bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on stress and smoking: progress and problems
Authors: POMERLEAU OVIDE F. , POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite evidence that smoking behaviour increases in the context of stress, there has yet to be a clear‐cut demonstration that nicotine intake is similarly enhanced. Although nicotine intake has been shown to reduce reported anxiety in the context of stress, the controlling conditions (type of stressor, intensity, temporal relationships, etc.) need further exploration. Recent findings involving nicotine's effects on the hypophyseal‐adrenal axis provide a new perspective on these issues, in that increased nicotine intake during exposure to a stressor may represent, at least in part, behavioral compensation for diminished sensitivity to nicotine brought about by nicotine‐stimulated corticosteroid release. Corticosteroids may decrease central nervous system excitability in a way that could account for anxiety reduction; on the other hand, anxiety reduction may be an epiphenomenon with respect to the reinforcement of smoking behaviour. The integration of behavioural, physiological, and biochemical research exemplified by the above approach should lead to a better understanding of stress and smoking.
The application of 1980s psychology to 1990s smoking research
Authors: TIFFANY STEPHEN T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe 1988 Surgeon General's report (US DHHS, 1988) argued that smoking should be considered an addiction because it displays the features common to all addictive disorders, which were, most importantly, highly controlled or compulsive use of a psychoactive substance. Furthermore, urges to smoke were identified as directly responsible for this pattern of drug use. Although it is commonly asserted that urges are central to the addictive process, relatively little research has been devoted to this issue and the evidence that is available provides little support for the assumption. This paper argues that the role of urges in addictive smoking should receive greater attention from smoking researchers and offers several suggestions for overcoming the methodological and theoretical limitations of previous research on smoking urges.
Smokers of the future
Authors: WARBURTON DAVID M. , REVELL ANDREW D. , THOMPSON DEWI H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTeenagers continue to be initiated into smoking, especially young women. A predictor of smoking is the existence ofstressors in their life. The major components of smoking motivation have been found to be similar in young smokers to those found in older smokers, except for the appearance of a group who are resisting the pressures against smoking. There is no evidence that the smokers of the future will be more extreme personality types than the smokers of 10 or more years ago. Changes in demographic characteristics of smokers in the United Kingdom and the United States in favour of relatively more women and more smokers from the poorer socio‐economic groups requires investigation into whether this is attributable to different coping requirements in these groups.
Comprehensive approaches to tobacco use control
Authors: GLYNN THOMAS J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay suggests approaches to two issues of importance to the future of tobacco use control research. First, there is need to identify those areas of tobacco use prevention and cessation research which have evolved to the point where additional investigation would only bring incremental gains. The reduction potential of this research should then be consolidated by applying existing, effective interventions widely and systematically. Conversely, there is need to identify those areas in which additional research is necessary. Second, the most logical way to reach agreement on those areas which are ready to move from research to applications‐of‐research is, with the co‐operation and advice of the research community, through the large funding organizations which have supported this research over the past 2 decades. It is these organizations which, once the most effective interventions are identified, are capable of supporting the centrally‐planned, consensus‐driven, comprehensive approaches to tobacco use control which will be necessary to continued success in reducing tobacco‐related morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world and to begin addressing the growing problems of tobacco use in the developing world.
Great expectations: some suggestions for applying the balanced placebo design to nicotine and smoking
Authors: SUTTON STEPHEN R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere are a number of methodological problems with the traditional placebo‐controlled design used to investigate the effects of nicotine in human subjects. For example, the experimental instructions may create a ‘guessing set’ in the participants such that they search for possible clues to try to identify which condition they are in. If they guess correctly, the internal validity of the design may be threatened. Furthermore, by attempting to control for the effect of subjects' expectancies, the traditional placebo design precludes any estimate of expectancy effects. Continued use of this methodology in the smoking field is likely to lead to an overemphasis on pharmacological factors in smoking and a corresponding underemphasis on cognitive factors and nicotine‐expectancy interactions. These problems can be overcome by the use of the balanced placebo design which orthogonally manipulates instructions (Told Nicotine versus Told Placebo) and nicotine (Received Nicotine versus Received Placebo). The balanced placebo design offers a powerful methodology for studying many aspects of smoking behaviour and nicotine effects, and three examples are given to illustrate its potential in this field: nicotine titration, nicotine and performance, and priming effects in smoking relapse.
The cue‐responsivity phenomenon in dependent drinkers: ‘personality’ vulnerability and anxiety as intervening variables
Authors: MCCUSKER C. G. , BROWN K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cue‐responsivity phenomenon to alcohol‐associated stimuli in dependent drinkers was examined. In accordance with previous research, significant differences on both physiological and subjective cue‐responsivity variables, between dependent and non‐dependent drinkers were found. The unique contribution of this paper is two‐fold. Firstly, evidence is presented which suggests that the Eysenckian personality traits of introversion and neuroticism are more predictive of cue‐responsivity variance in the dependent drinkers than either severity of dependence or number of years' drinking. Secondly, within this dependent group, the relationship between cue‐responsivity and ‘craving’ was seen to be less straightforward than traditionally thought. Specifically, it suggested that it was the extent to which autonomic cue‐responsivity elicited increases in self‐reported anxiety, which predicted most of the variance on the ‘craving’ variable. Taken together, these results raise the interesting possibility that a personality disposition akin to trait anxiety, and the degree to which cue exposure elicits state anxiety, mediated the relationship between cue‐responsivity and ‘craving’ in dependent drinkers.
Should opiate addicts be involved in controlling their own detoxification? A comparison of fixed versus negotiable schedules
Authors: DAWE SHARON , GRIFFITHS PAUL , GOSSOP MICHAEL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study compares the responses of opiate addicts at a London drug treatment centre to two outpatient methadone‐based detoxification programmes. These involved either a fixed (non‐negotiable) dose reduction schedule or a flexible, negotiable withdrawal schedule. In the negotiable condition, subjects were less likely to complete the detoxification programme and the mean reduction in dose achieved by the subjects in the negotiable condition was less than that in the fixed group. There was no difference between groups in programme retention at 6 weeks though subjects who remained in treatment in the negotiable group tended to extend their detoxification period beyond this point. The overall response of subjects in both groups was unsatisfactory. Only 13% of the subjects initially allocated to detoxification or 28% of those who actually started detoxification completed treatment; urine screening showed that heroin abuse was a continuing problem during treatment. The implications of these results for detoxification and drug treatment services are discussed.
Follow‐up after a six‐month maintenance period on naltrexone versus placebo in heroin addicts
Authors: SAN L. , POMAROL G. , PERI J. M. , OLLE J. M. , CAMI J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNaltrexone and placebo as adjuvant treatment of opioid dependence were compared in a double‐blind, controlled clinical trial in 50 heroin addicts. The overall efficacy was assessed by the degree of treatment acceptance, percentage of relapse in heroin consumption, presence of side effects, and overall retention on naltrexone. A total of 50 patients of both sexes, aged from 18 to 30 years, who fulfilled DSM‐III‐R criteria for opioid dependence were included in the study. All patients completed detoxification with clonidine on an in‐patient basis for 2 weeks and subsequently, on an out‐patient basis, received oral naltrexone (350 mg per week) for a month. At the beginning of the second month patients were randomly allocated to treatment with naltrexone (28 patients) or placebo (22 patients) until a 6‐month treatment period in a double‐blind fashion had been completed. During the study period (1 year) all patients followed the same therapeutic schedule. Patients in both groups were comparable in terms of socio‐demographic data and toxicological history. The efficacy of naltrexone was not superior to that of placebo as there were no significant differences in acceptance of treatment, retention rates, opioid and other drug consumption, drug compliance or side effects.
A meta‐analysis of double‐blind placebo‐controlled trials of clonidine for smoking cessation
Authors: COVEY LIRIO S. , GLASSMAN ALEXANDER H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCombined data from nine double‐blind placebo‐controlled trials (total n=813), showed a smoking quit rate with clonidine that was significantly greater than with placebo. Further analysis suggested a potentiating influence of individual behavior therapy, and it appeared that clonidine may be more helpful for female than male smokers. Future trials are needed to determine long‐term efficacy, and to clarify the effects of gender, other subject characteristics and various treatment conditions on the usefulness of clonidine as a smoking cessation aid.
Evaluation of patients treated for pathological gambling in a combined alcohol, substance abuse and pathological gambling treatment unit using the Addiction Severity Index
Authors: LESIEUR HENRY R. , BLUME SHEILA B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSeventy‐two pathological gambling patients were followed‐up after treatment in a combined alcohol, substance abuse and compulsive gambling treatment program. The Addiction Severity Index (modified for use with pathological gamblers) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Patients reduced their intake of alcohol, other drugs and their gambling as well as improved in legal, family/social, and psychological functioning. There was a trend for improvement in medical condition and no net change in employment functioning. The study supports the idea that combined treatment is an effective way of dealing with patients whose gambling problems are discovered when they enter treatment for another addiction, as well as for patients whose initial complaints include pathological gambling, with or without additional problems.
Locus of control of behaviour: is high externality associated with substance misuse?
Authors: HAYNES PHILIP , AYLIFFE GLENDA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPersonal control and responsibility are key themes in the therapeutic use of ‘motivational interviewing’. This popular method of counselling has suggested that clients need to believe they have a significant degree of control over their behaviour if they are to make progress. Using a well validated psychological test on locus of control of behaviour, our research sought to establish whether active misusers really believed that had less personal control than non‐misusers. To establish this a sample of misusers was tested and compared with three diverse, comparable groups. Possible confounding factors such as age, sex and class were controlled for. T tests established a significant difference between the active misusers and the other sampled groups. Further, a regression analysis of variance, calculated to explain the differing external scores offered no reasonable explanation as far as age, sex and class were concerned. Alternatively, self diagnosed substance misuse accounted for 23% of the variation in scores. We concluded, therefore, that high externality scores are a good indicator of active misusing behaviour and that beliefs about personal control are important to address, if one is to increase the chances of a positive client outcome.
A comparison of the diets of non‐smokers and smokers
Authors: WHICHELOW MARGARET J. , ERZINCLIOGLU SHARON W. , COX B. D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDietary data, mostly in the form of the frequency of consumption of foods, from the 9003 respondents in the Health and Lifestyle Survey were used to compare lifetime non‐smokers with light, heavy and ex‐smokers, taking account of age and social class. Non‐smokers, of both sexes, were significantly more likely than smokers to consume, frequently, fresh fruit in summer and winter, fruit juice, cooked and canned fruit, salads in summer and winter, breakfast cereals, cakes, biscuits, puddings, pasta, poultry, light desserts and preserves. They were also more likely to choose ‘brown’ bread, semi‐ or skimmed milk, low fat or polyunsaturated spread and to eat breakfast. Smokers were likely to consume chips and processed meats frequently, to drink more alcohol, more cups of tea and coffee and take sugar in these beverages. The differences from the non‐smokers were more marked in the heavy smokers. Ex‐smokers only differed from non‐smokers in consuming more alcohol, tea and coffee, and nuts, in consuming cakes and soft drinks less frequently and in being more likely to choose skimmed or semi‐skimmed milk. The results extend previous findings, and suggest that the eating patterns of non‐smokers are more in line with current dietary recommendations than those of light smokers or, more particularly, heavy smokers.
Like parent like child? Associations between drinking and smoking behaviour of parents and their children
Authors: GREEN GILL , MACINTYRE SALLY , WEST PATRICK , ECOB RUSSELL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the association between the smoking and drinking behaviours of parents and their adolescent children, and the effect of gender and social class upon this association. It is based on data collected from a cohort of young people and their parents, resident in the west of Scotland. Both social class and parental smoking behaviour were independently associated with young people's smoking, with young people from lower social class households or whose parents smoked being most likely to smoke. Social class and gender were independently associated with young people's drinking, with males and young people from non‐manual households being most likely to drink. Parental drinking behaviour was associated positively with young people's drinking only in non‐manual classes and among daughters. We conclude that it is important to take social class and gender into account since it may influence whether or not there is an association between the behaviour of young people and that of their parents, and it may influence young people's behaviour in addition to influences from parental behaviour.
Predisposing effects of cigarette advertising on children's intentions to smoke when older
Authors: AITKEN P. P. , EADIE D. R. , HASTINGS G. B. , HAYWOOD A. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSix hundred and forty Glasgow children, initially aged between 11 and 14 years, were interviewed twice, with approximately one year between interviews. Children whose intentions to smoke when older became more positive between the two interviews tended to be more aware of cigarette advertising at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were negative at both interviews). Children whose intentions to smoke became more negative between the interviews tended to be less appreciative of cigarette advertisements at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were positive at both interviews). Since both groups differed from their respective contrast groups before their declared intentions changed, these findings support the view that cigarette advertising has predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on children's attitudes and behaviour with respect to smoking.
Assessment and management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in buprenorphine‐dependent subjects
Authors: SAN Luis , CAMÍ JORDI , FERNÁNDEZ TERESA , OLLÉ JOSÉ M. , PERI JOSÉ M. , TORRENS MARTA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe spontaneous physical dependence of buprenorphine was assessed in opioid addicts who switched from heroin to sublingual or intravenous buprenorphine. Twenty‐two patients were randomly assigned to double‐blind administration of methadone (n = 11) or placebo (n=11) for 13 days after abrupt withdrawal of buprenorphine. Methadone was administered according to four pre‐established dosing schedules depending on the previous amount of daily consumed buprenorphine. No methadone‐treated patient required modification of the therapeutic regimen, whereas eight of eleven placebo‐treated patients needed treatment with methadone. Buprenorphine withdrawal syndrome was of opioid type, began somewhat more slowly, and showed a peak until day 5. The occurrence, time‐course and characteristics of buprenorphine withdrawal syndrome make it necessary to reconsider the abuse potential of this analgesic.
Alcohol and attempted suicide
Authors: MERRILL JOHN , MILKER GABRIELLE , OWENS JOHN , VALE ALLISTER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the prevalence of excessive drinking and alcohol‐related problems amongst suicide attempts. It also compares the characteristics of attempted suicide by alcohol consumption group. Drinking histories were taken on 250 consecutive attempted suicides admitted to the West Midlands Poisons Unit. Fifity‐one per cent of the men and 31% of the women drank more than the weekly limits recommended by the Health Education Council. Of the men, 22.5% drank more than 50 units of alcohol a week and 9.5% of the women drank more than 35 units of alcohol a week. Alcohol‐related problems (social problems, alcohol dependence or physical illness) were present in 34% of men and 15.5% of women. These results show a greater incidence of alcohol misuse than previous studies on attempted suicide. This is probably because detailed alcohol histories were taken on all patients. Alcohol misuse is best treated before major alcohol‐related problems develop. Those responsible for assessing cases of attempted suicide should be adept at detecting alcohol misuse and instituting appropriate management.
The first and second decades of AIDS among injecting drug users
Authors: JARLAIS DON C. DES 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines findings and trends from the first decade of research on AIDS among injecting drug users as a basis for projecting into the next decade. One of the most disturbing aspects of AIDS and HIV infection among injecting drug users which emerged in the first decade is the globalization of the problem. Further geographic spread can be expected, particularly in developing countries. Rapid spread of HIV among drug injectors has occurred in many different cities, with a lack of AIDS awareness and mechanisms for efficient mixing of the at‐risk population appearing to be important contributing factors. Drug injectors have modified their behavior in response to a wide variety of AIDS prevention programs. No single type of prevention program should be viewed as a panacea, and a comprehensive system of programs will undoubtedly be needed. Changing sexual risk behavior has proven to be considerably more difficult than changing drug injection risk behavior, and is an area in need of much more research.
AIDS, drugs and history
Authors: BERRIDGE VIRGINIA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses the relationship of history to two current and inter‐related policy issues, AIDS and drugs. AIDS, in particular in its early years, was a disease surrounded by history; and historians and others actively brought the ‘lesson of history’ into the public debates. Cholera and the Black Death provided historical examples of reactions to past epidemic disease; and the record of voluntarism in Britain in the area of sexually transmitted diseases was used to justify a non‐punitive response to AIDS. As the perception of AIDS has changed from epidemic to chronic disease, as reactions to the disease have become ‘normalized’, so the type of historical input has also altered. The lesson of history' approach has appeared less relevant, or has changed focus to encompass chronic—TB, multiple sclerosis—rather than epidemic disease. The concept of AIDS itself as an historic event, of the ‘contemporary history’ of AIDS has also come to the fore. The paper contrasts the relationship of AIDS and history with the ahistorical reaction to the particular impact of AIDS on drug policy. The policy reaction to illicit drugs has been historically conscious, in particular in the 1960's. But little of this historical perspective filtered into the reaction to AIDS on drug policy. Drugs, unlike AIDS, was not an open policy arena. The paper argues that overall drug policy objectives were already clear and it suited no policy interest to call on the historical record. The achievement of established policy objectives was better achieved by an emphasis on the newness of development, a response to potentially epidemic and unusual circumstances.
Epidemiology, HIV and drugs: mathematical models and data
Authors: BLOWER SALLY , MEDLEY GRAHAM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe utility of mathematical models in understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs) and their non‐IDU sex partners is discussed. We emphasize the need for collaborative relationships between modellers and drug‐use researchers, and we stress that models should be based on data in both their formulation and development stages. We outline some of the possible data requirements of transmission models and we highlight the need for the collection of appropriate quantitative data, so that modellers can estimate specific parameters for their models. We believe that discussion of the needs and utility of mathematical modelling will lead to mutually beneficial collaborations between theoreticians and drug‐use researchers. These collaborations may aid in the Design and the evaluation of effective behavioural or medical intervention strategies.
Measurement of HIV risk behaviors among intravenous drug users
Authors: SAMUELS JACK F. , VLAHOV DAVID , ANTHONY JAMES C. , CHAISSON RICHARD E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews issues related to the measurement of drug use and other behaviors in studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in intravenous drug users. These issues include: (1) choice of variables, (2) study design, (3) time frame of measurement, (4) categories of measurement, (5) interviewer effects, and (6) validity of measurement. Difficulties and approaches for measuring drug use and other intimate behaviors in intravenous drug users are discussed. Attempts to come to terms with these measurement issues in the context of HIV infection in intravenous drug users should lead to the Junker development of methods for use in the general context of drug abuse research.