bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the impact of non-indigenous species on the food web integrity of North American Great Lakes: Lake Erie example
Authors: Munawar M. , Munawar I.F. , Mandrak N.E. , Fitzpatrick M. , Dermott R. , Leach J. 
Published: December 2005

For the past several decades, the North American Great Lakes have suffered from eutrophication. The deteriorating state of the Great Lakes alarmed both the governments of Canada and the United States resulting in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, which has brought about substantial improvements in water quality. While phosphorus abatement resulted in a significant decrease in nutrients, the sudden invasions of exotic species posed a serious threat to Great Lakes food webs. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the quagga mussel (D. bugensis), followed by other exotic species, infested Lakes Erie and Ontario causing a drastic reduction in phytoplankton biomass and increasing water clarity. In Lake Erie, post-Dreissena declines in phytoplankton size structure and changes in community composition were observed in this study, along with significant declines in primary productivity in the west basin. At the other end of the food web, exotic species such as alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and white perch (Morone americana) have become important to the Lake Erie commercial fishery, while other native fish species have declined. This paper presents an historical perspective and a general overview of the impact of nonindigenous species in the North American Great Lakes from the base of the food web to the fisheries. Lake Erie has been chosen as a case study to provide a detailed treatment. The expansion and growth of nonindigenous species has been responsible for significant modifications to the structural and functional characteristics of the food webs and fisheries of the Great Lakes. Our experience demonstrates the significance of the impact of exotics and the need to manage this serious problem on a global basis so that the integrity of food webs and fisheries throughout the world can be protected.This paper is dedicated to Dr. Jack Vallentyne for his contributions to Great Lakes research, especially for the implementation of the ‘ecosystem approach’. These contributions were in evidence in revisions to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and more currently in the management of exotic species.
Strategy and leadership
Authors: Gray Harry 
Published: December 2005

PurposeThe long‐time preoccupation with leadership as the key concept in organisational change ought to be replaced by a more general view that it is the quality of strategic thinking that leads to appropriate change within organisations.Design/methodology/approachAs an example of how strategic thinking works, the current demographic changes in longevity are explored and opportunities for drawing on the experience of older people in business are suggested.FindingsStrategic thinking depends on a collective view of organisational membership and takes for granted that leadership is a collective function not an individual one.Originality/valueExplores a neglected area of strategic concern – namely demographic change and its implications for organizations.
Tools to manage continuing change
Authors: Harpham Alan 
Published: December 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inform readers about new ways of coping with change in organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the environment in which today's organizations operate and gives advice about up‐to date training methods.FindingsProgram and project management can help the organization embrace change.Practical implicationsThe implications of this paper are that organizations can change effectively if they have the right training and or help from outside consultants.Originality/valueThis paper looks at a new diploma and methods for enlisting the services of consultants who can help the organization through transitional periods.
Usefulness of a delayed test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in bleeding peptic ulcer
Authors: GÜELL M. , ARTIGAU E. , ESTEVE V. , SÁNCHEZ‐DELGADO J. , JUNQUERA F. , CALVET X. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryAimTo evaluate (i) the diagnostic usefulness of a delayed test in initially negative patients; and (ii) the reliability of the rapid urease test, histology or a combination of the two to diagnose Helicobacter pylori during emergency endoscopy in a large clinical practice series.Patients and methodsRecords of patients with ulcer bleeding from 1995 to 2000 were reviewed. Patients with initially negative tests were retested 4–8 weeks after the bleeding episode. Sensitivity of urease, histology or a combination of the two to detect H. pylori at initial endoscopy and the efficacy of delayed Urea Breath Test in detecting missed infection was determined.ResultsThe study included 429 patients. A delayed second test detected H. pylori infection in 57 out of 72 (79%) of initially negative patients. The sensitivity for detecting H. pylori was 76%, 78% and 86% for urease, histology and their combination, respectively. The prevalence of H. pylori was 95% in duodenal and 88% in gastric ulcer. In addition, only one test was performed in 17 of the 32 patients who were considered negative.ConclusionNot even the combination of a negative urease and histology in the initial endoscopy is able to rule out infection in bleeding ulcer patients. A delayed test should be performed to rule out Helicobacter pylori infection completely.
Clinical utility of telomerase for the diagnosis of malignant well‐differentiated endocrine tumours
Authors: Vezzosi Delphine , Bouisson Michèle , Escourrou Ghislaine , Laurell Henrik , Selves Jannick , Seguin Philippe , Pradayrol Lucien , Caron Philippe , Buscail Louis 
Published: December 2005

SummaryObjective  The distinction between benign and malignant well‐differentiated endocrine tumours is hard to achieve. The aim of the present study was to determine whether detection of telomerase or quantification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein subunit (hTERT) differ between benign and malignant endocrine tumours.Patients and methods  This retrospective study investigated 31 well‐differentiated primary endocrine tumours. Based on clinical and histopathological criteria, tumours were categorized with the most recent WHO classification as ‘benign’ (n = 14), ‘uncertain’ (n = 5) or ‘malignant’ (n = 12) with (n = 7) or without (n = 5) metastasis after a mean follow‐up of 40·4 ± 25·8 months (4–122 months). All these tumours were assayed for telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA expression [real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)].Results  Telomerase activity was detected in 7 malignant and metastatic tumours, in 1 malignant tumour without metastases, in 1 uncertain tumour and in 1 benign tumour. hTERT mRNA levels were significantly higher in malignant endocrine tumours with or without metastases (P = 0·001) when compared to benign tumours. The negative predictive value of hTERT mRNA quantification for the diagnosis of malignancy was 88·9%, whereas the positive predictive value was 68·7%.Conclusion  The presence of telomerase activity within the primary endocrine tumour might indicate a malignant tumour and might suggest the need for an attentive search for concomitant metastases. Quantification of hTERT mRNA could be used in clinical practice to exclude malignancy in most endocrine tumours.
Consequences of climatic change for water temperature and brown trout populations in Alpine rivers and streams
Authors: HARI RENATA E. , LIVINGSTONE DAVID M. , SIBER ROSI , BURKHARDT‐HOLM PATRICIA , GÜTTINGER HERBERT 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwenty‐five years of extensive water temperature data show regionally coherent warming to have occurred in Alpine rivers and streams at all altitudes, reflecting changes in regional air temperature. Much of this warming occurred abruptly in 1987/1988. For brown trout populations, the warming resulted in an upward shift in thermal habitat that was accelerated by an increase in the incidence of temperature‐dependent Proliferative Kidney Disease at the habitat's lower boundary. Because physical barriers restrict longitudinal migration in mountain regions, an upward habitat shift in effect implies habitat reduction, suggesting the likelihood of an overall population decrease. Extensive brown trout catch data documenting an altitudinally dependent decline indicate that such a climate‐related population decrease has in fact occurred. Our analysis employs a quantitatively defined reference optimum temperature range for brown trout, based on the sinusoidal regression of seasonally varying field data.
Sensitivity of canopy transpiration to altered precipitation in an upland oak forest: evidence from a long‐term field manipulation study
Authors: WULLSCHLEGER STAN D. , HANSON PAUL J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractClimate‐induced changes in regional precipitation could have important implications for the carbon, water, and nutrient cycles of forest ecosystems. However, few studies have examined the response of deciduous forests to increases or decreases in precipitation. Therefore, the throughfall displacement experiment (TDE) was established in 1993 near Oak Ridge, Tennessee to examine the sensitivity of an upland oak (Quercus spp.) forest to ambient, wet (+33%), and dry (−33%) precipitation regimes. Sap flux measurements on co‐occurring tree species were scaled using species‐specific estimates of stand sapwood area to derive daily and seasonal rates of canopy transpiration (EC) from 2000 to 2003. With the exception of 2003, which was an extremely wet year, daily EC in the dry plot, and occasionally during extended droughts in the ambient and wet plots, declined as water potential in the upper 0.35 m soil profile approached ‐3.0 MPa. Seasonal patterns of soil water potential and treatment‐specific differences in EC were dependent on precipitation frequency and intensity. Supplemental precipitation added to the wet plot increased seasonal EC on average by 9% (range −1% to 19%), whereas extended periods of drought on the dry plot in 2000, 2001, and 2002 were sufficient to reduce seasonal EC by 26–30% compared with the ambient plot. There was a strong correlation between seasonal EC and the water stress integral, a cumulative index of drought severity and duration. A polynomial fitted to these data indicated that reductions in seasonal EC on the order of 40% were possible given TDE‐imposed reductions in soil water potential. Application of this equation to all years of the TDE (1994–2003) revealed considerable interannual and treatment‐specific variation in canopy transpiration. In general, a 33% removal of throughfall on the dry plot during 1995, 1998, and 2002 resulted in a 23–32% reduction in seasonal EC compared with the ambient plot. While droughts in deciduous forests are often limited in duration and tend to occur late in the growing season, soil water deficits of the magnitude observed in this study have the potential to impact local and regional forest water budgets.
On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyondQ10
Authors: DAVIDSON ERIC A. , JANSSENS IVAN A. , LUO YIQI 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRespiration, which is the second most important carbon flux in ecosystems following gross primary productivity, is typically represented in biogeochemical models by simple temperature dependence equations. These equations were established in the 19th century and have been modified very little since then. Recent applications of these equations to data on soil respiration have produced highly variable apparent temperature sensitivities. This paper searches for reasons for this variability, ranging from biochemical reactions to ecosystem‐scale substrate supply. For a simple membrane‐bound enzymatic system that follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the temperature sensitivities of maximum enzyme activity (Vmax) and the half‐saturation constant that reflects the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (Km) can cancel each other to produce no net temperature dependence of the enzyme. Alternatively, when diffusion of substrates covaries with temperature, then the combined temperature sensitivity can be higher than that of each individual process. We also present examples to show that soluble carbon substrate supply is likely to be important at scales ranging from transport across membranes, diffusion through soil water films, allocation to aboveground and belowground plant tissues, phenological patterns of carbon allocation and growth, and intersite differences in productivity. Robust models of soil respiration will require that the direct effects of substrate supply, temperature, and desiccation stress be separated from the indirect effects of temperature and soil water content on substrate diffusion and availability. We speculate that apparentQ10values of respiration that are significantly above about 2.5 probably indicate that some unidentified process of substrate supply is confounded with observed temperature variation.
Comparison of measured and EF5‐r‐derived N2O fluxes from a spring‐fed river
Authors: CLOUGH TIM J. , BERTRAM JANET E. , SHERLOCK ROBERT R. , LEONARD ROBERT L. , NOWICKI BARBARA L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThere is considerable uncertainty in the estimates of indirect N2O emissions as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) methodology. Direct measurements of N2O yields and fluxes in aquatic river environments are sparse and more data are required to determine the role that rivers play in the global N2O budget.The objectives of this research were to measure the N2O fluxes from a spring‐fed river, relate these fluxes to the dissolved N2O concentrations and NO3‐N loading of the river, and to try to define the indirect emission factor (EF5‐r) for the river.Gas bubble ebullition was observed at the river source with bubbles containing 7.9 μL N2O L−1. River NO3‐N and dissolved N2O concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 mg L−1 and 0.4 to 1.9 μg N2O‐N L−1, respectively, with N2O saturation reaching 404%. Floating headspace chambers were used to sample N2O fluxes. N2O‐N fluxes were significantly related to dissolved N2O‐N concentrations (r2=0.31) but not to NO3‐N concentrations. The N2O‐N fluxes ranged from 38 to 501 μg m−2 h−1, averaging 171 μg m−2 h−1 (±SD 85) overall. The measured N2O‐N fluxes equated to an EF5‐r of only 6.6% of that calculated using the IPCC methodology, and this itself was considered to be an overestimate because of the degassing of antecedent dissolved N2O present in the groundwater that fed the river.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease): report of a case in a girl of Brazilian Indian descent
Authors: MARTINS W. D. , DE LIMA A. A. S. , VIEIRA S. 
Published: December 2005

Summary. Background.  This report describes the case of a patient with focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), a rare but distinctive entity of viral aetiology with characteristic clinical and histopathological features.Case report. The condition is usually seen in children and adolescents of American Indian and Eskimo background. Surgical removal of papillomatous lesions is the treatment of choice, either for aesthetic reasons, or when the lesions interfere with function or are readily traumatized. Recurrence and the site of new lesions are unpredictable, and continued review of the patient is often necessary. The patient described here has been followed for 24 months without recurrences or changes in the aspect of the remaining lesions.Conclusion.  This case highlights a possible genetic predilection for FEH, since the patient is a descent of a Brazilian Xavante Indian.
Differences in methodologies of measuring the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and adolescents
Authors: FURLANETTO D. L. C. , CRIGHTON A. , TOPPING G. V. A. 
Published: December 2005

Summary. Aim. This review offers a brief summary of three of the more commonly surveyed and reported oral mucosal conditions found in children, and an appraisal of the variation between selected elements of prevalence study methodologies.Design. Searches of electronic databases (i.e. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and EBM Reviews) were conducted to find publications related to oral mucosal conditions in children. Studies were included and reviewed if they contained data on the prevalence of any of the following oral mucosal conditions: geographical tongue, oral ulceration and herpes labialis in children or adolescents (up to the age of 19 years).Results. A total of 29 articles out of 333 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Of these 29 reports, 18 considered geographical tongue, 12 herpes labialis and 10 oral ulceration, although a number of the surveys reported on more than one condition. The approaches used in these studies varied on a number of the potentially important areas associated with validity, comparability, and whether or not the findings may be extrapolated beyond the study population, such as the sampling frame, diagnostic criteria, training and calibration, and examination features.Conclusion. Although there were a number of surveys relating to the prevalence of geographical tongue, herpes labialis and oral ulcers in children and adolescents, reported prevalences varied and few studies were directly comparable in terms of the methodology applied. In particular, there was substantial variation between surveys in terms of the diagnostic criteria and method of detection employed although, in many instances, there was inadequate detail to allow full appraisal of the methodology. There is a need for more good‐quality epidemiological studies in this area.
Comorbid ADHD is associated with altered patterns of neuronal activation in adolescents with bipolar disorder performing a simple attention task
Authors: Adler Caleb M , DelBello Melissa P , Mills Neil P , Schmithorst Vince , Holland Scott , Strakowski Stephen M 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  Bipolar disorder is increasingly recognized as a significant source of psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents. Younger bipolar patients symptomatically differ from adults, and frequently present with comorbid disorders, particularly attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The neurophysiological relationship between these two disorders, however, remains unclear. In this study we utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare activation patterns during performance of a simple attention task between bipolar adolescents with and without ADHD.Methods:  Eleven bipolar adolescents with comorbid ADHD and 15 bipolar adolescents without comorbidity were recruited to participate in fMRI scans. A single‐digit continuous performance task alternated with a control task in a block‐design paradigm. between‐group comparisons were made using voxel‐by‐voxel analysis. Follow‐up correlations were made between performance and activation.Results:  Group performance did not significantly differ in percentage correct (p = 0.36) or discriminability (p = 0.11). ADHD comorbidity was associated with less activation in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 10) and anterior cingulate, and greater activation in posterior parietal cortex and middle temporal gyrus. Comorbid ADHD was associated with substantial differences in patterns of correlation between performance and voxel‐by‐voxel activation.Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that comorbid ADHD in bipolar adolescents is associated with activation of alternative pathways during performance of a simple attention task. The pattern of differences suggests that bipolar adolescents with comorbid ADHD demonstrate decreased activation of prefrontal regions, compared with bipolar adolescents without ADHD, and preferentially recruit portions of posterior parietal and temporal cortex.
History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: factors associated with increased risk
Authors: Goldstein Tina R , Birmaher Boris , Axelson David , Ryan Neal D , Strober Michael A , Gill Mary Kay , Valeri Sylvia , Chiappetta Laurel , Leonard Henrietta , Hunt Jeffrey , Bridge Jeffrey A , Brent David A , Keller Martin 
Published: December 2005

Background:  Despite evidence indicating high morbidity associated with pediatric bipolar disorder (BP), little is known about the prevalence and clinical correlates of suicidal behavior among this population.Objective:  To investigate the prevalence of suicidal behavior among children and adolescents with BP, and to compare subjects with a history of suicide attempt to those without on demographic, clinical, and familial risk factors.Methods:  Subjects were 405 children and adolescents aged 7–17 years, who fulfilled DSM‐IV criteria for BPI (n = 236) or BPII (n = 29), or operationalized criteria for BP not otherwise specified (BP NOS; n = 140) via the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School‐Aged Children. As part of a multi‐site longitudinal study of pediatric BP (Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth), demographic, clinical, and family history variables were measured at intake via clinical interview with the subject and a parent/guardian.Results:  Nearly one‐third of BP patients had a lifetime history of suicide attempt. Attempters, compared with non‐attempters, were older, and more likely to have a lifetime history of mixed episodes, psychotic features, and BPI. Attempters were more likely to have a lifetime history of comorbid substance use disorder, panic disorder, non‐suicidal self‐injurious behavior, family history of suicide attempt, history of hospitalization, and history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Multivariate analysis found that the following were the most robust set of predictors for suicide attempt: mixed episodes, psychosis, hospitalization, self‐injurious behavior, panic disorder, and substance use disorder.Conclusions:  These findings indicate that children and adolescents with BP exhibit high rates of suicidal behavior, with more severe features of BP illness and comorbidity increasing the risk for suicide attempt. Multiple clinical factors emerged distinguishing suicide attempters from non‐attempters. These clinical factors should be considered in both assessment and treatment of pediatric BP.
Negatively condition dependent predation cost of a positively condition dependent sexual signalling
Authors: Lindström L. , Ahtiainen J. J. , Mappes J. , Kotiaho J. S. , Lyytinen A. , Alatalo R. V. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Predation is considered as an important factor constraining the expression of sexual signals. Nevertheless, direct quantitative evidence for predation provoking significant viability costs on individuals signalling at high rates is scarce. Moreover, it is unclear whether high rate signallers are able to balance presumably increased predation costs. We examined whether a condition dependent audible sexual signal, drumming, makes Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata male spiders more prone to predation by pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), and whether sexual signalling rate is related to escaping ability once attacked. When birds were given a choice between two spider males manipulated to drum either one or three bouts per minute using playbacks, naïve birds attacked the males randomly regardless of the drumming rate. However, experienced birds chose significantly more often the males with high signalling rate. When spiders were allowed to escape, males with high sexual signalling rate tended to be better at escaping attacks than males with low sexual signalling rate. This study provides evidence that high signalling rate increases the risk of predation, but simultaneously males with high mobility, which correlates positively with signalling rate seemed to be better at compensating this cost.