bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Gripping Technique for Small Metal Specimens
Authors: La Van DA , Duncan PB , Zeng H , Sharpe WN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new technique has been developed to grip small tension specimens. The specimens are 30.5 mm long with a test cross section that is 3.2 by 3.2 mm, and they have wedge-shaped ends that fit into matching slots in the grips. Alignment is accomplished by screws that position the specimen into the middle of the slots. Strain is measured with foil gages mounted front and back, and the specimen is tested in a medium-size servohydraulic test machine. The stress-strain curves of the small specimens agree well with those from standard-size specimens.
The objective was to develop a specimen to study the local behavior of inhomogeneous materials such as steel weldments. The specimen had to be small enough for the test section to contain material from one weld bead, yet large enough to be tested in a servohydraulic test machine using a standard load cell, grips, and strain gages.
There are two sub-size or small-size specimens described in ASTM E 8 and E 8M [1]. The sub-size rectangular specimen is 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) wide with a gage length of 25.4 mm (1 in.) and an overall length of 101.6 mm (4 in.). The smallest round specimen described has a diameter of 2.87 mm (0.113 in.), a gage length of 11.4 mm (0.450 in.), and an overall length of 32 mm (1.25 in.). While the test section of the round specimen is small enough, cutting and testing these from weld metal using standard techniques would be difficult. The size of the available weld specimen prevented the use of the sub-size rectangular specimen as it required too much extra material for gripping.
Leaching Studies on ASTM Type F Fly Ashes by an Accelerated Process Method
Authors: Pandian NS , Balasubramonian S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Among the various uses for fly ash, geotechnical application is one that offers scope for large-scale utilization. Due to its low unit weight, good frictional properties, and non-plastic nature, fly ash can be used effectively as a fill material in low-lying areas, as a backfill material, as an embankment material, etc. However, the possibility of toxic metals being leached out, leading to surface and/or groundwater contamination, has to be examined. This paper presents such an investigation carried out on two Indian fly ashes. The studies indicate that the pH of the solution plays an important role in the leaching behavior of fly ashes.
Comparison and Evaluation of Tests for Coarse Aggregate Particle Shape, Angularity, and Surface Texture
Authors: Hossain MS , Parker F , Kandhal PS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Particle shape, angularity, and surface texture are critical properties in assessing aggregate usage for asphalt concrete. Fractured and flat and/or elongated particles are used in most specifications to assure quality. The particle index and uncompacted void tests indirectly measure particle shape, angularity, and surface texture and offer alternative options. Several methods were used to test crushed gravels and crushed stones. Test results were compared and evaluated. Fractured and flat and/or elongated particle tests are somewhat subjective for evaluating aggregate structural quality. The basis for determining percentages (mass or particle count) for fractured faces did not make any difference. However, the basis (mass or particle count) for computing percentages of particles with particular dimensional ratios (flat and/or elongated) should be clearly stated in specifications since the results are distinctly different. Procedures in ASTM D 4791 contain two methods for assessing particle shape, i.e., flat or elongated particles and flat and elongated particles. Percentages of flat and elongated are larger than flat or elongated.
Particle index (ASTM D 3398) and uncompacted void (proposed) tests provide comparable measures of aggregate particle shape, angularity, and surface texture. They are somewhat more analytical and precise than the “fractured particle” and “flat and/or elongated” tests. Flat and/or elongated particles have a contrary influence on the assessment of aggregate quality with particle index and uncompacted voids. Flat and/or elongated particles are generally thought undesirable, but increase both particle index and uncompacted voids, which is generally thought desirable.
The Effect of Load and Crack Misalignment on Stress Intensity Factors for Bend-Type Fracture Toughness Specimens
Authors: Baratta FI , Fett T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors (SIF) are presented for three-point bend specimens with misaligned locations of loadings and cracks. Such stress intensity factors were obtained through the application of the weight function technique and the particular stress distribution applicable to a three-point eccentrically loaded beam. Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors for an eccentrically loaded four-point beam having a misaligned crack were obtained by superposing the data applicable to the load and crack on a misaligned three-point loaded beam. The results of these analyses were then employed to evaluate the effect of load and crack misalignment on Mode I and Mode II stress intensities of specimen configurations included in ASTM E 399 for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials and in ASTM C 1421-99 for the Determination of Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature. The SIF ratios for Mode II-to-Mode I were also determined for both the eccentrically loaded three-point beam and the four-point beam having misaligned cracks. Differences in the Mode I stress intensities were determined for the cases where the load and crack misalignments are taken into account and those idealized cases where they are not. Finally, recommendations are presented to reduce, where necessary, these differences to an acceptable degree.
Extension and Evaluation of Fatigue Model for Product Shock Fragility Used in Package Design
Authors: Burgess G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Earlier work that incorporated fatigue into the description of the shock fragility of products is expanded to include more sophisticated models of failure. The robust nature of the original model, which treats fragile interior components as single-degree-of-freedom spring/mass systems deforming in an elastic/perfectly plastic manner under dynamic loading, is demonstrated in three ways. The first compares the model predictions with experimental results, which include the generic findings referenced in an ASTM standard. The second and third are based on comparisons with an exact analysis of elastic/linear plastic springs and an approximate analysis of the most general model possible.
Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping in Iron-Copper and Steel-Based Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Wolfenden A , Hodge JQ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Measurements were made of the density, dynamic shear modulus, damping, strain amplitude, and resistivity in iron-copper and steel-based metal matrix composites. The density was determined using the Archimedes method and was found to be in the range of 7463 to 8257 kg/m3. The shear modulus, damping, and strain amplitude were determined using the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT). The shear modulus was in the range of 73 to 81 GPa. Electrical resistivity measurements were performed to assess the change in the conductivity of the composites by adding copper. Metallographic studies and microhardness testing were performed to assess the distribution and hardness of the fibers in the composites. The variation of shear modulus and electrical conductivity with respect to the percentage of copper in some of the composites followed the rule of mixtures. The damping in the specimens was near 3 × 10-3 and independent of strain amplitude.
Characterization of Mechanical Properties in Surface-Treated Materials
Authors: Batista AC , Dias AM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental methodology was developed for identification of mechanical behavior laws, in which the evolution of the stresses and strains in the surface of the samples is determined by X-ray diffraction and electric resistance strain gages, respectively, as a function of the loading in four-point bending tests. The determined stress-strain curve is then characteristic of the near-surface layers of the samples. The method was validated for different steels by comparing the results of samples with homogeneous properties on the cross section with the results of tension tests. The developed methodology was applied to the study of steel samples submitted to surface treatments, presenting gradients of chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties from the surface to the bulk material.
A Novel Instrument for Automated Principal Strain Separation in Reflection Photoelasticity
Authors: Pacey MN , Haake SJ , Patterson EA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A novel instrument is presented capable of measuring the principal strains at a point on a photoelastic coating. The oblique incidence method of principal strain separation is employed, using three fringe order measurements, which are made by the automated method known as spectral contents analysis. The oblique incidence measurements are made after rotation of the polariscope about any two orthogonal axes. Three polariscopes are built into the instrument, as is a CCD camera, to facilitate accurate positioning of the instrument. The instrument was used to analyze the principal strain distributions in a disk under diametrical compression, a plate with a central hole under tension, and a stepped plate in tension. The strains in the disk and the plate with a hole were compared with theoretical results, and the strains in the stepped plate were compared with a finite element analysis of the problem. The correlation between the experimental and theoretical or numerical strains was better than 0.95 in most cases.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Precipitation-Hardened Superalloys at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Suzuki N 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to examine the axial-strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue characteristics of precipitation-hardened superalloys at cryogenic temperatures, Ni-base alloy Inconel 718 and iron-base alloy A286 were selected as superalloys for cryogenic use. Low-cycle fatigue characteristics of these alloys including the weld were investigated at 300, 77, and 4 K, in order to clarify the relation between mechanical properties and fatigue strength, especially in the high-cycle fatigue life regime. As for Inconel 718, the modified alloy improving the weldability and manufacturing of large-sized ingots was used. The tests clarified that fatigue strength of both alloys increases with decreasing temperature on the basis of a relation between total strain range and fatigue life (Nƒ). However, even though apparent stress amplitudes are normalized by 0.2% yield strength at the same temperatures, the fatigue strength of these alloys was found to decrease with the increase of temperature in the high Nƒ regime. Taking 105 cycles as a typical fatigue life in the high Nƒ regime and adjusting the data for the relation between normalized apparent stress amplitude at 105 cycles and 0.2% yield strength, including the reference data of 300-series stainless steels, it was made clear that the higher the static strength of the alloy with stable austenite, the relatively lower the fatigue strength in the high Nƒ regime tends to be, when it is normalized by 0.2% yield strength at the same temperatures. Further, focusing on the alloys with stable austenite at 4 K, the relation between normalized apparent stress amplitude at 105 cycles and 0.2% yield strength was generally characterized, and an upper bound of 0.2% yield strength for providing apparent stress amplitude value at a fatigue life of 105 cycles, which is larger than 0.2% yield strength, was established.
Development of a Machine for Closely Controlled Rolling Contact Fatigue and Wear Testing
Authors: Fletcher DI , Beynon JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to gain detailed insight into the processes taking place during rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and rolling contact wear, the test machine used must be closely controllable and offer comprehensive data collection facilities. This paper describes a machine that has been developed to offer these facilities over a wide range of test conditions, and that has the facility for the early detection of cracks by an eddy current method.
An existing twin-disk contact simulation machine has been comprehensively updated to enhance the range of tests possible and, most importantly, to offer close control over very short numbers of machine cycles, allowing the very early stages of the development of fatigue cracks and wear damage to be examined. Results of tests to examine the capabilities of the rebuilt machine and a study of the repeatability of results under two particular test conditions are presented.
Experimental Study of Residual Stress Distributions in Quenched Parts by the Incremental Large Hole Drilling Method and by the Neutron Diffraction Method
Authors: Yazdi SR , Retraint D , Lu J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The incremental hole-drilling method has been used to measure the residual stress field in a quenched part. In quenched parts, there is great compressive residual stress at the surface and tensile residual stress in the middle of the part, so in this case we used an unusually large hole diameter. The classical rosette system cannot be used. The rosette we studied is made up of six strain gages that are placed in a circle with a diameter two times the hole diameter. This system can be adapted to any chosen hole diameter. An error estimation about the positions of the gages has been developed. This procedure is based on a statistical study of measured strains by the six gages. To learn the validity of the incremental large hole drilling and to obtain the complete residual stress field through the thickness of the part, the neutron diffraction method has been used as well. This second method, however, is time consuming and expensive.
The aim of this study is to integrate the residual stress field due to quenching into a fatigue life calculation. As is known, only the compressive residual stress field influences the fatigue life, so in the case of quenched parts only the part depth with compressive residual stress need be studied.
The quenching of the studied part has been modeled by the finite element method. All the experimental results have been compared to numerical results.
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) Use in Wood-Framed Residential Construction: Design Concepts to Avoid Common Moisture Instrusion Problems
Authors: Bronski MB , Ruggiero SS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
During our field observations and water tests of wood-framed houses in North Carolina that are clad with EIFS, we noted common features in their exterior wall construction that caused significant deterioration to the sheathing and stud wall framing. For several reasons, these problems would be less severe or absent if the houses were clad with traditional residential wall systems (i.e., wood shingles or clapboards, brick veneer, or traditional stucco).
To define the design “problem” we review issues relevant to the performance of surface-sealed barrier EIFS including common sources of moisture intrusion, the potential for moisture entrapment within the wall system, i.e., the lack of drying capacity of the wall, and the moisture sensitivity of various substrates. We focus on presenting suggestions for resolving the problems and designing a functional EIF system for use on moisture-sensitive substrates such as wood-framed construction, with particular attention to structures in climates with heavy rainfall and high humidity.
Diagnostic Scores for Interlaboratory Study Data
Authors: Proctor CH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The primary goal of an interlaboratory study (ILS), or of a collaborative study as it is also called, is to verify that a measurement method will work over many testing or analytic laboratories. The data produced and the calculations of the precision statement are well established in statistical standards. We suggest some calculations beyond the precision statement to deal with detecting laboratory and data point outliers. These calculations, as suggested by Mandel, were designed to mesh with those of the precision statement but to be applied when the data first arrive back to the study director. We apply these calculations to 11 sets of ILS data from a variety of test methods and show how to read the results for indications of problems with the test method and for locating deviant laboratories.
Cyclic Loading and Creep of Intracranial Aneurysm Clips
Authors: Woods TO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm clips are used to clamp closed a portion of a blood vessel in order to prevent the rupture of cerebrovascular aneurysms. After implantation, the clips are subjected to stress, produced by the clamped tissue, in a corrosive environment. Aneurysm clips can fail by fracture or by loosening and slippage, and a failure can result in death if the aneurysm ruptures. Previous research has shown that the force required to open an aneurysm clip may decrease with repeated openings. The influence of repeated loadings on the ultimate survivability of the clip is not known. Factors such as creep and stress relaxation, which may cause a clip to loosen or slip after implantation, have not been studied. Standard test methods do not address these performance characteristics. The objective of this research is to develop test methods to investigate the cyclic load-displacement and creep behavior of intracranial aneurysm clips in both air and a simulated physiologic environment. Results of testing aneurysm clips with three spring geometries are given.
Estimation of Particle Size Distribution in Materials in the Case of Spheroidal Particles Using Quantitative Microscopy
Authors: Hashimoto A , Miyazaki T , Kang H , Noguchi H , Ogi K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper, an estimation method is proposed for the size distribution of particles in materials. The configuration of particles is assumed to be spheroidal and all observed information is gathered from cutting planes. The apparent size distribution measured from 2D is corrected to the 3D true size distribution, then the expected size distribution can be estimated from a small size up to an extreme size. This estimation method is most versatile, and involves Saltycov's method and extreme statistics at the same time. The procedure is applied to an artificial material with a given particle size distribution in computer simulation in order to examine its validity. The estimated results are compared with the given distribution, and the validity of the method is confirmed.
Finite Element Analysis and Small Punch Testing for Determining the Cryogenic Fracture Toughness of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds
Authors: Shindo Y , Horiguchi K , Sugo T , Mano Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The small punch (SP) test has been used successfully to characterize the elastic-plastic fracture toughness (JIC) of structural alloys and weldments for superconducting magnets in fusion energy systems with thin plate specimens of 10 by 10 by 0.5 mm. This study was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of performing SP tests on austenitic stainless steels and their welds at liq uid helium temperature (4 K). Correlations between SP energy, equivalent fracture strain, and JIC were assessed. All JIC data were obtained using 25 mm thick compact specimens that followed the standard test method for JIC. A finite element analysis was also performed to convert the experimentally measured load-displacement data into useful engineering information. The maximum strain en ergy density was calculated and correlated with JIC.
Experimental Evaluation of the Dynamic Shear Strength of Adhesive-Bonded Lap Joints
Authors: Srivastava V , Shukla A , Parameswaran V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental method utilizing a novel specimen geometry was developed to determine dynamic shear strength of adhesive-bonded lap joints using the classical Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique in compression. The specimens were loaded dynamically at four different loading rates, and the transmitted load through the joint was obtained from the time-resolved strain history assuming one-dimensional stress wave propagation. The shear strength of the joint was determined from the maximum transmitted load, assuming the load was transferred predominantly as shear load through the adhesive-bonded joint. The shear strength of a lap joint bonded using a general purpose epoxy adhesive was obtained at loading rates varying from quasi-static to 2300 N/µs. The results indicate that as the loading rates are increased to 1000 N/µs the shear strength of the particular adhesivebonded lap joint increases to three times its static value, after which it stabilizes.
Effects of Fixturing Mass on Dynamic Strain Errors in Structural Fatigue Testing
Authors: Hewitt RL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Improvements in control systems have allowed significant increases in testing frequencies for full-scale aircraft structural fatigue tests. This means that it is possible to be testing at frequencies that result in significant dynamic strains, with consequent over-testing.
This paper presents an analysis of a simple cantilever beam as a representation of a test on an aircraft wing. Using a state space formulation and the MatLab mathematical programming system, comparisons between static and dynamic strains for various locations on the beam are made for a variety of loading arrangements.
It is shown that significant dynamic strain errors will occur at testing frequencies above about 10% of the first natural frequency of the specimen itself. The errors can increase significantly due to the mass of the fixturing, and are further exacerbated by static counterbalancing.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Light Scattered from Aerospace Transparencies
Authors: Marasco PL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM D 1003 is often used to characterize light scattered (haze) from aerospace transparencies. However, due to the strong angular dependence of light scattered from these materials, information gathered using ASTM D 1003 is limited in determining the effect of scatter on visual performance. Another technique, one capable of measuring scattered light as a function of observation angle and illumination angle similar to ASTM E 167, is more time consuming to perform but yields information that may be better suited to visual modeling. Even though the techniques are considerably different, it is possible to compare measurements made on several samples using these two methods. This paper compares the results of measurements made using both test procedures on a number of transparent parts.