bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partisan Strife, 1583–1588: Holland and its Critics
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Ardent Calvinists and refugees from the south blamed Holland for the loss of Flanders and Brabant; did not Holland's merchants batten on trade with the foe? Leicester thus found support for a more centralized government, but only briefly, for he lost credit by slighting local privileges. When he called on true patriots to rise up against Holland's urban oligarchies, there were only minor plots here and there; the more dangerous legacy of Leicester's brief tenure was a rash of garrison mutinies, but even this was manageable for a wealthy province. Meanwhile, Leicester's partisans promoted the novel doctrine of popular sovereignty. In response, Gouda's town attorney asserted that the urban oligarchies had ruled, through the states, since time out of mind. This was not a theoretically interesting answer, but it satisfied the needs of a nascent republic.
1 Joseph Priestley, Minister and Teacher
Authors: Wykes David L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes in Priestley's religious opinions against the background of his life, his work as a minister and teacher, and the impact of his theological and other ideas upon the development of modern Unitarianism. Topics discussed include Priestley's early life and education, his admission into the Daventry Academy; his early ministries: Needham Market and Nantwich; his invitation to become a tutor at Warrington Academy; his ministry at Mill Hill, Leeds; and his adoption of Unitarian opinions. It is argued that Priestley's most lasting contribution was his role in Unitarianism replacing Arianism as the main form of anti-Trinitarian speculation in Britain.
5 Joseph Priestley and the Complexities of Latitudinarianism in the 1770s
Authors: Ditchfield G. M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the most significant ways in which, through his published work and unpublished correspondence, Priestley had constructed for himself a reputation as a forceful and at times acerbic author. Its chosen method of so doing involves a particular illumination of one of the best known religious and political phenomena of the 18th century: the affinity between Anglican latitudinarianism and Protestant dissent, an affinity developed in response to the perception of a common threat from high churchmen of the generation of Francis Atterbury (1663–1732) and Henry Sacheverell (1674?-1724). Even with the mid-century decline of party strife at the national level, many local constituency conflicts were still fuelled by a clash of interests between those of a high church persuasion, and an alliance of low churchmen and dissenters. It is argued that during the 1770s that alliance was placed under considerable pressure, and that the complexities which it involved can be illustrated by focusing on the controversy between Priestley and Benjamin Dawson (1729–1814), at that time the rector of Burgh in Suffolk.
Covalent Bonding in Molecules
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter covers covalent bonding in small molecules, starting from hydrogen molecule ions and hydrogen molecules, and then proceeding to homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, and linear triatomics. Using the hydrogen molecule as the prototype, the bonding of this molecule is treated by the molecular orbital and valence bond theories. The difference between these two models is discussed in detail. In addition, since both methods are approximate, refinement of the approximation will lead to identical results. The hybridization theory is also discussed, and several systems that may be effectively dealt with by this theory are provided. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Hückel molecular orbital treatment of conjugated polyenes. The wavefunctions of the polyenes are used to predict the products of the cyclization reactions of the polyenes.
Structural Chemistry of Group 14 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic organic crystal structures, starting with the allotropes of carbon. It then covers the (aliphatic, aromatic, and fullerenic) compounds of carbon and the bonding in these compounds. The abnormal carbon-carbon single bonds, complexes containing a naked carbon atom, and complexes containing naked dicarbon ligands are discussed. The subsequent sections are on the chemistry of silicon (including silicates, silicide, etc.), halides, oxides, polyatomic anions, and organometallic compounds of the heavier members of Group 14 (germanium, tin, and lead).
Structural Chemistry of Group 16 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the first two elements of the group: oxygen and sulfur. There is a section each on dioxygen and ozone, oxygen and dioxygen coordination compounds, and structure of water and ices (including protonated water species). For sulfur, coverage includes its allotropes and polyatomic sulfur species, metal complexes with sulfide anions as ligands, and oxides and oxoacids of sulfur. Finally, there is a section on the allotropes and stereochemistry of selenium and tellurium, as well as the polyatomic anions and cations of these elements.
Apuleius in the High Middle Ages
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Apuleian influence in the Middle Ages. The importance of Monte Cassino in preserving (and providing early responses to) Apuleius' works is discussed. Evidence is presented that the most educated minds of the period could (re-)create Apuleian effects through their imitation of narrative and descriptive sources (such as the De nuptiis), which were themselves suffused with Apuleian themes and diction.
The Golden Asse of William Adlington (1566)
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on William Adlington's translation of The Golden Ass. It argues that Adlington gave English readers a reasonably complete, adequately accurate, and eminently readable Ass, unburdened by the weight of Beroaldo's commentary or the exegetical yoke of Fulgentius, Boccaccio, and Michel, but spared the emasculating knife wielded by Boiardo, Firenzuola, and la Bouthière.
Shakespeare's Bottom and Apuleius' Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses Apuleian influences in Shakespeare's works. It argues that although it may appear that Shakespeare's natural genius made him a particularly acute reader of The Golden Ass, the accumulated evidence of Apuleian presence in the Shakespearian corpus suggests that The Golden Ass exerted a profound influence, providing a rich resource of interactive elements which contributed to the proteanism of his own dramatic art.
5 Political Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter applies the three-layer model of job satisfaction discussed in Chapter 4 to political satisfactions. A survey of political satisfaction in the Netherlands is studied, wherein an individual's satisfaction with government policy is considered analogous to life as a whole, and satisfaction with policies on health, employment, migration, income, etc., is analogous to the breakdown with respect to life domains. It is shown that political satisfaction may be broken down into a number of satisfactions with political aspects, i.e., political sub-domains. Political satisfaction is a significant component of general satisfaction with life as a whole.
1 Samuel Francis Wood: A London Tractarian
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter contains a brief biographical study of Samuel Francis Wood, the author of the two appendices included at the end of the book. Wood's life and personality offer revealing insights into the character of the Oxford Movement. He had absorbed its ideals in all the freshness of the pre-Tractarian spring; they became second nature to him, shaped his intellectual and moral outlook, and were to inspire and steer his life after he left Oxford. Indeed it may be affirmed without exaggeration that in Wood may be found the ethos of the Oxford Movement embodied in a person.
Kripke's Theory of Truth (Strong Kleene Version)
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter is an exposition of the strong Kleene version of Kripke's fixed point semantics, and the theories of truth that can be obtained from it. Emphasis is put on the distinction between ‘external’ and ‘internal’ theories of the fixed points: the external theories keep classical logic, posit truth value gaps, and deny the existence of truth value gluts; whereas the internal theories are non-classical and neither assert nor deny the existence of gaps or of gluts. In fact, ‘gap’ and ‘glut’ are equivalent within these theories. The advantages of the internal theories over the external are stressed: primarily, internal theories make True(p) intersubstitutable with p, whereas external theories don't. At the same time, the internal Kripke theories are seriously lacking in expressive power.
Truth‐Value Gaps in Classical Theories
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter deals with classical theories that postulate truth value gaps, especially theories that accept the left-to-right half of the Tarski biconditionals. The theories divide into two types: Kleene-style gap theories and supervaluation-style gap theories (though the latter includes revision-theoretic gap theories as well); these are all ‘external theories’ of the corresponding model-theoretic constructions. Focus is put on the fact that all such theories declare themselves untrue. It is argued that saying that the problematic sentences ‘don't express propositions’ is unhelpful.
Truth‐Value Gluts in Classical Theories
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter deals with classical theories that postulate truth value gluts, especially theories that accept the right-to-left half of the Tarski biconditionals. The duality with gap theories is explored, and with it the question of whether the theories are notational variants. It is shown that these theories take modus ponens not to be truth-preserving. Reasons are given why this is not as debilitating as declaring one's axioms untrue. Still, glut theories like gap theories preclude truth from having its usual role in expressing agreement and disagreement.
A Second Interlude on Vagueness
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the attempt to make sense of the notion of a question having no determinate answer within a classical-logic framework. It focuses in part on supervaluationism, especially the version that does not identify truth with super-truth but instead takes super-truth to define a notion of determinate truth. The chapter is sceptical of the philosophical payoff of supervaluationism and other classical-logic approaches to indeterminacy.
A Survey of Supervaluational and Revision‐Rule Theories
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by mentioning some weaknesses in the supervaluationist theory of the previous chapter, especially regarding compositional principles. Some of the weaknesses can be improved upon by complications in the theory, and there are some choices of detail to be made. A classification is made between weak, medium, dual-medium, and strong supervaluation theories. Revision-rule theories are discussed and given an analogous classification.
Fixed Points and Revision Rules for Conditionals
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at two ways of meeting the goal of naïvety. Yablo's is technically simpler, but involves extreme failures of intersubstitutivity of logical truths within conditionals. The alternative involves a revision-theoretic ideas, but applied to the conditional instead of the truth predicate, in combination with an iterated Kripke fixed point construction. A general non-triviality theorem is proved, and examples are given, especially to a ‘transfinite Liar hierarchy’.
More on Revision‐Theoretic Conditionals
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the ‘revisionist’ theory of the previous chapter more closely. It shows how to fit it into the semantic framework of Chapter 15, and gives an alternative modal semantics as well. It examines the laws and the non-laws of the conditional. It also explores some variations, including one that incorporates some of the ideas of the Yablo semantics but without the problems about intersubstitutivity.
Do Paracomplete Solutions Depend on Expressive Limitations?
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter considers various versions of the charge that paradox has been avoided only by limiting the expressive power of the language. The charge that the language has no ‘exclusion negation’ but only ‘choice negation’ is rejected as incorrect. It is true that the language contains no negation or conditional that obeys all the classical or intuitionist laws, but it is argued that no language can coherently contain such operators. Two ingenious arguments by Wright and Restall, according to which we ought to be able to define intuitionist operators from fairly uncontroversial resources, are considered at length and rejected. In the case of the Restall argument, this involves some considerations about how to understand infinite conjunctions and disjunctions.
William Thomson's Determinations of the Age of the Earth
Authors: Wyse Jackson Patrick N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on William Thomson's involvement in debates concerning the age of the Earth in the 19th century. Thomson applied himself to determining the age of the Earth in three ways: the first was in relation to the Sun, and he attempted to estimate how long it had been shining and used this as a corollary for the age of the Earth. Secondly, Thomson investigated the effect that friction caused by tides might have had on the shape of the Earth. The third method took the secular cooling rate of the Earth, and it is for this work that Thomson is chiefly remembered in the geochronological field.
Against Disjunctivism
Authors: Lowe E. J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter formulates and argues for a version of the causal theory of perception that is incompatible with disjunctivism, and defends it against criticisms typically levelled at such a theory by disjunctivists, such as that it promotes scepticism and that it is unfaithful to the phenomenology of perception. It argues that far from disjunctivism being ontologically less extravagant than that causal theory of perception, the reverse is true, so that all things considered, the causal theory of perception is the superior theory and disjunctivism in the philosophy of perception should be rejected.
The Epistemic Conception of Hallucination
Authors: Siegel Susanna 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Since disjunctivists when talking about perception deny that hallucinations and veridical perceptions have a common fundamental nature, they need some other way to account for the fact that these kinds of experiences can ‘seem the same’ from the inside. A natural response is to give a purely epistemic account of hallucination, according to which there is nothing more to hallucinations than their indiscriminability from veridical perceptions. This chapter argues that the epistemic conception of hallucination falters in its treatment of cognitively unsophisticated creatures, and that it cannot respect all the facts about what we can know on the basis of introspection.
On How to Act—Disjunctively
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter reconsiders Dancy's (2000) rejection of a disjunctive account of acting for a reason. It starts with a brief account of the marks of disjunctivism in general, to be used as a template, with special attention to issues raised in Dancy (1995) where it was suggested that the second disjunct of perceptual disjunctivism might be expressed substantially rather than merely as a state indistinguishable from the first disjunct. The chapter then considers the motivations behind a disjunctive account of acting for a reason, and also various other ways in which such accounts might be phrased, before concluding that none of them is successful. They are all either empirically false or philosophically challengeable. The suggestions made by Hornsby in her paper for the conference in Glasgow — of which this volume is in part a record — which amount to a disjunctive conception of ‘A φ-ed because she believed that p’, are then considered and it is argued that this account cannot be sustained. In a final section, Martin's reasons for insisting that the second disjunct in disjunctive accounts of experience must be conceived as whatever is indistinguishable from a perception, and not in more substantial terms, is considered one more time, and rejected.
God and Mystery in Words
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book uses the way in which poetry and drama have in the past opened people to the possibility of religious experience as a launching pad for advocating less wooden approaches to Christian worship today. So far from encouraging imagination and exploration, hymns and sermons now more commonly merely consolidate belief. Again, contemporary liturgy in both its music and its ceremonial fails to take seriously either current dramatic theory or the sociology of ritual. Yet this was not always so. Poetry and drama, the book suggests, grew out of religion, and therefore, the book proposes, creative potential needs to be rediscovered by religion.
1 Logos and Mystery
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the competing pressures both within the history of Christianity and outside of it to move in two quite different directions: towards definition and containment in words on the one hand, and on the other towards mystery and what might almost be described as inexhaustibility. It begins by examining the creative possibilities inherent in both Logos and Kabbalah. It then discusses the sacraments.
4 Verbal and Visual Images
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter suggests that the preacher's words have the capacity to act just as sacramentally as any image: to draw the listener into an experience of the God who is always present and ready to address us, whenever opportunity presents itself. It examines the positive sacramental side of preaching, then offers a comparison with the earlier, largely but by no means exclusively monastic tradition of illuminated books. Finally, it provides some assessment of the relative likelihood of either verbal or visual degenerating into idolatry.
5 Drama and Religion
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of the theatre and drama and its varying relationships with religious belief. It begins in the ancient world where the term ‘liturgy’ had its origins and where one such liturgical act was the staging of drama. It traces the revival of religious drama after its initial suppression by Christianity, not only in medieval mystery plays but also in now largely forgotten Reformation and Counter-Reformation drama. It then turns to baroque poetry and explores how disputes about ritual often reflected wider cultural change that is indebted to notions of theatre. Finally, it draws attention to the ways in which a relationship with religion continues, especially in the various theories that have been proposed about the value and purpose of drama.
7 Performance, Costume, Staging
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the Church's liturgy. The analysis proceeds in four stages. First, the relevance of the ritual of bodily actions to performance of the liturgy is examined, then liturgical clothing as one small example of the complexity of the issues involved. The next section focuses on architecture and the relevance of such staging. The final section discusses liturgical change and the preservation of mystery.
From Asculum to Actium
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRome's once independent Italian allies became communities of a new Roman territorial state after the Social War of 91-87 bc. This book examines how the transition from independence to subordination was managed, and how — between the opposing tensions of local particularism, competing traditions, and identities, aspirations for integration, cultural change, and indifference from Roman central authorities — something new and dynamic appeared in the jaded world of the late Republic. The book charts the successes and failures of the attempts to make a new political community (Roman Italy), and new Roman citizens scattered across the peninsula — a dramatic and important story in that, while Italy was being built, Rome was falling apart; and while the Roman Republic fell, the Italian municipal system endured, and made possible the government, and even the survival, of the Roman empire in the West.
10Tota Italia: Remaking Italy?
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFollowing the unification of Italy in the 19th century, Massimo d'Azeglio memorably articulated for the first session of parliament of the Kingdom of Italy the hardest task facing the new nation-builders: ‘We have made Italy: now we must make Italians’. Much the same problem confronted the Roman governing class in the decades following the Social War, although in this case there was no strong desire to create a new unified political entity embracing Italy, and no template other than the slow and piecemeal approach of municipal evolution between the 4th and 3rd centuries. This chapter draws together the threads of the preceding arguments, examining how far municipalization spread after the Social War, how it manifested itself over time, and how, if at all, a new Italy and new Italians were made.
Placing Modern Greece
Authors: Guthenke Constanze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.