bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION IN EAST JORDAN1
Authors: Rydzewski Janusz R. , Rashid Hani A‐H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper describes an approach towards optimal allocation of surface and ground water resources to three agricultural areas in the Jordan Valley under conditions of scarce water supply. The optimizing model allocates water from three main rivers, each with reservoir storage, and from two ground water sources to three irrigation regions. Productivity of irrigation water, expressed as the net present value of the regional agricultural output, but allowing for crop water deficits, is first maximized using nonlinear programming. The allocation process then adopts techniques of linear programming to determine the least cost alternative based on the unit cost of water from each resource at each destination, as it varies with time.
MODELING HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES FROM THE ARCTIC1
Authors: Baracos Paul C , Hipel Keith W. , McLeod A. Ian 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe general intervention model is applied to hydrologic and meteorologjc time series from the Canadian Arctic. The authors show how the model is able to account for environmental interventions, missing observations in the data, changes in data collection procedures, the effects of external inputs, as well as seasonality and autocorrelation. Methods for identifying transfer functions by making use of a physical understanding of the processes involved are demonstrated and sample applications of the general intervention model to Arctic data are shown.
PREFERENCES FOR ALLOCATING RIVER RECREATION USE1
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Utter Jack 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAllocating river recreation use to commercial and private sectors on white water rivers has been highly controversial. How this process is implemented may affect not only the availability of recreation opportunities to individual users, but may also negatively impact the user's desire to escape from the pressures and stresses of everyday life. In a study of users of Idaho's Middle Fork of the Salmon River, an Even‐Pool allotment technique was preferred over others by the commercial, private, and rejectee individuals sampled. A lottery technique for rationing private use permits was preferred by private users and rejectees, while commercial users preferred Advance Reservation. No relationship was found between the users' stress release/escape expectations and their preferences for the different allotment and rationing techniques studies. Such results suggest that river managers may have considerable latitude in selecting allocation techniques that do not adversely affect on‐site recreation experiences.
A MULTILEVEL MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR SOME MULTIOBJECTIVE PROBLEMS1
Authors: Takama Norihiro , Loucks Daniel P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a solution method for a class of multiobjective problems characterized by a hierarchical structure of decisionmaking and a large number of alternatives. The method, consisting of a multilevel problem formulation and an interactive algorithm, has distinct advantages for identifying preferred solutions to problems having those characteristics. The method is illustrated to a problem involving waste water treatment in the chemical industry.
ANALYSIS OF WASTE LOAD ALLOCATION PROCEDURES1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Miller Arthur C. , McDonnell Archie J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA study was made to analyze and modify procedures used for stream assimilation capacity and point source wasteload allocation calculations. This paper describes the sources and types of information collected and the analysis of alternative computation methods developed during the study. The calculation of stream assimilation capacity or Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), will depend upon assumed stream flows, quality standards, reaction rates, and modeling procedures. The “critical conditions” selected for TMDL calculations usually are low flows and warm temperatures. The complexity of water quality models used for TMDL and allocation calculations can range from simple, complete mixing to calibrated and verified mathematical models. A list of 20 wasteload allocation (WLA) methods was developed. Five of these WLA's were applied to an example stream to permit comparisons based on cost, equity, efficient use of stream assimilation capacity, and sensitivity to fundamental stream quality data. Based on insensitivity to data errors and current use by several states, the WLA method of “equal percent treatment” was preferable in the example stream.
A PLANNING METHOD FOR EVALUATING DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF DETENTION BASINS1
Authors: Hawley Mark E. , Bondelid Timothy R. , McCuen Richard H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhile storm water detention basins are widely used for controlling increases in peak discharges that result from urbanization, recent research has indicated that under certain circumstances detention storage can actually cause increases in peak discharge rates. Because of the potential for detrimental downstream effects, storm water management policies often require downstream effects to be evaluated. Such evaluation requires the design engineer to collect additional topographic and land use data and make costly hydrologic analyses. Thus, a method, which is easy to apply and which would indicate whether or not a detailed hydrologic analysis of downstream impacts is necessary, should decrease the average cost of storm water management designs. A planning method that does not require either a large data base or a computer is presented. The time co‐ordinates of runoff hydrographs are estimated using the time‐of‐concentration and the SCS runoff curve number; the discharge coordinates are estimated using a simple peak discharge equation. While the planning method does not require a detailed design of the detention basin, it does provide a reasonably accurate procedure for evaluating whether or not the installation of a detention basin will cause adverse downstream flooding.
ESTIMATED STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR FISHES OF THE WASHITA RIVER BELOW FOSS RESERVOIR, WESTERN OKLAHOMA1
Authors: Orth Donald J. , Maughan Eugene 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTVelocity and depth preference curves for juvenile and adult red shiners (Notropis lutrensis) were developed for each season of the year. The incremental methodology, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for quantifying the amount of physical habitat available for fish, was applied as a basis for recommending minimum stream flows for life stages of red shiners and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Washita River below Foss Reservoir. The minimum stream flow required to support populations of red shiners and channel catfish was estimated to be 0.60 m3/s during all months except April and May, during which flushing flows of 3.0 m3/s were recommended. Under drought conditions a contingency flow of 0.18 m3/s was recommended for August through March, a flushing flow of 2.4 m3/s for April and May, and a flow of 0.30 m3/s for channel catfish spawning in June and July. Standing crop of adult red shiners per weighted usable area averaged 2.73 g/m2 (27 kg/ha) for two sites on the Washita River. A positive relation between standing crop and weighted usable area was suggested. Use of the incremental methodology on the study reach below Foss Reservoir required 96 person‐hours of labor, excluding training, travel, and developing preference curves, and a total cost of $1,762, of which $1,200 was for the purchase of equipment.
BEDLOAD TRANSPORT IN AN OREGON COAST RANGE STREAM1
Authors: O'Leary Susan J. , Beschta Robert L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBedload transport was measured with two sampler types (vortex tube and Helley‐Smith pressure differential) for three major storms at Flynn Creek, which drains a 2.2‐km2 forested watershed in the Oregon Coast Range. The largest flow during two winters of monitoring had a peak discharge of 0.79 m3 s‐1 km‐2, with an associated recurrence interval of ˜ 1.3 yr. The median particle diameter of sediment in transport was generally < 1 mm. The vortex tube and its associated sample box were relatively inefficient at trapping particles < 10 mm in diameter; however, even after transport rates were adjusted to account for sampling deficiencies of the sample box, they still averaged 42–47 percent of those obtained with the Helley‐Smith sampler. Organic matter and sand sized sediments in transport also were observed to partially plug the 0.2‐mm‐mesh bag of the Helley‐Smith sampler. Large temporal variability in bedload transport rates was measured during periods of high flow.
PHOSPHATE IN WATERS: I. REDUCTION USING NORTHERN LIGNITE FLY ASH1
Authors: Fine Lawrence O. , Jensen William P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFly ashes fiom lignite coal fixed steam electric plants contain appreciable amounts of materials that can, in principle, decrease the phosphorus concentration in surface waters. Typical samples of un‐weathered fly ash were used to test efficacies of removal of phosphorus from standard phosphate solutions and actual lake water samples. The effects of changing parameters such as contact time, pH, fly ash/water ratios, and solution temperature are presented. Water soluble and insoluble factors in the ash both appear to be reactive constituents. Trials with municipal waste waters showed near quantitative removal of ortho‐phosphate.
THE POTENTIAL FOR WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION FROM FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Douglass James E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGenerally high rainfall and extensive forests in the East combine to produce excellent potential for managing forests for increased water yield. Models are presented that allow prediction of streamflow increase from hardwood and pine forests on a year‐by‐year basis. They are being routinely applied in land management planning on National Forests in the Southeast. A recent, independent test indicates that cumulative water yield increases can be predicted within about 14 percent of the actual value. However, because of the diverse land ownership patterns and the economic objectives of owners, realizing the potential will be difficult at best. The opportunity for realizing the full potential appears greatest where the land is publicly owned, but demand for water in the East has not reached the point where need for water dictates management prescriptions.
THE POTENTIAL FOR INCREASING STREAMFLOW FROM SIERRA NEVADA WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Kattelmann Richard C. , Berg Neil H. , Rector John 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Sierra Nevada produces over 50 percent of California's water. Improvement of water yields from the Sierra Nevada through watershed management has long been suggested as a means of augmenting the state's water supply. Vegetation and snowpack management can increase runoff from small watersheds by reducing losses due to evapotranspiration, snow interception by canopy, and snow evaporation. Small clearcuts or group selection cuts creating openings less than half a hectare, with the narrow dimension from south to north, appear to be ideal for both increasing and delaying water delivery in the red fir‐lodgepole pine and mixed‐conifer types of the Sierra west slope. Such openings can have up to 40 percent more snow‐water equivalent than does uncut forest. However, the water yield increase drops to 1/2‐2 percent of current yield for an entire management unit, due to the small number of openings that can be cut at one time, physical and management constraints, and multiple use/sustained yield guidelines. As a rough forecast, water production from National Forest land in the Sierra Nevada can probably be increased by about 1 percent (0.6 cm) under intensive forest watershed management. Given the state of reservoir storage and water use in California, delaying streamflow is perhaps the greatest contribution watershed management can make to meeting future water demands.
LEAKY ACRES RECHARGE FACILITY: A TEN‐YEAR EVALUATION1
Authors: Nightingale H. I. , Ayars J. E. , McCormick R. L. , Cehrs D. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFrom 1971‐1980, studies were conducted at Fresno, California, to identify and quantify, where possible, the soil and water chemistry, subsurface geologic, hydrologic, biologic, and operational factors that determine the long term (10‐year) effectiveness of basin type artificial ground water recharge through alluvial soils. This paper updates previous findings and refers to publications that describe the geology beneath the basins and regional geology that determine the transmission and storage properties for local ground water management and chemical quality enhancement. High quality irrigation water from the Kings River was used for recharge. Construction and land costs for the present expanded facility 83 ha (205.2 ac) using three parcels of land were $1,457,100. The nine‐year annual mean costs for only canal water, maintenance, and operation were $110.42/ha·m ($13.62/ac·ft) based on an average recharge rate of 1338 ha·m/yr (10,848 ac·ft/yr) at 86 percent facility efficiency. The measured end of season recharge rate averaged 14.97 ± 0.24 cm/day. The 10‐year mean actual recharge rate based on actual water delivered, total ponded area, and total days of recharge was 12.1 cm/day.
EFFECTS OF LAND USE AND TOPOGRAPHY ON SOME WATER QUALITY VARIABLES IN FORESTED EAST TEXAS1
Authors: Chang Mingteh , McCullough Jack D. , Granillo Alfredo B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Spatial variation of five water quality variables were analyzed using composite water samples collected periodically from eight small watersheds (11.4–71.6 km2) in forested East Texas during 1977 through 1980. Based on 31 observations during the four‐year period the average yield of nitrate‐nitrite nitrogen (NNN), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (PO4), chloride (CHL), and total suspended sediment (TSS) were 1.43, 21.96, 3.09, 50.11, and 90.39 ka/ha/yr, respectively. Compared to the water quality standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976) and the Texas Department of Water Resources (1976) for CHL, TSS, and NNN, none of the observations exceeded the limits for public water supplies.The study showed that forested watersheds normally yielded stream flow with better quality than that from agricultural watersheds. Watersheds of greater percent of pasture area, mean slope, stream segment frequency, and drainage density produced greater concentrations for these five chemical parameters in water samples. Meaningful equations were developed for estimating mean average yields for each chemical parameter for each watershed with R2 ranging from 0.77 to 0.96 and standard error of estimates from 17 to 33 percent of the observed means.
MINE DRAINAGE AND ROCK TYPE INFLUENCES ON EASTERN OHIO STREAM WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Helsel Dennis R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Stream water during fair weather (base flow) is largely ground water discharge, which has been in contact with minerals of the underlying aquifer. Base flow water quality should therefore reflect aquifer mineralogy as well as upstream land use. Three upstream mining categories (unmined lands, abandoned coal mines, and reclaimed coal mines) differed in pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, aluminum, and alkalinity for 122 streams in eastern Ohio. Aquifer rock type influenced pH, specific conductance, sulfate, iron, and alkalinity. Reclamation returned many components of acid mine drainage to near unmined levels, although sulfate and specific conductance were not improved. Acid mine drainage problems were less severe in watersheds underlain by the calcareous Monogahela Formation. These results should ayply to other Appalachian coal regions having similar rock units.The water quality data distributions were neither consistently normal nor lognormal. Statistical tests utilizing ranks of the water quality data, instead of the data themselves, proved useful in analyzing the influences of mining category and rock type.
RHODAMINE WT DYE LOSSES IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Bencala Kenneth E. , Rathbun Ronald E. , Jackman Alan P. , Kennedy Vance C. , Zellweger Gary W. , Avanzino Ronald J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A significant fraction of rhodamine WT dye was lost during a short term multitracer injection experiment in a mountain stream environment. The conservative anion chloride and the sorbing cation lithium were concurrently injected. In‐stream rhodamine WT concentrations were as low as 45 percent of that expected, based on chloride data. Concentration data were available from shallow‘wells’dug near the stream course and from a seep of suspected return flow. Both rhodamine WT dye and lithium were nonconservative with respect to the conservative chloride, with rhodamine WT dye closely following the behavior of the sorbing lithium.Nonsorption and sorption mechanisms for rhodamine WT loss in a mountain stream were evaluated in laboratory experiments. Experiments evaluating nonsorption losses indicated minimal losses by such mechanisms. Laboratory experiments using sand and gravel size streambed sediments show an appreciable capacity for rhodamine WT sorption.The detection of tracers in the shallow wells and seep indicates interaction between the stream and the flow in the surrounding subsurface, intergravel water, system. The injected tracers had ample opportunity for intimate contact with materials shown in the laboratory experiments to be potentially sorptive. It is suggested that in the study stream system, interaction with streambed gravel was a significant mechanism for the attenuation of rhodamine WT dye (relative to chloride).
COAL ASH BASIN EFFECTS (PARTICULATES, METALS, ACIDIC pH) UPON AQUATIC BIOTA: AN EIGHT‐YEAR EVALUATION1
Authors: Cherry Donald S. , Guthrie Rufus K. , Davis Ernst M. , Harvey Raymond S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCoal ash effluent effects including particulates, acidic pH excursions, elemental concentrations and bioconcentration in selected organisms have been studied as changes in water quality and densities of benthic macroinvertebrate and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations in a swamp drainage system over an eight‐year period. Three changes in the ash basin settling system were made between mid‐ 1973 and January 1982. Initial density of the aquatic biota was altered severely by heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic pH excursions and perhaps overall by elemental concentrations and bioaccumulation. Heavy ash siltation, followed by acidic Ph excursions (mean of 5.5, extreme of 3.5) after the addition of fly ash to the original settling basin system, had the most profound effect on biota. Dipterans (chironomids) and some odonates (Plathemis lydia and Libellula spp.) were resistant to heavy ash siltation, while mosquitofish, which showed no discernible responses to ash siltation, were absent at acidic pH, along with the few previously surviving invertebrate populations.Elemental concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, selenium, and zinc did not appear to limit aquatic flora and fauna on a short‐term, acute basis. Long, chronic elemental exposures may have been instrumental in retarding the recovery of all forms of aquatic life in the receiving system. Elemental concentrations (except for arsenic and selenium) in the receiving system were generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than the Water Quality Criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) for protection of aquatic life for the minimum and 24‐hour mean values. From collective elemental exposures in the receiving system, bioconcentration factors in macrophytes, invertebrates and fish were generally lower than those reported in the literature for laboratory, single elemental concentrations. By 1978, when the new settling basin systems were operating effectively, invertebrate populations were largely recovered, and mosquitofish populations recovered within one year afterward.
FECAL COLIFORM RELEASE FROM CATTLE FECAL DEPOSITS1
Authors: Kress Michael , Gifford Gerald F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Cowpies molded to a standard configuration and size were subjected to simulated rainfall, and the fecal coliform counts were determined using the most probable number (MPN) method of enumeration. The standard cowpie deposits were exposed to simulated rainfall once at ages 2 through 100 days. The effects of rainfall intensity and recurrent rainfall were also tested. Naturally‐occurring fecal deposits were also tested to compare their results with those from the standard cowpies.A log‐log regression was found to describe the decline in peak fecal coliform release with fecal deposit age. The 100‐day‐old fecal deposits produced peak counts of 4,200 fecal coliform per 100 milliliters of water. This quantity of release is minimal compared to the release from fresher fecal material.Rainfall intensity had little effect on peak fecal coliform release from fecal deposits that were 2 or 10 days old. At age 20 days the effect of rainfall intensity was significant; the highest intensity gave the lowest peak counts, and the lowest intensity gave the highest peak counts. The effect of rainfall intensity appears to be related to the dryness of the fecal deposits.Peak fecal coliform counts were significantly lowered when the fecal deposits were rained on more than once. This decline was thought to be produced by the loss of bacteria from the fecal deposits during the previous wettings.Standard cowpies produced a peak release regression that was not significantly different from the regression for the natural fecal deposits. Apparently, grossly manipulating the fecal deposits did not significantly change the release patterns.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO FOREST NUTRIENT CYCLING1
Authors: Swank Wayne T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The atmosphere is a significant source of plant nutrients that partially replenishes losses due to timber harvesting. The relative importance of wet and dry deposition depends upon the specific nutrient and site. Nitrogen in bulk precipitation (wetfall and dryfall) is equivalent to at least 70 percent of the nitrogen incorporated annually in above‐ground woody tissues of some temperate hardwood forests. Atmospheric sources of calcium and potassium supply between 20 and 40 percent of the nutrients sequestered in woody increments. Annual nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation can exceed removals associated with sawiog harvest over a rotation period. Atmospheric inputs of nitrogen are only slightly less than hydrologic losses immediately after timber harvesting. The deposition of nutrients is highly variable in both time and space; interpretations of nutrient inputs and forest management impacts require quantification of inputs for a variety of ecosystems over long periods of time.
THE EFFECTS OF RISK AND RELIABILITY ON OPTIMAL RESERVOIR DESIGN1
Authors: Yazicigil Hasan , Houck Mark H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A chance‐constrained linear programming model, which utilizes multiple linear decision rules and is useful for river basin planning, is used to evaluate the effects of risk and reliability on optimal reservoir design. Streamflow forecasts or predictions can be explicitly included in the linear program. The risk associated with the predictions is included in the model through the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of streamflows which are conditioned on the predictions. A multiple‐purpose reservoir on the Gunpowder River in Maryland is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the model.In order to provide the decision makers with complete and useful information, trade‐off curves relating minimum reservoir capacity (a surrogate for dam costs), water supply and flood control targets, and the reliability of achieving the targets are developed. The trade‐off curves may enhance the decision maker's ability to select the best dam capacity, considering technological and financial constraints as well as the trade‐offs between targets, risks, and costs.