gamma-induced displacements may be quite negligible when compared with neutron-induced displacements in most irradiations, and need not be taken into account. However, at the HFIR surveillance position the gamma-induced atom displacement rate dominates or at least equals the neutron-induced atom displacement rate. When the sum of neutron- and gamma-induced displacements per atom is used as an irradiation exposure parameter the HFIR surveillance results are in agreement with other test reactor results. The “accelerated embrittlement” phenomenon, therefore, appears to be caused by the previously unaccounted atomic displacements induced by gamma rays. However, independent verification that gamma-induced displacements can cause material embrittlement is necessary.
The Microstructural Stability and Mechanical Properties of Two Low Activation Martensitic Steels
Authors: Victoria M , Batawi E , Briguet C , Gavillet D , Marmy P , Peters J , Rézai-Aria F 
Published: March 2009

A low activation composition of a martensitic 9 % Cr steel has been studied, based on the DIN (Deutsches Institiit für Normung) 1.4914 composition (MANET) but replacing Ni, Mo and Nb by the low activation elements W, V and Ta. Two casts were produced from high purity components, in which the effects of controlled additions of Mn (0.58 and 0.055 wt. %) and N (7 and 290 wt. ppm) were studied, so that the final compositions resulted in one cast with high Mn and low N (steel A) and the other with the opposite conditions (steel B). The two steels were evaluated in terms of structural stability and mechanical properties under tensile, fatigue and fracture toughness tests.
It has been found that both alloys have a DBTT below room temperature, which in the case of the steel A is 70 K below that of MANET. Although the tensile strength is somewhat below that of the parent steel, both steels have longer fatigue life.
Use of Laser Extensometer for Mechanical Tests on Irradiated Materials
Authors: Brillaud C , Meylogan T , Salathe P 
Published: March 2009

Techniques have been developed by EDF's hot laboratory in Chinon for performing mechanical tests on irradiated materials. Some of these techniques aim to facilitate strain measurements, which are particularly difficult to perform on irradiated specimens at high temperatures or on subsize specimens.
Recent progress has been driven by laser technology combined with software development. The use of this technique, which allows strain measurements without contact on the specimen, is described for tensile (especially on subsize specimens), fatigue and creep tests.
Characterization of Heat Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Armstrong-Carroll E , Mehrkam PA , Cochran R 
Published: March 2009

Polymer-matrix composite materials are currently in use as structural components on aircraft. These composites may be subjected to heat damage during their service life. This damage can arise from a fire, engine exhaust, or a mishap during a composite repair. The high-temperature exposure times corresponding to these incidents are typically less than 5 min. When heat damage is severe, the damage can be detected using visual or ultrasonic techniques. However, there is a concern that moderate amounts of heat damage that cannot be detected with ultrasonic or visual inspection may cause a decrease in the physical or mechanical properties of the composite.
In this study, panels were damaged at a moderate temperature for exposure times of 1 to 5 min and at a high temperature for exposure times of 5 to 30 s. A full spectrum of undamaged, moderate, and severe heat damage was constructed from these exposures. The control and heat-exposed panels were characterized with visual inspection, ultrasonics, hardness, and flexural strength measurements. With the heat-exposed panels, reductions in properties occurred only in coupons that possessed delaminations that were detected by ultrasonics.
Influence of Fiber-matrix Interphase on the Long-term Behavior of Graphite/ Epoxy Composites
Authors: Subramanian S , Elmore JS , Stinchcomb WW , Reifsnider KL 
Published: March 2009

A systematic experimental study was conducted to examine the influence of fiber surface treatment and sizing on the formation of fiber-matrix interphase and its effects on the fatigue performance of (0,903)s cross-ply laminates. Three material systems having the same Apollo graphite fibers and HC 9106-3 toughened epoxy matrix, but with different fiber surface treatments and sizings, were used in this study. The presence of different interphases in these materials was confirmed using dynamic mechanical analysis techniques. Fatigue tests at R = 0.1 and 10-Hz frequency were conducted at various load levels to characterize the long-term behavior. Stiffness reduction, penetrant enhanced X-ray radiography, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to monitor damage progression.
Results indicate that the presence of different interphase regions in these materials can be identified using the dynamic mechanical analyzer. The nature of the interphase region has significant effect on the long-term behavior of cross-ply laminates. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sized, 100% surface-treated, 810 O laminates have longer fatigue lives at higher load levels and shorter fatigue lives at lower load levels compared to the epoxy-sized, 100% surface-treated, 810 A laminates. The 200% surface-treated, epoxy-sized, 820 A laminates have longer life compared to the other two materials systems, at all three load levels. The damage mechanisms and failure modes in cross-ply laminates under long-term loading are significantly influenced by the nature of the fiber-matrix interphase. The 810 O material exhibits greater damage and stiffness reduction than the other two materials. The epoxy-sized 810 A and 820 A systems exhibit a brittle stress concentration controlled failure, while the PVP-sized 810 O system exhibits a global strain controlled failure.
Design and Evaluation of Three Methods for Testing Extension-Twist-Coupled Laminates
Authors: Hooke DA , Armanios EA 
Published: March 2009

Elastically tailored composite laminates are those laminates that have been designed with specifically tailored stiffness parameters. These parameters can be sized to give an out-of-plane response to in-plane loading, resulting in deformation modes not found in conventional homogeneous materials.
Three different methods of testing extension-twist-coupled specimens are discussed. The benefits and limitations of each of the methods are highlighted. Quantitative results for each of the testing methods using a hygrothermally stable specimen are shown and compared to determine the applicability and suitability of each of the methods.
A comparison of data with predictions from a shear deformation sublaminate plate theory and finite element method (FEM) is presented.
The Accelerated Development of Standards for Environmental Data Collection
Authors: Johnson AI 
Published: March 2009

There has been an increasing need for uniformly high quality basic data for making decisions related to the regulation of wastes and the protection of the environment, especially the quantity and quality of the nation's water resources. Hundreds of Federal and non-Federal agencies have recognized the need for high-quality standards that provide greater comparability, compatibility, and usability of all types of environmental data. The wide use of computerized data banks, also has accelerated the need for stored data of known quality.
Federal co-operation in the development of standard methods was initiated in the early 1970's through the U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Water Data Coordination. As a result of a co-ordinated effort of Federal agencies, with review by a group of non-Federal representatives, a “National Handbook of Recommended Methods for Water Data Acquisition” was produced. This handbook contained many ASTM existing standards and made recommendations for many others that could be developed by a variety of ASTM committees.
As the needs increased for high-quality data, and more regulatory and quality assurance requirements were developed, the need for consensus-type standards also increased. As a result, during the past several years joint efforts by the EPA, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Navy have resulted in a funding process whereby highly accelerated development has been made possible by ASTM for a wide variety of standard methods, practices, guides, and terminology. The process of developing such standards in relation to a variety of water resources, waste management, and environmental problems are described.
A Common Sense Sampling Strategy to Expedite Hazardous Waste Site Cleanup
Authors: Soloyanis SC 
Published: March 2009

A common criticism of the remedial investigation/feasibility study process at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) sites is that too much time and money are spent studying the problem before remediation can be started. A factor leading to this perception may be that the timing, type, and spacing of soil and groundwater sampling at these sites are inappropriate. The purpose of this paper is to propose a 3-step sampling strategy for quickly obtaining sufficient information to make remediation decisions and thus reducing overall characterization costs. The significant element in the strategy is that most of the expensive, time-consuming sampling and analyses using permanent monitoring devices are reserved for the end of the 3-step process as confirmation of the conceptual site model developed as a result of the investigation.
Step 1 is to identify the presence and source of contamination. Sample collection methods for this step should be nonintrusive or minimally intrusive; few permanent monitoring devices should be installed; and field screening analytical methods should be emphasized. The resulting data are used to assess the potential for risk to human health and the environment and identify potential pathways and barriers to migration that are the focus of subsequent investigation.
Step 2 is to delineate the contaminant source and determine contaminant fate and transport. Many samples may be collected at discrete intervals (both lateral and vertical), using temporary devices. The resulting geochemical and geotechnical data are used to determine feasibility of remediation and identify presumptive remedies.
Step 3 is to quantify risk and determine cleanup goals. Permanent monitoring devices should be installed if long-term monitoring will be necessary. The resulting data are used to document the presence of contaminants above background or regulatory criteria.