bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On storing and changing shape information
Authors: Braid I. C. 
Published: November 2005

A data structure for modelling engineering components and assemblies is described. It is shown how the same structure, slightly extended, can also be used to represent a single component defined as boolean combinations of more primitive shapes. This leads to a unified method of handling both the concise boolean description and the longer explicit description in terms of faces, edges and vertices. The technique permits close control of evaluation from boolean to explicit description, and facilitates saving of partly evaluated results and back tracking.
The data structure is built up and evaluation is controlled through a geometrical language embedded in Algol 68. The language is intended for the construction of computer-aided design systems, for simulating engineering production processes, or for any application in which shapes and changes to shapes must be recorded and manipulated.
The PADL-1.0/2 system for defining and displaying solid objects
Authors: Voelcker H. , Requicha A. , Hartquist E. , Fisher W. , Metzger J. , Tilove R. , Birrell N. , Hunt W. , Armstrong G. , Check T. , Moote R. , McSweeney J. 
Published: November 2005

PADL (Part and Assembly Description Language) is a language for defining solid objects via constructive solid geometry, i.e. as (regularized) set-theoretical compositions of primitive solid “building blocks”. The current processor for Version 1.0 of the language accepts PADL statements either in batch or in keyboard-interactive mode and produces line drawings of objects on CRT's and plotting devices. A variety of drawing styles is available: dimensioned orthographics, perspectives, section views, interference drawings, etc.
Novel characteristics of the PADL-1.0/2 system include 1) general combinational operators that may be applied to any part defined in PADL, 2) correct handling of “pathologies” that occur when (for example) two objects have partially coincident boundaries, 3) maintenance of consistent multiple representations of the same object, and 4) automatic posting on drawings of dimensions to reflect user-defined geometric relations between features of objects.
This paper provides an overview of both the language and the current processor's capabilities and organization. Detailed discussions of the underlying mathematics, algorithms, and implementation are presented elsewhere.
A system for interactive modeling of physical curved surface objects
Authors: England J. N. 
Published: November 2005

It is often important to obtain descriptions of existing objects for computer graphics data bases. A system to aid interactive modeling (in three dimensions) of a physical object is described. The system allows a user to fit a bi-cubic parametric spline surface to an object by superimposing stereoscopic views of the computer surface with stereoscopic television views of the object. A 3-D joystick is used to manipulate surface control points while the user views the computed surface as isoparametric contours.
A raster scan display polarization stereoscope is used.
The left eye and right eye surface views are computed using a unique display processor designed and constructed for the evaluation of raster scan graphics techniques. The display processor consists of multiple non-pipelined concurrently operating microprogrammed modules. The computation of the two reasonably complex images (>500 vectors each) takes less than 33 msec allowing real time display at standard television rates.
FLAIR - user interface dialog design tool
Authors: Wong Peter C. S. , Reid Eric R. 
Published: November 2005

To aid the system designers in achieving early involvement of the users, FLAIR (a user interface dialog design tool) was conceptualized and developed. FLAIR allows the designer to rapidly prototype a system's Man-Machine Interface.
A system designer can select a desired mix of input/output devices ranging from voice to high resolution graphics equipment. FLAIR prompts its users with a dynamic menu according to a pre-defined English-like syntax. Commands are entered by the designer's own voice. Entered commands are validated by voice pattern recognition and command language-gating. Pointing devices are used to locate, place, and/or pick objects from the RAMTEK 9400 25” high-resolution color monitor.
The graphics display portion of FLAIR is handled by a Core Standard graphics package. This particular package also fits the specific needs of FLAIR in that it makes available most of the RAMTEK 9400's hardware features.
A relational DBMS has been integrated into FLAIR in order to manage system and user-defined data relationships. The user-defined data can be associated with a particular on-screen graphics symbol, and can then be queried at a later time.
In addition to single graphics snapshots (or “static frames”), FLAIR allows the system designer to create command menu hierarchies for “dynamic scenarios.” This allows the designer to simulate, through client menu item selection, the system control flow. He can, in effect, create a tree of menus, traverse the tree at will, and select more menus or system actions as desired. All menus appear as sensitized areas on the graphics screen, and can be selected via any of the available input devices.
It is estimated that a system designer can greatly improve his dialog design productivity by using FLAIR. The designers need not code any formal programs. The designer need not master the usage of the host computer, the graphic input/output systems, the menu controls, or the database programming before his designs are realized. FLAIR is there to assimilate, assemble, save and exercise his instructed operator dialog.
The device model of interaction
Authors: Anson Ed 
Published: November 2005

Any interactive system can be described in terms of the devices it involves, and their interconnections. Similarly, each device can be described in terms of simpler devices and their interconnections. Such descriptions are strictly modular, and well structured.
This observation allows any system to be described, at all levels, by the same language. Such descriptions have intuitive appeal for hardware as well as software components, and for process control applications as well as human-machine interaction. The Device model of interaction, as described here, can ease the job of designing user- friendly interactive systems, and can be adapted for automatic compilation.
As an example, the design of an actual system component is discussed. The design is presented, at several levels, in a Pascal-like notation. It represents a module created to provide a human-machine interface via a graphic tablet, keyboard and video monitor.
Graphical tools for interactive image interpretation
Authors: Mckeown David M. , Denlinger Jerry L. 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes BROWSE, an interactive raster image display facility which is a major component of a larger integrated Map Assisted Photo-interpretation System (MAPS), being developed as a prototype interactive aid for photo-interpretation. Application areas for this research include image cartography, land use studies and reconnaissance, as well as image database organization, storage, and retrieval.
BROWSE is a window-oriented display manager which supports raster image display, overlay of graphical data such as map descriptions and image processing segmentations, and the specification and generation of 3D shaded surface models. Digitized imagery from black and white and color aerial mapping photographs is displayed by BROWSE at multiple levels of resolution and allows for dynamic positioning, zooming, expansion or shrinking of the image window. Map data represented as vectors and polygons can be superimposed on the imagery through image-to-map registration. Access to collateral map databases and terrain models may be accomplished using the BROWSE graphical interface. Finally, the window representation gives a convenient communication mechanism for passing image fragments to image interpretation programs, which generally run as separate processes. The results of such processing can be returned to BROWSE for further processing by the user.
We will discuss the rationale behind the design of BROWSE as well as its application to domains including aerial photo-interpretation and 3D cartography.
An algorithm and data structure for 3D object synthesis using surface patch intersections
Authors: Carlson Wayne E. 
Published: November 2005

There are several successful systems that provide algorithms that allow for the intersection of polygonal objects or other primitive shapes to create more complex objects. Our intent is to provide similar algorithms for intersecting surface patches. There have been contributions to this concept at the display algorithm level, that is, computing the intersection at the time the frame is generated. In an animation environment, however, it becomes important to incorporate the intersection in the data generation routines, in order that those parts of the intersected object that never contribute to an image are not processed by the display algorithm. This only increases the complexity of the object unnecessarily, and subsequently puts an additional burden on the display algorithms.
An algorithm is described which uses a modified Catmull recursive subdivision scheme to find the space curve which is the intersection of two bicubic patches. An associated data structure is discussed which incorporates this curve of intersection in the patch description in a way suitable for efficient display of the intersected object. Sample output of these intersections are shown which serve to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of the described procedures.
The message is the medium
Authors: Beach Richard J. , Beatty John C. , Booth Kellogg S. , Plebon Darlene A. , Fiume Eugene L. 
Published: November 2005

An innovative design for an interactive paint program has been developed based on multiple processes and message passing. Traditional paint programs combine interrupt-driven support of a graphical input device, such as a mouse or tablet, with the coloring of pixels in a raster display. We advocate a different design methodology which is illustrated in our implementation. The multiple processes and message passing primitives provided by some real-time operating systems encourage the design of parallel-program architectures and anthropomorphic programming structures, analogous to artist procedures and the metaphors of Smalltalk.
The Thoth operating system was used to experiment with such an anthropomorphic design. Thoth provides a hospitable environment in which to investigate the distribution of algorithms between software and microprogrammed hardware processes, the performance and responsiveness of a multiple-process interactive program, and experimental user interfaces using an Ikonas 3000 frame buffer.
The paint program consists of processes which handle the graphics tablet, track an iconic cursor, paint a selection of brushes, fill regions of the image, draw lines, and implement the user interface. Some processes have been implemented both in software and microcode.
Video Panel Session on Interactive Systems
Authors: Baecker Ronald 
Published: November 2005

SIGGRAPH has long provided a forum for the presentation, discussion, evaluation, and appreciation of beautiful algorithms and beautiful pictures. The Video Panel Session on Interactive Systems is a new SIGGRAPH event, affording us the opportunity to look at beautiful systems.
The design of interactive systems and of their user interfaces is an art. We possess no systematic design methodology, no effective and universal method of evaluation. We speak in earnest praise of the importance of power, generality, flexibility, ease of use, ease of learning, robustness, and a dozen other universally admired attributes, but we do not know how to construct systems so that they are guaranteed to have these attributes.
GRAMPS - A graphics language interpreter for real-time, interactive, three-dimensional picture editing and animation
Authors: O'Donnell T. J. , Olson Arthur J. 
Published: November 2005

GRAMPS, a graphics language interpreter has been developed in FORTRAN 77 to be used in conjunction with an interactive vector display list processor (Evans and Sutherland Multi-Picture-System). Several of the features of the language make it very useful and convenient for real-time scene construction, manipulation and animation. The GRAMPS language syntax allows natural interaction with scene elements as well as easy, interactive assignment of graphics input devices. GRAMPS facilitates the creation, manipulation and copying of complex nested picture structures. The language has a powerful macro feature that enables new graphics commands to be developed and incorporated interactively.
Animation may be acheived in GRAMPS by two different, yet mutually compatible means. Picture structures may contain “framed” data, which consist of a sequence of fixed objects. These structures may be displayed sequentially to give a traditional frame animation effect. In addition, transformation information on picture structures may be saved at any time in the form of new macro commands that will transform these structures from one saved state to another in a specified number of steps, yielding an interpolated transformation animation effect.
An overview of the GRAMPS command structure is given and several examples of application of the language to molecular modeling and animation are presented.
A computer aid for man machine modelling
Authors: Kingsley E. C. , Schofield N. A. , Case K. 
Published: November 2005

Computer aids for design ignore, in general, one of the critical areas in present day society. This is the workplace, where men and machines interact to produce goods or generate services with a mixture of social, economic and industrial objectives.
This paper describes the SAMMIE (System for Aiding Man Machine Interaction Evaluation) Computer Aided Design System, which provides the designer with a wide range of aids including ones specifically for the evaluation of ergonomic criteria. A three-dimensional workplace model may be displayed on the screen of a graphics terminal linked to a minicomputer. To this workplace model, a Man Model of variable anthropometry can be added, enabling the workplace to be evaluated against criteria such as those relating to the operator's reach, vision, and fit capabilities.
The system has been used in a wide range of applications including vehicles and aircraft, materials handling equipment, large assembly jigs, commercial and industrial interiors. Examples from some of these are shown illustrating the facilities of the system.
Animating facial expressions
Authors: Platt Stephen M. , Badler Norman I. 
Published: November 2005

Recognition and simulation of actions performable on rigidly-jointed actors such as human bodies have been the subject of our research for some time. One part of an ongoing effort towards a total human movement simulator is to develop a system to perform the actions of American Sign Language (ASL). However, one of the “channels” of ASL communication, the face, presents problems which are not well handled by a rigid model.
An integrated system for an internal representation and simulation of the face is presented, along with a proposed image analysis model. Results from an implementation of the internal model and simulation modules are presented, as well as comments on the future of computer controlled recognition of facial actions.
We conclude with a discussion on extensions of the system, covering relations between flexible masses and rigid (jointed) ones. Applications of this theory into constrained actions, such as across rigid nonmoving sheets of bone (forehead, eyes) are also discussed.
Vectorized procedural models for natural terrain
Authors: Max Nelson L. 
Published: November 2005

A ray-tracing procedural model is described, in which ocean waves and islands are rendered by different but related algorithms. The algorithms are based on analytic formulas involving arithmetic operations, trigonometric functions, and square roots, and are organized for a vectorizing compiler on a Cray 1, a “supercomputer” with a vector pipeline architecture. Height field methods are used, one vertical scan line at a time, to trace the direct rays to the ocean, where they are reflected. Approximate methods are then applied to find whether the reflected rays meet any other object on their way to the sky. The output, at eight bits per pixel, gives information for shading, e.g. the angle of the surface normal for rays meeting the islands, or the angle of elevation from the horizon for rays continuing unobstructed to the sky.
The output is recorded on a magnetic tape for each frame in one cycle of the wave motion, and plotted offline on a Dicomed D-48 color film recorder. The eight bits per pixel are interpreted by a color translation table, which is gradually changed as the wave cycle is repeated to simulate the changing illumination during sunset.
Old female reed buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus) increase extra-pair paternity in their broods when mated to young males
Authors: Bouwman Karen M. , Komdeur Jan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn birds, females are generally assumed to determine whether extra-pair copulations occur, and thus most studies on extra-pair paternity (EPP) have focussed on female preference for male traits, whereas female traits have been largely neglected. However, the occurrence of EPP is likely to be a result of behavioural interactions (e.g., mate guarding by the social male and escaping mate guarding by the female), and may be related to individual experience, which is expected to increase with age. We investigated the effect of age on levels of EPP in reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus, a socially monogamous passerine with extremely high levels of extra-pair young (more than 50% of offspring). In broods of older males the rate of cuckoldry declined, which is in agreement with our previous finding that older males are more successful, either through female choice or through male experience. In contrast, older females tended to increase the level of extra-pair paternity in their broods. When including the age of the partner, we found that young males, but not old males, were cuckolded more by old females than by young females. The increase in EPP with female age is not likely to be due to disassortative mating with respect to age, an increased capacity of older females to raise a brood without male help, nor a male preference for older females. With age, males nor females changed their share in parental effort. We suggest that with increase in age, females become more choosy when selecting the male that sires their offspring, or alternatively, become more experienced at circumventing paternity assurance tactics of young males.
Parental care and brood division in a songbird, the black redstart
Authors: Draganoiu Tudor I. , Nagle Laurent , Musseau Raphael , Kreutzer Michel 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSexual conflict over parental care can be mediated through differences in male and female overall feeding rates, brood division or both. At present, it is not clear whether post-fledging brood division occurs due to sexual conflict over parental investment or is due to bi-parental cooperation, e.g. increase offspring fitness. We provide evidence suggesting that brood division in the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros is due to sexual conflict. Males and females had similar feeding contributions during the nestling stage, which is common for most passerine species. After fledging, each parent showed long-term feeding preferences for particular chicks within the brood. In most cases (74%; 17/23) both parents provided care but males tended to feed less fledglings than females did and in about a quarter of cases (26%; 6/23) females fed the whole brood by themselves. The relative amount of male to female post-fledging feedings showed a significant negative relationship with the proportion of fledglings cared for exclusively by the male. These results suggest (1) a close link between the amount of parental care and brood division; (2) sexual conflict can be mediated through brood division; (3) female redstarts appear to loose this conflict more often than male redstarts, with in the extreme cases males showing post-fledging brood desertion. A literature review shows brood division to occur in at least a dozen of songbird species but male black redstarts have the lowest relative post-fledging parental investment, expressed either as feeding rates or number of chicks in care.
Active and passive social support in families of greylag geese (Anser anser)
Authors: Frigerio Didone , Weiß Brigitte M. , Scheiber Isabella B.R. , Kotrschal Kurt 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn general, support by social allies may reduce stress, increase success in agonistic encounters and ease access to resources. Social support was mainly known from mammals, particularly primates, and has been studied in birds only recently. Basically two types are known: (i) 'active social support', which describes the participation of a social ally in agonistic encounters, and (ii) 'passive social support' in which the mere presence of a social ally reduces behavioural and physiological stress responses. In greylag geese (Anser anser) offspring stay with their parents for an entire year or even longer and therefore are a candidate avian model to study support by social allies. We investigated the effects of active and passive social support in ten families (ten males, ten females, 33 juveniles) in a free-roaming, semi-tame flock of greylag geese. Focal individuals were observed during three time periods: (i) re-establishment of the flock in the fall, (ii) stable winter flock, and (iii) disintegration of the flock and break-up of family bonds. We recorded all agonistic interactions of the members of one focal family during morning feedings for two consecutive days: a control day, in which food was distributed widely, and a social density stress situation, in which the same amount of food was spread over a much smaller area. In addition, we collected faeces of all individuals within this family for three hours from the beginning of the feeding situation for determining excreted corticosterone immuno-reactive metabolites by enzyme immuno assay. We found that the small families, i.e. pairs with one or two accompanying young, were involved in more agonistic interactions, mainly through the lack of active social support, as compared to large families in the same situation. Members of greylag goose families lost agonistic encounters significantly less often when actively supported. In addition, the excretion of corticosterone metabolites was significantly decreased in large families during a social density stress situation, probably as an effect of passive social support. Via such a socially induced decrease in hormonal stress response during challenging situations, an individual's long term energy management may benefit.