bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rising Incidence of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Pediatric Neck Abscesses
Authors: Thomason Timothy S. , Brenski Amy , McClay John , Ehmer Dale 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVESTo examine the incidence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pediatric neck abscesses and compare these with abscesses caused by methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and other organisms (non‐SA).STUDY DESIGNRetrospective review of 245 children who underwent incision and drainage of neck abscesses from January 1, 2001, to December 1, 2005.RESULTSThe yearly incidence of MRSA increased from 9 percent to 40 percent during the study period. Abscesses in medial locations were less common in the MRSA group (P < 0.01) and MSSA group (P < 0.001) compared with the non‐SA group. Average patient ages were MRSA 18.9 months, MSSA 18.7 months, and non‐SA 47.6 months. Complication rates were MRSA 8 percent, MSSA 5 percent, and non‐SA 5 percent.CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of MRSA in pediatric neck abscesses is increasing dramatically. MRSA and MSSA usually infect younger patients in the lateral locations. Clinical courses were similar in all groups.
Lactobacilli: Important in Biofilm Formation on Voice Prostheses
Authors: Buijssen Kevin J.D.A. , Harmsen Hermie J.M. , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. , van der Laan Bernard F.A.M. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVEWe sought to identify bacterial strains responsible for biofilm formation on silicone rubber voice prostheses.STUDY DESIGNWe conducted an analysis of the bacterial population in biofilms on used silicone rubber voice prostheses by using new microbiological methods.METHODSTwo microbiological methods were used: polymerase chain reaction—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Twenty‐six Provox2 and eight Groningen Ultra Low Resistance voice prostheses that were removed because of leakage through the prosthesis or because of increased airflow resistance were used in this study.RESULTSThe results showed that 33 of the 34 explanted voice prosthetic biofilms contained lactobacilli in close association with the Candida sp. present.CONCLUSIONLactobacilli are general colonizers of tracheoesophageal voice prostheses in vivo, growing intertwined with Candida. This knowledge may be important in the development of new pathways directed to prevent or to influence biofilm formation on tracheoesophageal voice prostheses and elongate their lifespan.
Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Untreated Glottic Carcinoma
Authors: Grant David G. , Salassa John R. , Hinni Michael L. , Pearson Bruce W. , Hayden Richard E. , Perry William C. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVESTo report the oncology and functional outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for untreated glottic carcinoma.STUDY DESIGNA 2 center prospective case series analysis.SETTINGAcademic, tertiary referral centers.RESULTSSeventy‐six patients underwent TLM. Pathologic T stages were: T1, 45 (59%); T2, 21 (28%); T3, 5 (7%); and T4, 5 (7%). Five (7%) patients had neck dissections. Five (7%) patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Mean follow‐up was 42 months. Respective T1 and T2 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimates were: local control, 90% and 93%; loco‐regional control, 90% and 93%; disease specific survival, 90% and 93%; and overall survival, 94% and 93%. The average hospital stay was 2 days. Two (3%) patients experienced major complications. The overall laryngeal preservation rate was 95% (72 of 76).CONCLUSIONSTLM is a safe and effective treatment in select carcinoma of the glottic larynx. Low morbidity and mortality and short periods of hospitalization make TLM an attractive therapeutic option.SIGNIFICANCETLM is an emerging strategy in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.
The impact of nutritional status on the outcome of Indian patients undergoing neurosurgical shunt surgery
Authors: Jain Gaurav , Mukerji Gaurav , Dixit Anupam , Manshani Novin , Yadav Y. R. 
Published: August 2007

Undernutrition is common in surgical patients, is frequently unrecognised and is strongly associated with adverse outcomes such as high rates of complications and mortality, worsening functional status and prolonged hospitalisation. Owing to the associated infection and symptoms such as repeated vomiting, a high prevalence of undernutrition is expected in hydrocephalus patients, which may contribute to their poor surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preoperative nutritional status on the outcome of Indian patients with hydrocephalus undergoing neurosurgical shunt surgery. One hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients undergoing scheduled hydrocephalus shunt surgery were studied prospectively. All patients underwent nutritional screening according to different parameters prior to surgery. The patients were classified into normally nourished and undernourished groups. The undernourished group was further subdivided into moderately and severely undernourished. The surgical outcome was compared between these groups. A high prevalence (53 %) of undernutrition was observed in these patients. Postoperative complications such as shunt infection (P = 0·0023), shunt revision (P = 0·0074) and mortality (P = 0·0003) were significantly more common in undernourished patients compared with normally nourished patients. Serum albumin emerged as the most significant independent predictor of postoperative mortality. The present study demonstrated a high prevalence of undernutrition in hydrocephalus patients in India and its adverse influence on the outcome of shunt surgery. Early preoperative nutritional status screening and its optimisation may decrease the morbidity and mortality of shunt surgery for hydrocephalus.
Decreased levels of uric acid after oral glucose challenge is associated with triacylglycerol levels and degree of insulin resistance
Authors: Tinahones F. J. , Cardona F. , Rojo-Martínez G. , Almaraz M. C. , Cardona I. , Vázquez-Mellado J. , Garrido-Sánchez L. , Collantes E. , Soriguer F. 
Published: August 2007

Hyperuricaemia is one of the components of metabolic syndrome. Both oxidative stress and hyperinsulinism are important variables in the genesis of this syndrome and have a close association with uric acid (UA). We evaluated the effect of an oral glucose challenge on UA concentrations. The study included 656 persons aged 18 to 65 years. Glycaemia, insulin, UA and plasma proteins were measured at baseline and 120 min after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The baseline sample also included measurements of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and HDL-cholesterol. Insulin resistance was calculated with the homeostasis model assessment. UA levels were significantly lower after the OGTT (281·93 (sd92·19)v. 267·48 (sd90·40) μmol/l;P < 0·0001). Subjects with a drop in UA concentrations >40·86 μmol/l (>75th percentile) had higher plasma TAG levels (P = 0·0001), baseline insulin (P = 0·02) and greater insulin resistance (P = 0·034). Women with a difference in plasma concentrations of UA above the 75th percentile had higher baseline insulin levels (P = 0·019), concentration of plasma TAG (P = 0·0001) and a greater insulin resistance index (P = 0·029), whereas the only significant difference in men was the level of TAG. Multiple regression analysis showed that the basal TAG levels, insulin at 120 min, glycaemia at 120 min and waist:hip ratio significantly predicted the variance in the UA difference (r20·077). Levels of UA were significantly lower after the OGTT and the individuals with the greatest decrease in UA levels are those who have greater insulin resistance and higher TAG levels.
Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Authors: Costabile Adele , Klinder Annett , Fava Francesca , Napolitano Aurora , Fogliano Vincenzo , Leonard Clare , Gibson Glenn R. , Tuohy Kieran M. 
Published: August 2007

Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between dietary intake of whole grains and the risk of chronic disease. This may be related to the ability to mediate a prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota. However, no studies have been conducted on the microbiota modulatory capability of whole-grain (WG) cereals. In the present study, the impact of WG wheat on the human intestinal microbiota compared to wheat bran (WB) was determined. A double-blind, randomised, crossover study was carried out in thirty-one volunteers who were randomised into two groups and consumed daily 48 g breakfast cereals, either WG or WB, in two 3-week study periods, separated by a 2-week washout period. Numbers of faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (the target genera for prebiotic intake), were significantly higher upon WG ingestion compared with WB. Ingestion of both breakfast cereals resulted in a significant increase in ferulic acid concentrations in blood but no discernible difference in faeces or urine. No significant differences in faecal SCFA, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), TAG or HDL-cholesterol were observed upon ingestion of WG compared with WB. However, a significant reduction in TC was observed in volunteers in the top quartile of TC concentrations upon ingestion of either cereal. No adverse intestinal symptoms were reported and WB ingestion increased stool frequency. Daily consumption of WG wheat exerted a pronounced prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota composition. This prebiotic activity may contribute towards the beneficial physiological effects of WG wheat.
Decreased expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, rather than of isozyme VI, in submandibular glands in long-term zinc-deficient rats
Authors: Goto Tomoko , Shirakawa Hitoshi , Furukawa Yuji , Komai Michio 
Published: August 2007

We previously reported that in rats, long-term Zn deficiency significantly reduced taste sensitivity and total carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the submandibular gland. We therefore investigated the effects of Zn deficiency on salivary secretion and the expressions of CA isozymes (II and VI) in the rat submandibular gland, since those isozymes are thought to be related to taste sensation and salivary secretion. Male Sprague–Dawley rats, age 4 weeks, were divided into three groups (Zn-def, low-Zn and pair-fed, that were fed a diet containing 2·2, 4·1 or 33·7 mg Zn/kg, respectively, for 42 d). Northern blot analysis indicated that Zn deficiency reduced CA II mRNA expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI mRNA expression. In Western blot analysis, Zn deficiency significantly reduced CA II (erythrocyte CA) protein expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI protein expression. Salivary secretion was lower in the Zn-def group than in the pair-fed group. These results suggest that decreased CA isozyme II expression underlies the decreased CA activity previously reported in the submandibular gland in Zn-def rats, and this may reduce regular salivary secretion.
Prevalence in the eligibility for weight loss treatment in a Mediterranean population
Authors: Schröder Helmut , Elosua Roberto , Vila Juan , Martí Helena , Covas Maria-Isabel , Marrugat Jaume 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to analyse the prevalence and time trends of the subjects in a Mediterranean population meeting the criteria for weight loss treatment according to the National Institutes of Health (US) treatment algorithm proposed by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel. A random sample of the 25–74 year old population (n 4908) of Gerona, Spain, was examined in 1994–1995 and 1999–2000 in two independent population-based cross-sectional surveys. Cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle measures and anthropometric variables were analysed. The prevalence of subjects meeting the criteria for weight loss treatment according to the National Institutes of Health algorithm significantly increased from 46·4 to 52·9 % in men and from 35·1 to 40·4 % in women from 1995 to 2000. Stratifying this analysis for age groups revealed a significant increase among women aged 25 to 39 years and the older age group (60 to 74 years) of both genders. This increase was mainly observed in men and women with primary school education. The high prevalence of subjects meeting the criteria for weight loss treatment and the increasing secular trend is an important issue for health policy. This trend is more pronounced in older age groups and among the population with a basic educational level.
The red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone biochanin A inhibits aromatase activity and expression
Authors: Wang Yun , Man Gho Wai , Chan Franky L. , Chen Shiuan , Leung Lai K. 
Published: August 2007

Biochanin A is an isoflavone isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense), and is a commercially available nutraceutical for women suffering from postmenopausal symptoms. Isoflavones resemble the structure of oestrogen, and display agonistic and antagonistic interactions with the oestrogen receptor. Overexposure of oestrogen is a major contributing factor in the development of breast cancer, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19 enzyme, or aromatase, catalyses the reaction converting androgen to oestrogen. In the present study the effect of biochanin A on the gene regulation and enzyme activity of aromatase was investigated. By assaying MCF-7 cells stably transfected withCYP19, biochanin A inhibited aromatase activity and hampered cell growth attributing to the enzyme activity. In addition, 25 μm-biochanin A significantly reduced CYP19 mRNA abundance in the oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells SK-BR-3. The transcriptional control of theCYP19gene is exon-specific, and promoter regions I.3 and II have been shown to be responsible forCYP19expression in SK-BR-3 cells. Luciferase reporter gene assays also revealed that biochanin A could repress the transcriptional control dictated by the promoter regulation. Interestingly, genistein did not inhibit aromatase but it might down regulate promoter I.3 and II transactivation. Since genistein is a major metabolite of biochanin A, it might contribute to biochanin A's suppressive effect on CYP19 expression. The present study illustrated that biochanin A inhibited CYP19 activity and gene expression.
Low-calorie cranberry juice supplementation reduces plasma oxidized LDL and cell adhesion molecule concentrations in men
Authors: Ruel Guillaume , Pomerleau Sonia , Couture Patrick , Lemieux Simone , Lamarche Benoît , Couillard Charles 
Published: August 2007

Elevated circulating concentrations of oxidized LDL (OxLDL) and cell adhesion molecules are considered to be relevant markers of oxidative stress and endothelial activation which are implicated in the development of CVD. On the other hand, it has been suggested that dietary flavonoid consumption may be cardioprotective through possible favourable impacts on LDL particle oxidation and endothelial activation. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of the daily consumption of low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail on plasma OxLDL, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin concentrations in men. Thirty men (mean age 51 (sd10) years) were recruited and asked to consume increasing daily doses of cranberry juice cocktail (125, 250 and 500 ml/d) over three successive periods of 4 weeks. Plasma OxLDL and adhesion molecule concentrations were measured by ELISA before and after each phase. We noted a significant decrease in plasma OxLDL concentrations following the intervention (P < 0·0001). We also found that plasma ICAM-1 (P < 0·0001) and VCAM-1 (P < 0·05) concentrations decreased significantly during the course of the study. In summary, the present results show that daily cranberry juice cocktail consumption is associated with decreases in plasma OxLDL, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentrations in men.
Vitamin B12deficiency results in the abnormal regulation of serine dehydratase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities correlated with impairment of the adenylyl cyclase system in rat liver
Authors: Ebara Shuhei , Nakao Motoyuki , Tomoda Mayuko , Yamaji Ryoichi , Watanabe Fumio , Inui Hiroshi , Nakano Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the vitamin B12deficiency-induced changes of the serine dehydratase (SDH) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activities in the rat liver. When rats were maintained on a vitamin B12-deficient diet, the activities of these two enzymes in the liver were significantly reduced compared with those in the B12-sufficient control rats (SDH 2·8 (sd0·56)v.17·5 (sd6·22) nmol/mg protein per min (n5);P < 0·05) (TAT 25·2 (sd5·22)v.41·3 (sd8·11) nmol/mg protein per min (n5);P < 0·05). In the B12-deficient rats, the level of SDH induction in response to the administration of glucagon and dexamethasone was significantly lower than in the B12-sufficient controls. Dexamethasone induced a significant increase in TAT activity in the primary culture of the hepatocytes prepared from the deficient rats, as well as in the cells from the control rats. However, a further increase in TAT activity was not observed in the hepatocytes from the deficient rats, in contrast to the cells from the controls, when glucagon was added simultaneously with dexamethasone. The glucagon-stimulated production of cAMP was significantly reduced in the hepatocytes from the deficient rats relative to the cells from the control rats. Furthermore, the glucagon-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in the liver was significantly lower in the deficient rats than in the controls. These results suggest that vitamin B12deficiency results in decreases in SDH and TAT activities correlated with the impairment of the glucagon signal transduction through the activation of the adenylyl cyclase system in the liver.
Macronutrient intake and discrepancy with nutritional recommendations in a group of elderly diabetic subjects
Authors: Helmer Catherine , Bricout Hélène , Gin Henri , Barberger-Gateau Pascale 
Published: August 2007

Diet is a major aspect of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, particularly among the elderly. The objective of this study was to describe the food habits of elderly diabetic subjects compared with non-diabetic ones and to examine the difference between their nutritional behaviour and nutritional recommendations. This study was based on the Three City (3C) community-based cohort. The food habits of 1336 participants aged 65 or over, including 149 diabetic subjects, were evaluated using a FFQ and a 24 h recall of food consumption. For both sexes, intake of carbohydrates was lower for diabetic compared to non-diabetic subjects, essentially due to a lower intake of mono-/disaccharides. For diabetic men, this was compensated for by a higher intake of protein whereas women had a lower energy intake overall. Fibre intake was also higher in diabetic men. There was no absolute increase in fats intake, neither for men nor for women, and distribution of subtypes of fats (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) did not differ between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Carbohydrates provided 40·5 % of energy intake in diabetic men and 43·9 % in diabetic women. Contrary to nutritional recommendations for diabetic subjects, for approximately two-thirds of the diabetic subjects carbohydrates represented less than 45 % of daily energy intake. Although food habits of elderly diabetic subjects differed from those of non-diabetic ones, these habits are not totally in line with nutritional recommendations. These results should be taken into account to adapt nutritional advice given to the diabetic population.
Chicory increases acetate turnover, but not propionate and butyrate peripheral turnovers in rats
Authors: Pouteau Etienne , Rochat Florence , Jann Alfred , Meirim Isabelle , Sanchez-Garcia Jose-Luis , Ornstein Kurt , German Bruce , Ballèvre Olivier 
Published: August 2007

Chicory roots are rich in inulin that is degraded into SCFA in the caecum and colon. Whole-body SCFA metabolism was investigated in rats during food deprivation and postprandial states. After 22 h of food deprivation, sixteen rats received an IV injection of radioactive14C-labelled SCFA. The volume of distribution and the fractional clearance rate of SCFA were 0·25–0·27 litres/kg and 5·4–5·9 %/min, respectively. The half-life in the first extracellular rapidly decaying compartment was between 0·9 and 1·4 min. After 22 h of food deprivation, another seventeen rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of13C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Isotope enrichment (13C) of SCFA was determined in peripheral arterial blood by MS. Peripheral acetate, propionate and butyrate turnover rates were 29, 4 and 0·3 μmol/kg per min respectively. Following 4 weeks of treatment with chicory root or control diets, eighteen fed rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of13C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Intestinal degradation of dietary chicory lowered caecal pH, enhanced caecal and colonic weights, caecal SCFA concentrations and breath H2.The diet with chicory supplementation enhanced peripheral acetate turnover by 25 % (P = 0·017) concomitant with an increase in plasma acetate concentration. There were no changes in propionate or butyrate turnovers. In conclusion, by setting up a multi-tracer approach to simultaneously assess the turnovers of acetate, propionate and butyrate it was demonstrated that a chronic chicory-rich diet significantly increases peripheral acetate turnover but not that of propionate or butyrate in rats.
Consumption of organic foods and risk of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life in the Netherlands
Authors: Kummeling Ischa , Thijs Carel , Huber Machteld , van de Vijver Lucy P. L. , Snijders Bianca E. P. , Penders John , Stelma Foekje , van Ree Ronald , van den Brandt Piet A. , Dagnelie Pieter C. 
Published: August 2007

We prospectively investigated whether organic food consumption by infants was associated with developing atopic manifestations in the first 2 years of life. The KOALA Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands (n 2764) measured organic food consumption, eczema and wheeze in infants until age 2 years using repeated questionnaires. Diet was defined as conventional ( < 50 % organic), moderately organic (50–90 % organic) and strictly organic (>90 % organic). Venous blood samples taken from 815 infants at 2 years of age were analysed for total and specific IgE. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to control for potential confounding factors. Eczema was present in 32 % of infants, recurrent wheeze in 11 % and prolonged wheezing in 5 %. At 2 years of age, 27 % of children were sensitised against at least one allergen. Of all the children, 10 % had consumed a moderately organic diet and 6 % a strictly organic diet. Consumption of organic dairy products was associated with lower eczema risk (OR 0·64 (95 % CI 0·44, 0·93)), but there was no association of organic meat, fruit, vegetables or eggs, or the proportion of organic products within the total diet with the development of eczema, wheeze or atopic sensitisation. Further studies to substantiate these results are warranted.