bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of insecticide‐treated and non‐treated trap plants for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse ornamentals
Authors: Buitenhuis Rosemarije , Shipp J Les , Jandricic Sarah , Murphy Graeme , Short Mike 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of trap cropping as an integrated control strategy against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was explored in potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev), greenhouse crops. The efficacy of flowering chrysanthemum trap plants, either treated with the insecticide spinosad or untreated, to regulate F. occidentalis populations was tested at different spatial scales (small cage, large cage and commercial greenhouse) and for different time periods (1 or 4 weeks). It was demonstrated that flowering chrysanthemums as trap plants lower the number of adult F. occidentalis in a vegetative chrysanthemum crop and, as a result, reduce crop damage. In the 4 week large‐cage trial and the commercial trial, significant differences between the control and the trap plant treatments started to appear in the third week of the experiment. Larvae were only significantly reduced by the presence of trap plants in the 1 week small‐cage trials. There were no significant differences between treatments with spinosad‐treated and untreated trap plants in the number of F. occidentalis on the crop. This suggests that there was minimal movement of adult F. occidentalis back and forth between the trap plants and the crop to feed and oviposit. It is concluded that the trap plant strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management against F. occidentalis in greenhouses. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Ab initio study of elastic, thermal physical properties and electronic structure of Fe–Ga alloys
Authors: Chen K. , Cheng L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAb initio spin polarized calculations were carried out to study the elastic, thermal physical properties and electronic structures of Fex Ga1–x alloys. To evaluate the elastic properties, dilute supercell models were constructed for Fe–6.25 at% Ga and Fe–12.5 at% Ga alloys. In addition, possible atomic models were explored for Fe–18.75 at% Ga, in which one model that contains a pair of Ga atoms forming a cluster was suggested to represent the quench state of the alloy. The experimentally observed softness of the tetragonal shear modulus 1/2(C11 – C12) in Fe–Ga alloys was reproduced in the calculations. The ductility of Fe–Ga alloys was analyzed in terms of the ratio G /B, where G and B are the shear and bulk modulus, respectively, and the Cauchy pressure 1/2(C12 – C44). The results show that the ductility of Fe–Ga was enhanced with increasing Ga concentration. The relation between linear thermal expansion coefficients α (T) and Ga content was also examined. It was demonstrated that both bulk modulus B and the Grüneisen parameter γ play a major role in determining the trend in thermal expansion coefficients. The electronic structures of Fe–Ga alloys were investigated, and the characteristics of electronic density of states were analyzed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature effects on the extraction of rubber and melon seed oils
Authors: Ibemesi J. A. , Attah J. C. 
Published: July 2007

Oils were extracted from the seeds of rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell. Arg.] and melon (Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad) using different solvents at varying temperatures. The objective was to determine temperature coefficients (n) for enhanced oil removal and the enthalpy changes accompanying the extraction process.Values of n, obtained from the slopes of the plots of the natural logarithm of equilibrium oil yield vs T/10, were on the order of 1.10, showing that oil, yield increased by a factor of about 1.10 for every 10° rise in temperature. Also, n values were used to predict oil yields at other temperatures by knowing the oil yield at a given temperature.Enthalpy changes (ΔH) in the extraction of both oils were determined using the Arrhenius equation. The ΔH values obtained were in the range of 4–13.5 kJ mol−1, indicating the physical nature of oil extraction by a solvent.
Component fatty acids in body fats of some marine fishes
Authors: Karkhanis Y. D. , Magar N. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe component fatty acids of the body fats of three typical species of Bombay marine fish were investigated. The saturated acid contents of pala and black pomfret oil were about the same. The black pomfret oil was abnormally high in palmitoleic acid. Linoleic acid was found to be remarkably low in pala and black pomfret oils. In white pomfret the amount of it present was about the same as that of linolenic. Polyunsaturated acids were present in black and white pomfret oils but only present in traces in pala oil.
Phase behavior in the solvent winterization of crude cottonseed oil in 85–15 acetone‐hexane mixture as related to reduction in refining loss and color
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFundamental physical chemical data have been obtained which indicate on a laboratory scale the feasibility and advantages of solvent winterization of crude cottonseed oil in 85–15 acetone‐hexane mixture. The results show the effect of oil‐solvent ratio, chilling temperature, duration of chilling, and the addition of adsorbents on the degree of winterization, the refining loss, and the color of the winterized oil. Crystallization is markedly inhibited by the presence of a phosphatide‐rich material in the crude oil, but this can be overcome by the proper control of the oil‐solvent ratio and temperature and by the addition of adsorbents. Winterization in this solvent with or without adsorbents results in the separation of a large proportion of the phosphatides, and a marked reduction in refining loss and color. The advantages of winterizing hexane‐extracted cottonseed oils before refining are discussed.
An investigation of the oil from the seed of sebastiana lingustrina
Authors: Hanks D. P. , Potts W. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe seed ofSebastiana lingustriana have been collected and investigated. They contain about 37% oil, the physical and chemical characteristics of which were determined.Analyses of the component fatty acids were made by interesterification to form esters, which were separated into principally saturated and unsaturated fractions by low temperature crystallization. Each of these fractions was fractionated on a Todd column. The resulting fractions were examined spectrophotometrically and the percentage of each acid was calculated.The oil ofSebastiana lingustrina contains an unusual fatty acid, probably 2,4‐dodecadienoic acid.
The chronic toxicity of lauryl gallate
Authors: Allen Shannon C. , DeEds Floyd 
Published: July 2007

Summary and ConclusionsLong‐term feeding experiments with albino rats involving concentrations of lauryl gallate as high as 0.5% in the daily diet produced no deleterious effects as judged by food intake, rate of growth, gross observations at time of autopsy, and histopathological examination of tissues. Diets containing 1.0% lauryl gallate definitely inhibited growth of male rats and retarded growth of females slightly. Levels of 2.5 and 5% lauryl gallate caused no histopathological changes in various organs but decreased the food intake to a point where starvation was an obvious factor in death of the animals. Lauryl gallate produced skin irritation but did not produce skin sensitization. The property of skin irritation might be of importance to workers engaged in the production and handling of lauryl gallate. There is no evidence to indicate that ingestion of slight amounts, such as might be encountered in edible fats and oils protected against oxidation, would produce harmful effects.
A colorimetric method for determining small amounts of trichloroethylene in vegetable oils
Authors: Eisdorfer I. , Mehlenbacher V. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAn accurate method for determining small amounts of trichloroethylene in vegetable oils has been presented. The method employs a distillation procedure to separate the trichloroethylene from the oil and a colorimetric procedure based on the Fujiwara reaction to determine the trichloroethylene in the distillate. The method has been tested on known samples of crude and refined soybean and cottonseed oils varying in trichloroethylene content from 0.001% to 0.6% with excellent results.
Phase investigations of fats. III. Systems containing oleic and palmitic acids and an organic solvent
Authors: Singleton W. S. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

The ternary systems, oleic acid‐palmitic acid‐commercial hexane and oleic acid‐palmitic acid‐acetone, containing varying amounts of the three components have been equilibrated at 0°C., −10°C., −20°C., −30°C., and −40°C.

From compositional data of the liquid and solid phases in equilibrium at each isothern, ternary phase diagrams have been constructed. From these diagrams it is possible to predict the degree of separation which can be obtained with any given mixture of oleic and palmitic acids, using either acetone or commercial hexane as solvent.

The liquid phase boundaries have been established for each isotherm investigated and have been constructed on an enlarged scale.

The intersolubilizing effect of oleic acid on palmitic acid is greater in commercial hexane than in acetone although each acid is more soluble in acetone than in commercial hexane.
An esr study of radical intermediates formed by γ ‐ radiolysis of tripalmitin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Sevilla C. L. , Swarts S. , Sevilla M.D 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRadicals resulting from the 7‐radiolysis at 77 K of neat tripalmitin and neat dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine were investigated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Analyses of the spectra of these complex lipids were aided by ESR studies of their components phosphorylethanolamine, palmitic acid and hexa‐decane. Concentrations of various radicals were followed as a function of temperature after γ‐irradiation at 77 K. Both tripalmitin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine show anion radicals formed by electron addition to the ester groups and aliphatic side‐chain radicals (‐CH2‐CH‐CH2‐) which are thought to be the result of deprotonation of the original positive hole. Computer analyses of the spectra as the temperature increases show loss of the anion radicals with an increase in a new radical produced by the abstrac‐tion of a hydrogen atom from the α carbon on an acyl side chain. In the case of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, a radical of the phosphorylethanolamine portion of the molecule is detected as an intermediate. Mechanisms for the formation and decay of the free radical intermediates are discussed.
Interpreting the appearance of dispersed systems: I. Model dispersions of polymer latex microspheres
Authors: Franses E. I. , Scriven L. E. , Miller W. G. , Davis H. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements of total absorbance at wavelengths 350–780 nm of aqueous dispersions of polymer latex microspheres of diameters 0.091 μm, 0.254 gmm, 0.325 μm, and 1.10 μm were used to interpret systematic observations of them. Light scattering dissymmetries and scattering ratios of dispersions of the 0.091 μm microspheres were measured at varying concentration and path length at 546 nm and 436 nm. Spectroturbidimetry and observations were also made in binary mixtures of the above particle sizes and in dispersions of microspheres with added dye, the sodium salt of methyl red. For ab‐sorbance due to scattering, Ascat, exceeding 0.04 but not 2, the ab‐sorbance and its wavelength dependence yield reliable estimates of particle size, even though the dissymmetry and the scattering ratio do not. Observations of nonabsorbing systems under ordinary illum‐ination are most reliably interpreted with 0.1 < Ascat < 1, i.e., when the systems look translucent to translucent‐turbid, even though multiple scattering predominates in this range. That the Tyndall effect, or a variant of it when absorption is important, is visible im‐plies that particles smaller than 0.1 μm are present. To estimate particle sizes in milky dispersions in which A > 2, it is necessary to decrease the path length — or the concentration, if tolerable — so that the absorbance falls in that optimal range. Outside this range, the literature rules are unreliable. Because observers and illumination conditions vary among laboratories, it seems essential that model systems such as the microspheres and the dye employed here be used to simulate scattering and absorption features of dispersed systems. By direct comparisons of model systems to systems of interest, observations can be standardized and interpretation of appearances can become less subjective. Moreover, combining obser‐vations with spectroturbidimetry provides a much more potent tool for estimating sizes simply and quickly.
Seeding effects on solidification behavior of cocoa butter and dark chocolate. I. Kinetics of solidification
Authors: Hachiya Iwao , Koyano Tetsuo , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of seeding of fat crystals on the crystallization kinetics of cocoa butter and dark chocolate were examined with a rotational viscometer. The seed crystals employed were cocoa butter, 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (SOS), 1,3‐dibehenoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (BOB) and 1,2,3‐tristearoylglycerol (SSS). The seed powders were prepared by pulverization below —50°C, the dimensions being in a range from 20–70 μm. Particular attention was paid to the influence of polymorphism of the seed crystal. We found that all of the above seed materials accelerated the crystallization, the degree of acceleration being in a following order; SOS (β1) > cocoa butter (Form V) > SOS (a mixture ofβ’ andβ2) > BOB (β2) > BOB (pseudo‐β’) > SSS (β). Precise measurements of the crystallization kinetics showed that the most influential factors in the seeding effects are the physical properties of the seed materials—above all, thermodynamic stability, and similarity in the crystal structure to cocoa butter are the most determinative.
Lipid and hardness characteristics of cocoa butters from different geographic regions
Authors: Chaiseri Siree , Dimick Paul S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwenty‐four commercially pressed cocoa butters and 39 laboratory solvent extracted cocoa butters were evaluated. A rapid method using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the hardness of small quantities of cocoa butter. In the DSC thermogram of a quenched sample, the percentage area under the polymorph II endotherm had a positive correlation (r=0.74) with the mechanical hardness. Soft cocoa butters were characterized by high POO, SOO content (P=palmitic acid, O=oleic acid, S=stearic acid), high iodine value, low percentage, area under the polymorph II endotherm from the DSC scanning, and low SOS. Hard cocoa butters displayed opposite characteristics. In general, South American cocoa butters were the softest and had a 37.03 iodine value, a total of 9.1% POO and SOO, and a 26.4% area under the polymorph II endotherm. Cocoa butters from Asia and Oceania were the hardest and had a 34.74 iodine value, a total of 4.1% POO and SOO, and a 35.65% area under the polymorph II endotherm. North and Central American and African cocoa butters were intermediate in hardness characteristics.
Polymorphic stability of hydrogenated canola oil as affected by addition of palm oil
Authors: Yap P. H. , deMan J. M. , deMan L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPalm oil was added to canola oil before and after hydrogenation and the effect of this addition on the polymorphic stability of the hydrogenated oils was investigated. Palm oil was added to canola oil at two levels to produce hydrogenated canola and palm oil blends containing 5 and 10% palm oil. The levels of palm oil added to hydrogenated canola oil were 5, 10 and 15%. Samples were subjected to temperature cycling between 5 and 20°C as well as storage at 5°C up to 56 days. X‐ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy were used to follow the changes of polymorphic form and crystal growth, respectively, during cycling and storage. Theβ‐crystal contents of the oils were quantified based on the relative density of the characteristic short spacings using a Soft Laser Scanning Densitometer. The delaying effect of palm oil on phase transition was observed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Palm oil showed no effect on the polymorphic stability of the temperature cycled selectively hydrogenated oil, however, it delayed the transition rate at a constant temperature of 5°C. Addition of palm oil at the 10% level before hydrogenation and the level after hydrogenation proved to be effective in delaying polymorphic instability of nonselectively hydrogenated canola oil. Theβ′ stabilization effect of palm oil on the polymorphic stability of hydrogenated canola oil is most likely due to a decrease of fatty acid chain length uniformity.
Biodegradability of alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Sweeney W. A. , Anderson R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article puts in perspective various questions concerning the environmental impact of alkybenzene sulfonates (ABS). Several points which are frequently overlooked or misunderstood are clarified:

Except for the nuisance aspects of its foaming tendency, ABS entering the environment as a component of household sewage is insignificant relative to other pollutants.

Any negative impact that ABS has—foaming, possible interaction with living organisms—comes from its surface active character. When it biodegrades sufficiently to lose its surface active character, it becomes innocuous. Hence, only “primary” biodegradation rates are important.

Linear ABS (LAS) biodegrades much faster than highly branched ABS (BAS). However, they both eventually completely degrade in an aerobic environment.

Neither BAS nor LAS degrade when the sewage does not receive adequate aerobic sewage treatment either in a treatment plant or in the receiving water. Therefore, in localities without adequate aerobic sewage treatment, there is no environmental incentive to use LAS in preference to BAS.

Realistic laboratory tests mirror the sewage treatment process. It is not reasonable, except for screening purposes, to run biodegradation tests in the absence of sewage.

Slight variations in the LAS structure—isomer distribution, modest branching—do not affect its biodegradation in realistic tests.

The important criteria for a country contemplating a switch from BAS to LAS are the concentration of ABS found in receiving waters and the adequacy of sewage treatment.
Conjugated dienes of crude soy oil: Detection by UV spectrophotometry and separation by HPLC
Authors: Brown H. G. , Snyder H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of crude soy oils by ultraviolet spectrophotometry showed E1cm1% values at 233 nm ranging from 1.6 to 2.0. These E1cm1% values can be used as a measure of the conjugated diene compounds of soy oil. E1cm1% values for purified triglycerides were 0.78 (tristearin), 1.1 (triolein), and 0.71 (trilinolein). For the triglyceride fraction of crude soy oil after separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) the E1cm1% was 0.98. HPLC separation of components in crude soy oil led to a tentative identification of a triglyceride fraction, a carotene fraction, 2 tocopherol fractions, and 4 conjugated diene fractions.
Analytical chain to monitor vegetable oil hydrogenation
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Dutton H. J. , Baker G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree analyses were automated to monitor a laboratory continuous hydrogenator. Attenuated total reflectance infrared was used to followtrans isomer formation, refractive index for iodine value change and gas liquid chromatography for fatty acid composition. The instant response of the infrared spectrometer was confirmed by the later responses of the refractometer and gas chromatograph. All 3 operations were used to follow the progress of batch, continuous or semicontinuous hydrogenation.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: XII. Trialkyl aluminum‐copper stearate homogeneous catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction of copper stearate with triethylaluminum (TEAL) formed a soluble catalyst that promoted the selective hydrogenation of the linolenyl groups in soybean oil. This homogeneous catalyst was more active than copper‐chromite. The activity was enhanced by the addition of silica, alumina or titania. Ethyl alcohol accelerated the hydrogenation when it was added in small amounts and retarded hydrogenation when increased amounts were added. More active and, in some cases, more selective catalysts were formed when TEAL was replaced by trialkylaluminum compounds containing longer chain length in the alkyl groups. Among other organometallics tested, diethylmagnesium and diisobutylaluminum ethoxide formed catalysts with activity comparable to heterogeneous catalysts (KLe/KLo=2.8~5.2) was less than that obtained with copper‐chromite (12~14), but greater than that of commercially used nickel catalysts (2). Isomerization, as measured by the percentage oftrans isomers formed, was similar to that of heterogeneous copper catalysts (%trans/ΔIV=0.6~0.7).
Polyglycerol esters composition: Theoretical random distribution versus HPLC analysis
Authors: Garti N. , Aserin A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProduct composition of polyglycerol esters, prepared from a direct alkaline polymerization of glycerol followed by esterification with stearic or oleic acids, has been studied. The internal product composition, as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), shows clearly that in contradiction to what has been published recently, the fatty acid radicals arenot distributed at random among all available hydroxyl groups, and thus, any theoretical calculation on the product composition could not be correct. The product composition of the crude material indicates clearly that the internal positions (secondary hydroxyls) of the glycerol polymer are esterified with greater difficulty than the primary hydroxyl groups.
On the application of supercritical fluid extraction to the deacidification of olive oils
Authors: Gonçalves M. , Vasconcelos A. M. P. , Gomes de Azevedo E. J. S. , Chaves das Neves H. J. , Nunes da Ponte M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recent suggestion on the applicability of supercritical fluid extraction to the deacidification of olive oils of high acid content was based on solubility data in clear disagreement with the results of other authors. In this work, we measured the solubilities of substances chosen for their importance in that extraction process, namely pure glycerol trioleate, the most abundant triglyceride in olive oil, and of a husk oil with a high acid content. Our results agree well with some of the previous reports on this subject. These seem to be a trustworthy data base, but more results are needed for a definite conclusion about the technical feasibility of the process.