bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trait anxiety determines depressive symptoms and fatigue in women with an abnormality in the breast
Authors: De Vries Jolanda , van der Steeg Alida F. , Roukema Jan A. 
Published: June 2008

Objectives. The aim was to examine the role of trait anxiety and diagnosis on depressive symptoms and fatigue in women with early stage breast cancer or benign breast problems.Design. A prospective follow‐up study was performed in order to find predictors of depressive symptoms and fatigue.Methods. From the 169 participating women, 81 patients had breast cancer and 88 benign breast problems. Questionnaires for depressive symptoms and fatigue were completed before diagnosis (T1) and 1 (T2), 3 (T3), and 6 (T4) months after diagnosis (benign patients) or surgical treatment (breast cancer patients). A trait anxiety questionnaire was only completed before diagnosis was known.Results. Trait anxiety, assessed before diagnosis, was the only significant predictor of depressive symptoms at T4, even when depressive symptoms at baseline was included in the analysis. Fatigue at T4 was predicted by fatigue at baseline and trait anxiety. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis (benign or breast cancer) and adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy) did not play a role. Patients with breast cancer or benign breast problems scoring high on trait anxiety, scored higher on depressive symptoms and fatigue than the other patients, at all time points.Conclusions. Trait anxiety plays a role in experiencing depressive symptoms and fatigue over time.
Experimentally consistent atomistic modeling of bulk and local structure in liquids and disordered materials by empirical potential structure refinement
Authors: Bowron Daniel T. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This article presents an overview of the use of the empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) technique for generating three-dimensional atomistic models of liquids and structurally disordered solids that are consistent with experimental neutron and X-ray scattering data. The extension of this technique through the calculation of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra is outlined, and the benefits of this are demonstrated for a range of systems and in particular for our ability to address structural questions of importance in solution chemistry. The model systems chosen as examples for structural analysis are (i) liquid gallium, (ii) silica glass, and (iii) a 1 m aqueous solution of YCl3. The advantages of this analytical approach for addressing chemically specific structural questions in disordered systems are discussed within the context of the experimental alternatives based on the techniques of neutron scattering with isotopic substitution and anomalous X-ray scattering.
On the solvent role in alcohol-induced α-helix formation of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Kawaguchi Junko , Lee Sannum , Yamaguchi Toshio 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) have been measured as a function of alcohol mole fraction in aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol (TFE), and hexafluoro-iso-propanol (HFIP). Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) of CI2 was also measured as a function of ethanol mole fraction in ethanol-water mixtures. The CD spectra have shown that the secondary structure of CI2 changes from β-strand to α-helical structure at alcohol mole fractions characteristic of the individual alcohols in an order of HFIP > TFE > ethanol > methanol in effectiveness, where the structure transition of solvent clusters takes place from the typical tetrahedral-like water to the chain-like alcohol clusters in alcohol-water mixtures previously reported. The radius of gyration of CI2, obtained from the analysis of the SANS data, increased with an increase in ethanol mole fraction up to around 0.2 and then gradually decreased. The SAXS data have shown that the shape of CI2 changes from a sphere to a rod-like one at a 0.1 ethanol mole fraction. A possible role of solvent clusters played in alcohol-induced α-helix formation of CI2 is discussed from a viewpoint of the solvent clusters.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in human exposure to metals (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Schwenk Michael , Klein Reinhild , Templeton Douglas M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Numerous species of metal ions cause immunosensitization in humans. Possible approaches to determine those occupational and environmental exposures to metals that result in immunological changes include lymphocyte transformation assay, cytokine profiling, and measurement of lymphocyte subpopulations. In two previous papers, we considered lymphocyte transformation assay [1] and cytokine profiling [2]. Here we review the effects of exposures to metals on lymphocyte subpopulations. Specific consideration is given to beryllium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, palladium and platinum, cadmium, gold, mercury, and lead. Analysis of the scientific literature shows that immunosensitizing metals may have influences on the lymphocyte subset composition, but only in a few instances does exposure to metals cause reproducible shifts of lymphocyte subpopulations. If lymphocyte subpopulations are analyzed, each diagnostic step, including indication, sample handling, analytic procedure, and data interpretation, should adhere to good quality assurance and quality control.
Trends in U.S. adult chronic disease mortality, 1960–1999: age, period, and cohort variations
Authors: Yang Yang 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this paper, I examine temporal changes in U.S. adult mortality by chronic disease cause of death and by sex over a 40-year period in the second half of the twentieth century. I apply age-period-cohort (APC) analyses that combine conventional approaches and a new method of model estimation to simultaneously account for age, period, and cohort variations in mortality rates for four leading causes of deaths, including heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and breast cancer. The results show that large reductions in mortality since the late 1960s continued well into the late 1990s and that these reductions were predominately contributed by cohort effects. Cohort effects are found to differ by specific causes of death examined, but they generally show substantial survival improvements. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to demographic theories of mortality reductions, differential cohort accumulation of health capital and lifetime exposures to socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors, and period changes in diagnostic techniques and medical treatment.
Changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action
Authors: Desai Sonalde , Kulkarni Veena 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Indian society suffers from substantial inequalities in education, employment, and income based on caste and ethnicity. Compensatory or positive discrimination policies reserve 15% of the seats in institutions of higher education and state and central government jobs for people of the lowest caste, the Scheduled Caste; 7.5% of the seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribe. These programs have been strengthened by improved enforcement and increased funding in the 1990s. This positive discrimination has also generated popular backlash and on-the-ground sabotage of the programs. This paper examines the changes in educational attainment between various social groups for a period of nearly 20 years to see whether educational inequalities have declined over time. We use data from a large national sample survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years—1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, and 1999–2000-andfocus on the educational attainment of children and young adults aged 6–29. Our results show a declining gap between dalits, adivasis, and others in the odds of completing primary school. Such improvement is not seen for Muslims, a minority group that does not benefit from affirmative action. We find little improvement in inequality at the college level. Further, we do not find evidence that upper-income groups, the so-called creamy layer of dalits and adivasis, disproportionately benefit from the affirmative action programs at the expense of their lower-income counterparts.
Marital strategies for regulating exposure to HIV
Authors: Reniers Georges 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In a setting where the transmission of HIV occurs primarily through heterosexual contact and where no cure or vaccine is available, behavioral change is imperative for containing the epidemic. Abstinence, faithfulness, and condom use most often receive attention in this regard. In contrast, this article treats marriage as a resource for HIV risk management via mechanisms of positive selection (partner choice) and negative selection (divorce of an adulterous spouse). Retrospective marriage histories and panel data provide the evidence for this study, and results indicate that men and women in Malawi increasingly turned to union-based risk-avoidance strategies during the period that the threat of HIV/AIDS materialized. Although both sexes strategize in a similar fashion, men are better equipped than women to deploy these strategies to their advantage. The article concludes with reflections on the long-term and population-level implications of these coping mechanisms.
An assessment of China’s fertility level using the variable-r method
Authors: Cai Yong 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The fertility level in China is a matter of uncertainty and controversy. This paper applies Preston and Coale’s (1982) variable-r method to assess the fertility level in China. By using data from China’s 1990 and 2000 censuses as well as annual population change surveys, the variable-r method confirms that Chinese fertility has reached a level well below replacement.
The legacies of context: Past and present influences on contraceptive choice in Nang Rong, Thailand
Authors: Edmeades Jeffrey 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study explores the ways in which women’s contraceptive behavior in a rural area of Thailand is shaped by both past and present context, based on the life course framework. Although the importance of contextual influences for contraceptive behavior is well established in the literature, relatively little research has been conducted that explores how behavior is influenced by historical and contemporaneous contextual factors and by individual life experiences. In addition, much of this research has neglected the role of the normative environment within which contraceptive use takes place. The focus of this paper centers on the effect of contraceptive environment at both early and late stages of the life course and on how this effect is shaped by individual experience with migration to urban areas. This study takes advantage of a unique, prospective longitudinal data set with detailed information on community context at multiple points in time, an important improvement upon prior research. The results show that contraceptive behavior is particularly responsive to current community context, with past context primarily exerting an indirect effect on behavior through shaping current contextual influences.
Risk preferences and the timing of marriage and childbearing
Authors: Schmidt Lucie 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The existing literature on marriage and fertility decisions pays little attention to the roles played by risk preferences and uncertainty. However, given uncertainty regarding the availability of suitable marriage partners, the ability to contracept, and the ability to conceive, women’s risk preferences might be expected to play an important role in marriage and fertility timing decisions. By using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), I find that measured risk preferences have a significant effect on the timing of both marriage and fertility. Highly risk-tolerant women are more likely to delay marriage, consistent with either a search model of marriage or a risk-pooling explanation. In addition, risk preferences affect fertility timing in a way that differs by marital status and education, and that varies over the life cycle. Greater tolerance for risk leads to earlier births at young ages, consistent with these women being less likely to contracept effectively. In addition, as the subgroup of college-educated, unmarried women nears the end of their fertile periods, highly risk-tolerant women are likely to delay childbearing relative to their more risk-averse counterparts and are therefore less likely to become mothers. These findings may have broader implications for both individual and societal well-being.
The gradient in sub-saharan Africa: Socioeconomic status and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Fortson Jane G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Burkina Faso (2003), Cameroon (2004), Ghana (2003), Kenya (2003), and Tanzania (2003), I investigate the cross- sectional relationship between HIV status and socioeconomic status. I find evidence of a robust positive education gradient in HIV infection, showing that, up to very high levels of education, better-educated respondents are more likely to be HIV-positive. Adults with six years of schooling are as much as three percentage points more likely to be infected with HIV than adults with no schooling. This gradient is not an artifact of age, sector of residence, or region of residence. With controls for sex, age, sector of residence, and region of residence, adults with six years of schooling are as much as 50% more likely to be infected with HIV than those with no schooling. Education is positively related to certain risk factors for HIV, including the likelihood of having premarital sex. Estimates of the wealth gradient in HIV, by contrast, vary substantially across countries and are sensitive to the choice of measure of wealth.
Coparenting and nonresident fathers’ involvement with young children after a nonmarital birth
Authors: Carlson Marcia J. , McLanahan Sara S. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to investigate the association between coparenting quality and nonresident fathers’ involvement with children over the first five years after a nonmarital birth. We find that about one year after a nonmarital birth, 48% of fathers are living away from their child, rising to 56% and then to 63% at three and five years, respectively. Using structural equation models to estimate cross-lagged effects, we find that positive coparenting is a strong predictor of nonresident fathers’ future involvement, whereas fathers’ involvement is only a weak (but significant) predictor of future coparenting quality. The positive effect of coparenting quality on fathers’ involvement is robust across several techniques designed to address unobserved heterogeneity and across different strategies for handling missing data. We conclude that parents’ ability to work together in rearing their common child across households helps keep nonresident fathers connected to their children and that programs aimed at improving parents’ ability to communicate may have benefits for children irrespective of whether the parents’ romantic relationship remains intact.
Macroeconomic fluctuations and mortality in postwar Japan
Authors: Tapia granados José A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Recent research has shown that after long-term declining trends are excluded, mortality rates in industrial countries tend to rise in economic expansions and fall in economic recessions. In the present work, co-movements between economic fluctuations and mortality changes in postwar Japan are investigated by analyzing time series of mortality rates and eight economic indicators. To eliminate spurious associations attributable to trends, series are detrended either via Hodrick-Prescott filtering or through differencing. As previously found in other industrial economies, general mortality and age-specifi death rates in Japan tend to increase in expansions and drop in recessions, for both males and females. The effect, which is slightly stronger for males, is particularly noticeable in those aged 45–64. Deaths attributed to heart disease, pneumonia, accidents, liver disease, and senility—making up about 41% of total mortality—tend to fluctuate procyclically, increasing in expansions. Suicides, as well as deaths attributable to diabetes and hypertensive disease, make up about 4% of total mortality and fluctuate countercyclically, increasing in recessions. Deaths attributed to other causes, making up about half of total deaths, don’t show a clearly defined relationship with the fluctuations of the economy.
Fertility in New York state in the pre-civil war era
Authors: Haines Michael R. , Guest Avery M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Knowledge is quite limited about the extent and social correlates of marital fertility decline for the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century. Manuscripts from the New York State census of 1865 indicate a very slow decline in marital fertility during the initial decades of the nineteenth century and more rapid decline as the Civil War approached. Little evidence of fertility control within marriage is found for the very oldest women in the sample, but analysis of parity progression ratios indicates that some control had emerged by the midpoint of the nineteenth century. Fertility decline was most evident in the urban, more economically developed areas, but our data also indicate that the limited availability of agricultural land may have affected the transition. While a marital fertility transition occurred in nineteenth-century New York, many couples in various geographic areas and social strata continued to have quite high levels of fertility, indicating difficulties that were probably faced in controlling reproduction.
Population change and farm dependence: Temporal and spatial variation in the U.S. great plains, 1900–2000
Authors: Curtis White Katherine J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
I investigate the relationship between county population change and farm dependence in the Great Plains region during the twentieth century, using spatial data analysis techniques. This research is rooted in a long-standing sociological and demographic interest in population responses to economic transitions and informs the theoretical understanding of urbanization processes. Using census and environmental data, the analysis challenges earlier assertions of a simple transition in the relationship between farm dependence and population change that accompanied modern technological advancements, namely tractors (the mechanization thesis). Rather than observing the proposed positive-to-negative shift, study results show a negative association throughout the pre- and post-mechanization periods. Partial support is found if the thesis is revised to consider the relationship between population change and the change in farm dependence rather than the level of farm dependence. Findings show mixed support for an alternative argument that nonfarm industries moderate the in_ uence of farm dependence (the industry complex thesis). In contrast to earlier applications of the thesis, industrial relations in the Great Plains context are characterized by specialization rather than cooperation.
Finitude des couples d'invariants modulaires singuliers sur une courbe algébrique plane non modulaire
Authors: André Yves 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Let S be an irreducible algebraic curve in the affine complex plane. Assume that S is neither a horizontal Une, nor a vertical line, nor a modular curve Y0(N) (for any integer N ≧ 1). Then there are only finitely many points P of S such that both coordinates of P are singular moduli (i.e. invariants of elliptic curves with complex multiplication).
The outer derivation of a complex Poisson manifold
Authors: Brylinski J. L , Zuckerman G 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We introduce the canonical outer derivation (or vector field) on a Poisson manifold. This is a Poisson vector field well-defined modulo hamiltonian vector fields.We study this outer derivation by geometric and sheaf-theoretic methods, mostly for holomorphic Poisson manifolds.
The isoperimetric inequality for minimal surfaces in a Riemannian manifold
Authors: Choe Jaigyoung 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
It is proved that every minimal surface with one or two boundary components in a simply connected Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature bounded above by a nonpositive constant K satisfies the sharp isoperimetric inequality 4π A ≦ L2 + K A2. Here equality holds if and only if the minimal surface is a geodesic disk in a surface of constant Gaussian curvature K.
Is a linear space contained in a submanifold? – On the number of derivatives needed to tell
Authors: Landsberg J. M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Let Xn ⊂ or Xn ⊂ ℙn + a be a patch of a C∞ submanifold of an affine or projective space such that through each point x ∈ X there exists a line osculating to order n + 1 at x. We show that X is uniruled by lines, generalizing a classical theorem for surfaces. We describe two circumstances that imply linear spaces of dimension k osculating to order two must be contained in X, shedding light on some of Ein's results on dual varieties. We present some partial results on the general problem of finding the integer m0 = m0(k, n, a) such that there exist examples of patches Xn ⊂ ℙn + a, having a linear space L of dimension k osculating to order m0 — 1 at each point such that L is not locally contained in X, but if there are k-planes osculating to order m0 at each point, they are locally contained in X.
The same conclusions hold in the analytic category and complex analytic category if there is a linear space osculating to order m at one general point x ∈ X.
Caractères à valeurs dans le centre de Bernstein
Authors: Dat J.-F 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Let G be a reductive p-adic group, we are interested in finitely generated projective smooth G-modules. Let P be such a module, consider it as a З-module, where
З is the Bernstein center of the category of smooth G-modules. Then we can form
P ⊗З.χℂ for every complex-valued character of
З: it is a finite length smooth representation of G. We describe its image in the Grothendieck group of finite length smooth G-modules. To do this, we define under suitable assumptions a З-valued character on the З-admissible (but not admissible!) representation P. The case of indGK(1) where K is a special compact open subgroup of G is an interesting example. Some of his properties are discussed and extended to other representations of K using Bushnell and Kutzko's theory of types, when G = GL(n).
Representations of compact quantum groups and subfactors
Authors: Banica Teodor 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We associate Popa systems (= standard invariants of subfactors) to the finite dimensional representations of compact quantum groups. We characterise the systems arising in this way: these are the ones which can be “represented” on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. This is proved by a universal construction. We explicitely compute (in terms of some free products) the operation of going from representations of compact quantum groups to Popa systems and the back via the universal construction. We prove a Kesten type result for the co-amenability of compact quantum groups, which allows us to compare it with the amenability of subfactors.