bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactions of 1,2,3-Tris(diethylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)cyclotetrasilanes
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Tanaka Ryoji , Kuribara Toshie , Saito Mina , Matsumoto Hideyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The reaction of dichloro(diethylamino)thexylsilane (thexyl = 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl) with lithium gave 1,2,3-tris(diethylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane (2) as a mixture of four diastereomers (r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,c-3,c-4-2, and r-1,c-2,t-3,t-4-2). The isomers were separated and identified by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR, IR, Mass, and UV spectroscopy. The structures of r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and r-1,t-2,c-3,c-4-2 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The Si–Si bond lengths are 2.391(1)—2.499(2) Å for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, 2.389(2)—2.478(1) Å for r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and 2.397(2)—2.485(2) Å for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2. In these molecules, there is a significant change in the structures of the Si4 frameworks; the dihedral angles were 18° for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2, 34° for r-1,t-2,t-3,t-4-2, and 3° for r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-2. The chlorodeamination or bromodeamination of 2 with HCl or HBr afforded 1,2,3-trichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane or 1,2,3-tribromo-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane, respectively. Also, a tetrachlorocyclotetrasilane, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-1,2,3,4-tetrathexylcyclotetrasilane was obtained via cyclotetrasilanyllithium.
Syntheses and Spectroscopic Properties of Substituted Phthalimido Complexes of Molybdenum(II)
Authors: Minato Makoto , Ikeya Masatoshi , Ohkubo Fumihiko , Ito Takashi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
[MoH2(OMe)2(dppe)2] reacts with a series of phthalimide derivatives, each of which contains an electron-donor, an electron-acceptor, or redox-active center, to give the corresponding (substituted phthalimido)hydrido complexes in good yields. Investigation of spectroscopic properties suggests that some of these complexes have a polarized structure in a polar solvent.
Irradiation Effects of Excimer Laser Light on Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Film
Authors: Izumi Yoshinobu , Kawanishi Shunichi , Suzuki Nobutake , Maruo Masaharu , Ichinose Nobuyuki , Yamamoto Tadashi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) film was irradiated with intense monochromatic UV light from ArF, KrF, and XeCl excimer lasers. The detachment of chlorine atoms was observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the formation of polyene structures was observed by optical absorption spectroscopy. The irradiation of ArF and KrF excimer laser light mainly caused the formation of diene and triene structures, respectively. The irradiation of XeCl laser light caused no significant reactions. Upon the consideration of the triplet energies of olefin and diene and the dissociation energy of allylic C–Cl bond, the wavelength dependence was explained by photochemical and photothermal effects of the ArF and KrF lasers, respectively.
Arginine methylation regulates mitochondrial gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei through multiple effector proteins
Authors: Goulah Christopher C. , Pelletier Michel , Read Laurie K. 
Published: June 2006

Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification that impacts gene expression in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that arginine methylation also affects mitochondrial gene expression in the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Down-regulation of the major trypanosome type I protein arginine methyltransferase, TbPRMT1, leads to destabilization of specific mitochondrial mRNAs. We provide evidence that some of these effects are mediated by the mitochondrial RNA-binding protein, RBP16, which we previously demonstrated affects both RNA editing and stability. TbPRMT1 catalyzes methylation of RBP16 in vitro. Further, MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of RBP16 isolated from TbPRMT1-depleted cells indicates that, in vivo, TbPRMT1 modifies two of the three known methylated arginine residues in RBP16. Expression of mutated, nonmethylatable RBP16 in T. brucei has a dominant negative effect, leading to destabilization of a subset of those mRNAs affected by TbPRMT1 depletion. Our results suggest that the specificity and multifunctional nature of RBP16 are due, at least in part, to the presence of differentially methylated forms of the protein. However, some effects of TbPRMT1 depletion on mitochondrial gene expression cannot be accounted for by RBP16 action. Thus, these data implicate additional, unknown methylproteins in mitochondrial gene regulation.
Paget's Disease of Bone in The Netherlands: A Population-Based Radiological and Biochemical Survey—The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Eekhoff Marelise EMW , van der Klift Marjolein , Kroon Herman M , Cooper Cyrus , Hofman Albert , Pols Huibert AP , Papapoulos Socrates E 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Serum ALP may be a good indicator of Paget's disease in epidemiologic studies. Subjects with raised and normal ALP from a population cohort were matched (1 in 6, total 548), and radiographs were taken. ALP was an excellent marker of the disease (RR, 10.9), but the majority of those affected had normal ALP.
Introduction: Evidence from radiographic surveys of limited skeletal sites has shown that Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is common in the elderly and has a distinct geographic variation. There is no information, however, about the relation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of the disease, and its prevalence in the population.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from a well-defined Dutch population cohort (the Rotterdam study) with the following specific aims: (1) to assess the relationship between serum ALP activity and prevalence of radiographically diagnosed PDB, (2) to estimate the overall prevalence of the disease in the Netherlands, and (3) to assess the appearance of the disease with time. Using a nested case-control design, subjects with an increased serum ALP and normal serum liver enzymes were matched for gender and age (1 to 6) with subjects with normal serum ALP activity. Radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis, proximal femurs, knees, wrists, and hands were taken.
Results and Conclusions: PDB was diagnosed in 20.5% of subjects with elevated serum ALP activity and in 2.3% in those with normal serum ALP activity, increasing with age in both groups. The relative risk (RR) for PDB in the presence of raised serum ALP activity was 10.9 (95% CI, 4.8, 24.9). The estimated prevalence of PDB in the population was 3.6%, and the large majority (about 86%) had normal serum ALP activity, contrasting findings in bone clinics where the opposite is the case. Finally, in subjects with normal and raised serum ALP activity but no PDB at baseline, radiographs taken 6–9 years later showed no evidence of the disease. This study demonstrated that serum ALP activity is a sensitive marker of PDB in men and women &gt;55 years of age, but the majority of those affected have normal serum ALP activity.
Preface
Authors: David Maya Khemlani 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multilingual country with a population of about 23,953,136 people (The CIA World Factbook, 2005), and at least
a hundred languages/dialects. Malays and other indigenous groups make up 58 percent of the population, the Chinese 24 percent, the Indians
8 percent while other ethnic groups constitute 10 percent of the total population. Most Malaysians are bilingual, as Malay, the national language,
is the medium of instruction in state schools while English is a strong second language.
Requests: Voices of Malaysian children
Authors: Ching Hei Kuang , David Maya Khemlani , Mohd Don Zuraidah 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
To make a request is to express a desire for the addressee to do something, and because it bears a requirement to be complied with, a request is usually best achieved when performed with tact and politeness. Bach and Harnish (1984: 48) define the term request as ‘a speech act expressing the speaker's desire for the hearer to do something with the added proviso that the hearer takes this expressed desire as the reason to act’. This paper examines the many varied forms that this speech act takes in the speech of five young Malaysian children who generally use the English language to communicate with their mother. The data shows the creativity of young children for whom English is a second language in that there are many ways of making a request. Although the forms vary, the function is constant, i. e. asking for something. The various strategies used by the children, the variety of English, i. e. Malaysian English, and the use of code switching in the data will also be described.
On learning to be assertive: Women and public discourse
Authors: Mohd Jan Jariah 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
For years, society has classified women as being inferior to men. Women have faced difficulty in making their voices heard. However, women have risen above the constraints that have been placed upon them, that is, from being discouraged to speak in public to becoming prominent figures in our modernday society. Women, today, find themselves having to live up to the standards set for them by a male-dominated society. As their participation in public forums have increased, women have learned to behave and communicate more assertively in order ‘to cope with all the conflicting demands they face when up at the podium’
(Campbell 1989: 9). This study focuses on the assertive styles and strategies that Malaysian women have learned to use in a public forum. Samples of extracts depicting the use of assertions are presented.
Patterns of repeats in Malaysian English
Authors: Pillai Stefanie 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the use of repeats in Malaysian English. Speakers frequently repeat words in spontaneous speech, and this paper investigates the way in which words are repeated, the type of words that are repeated, and the functions of repeats in the speech of sixty-seven callers to a radio station. The findings reveal that there are preferred patterns of use, such as the frequent repetition of function words and the more frequent repetition of one word once. The findings also provide an understanding into the way in which repeats are used both as a hesitation device and as a repair mechanism.
The first keynote address of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi at the UMNO general assembly
Authors: Ghazali Kamila 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The interest of this paper is the discourse generated by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in his first keynote address as party president at the 55th UMNO General Assembly, 2004. The nation stood back in anticipation as he took over as Malaysia's fifth prime minister and party president from his predecessor, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, who held power for 22 years. After almost a year in office, Abdullah has succeeded in emanating a ‘feel good’ social environment as reported in the media. This paper looks at the discourse mobilized to introduce a new concept, Islam Hadhari, by the new leadership. Its interest lies in the construction of discourse and ideology that manifests. The theoretical framework adopted is ideological discourse analysis as proposed
by van Dijk (2004). Some comparison will also be made with the discourse produced by the previous UMNO president.
Talking to older Malaysians: A case study
Authors: Soon Chye David Yoong , David Maya Khemlani 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Previous studies (e. g. Macionis 2001 and Gilleard and Higgs 2000) have shown that the elderly are frequently subject
to ageism (a form of social stratification which discriminates groups of people by their ages) in industrialised societies.
In any sort of social stratification, language plays an important role in the sustenance of the inequality of power and
hegemony (Kramarae, Schulz and O'Barr 1984; Foucault 1980; and Fairclough 1995). The code used in ‘talking
down’ to the older persons (Coupland, Coupland and Giles 1991), is termed ‘elderspeak’ (Simpson 2002),
‘secondary baby-talk’ (la Tourette and Meeks 2000), ‘motherese–parentese language’ and
‘adult–child’ language (Masataka 2002). This paper discusses the features of elderspeak found in a Christian-based Malaysian geriatric day-centre,
Peter, Paul and a Consul: Recent Discoveries in African Red Slip Ware
Authors: van den Hoek Annewies 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

1. The objects

In the fourth and fifth centuries a wealth of figurative imagery appears on fine earthenware produced in North Africa. These plates, bowls and lamps were named after the material from which they were made – African Red Slip Ware in the English language (abbreviated as ARS) and Terra Sigillata Chiara in Italian. ARS tableware was very popular in late antiquity and, though produced in North Africa, was exported all over the Empire, finding its way to places as far away as the shores of the North Sea and the Crimea. Some of the images on this tableware are Christian, while others are clearly pagan or not definable in religious terms. In spite of a long tradition of collecting and studying ARS, starting with the French in the nineteenth century, new objects and unknown figurative images continue to turn up both in excavations, in archaeological surveys and on the art market.
Nazirites and Nazarenes: The Meaning of Nazaraeus in Saint Jerome
Authors: Moran Michael L 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In der umfangreichen Literatur, die die in Mt 2,23 überlieferte Prophezeiung zu deuten versucht, wurde eine wichtige Information bei Hieronymus übersehen. Statt Jesus einen Nazarener (d.i. eine Person aus Nazareth) zu nennen, bezeichnet Hieronymus ihn an verschiedenen Stellen als einen Nasiräer, und zwar mit der Begründung, daß dies das Wort war, was von Matthäus in seinem ursprünglich hebräischen Evangelium benutzt wurde. Dieser Zusammenhang hat wichtige Folgen für die Qualität und den Charakter seiner Belege für ein solches hebräisches Matthäusevangelium. Hieronymus unternahm erhebliche Anstrengungen, um zu nachzuweisen, daß einige Prophezeiungen zeigen, daß Jesus tatsächlich ein Nasiräer gewesen sei. Er versuchte dabei, „Nasiräer“ so auf „Nazareth“ zu beziehen, daß Mt 2,23 einen Sinn ergibt. Er beschreibt auch die Menschen, die ihm zuerst den Text eines hebräischen Matthäusevangeliums zeigten, mehr als Nasiräer denn als Nazarener.
Benchmark Experiments/Calculations of Neutron Environments in the Annular Core Research Reactor
Authors: Rusell DePriest K 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Benchmark experiments using spherical test objects were performed in the central cavity of Sandia National Laboratories' Annular Core Research Reactor. The experiments were performed with 10.16 cm and 17.78 cm diameter aluminum (AI6061) and high-density polyethylene spheres that were essentially solid with cavities scrolled out along the equator to allow the insertion of activation foils and/or sulfur pellets. The neutron monitor foils were selected to cover a wide range of reaction energies. The reactor environments were modeled in detail using Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (mcnpx). The experimental results were compared to the Monte Carlo calculations of the reaction rates of each of the foils at various depths in the spheres produced by mcnpx. The comparison includes a complete treatment of the uncertainties.
A Beam-Monitor System for Neutrons and Gamma Rays in the Medical Irradiation Facility of the Kyoto University Research Reactor
Authors: Sakurai Y , Maruhashi A 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The first clinical trial of neutron capture therapy (NCT) using the epithermal neutron beam at the medical irradiation facility of the Kyoto University Reactor was carried out for oral cancer in December 2001. A beam monitor system is required for accurate dose estimation in our present NCT. As the components of thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons and gamma rays must be separately measured, the multichamber method was adopted using a combination of four kinds of ionization chambers. Each chamber has a two-layer wall; the outer wall has a thickness of about 5 m, and the inner wall has a thickness of 10–100 λm. The response can be adjusted by regulating the chamber-gas components. A trial beam-monitor system was made using IC-17M type chambers of Far West Technology, Inc., and its characteristics were experimentally determined.
Radiation Dosimetry in the BNCT Patient Treatment Room at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor
Authors: Holden NE , Reciniello RN , Hu J-P 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The BMRR was a 3 MW light water reactor that had an epithermal neutron beam that was used to perform clinical trials on patients with malignant brain tumors. A series of measurements and calculations had been performed in the treatment room both prior to the trials and during the trials. The details of the measurements and the Monte Carlo calculations are presented and compared.
Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Wohlgemuth John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIssues, such as global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, safety of nuclear power plants, and disposal of radioactive waste products, are prompting broad debate as to the viability of conventional sources of energy on economic and environmental terms. The combination of a rising demand for reliable, low cost energy. This increased awareness of environmental quality issues is creating new business opportunities for photovoltaics, especially in applications without an installed electric utility grid line.The photovoltaic (PV) industry has been evolving since the 1970’s and is now rapidly expanding. In the last 4 to 5 years the compound growth rate of the PV industry has been around 40% with the 2005 worldwide market estimated to be ∼1,500 MW/year; ∼$5 billion for PV modules and nearly an equal amount of revenue from balance of systems components and installation. Much of this growth is a result of government support programs, particularly in Japan, Germany and California. Additional factors contributing to the rapid growth include technological advances resulting in cost reductions and improved reliability and public awareness of the PV’s ability to provide green electricity.The PV market expansion is being filled primarily by well established crystalline silicon technology, which is low‐cost, larger area relative to integrated circuit technology. The rapid expansion has provide opportunities for various new thin film technologies to begin significant commercial production. Government support of PV is designed to reduce the PV system costs to the level where they can compete directly with residential utility rates. At that level PV growth will be self sustaining.
Soap
Authors: Zhu Shiping , Chambers John G. , Naik Vijay 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Soap is the oldest surface active preparation known to humanity and its use for cleaning has been reported since Roman times. Soap itself is comprised of a family of simple surfactants which are alkaline salts of fatty acids; a typical example being sodium dodecanoate, ie, CH
3
(CH
2
)
10
COO
−
Na
+
. The principle raw materials for preparation of soap are animal and vegetable oils/fats which are traditionally converted into soap employing alkaline saponification reactions. In global terms even today, bulk of the soap is used for cleaning and hygiene purposes and it is produced in the bar form, although liquid or gel form soap preparations have also become popular recently, in some parts of the world. The traditional fat/oil saponification process also continues to be used for manufacture of soap even now; however it is rapidly being substituted by novel fat splitting followed by fat neutralization processes. The original frame‐cooling operation for converting the soap mass into a bar has been replaced by novel extrusion forming or moulding operations. Most of the early improvements and variations in soap formulation were brought about leveraging availability of a wide range of oils/fats, and development of new processes eg, hydrogenation, bleaching etc, to make them suitable for soap‐making. However, more recently soap bars, gels and liquids incorporating non‐soapy synthetic surfactants and functional ingredients, are being developed and marketed for offering novel benefits and superior performances to consumers. Apart from its use as a cleaning/hygiene agent, soap has also found many industrial applications such as a wetting agent, as an emulsifier or as a lubricant.
Sprays
Authors: Lipp Charles W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Sprays are widely used in many industrial processes. In more recent years, the subject of liquid atomization has developed from a position of minor importance into a broad and significant technology. This article summarizes information and covers such topics as liquid atomizers, physics of atomization, spray characterization, instrumentation, and industrial applications. Atomizers have been summarized according to their sources of energy, distinct design features, and applications. Discussion of the physics of atomization is divided into three different regimes: internal flow, liquid breakup, and droplet dispersion. Spray characterization focuses on the explanation of common spray parameters, typical spray dynamic structures, effect of variables, and correlation techniques. Because of its important role, spray instrumentation is also discussed, along with an overview of representative optical and nonoptical techniques. Specific examples of industrial spray applications are cited and general comments are made regarding the methods selection of liquid atomizers and concerns related to their operation.
Urethane Polymers
Authors: Ulrich Henri ,   Updated by Staff
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The properties of thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethanes are discussed. The subjects include flexible and rigid polyurethane foams, poly(urethane isocyanurate) foams, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, thermoset cast and RIM elastomers, engineering thermoplastics, liquid crystalline polyurethanes, and polyurethane containing interpenetrating polymer networks. Principal raw materials, such as isocyanates, polyether polyols, and polyester polyols, as well as catalysts, fire retardants, and surfactants, are described. The manufacture of flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers are included, as is the use of polyurethane ionomers in aqueous dispersions and blocked isocyanates in one‐component and powder coatings applications. The global trend in polyurethanes is a shift from toluene diisocyanate‐based formulations to polymeric isocyanate and 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) whenever possible. New HCFC blowing agents have been replacing chlorinated fluorocarbons because of environmental concerns. Recycling of polyurethanes, health and safety factors, including toxicity and safe handling of isocyanates and tertiary amine catalysts, as well as principal uses of polyurethanes and market information, are all discussed.