bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiological anatomy of the anterior ethmoidal artery for functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: McDonald S E , Robinson P J , Nunez D A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim:This study investigated the extent to which the anterior ethmoidal artery and anterior ethmoidal foramen could be reliably identified on routine coronal sinus computed tomography scans. Where they could be identified, the relationship of these structures with the vertical height of the skull base, and their distance from an anterior landmark, were measured.Methods:Fifty consecutive coronal sinus computed tomography scans were viewed independently by two observers. Scans were reviewed when the observers' opinions differed.Results:Inter-observer concordance was high. The anterior ethmoidal foramen was visualised in 95 per cent of cases bilaterally and in the remaining 5 per cent unilaterally. The anterior ethmoidal artery was visualised in 33 per cent of scans. The anterior ethmoidal foramen was at skull base level in 72 per cent of sides studied, and below it in the remainder. The distance from the lacrimal crest to the anterior ethmoidal foramen was 22.4 mm (mean; standard deviation 3.7).Conclusion:The anterior ethmoidal foramen is a reliable landmark on coronal computed tomography scans of the paranasal sinuses. From this, the position of the anterior ethmoidal artery can be inferred.
Cervical extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma: case report demonstrating radiological features and management
Authors: Ali S , MacKenzie K , Reid R , O'Neill G , Ganly I 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground:Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is a rare tumour of mesenchymal origin, which is histologically similar to primary osseous Ewing's sarcoma. The majority of cases have been reported in the lower limb and paravertebral region, with a few cases reported in the neck.Methods:We report a patient with extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma presenting with a right-sided neck mass, vocal fold palsy and T1 nerve root involvement. The detection of characteristic features on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, in conjunction with histological analysis, was required to make the diagnosis.Results:Radiological imaging demonstrated that the tumour was infiltrating through the neural exit foramina of the lower cervical nerve roots, with encasement of the vertebral artery. The patient was managed with combination chemotherapy for systemic control and irradiation for local control.Conclusion:Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma has a propensity to occur in a paravertebral location, being found rarely in the cervical region, and has a predilection to infiltrate through neural exit formina. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful in the diagnosis of this rare tumour.
The Antarctic Committee for Environmental Protection: past, present, and future
Authors: Sánchez Rodolfo Andrés , McIvor Ewan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) was established under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty to advise the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) on matters relating to protection of the Antarctic environment. After almost a decade of work, the committee has consolidated itself as a highly relevant and important component of the Antarctic Treaty system. Through a detailed analysis of meeting reports, as well as first-hand information and experience, this study describes the activities of the CEP during its first nine years of operation, provides likely explanations for some trends observed and proposes future scenarios by highlighting major challenges and opportunities. In particular, the instigation of strategic planning shows potential for launching a new era of CEP activities focused on the environmental issues requiring the greatest attention. This overview will assist readers to understand the role of the CEP as the main environmental advisor to the ATCM, and the reasons for the Antarctic Treaty parties to support the Committee's work to foster a spirit of cooperation as a prerequisite for continuing protection of the Antarctic environment.
Islamic terms in contemporary English
Authors: Bin Mohamed Ali Haja Mohideen 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSome observations on what words associated with Islam are in, and what might yet go into, current ELT dictionaries. Muslims constitute a vast number of speakers of English as a Second Language (ESL) and a Foreign Language (EFL). As a consequence, many expressions associated with Islam have been introduced into contemporary English and its dictionaries – both general and ESL/EFL. The present paper focuses on three particular works: the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE, 2003), the Macmillan English Dictionary (MED, 2002) and The New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE, 1998), in order to discuss how Islamic terms are being used. It was found that few phrases or sentences are provided to illustrate such terms – even those in common use among English-speaking Muslims. The present paper therefore (1) suggests sample sentences for these terms, so that users of such dictionaries can set them in context, and (2) offers a list of common Islamic words for possible inclusion in future editions.
I'm the illest fucka
Authors: Shinhee Lee Jamie 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn analysis of African American English in South Korean hip hop. English is rarely used in face-to-face terms in South Korea, but the use of English in commerce and entertainment is not such a rarity. The presence of English expressions in advertising and pop lyrics is no longer considered extraordinary. Lee (2006) reports that 83.75% of 720 South Korean TV commercials use some type of English, and only 16.25% of advertisements rely exclusively on Korean. Pop music is another discourse space in which English is fairly frequently used, occurring in more than 50% of pop song titles. A detailed analysis of the frequency of English in South Korean pop music (SK-pop) is reproduced.
Predicting survival from microarray data—a comparative study
Authors: Bøvelstad H.M. , Nygård S. , Størvold H.L. , Aldrin M. , Borgan Ø. , Frigessi A. , Lingjærde O.C. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Survival prediction from gene expression data and other high-dimensional genomic data has been subject to much research during the last years. These kinds of data are associated with the methodological problem of having many more gene expression values than individuals. In addition, the responses are censored survival times. Most of the proposed methods handle this by using Cox's proportional hazards model and obtain parameter estimates by some dimension reduction or parameter shrinkage estimation technique. Using three well-known microarray gene expression data sets, we compare the prediction performance of seven such methods: univariate selection, forward stepwise selection, principal components regression (PCR), supervised principal components regression, partial least squares regression (PLS), ridge regression and the lasso.
Results: Statistical learning from subsets should be repeated several times in order to get a fair comparison between methods. Methods using coefficient shrinkage or linear combinations of the gene expression values have much better performance than the simple variable selection methods. For our data sets, ridge regression has the overall best performance.
Availability: Matlab and R code for the prediction methods are available at http://www.med.uio.no/imb/stat/bmms/software/microsurv/.
Contact: hegembo@math.uio.no
Significance analysis of groups of genes in expression profiling studies
Authors: Chen James J. , Lee Taewon , Delongchamp Robert R. , Chen Tao , Tsai Chen-An 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Gene class testing (GCT) is a statistical approach to determine whether some functionally predefined classes of genes express differently under two experimental conditions. GCT computes the P-value of each gene class based on the null distribution and the gene classes are ranked for importance in accordance with their P-values. Currently, two null hypotheses have been considered: the Q1 hypothesis tests the relative strength of association with the phenotypes among the gene classes, and the Q2 hypothesis assesses the statistical significance. These two hypotheses are related but not equivalent.
Method: We investigate three one-sided and two two-sided test statistics under Q1 and Q2. The null distributions of gene classes under Q1 are generated by permuting gene labels and the null distributions under Q2 are generated by permuting samples.
Results: We applied the five statistics to a diabetes dataset with 143 gene classes and to a breast cancer dataset with 508 GO (Gene Ontology) terms. In each statistic, the null distributions of the gene classes under Q1 are different from those under Q2 in both datasets, and their rankings can be different too. We clarify the one-sided and two-sided hypotheses, and discuss some issues regarding the Q1 and Q2 hypotheses for gene class ranking in the GCT. Because Q1 does not deal with correlations among genes, we prefer test based on Q2.
Contact: jchen@nctr.fda.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Aberrant nuclear p53 protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry is associated with hemizygous P53 deletion and poor survival for multiple myeloma
Authors: Chang Hong , Yeung Joanna , Qi Connie , Xu Wei 
Published: June 2007

SummaryHemizygous TP53 deletion is an adverse risk factor in multiple myeloma (MM) but its relationship with p53 protein expression is unclear. We investigated 105 newly diagnosed myeloma patients and correlated nuclear p53 protein immunoreactivity with TP53 deletion status, myeloma‐associated genetic risk factors and survival. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) detected hemizygous TP53 deletions in 13 (12%) patients while immunohistochemistry detected nuclear p53 protein expression in 12 (11%). Ten (77%) of the 13 del(TP53) cases expressed nuclear p53 protein while 10 (83%) of the 12 nuclear p53 immunoreactive cases had hemizygous TP53 deletions. Hemizygous TP53 deletion and p53 protein expression were strongly correlated (P < 0·001). The overall survival of patients with p53 protein expression was significantly shorter than that of patients without p53 expression (P < 0·001). A multivariate analysis including other myeloma‐associated genetic risk factors confirmed p53 expression as an independent risk factor for survival. Our data indicate that nuclear p53 protein expression, detected by a widely available immunohistochemical method, is strongly associated with TP53 deletion and an adverse clinical outcome for MM.
Relationship between cortisol and physical performance in older persons
Authors: Peeters G. M. E. E. , Van Schoor N. M. , Visser M. , Knol D. L. , Eekhoff E. M. W. , De Ronde W. , Lips P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryObjective Hypercortisolism is associated with muscle weakness. This study examines the relationship between cortisol and physical performance in older persons.Design/patients The study was conducted within the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing cohort study in a population‐based sample of healthy older persons in the Netherlands. Data from the second (1995/1996) and fourth (2001/2002) cycle were used pertaining to 1172 (65–88 years) and 884 (65–94 years) men and women, respectively.Measurements Physical performance was measured by adding up scores on the chair stands, tandem stand and walk test (range 0–12). In the second cycle serum total and calculated free cortisol were assessed; in the fourth cycle evening salivary cortisol was assessed. Regression analysis (stratified for sex, adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol use, physical activity and region) was performed to examine the cross‐sectional relationship between cortisol and physical performance.Results Women with higher calculated free cortisol scored less well on physical performance (b = –0·28 per SD higher cortisol,P = 0·016), which was mainly explained by poorer performance on the tandem stand (OR = 1·32 for a lower score per SD higher cortisol,P = 0·003). Men with higher salivary cortisol scored less well on physical performance (b = –0·90 in the highestvs.the lowest quartile,P = 0·008), which was mainly explained by poorer performance on the chair stands and walk test (OR = 1·88,P = 0·020 and OR = 1·81,P = 0·027, respectively, in the highestvs.the lowest quartile).Conclusion Physical performance is negatively associated with high cortisol levels in older persons.
Efficacy of a slow‐release formulation of lanreotide (Autogel® 120 mg) in patients with acromegaly previously treated with octreotide long acting release (LAR): an open, multicentre longitudinal study
Authors: Ronchi C. L. , Boschetti M. , Uberti E. C. Degli , Mariotti S. , Grottoli S. , Loli P. , Lombardi G. , Tamburrano G. , Arvigo M. , Angeletti G. , Boscani P. F. , Beck‐Peccoz P. , Arosio M. ,   for the Italian Multicenter Autogel Study Group in Acromegaly
Published: June 2007

SummaryObjective   Lanreotide Autogel® 120 mg (ATG120; Ipsen S.p.A, Milan, Italy) is a high‐dose, sustained‐release aqueous gel formulation, supplied in a prefilled syringe and given by deep subcutaneous injection. The aim of this study was to compare efficacy and tolerability of ATG120 given every 4–8 weeks with those of octreotide LAR (o‐LAR) given every 4 weeks.Design patients and intervention   A phase III multicentre Italian open clinical study of 23 acromegalic patients (15 female, 8 male). All patients had received o‐LAR for 6–18 months and, after 3 months wash out, ATG120 was given every 6 weeks for a total of four injections (Period 1). Then the interval between ATG120 injections was adjusted according to three different schemes: every 4, 6 or 8 weeks depending on GH levels (GH > 2·5 µg/l; 1 < GH ≤ 2·5 µg/l; GH ≤ 1 µg/l, respectively). ATG120 was given for a further two to three doses, with a final assessment (Period 2) at Week 34, 36 or 42.Measurements   Hormonal (GH and IGF‐I) and clinical efficacy and tolerability.Results   ATG120 induced a significant GH decrease from 9·9 ± 11·3 at baseline (Visit 1) to 3·5 ± 5·7 at the end of Period 1 (P < 0·01) and to 3·8 ± 5·7 µg/l at the final visit (P < 0·01). IGF‐I also decreased from 544 ± 312 at baseline (Visit 1) to 318 ± 181 at Period 1 and to 356 ± 187 µg/l at the final visit (both P < 0·05 vs. baseline). The frequency of ATG120 administrations was adjusted to every 4 weeks in 12 patients, every 6 weeks in 4 patients and every 8 weeks in 6 patients; 1 patient withdrew before the dose adjustment. Serum GH and IGF‐I achieved at the end of Period 1 and Period 2 were similar to those reached with o‐LAR. The number of patients who achieved GH < 2·5 µg/l was comparable between o‐LAR (43%) and ATG120 at Period 1 (48%) and at Period 2 (62%). Normal IGF‐I levels were recorded in 8 patients during o‐LAR (35%), 11 during ATG Period 1 (48%) and 10 at the final visit (43%). Last, 4 patients showed a better response to ATG120 and 2 to o‐LAR.Conclusions   Lanreotide Autogel 120 mg is an effective and well‐tolerated therapy for acromegaly. In approximately half of patients ATG120 may be administered every 6–8 weeks, instead of every 4 weeks, without lost of efficacy.
Forced depression of leaf hydraulic conductance in situ: effects on the leaf gas exchange of forest trees
Authors: BRODRIBB T. J. , HOLBROOK N. M. 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Recent work on the hydraulic conductance of leaves suggests that maximum photosynthetic performance of a leaf is defined largely by its plumbing. Pursuing this idea, we tested how the diurnal course of gas exchange of trees in a dry tropical forest was affected by artificially depressing the hydraulic conductance of leaves (Kleaf).
Individual leaves from four tropical tree species were exposed to a brief episode of forced evaporation by blowing warm air over leaves in situ. Despite humid soil and atmospheric conditions, this caused leaf water potential (Ψleaf) to fall sufficiently to induce a 50–74% drop in Kleaf.
Two of the species sampled proved highly sensitive to artificially depressed Kleaf, leading to a marked and sustained decline in the instantaneous rate of CO2 uptake, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Leaves of these species showed a depression of hydraulic and photosynthetic capacity in response to the ‘blow‐dry’ treatment similar to that observed when major veins in the leaf were severed.
By contrast, the other two species sampled were relatively insensitive to Kleaf manipulation; photosynthetic rates were indistinguishable from control (untreated) leaves 4 h after treatment. These insensitive species demonstrate a linear decline of Kleaf with Ψleaf, while Kleaf in the two sensitive species falls precipitously at a critical water deficit.
We propose that a sigmoidal Kleaf vulnerability enables a high diurnal yield of CO2 at the cost of exposing leaves to the possibility of xylem cavitation. Linear Kleaf vulnerability leads to a relatively lower CO2 yield, while providing better protection against cavitation.
Extreme long‐distance dispersal of the lowland tropical rainforest tree Ceiba pentandra L. (Malvaceae) in Africa and the Neotropics
Authors: DICK CHRISTOPHER W. , BERMINGHAM ELDREDGE , LEMES MARISTERRA R. , GRIBEL ROGERIO 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany tropical tree species occupy continental expanses of rainforest and flank dispersal barriers such as oceans and mountains. The role of long‐distance dispersal in establishing the range of such species is poorly understood. In this study, we test vicariance hypotheses for range disjunctions in the rainforest tree Ceiba pentandra, which is naturally widespread across equatorial Africa and the Neotropics. Approximate molecular clocks were applied to nuclear ribosomal [ITS (internal transcribed spacer)] and chloroplast (psbB‐psbF) spacer DNA sampled from 12 Neotropical and five West African populations. The ITS (N = 5) and psbB‐psbF (N = 2) haplotypes exhibited few nucleotide differences, and ITS and psbB‐psbF haplotypes were shared by populations on both continents. The low levels of nucleotide divergence falsify vicariance explanations for transatlantic and cross‐Andean range disjunctions. The study shows how extreme long‐distance dispersal, via wind or marine currents, creates taxonomic similarities in the plant communities of Africa and the Neotropics.
A generalized method for transfecting root epidermis uncovers endosomal dynamics in Arabidopsis root hairs
Authors: Campanoni Prisca , Sutter Jens Uwe , Davis Craig Stewart , Littlejohn George Robert , Blatt Michael Robert 
Published: June 2007

SummaryProgress in analysing the cellular functions of many structural proteins has accelerated through the use of confocal microscopy together with transient gene expression. Several methods for transient expression have been developed in the past few years, but their application has seen limited success beyond a few tractable species and tissues. We have developed a simple and efficient method to visualize fluorescent proteins in Arabidopsis root epidermis using co‐cultivation of seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The method is equally suitable for transient gene expression in other species, including Thellungiella, and can be combined with supporting molecular and biochemical analyses. The method promises significant advantages for study of membrane dynamics, cellular development and polar growth in root hairs without interference in the development of the plant. Since the method targets specifically the root epidermis, it also offers a powerful tool to approach issues of root–rhizosphere interactions, such as ion transport and nutrient acquisition. As a proof of principle, we carried out transfections with fluorescent markers for the plasma membrane (NpPMA2–GFP, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. Plasma Membrane H+‐ATPase 2), the endoplasmic reticulum (YFP–HDEL), and the Golgi apparatus (sialyl transferase–GFP) to trace their distribution in growing Arabidopsis root hairs and epidermis. The results demonstrate that, in Arabidopsis root hairs, movement of the Golgi is faster than previously reported for tobacco leaf epidermal cells, consistent with the high secretory dynamics of the tip growing cell; they show a pattern to the endoplasmic reticulum within the cytoplasm that is more diffuse than found in tobacco leaf epidermis, and they confirm previous findings of a polarized distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum at the tip of growing root hairs.
Members of the plant NIMA‐related kinases are involved in organ development and vascularization in poplar, Arabidopsis and rice
Authors: Vigneault Frédéric , Lachance Denis , Cloutier Monikca , Pelletier Gervais , Levasseur Caroline , Séguin Armand 
Published: June 2007

SummaryNIMA‐related kinases (Neks) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that have been linked to cell‐cycle regulation in fungi and mammals. Information regarding the function of Neks in plants is very limited. We screened the three plant species that have had their genomes sequenced in an attempt to improve our understanding of their role in plants. We retrieved seven members in Arabidopsis thaliana, nine in Populus trichocarpa and six in Oryza sativa. Phylogenetic analysis showed that plant Neks are closely related to each other and contain paralogous genes. Moreover, their chromosome distribution and their exon–intron structure revealed that the actual plant Nek family was derived from a single representative followed by large segmental duplication events. Functional expression analyses in the three species relied on RTqPCR in poplar and publicly available microarray data for Arabidopsis and rice. Although plant Neks are present in every organ analyzed, their expression profiles suggest their involvement in plant development processes. Furthermore, we showed that PNek1, a member of the poplar family, is expressed at sites of free auxin synthesis and is specifically involved during the vascularization process.
Beziehungen zwischen dem Ernährungszustand der Fichte (Picea abies Karst.), ihrem Kernfäulebefall und der Pilzhemmwirkung ihres Basts1
Authors: Von Alcubilla M. , Diaz‐Palacio M. P. , Kreutzer K. , Laatsch W. , Rehfuess K. E. , Wenzel G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Relationships between nutrition and heart rot attack of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and the fungistatic effect of its inner bark. The fresh inner bark of Norway spruce stems and roots inhibits mycelium growth of Fomes annosus on malt agar. Nearly all fungistatic substances of the inner bark can be extracted with chloroform and acetone. The acetone‐soluble fraction, which amounts to 13–27% of bark dry matter, was analysed. Up to now 12 phenolic substances have been identified, 5 of them have proved to inhibit Fomes annosus in vitro.Open‐air‐experiments showed, that desiccation of the root‐zone, manganese deficiency and nitrogen hypertrophy decrease the inhibitory effect of the inner bark as well as its content of fungistatic substances.The degree of heart rot attack in older spruce stands was found to be negatively correlated with the N‐, Fe‐ and Mn‐concentrations in needles.
Tolerance of Fomes annosus isolates to pine oleoresins and pinosylvins
Authors: Gibbs J. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTen Fomes annosus isolates from pine and ten from non‐pine‐hosts were subjected to the volatile components of pine oleoresin and to various concentrations of pinosylvin (PS) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM). Both the volatiles and the PS and PMS significantly reduced growth rate compared with controls. However, no detectable difference existed between the two groups of F. annosus isolates in their reactions to the substances tested.