bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EUROPE'S SUGAR DILEMMA
Authors: Smith Ian 
Published: November 2008

The quota provision of the European Community's common sugar policy are due for renewal in 1980. This paper considers the policy options available to the Community and presents proposals for managing the Community's structural sugar surplus.RésuméLE DILEMME DU SUCRE DANS LA COMMUNAUTé EUROPéENELes chiffres des quotas de la Politique sucrière commune de la Communauté européenne doivent ětre révisés en 1980. Cet article examine les différentes politiques qui s'offrent à la Communauté et présente des propositions pour administrer les excédents structuraux communautaires de sucre.ZusammenfassungEUROPAS ZUCKERDILEMMADie Ratenkontingente der gemeinsamen Zuckerpolitik der Europa&#x030c;ischen Gemeinschaft sollen 1980 neu festgelegt werden. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Wahlm&#x006f;&#x030c;glichkeiten fur die Politik, die der Gemeinschaft offenstehen, und macht Vorschla&#x030c;ge, wie der strukturelle Zuckerùberschufi der Gemeinschaft gehandhabt werden kann.
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO MACRO ECONOMIC SIMULATION MODELLING ANALYSIS IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Authors: Binks M. R. 
Published: November 2008

Macro Economic Simulation Modelling Analysis (MESMA), is concerned with the construction of large scale multisectoral models to simulate whole macro‐economies. In particular it is often referred to laser developed countries (LDCs) in an attempt to facilitate long term planning.Since the modest beginnings of Coale and Hoover (1958) MESMA has changed rapidly. In varying degrees the models constructed to date reflect a particular approach to modelling. This paper argues that this approach has certain fundamental flaws and sets out the main considerations for a more useful alternative methodology. An example of the application of this new approach along with some of the main results is given to help clarify the basic methodology involved.RésuméUNE APPROCHE ALTERNATIVE DE L'ANALYSE MACROL‐ECONOMIQUE PAR DES MODèLES DE SIMULATION DANS LES PAYS EN VOIE DE DEVELOPPEMENTLa méthode MESM, ou analyse macro‐économique à l'aide de moddles de simulation, repose sur la construction de modèles multisectoriels à grande èchelle capables de simuler des macro‐économies entières. On les utilise souvent en particulier pour les pays moins développés (LDC dans le texte) en vue de faciliter l'élaboration des plans à long terme.Cette méthode a évolué rapidement depuis les débuts modestes de Coale et Hoover en 1958 et, à des degrés variés, les modèles réalisés jusqu'à ce jour traduisent une approache particulière dans la manidre de les construire.Selon cet article, cette approche renferme des fautes fondamentales. Il expose ses principaux arguments en faveur de l'adoption d'une méthodologie alternative plus utile, avec des exemples sur son application et la description de certains de ses principaux résultats pour démontrer son intérět fondamental.ZusammenfassungEIN ALTERNATIVES VERFAHREN ZUR MAKROÖKONOMISCHEN SIMULATIONSMODELLANALYSE IN WENIGER ENTWICKELTEN LÄNDERNLDie makroökonomische Simulationsmodellanalyse (MESMA) beschäftigt sich mit der Aufstellung groβer, multisektoraler Modelle zur Si&#x006d;́ulierung ganzer Makroökonomien. Insbesondere wird sie oft weniger entwickelten Ländern (LDCs) zugeordnet in einem Versuch, eine langfristige Planung zu ermödglichen.Seit den bacheidenen Anflängen von Coale und Hoover (1958) hat sich MESMA repide verändert. Die Modelle, die bis jetzt aufgestellt wurden, spiegeln in unterschiedlichem Maβe ein bestimmtes Verfahren zur Modellaufstellung wider. Dieser Artikel argumentiert, daβ diese Verfahren gewisse fundamentale Fehler haben und beschreibt die Hauptüberlegungen für eine nützlichere alternative Methodologie. Ein Beispiel zur Anwendung dieses neuen Verfahrens wird zusammen mit einigen der Hauptergebnisse aufgezeigt, um zu helfen, die angewandte grundlegende Methodologie zu klären.
AGRICULTURE AND THE ENERGY CHALLENGE
Authors: Simantov A. 
Published: November 2008

The rise in the costs of energy affects agriculture as a user and as a producer of energy. The adjustment of the food sector rakes difficult problems of balance between commodities, between regions of a country and also between countries. The economics of the competition between food uses and energy uses of farm products must be better understood.As the market mechanism alone is not likely to bring about the necessary reduction in energy use, appropriate policies will need to be developed in the fields of information, price and market policy, incentives and penalties and especially for the development of more appropriate technology. In the longer‐run the position of agriculture in relation to that of many other sectors is likely to be strengthened as a result of the energy crisis.RésuméL'AGRICULTURE ET LE DÉFI ÉNERGÉTIQUELe renchérissement de l'énergie affecte l'agriculture à la fois comme consommatrice et comme productrice d'énergie. L'adaptation du secteur alimentaire soulève de difficiles problèmes d'équilibre entre produits, entre réegions d'une měme pays et aussi entre pays. Les phénomèes économiques de la concurrence entre les utilisations alimentaires et les utilisations énergétiques des produits agricoles ont besoin d'ětre mieux connus.En raison de l'improbabilité de pouvoir compter uniquement sur le mécanisme du marché pour aboutir à la diminution nécessaire de la consommation d'énergie, il faudra définir des politiques opérantes dans les domaines de l'information, de la politique des prix et des marchés, des encouragements et des pénalités et, surtout, mettre au point des techniques de remplacement positives.Il faut s'attendre à plus longue échéance à ce que la position de l'agriculture par rapport à celle de nombreax autres secteurs sorte renforcée de la crise de l'énergie.ZusammenfassungDIE LANDWIRTSCHAFT UND DIE HERAUSFORDERUNG DURCH DIE ENERGIEDie gestiegenen Energiekosten wirken sich auf die Landwirtshaft als Abnehmer und als Produzent von Energie aus. Die Anpassung des Lebensmittelsektors wirft schwierige Probleme auf für das Gleichgewicht zwischen den Kommoditäten, zwischen den Regionen eines Landes und auch zwichen Ländern untereinander. Die Wirtschaftslehre des Wettbewerbs zwischen dem Lebensmittelnutzen und dem Energienuitzen von Farmprodukten muβ besser verstanden werden.Da der Marktmechanismus allein wahrscheinlich nicht die notwendige Reduzierung da Energieverbrauch zustandebringt, müssen angemessene Politiken auf dem Gebiet der Information, Preis‐ und Marktpolitik, Anreize und Buβen und besonders für die Entwicklung geeigneter Technologien entwickelt werden. Längerfristig festigt sich wahrscheinlich die Stellung der Landwirtschaft in bezug auf die anderer Sektoren als Ergebnis der Energiekrise.
U.S. AND E.E.C. POLICY ATTITUDES COMPARED TOWARDS THE 1977 INTERNATIONAL SUGAR AGREEMENT
Authors: Harris Simon 
Published: November 2008

The world sugar market is vulnerable to changes in Government domestic support policies: the impact of these policies for the volume of international trade is presented for the decade to 1978.Developments in U. S. and E. E. C. sugar policies and their implications for the world sugar market are analysed. The results of these policies for the negotiation and implementation of the 1977 International Sugar Agreement are examined.
NUTRITION AND FOOD POLICY—AN EMERGING ISSUE FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS?
Authors: Tracy Michael 
Published: November 2008

The definition of minimum nutritional standards has an important bearing on the planning of agricultural development in low‐income countries. In high‐consumption societies, the main concern of nutritionists is with health risks associated with overeating. Health authorities in several countries have issued dietary recommendations. Should nutritional considerations be more explicitly integrated in an overall “food policy”, what action may be necessary in consequence, and is current agricultural policy liable thereby to be modified? How may market prospects for agricultural products be affected by increasing public concern with more balanced diets?RésuméLA PLACE DE LA NUTRITION DANS LA POLITIQUE ALIMENTAIRE—UN PROBLEME NOUVEAU POUR LES ECONOMISTES DE L'AGRICULTURE?La définition de normes nutritionnelles minimales a une influence importante sur les plans de développement agricole des pays à revenus faibles. Dans les sociétés de consommation élevée, la préoccupation principale des nutritionnistes porte sur les dangers d'une alimentation trop riche pour la santé. Dam plusieurs pays la autorités de la santé publique ont publié des recommandations sur les régimes alimentaires appropriés.Faut‐il intégrer plus explicitement les considéerations afférentes à la nutrition dans une “politique alimentaire” globale? Quelles sortes d'actions seraient‐elles nécessaires par voie de conséquence et entrai&#x030c;neraient‐elle alors inévitablement des modifications à la politique agricole actuelle? Dam quelle mesure les perspectives d'écoulement des produits agricoles peuvent‐elles ětre affectées par la sensibilisation croissante de l'opinion publique à l'égard d'un régime alimentaire plus épilibré?Telles sont les questions posées dam cet article.ZusammenfassungERNÄHRUNG UND LEBENSMITTELPOLITK—EINE STREITFRAGE DIE SICH AGRAROKÖNOMEN STELLT?Die Definition von minimalen Ernährungsniveaus hat eine wichtige Bedeutung für die Planung der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Ländern mit niedrigen Einkommen. In Ländern mit hohem Konsumniveau beschäftigen sich die Ernähungswissenschaftler hauptsächlich mit den Gesundheitsrisiken, die sich aus zu viel Essen ergeben. Gesundheitsbehörden in mehreren Ländern haben Diätempfehlungen herausgegeben. Sollten Überlegungen zur Ernährung deutlicher in eine ‘lebensmittelpolitik’ integriert werden, welche Tätigkeiten wären als Konsequenz daraus notwendig und muβ die gegenwärtige Agrarpolitik daher modifiziert werden? Wie würden die Marktaussichten von Agrarprodukten von zunehmendem öffentlichen Interesse an einer ausgewogeneren Diät betroffen?
ROLES OF WOMEN ON FARMS: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Gasson Ruth 
Published: November 2008

Official statistics do not reveal the nature of the contribution which farmers' wives make to the farm labour force. On the basis of a pilot study, three roles for women on farms were identified. Main distinguishing features were division of labour between husband and wife, frequency of manual work, responsibility for farm enterprises, participation in formal organisations and approach to housework. Home‐centred farm housewives only work on the farm occasionally, working farmwives assist their husbands regularly while women farmers threaten male status by doing “man's” work. Reasons for women playing one role rather than another are discussed. Trends in agriculture suggest that the farmer's wife's contribution to the farm business will become still more significant in future.“The concept of ‘the farmer and his wife’ so often used by agricultural economics is far from having universal validity” (Ashby, 1953: 97).
THE VALUE OF A FUNGICIDE ADVISORY PROGRAMME FOR CEREALS
Authors: Menz K. M. , Webster J. P. G. 
Published: November 2008

An estimate is made of the benefits resulting from the implementation of a proposed fungicide advisory programme for Kent wheat farmers. The programme has a value by providing information which enables improved spraying decisions to be made by farmers. The expected annual value for Kent is found to be £106,000.A closer examination is made of both the returns and costs of one component of the scheme, viz, the training of farmers to recognise the disease (caused by Septoria spp.) in their fields. An average benefit/cost ratio of 8/1 is calculated to result from the provision of farmer training programmes. However, if the decision by farmers to attend courses is made upon the criteria of expected gain to themselves, then initial courses would have a much higher benefit/cost ratio. There would be diminishing returns to additional courses, but only those Kentish wheat growers with the smallest areas of crop would lack the financial incentive to attend.
SOME DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Authors: Buckwell A. E. , Harvey D. R. , Parton K. A. , Thomson K. J. 
Published: November 2008

This paper begins with a summary of the current state of Community financing of the Common Agricultural Policy. A brief survey of the currently discussed options for change leads to the conclusion that feasible developments will involve extension of the use of existing instruments rather than wholesale reform. If agreement on such extensions cannot be reached, there is likely to be unplanned nationalisation of agricultural support expenditures.The economic impacts of three measures to cope with surplus production using existing policy instruments‐price reductions, co‐responsibility levies and supplementary levies‐are analysed, as is a possible budgetary solution to the surplus problem‐surplus contributions. The paper concludes with some remarks about the desirability of these various development options and the role of economists in the debate about CAP reform.
RURAL PLANNING: PROBLEMS AND POLICIES
Authors: MacLeary Professor A. R. 
Published: November 2008

Over the last decade there has been an increase in concern, expressed by a variety of interests, about the countryside. Increasing agricultural intensification has been accompanied by changes in the rural landscape and a decline in other areas of the rural economy. There is concern about conservation, wildlife protection and ecological balance, while demands for recreation and access are growing.Conflicting policies can be observed in the various agencies responsible for the management of the countryside. There is a realisation that rural policy should be more comprehensive and co‐ordinated but there are divergent views on the degree of intervention and the means by which it is implemented. This paper examines the nature of the problem of ‘rural planning’ as it obtains at the present time.
THE ANALYSIS OF MEMORY BIAS IN AGRICULTURAL LABOUR DATA COLLECTION: A CASE STUDY OF SMALL FARMERS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Coleman Gilroy 
Published: November 2008

An analysis is undertaken of daily labour data collected once‐per‐week for a sample of 129 farm households in Benue State, Nigeria during 1979/80. The purpose of the analysis is to test for the presence of memory bias in these data for which the recall period is up to seven days.The analysis indicates significant between‐day differences in hours of agricultural work. This is partly due to the low work input for Sunday but it is also noted that the mean number of hours of agricultural work reported for the day prior to data collection is significantly lower than the means for days further removed from the time of data collection. This finding is taken to be confirmation that a significant level of memory bias exists in the labour data and it is estimated that reported hours of agricultural labour may overstate actual hours of such work by almost 38 per cent.
INFORMATION ON FARMERS‘ INCOMES: DATA FROM INLAND REVENUE SOURCES
Authors: Hill Berkeley 
Published: November 2008

The most commonly quoted information on UK farm incomes comes from the Farm Management Survey. However, this Survey does not embrace the income farmers receive from non‐farm sources, and its coverage of very small farms is not good. For many income studies, an attractive alternative source of information, newly available, is the agricultural and horticultural subsets of the Survey of Personal Incomes, conducted annually by the Inland Revenue. This paper comments on the SPI results for 1978/79.While there are reservations about the classification employed and the income concept adopted, the SPI is nevertheless an important new source of data, covering income received by farming couples and individuals from self‐employment, from employment and from investment. Overall, earned income constituted 83 per cent of the Total Income of farmers in 1978/79; business profits (including those of wives) formed less than two‐thirds of the total, illustrating the importance of including non‐farm sources in any assessment of farmers' income position. When classified by income size, agricultural incomes are seen to figure disproportionately high among the upper income groups of the community. The earnings of farmers' wives are discussed and the SPI income‐distribution compared with that from the FMS. Ways of exploiting this newly‐available data source are explored.
PROBLEMS OF INVESTMENT FOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE: THE CASE OF INDONESIAN RUBBER SMALLHOLDERS
Authors: Barlow Colin , Jayasuriya S. K. 
Published: November 2008

The Indonesian rubber case illustrates major problems of technological advance where perennials are cultivated by small farmers. Despite the availability of new and socially profitable technologies, farmers have not shifted from traditional methods owing to credit and information constraints and to high private time‐preferences. Some form of public assistance by the state is required if this shift is to take place.Possible Indonesian government approaches to encouraging improvement are discussed, and the currently favoured ‘focus’ strategy of capital and management‐intensive development in large co‐ordinated blocks is compared with the ‘dispersal’ strategy of attempting to spread government assistance more widely according to the initiative of individual producers. These and other alternative strategies are conceptualised as points on a ‘meta’ production function envelope, portraying the transition to higher inputs of added capital per hectare. The dispersal strategy employs a less capital‐intensive intermediate technology, which may be adopted more easily by traditional farmers in the first instance. It may then be used as a base for moving up the learning ‘gradient’ to a higher technological level.It is shown that a major constraint on government acceptance of the dispersal strategy is lack of knowledge about its probable rate of diffusion. It is thus argued that further studies should be made of this aspect. The results of such work would then enable policies to be geared more optimally to resource endowments and social goals.
ISSUES OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Tracy Michael 
Published: November 2008

Growth in agricultural productivity and the stimulus of price supports have led to overproduction in Western Europe: in particular, the European Community has become a smaller importer and even a major exporter of several products. But as prices in the EC are usually above world levels, this requires expensive subsidisation and leads to trade conflicts.Adjustments now forced on the CAP mean a greater cost‐price squeeze, besides imposing quotas on the dairy sector. Policy aims relating to farm incomes and to market balance have thus become very difficult to reconcile. Future policy will also have to take more account of the impact of farming on the environment and of the role of agricultural activity in rural communities. Are there policy instruments, such as direct aids, which can help to achieve such diverse goals? What are the implications of changing circumstances for farming systems, and in particular can low‐input systems offer an alternative to the ‘productivist’ farming model?
INTERPERSONAL VARIATION IN FARM WORKERS‘ EARNINGS: ANALYSIS OF WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT ENQUIRY DATA
Authors: Philpott John C. , Tyler Godfrey J. 
Published: November 2008

Most econometric analyses of the agricultural labour market in Britain have been concerned with explaining the general level of agricultural earnings and changes over time. This study complements such analyses by attempting to explain the variation in earnings between workers at any one time. The study uses multiple‐regression analysis of cross‐sectional data taken from the Wages and Employment Enquiry. Significant explanatory variables are age, grade and occupation of the worker, farm size, overtime hours and region.There is evidence of (a) an age‐earnings profile with peak earnings at 45–54 years, (b) grade differentials which do not follow those expected from the official Agricultural Wages Board wages structure, (c) occupational differentials, (d) earnings rising with farm size, (e) the importance of overtime hours. Unexpected results occur with some of the regional coefficients.
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE EC SET‐ASIDE PROGRAMME
Authors: Koester U. 
Published: November 2008

The EC set‐aside programme is supposed to reduce the EC cereal surplus and, thus, expenditure. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether these financial expectations will materialise. It may well be that the European taxpayer and the EC Commission will save money, but probably all EC member states will lose. The outcome depends on the level of world market prices and the specifics of implementation.The premiums paid per hectare of idled land will be higher than necessary if high administrative costs preclude their direct relation to income actually foregone (overcompensation effect). Moreover, idled acreage will have below‐average yields, thus increasing the yield per ha on the hectares remaining under cultivation (structure effect). Finally, agricultural production per ha will increase if the set‐aside programme induces higher use of variable input (intensification effect). Given the export restitutions for wheat prevailing in Jan./Feb. 1988 all national governments will have to bear an additional financial burden. However, they can use the latitude granted by the EC regulations to minimise this burden.
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CROSS‐COMPLIANCE ON ARABLE FARMING
Authors: Russell Noel P. , Fraser Iain M. 
Published: November 2008

It is argued that the ongoing CAP/GATT reforms provide a basis for the introduction of environmental cross‐compliance (ECC). ECC enables policymakers to restrict output‐related direct support payments to those farmers who comply with specified environmental guidelines aimed at reducing the external damage effects of agricultural production.This paper is an exploratory investigation of ECC and presents the results of a farm‐level linear programming analysis of 15 North‐West England arable farms. The environmental guidelines, which relate to permanent as opposed to rotational set‐aside and to levels of fertiliser use, are widely applicable to the extent that ECC can be implemented as a voluntary policy system. They are clearly effective in achieving policy goals since all but one of the farmers investigated would comply with the full range of restrictions considered. Within this range, gross margins are reduced by up to 10 per cent while area and output of seed crops are reduced by around 22 per cent and 12 per cent respectively. Row crops area and output are more robust, each falling by just under 4 per cent.