bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus and prevalence of subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a in persistently infected cattle entering a feedlot
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Hessman Bill , Johnson Bill J. , Ridpath Julia F. , Saliki Jeremiah T. , Burge Lurinda J. , Sjeklocha Dave , Confer Anthony W. , Funk Rebecca A. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and determine the prevalence of BVDV subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a in persistently infected (PI) cattle entering a feedlot.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—21,743 calves.
Procedures—Samples were obtained from calves initially testing positive via antigen capture ELISA (ACE) performed on fresh skin (ear notch) specimens, and ACE was repeated. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on skin specimens fixed in neutral-buffered 10% formalin, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay and virus isolation were performed on serum samples. Virus was subtyped via sequencing of the 5′ untranslated region of the viral genome.
Results—Initial ACE results were positive for BVDV in 88 calves. After subsequent testing, results of ACE, IHC, RT-PCR assay, and viral isolation were positive in 86 of 88 calves; results of all subsequent tests were negative in 2 calves. Those 2 calves had false-positive test results. On the basis of IHC results, 86 of 21,743 calves were PI with BVDV, resulting in a prevalence of 0.4%. Distribution of BVDV subtypes was BVDV1b (77.9%), BVDV1a (11.6%), and BVDV2a (10.5%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rapid tests such as ACE permit identification and segregation of PI cattle pending results of further tests, thus reducing their contact with the rest of the feedlot population. Although vaccines with BVDV1a and 2a components are given to cattle entering feedlots, these vaccines may not provide adequate protection against BVDV1b.
Broadcasting of violence on Spanish television: a quantitative panorama
Authors: Fernández‐Villanueva Concepción , Domínguez‐Bilbao Roberto , Revilla‐Castro Juan Carlos , Anagnostou Amy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA quantitative analysis of broadcasted violence by the main television (TV) channels transmitting for Madrid (Spain) was carried out using a novel method that randomly selects fragments of delimited duration from TV broadcasts. The device selects acts of aggression shown in those TV extracts, and classifies them according to their type. There was a high incidence of aggressive acts, especially physical (particularly leading to death), in TV fiction: films, serials and promos. The device also allowed examination of the prominence of aggression in children's programs, as well as showing minimal variation in the number of aggressive acts over screened time intervals. The pattern of the collected data suggests that the broadcasting of violence on TV emphasizes the conflicting elements of social reality, reproducing it in fiction, news reports and children's shows. Aggr. Behav. 32:137–145. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Violent computer games and their effects on state hostility and physiological arousal
Authors: Arriaga Patrícia , Esteves Francisco , Carneiro Paula , Monteiro Maria Benedicta 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of violent computer games on state hostility, state anxiety and arousal. Participants were undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 25 years. Before the experimental sessions, participants filled in self‐report measures concerning their video game habits and were also pre‐tested for aggressiveness and trait anxiety. Physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were measured during the experiment. After playing, information about state hostility and state anxiety was collected. The results showed that participants who played the violent game reported significantly higher state hostility, and support the assumption that an aggressive personality moderates the effect of playing a violent game on state hostility. Aggr. Behav. 32:146–158. 2006 © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and testing of the velicer attitudes toward violence scale: evidence for a four‐factor model
Authors: Anderson Craig A. , Benjamin Arlin J. , Wood Phillip K. , Bonacci Angelica M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe factor structure of the Velicer Attitudes Toward Violence Scale [VATVS; Velicer, Huckel and Hansen, 1989] was examined in three studies. Study 1 (n=460 undergraduates) found a poor fit for a hierarchical five‐factor model earlier advanced by Velicer et al. [1989], but a good fit for an oblique four‐factor model. In Study 2, this alternative model was cross‐validated in a confirmatory factor analysis of an additional 195 undergraduate students. In Study 3, the competing models were compared in terms of ability to predict self‐reported aggression, with 823 undergraduate students. The new four‐factor model proved superior. Other findings included evidence of factorial invariance on the VATVS, and more favorable attitudes toward violence among men than women. The VATVS appears to measure the same four attitudinal constructs for men and women: violence in war, penal code violence, corporal punishment of children, and intimate violence. Aggr. Behav. 32:122–136, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of aggressive driving inventories: they drive as they live
Authors: Van Rooy David L. , Rotton James , Burns Tina M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe authors hypothesized that aggressive driving is indicative of a more general trait that leads individuals to behave aggressively in different situations. This hypothesis was tested by having 85 male and 237 female undergraduates complete the Aggression Questionnaire, three measures of aggressive driving (the Driver Anger Scale, Driver Vengeance Questionnaire, and Driving Behavior Inventory), and questions about violating traffic laws. High correlations among the aggressive driving inventories provided evidence for the convergent validity, but a confirmatory factor analyses raised questions about the discriminant validity of aggressive driving inventories. The inventories did not attain significance in hierarchical analyses of traffic violations that controlled for gender, driving experience, and measures of trait aggression. It is concluded that there is little unique about aggressive driving and that individuals drive as they live. Aggr. Behav. 32:89–98, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation
Authors: Fox Claire L. , Boulton Michael J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious research, primarily in North America, has found that individual factors (e.g., ‘internalising problems’) and social factors (e.g., friendship) interact to influence children's levels of peer victimisation. Some research has found that the identity of children's friends and friendship quality (as ‘protective factors’) are more important than the sheer number of friends. However, studies have produced conflicting findings. A peer nomination inventory was used to assess social skills problems, peer victimisation, peer acceptance, and several different aspects of friendship. Four hundred and forty‐nine children aged 9 to 11 years completed the inventory at two time points over the course of an academic year. Social skills problems were found to predict an increase in peer victimisation over time. Two friendship variables were found to moderate this relationship: a) number of friends, and b) the peer acceptance of the very best‐friend. The relationship was found to be weaker for those children with lots of friends and for those children with a ‘popular’ best‐friend. The findings advance understanding of the factors that promote peer victimisation. Aggr. Behav. 32:110–121, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Localized Functionalization of Single Nanopores (Adv. Mater. 4/2006)
Authors: Nilsson J. , Lee J. R. I. , Ratto T. V. , Létant S. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSingle nanopores can be fabricated using a combination of focused‐ion‐beam drilling and local ion‐beam‐assisted oxide deposition. On p. 427, Letant and co‐workers show how a silicon oxide ring can be grown around a single nanopore and how it can be functionalized with single‐stranded DNA using thiol‐terminated linkers. Current–voltage measurements demonstrate the presence of DNA on the pore wall and the open nature of the pore. Future applications include specific detection of whole organisms, ranging in size from bacteria to viruses.
Inside Front Cover: Conducting‐Polymer Nanotubes for Controlled Drug Release (Adv. Mater. 4/2006)
Authors: Abidian M. R. , Kim D.‐H. , Martin D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMartin and co‐workers report on p. 405 that nanotubes formed from the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), as shown on the inside cover, can be used for the controlled release of anti‐inflammatory drugs. The fabrication process includes electrospinning of a biodegradable polymer, either poly(L‐lactide) or poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide), into which the required drug is incorporated, followed by electrochemical deposition of the conducting polymer around the drug‐loaded electrospun nanofibers. Drug release from the nanotubes is achieved by external electrical stimulation of the nanotubes.
Modeling of transport phenomena and melting kinetics of starch in a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Wang Lijun , Jones David D. , Weller Curtis L. , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA mathematical model was developed to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and melting kinetics of starch in a co‐rotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruder (TSE). The partial differential equations governing the transport phenomena of the biomaterial in the extruder were solved by a finite element scheme. For validating the model, the predicted product pressure, bulk temperature at the entrance of the die, and minimum residence time of the biomaterial in the extruder were compared with experimental data. Standard errors of product pressure, bulk temperature at the die entrance, and minimum residence time were about 8.8, 2.8, and 17.3%. Simulations were carried out to investigate profiles of product pressure, bulk temperature, and melt fraction within the extruder during extrusion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 22–40, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20055
Synthesis and characterization of phenyl methacrylamide copolymers
Authors: Reddy G. Jayasimha , Naidu S. Venkata , Reddy A. V. Rami 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe functional monomer, N‐phenyl methacrylamide (PMA), was synthesized by reacting methacryloyl chloride with aniline. Free‐radical solution copolymerization of PMA and acrylamide (AA) in various feed ratios was synthesized by using benzoyl peroxide initiator in N,N‐dimethylformamide at 70°C. Copolymer structure was elucidated by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The copolymer composition was determined from the corresponding 1H NMR spectra of the copolymers. Finemann‐‐Ross and Kelen‐‐Tudos methods were used to determine the reactivity ratios of the monomers. Thermal characterization of the copolymers was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal stability of the copolymers increases with the increase of PMA content in the copolymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 41–50, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20056
Influence of postcuring conditions on the processing characteristics of epoxy components
Authors: Nowak Tomasz , Sekuła Robert , Saj Piotr , Kasza Krzysztof , Leskosek Helmuth , Claus Oliver 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReactive molding technologies, especially the automated pressure gelation (APG) method, are commonly used in the production of a wide range of medium and high voltage electrical equipment, including switch gears, voltage and current transformers, sensors, and bushings. In such products, not only very good electrical insulation properties but also high mechanical and thermal performance are required. In order to achieve these, a suitable manufacturing process has to be established. Therefore, the use of optimal process parameters, such as mold temperature, filling time, filling velocity, initial temperature of internal parts, gelation time, as well as appropriate product design is key factors for better quality components derived from minimized shrinkage and crack avoidance. The simulation approach for analyzing the filling and curing stages of reactive molding manufacturing processes has been successfully utilized for some time, providing useful information about thermal conditions during the production. In this paper, the principles of a newly developed structural analysis are rationalized and described. A novel simulation procedure for stress and shrinkage calculations, as well as the simulation results, © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 51–51, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20057
Effects of coloration on the physical and mechanical properties and on the thermal stability of polyoxymethylene
Authors: Archodoulaki V.‐M. , Lüftl S. , Seidler S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe influence of coloring by using different batches on the crystallinity and the specific damage behavior of colored loudspeaker grills made from polyoxymethylene (POM) was studied. The investigations were performed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under dynamic and isothermal conditions, pressure oxidative induction time studies (pOIt), melt volume rate (MVR), and perforation tests. The loudspeaker grills were made by injection molding and colored with 3 mass% master batch, added to the pellets during processing. The grills were tested after injection molding (as‐received condition) and after accelerated ageing (oven storage up to 35 days at 140°C and UV irradiation). The results showed that the influence of the stabilizing system on the thermal and mechanical properties is stronger than the influence of the master batch substrate and the coloration. For the solely heat‐stabilized material, coloration can reduce the susceptibility for UV irradiation but not as effectively as a UV stabilizer package. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 63–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20060
Hypoparathyroidism‐retardation‐dysmorphism syndrome in a girl: A new variant not caused by a TBCE mutation—clinical report and review
Authors: Courtens Winnie , Wuyts Wim , Poot Martin , Szuhai Karoly , Wauters Jan , Reyniers Edwin , Eleveld Marc , Diaz George , Nöthen Markus M. , Parvari Ruti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHypoparathyroidism‐retardation‐dysmorphism (HRD) or Sanjad–Sakati syndrome (SSS) (OMIM 241410) is a rare autosomal recessive (AR) inherited condition, characterized by congenital hypoparathyroidism (hypoPTH), retardation, seizures, and a typical facial dysmorphism, consisting of prominent forehead, deep‐set eyes, and abnormal external ears. This disorder has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q42‐q43) and mutations in the gene coding for tubulin‐specific chaperone E (TBCE) have been identified as the cause of the disease. Mutations in the same gene were also reported in patients with AR Kenny–Caffey syndrome (KCS). We report on a 4½‐year‐old girl with congenital hypoPTH, seizures, developmental delay, and a facial dysmorphism, compatible with HRD syndrome. Mutation analyses revealed no mutations in the TBCE gene. In addition, normal TBCE protein and alpha‐tubulin immunostaining were observed in a lymphoblastoid line derived from the patient, excluding the TBCE gene as the causative gene of the syndrome in this patient. A de novo microduplication of probe RP11‐262I1 on 4q35 in the proposita was detected by microarray analyses, but this could not be confirmed by additional studies. We review and discuss the clinical findings of our case and those of the other reported cases with SSS and AR KCS. We conclude that a second gene locus for this disorder seems probable and that 4q35 needs further evaluation as a candidate region. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rationaler Entwurf von DNA‐Nanoarchitekturen
Authors: Feldkamp Udo , Niemeyer Christof M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDNA hat viele physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften, die sie zu einem leistungsfähigen Material für molekulare Konstruktionen im Nanometer‐Maßstab machen. Insbesondere ihre Fähigkeit, Duplexe und andere Sekundärstrukturen durch vorhersagbare, Nucleotidsequenz‐gesteuerte Hybridisierung zu bilden, ermöglicht den Entwurf programmierbarer Strukturmotive, die wiederum zu großen supramolekularen Anordnungen, Gerüsten und sogar zu mechanischen und logischen Funktionseinheiten zusammengefügt werden können. Trotz der breiten Vielfalt solcher Strukturmotive, die als Bausteine beim programmierten Zusammenbau von supramolekularen DNA‐Nanoarchitekturen verwendet werden, sind den unterschiedlichen Modulen einige grundlegende Prinzipien des Entwurfs ihrer hierarchischen Konfiguration und der eingesetzten Nucleotidsequenzen gemein. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über dieses faszinierende und schnell wachsende Forschungsgebiet unter besonderer Berücksichtigung strukturchemischer Aspekte.
Study of different effect on foaming process of biodegradable bionolle in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Xu Qun , Peng Qi , Ni Wei , Hou Zhenzhong , Li Jinge , Yu Long 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrocellular foaming of biodegradable Bionolle in supercritical CO2 has been produced. The effects of a series of variable factors, such as saturation temperature, saturation pressure, and depressurization time and step on the foam structures and density, were studied through measurement of density and SEM observation. The experimental results show that higher saturation temperatures lead to an increase in bulk densities; and different depressurization time and step result in different product cell morphology. In addition, at some saturation temperature, the orientation of the cells can be found in the product morphology. XRD experimental results show that the foaming treatment with SC CO2 increased the crystallinity of Bionolle. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2901–2906, 2006
Neural tube development requires the cooperation of p53‐ and Gadd45a‐associated pathways
Authors: Patterson Andrew D. , Hildesheim Jeffrey , Fornace Albert J. , Hollander M. Christine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDNumerous genetically engineered mouse models for neural tube defects (NTDs) exist, and some of the implicated proteins are functionally related. For example, the growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible protein Gadd45a and tumor suppressor p53 are functionally similar, and both are involved in neural tube development (Gadd45a‐ and Trp53‐null embryos show low levels of exencephaly). To assess their roles in neural tube development, we generated double‐null mice from Gadd45a‐ and Trp53‐null mice, as well as from cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (Cdkn1a) (p21)‐null and xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC)‐null mice that do not show spontaneous exencephaly.METHODSGadd45a‐, Trp53‐, Cdkn1a‐, and XPC‐null mice were crossed to generate several double‐null mouse models. Embryos (embryonic day [ED] 16–18) from the single‐ and double‐null crosses were scored for NTDs.RESULTSDeletion of both Gadd45a and Trp53 in mice increased exencephaly frequencies compared to the deletion of either single gene (34.0% in Gadd45a/Trp53‐null compared to 8.4% and 9.1% in the Gadd45a‐ and Trp53‐null embryos, respectively). Furthermore, although deletion of another p53‐regulated gene, Cdkn1a, is not associated with exencephaly, in conjunction with Gadd45a deletion, the exencephaly frequencies are increased (30.5% in the Gadd45a/Cdkn1a‐null embryos) and are similar to those in the Gadd45a/Trp53‐null embryos. Although XPC deletion increased exencephaly frequencies in Trp53‐null embryos, XPC deletion did not increase the exencephaly frequencies in Gadd45a‐null embryos.CONCLUSIONSThe increased genetic liability to exencephaly in the Gadd45a/Trp53‐ and Gadd45a/Cdkn1a‐null embryos may be related to the disruption of multiple cellular pathways associated with Gadd45a and p53. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of perfusion on metabolism and matrix production by bovine articular chondrocytes in hydrogel scaffolds
Authors: Xu Xia , Urban Jill P.G. , Tirlapur Uday , Wu Min‐Hsein , Cui Zheng , Cui Zhanfeng 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArticular cartilage has a limited capacity for self‐repair after damage. Engineered cartilage is a promising treatment to replace or repair damaged tissue. The growth of engineered cartilage is sensitive to the extracellular culture environment. Chondrocytes were seeded into alginate beads and agarose scaffolds at 4 millions/mL, and the response to static and perfusion culture was examined over period of up to 12 days. For both types of scaffolds, the chondrocytes kept their differentiated morphology over 12 days in all culture conditions. In alginate beads, more glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were produced in perfusion culture than in static conditions. GAG distribution in alginate constructs was more uniform in perfusion culture than in static culture. However, in agarose constructs there was no significant difference in GAG production between static culture and perfusion culture. Under perfusion culture, the retention rate of GAG in alginate was higher than in agarsoe. It is suggested that the positive effect of perfusion culture only can be achieved by an appropriate choice of other factors such as scaffold materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of water activity in the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides produced by a hyperthermophilic β‐glycosidase in an organic medium
Authors: Cruz‐Guerrero Alma E. , Gómez‐Ruiz Lorena , Viniegra‐González Gustavo , Bárzana Eduardo , García‐Garibay Mariano 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study evaluated the influence of water activity and lactose concentration on the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), by means of a hyperthermophilic β‐glycosidase in an organic system. The production of GOS gradually grew as water activity increased in the reaction system; later, their synthesis decreased as water activity increased. The authors used the response surface methodology to study how different water activities and different concentrations of lactose influenced the synthesis of GOS and their length. In every case, the variable that proved to have the greatest effect on GOS synthesis was water activity. Maximum GOS3 synthesis was reached at a water activity interval of 0.44–0.57, with lactose concentrations of 0.06%–0.1%, while GOS4 and GOS5 maxima were reached at water activity intervals of 0.47–0.57 and 0.49–0.60, respectively. The research showed that higher water activity was required to synthesize GOS of greater length. Synthesis of GOS would then depend on the flexibility of the enzyme, which in turn would depend on water activity of the reaction system. This hypothesis was supported by experiments in which the reaction temperature was modified in order to change the flexibility of the enzyme, thus leading to longer GOS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.