bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Nutritional Composition of Fermented Parkia biglobosa Seeds with Spices
Authors: Omodara T. R. , Omojokun A. O. 
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Fermented Parkia biglobosa seed is an essential condiment in Nigeria for its unique flavor and nutritional value.
Aims: The study investigated the influence of spices such as Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum (garlic), Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Xylopia aethiopica (grains of Selim), Chrysobalanus icaco (cocoplum) and Parinari excelsa (skinplum) on the nutritional composition of the condiment.
Methodology: Thirty grams (30g) of dried spice was added to 300g of previously pressure cooked and dehulled locust beans in separate containers. Each was inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and fermented at 37oC for 36 hours.
Results: The phytic acid in alligator fermented ‘iru’, ginger fermented ‘iru’ and nutmeg fermented ‘iru’ were 4.53mg/g, 18.54mg/g and 20.19mg/g respectively, which were significantly lower than the phytic acid of the commercially produced ‘iru’ (21.40mg/g). Starter culture fermented ‘iru’, turmeric fermented ‘iru’ and cocoplum fermented ‘iru’ had significantly lower levels of trypsin inhibitors of 24.68mg/g, 26.13mg/g and 26.13mg/g, respectively when compared to commercially fermented ‘iru’. Skinplum fermented ‘iru’ and cocoplum fermented ‘iru’ had significantly higher flavonoids levels. Alligator fermented ‘iru’ had significantly higher Vit. A (4.65), Vit. B1 (2.94), Vit. B2 (0.31mg/g) and Vit. B5 (0.08 mg/g) compared to commercially produced ‘iru’. The protein digestibility of Nutmeg fermented ‘iru’ was significantly higher than commercially fermented ‘iru’. However, other fermented samples had significantly reduced protein digestibility compared to commercially produced ‘iru’.
Conclusion: To fortify and enhance nutritional composition of fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds, alligator pepper, skinplum and nutmeg may be used.
A Basic Water Quality Model for the River Neckar: Part 2 – model‐based analysis of the oxygen budget and scenarios
Authors: Haag Ingo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper the Basic Water Quality Model (BWQM) for the central part of River Neckar is used to analyse the oxygen budget and to assess the potentials of various measures to prevent or mitigate critical dissolved oxygen (DO) declines. It is shown that the oxygen budget is mainly governed by phytoplankton dynamics. The excessive growth of algae and the sudden break down of the resulting algal blooms may cause episodic DO depressions. Therefore, to stabilise the oxygen budget in a sustainable way, eutrophication has to be controlled within the central part of River Neckar and the upstream regions. The only feasible way to reach this goal appears to be a further drastic reduction of phosphorus emissions. In addition, it is indispensable to hold the very high standards of biochemical oxygen demand and ammonium retention at the wastewater treatment plants. A worse performance of the treatment plants would dramatically aggravate critical DO declines which may be caused by algae dynamics. As long as the oxygen budget is not completely stabilised, weir and turbine aeration can be used to mitigate DO depressions. It could be shown that the potentials of these measures suffice to keep DO at a tolerable level. However, due to the long travel times in River Neckar, it is important to start aeration up to several days before the DO minimum is reached.
Routine analysis of sediment pore water of high ionic strength
Authors: Herzsprung Peter , Bozau Elke , Büttner Olaf , Duffek Anja , Friese Kurt , Koschorreck Matthias , Schultze Martin , v. Tümpling Wolf , Wendt‐Potthoff Katrin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPore water of sediments plays an important role in aquatic systems as mediator and as the reactive zone between the sediment and surface water. Sediment pore waters with high ionic strength from acidified pit lakes were investigated to obtain information about the influence on the lake water quality. The analysis of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, silica, dissolved organic carbon, ferrous iron, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and total dissolved iron was predetermined as the dataset required for evaluation of water quality. The data collection procedure was optimised by designing a methodology for stabilisation, dilution of pore water samples and adaptation of analytical methods. The developed methodology was evaluated with respect to the effort required in the laboratory under routine conditions. In the first round of analyses, 72% of 638 individual analyses from a random selection of pore water profiles were found to be within the calibration ranges. Remedial actions to handle the remaining 28% of invalid analytical results are exemplified. Differences between comparative analyses of some ions by continuous flow analysis, ion chromatography, and atomic emission spectroscopy were evaluated. The majority of results measured by ion chromatography differed on a highly significant level from results measured by atomic emission spectroscopy. Possible reasons, originating from the extreme sample matrix, are discussed. Finally, the designed methodology and the results of the method comparison are used to recommend the selection of analytical methods under specific conditions.
Geophagy at termitaria by bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas) in Southeastern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Veiga Liza M. , Ferrari Stephen F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGeophagy is rare in primates, but has been recorded in a variety of platyrrhine genera. The first observation of geophagy in bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas) is reported here. Two bouts were recorded during long‐term monitoring of a free‐ranging group inhabiting a small island in a reservoir in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. On both occasions, soil was obtained systematically from a termitarium in the crown of an Eschweilera coriacea tree. Both events occurred during the late dry season. Although there is no evidence of any significant shift in foraging behavior during this period, it is possible that soil ingested provided an essential mineral supplement to a diet limited by the small size of the island. Am. J. Primatol. 69:816–820, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strength properties of polyimideamide nanocomposite fibers in terms of their porous and supermolecular structure
Authors: Mikołajczyk Teresa , Rabiej Stanisław , Olejnik Magdalena , Urbaniak‐Domagała Wiesława 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe strength properties of fibers made from polyimideamide (PIA) nanocomposite were investigated and the effect of the presence of MMT in the fiber‐forming polymer on the porous structure and supermolecular structure of fibers was analyzed. It was found that lower strength properties (tenacity, elongation at break) of PIA nanocomposite fibers, as compared with those ones of fibers without montmorillonite (MMT), are connected with a lower deformability of the polymer during drawing stage and the collapse of MMT galleries, confirmed by WAXS investigations. This results in the formation of agglomerates that are weakly connected with the fiber‐forming polymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 339–344, 2007
Preparation of high molecular weight poly(vinyl pivalate) with high yield and high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) by emulsion polymerization of vinyl pivalate and saponification
Authors: Song Du Hyun , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo prepare high molecular weight (HMW) poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi) with high yield and high linearity which is a promising precursor for syndiotactic poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), vinyl pivalate (VPi) was emulsion polymerized, using 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as an initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an emulsifier. The effect of the polymerization conditions on the conversion, molecular weight, and degree of branching was investigated. PVA with maximum number‐average degree of polymerization (Pn) of 6200 could be prepared by complete saponification of PVPi, with Pn of 13,300–16,700 obtained at polymerization temperature of 50°C, using SDS and AAPH concentration of 2.0 × 10−3 mol/L of water and 1.0 × 10−3 mol/L of water, respectively, and the maximum conversion was about 90%. From the emulsion polymerization of VPi, spherical PVPi with high yield was effectively prepared, which might be useful for the precursor of syndiotactic PVA micro‐ and nano‐spheres with various surface properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 410–414, 2007
Preparation and property of raspberry‐like AS/SiO2 nanocomposite particles
Authors: Zhang Hong , Su Zhixing , Liu Peng , Zhang Fangzhi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSurfactant‐free poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐styrene)/silica (AS/SiO2) nanocomposite particles was synthesized in the presence of cheap, commercially amorphous aqueous silica sol at ambient temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated silica contents ranging from 5 wt % to 29 wt %, depending on reaction conditions. Particle size distributions and morphologies were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which clearly showed that most of the colloidal nanocomposites comprised approximately spherical particle with raspberry‐like morphology and relatively narrow size distributions. The optical clarity of solution‐cast nanocomposite films was assessed using UV–vis spectrometer, with high transmission being obtained over the whole visible spectrum. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the glass transition temperature of AS/SiO2 nanocomposites can be higher than the corresponding pure AS, resulting from the hydrophilicity of the nanometer silica. The robustness and simplicity of this method may make large‐scale manufacture of this nanocomposite possible. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 415–421, 2007
Preparation and water absorbency of a novel poly(acrylate‐co‐acrylamide)/vermiculite superabsorbent composite
Authors: Tang Qunwei , Lin Jianming , Wu Jihuai , Xu Yuwen , Zhang Chuanjuan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel poly(acrylate‐co‐acrylamide)/expanded vermiculite (EVMT) superabsorbent composite was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method. The water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite still reaches 850 g/g when 50 wt % EVMT is added, which is significant in decreasing the production cost of the superabsorbent composites. By controlling the molar ratio of acrylic acid monomer and acrylamide monomer, and neutralization degree of acrylic acid, the hydrophilic groups on the composite can be adjusted, and it is found that the collaborative absorbent effect of CONH2, COOK, and COOH groups is superior to that of single CONH2, COOK, or COOH group. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 735–739, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of terpolymer of N‐cyclohexylmaleimide, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile
Authors: Yang Liting , Sun Donghai 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTerpolymers of N‐cyclohexylmaleimide, methylmethacrylate, and acrylonitrile (AN) at different AN feed content were synthesized by suspension polymerization. The thermal properties of the terpolymers such as glass transition temperature (Tg) and Vicat softening temperature (TVicat) were determined by torsion braid analysis and Vicat softening temperature tester, respectively. The value of Tg and TVicat decreased with increasing AN feed content. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out with the results that the incorporated AN units enhanced the thermal stability of the resulting polymers and a second degradation step appeared with the addition of AN. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and impact strength) of the terpolymers were also detected and the results show that the tensile strength and impact strength of terpolymers increase with increasing AN feed content. The rheological results illustrated that the terpolymers showed rheological behavior similar to that of pseudoplastic liquid. The apparent shear viscosity decreased with the increasing of AN feed content. The flow power index n increased with increasing AN feed content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 792–796, 2007
HTPB‐based polyurethaneurea membranes for recovery of aroma compounds from aqueous solution by pervaporation
Authors: Bai Yunxiang , Qian Jinwen , Yin Jian , Zhai Zhibin , Yang Yang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydroxyterminated polybutadiene (HTPB)‐based polyurethaneurea (PU), HTPB‐PU, was synthesized by two‐step polymerization and was firstly used as membrane materials to recover aroma, ethyl acetate (EA), from aqueous solution by pervaporation (PV). The effects of the number–average molecular weight (Mn) of HTPB, EA in feed, operating temperature, and membrane thickness on the PV performance of HTPB‐PU membranes were investigated. The membranes demonstrated high EA permselectivity as well as high EA flux. The DSC result showed two transition temperatures in the HTPB‐PU membrane and contact angle measurements revealed the difference of hydrophobicity of the membrane at both sides, which were induced by glass plate and air, respectively, due to movement of the soft hydrophobic polybutadiene (PB) segments in HTPB‐PU chains. Furthermore, the PV performance of the HTPB‐PU membrane with the hydrophobic surface facing the feed was much better than that with the hydrophilic surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 552–559, 2007
Effect of DC glow discharge treatment on the surface energy and surface resistivity of thin film of polypropylene
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Singh Raj Kumar , Kumar Manoj , Barthwal Sudhir Kumar 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA change in the surface energy and surface resistivity of a thin film of polypropylene (PP) of thickness 100 μm was investigated, using direct current (DC) glow discharge. The thin film of the PP was treated for various discharge powers and treatment time and the modification in the surface energy and the surface resistivity was observed. To investigate the modification in the surface energy after DC glow discharge treatment, contact angle of two test liquids formamide and de‐ionized water over the surface of PP film was measured. By measuring the contact angle the change in surface energy and its two polar and dispersive components have been measured. It was observed that at a given power level of DC glow discharge surface energy and its polar component increases with increase of the treatment time, attains a maximum value, and then becomes almost constant. Correspondingly, with increase in surface energy, a decrease in surface resistivity was observed. Also, a change in surface morphology was observed by atomic force microscopy and by FT‐IR spectra generation of polar groups at the surface of PP film. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 767–772, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly(butyl acrylate–methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline core–shell latexes
Authors: Chen Chia‐Fu , Lee Kuan‐Huei , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPoly(butyl acrylate–methyl methacrylate) [P(BA–MMA]/polyaniline (PANI) core–shell complex particles were synthesized with a two‐step emulsion polymerization method with P(BA–MMA) as the core and PANI as the shell. The first step was to prepare P(BA–MMA) latex particles as the core via soapless emulsion polymerization. The second step was to prepare P(BA–MMA)/PANI core–shell particles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was fed into the P(BA–MMA) emulsion as a surfactant, and this was followed by the addition of the aniline monomer. A bilayer structure of the surfactant over the surfaces of the core particles was desired so that the aniline monomer could be attracted near the outer surface of the core particles. In some cases, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was added after 2 h when the polymerization of aniline was started. The final product was the desired core–shell particles. The morphology of P(BA–MMA) and P(BA–MMA)/PANI particles was observed with transmission electron microscopy. The thermal properties were studied with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, conductive films made from the core–shell latexes were prepared, and the electrical conductivities of the films were studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 823–830, 2007
Removal of Cu(II) by polypyrrole deposits on stainless steel mesh
Authors: Ying Tian , Weishen Yang , Fenglin Yang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe reduction of Cu(II) in aqueous media by polypyrrole deposits on stainless steel mesh is examined in this work. The kinetics of Cu(II) reduction, the influence of temperature, and the possibility of the regeneration and reuse of polypyrrole for Cu(II) reduction have been investigated. The morphology of stainless steel mesh/polypyrrole electrodes has been monitored with scanning electron microscopy. The X‐ray diffraction technique has been used to detect the formation of metallic copper deposits on the surface of polypyrrole films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 629–633, 2007
Miniemulsion polymerization of a fluorinated acrylate copolymer: Kinetic studies and nanolatex morphology characterization
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA stable fluoroacrylate copolymer emulsion was successfully prepared by miniemulsion polymerization with fluoroacrylate, lauryl methylacrylate, and methyl methacrylate as monomers. Extremely hydrophobic fluoroacrylate, instead of conventional cosurfactants, was used as a reactive cosurfactant to stabilize the miniemulsions. The results indicated that fluoroacrylate retarded Ostwald ripening and allowed the production of stable miniemulsions. The chemical compositions of the copolymer were studied with Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR. The average composition of the copolymers prepared with miniemulsions was in good agreement with the feed ratio according to 1H‐NMR from the integration ratios corresponding to typical protons of the individual monomers. The particle size distribution and morphology of the latex particles were determined with laser particle analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The particle size of the latex underwent no change in the process of miniemulsion polymerization, but the particle size distributions were broader than those of conventional emulsion polymerization. The effects of various reaction parameters, including the temperature and concentrations of the emulsifier and initiator, on the miniemulsion polymerization were also investigated, and the polymerization rate and conversion increased with increasing concentrations of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (with an average of 40 ethylene oxide units per molecule), cetyltrimethylammonium, and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 641–647, 2007
Synthesis and metal uptake studies on poly(8‐hydroxy‐5‐azoquinolinephenylacrylate‐formaldehyde) resin and its metal complexes
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. , Sankar R. , Subramanian S. , Rajagopan S. , Kaliyappan T. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract8‐hydroxy‐5‐azoquinolinephenylacrylate‐formaldehyde (8H5AQPA‐F) macromonomer was prepared from acryloylchloride, with condensation products of 8‐hydroxy‐5‐azoquinolinephenol‐formaldehyde, and polymerized in DMF at 70°C using benzoyl peroxide as free radical initiator. Poly(8H5AQPA‐F) was characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Polychelates were obtained in alkaline solution of polymeric ligand, with the aqueous solution of Cu(II) and Ni(II). Elemental analysis of polychelates suggests that the metal to ligand ratio is about 1:2. The polymer metal complexes were also characterized by IR, XRD, magnetic moments, and thermal analysis. The effects of pH and electrolyte on the metal uptake behavior of the resin were also studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 797–802, 2007
Adsorption of IgG on spacer‐arm and L‐arginine ligand attached poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA) beads
Authors: Bayramoğlu Gülay , Senel Aysegul U. , Arica M. Yakup 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work presents data on human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) adsorption onto L‐arginine ligand attached poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐based affinity beads which were synthesized from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidiyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of a crosslinker (i.e., ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; EGDMA) by suspension polymerization. The epoxy groups of the poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA) beads were converted into amino groups after reaction with ammonia or 1,6‐diaminohexane (i.e., spacer‐arm). With L‐arginine as a ligand, it was covalently immobilized on the aminated (poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐ AA) and/or the spacer‐arm attached (poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐SA) beads, using glutaric dialdehyde as a coupling agent. Both affinity poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐based beads were used in HIgG adsorption/desorption studies under defined pH, ionic strength, or temperature conditions in a batch reactor, using acid‐treated poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA) beads as a control system. The poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐SA affinity beads resulted in an increase in the adsorption capacity to HIgG compared with the aminated counterpart (i.e., poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐AA). The maximum adsorption capacities of the poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐AA and poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐SA affinity beads were found to be 112.36 and 142 mg g−1, and the affinity constants (Kd), evaluated by the Langmuir model, were 2.48 × 10−7 and 6.98 × 10−7M, respectively. Adsorption capacities of the poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐AA and poly(GMA/MMA/EGDMA)‐SA were decreased with HIgG by increasing the ionic strength adjusted with NaCl. Adsorption kinetic of HIgG onto both affinity adsorbents was analyzed with first‐ and second‐order kinetic equations. The first‐order equation fitted well with the experimental data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 672–679, 2007
Combining bibliometrics, information retrieval, and relevance theory, Part 2: Some implications for information science
Authors: White Howard D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWhen bibliometric data are converted to term frequency (tf) and inverse document frequency (idf) values, plotted as pennant diagrams, and interpreted according to Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory (RT), the results evoke major variables of information science (IS). These include topicality, in the sense of intercohesion and intercoherence among texts; cognitive effects of texts in response to people's questions; people's levels of expertise as a precondition for cognitive effects; processing effort as textual or other messages are received; specificity of terms as it affects processing effort; relevance, defined in RT as the effects/effort ratio; and authority of texts and their authors. While such concerns figure automatically in dialogues between people, they become problematic when people create or use or judge literature‐based information systems. The difficulty of achieving worthwhile cognitive effects and acceptable processing effort in human‐system dialogues explains why relevance is the central concern of IS. Moreover, since relevant communication with both systems and unfamiliar people is uncertain, speakers tend to seek cognitive effects that cost them the least effort. Yet hearers need greater effort, often greater specificity, from speakers if their responses are to be highly relevant in their turn. This theme of mismatch manifests itself in vague reference questions, underdeveloped online searches, uncreative judging in retrieval evaluation trials, and perfunctory indexing. Another effect of least effort is a bias toward topical relevance over other kinds. RT can explain these outcomes as well as more adaptive ones. Pennant diagrams, applied here to a literature search and a Bradford‐style journal analysis, can model them. Given RT and the right context, bibliometrics may predict psychometrics.