bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remotely monitoring volcanic activity with ground‐based Doppler radar
Authors: Donnadieu F. , Dubosclard G. , Cordesses R. , Druitt T. , Hervier C. , Kornprobst J. , Lénat J.‐F. , Allard P. , Coltelli Mauro 
Published: October 2006

Concern about hazards that volcanic plumes pose, especially to aviation safety, has led scientists for about two decades to use satellite sensors in different wavelengths for the detection and study of volcanic activity. Together with ground‐based meteorological radars, these techniques now enable tracking the ascent and dispersal of large eruptive clouds, making reflectivity mapping, determining plume heights, measuring gas (SO2) and aerosols content, and estimating particle sizes and total mass of gas and fine ash [e.g., Harris and Rose, 1983].However, there is still a crucial need for direct measurements of particle velocities, especially near an emission vent, to constrain physical and numerical models of eruption dynamics, which in turn should improve our predictive capacity regarding plume behavior.
Hydrothermal and volcanic activity found on the Southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Devey C. W. , Lackschewitz K. S. , Baker E. 
Published: October 2006

The process of plate accretion at mid‐ocean ridges, once thought to occur in a relatively simple, magmatic system, has been shown in recent years to possess unexpected layers of complexity [e.g., Cannat, 1996; Escartín and Lin, 1998; Jokat et al., 2003; Michael et al., 2003]. Particularly at lower spreading rates, the magma supply to some or all of the ridge decreases, with the plate spreading motion being taken up instead on faults.The balance between these magmatic and tectonic processes governs such features as the topography, seismic activity location of hydrothermal vents, and degree of chemical exchange between crust and ocean at spreading axes. It therefore has important implications for the hydrothermal marine biosphere and global chemical budgets.
Airborne laser scanning for high‐resolution mapping of Antarctica
Authors: Csatho Bea , Schenk Toni , Krabill William , Wilson Terry , Lyons William , McKenzie Garry , Hallam Cheryl , Manizade Serdar , Paulsen Timothy 
Published: October 2006

In order to evaluate the potential of airborne laser scanning for topographic mapping in Antarctica and to establish calibration/validation sites for NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) altimeter mission, NASA, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) joined forces to collect high‐resolution airborne laser scanning data.In a two‐week campaign during the 2001–2002 austral summer, NASA's Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) system was used to collect data over several sites in the McMurdo Sound area of Antarctica (Figure 1a). From the recorded signals, NASA computed laser points and The Ohio State University (OSU) completed the elaborate computation/verification of high‐resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in 2003. This article reports about the DEM generation and some exemplary results from scientists using the geomorphologic information from the DEMs during the 2003–2004 field season.
Hydrologic ensemble prediction experiment focuses on reliable forecasts
Authors: Franz Kristie , Ajami Newsha , Schaake John , Buizza Roberto 
Published: October 2006

The Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX), an effort involving meteorological and hydrological scientists from research, operational, and user communities around the globe, is building a research project focused on advancing probabilistic hydrologic forecasting.HEPEX was launched in March 2004 at a meeting hosted by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), in Reading, United Kingdom http://www.ecmwf.int/newsevents/meetings/workshops/2004/HEPEX/). The goal of HEPEX is “to bring the international hydrological and meteorological communities together to demonstrate how to produce reliable hydrological ensemble forecasts that can be used with confidence by the emergency management and water resources sectors to make decisions that have important consequences for the economy, public health, and safety.”
[Comment on “Speaking up for science” by Fred Spilhaus] Science in Plain English
Authors: Sorensen Sorena Svea 
Published: October 2006

I write inspired by Fred Spilhaus's Eos editorial (Speaking Up For Science, 86(24), 14 June 2005, p. 225). I have recently had a front‐row seat (at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) from which to observe the skillful packaging and energetic marketing of a fundamentally religious view of cosmology as science. (Yes, I have seen the film The Privileged Planet.) However, my subject is communication, and what follows is my personal opinion.I confess: I have many times crossed out the word “believe” in a scientific manuscript and noted, “Science is not a belief system.” I hope my victim will become just angry enough with me to remember in the future that a scientist may “conclude” anything the data support but not “believe” it. Why? “Believing” something can mean that one has a firm religious faith in it. This makes the scientist vulnerable to those who wish to define “materialistic science” as a religious belief, and thus aids advocates of alternate “theories” to those of modern evolutionary biology.
A challenge to the membership
Authors: Austin James A. , Manduca Cathy 
Published: October 2006

Students are key to the future of the Earth and space sciences and to the vitality of our global AGU community. More than 7300 students are now members of the Union (17% of the total membership); of these, 30% live outside the U.S. Equally important, student attendance at AGU's major meetings has been steadily climbing. In 2004, a remarkable 25% of the registrants for major AGU meetings were students.An increasing number of qualified students apply for travel grants to attend these meetings. Yet, only 5% (see Figure 1) receive these modest grants of $300–$650 because Union resources have not kept pace with demand. More students need financial aid, and our charge is to “find” the funds to help them.
Collecting, digitizing, and distributing historical seismological data
Authors: Michelini Alberto , De Simoni Bruno , Amato Alessandro , Boschi Enzo 
Published: October 2006

The digital preservation of the unique seismological heritage consisting of historical seismograms and earthquake bulletins, and of related documentation (e.g., observatory logbooks, station books, etc.), is critically important in order to avoid deterioration and loss overtime [Kanamori, 1988]. Dissemination of this seismological material in digital form is of equal importance, to allow reanalysis of past earthquakes using modern techniques and the reevaluation of seismic hazard. This is of particular interest for those areas where little or no earthquake activity has occurred since the last significant historical earthquake.In 2001, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) started an innovative project, Progetto SISMOS (i.e., SISMOgrammi Storici), to scan (i.e., convert into digital form for storage on a computer), at very high resolution,and archive seismological paper records and related material. The Italian Ministry for the Environment originally funded the project to encompass the digitization of seismogram records of the Italian seismic observatories and of associated bulletins
A chemotrophic ecosystem found beneath Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Domack Eugene , Ishman Scott , Leventer Amy , Sylva Sean , Willmott Veronica , Huber Bruce 
Published: October 2006

A new habitat for chemotrophic ecosystems has been found beneath the former extent of the Larsen Ice Shelf in Antarctica. This is the first report of such ecosystems in the Antarctic. (Chemotrophic ecosystems derive their primary metabolic energy from chemical reactions other than those of photosynthetic origin.)An association of microbial mats and cold seep clam communities, is described, that thrived within an 850‐m‐deep glacial trough some 100 km, or more, from the ice shelf front. However, the continued existence of this unique ecosystem is uncertain, given the increased loading of sediment to the seafloor as a result of the ice shelf's collapse in early 2002. The vent‐related ecology could have a methane source, based upon the vent's similarity with other cold seeps located along continental margins.
The last word: The definition of halo coronal mass ejections
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

This is the fifth in a series of essays on terms used in solar‐terrestrial physics that are thought to be in need of clarification. Terms are identified and essays are commissioned by a committee chartered by Division II [Sun and Heliosphere) of the International Astronomical Union. Terminology Committee members include Ed Cliver (chair), Jean‐Louis Bougeret, Hilary Cane, Takeo Kosugi, Sara Martin, Rainer Schwenn, and Lidia van Driel‐Gestelyi. Authors are asked to review the origins of terms and their current usage/misusage. The goals are to inform the community and to promote discussion.The following article by Chris St. Cyr and colleagues focuses on the term “halo coronal mass ejection (CME).” Halo CMEs are of great interest and import for space weather, but as St. Cyr et al. point out, their definition encompasses various forms of solar eruptive activity, not all of which may affect environmental conditions near Earth. St. Cyr et al. go further and list practical steps being taken to prevent confusion over the use of the term “halo CME” in the future. The community is encouraged to send feedback on this article to the authors, and suggestions for other terms to address in this forum to the IAU Committee.
Global Warming: The Complete Briefing (Third Edition)
Authors: Alverson Keith 
Published: October 2006

"What kind of world will our grandchildren inherit?” prods the large, yellow bullet point jumping out from the black background on the back cover of John Houghton's already classic textbook, Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Students in an undergraduate or first year graduate seminar course—the clear target audience for this book—will come away with little doubt about the answer to this question: a warmer one.Essentially, this is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) process distilled into a textbook. The first seven chapters, about two thirds of the book's 350 pages, provide a compelling account of the consensus IPCC view of the greenhouse effect, climate variability, climate modeling, climate projections, and the impacts of climate change. These chapters are without doubt the core strength of this excellent textbook, synthesizing an unprecedented two decades of community effort, scientific cooperation, and consensus building into a coherent view.
Seafloor spreading, sea level, and ocean chemistry changes
Authors: Miller Kenneth G. , Rowley David B. , Kominz Michelle A. , Kent Dennis V. 
Published: October 2006

High Cretaceous ocean crust production rates have been causally linked to high global sea level and global CO2 due to increased outgassing. However, recent studies have questioned the empirical basis for high Cretaceous global seafloor spreading rates, high Cretaceous sea level (230–320 m above present), and the relationship between geochemical fluxes and spreading rates.Although this topic has been discussed at several recent international meetings, there has been little opportunity for the protagonists in the debate of constant versus variable global seafloor spreading rates to interact. However, a group of tectonophysicists, stratigraphers, and geochemists recently met at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (Piscataway N.J.) to discuss global seafloor spreading changes and their possible relationships to sea level and geochemical variations.
Tool kit helps digitize tide gauge records
Authors: Ullmann Albin , Pons Frédéric , Moron Vincent 
Published: October 2006

The Numerisation des Niveaux d'Eau (NUNIEAU) is an integrated and automated MATLAB computer program tool kit for digitizing, transforming, and validating paper records of sea level variations, called marigrams (Figure 1a), that can cut in half the time required to digitize paper records.This tool kit developed in 2004 by F. Pons is currently obtainable by request from the developer, but will be available online on the IMPLIT (Impact des evenements extremes sur les hydro‐systèmes du litoral méditerranéen français) Web site in early 2006.
Coastal carbonate aquifer sensitivity to tides
Authors: Loper David E. , Werner Christopher L. , Chicken Eric , Davies Gareth , Kincaid Todd 
Published: October 2006

Regional groundwater flow in karstified carbonate aquifers typically occurs via a connected system of conduits, rather than in a porous matrix. This feature makes such aquifers difficult to characterize and quantify and they are among the most poorly modeled of all physical systems. Current models drastically overpredict travel times of pollutants, and current statistical methods cannot reliably determine the salient properties of these aquifers using surface‐flow data.Better understanding of such aquifers is needed, since they are widespread [Veni, 2002], typically more productive than other types of aquifers, and vulnerable to contamination.
Developing quantitative skills activities for geoscience students
Authors: Hancock Gregory , Manduca Cathy 
Published: October 2006

Teaching quantitative skills is one of the most challenging and important aspects of teaching geoscience. Quantitative skills are essential for Earth science students and citizens alike, and these skills have been deemed a critical goal for U.S. undergraduate education [National Science Foundation, 1996].Public policy decisions increasingly are made and explained to the public based on data presentation, numerical models, statistics, and numbers. Introductory Earth sciences are among the primary courses chosen by nonscience students to fulfill science requirements and thus provide an important vehicle for teaching these essential skills. Courses in the geoscience major are equally important in introducing students to the quantitative analysis that is increasingly central to the discipline. It is therefore essential that adequate training be provided to Earth science majors and nonmajors in quantitative techniques ranging from simple graph and data interpretation to more sophisticated techniques such as numerical modeling.
Testing the Lake Agassiz meltwater trigger for the Younger Dryas
Authors: Lowell Thomas , Waterson Nicholas , Fisher Timothy , Loope Henry , Glover Katherine , Comer Gary , Hajdas Irka , Denton George , Schaefer Joerg , Rinterknecht Vincent , Broecker Wallace , Teller James 
Published: October 2006

Meltwater drainage from glacial Lake Agassiz has been implicated for nearly 15 years as a trigger for thermohaline circulation changes producing the abrupt cold period known as the Younger Dryas. On the basis of initial field reconnaissance to the lake's proposed outlets, regional geomorphic mapping, and preliminary chronological data, an alternative hypothesis may be warranted.Should ongoing data collection continue to support preliminary results, it could be concluded that Lake Agassiz did not flood catastrophically into the Lake Superior basin preceding the Younger Dryas (Figure 1). All preliminary findings imply a retreating ice sheet margin approximately 1000 years younger than previously thought, which would have blocked key meltwater corridors at the start of the Younger Dryas.
Arctic ocean study: Synthesis of model results and observations
Authors: Proshutinsky A. , Yang J. , Krishfield R. , Gerdes R. , Karcher M. , Kauker F. , Koeberle C. , Hakkinen S. , Hibler W. , Holland D. , Maqueda M. , Holloway G. , Hunke E. , Maslowski W. , Steele M. , Zhang J. 
Published: October 2006

Model development and simulations represent a comprehensive synthesis of observations with advances in numerous disciplines (physics; mathematics; and atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric, and related sciences), enabling hypothesis testing via numerical experiments. For the Arctic Ocean, modeling has become one of the major instruments for understanding past conditions and explaining recently observed changes.In this context, the international Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMiphttp://fish.cims.nyu.edu/project_aomip/overview. html) has investigated various aspects of ocean and sea ice changes for the time period 1948 to present. Among the major AOMIP themes are investigations of the origin and variability of Atlantic water (AW) circulation, mechanisms of accumulation and release of fresh water (FW), causes of sea level rise, and the role of tides in shaping climate.
Urban heat islands developing in coastal tropical cities
Authors: González Jorge E. , Luvall Jeffrey C. , Rickman Douglas , Comarazamy Daniel , Picón Ana , Harmsen Eric , Parsiani Hamed , Vásquez Ramón E. , Ramírez Nazario , Williams Robin , Waide Robert W. , Tepley Craig A. 
Published: October 2006

Beautiful and breezy cities on small tropical islands, it turns out, may not be exempt from the same local climate change effects and urban heat island effects seen in large continental cities such as Los Angeles or Mexico City. A surprising, recent discovery indicates that this is the case for San Juan, Puerto Rico, a relatively affluent coastal tropical city of about two million inhabitants that is spreading rapidly into the once‐rural areas around it.A recent climatological analysis of the surface temperature of the city has revealed that the local temperature has been increasing over the neighboring vegetated areas at a rate of 0.06°C per year for the past 30 years. This is a trend that may be comparable to climate changes induced by global warming.
Katrina and Rita were lit up with lightning
Authors: Shao X.‐M. , Harlin J. , Stock M. , Stanley M. , Regan A. , Wiens K. , Hamlin T. , Pongratz M. , Suszcynsky D. , Light T. 
Published: October 2006

Hurricanes generally produce very little lightning activity compared to other noncyclonic storms, and lightning is especially sparse in the eye wall and inner regions within tens of kilometers surrounding the eye [Molinari et al., 1994, 1999]. (The eye wall is the wall of clouds that encircles the eye of the hurricane.) Lightning can sometimes be detected in the outer, spiral rainbands, but the lightning occurrence rate varies significantly from hurricane to hurricane as well as within an individual hurricane's lifetime.Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the U.S. Gulf coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and their distinctions were not just limited to their tremendous intensity and damage caused. They also differed from typical hurricanes in their lightning production rate.
Glacier shrinkage and water resources in the Andes
Authors: Francou Bernard , Coudrain Anne 
Published: October 2006

For more than a century glaciers around the world have been melting as air temperatures rise due to a combination of natural processes and human activity. The disappearance of these glaciers can have wide‐ranging effects, such as the creation of new natural hazards or changes in stream flow that could threaten water suppliesSome of the most dramatic melting has occurred in the Andes mountain range in South America. To highlight the climatic and glacial change in the Andes and to encourage the scientific community to strengthen the glacier observation network that stretches from Colombia to the Patagonian ice fields, the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA), Perú, and the Institute of Research and Development (IRD), France, recently organized the second Symposium on Mass Balance of Andean Glaciers in Huaráz,Perú.
The role of volatiles and atmospheres on Martian impact craters
Authors: Barlow Nadine , Stewart Sarah , Barnouin‐Jha Olivier 
Published: October 2006

Many questions remain about what Martian impact craters reveal about the planet's environment at the time of the impact and about the subsequent processes that have modified these craters. In particular, questions remain about the role of near‐surface or “target” volatiles (volatiles within the upper few kilometers of the surface) and the planets variable carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere on ejecta formation and modification.A recent meeting, “Workshop on the Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters,” helped to better define these questions and review current understandings. The workshop was sponsored by the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Mars Crater Consortium, NASA, Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, and the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group.
Seafloor margin map helps in understanding subduction earthquakes
Authors: Collot J.‐Y. , Migeon S. , Spence G. , Legonidec Y. , Marcaillou B. , Schneider J.‐L. , Michaud F. , Alvarado A. , Lebrun J.‐F. , Sosson M. , Pazmino A. 
Published: October 2006

Ecuador and southwest (SW) Colombia suffered widespread damage during the twentieth century as a result of some of the greatest subduction earthquakes and associated tsunamis ever recorded. In 1906, the Ecuador‐SW Columbia margin, located at the transition between the continent and deep ocean, ruptured over a 500‐kilometer length as a single great (Mw = 8.8) subduction earthquake (Figure 1a) [Kelleher, 1972]. The 1906 rupture zone was partially reactivated in 1942, 1958, and 1979 by earthquakes of Mw 7.7 to 8.2 (Figure 1b), with 100‐200 kilometerlong rupture zones [Beck and Ruff, 1984].Such considerable variation in earthquake rupture length and magnitude in this area's seismic cycles during the last century has raised questions about the nature and enduring significance of the boundaries that exist between rupture zones and about the long‐term recurrence interval between earthquakes.
Mars atmospheric surface interactions and the CO2 cycle
Authors: Titus Timothy N. , Colaprete Anthony 
Published: October 2006

Mars' northern and southern seasonal polar caps are formed during their respective autumn and winter seasons both by condensation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) directly onto the surface, and through atmospheric precipitation in the form of CO2 snow. During the polar spring and summer, the seasonal ice sublimes, returning CO2 to the atmosphere.Roughly 25% of the atmosphere, which is 95% CO2 by volume, is cycled through the seasonal caps annually. This CO2 cycle dominates atmospheric circulation on Mars and must be thoroughly understood before the fundamental questions about Mars' climate history and the global distribution of near‐surface water can be addressed.
Sumatra earthquake research indicates why rupture propagated northward
Authors: Singh Satish C. 
Published: October 2006

The Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004 (Mw = 9.3) was one of the largest megathrust earthquakes ever recorded using a modern seismic network. The rupture initiated around 3°N near Simeulue Island and propagated northward for about 1250 kilometers up to the Andaman Islands. Nearly three months later, on 28 March 2005, a second large earthquake occurred (Mw = 8.6) about 150 kilometers farther southeast.The aftershocks of these two events (Figure 1) do not overlap, with one lying east and the other west of Simeulue Island. This observation, along with modeling studies [Lay et al., 2005; Ammon et al., 2005] of the earthquake ruptures suggest that there should be a lithosphere‐scale boundary around Simeulue, which could be either in the lower plate or in the upper plate. Such a boundary will act as a barrier for rupture propagation from an earthquake initiated on the other side of the boundary.