bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In PWR Comprehensive Study of High Burn-Up Corrosion and Growth Behavior of M5® and Recrystallized Low-Tin Zircaloy-4
Authors: Bossis Philippe , Verhaeghe Bénédicte , Doriot Sylvie , Gilbon Didier , Chabretou Valérie , Dalmais Agnès , Mardon Jean-Paul , Blat Martine , Miquet Alain 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper is dealing with the corrosion and growth behavior of M5® and recrystallized low tin Zircaloy-4 irradiated as stress-free tubes in conditions representative of grids and guide-tubes of PWR fuel assemblies. The low-tin Zircaloy-4 tubes have reached equivalent burn-ups up to 93 GWd/tU (corresponding to a fluence of 21.0×1025 n⋅m−2, E&gt;1 MeV), and the M5® tubes have reached equivalent burn-ups up to 79 GWd/tU (corresponding to a fluence of 17.1×1025 n⋅m−2). Postirradiation growth was measured by comparing the distances between holes regularly distributed along the rod to the initial measurements. Postirradiation outer diameter oxide thicknesses were measured by eddy currents. Detailed characterizations of oxide layers have been realized through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hydrogen uptake has been obtained through global hydrogen content measurements and metallographic examination of hydrides. Finally, the irradiation-induced microstructure of the metallic matrix has been observed by transmission electron microscopy. On these tubes, the free growth reached 1.9 % at 93 GWd/tU on Zircaloy-4 and 0.3 % at 79 GWd/tU on M5®. The external oxide thicknesses are far greater on Zircaloy-4 (∼60 μm at 93 GWd/tU) than on M5® (∼7.5 μm at 79 GWd/tU), and the oxidation rate is eight times higher on Zircaloy-4 than on M5®. Very high hydrogen content is achieved on Zircaloy-4, up to ∼1600 ppm (due to the low wall thickness and two-sided corrosion), whereas the maximum value on M5® is ∼100 ppm (despite the same geometry and corrosion conditions). On both alloys, the hydrogen pickup fraction is of the same order for these experimental empty rods as for previously analyzed fuel rod claddings, which may indicate the absence of a heat flux effect on the hydrogen uptake. Finally, potential correlation between growth, corrosion and hydrogen uptake will be discussed. Taking account of the results obtained on both experimental tubes and fuel rods, the effects of the presence or absence of heat flux through the wall thickness and of hydride rim at the metal/oxide interface are discussed, especially concerning the high burn-up corrosion acceleration on Zircaloy-4.
Contaminants in Used Oils and Their Behavior
Authors: Sasaki Akira 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Either particle count or gravimetric analysis is commonly used for assessing oil cleanliness. These analytical methods are useful and practical. However, the former provides the particle number of defined size groups and the latter the gross weight of the contaminants in a certain volume of oil, but they cannot inform us of the characteristics of contamination. To solve hydraulic and lubrication problems due to oil contamination, it is imperative to know the characteristics of contamination. Solvent extraction methods have been used to separate contaminants from used oils. Solvent extraction analysis showed that the majority of contaminants in used oils were polymerized oil oxidation products, which were not soluble in oil. Recently, problems of varnish formation in gas turbines has been of great interest. Varnish is the polymerized oil oxidation product. Such polymerized oil oxidation products have polarity, although base mineral oils are non-polar. Polar and non-polar materials are basically incompatible with each other. Polar materials behave independently in oils. The molecular weight of oil oxidation products was determined by GPC, and it was found that they were good for lubrication when they were soluble in oil but harmful when they became insoluble. However, contaminants must be considered on the level of molecular size in order to solve hydraulic and lubrication problems. This paper discusses the behavior of oil oxidation products in oils.
VERTICAL STABILITY OF MERCURY IN HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC SEDIMENTS FROM CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Suchanek Thomas H. , Richerson Peter J. , Zierenberg Robert A. , Slotton Darell G. , Mullen Lauri H. 
Published: January 2009

Clear Lake, California, USA, is the site of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, now a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Site. Intermittent mining from 1873 to 1957 resulted in ∼100 Mg of mercury (Hg) being deposited into the lake's ecosystem. Sediment cores to ∼2.5 m depth (dated using 210Pb and 14C) represent ∼3000 years of sedimentation. Clear Lake sediments have experienced Hg deposition from anthropogenic sources (mining) during historic times (to the mid‐1900s) and geologic sources during prehistoric times (prior to the mid‐1800s). This provides a unique opportunity to evaluate hypotheses relating to (1) the influence of the mine on Hg loading to the lake and (2) the potential upward mobilization of Hg by diagenetic processes proposed by some as an alternative explanation for increased Hg concentrations at the surface of the sediment column believed to be caused by increased global atmospheric deposition.Although Hg mining began in 1873, no significant evidence of anthropogenic Hg loading was detected in cores prior to open‐pit mining ca. 1927, which also involved bulldozing mine waste rock and tailings into the lake. Exponential increases in total Hg (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were observed above the 1927 horizon, where estimated sedimentation rates were 2.2–20.4 mm/yr and peaks of both forms of Hg maintained vertical stability within the sediment column. Below the 1927 horizon, a slow increase in both TotHg and MeHg with depth was observed from ∼1000 to 3000 years before present, where sedimentation rates ranged from ∼0.6 to 2.0 mm/yr and elevated Hg profiles appear stable. Vertical stability of Hg in the shallow and deep sediment column suggests that both TotHg and MeHg do not undergo diagenetic upward mobilization within the sediment column under rapid or slow sedimentation rates. Because (1) these data were collected at a site with known anthropogenic and geologic sources and (2) regions of elevated Hg concentrations from both sources remain stable within the sediment column under very different sedimentation regimes, these results also support the hypothesis that elevated Hg at the surface of cores in other worldwide locations likely represents global atmospheric deposition rather than upward diagenetic mobilization.
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Common Vetch (<i>Vicia sativa</i>) on Growing Rats
Authors: Islam MR , Bari ASM , Rahman MH , Rahman MM 
Published: January 2009

Anti-nutritional effect of common vetch (Vicia sativa) was evaluated in 12 growing long-Evans rats of either sex, divided into three groups (A, B & C), each consisting of 4 rats during the period from September 1999 to April 2000.Â Rats of group A fed with commercial poultry pellet feed (Quality Feeds Ltd., Dhaka), group B fed vetch supplemented ration and group C fed with ration contained vetch and methionine for a period of 43 days. Results showed that the body weight gain was significantly (p < 0.01) lowerÂ in rats fed with vetch supplemented (183.75 Â± 11.09 g) in comparison to control (221.25 Â± 22.87 g) and vetch + methionine supplemented (246.25 Â± 2.5 g) diets. On proportional weight basis, gut length was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in rats fed vetch supplemented diet (167.08 Â± 12.72 cm) than those of vetch + methionine supplemented (106.63 Â±Â 4.12 cm) and control (123.53 Â± 19.85 cm) groups. Addition of methionine in the vetch diet resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) increases in pancreatic weight on wet weight basis. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was found to be increased in case of rats fed vetch supplemented diet than those of control and vetch + methionine supplemented diet. Key words: Anti-nutritional effect, common vetch, growing rat DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1920 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1(1) : 57 - 61
Family‐based association of YWHAH in psychotic bipolar disorder
Authors: Grover Deepak , Verma Ranjana , Goes Fernando S. , Mahon Pamela L. Belmonte , Gershon Elliot S. , McMahon Francis J. , Potash James B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractYWHAH is a positional and functional candidate gene for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BP). This gene has been previously shown to be associated with both disorders, and the chromosome location (22q12.3) has been repeatedly implicated in linkage studies for these disorders. It codes for the η subtype of the 14‐3‐3 protein family, is expressed mainly in brain, and is involved in HPA axis regulation. We investigated the association of YWHAH with BP in a large sample, consisting of 1211 subjects from 318 nuclear families including 554 affected offspring. We tested for association with the standard BP phenotype as well as subtypes defined by psychotic and mood‐incongruent features. We genotyped five tag SNPs and the (GCCTGCA)n polymorphic locus present in this gene. Using a family‐based association test, we found that rs2246704 was associated with BP (OR 1.31, P = 0.03) and psychotic BP (OR = 1.66, P = 0.002). The polymorphic repeat and two other SNPs were also modestly associated with psychotic BP. We have provided additional evidence for association of variants in YWHAH with major mental illness. Additional association analyses of larger sample sets will be required to clarify the role of YWHAH in schizophrenia and BP. The use of clinical sub‐phenotypes such as psychotic features or other potential schizophrenia/BP overlap variables including cognitive abnormalities and poor functioning might shed further light on the potential subtypes of illness most closely associated with genetic variation in YWHAH. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of outcome after colorectal resection within an enhanced recovery programme
Authors: Hendry P O , Hausel J , Nygren J , Lassen K , Dejong C H C , Ljungqvist O , Fearon K C H 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Postoperative outcomes were studied in relation to adverse nutritional risk (body mass index (BMI) below 20 kg/m2), advanced age (80 years or more) and co-morbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade III–IV) in patients undergoing colorectal resection within an enhanced recovery after surgery programme.

Methods
Outcomes were audited prospectively in 1035 patients. Morbidity and mortality were compared with those predicted using the Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity, and a multivariable model was used to determine independent predictors of outcome.

Results
Postoperative morbidity was lower than predicted (observed to expected 0·68; P &lt; 0·001). Independent predictors of delayed mobilization were ASA III–IV (P &lt; 0·001) and advanced age (P = 0·025). Prolonged hospital stay was related to advanced age (P = 0·002), ASA III–IV (P &lt; 0·001), male sex (P = 0·037) and rectal surgery (P &lt; 0·001). Morbidity was related to ASA III–IV (P = 0·004), male sex (P = 0·023) and rectal surgery (P = 0·002). None of the factors predicted 30-day mortality.

Conclusion
Age and nutritional status were not independent determinants of morbidity or mortality. Pre-existing co-morbidity was an independent predictor of several outcomes.
Electrical stimulation induces propagated colonic contractions in an experimental model
Authors: Aellen S , Wiesel P H , Gardaz J-P , Schlageter V , Bertschi M , Virag N , Givel J-C 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Direct colonic electrical stimulation may prove to be a treatment option for specific motility disorders such as chronic constipation. The aim of this study was to provoke colonic contractions using electrical stimulation delivered from a battery-operated device.

Methods
Electrodes were inserted into the caecal seromuscular layer of eight anaesthetized pigs. Contractions were induced by a neurostimulator (Medtronic 3625). Caecal motility was measured simultaneously by video image analysis, manometry and a technique assessing colonic transit.

Results
Caecal contractions were generated using 8–10 V amplitude, 1000 µs pulse width, 120 Hz frequency for 10–30 s, with an intensity of 7–15 mA. The maximal contraction strength was observed after 20–25 s. Electrical stimulation was followed by a relaxation phase of 1·5–2 min during which contractions propagated orally and aborally over at least 10 cm. Spontaneous and stimulated caecal motility values were significantly different for both intraluminal pressure (mean(s.d.) 332(124) and 463(187) mmHg respectively; P &lt; 0·001, 42 experiments) and movement of contents (1·6(0·9) and 3·9(2·8) mm; P &lt; 0·001, 40 experiments).

Conclusion
Electrical stimulation modulated caecal motility, and provoked localized and propagated colonic contractions.
Randomized clinical trial of a modified Seldinger technique for open central venous cannulation for implantable access devices
Authors: Knebel P , Fischer L , Huesing J , Hennes R , Büchler M W , Seiler C M 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Totally implantable access ports (TIAPs) are often used for patients who need permanent venous access. The primary success rate using direct open insertion is about 80 per cent, so rescue strategies are needed. This study compared the primary success rates of standard open insertion and a modified Seldinger technique.

Methods
This randomized trial recruited 164 patients scheduled for primary implantation of a TIAP and compared two interventions. The primary endpoint was the success rate of the implantation technique.

Results
The primary success rates were similar: 66 (80 per cent) of 82 patients who had standard open insertion versus 69 (84 per cent) of 82 patients undergoing the modified Seldinger method (P = 0·686). A logistic mixed regression analysis including treatment group, age, Karnofsky index, body mass index and surgeon's experience showed no advantage for the Seldinger method: odds ratio 1·30 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·62 to 2·70). TIAPs were eventually implanted successfully in 163 (99·4 per cent) of 164 patients. In 11 patients randomized to standard surgery, the Seldinger method was a successful rescue strategy.

Conclusion
The primary success rate was similar for both open insertion methods. The modified Seldinger method is useful if standard open insertion fails. Registration number: ISRCTN 52368201 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Composite abdominosacral resection for recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Sagar P M , Gonsalves S , Heath R M , Phillips N , Chalmers A G 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
En bloc resection of the tumour and adjacent involved organs offers the only realistic curative option for patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. This study assessed outcomes of composite resection for recurrent tumours involving the sacrum.

Methods
A consecutive series of patients underwent composite abdominosacral resection (abdominal mobilization and stoma construction followed by sacral division and tumour retrieval) for recurrent rectal cancer between 2001 and 2007. Patients were staged with preoperative computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Data were collected prospectively.

Results
Forty patients (28 men; median age 59 (range 31–77) years) underwent surgery with sacral division at the S2/3 interface in 13, S3/4 level in 20 and S4/5 level in seven patients. One patient died and 24 had complications. An R0 resection was achieved in 20 patients and conferred benefit in disease-free interval over an R1 resection. The mean disease-free interval was 55·6 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 40·0 to 71·3) months for R0 and 32·2 (95 per cent c.i. 19·7 to 44·7) months for R1 resection (P = 0·048).

Conclusion
Composite abdominosacral resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer is an effective treatment for a difficult clinical scenario.
Laparoscopic management of insulinomas
Authors: Isla A , Arbuckle J D , Kekis P B , Lim A , Jackson J E , Todd J F , Lynn J 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Conventional surgical management of insulinomas involves an open technique. The laparoscopic approach has advantages in terms of improved postoperative pain and recovery time. This retrospective study evaluated the laparoscopic management of pancreatic insulinomas.

Methods
Between December 2000 and March 2007, 23 patients were referred for consideration of laparoscopic insulinoma resection. Two patients were not deemed appropriate for the laparoscopic approach and were managed with open surgery. All surgery was performed by one experienced pancreatic surgeon. Laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasonography was not available for the first six procedures, but was used thereafter.

Results
Twenty-one patients (five men and 16 women, median age 46 (range 22–70) years) had a successful resection. All had single tumours, five in the head, nine in the body and seven in the tail of the pancreas. One conversion to open operation was performed in a patient with an insulinoma in the head of the pancreas who had dense adhesions resulting from pancreatitis. Three patients developed a postoperative pancreatic fistula. There has been no recurrence of symptoms in any patient.

Conclusion
Laparoscopic management of insulinomas is feasible and safe. Laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasonography is a promising adjunct to the procedure, even after accurate preoperative localization.
Feasibility of complex coronary intervention in combination with percutaneous aortic valve implantation in patients with aortic stenosis using percutaneous left ventricular assist device (TandemHeart®)
Authors: Piazza Nicolo , Serruys Patrick W. , de Jaegere Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCoronary atherosclerosis is a common finding in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Indeed, aortic stenosis is associated with risk factors similar those of coronary atherosclerosis such as older age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. In light of the evolution of percutaneous aortic valve implantation (PAVI) and ongoing improvements in techniques of PCI, a combined approach using PCI and PAVI can be proposed for patients with complex coronary artery and aortic valve disease. This report describes the feasibility of the combination of percutaneous coronary intervention and percutaneous aortic valve implantation with peripheral left ventricular assist device (TandemHeart) support in 3 elderly patients with complex coronary altery disease and aortic stenosis considered too high risk for conventional surgical therapy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of Tetradentate Monoanionic Ligands for Stabilizing Reactive Metal Complexes
Authors: Chomitz Wayne A. , Arnold John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLigand scaffolding: The chemist's ability to choose from a wide range of supporting ligands is an important factor in designing new metal complexes. The introduction of new ligand scaffolds with different donor types and coordination numbers allows for the expansion of reaction chemistry at metal centers. This article surveys the use of the tetradentate monoanionic (TMDA) ligands (shown here) with main‐group, transition‐metal, and f‐block elements.magnified imageSupporting ligand design has played a vital role in the development of coordination and organometallic chemistry. A myriad of ligands with varying charge, donor‐type, and denticity have been explored in this realm. A ligand type that has garnered recent attention involves a tetradentate monoanionic (TDMA) framework. TDMA ligands have been used with p‐, d‐, and f‐block elements to form an array of interesting new complexes with applications ranging from bioinorganic chemistry to catalysis. Complexes incorporating TDMA ligands have been shown to stabilize reactive low‐valent and cationic species. Functionalized β‐diiminato and TACN derivatives as well as tripodal ligands featuring both hard σ‐donors as well as “mixed‐donors” are covered in this review. The synthetic challenges associated with the implementation of each ligand set are discussed.
Towards Allosteric Receptors: Adjustment of the Rotation Barrier of 2,2′‐Bipyridine Derivatives
Authors: Zahn Stefan , Reckien Werner , Kirchner Barbara , Staats Holger , Matthey Jens , Lützen Arne 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhat a difference! The energy differences between anti and syn conformers as well as the energy barrier for the rotation around the aryl–aryl bond of a number of 2,2′‐bipyridine molecules were examined by quantum‐chemical methods. The energy differences were found to be governed by the substituents directly attached to the bipyridine and their ability to form intramolecular hydrogen bonds.magnified imageQuantum‐chemical calculations at the BP86/TZVP level of theory were performed to determine the energy differences between the syn and the anti conformers, as well as the energy barrier for the rotation of the aryl–aryl bond of 2,2′‐bipyridine molecules and a number of disubstituted derivatives. Substitutents with hydrogen‐bond donor (or electron acceptor) functions or hydrogen‐bond acceptors (or electron donors) are generally found to have large effects on the difference and the barrier. Substitution with a hydrogen‐bond donor (or an electron acceptor) at position 6 and 6′ leads to a decrease owing to a charge transfer from the pyridine nitrogen lone pair to the donor, which is caused by the formation of weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds and/or dipolar interactions, respectively. Conversely, substitution at position 4 and 4′ causes an increase in the energy barrier. Substitution with a hydrogen‐bond acceptor (or an electron donor) shows the opposite behavior, which can be explained by the weak intramolecular interactions. Interestingly, even very weak CH hydrogen‐bond donors (electron acceptors) such as methyl groups have a significant influence. This indicates the importance of such weak interactions for the structure and energetics of supramolecular systems. The energy differences are mainly governed by the substituents directly attached to the bipyridine core as the introduction of sterically demanding groups in the periphery hardly influences the barriers or energy differences of the conformers. These findings are important for the design of heterotropic positive cooperative allosteric receptors with 2,2′‐bipyridines as the allosteric centre.