bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Early Geography of South-Eastern Asia Minor
Authors: Sayce A. H. 
Published: May 2006

Thanks to the cuneiform tablets discovered at Boghaz-Keui, the capital of the Hittite empire, the thick darkness which hung over the geography of eastern Asia Minor in the pre-classical age is at last being dispelled. And therewith several questions relating to the culture and history of prehistoric Greece are likely to be cleared up.At Kara Eyuk, also called Kul Tepè, ‘the Burnt Mound,’ eighteen kilometres N.E. of Kaisariyeh and near the village of Manjé-su, many hundreds of tablets have been found written in a West-Semitic dialect, differing but little from the vernacular of Assyria as distinct from Babylonia, and belonging to the age of the Babylonian Third Dynasty of Ur (2400–2200 B.C.). The name of the city was Kanis or Ganis, and it was a Babylonian colony, defended by the Assyrian soldiers of the Babylonian empire, but chiefly occupied by Babylonian and more especially Assyrian merchants, who worked the mines of silver, copper and lead in the Taurus and exported the metal to the civilised world. The great Babylonian firms had their ‘agents’ there; good roads had been made throughout the whole region, in connexion with the trade-route from Babylonia past Nineveh to Cappadocia, and traversed by postmen whose letters were in the form of clay tablets. I may remark incidentally that one of the places from which the copper came was Khalki, perhaps meaning ‘Wheat’-city (Contenau: Trente Tablettes cappadociennes, xvi. 12, 131), which probably gives us the origin of the Greek Χαλκός.
A Bronze Mirror in the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Tod Marcus N. 
Published: May 2006

In 1928 Sir Arthur Evans generously presented an archaic bronze mirror to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. My thanks are due to the Keeper, Mr. E. T. Leeds, for his kindness in inviting me to publish this interesting accession and supplying me with the photographs reproduced in Plate II and Fig. 1.The mirror is in the form of a disk, 15 cm. in diameter: its thickness at the edge is 7 to 8 mm., at the centre about 5 mm. It weighs 675.5 grammes. The face, slightly concave, was of plain, burnished metal surrounded by a narrow ornamented band round the edge: it is now badly pitted and covered over the greater part of its surface by a green patina (Fig. 1).
Amasea
Authors: Beazley J. D. 
Published: May 2006

In my Attic Black-figure: a Sketch I gave a short account of the Amasis painter, and a list of his works. Since then, I have published a vase by him, and fragments of six or seven others; and Dr. Kraiker has prefixed an important study of him to his Epiktetos. One or two of the following vases are mentioned in my A.B.S. list: but most of them are new.My thanks are due to Senator Marchese Giorgio Guglielmi di Vulci and to Captain E. G. Spencer-Churchill for their kind permission to publish vases in their collections; to Captain J. E. Acland, Dr. L. D. Caskey, Prof. A. von Salis, Dr. A. Maiuri, Dr. P. Marconi, Mr. H. W. Maxwell, Mr. A. Merlin, Dr. A. Minto, Dr. B. Nogara, and Mr. E. Stefani for their kind permission to publish vases in Dorchester, Boston, Heidelberg, Naples, Palermo, Bristol, the Louvre, Florence, the Vatican, and the Villa Giulia; to Mrs. Ure for sending me photographs of the Dorchester fragments and allowing me to publish them; to Prof. C. Albizzati for generously waiving his claim to publish the Vatican fragments; to Mr. G. R. Stanton for help at Bristol; to my wife for all the photographs reproduced except fifteen.
Notes on the Second Decree of Kallias
Authors: Wilhelm Adolf 
Published: May 2006

H. T. Wade-Gery and B. D. Meritt have restored the first fifteen lines of the second decree of Kallias as follows:Both scholars are obviously right when stating that Kallias provides for the completion of work on the pediments of the Parthenon, the Golden Nikai, and the Propylaia, that he limits the expenditure of money on the Acropolis to ten talents a year and exempts from the limitation the Parthenon, the Nikai, and the Propylaia by way of preamble.I am, however, not convinced that the decree is also concerned with ‘the rehabilitation,’ ‘the general reorganisation of the Acropolis,’ and that the ταμίαι and the ἐπιστάται are ordered to ‘fix bounds on the Acropolis and make repairs, spending ten talents a year until the bounds have been fixed and the repairs made as well as possible.’
Studies in Attic Treasure-Records
Authors: West Allen B. , Woodward A. M. 
Published: May 2006

The appearance of a further instalment of these ‘Studies’ has been regrettably delayed, owing to several reasons. The present article is planned on different lines from its predecessor (JHS li (1931), 139–63), for, instead of offering a comprehensive study of one reconstructed stele, it attempts to review the post-Euclidean Hekatompedon-lists down to 390/89 as a group, and to establish their chronological sequence, in the light of fresh discoveries. It is proposed, also, to deal in subsequent articles with the corresponding lists for the Parthenon and the Opisthodomos in this period, and to continue the study of the later lists both of the Treasures of Athena and of those of the ‘Other Gods’ into the second half of the fourth century.The opportunity of working continuously in the Epigraphical Museum for several weeks during the summer of 1931 enabled me to recognise that in many instances two or more fragments of these Traditiones which had been published separately could be assigned to one stele, and also to identify a few still unpublished pieces belonging to this series.
The Minoan Signary
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: May 2006

In studying the Linear Scripts of Minoan Crete, the first requisite is an agreed ‘signary,’ a customary order of the signs, with a numeration by which they can be quoted, at all events until their phonetic values are ascertained. Hitherto, everyone who has written on these scripts has had a signary-order of his own; and, at the risk of adding momentarily to this chaos, here is an attempt to arrange the signs of both the A- and the B-Scripts in an order which will be easy to memorise, because it will be based upon a classification of the signs by their forms and apparent origins.Though Sir Arthur Evans described the Linear Scripts in general terms in Scripta Minoa I, 1909, he reserved detailed discussion to Vol. II, which was still unpublished at his death in 1940. But in The Palace of Minos I, in 1921, he printed a tabular numerical list of Script A, and in Vol. IV, in 1936, a similar list of Script B. Unfortunately, neither list is quite complete, and though there are many obvious resemblances between the two sets of signs, the numerical order of the two lists is different; so that it is difficult to construct vocabularies of the sign groups which can be cross-referred. In both lists he seems to have begun with the signs which more or less resembled letters in the Greek alphabet, but this principle of classification soon failed him. He grouped signs resembling animals and cereal crops at the end of Script B, but left other pictorial signs unclassified and mixed with purely linear forms. In The Palace of Minos IV, 681–2, is outlined a classification into phonetic, idiographic, commodity-signs ‘relating to various properties,’ and administrative signs; but it was not developed in detail.
Was the Ionian Philosophy Scientific?
Authors: Cornford F. M. 
Published: May 2006

This paper is concerned with a problem which has puzzled me for many years. The Greek philosophers of the Ionian tradition, from Anaximander to Epicurus, are commonly called specially ‘scientific,’ in contrast with the Italian tradition started by Pythagoras. Why is it, then, that their systems are cast in the form of dogmatic pronouncements? It is not only that they describe, with complete confidence, matters beyond the reach of observation, such as the origin of the world; but when they come to matters of detail, they make assertions which could have been upset by a little careful observation or by the simplest experiment.It has been argued—by Burnet, for instance—that this dogmatism may be only apparent. Our evidence is fragmentary, and comes largely from manuals compiled much later by men whose object was to discredit science for reaching contradictory conclusions, and by no means to record the methods employed to reach those conclusions. W. A. Heidel, too, thought that, if we possessed the philosophers' notebooks, we should find that their results were obtained by methods akin to those of modern science, though with less awareness of the need for caution in experimental tests. Behind these arguments lies the assumption that the questions they asked themselves, the motives prompting their inquiries, and the quarter to which they looked for the sources of knowledge, were the same then as now.
Greek Inscriptions at Cairness House
Authors: Tod Marcus N. 
Published: May 2006

Professor J. D. Beazley recently discussed in this Journal (xlix. 1 ff.) a fifth-century Attic relief now preserved in Cairness House, Lonmay, Aberdeenshire. He appended a short account, partly from the pen of Colonel C. T. Gordon, of General Thomas Gordon (1788–1841), who brought to this country that relief and various other antiquities, and of the dispersion of the collection in 1850. The relief, however, remained at Cairness, together with two inscribed stelae, one of which has not been published hitherto, while the other has been regarded as lost. These form the subject of the present article.My warm thanks are due to the late Professor J. Harrower for calling my attention to the inscriptions and supplying me with excellent photographs of them, as also to Colonel Gordon for granting me permission to publish them and for his hospitality at Cairness, where he kindly gave me every facility for examining the stones with a view to verifying and completing the texts I had already deciphered from the photographs.
Archaeological Discoveries in Sicily and Magna Graecia
Authors: Zanotti-Bianco Umberto 
Published: May 2006

This year again funds and labour have been scarce, and little work has been done by the archaeological departments for South Italy, except in Campania. Most of the finds have been made accidentally during operations of the Bonifica or of road-making.In the basin of the river Gela, where the Bonifica was levelling the gorge of Mt. Dessueri for a dam, workmen reported the discovery of a Sicel site. The cemetery had already been found and illustrated by P. Orsi (NdS 1903, Mon Ant 21). The Department has preserved, among other finds (NdS 1937, 368), a jug with vase-spout containing a filter, the tall foot of a one-handled cup, some fragments of decorated bowls, and, among the bronze material, two axe-heads, a knife-blade, and a spear-head. These recall similar material found by Orsi in the cemeteries of Mt. Dessueri, Mt. Finocchito and Pantalica, and date the site to the second Sicel period.In April 1937 the Sicilian Dept., financed by the Commune of Agrigento, practically completed its prehistoric excavations of the hill of Serraferlicchio above the old railway station, which were successfully started by Orsi and continued later by P. Marconi. It is one of the oldest sites of West Sicily; Orsi had acutely divined the importance of the region, and by 1928 the museum at Syracuse had been enriched by a large collection of painted pottery, of novel shape, with bold and complex geometric patterns.
An Inscription from Kythera
Authors: Thomas H. 
Published: May 2006

While collecting information about the early history of Kythera I recently came across a short communication from Leake in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, Vol. IV (new series), 1853. It is in the form of a letter to the Secretary, and entitled ‘ Some remarks on the Island Cerigo, anciently Cythera,’ and reproduces an extract translated by Mr. Hamilton from a Memoir on the island sent to the latter by Mr. Calucci, an inhabitant of Kythera, on Oct. 3rd, 1849. On p. 4 he gives a copy of an inscribed stone found at Palaiopoli (Scandeia) which he describes thus: ‘ A small rectangular piece of hard white stone, one inch (sic) in length and ten lines thick; its lower surface has deep cuttings in it so as to form five half cylinders. On the upper surface, which is highly polished, is the inscription in five lines represented in the annexed drawing (Fig. 2). The measurement given appears impossibly small and must be a mistranslation of the original Greek (or Italian).The paper is known to Pauly-Wissowa. Weil (AM v, 1880, pp. 293 f.) mentions it and copies the late Greek inscription also illustrated there, but takes no notice of our inscription, and no scholar interested in Minoan or early Asia Minor scripts seems to have any knowledge of it. Some, but not all, of the signs are found in the Minoan linear script, a few also in the Cypriote syllabary.
Physiology and Medicine in a Greek Novel: Achilles Tatius'Leucippe and Clitophon
Authors: McLeod A. M. G. 
Published: May 2006

In the fourth book of Achilles Tatius' romance the young and beautiful heroine Leucippe collapses suddenly. When she is approached by the hero Clitophon she leaps to her feet, strikes his face, kicks his friend, and has to be overpowered and tied up. Several chapters later we learn that this behaviour had in fact been caused by an overdose of an unnamed aphrodisiac. In the meantime, however, bystanders, consisting of members of an Egyptian military force, have decided thatμανία τιςis the trouble, and proceed to diagnose with all the confidence of laymen the cause of her madness.Their diagnosis takes the form of an ostensibly straightforward physiological explanation in carefully ordered (if rhetorical) phrases and employing technical terms.
Notes and Inscriptions from Caunus
Authors: Bean G. E. 
Published: May 2006

L. 1 fin. Apparently ΠΙ perhaps ΕΠΙ. L. 2 init. The fork of the upsilon is just visible. L. 6 fin. Τ or Π.Too little remains to permit a reconstruction, but we have evidently a fragment of a regulation concerning catches of fish. (I take it that ἰχθύν in l. 3 is collective.) There can be little doubt that we have here evidence of a dalyan at Caunus in antiquity as to-day. (See Part I, p. 14 n. 15.) The fish are principally of two kinds, kefal and levrek, both excellent eating; in the summer and winter respectively they go up from the sea to the lake to spawn, and returning some two months later are caught in huge quantities. Wherever exactly the bed of the river may have lain in ancient times, there is no reason to suppose that the habits of the fish were any different then. For ancient fisheries in Asia Minor see Broughton, Economic Survey IV, 566, 799.
A Kabirion Vase
Authors: Levi S. J. Peter 
Published: May 2006

This black-figure skyphos, ornamented with pleasing burlesque scenes, is now in a private collection in London. Although it came to light some time after the publication by Wolters and Bruns of Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben it has all the characteristics of a Kabirion vase. These vases have been securely classified by Wolters and Bruns and most of them are now to be seen in a recently opened gallery of the National Museum in Athens. The general form of the cup, the ear-shaped handles, the white ground and the black bands, the heavy frieze of grapes and the unmistakably anti-heroic style of the drawing, make it impossible to doubt that it comes from the workshop of the Kabiros Painter.The subject-matter of Kabirion vases is often mysterious. With undoubted representations of Kabiros and of local gods and heroes, it includes many scenes of abandoned comedy which have defied modern solution. It has been suggested that many of the paintings may be related to sacred mysteries, and it is certainly true that they often allude to the cult of gods and heroes.
Demosthenes on Liturgies: a Note
Authors: Davies J. K. 
Published: May 2006

In 355/4 Demosthenes asserted that there were ‘perhaps sixty or slightly more’ recurrent liturgies performed every year in Athens. Böckh doubted this figure, thinking it a serious underestimate, but neither he nor any later scholar has pressed this doubt to the point of tabulating the relevant evidence in detail. It may therefore be found useful if I do so here, for it will emerge with some clarity that Böckh's doubts were well-founded.Demosthenes' word ‘recurrent’ (ἐγκύκλιοι) achieved some currency in the last century as a quasi-technical term. By it he meant the civilian liturgies—choregia, gymnasiarchy, etc.—in contrast to the military liturgies the imposition of which was irregular and unpredictable; but since every known civilian liturgy in Athens formed part of the celebration of a festival, it may perhaps be clearer to think of them as festival liturgies and to arrange the evidence not according to the category of liturgy but by festival. I begin with the certain cases.
The Pattern of the Odyssey
Authors: Myres John L. 
Published: May 2006

A generation ago (1922) in The Pattern of the ‘Iliad’, Dr. J. T. Sheppard proposed a fresh analysis of the contents of the poem, as a sequence of problems, rather moral than political, resulting from the Quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, (1) from the seizure of Briseis to the failure of the Embassy; (2) from Achilles' consent to the intervention of Patroclus, leading to the death of Patroclus and the loss of the divine armour; (3) from the vengeance of Achilles, the death of Hector, and eventually the demand for the surrender of his body to Priam. These major problems are separated by loosely connected episodes, the killing of Dolon and Rhesus, and the making of new armour for Achilles. Within them the course of events is presented in a series of connected episodes, the more important of which are supplemented by the lesser incidents, preceding and following in order of narration, as the side panels of a triptych or side groups of a pediment supplement and enhance the centrepiece.Following these clues, I attempted a further analysis of the Iliad (JHS LII, 265–96) and proposed some comparisons between its rhythms and those of Greek ‘geometrical’ art.This feature of epic composition was appreciated in antiquity; Aristotle lays stress on it; the structure of Attic tragedies, and of great works of material art—the ‘Chest of Kypselos’ and the pediments of Aegina, Olympia, and the Parthenon, is founded on it; and it seems to be the clue to the originality and effectiveness of the prose composition of Herodotus.
An Early Classical Disc Relief from Melos
Authors: Karouzos Chr. J. 
Published: May 2006

In the islands surprises seem to be as ἀνήριθμοι as the γέλασμα of the waves. If news came from anywhere else of the discovery of a circular marble slab carved with a head in relief, experience would lead the archaeologist to expect a late portrait or one of the so-called oscilla. Not so on Melos: here he finds himself confronted with the splendid head of a goddess carved in the purest Early Classical style.For such in fact is the fragment of a circular marble disc (Plate XXXVII and fig. 1) discovered in 1937 on the slopes of Klema, the site of the ancient town of Melos. It was found lying on the surface of the ground, on the property of Panagioulis Vikhos, to the north-east of Kalyvaki. The distinguished lawyer of Plaka, Mr. N. Kyritses, to whom we must again express our gratitude for having rescued it, readily offered it to the State.The disc is of Parian marble. Its convex obverse is decorated in relief with a head in profile to the right—an unusual subject. The reverse (fig. 2) is flat and smooth. The flat rim joining the two faces is 0·016 m. wide, but at the centre, where it is broken, the disc is 0·073 thick, not counting the height of the relief. The greatest preserved height of the fragment is 0·325 m., the greatest width 0–335.
Greek Kinship Terminology
Authors: Miller M. 
Published: May 2006

Classical Greek kinship terminology, as it is used for example by Isaios, offers few difficulties of meaning in its terms, and describes a bilateral family rather like our own. The principal usages mav be shown in genealogical form as follows:The noteworthy terms are: (i) kedestes, (2) anepsios, anepsiadous, exanepsios, and (3) adelphos and adelphe. Kedestes is applicable to any male who is a close relative by marriage, but who does not belong to the circle of heirs within the anchisteia: the term thus covers our father-in-law, stepfather, brother-in-law, and son-in-law. The close association of the term with words for ‘mourning’ suggests that this name arose from the duties performed in the funerals of members of their wives' anchisteia, even though they were outside the circle of heirs. The terms pentheros and gambros are, apparently, influenced by the usage of kedestes, and tend to the same classificatory employment. The meaning of nyos similarly tends to wander. Anepsios varies between cousin-german and nephew, and each of these relationships also has its exact term, in both cases a compound of adelphos. Anepsiadous and its synonym anepsiou pais are used not only for the cousin's child (the first cousin once removed), but also for Ego's parent's cousin (also a first cousin once removed): so Theopompos, the mother's cousin and heir of Hagnias, calls himself anepsiou pais to Hagnias. The exanepsios was outside the Attic anchisteia, and the term is rarely found. The terms for blood relatives are of the common IE vocabulary except adelphos and adelphe, which have replaced phrater (surviving to mean ‘member of a phratry’), and the lexicographers' eor.
Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives
Authors: Ventris Michael , Chadwick John 
Published: May 2006

With the fuller publication of the material found by Blegen at Ano Englianos in 1939 (The Pylos Tablets, Dr. Emmett L. Bennett, Jr., Princeton, 1951) and by Evans at Knossos in 1899–1904 (Scripta Minoa, Vol. II, ed. Sir John Myres, Oxford, 1952), it has at last been possible to undertake a systematic study of the Minoan–Mycenaean texts written in Linear Script B. Their decipherment is now the central problem in Aegean archaeology, accentuated by the discovery, in the summer of 1952, of many new tablets by Blegen at Pylos and by Wace at Mycenae.Evans believed that Linear B (first found in the L.M. II palace of Knossos, c. 1400 B.C., and thereafter the exclusive script of the Mainland down to the ‘Dorian invasion’) was an administrative revision of Linear A, designed to express the same ‘Aegean’ language; and that Minoan colonisation of the Mainland was responsible for its occurrence at Pylos, Tiryns, Thebes, and Eleusis.
Notes on Some Points in Xenophon's ΠΕΡΙ ΙΠΠΙΚΗΣ
Authors: Anderson J. K. 
Published: May 2006

The following observations were made during a general study of Greek horsemanship, but, being somewhat controversial and turning upon points of textual criticism and the interpretation of technical terms, they may perhaps be of interest to scholars rather than to the public.(1) iv 2.‘It is not only to save the corn from being stolen that a safe stall is good, but because it becomes obvious whenever the horse is [not] carrying out his corn.’This sentence evidently describes some clear symptom of disease, for Xenophon continues: ‘Should you observe this happening, you may know that the body, being overcharged with blood, requires attention, or is overtired and needs rest, or that barley-sickness (κριθίασις) or some other sickness is making its onset. Just as with men, so with horses, all diseases are easier to cure at the onset than when they have established themselves and been treated mistakenly.’The nature of ‘barley-sickness’ (colic) is excellently explained in Delebecque's commentary, but that of the warning symptom is doubtful, and depends on the precise meaning to be given to ἐκκομίζῃ. The manuscripts insert a negative particle before it; this is deleted by modern editors on the evidence of Pollux i 209:‘There is a disease of horses, barley-sickness and congestion of the blood through surfeit. And when they “carry out” their corn, then one must remove it and feed grass only, or some other light diet.’