bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsion grafting of vinyl acetate onto preirradiated poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) film
Authors: Wada Yuki , Tamada Masao , Seko Noriaki , Mitomo Hiroshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVinyl acetate (VAc) was grafted onto poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) film by a preirradiation method. Grafting reactions were carried out in VAc/water/surfactant emulsion, VAc/water, and VAc/methanol systems. For emulsion grafting, Nonion L‐4 was ascertained to be the optimum surfactant with respect to the stability of a single emulsion layer. The emulsion with a 10 : 1 (w/w) ratio of VAc to surfactant yielded the highest degree of grafting: 23%. The grafting efficiency in the emulsion and the water and methanol solvents were evaluated. The results indicated that the grafting efficiency of the emulsion was 100 times that of VAc/methanol when the same 2 wt % VAc was used in the grafting reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
New antimicrobial epoxy‐resin‐bearing Schiff‐base metal complexes
Authors: Ahamad Tansir , Nishat N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNew epoxy resins, ER1–M(II) and ER2–M(II) (molar ratio of epichlorohydrin), bearing Schiff‐base metal complexes were prepared by the condensation of epichlorohydrin with Schiff‐base metal complexes (L2M, azomethine metal complexes) in 2 : 1 and 1.25 : 1 molar ratios, respectively, in an alkaline medium. The synthesized epoxy resins were characterized by various instrumental techniques, such as analytical, spectral, and thermal analysis. The epoxide equivalent weight (g/equiv) and epoxy value (equiv/100 g) of the synthesized epoxy resins were measured by standard procedures. The results of thermogravimetric analysis ascribed that ER2–M(II) showed better heat‐resistance properties than ER1–M(II) epoxy resin. The glass‐transition temperatures of all of the synthesized polymers were in the range 153–230°C. The antimicrobial activities of these resins were screened against some bacteria and against some yeast with an agar well diffusion method. All of the synthesized resins showed promising antimicrobial activities. Cu(II)‐chelated resin showed wider effective antibacterial and antifungal activities than the other resins because of a higher stability constant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Rheological behavior of polymer solutions during fabric coating
Authors: Zhao X. , Stylios G. K. , Christie R. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe overall performance of coated products is determined by the intrinsic material properties in solution and processing conditions. To characterize the behavior of these materials, the viscosity of polymers in solution at various concentrations was measured and the experimental data were fitted with the Carreau model. The results describe the rheological behavior of coating materials, and provide a basis for the modeling of polymer flow during the coating process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Folic acid supplementation and neural tube defect recurrence prevention
Authors: Grosse Scott D. , Collins Julianne S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:It is well established that women who have had a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect (NTD) have an elevated risk of a subsequent NTD‐affected pregnancy and that a high dose (4 mg/day) of folic acid taken around the time of conception prevents most recurrences of NTDs.METHODS:We reviewed the literature to identify studies that quantify the reduction in risk if women with a prior‐NTD affected pregnancy consistently take folic acid before and during a subsequent pregnancy and the effectiveness of NTD recurrence prevention programs in increasing the percentage of women who consistently consume folic acid supplements.RESULTS:A meta‐analysis of randomized trials of folic acid for the prevention of recurrent NTDs indicates a 69% reduction in recurrence risk if analyzed on an intention‐to‐treat basis and an 87% reduction among those women who took supplements prior to the beginning of pregnancy. Observational studies report reductions in recurrence risk of 85% to 100% among women taking folic acid prior to subsequent pregnancies. The percentage of women who take folic acid prior to a subsequent pregnancy has been reported to vary from 33% to 85%, varying with the demographic background and the intensity of folic acid counseling efforts.CONCLUSIONS:Targeted folic acid information and counseling provided to women with an NTD‐affected pregnancy has been demonstrated to substantially reduce the risk of recurrent NTDs and is feasible to implement on a public health basis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 79:737–742, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute effect of antidiabetic 1,4‐dihydropyridine compound cerebrocrast on cardiac function and glucose metabolism in the isolated, perfused normal rat heart
Authors: Briede Janina , Stivrina Mara , Vigante Brigita , Stoldere Dzintra , Duburs Gunars 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is an important cardiovascular risk factor and is associated with abnormalities in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function, evoked by chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Chronic insulin deficiency or resistance is marked by decreases in the intensity of glucose transport, glucose phosphorylation, and glucose oxidation, plus decreases in ATP levels in cardiac myocytes. It is important to search for new agents that promote glucose consumption in the heart and partially inhibit extensive fatty acid beta‐oxidation observed in diabetic, ischemia. When the oxygen supply for myocardium is decreased, the heart accumulates potentially toxic intermediates of fatty acid beta‐oxidation, that is, long‐chain acylcarnitine and long‐chain acyl‐CoA metabolites. Exogenous glucose and heart glycogen become an important compensatory source of energy.Therefore we studied the effect of the antidiabetic 1,4‐dihydropyridine compound cerebrocrast at concentrations from 10−10 M to 10−7 M on isolated rat hearts using the method of Langendorff, on physiological parameters and energy metabolism. Cerebrocrast at concentrations from 10−10 M to 10−7 M has a negative inotropic effect on the rat heart. It inhibits L‐type Ca2+channels thereby diminishing the cellular Ca2+ supply, reducing contractile activity, and oxygen consumption, that normally favors enhanced glucose uptake, metabolism, and production of high‐energy phosphates (ATP content) in myocardium. Cerebrocrast decreases heart rate and left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure; at concentrations of 10−10 M and 10−9 M it evokes short‐term vasodilatation of coronary arteries. Increase of ATP content in the myocytes induced by cerebrocrast has a ubiquitous role. It can preserve the integrity of the cell plasma membranes, maintain normal cellular function, and inhibit release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from cells that is associated with diabetes and heart ischemia. Administration of cerebrocrast together with insulin shows that both compounds only slightly enhance glucose uptake in myocardium, but significantly normalize the rate of contraction and relaxation ( ± dp/dt). The effect of insulin on coronary flow is more pronounced by administration of insulin together with cerebrocrast at a concentration of 10−7 M. Cerebrocrast may promote a shift of glucose consumption from aerobic to anerobic conditions (through the negative inotropic properties), and may be very significant in prevention of cardiac ischemic episodes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong P2X4 purinergic receptor‐like immunoreactivity is selectively associated with degenerating neurons in transgenic rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Casanovas Anna , Hernández Sara , Tarabal Olga , Rosselló Jaume , Esquerda Josep E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe distribution of the P2X family of ATP receptors was analyzed in a rat model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) expressing mutated human superoxide dismutase (mSOD1G93A). We showed that strong P2X4 immunoreactivity was selectively associated with degenerating motoneurons (MNs) in spinal cord ventral horn. Degenerating P2X4‐positive MNs did not display apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation, positive TUNEL reaction, or active caspase 3 immunostaining. In contrast, these neurons showed other signs of abnormality, such as loss of the neuronal marker NeuN and recruitment of microglial cells with neuronophagic activity. Similar changes were observed in MNs from the cerebral cortex and brainstem in mSOD1G93A in both rat and mice. In addition, P2X4 immunostaining demonstrated the existence of neuronal degeneration in the locus coeruleus, reticular formation, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. It is suggested that abnormal trafficking and proteolytic processing of the P2X4 receptor protein may underlie these changes. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:75–92, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fate mapping Nkx2.1‐lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon
Authors: Xu Qing , Tam Melissa , Anderson Stewart A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.1 is expressed in the pallidal (subcortical) telencephalon, including the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and preoptic area. Studies have shown that Nkx2.1 is required for normal patterning of the MGE and for the specification of the parvalbumin (PV)‐ and somatostatin (SST)‐expressing cortical interneurons. To define the contribution of Nkx2.1 lineages to neurons in the mature telencephalon, we have generated transgenic mice carrying the genomic integration of a modified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in which the second exon of Nkx2.1 is replaced by the Cre recombinase. Analysis of these mice has found that they express the Cre recombinase and Cre reporters within Nkx2.1‐expressing domains of the brain, thyroid, pituitary, and lung. Telencephalic expression of reporters begins at about embryonic day 10.5. Expression both of Cre and of recombination‐based Cre reporters is weaker within the dorsalmost region of the MGE than in other Nkx2.1‐expressing regions. In this paper, we present fate‐mapping data on Nkx2.1‐lineage neurons throughout the telencephalon, including the cerebral cortex, amygdala, olfactory bulb, striatum, globus pallidus, septum, and nucleus basalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:16–29, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding nogo receptors and their ligands in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Funahashi Shinji , Hasegawa Tomohiko , Nagano Akira , Sato Kohji 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNogo receptors (NgR1, ‐2, and ‐3) and their ligands, i.e., myelin‐derived neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo)‐A, myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), have been considered to play pivotal roles in controlling axonal regeneration and neuronal plasticity. We show here that NgR1–3 mRNAs were differentially expressed exclusively in neurons situated in the telencephalon, diencephalons, and cerebellum, whereas we could not detect any NgR1–3 mRNA expression in the mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. On the other hand, Nogo‐A mRNA was abundantly expressed in both neurons and oligodendrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS). MAG and OMgp mRNAs were also abundantly expressed in oligodendrocytes throughout the CNS. Interestingly, we did not detect NgR1–3 mRNAs in monoaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus caeruleus, and raphe nuclei, which are known to have high regenerative capacity. In addition, although neurons in the reticular thalamus and cerebellar nuclei are also known to show high capacity for regeneration, NgR1–3 mRNAs were not detected there. These data indicate that NgR1–3, Nogo‐A, MAG, and OMgp mRNAs are differentially expressed in the rat CNS and suggest that the level of NgR1–3 expression in a neuron might determine its regenerative capacity. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:141–160, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broad Beam Ion Sources for Electrostatic Space Propulsion and Surface Modification Processes: From Roots to Present Applications
Authors: Neumann H. , Tartz M. , Scholze F. , Chassé T. , Kersten H. , Leiter H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIon thrusters or broad beam ion sources are widely used in electrostatic space propulsion and in high‐end surface modification processes. A short historical review of the roots of electric space propulsion is given. In the following, we introduce the electrostatic ion thrusters and broad beam ion sources based on different plasma excitation principles and describe the similarities as well as the differences briefly. Furthermore, an overview on source plasma and ion beam characterisation methods is presented. Apart from that, a beam profile modelling strategy with the help of numerical trajectory codes as basis for a special grid system design is outlined. This modelling represents the basis for the adaptation of a grid system for required technological demands. Examples of model validation demonstrate their reliability. One of the main challenges in improvement of ion beam technologies is the customisation of the ion beam properties, e.g. the ion current density profile for specific demands. Methods of an ex‐situ and in‐situ beam profile control will be demonstrated. Examples for the use of ion beam technologies in space and on earth – the RIT‐10 rescue mission of ESA's satellite Artemis, the RIT‐22 for BepiColombo mission and the deposition of multilayer stacks for EUVL (Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography) mask blank application are provided in order to illustrate the potential of plasma‐based ion beam sources. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New Insights into the Complexation of Lead(II) by 1,4,7,10‐Tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane (DOTAM): Structural, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Cuenot François , Meyer Michel , Espinosa Enrique , Bucaille Arnaud , Burgat Romain , Guilard Roger , Marichal‐Westrich Claire 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe lead(II) coordination properties of the tetrapodal ligand DOTAM [1,4,7,10‐tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraaza‐cyclododecane] have been investigated both in the solid state and in solution in order to ascertain the stereoactivity of the lone pair and to rationalize the structural effects of a cyclen‐based scaffold on the metal uptake kinetics. The crystal structure of the free base shows that the pendant acetamide groups are not equivalent: two are folded over the macrocycle and maintained by an intramolecular hydrogen bond involving an amide hydrogen atom and a neighboring tertiary amine of the cyclen ring, while the other two are extended and point away from the macrocyclic cavity. The spontaneous reaction between Pb2+ and DOTAM, even under mild acidic conditions, leads to a mononuclear complex. The crystal structure of [Pb(DOTAM)](NO3)2·3.5H2O reveals that the eight‐coordinate metal cation is trapped inside the core of the ligand, interacting with the four cyclen nitrogen and the four amide oxygen atoms. The helical layout of the folded arms leaves no significant gap in the coordination sphere of Pb2+, thus leading to a holodirected structure that is characteristic of a stereochemically inactive 6s2 electronic lone pair. While the coordination scheme is maintained in solution, variable temperature NMR studies enabled characterization of the dynamics related to the inversion of configuration of the amide substituents. Finally, the lead(II)‐binding mechanism in aqueous solution has been investigated over a wide p[H] range (1–7) by means of classical and stopped‐flow spectrophotometry. The complexation reaction proceeds in a single rate‐limiting step according to an Eigen–Winkler mechanism. (© WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Iron‐Only Hydrogenase Active Site Models Containing a Cysteinyl Group Coordinated through Its Sulfur Atom to One Iron Atom of the Diiron Subsite
Authors: Song Li‐Cheng , Ge Jian‐Hua , Yan Jing , Wang Hu‐Ting , Luo Xiang , Hu Qing‐Mei 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have developed a simple and convenient method for the synthesis of the first H‐cluster models in which a L‐cysteinyl group is coordinated to one of the two iron atoms of the diiron subsite through its sulfur atom. This synthetic method includes (i) treatment of the Boc‐protected L‐cysteine ester Boc‐NHCH(CH2SH)CO2Et (1, Boc = tert‐butoxycarbonyl) with EtONa to give the L‐cysteinyl mercaptide NaSCH2CH(NH‐Boc)CO2Et (2); (ii) further treatment of 2 with [Cp(CO)2FeI] to produce the metallothioether ligand Cp(CO)2FeSCH2CH(NH‐Boc)CO2Et (3); and (iii) treatment of the parent diiron complex [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2CH2(CO)6] (4), [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2N(tBu)(CO)6] (5), or [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2N(C6H4OMe‐p)(CO)6] (6) with Me3NO·2H2O followed by ligand 3 to afford the target model compounds [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2CH2(CO)5(ligand 3)] (7), [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2N(tBu)(CO)5(ligand 3)] (8), or [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2N(C6H4OMe‐p)(CO)5(ligand 3)] (9), respectively. All the new compounds 2, 3, and 7–9 have been characterized by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques. The X‐ray diffraction analysis of 8 has confirmed that these models contain a cysteinyl sulfur atom not only coordinated to one Fe atom of the diiron subsite, but also to the Fe atom of the Cp(CO)2Fe moiety to form the linkage [FeCp‐(μ‐cysteinyl‐S)‐Fesubsite], which is similar to [Fecubane‐(μ‐cysteinyl‐S)‐Fesubsite] found in natural enzymes. In addition, spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements have further demonstrated that the linkage [FeCp‐(μ‐cysteinyl‐S)‐Fesubsite] can provide substantial electronic communication between the diiron subsite and the Cp(CO)2Fe moiety. Under electrochemical conditions, 8 has been shown to be a catalyst for HOAc proton reduction to dihydrogen, and a new type of E*2E2C mechanism for this catalytic reaction is suggested.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The voluntary approach: An effective means of achieving sustainable development?
Authors: Brophy Michael , Netherwood Alan , Starkey Richard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper identifies two broad approaches to achieving sustainable development: (a) the voluntary approach and (b) legislative requirements. This paper concentrates on the limits of the voluntary approach. First, it examines the limits resulting from the way in which markets currently operate. It then goes on to look at four aspects of the voluntary approach: environmental policies; environmental management systems (standards); environmental charters and corporate environmental reporting –and notes the limitations of these methods in improving environmental performance. This paper argues that the voluntary approach will not deliver the increase in environmental performance necessary to bring about sustainable development and that this increase will result only from adopting a legislative approach. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Geophysical and geochemical investigations at two early copper age settlements in the Körös River Valley, Southeastern Hungary
Authors: Yerkes Richard W. , Sarris Apostolos , Frolking Tod , Parkinson William A. , Gyucha Attila , Hardy Meredith , Catanoso Luigi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGeophysical and geochemical analyses conducted at the Early Copper Age
Stimulation inhibits the mobility of recycling peptidergic vesicles in astrocytes
Authors: Potokar Maja , Stenovec Matjaž , Kreft Marko , Kreft Mateja Erdani , Zorec Robert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAstrocytes are increasingly viewed as playing many roles in the integration of brain function. These cells store among other gliotransmitters also neuroactive peptides in membrane bound vesicles, the trafficking and release of which, may be changed in altered conditions, therefore affecting the physiological status of neurons. In general, peptidergic membrane‐bound secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane in the process of exocytosis. Some of them are retrieved from the plasma membrane to be recycled back into the cytosol. The mobility of retrieving vesicles in astrocytes was not studied yet, however, understanding the mechanisms of such trafficking would highlight the communication paths between astrocytes and neurons. We labeled vesicles with antibodies against the vesicle atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is stored inside secretory vesicles. ANP‐vesicles in astrocytes have been proposed to enter Ca2+‐dependent secretion and here we show that they are associated with synaptotagmin IV (SytIV), a regulator of exocytosis in astrocytes. Moreover, the results show that recycling ANP‐vesicles are to a significant extent acidic. Their velocity (0.06 ± 0.001 μm/s) is one order of magnitude lower than the velocity of vesicles trafficking to the plasma membrane (Potokar et al. (2005) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329:678–683; Potokar et al. (2007) Traffic 8:12–20). Interestingly, ionomycin or ATP application further attenuated ANP‐vesicle mobility to 0.02 ± 0.002 and to 0.03 ± 0.001 μm/s, respectively. In summary, the mobility of recycling peptidergic vesicles appears to be slower than the vesicle traffic to the plasma membrane and it requires an intact cytoskeleton. Physiological implications of attenuated traffic of ANP‐vesicles are considered in the discussion. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional neuroanatomical investigation of vision‐related acupuncture point specificity—A multisession fMRI study
Authors: Kong Jian , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Webb Julia Megan , Kong Jiang‐Ti , Sasaki Yuka , Polich Ginger R. , Vangel Mark G. , Kwong Kenneth , Rosen Bruce , Gollub Randy L 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe concept that specific acupuncture points have salubrious effects on distant target organ systems is a salient feature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In this study, we used a multiple‐session experiment to test whether electroacupuncture stimulation at two TCM vision‐related acupoints, UB 60 and GB 37, located on the leg, could produce fMRI signal changes in the occipital regions of the brain, and the specificity of this effect when compared with stimulation at an adjacent non‐acupoint (NAP). Six normal, acupuncture naïve subjects completed the study. Each subject participated in six identical scanning sessions. Voxelwise group analysis showed that electroacupuncture stimulation at both vision‐related acupoints and the NAP produced modest, comparable fMRI signal decreases in the occipital cortex, including the bilateral cuneus, calcarine fissure and surrounding areas, lingual gyrus, and lateral occipital gyrus. Further analysis of fMRI signal changes in occipital cortex showed no significant difference among the three points, UB 60, GB 37, and NAP. Our results thus do not support the view that acupuncture stimulation at vision‐related acupoints induces specific fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the occipital cortex. We speculate that cross modal inhibition, produced by needling‐evoked somatosensory stimulation, may account for our finding of BOLD signal decreases in the occipital cortex. Given the complexity of acupuncture systems and brain activity, additional work is required to determine whether functional neuroanatomical correlates of acupoint specificity can be validated by means of brain imaging tools. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.