bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychology of Religion: An Overview of its History and Current Status
Authors: Main Roderick 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe psychology of religion is a complex field involving a variety of approaches that have not always developed in clear relationship to one another. As an aid to orientation, this article aims to provide an overview of the history and current status of the psychology of religion. It discusses the early contexts and origins of psychology of religion; depth psychological approaches to religion, especially those of Freud and Jung; empirical approaches stemming from mainstream scientific psychology; and some ways in which religion and psychology have stood in a more reciprocal relationship to each other. Common issues addressed by the article in relation to these diverse approaches include methodology; the content of religion; the origin, development, and effects of religion; and evaluations – both the theories’ evaluations of religion and scholarly evaluations of the theories.
The Right Hemisphere's Contribution to the Processing of Semantic Relationships between Words
Authors: Kahlaoui Karima , Scherer Lilian C. , Joanette Yves 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFor more than a century, language has been assumed to be entirely dependent on left‐hemisphere‐based processing. However, since the early 1960s, evidence for the right hemisphere's involvement in language processing, in particular in the semantic processing of words, has emerged. At least three complementary approaches have provided evidence of this: behavioral data from neurologically intact participants, the study of brain‐damaged patients and the use of neuroimaging methods. The goal of this article is to review the major evidence from these three sources concerning the nature of the right hemisphere's contribution to the semantic processing of words. Overall, the data from these studies suggest that both the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere are crucial for semantic processing, with both hemispheres being involved in different ways in the processing of semantic knowledge.
Do We Need a Distinction between Arguments and Adjuncts? Evidence from Psycholinguistic Studies of Comprehension
Authors: Tutunjian Damon , Boland Julie E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWithin both psycholinguistic theories of parsing and formal theories of syntax, a distinction between arguments and adjuncts is central to some theories, while minimized or denied by others. Even for theories that deem the argument/adjunct distinction important, the exact nature of the distinction has been difficult to characterize. In this article, we review the psycholinguistic evidence for an argument/adjunct distinction, discuss how argument status can best be defined in the light of such evidence, and consider the implications for how grammatical knowledge is represented and accessed in the human mind.
Mismatching Meanings in Brain and Behavior
Authors: Pylkkänen Liina 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNatural language interpretation is generally thought to be compositional, that is, the meanings of expressions are a function of the meanings of their parts and of the way the parts are syntactically combined. Theories of the syntax–semantics interface aim to articulate the details of this function. This article discusses a new research program in which psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic experiments on so‐called syntax–semantics mismatches are used to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate between structure and meaning.
Environmental Change in Peri‐Urban Areas and Human and Ecosystem Health
Authors: Douglas Ian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRapidly changing peri‐urban areas have great ecological and human land‐use diversity. Contrasting habitats abound. However, little is known about the way that the biodiversity of a whole urban area depends on the variety of habitats and the linkages, migration and dispersal patterns between them. Great opportunities exist for extending these concepts in both the rapidly expanding manufacturing and commercial cities of Latin America and Asia and into some of the poorest peri‐urban environments. To take these opportunities requires understanding of the diverse pressures on peri‐urban ecosystems and their consequences for both ecosystem and human health. For some people, peri‐urban areas are healthy and the scene of good living standards; for others, they offer a survival opportunity. The complex ecology of urban and peri‐urban areas is constantly being disrupted locally by the injection of new species or new types and concentration of chemicals into specific habitats through human activity. Each change alters ecosystem health. The ecosystem health and human mental and physical health consequences of the interplay between economy, society, land and ecosystems in peri‐urban areas provide a wonderful opportunity for innovative thinking in applied science, particularly for public health medicine, geography and human ecology.
Industrial Symbiosis and Eco‐Industrial Development: An Introduction
Authors: Gibbs David 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn recent years, industrial ecology has been the subject of both academic and policy interest, as a means of implementing sustainable development. For some academic researchers, industrial ecology is seen as the ‘science of sustainability’, while for policy‐makers one aspect of industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, has seemed to offer new opportunities to combine environmental improvement, economic development and local regeneration through the construction of eco‐industrial parks. Industrial symbiosis uses metaphors drawn from natural ecosystems to suggest that industrial production can be reconfigured into an ‘industrial ecosystem’ where firms are interconnected through the exchange of wastes and energy. This article is intended to provide an introduction to some of the key ideas involved in industrial symbiosis and to the ways in which it has been used to inform policy.
Pre‐European Fire Regimes in Australian Ecosystems
Authors: Enright Neal J. , Thomas Ian 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe use multiple lines of evidence, including palaeo‐environmental, ecological, historical, anthropological and archaeological, to investigate pre‐European fire regimes in Australia, with particular focus on the extent to which the use of fire by Aboriginal peoples since their colonisation of the continent at least 45,000 years ago has impacted on the Australian biota. The relative roles of people and climate (including past climate change) as agents driving fire regime are assessed for the major climate–vegetation regions of the continent. Both historical accounts and evidence from current land‐use practices in some areas support the argument that Aboriginal peoples used fire as a land management tool. Evidence for pre‐European fire regimes suggests that while large areas of savanna woodlands in northern Australia, and dry forests and woodlands in temperate southern Australia, were subjected to increased fire under Aboriginal land management; others were not. Areas where fire regime was controlled primarily by ‘natural’ climate‐fuel relationships probably included those that were difficult to burn because they were too wet (e.g. rainforests), fuel levels were usually too low (e.g. desert and semi‐arid rangelands), or resource availability was low and did not support other than transient human occupation (e.g. some shrublands). Scientific studies suggest that many fire‐sensitive woody species would decline under more frequent burning, so that the use of a small patch size, frequent fire regime – such as may have existed over large parts of Australia in the pre‐European (Aboriginal occupation) period – may have harmful biodiversity conservation outcomes if instituted without careful consideration of individual ecosystem and species requirements.
The End of the Person–Situation Debate: An Emerging Synthesis in the Answer to the Consistency Question
Authors: Fleeson William , Noftle Erik 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe review the history and current status of the person–situation debate. We propose that the person–situation debate (1) is over and (2) that it ended in a ‘Hegelian’ synthesis. Specifically, we propose the following synthesis resolution: There are multiple types of consistency; behavior is consistent for some of those types and not for others; and personality and traits exist in the forms that produce the consistent behaviors. Incorporating both personality processes and trait structures in research will move personality research forward. In this article, we summarize the advances that the two perspectives have generated by working in opposition; we explain why both sides will suffer from continuing to work independently; and we anticipate several future directions that synthesis‐informed personality research can and should take.
Attitude Importance: Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Passionately Held Views
Authors: Eaton Asia A. , Visser Penny S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPeople care passionately about some attitudes and consider them deeply important, and they accord no particular significance to other attitudes. In the current paper, we review the state of the psychological literature on attitude importance. We consider the factors that cause people to attach importance to some attitudes but not to others, and we review the cognitive, affective, and behavioral consequences of attaching importance to an attitude. Finally, we explore several open questions regarding attitude importance, charting a course for future research in this area.
The Social Value of Internal Explanations and the Norm of Internality
Authors: Dubois Nicole , Beauvois Jean‐Léon 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSince the 1970s, it has been agreed that ‘internal’ people, who explain what happens to them by internal explanations (their behaviors, their aptitudes, their efforts, their personality, etc.) were more likely to succeed than ‘external’ people, who explain the same outcomes by external explanations such as chance, situational difficulties, the power of others, or fate. The social superiority of internal people is explained in terms of their personality (locus of control). Looking further into the intuitions of American researchers, a French school of thought attempted to show that internal explanations are socially valued. It was suggested that there exists a social judgment norm that could be called the norm of internality and that, perhaps, the success of ‘internal’ people was more specifically due to the fact that social appraisers, whether in school, in organizations, in the courts of justice, prefer this type of person because such people adhere more easily to current social ways of functioning.
Personal Relative Deprivation: A Look at the Grievous Consequences of Grievance
Authors: Tougas Francine , Beaton Ann M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Stouffer et al. (1949) have first coined the term ‘relative deprivation’ to account for unexpected grievance expressed by members of a fortunate group. Many researchers have built on this work and have concluded that a person's feeling of deprivation is relative rather than absolute. In other words, deprivation stems from a social comparison with better‐off persons. In this chapter, a brief summary of the ground‐breaking research on relative deprivation is presented followed by an overview of research on overt and covert responses to personal relative deprivation. In accounting for the silent reactions of the underprivileged, we mainly focus on recent research linking personal relative deprivation to psychological disengagement. Turning to the responses of members of privileged groups, we take into account personal relative deprivation and gratification. Our concluding remarks suggest that responses of both the underprivileged and the privileged concur to the maintenance of the status quo.
The Interplay of Temperament and Regulatory Focus on Consumer Problem‐Solving Modes
Authors: Mooradian Todd A. , Herbst Kenneth C. , Matzler Kurt 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRegulatory Focus Theory's two fundamental processing orientations, Prevention Focus and Promotion Focus, have been shown to capture important differences in problem‐solving motivation, goal pursuit, and individual‐task ‘fit’, although some ambiguity remains regarding the nature of these differences; they have been construed as chronic but have also been related to specific situational factors. Separately, understandings of temperament (hereditable, physiological‐based individual differences) have advanced significantly, although efforts to validate measures of temperament have been frustrating. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory posits two fundamental temperaments, the Behavioral Inhibition System (an avoidance system sensitive to punishments and threats) and the Behavioral Activation System (an appetitive/approach system sensitive to rewards). We relate Regulatory Focus Theory to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, initiating the integration of Promotion Focus and Prevention Focus with the extensive extant theory and nomological networks of temperament and highlighting conspicuous empirical divergence between the two systems.
Why the Psychological Experience of Respect Matters in Group Life: An Integrative Account
Authors: Huo Yuen J. , Binning Kevin R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe psychological experience of respect has implications for the nature and quality of group life and for the individual's psychological and physical well‐being. However, the manner in which respect has been studied and defined has frequently differed among researchers, making it difficult to connect the various findings. Whereas some researchers have focused on the implications of respectful treatment from group members (e.g., authorities, peers), others have focused on individuals’ perceptions of how they are generally evaluated by the group. We present the dual pathway model of respect in which these various lines of research are integrated within a single framework. Organized around two basic social motives – the need for status and the need to belong – the model describes two pathways (status evaluation and liking) through which respect from the group shapes social engagement, self‐esteem, and health. These evaluative dimensions are informed by interactions with group authorities and peers and differentially predict social psychological outcomes.
Social Capital Put to the Test
Authors: Adkins Lisa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article offers a critical review and mapping of theoretical elaborations of the social capital concept and of some of the key empirical projects which in their various ways have attempted to capture and measure social capital. In so doing, it maps the rise and rise of social capital within the social sciences and beyond. It then considers a range of hypotheses which have attempted to explain the ever increasing prominence and reach of the concept. To understand this reach, the article suggests that we must look beyond the theoretical, methodological and empirical technicalities of the social capital debates and cast our eyes to a fundamental rewriting and reworking of the social field.
Confronting Young People's Perceptions of Whiteness: Privilege or Liability?
Authors: McKinney Karyn D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUsing the autobiographies of 193 young whites, I show how contemporary whiteness is characterized by a tension between perceptions of whiteness as a liability versus a privilege. I discuss how many young whites believe whiteness to be both a cultural and economic disadvantage and suggest how these perceptions can interfere with antiracism. Finally, I suggest some pedagogical strategies for educators to use in teaching students about race and ethnicity that might help to dislodge some of these fictions of whiteness.
The Sociology of Political Representation and Deliberation
Authors: Perrin Andrew J. , McFarland Katherine 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe language of democracy and citizenship is infused with a complicated idea: political representation. While political theorists have explored what representation and deliberation should be like, most research on how political discussion actually happens fails directly to address these theoretical standards. This article shows the importance of representation and deliberation to our contemporary ideas about democracy and citizenship. It shows that there is no clear line between deliberation and everyday conversation. Instead, everyday talk constitutes the foundation on top of which citizens build ideas about politics. These, in turn, are the bedrock of democratic representation.
Orientalism as Cultural Practices and the Production of Sociological Knowledge
Authors: Chua Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSince the 1990s, sociologists and others have increasingly used the term orientalism to refer commonly to ethnocentrism, Eurocentrism, prejudicial stereotyping, and cultural misrepresentations of non‐‘western’ societies, particularly those influenced by Islamic knowledge and practices. I chart how theorist Edward Said has helped initiate the sociology of orientalism by emphasizing the relationship of orientalism as a set of cultural practice and discourse to modern empires and global imperialism. I discuss the prominent clusters of studies published in English in the sociology of orientalism: (i) cultural representations and (ii) cultural regulation and social‐identity formation. I argue that these studies have examined the ways orientalisms have deployed signifying practices of abstraction, difference, and desire in constructing problematic images and social relations. Furthermore, I contend that sociology as an intellectual endeavor still needs to confront seriously the issues raised by critics of orientalisms.
Environmental Justice at the Crossroads
Authors: Sze Julie , London Jonathan K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe field of environmental justice emerged at a crossroads of social movements, public policy, and academic research – what we call environmental justice praxis. Now, the field finds itself again at a crossroads as it expands to address new populations, problems, and places. In this article, we first outline the competing definitions of the problems of environmental inequality and environmental racism from the perspective of social movements, policy, and research. Second, we identify the expansion of the field in two key areas: new issues and constituencies and new places and sites of analysis – specifically the relationship between the local and the global. This expansion leads to increasingly sophisticated spatial methodologies and social theories to examine problems of environmental injustice. Finally, we identify three promising trends in the field: refining the mechanisms and processes of environmental injustice, a renewed focus on the state and the environment as key actors, and a revitalized focus on the interactive and continually evolving relationship between scholarship and social movements.
High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein measurements in patients with non‐arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: a clue to the presence of a microinflammatory response
Authors: Kesler Anat , Irge Dana , Rogowski Ori , Bornstein Natan , Berliner Shlomo , Shapira Itzhak , Shani Shenhar‐Tsarfaty , Ben Assayag Einor 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To explore the possibility that individuals with non‐arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NA‐AION) harbour a heightened microinflammatory response compared to carefully matched controls.Methods:  Diagnosis and follow‐up were performed by a senior neuro‐ophthalmologist (A.K.). The inflammatory biomarkers included white blood cell count, Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), quantitative fibrinogen as well as high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). The values of the inflammatory biomarkers of four and five matched controls were compared to patients with NA‐AION.Results:  We examined 33 NA‐AION patients and 151 controls matched for age, gender, body mass index, oral temperature, smoking status and atherothrombotic risk factors. A significantly elevated concentration was noted for hs‐CRP (P = 0.021): 3.3 mg/l for NA‐AION patients and 2.1 mg/l for controls. Accelerated ESR (18.8 versus 13.5 mm/hr, P = 0.025) was noted in the NA‐AION patients.Conclusion:  Following appropriate matching to apparently healthy controls, patients with NA‐AION presented a microinflammatory response, revealed by the presence of increased hs‐CRP concentrations and accelerated ESR. The finding, if confirmed in future studies, might shed more light on the eventual pathophysiological processes involved in the disease and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.
Clinical guidelines, audits and hemovigilance in managing blood transfusion needs
Authors: NEL TERESA J. 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYThe transfusion of blood and blood components is a critical element for the delivery of a healthcare service to patients. Tools to help improve the safety of the blood supply of a country include: (i) clinical (transfusion) guidelines to direct transfusion practices; (ii) audit systems to monitor adherence to the guidelines as well as the effects of adjustments to the guidelines; and (iii) the hemovigilance program which monitors the entire blood supply value chain, develops measures and solutions to problems that threaten or might threaten the safety of blood component recipients, and monitors the implementation of these corrective actions. Establishing guidelines, implementing audit systems and hemovigilance programs are achieved more readily in developing countries with limited resources available, if a step‐up approach is used. If these tools are instigated on an inappropriate level as initial programs, they will be unattainable and most initiatives would fail because the performance targets are unrealistically high. Starting with an elementary approach, acknowledging the shortcomings of it while creating a culture of continuous improvement, is the preferred option.
Building sustainable blood services in developing countries
Authors: KOISTINEN JUKKA 
Published: June 2008

SUMMARYCountries with low and medium human development index (least developed and developing countries) represent 82% of the human population but use only 39% of the global blood supply. Additional funding for blood services is needed in these countries, but that alone does not level out this unfair balance. Political will of the decision makers to acknowledge the existence blood transfusions and blood banks and to create an organization for them is a prerequisite for development. Acceptance of blood transfusion as a specialty in medicine and national coordination of the blood services provide better service even with the already existing financial input given to blood transfusion. Different models for blood service operations exist; a centralized national blood service is not the only alternative and may not be feasible in large countries, but national coordination is beneficial even for them. Education of the public for voluntary, non‐remunerated blood donation and training of the personnel can be achieved even with limited resources, and guidance as well as training material is available, e.g. from the World Health Organization. Regulation of blood services helps in improving the safety of blood transfusion, but lack of laws and regulations must not be accepted as an excuse for not organizing the blood services. International assistance may be necessary after decisions of a nationally organized or coordinated blood service system have been reached, and implementation is planned. However, without local commitment at all levels – national, regional and local – sustainability cannot be expected.