bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PET [11C]DASB Imaging of Serotonin Transporters in Patients with Alcoholism
Authors: Brown Amira K. , George David T. , Fujita Masahiro , Liow Jeih‐San , Ichise Masanori , Hibbeln Joseph , Ghose Subroto , Sangare Janet , Hommer Daniel , Innis Robert B. 
Published: December 2006

Objective: Alcoholism and aggression have each been associated with neurochemical measurements suggestive of decreased serotonin synaptic transmission. We measured densities of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in a moderate‐sized sample of alcoholic patients who were assessed for aggressive characteristics.Methods: Thirty alcoholic inpatients and 18 healthy controls received a PET scan with [11C]‐3‐amino‐4‐(2‐dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)‐benzonitrile. The alcoholic inpatients were classified as aggressive or nonaggressive based on a comparison between the top third and bottom third scores on the Buss–Durkee Hostility Index.Results: Using a pixel‐wise comparison, no brain region showed significant alterations in SERT binding among the 3 groups of subjects (aggressive alcoholic subjects, nonaggressive alcoholic subjects, and healthy controls) or between the combined alcoholic group and healthy controls. None of the clinical measures (including measures of aggression) correlated with SERT binding in the alcoholic subjects.Conclusion: Contrary to prior imaging reports using the nonselective ligand [123I]β‐CIT, we found no significant alterations of SERT density in alcoholic patients.
Effects of Atypical Anxiolytic N‐Phenyl‐2‐[1‐[3‐(2‐Pyridinylethynyl)Benzoyl]‐4‐Piperidine]Acetamide (JNJ‐5234801) on Alcohol Intake in Alcohol‐Preferring P Rats
Authors: Rezvani Amir H. , Overstreet David H. , Levin Edward D. , Rosenthal Daniel I. , Kordik Cheryl P. , Reitz Allen B. , Vaidya Anil H. 
Published: December 2006

Background: N‐Phenyl‐2‐[1‐[3‐(2‐pyridinylethynyl)benzoyl]‐4‐piperidine]acetamide (JNJ‐5234801) is a structurally novel atypical anxiolytic with an overall in vivo profile in animals suggestive of the potential to show anxiolytic efficacy in humans at doses that will not cause CNS‐related side effects. Furthermore, unlike the benzodiazepines, JNJ‐5234801 does not have an adverse interaction with ethanol even at doses 20 to 40 times the minimal effective dose in the rat elevated plus maze (MED=1.0 mg/kg, p.o.).Methods: In the present study, JNJ‐5234801 was evaluated for potential efficacy in reducing alcohol intake in alcohol‐preferring rats. Alcohol‐preferring P rats were allowed to drink water or alcohol (10%, v/v) in a 2‐bottle choice procedure. Once stable baselines were established, the acute effects of JNJ‐5234801 [(10–40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] were assessed. In a separate study, chronic treatment with JNJ‐5234801 (40 mg/kg once daily, i.p.) for 12 consecutive days was compared with naltrexone (20 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.).Results: There was a selective dose‐dependent reduction in alcohol intake in the alcohol‐preferring (P) rats after acute administration of JNJ‐5234801 (10–40 mg/kg, i.p.). There were no significant effects on food or water intake. When administered subchronically, both JNJ‐5234801 (40 mg/kg once daily, i.p.) and naltrexone (20 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.) considerably reduced alcohol intake, but tolerance to the alcohol‐suppressing effects appeared to occur sooner in the naltrexone‐treated group. While both compounds slightly but significantly reduced food intake at the beginning, only JNJ‐5234801 increased water intake and decreased alcohol preference.Conclusions: The novel atypical anxiolytic JNJ‐5234801 has a favorable profile effects on alcohol intake and related measures compared with naltrexone, which is recommended for the treatment of alcoholism.
Effects of Ethanol on Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Rat Cortical Neurons
Authors: Moriguchi Shigeki , Zhao Xilong , Marszalec William , Yeh Jay Z. , Narahashi Toshio 
Published: December 2006

Background:Theγ‐aminobutyric acid‐A (GABAA) receptor and glutamate receptors are among the most important target sites for the behavioral effects of ethanol. However, data in the literature concerning the ethanol modulation of the GABAAand glutamate receptors have been controversial. The activity of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) has recently been reported to be potently augmented by ethanol. The activation of nAChRs is also known to cause the release of various neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. Thus, ethanol potentiation of nAChRs is expected to stimulate the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems.Methods:Whole‐cell patch clamp experiments were performed using rat cortical neurons in primary culture to record spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs).Results:Two types of neurons were distinguished: bipolar neurons possessedα4β2 nAChRs generating a steady current in response to 30 nM ACh, and multipolar neurons that did not generate a current by ACh application. Acetylcholine greatly increased the frequency of mEPSCs and mIPSCs in bipolar neurons but not in multipolar neurons. The amplitude of neither type of neuron was affected by ACh. Ethanol at 10 to 100 mM suppressed the amplitude of mEPSCs while augmenting the amplitude of mIPSCs in both bipolar and multipolar neurons, indicating the direct action on the respective receptors. In bipolar neurons, ACh plus 100 mM ethanol greatly increased the frequency of mIPSCs beyond the levels achieved by ACh alone, while no such increases were observed in multipolar neurons.Conclusions:It is concluded that ethanol stimulation of nAChRs modulates the activity of both glutamate and GABA receptors in rat cortical bipolar neurons.
Apomorphine‐Induced Growth Hormone Response Is Attenuated by Ethanol but Not Dextromethorphan
Authors: Budde Henning , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Steffin Birgit , Rommelspacher Hans , Schmidt Lutz G. , Smolka Michael N. 
Published: December 2006

Background: Misuse of alcohol drinking is a major health problem. Alcohol decreases spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion, but the mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to test whether administration of alcohol (study 1) or a N‐methyl d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (study 2) attenuates the GH response to pharmacological dopaminergic stimulation.Methods: The 2‐session repeated measures design was conducted at the endocrine laboratory at the Department of Psychiatry at the Free University Berlin. Twenty healthy Caucasian males aged 35±10 years without a history of alcohol use disorders were tested using the Apomorphine (APO) challenge test. In study 1, we injected APO (0.01 mg/kg s.c.) 1 hour after oral administration of 1 g/kg ethanol and placebo, respectively. In study 2, the APO challenge was conducted after 0.3 mg/kg dextromethorphan (DXM) and placebo. The main outcome measures were the peak serum GH concentration and area under the time/concentration curve up to 120 minutes after APO. The effects of ethanol and DXM were tested using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests.Results: Compared with placebo, alcohol significantly decreased the APO‐induced GH release (mean and SEM peak GH concentration 19.9±3.2 vs 6.2±1.9 ng/mL, p=0.002). Dextromethorphan did not change APO‐induced GH response (22.5±5.4 vs 21.0±5.8 ng/mL, p=0.105).Conclusion: A single intermediate alcohol dose markedly reduces GH response to dopaminergic stimulation. Although alcohol is thought to stimulate dopaminergic function in certain pathways, but not necessarily in the hypothalamus, our results are in line with the alcohol effect on baseline GH secretion. Growth hormone suppression appears not to be mediated by ethanol's NMDA‐antagonistic properties.
5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one, a water‐soluble poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor reduces the evolution of experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Di Paola Rosanna , Mazzon Emanuela , Muià Carmelo , Terrana Dino , Greco Salvatore , Britti Domenico , Santori Domenico , Oteri Giacomo , Cordasco Giancarlo , Cuzzocrea Salvatore 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated by strand breaks in DNA, plays an important role in the tissue injury associated with ischaemia‐reperfusion and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that PARP activation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute periodontal injury.Aim: We have investigated the effect of 5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one (5‐AIQ), a water‐soluble PARP inhibitor, in a rat model of periodontitis.Materials and Methods: Periodontitis was induced in rats by placing a 2/0 braided silk ligature around the lower left first molar. At day eight, the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular first molar was removed for biochemical and histological analysis.Results and Conclusions: Ligation significantly induced an increased neutrophil infiltration and a positive staining for PARP activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone destruction. Intraperitonial injection of 5‐aminoisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one (5‐AIQ) (5 mg/kg daily for eight days) significantly decreased all of the parameters of inflammation as described above. This suggests that inhibition of PARP may represent a novel approach for the treatment of periodontal disease.
Comparison of new and 3‐month‐old brush heads in the removal of plaque using a powered toothbrush
Authors: Hogan Louise M. E. , Daly Christopher G. , Curtis Brad H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim: To compare the effectiveness of new and 3‐month‐old worn brush heads in plaque removal using a rotation–oscillation‐powered toothbrush.Material and Methods: A single examiner blinded, randomized, cross‐over study was conducted in which 34 adults attended the clinic on two occasions following 48‐h periods of no oral hygiene. Following plaque scoring, subjects brushed for 2 min. with either a new brush or a brush they had used for 3 months and plaque was then re‐scored. Bristle wear was assessed by measuring brushing surface areas on digital images.Results: The mean plaque score percentage reductions with new brush heads were not significantly different from those achieved with 3‐month‐old heads for total surfaces (new=38.1%; worn=37.1%; p=0.83) and approximal surfaces (new=31.3%; worn=30.8%; p=0.9). Brushing surface area increases of the 3‐month‐old heads ranged from 0% to 135% (mean 26.9%). Compared with new brush heads, no significant differences were found for plaque score reductions for heads with minor, moderate or marked wear.Conclusion: Rotation–oscillation‐powered toothbrushes with 3‐month‐old brush heads exhibiting various degrees of wear were as effective as new brush heads in plaque removal. Bristle age and wear on a powered toothbrush may not impede the effectiveness of plaque removal.
Could the Defects in the Endometrial Extracellular Matrix During the Implantation Be a Cause for Impaired fertility?
Authors: Skrzypczak Jana , Wirstlein Przemysław , Mikolajczyk Mateusz 
Published: December 2006

ProblemAssessment of concentration of the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the uterine fluid in women with idiopathic infertility and unknown cause for recurrent miscarriage.Method of studyUterine fluid obtained from patients with idiopathic infertility (n = 13), patients with unknown cause of recurrent miscarriages (n = 16) and healthy fertile women (n = 14). The assessment of MMP9, TIMP1, uPA, uPAR and LIF were performed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsStatistically lower expression of MMP9 and TIMP1 in uterine fluid during implantation window in women with infertility and recurrent miscarriage of unknown cause.ConclusionChanged turnover of the extracellular matrix might be a cause of improper endometrial transition and in effect cause faulty implantation.
NOD Protein Expression and Function in First Trimester Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Costello Melissa J. , Joyce Shawna K. , Abrahams Vikki M. 
Published: December 2006

ProblemThrough the expression of pattern recognition receptors, the trophoblast can recognize and respond to infectious microorganisms and, therefore, participate in the control of pathogens that may compromise fetal well‐being. We hypothesize that the trophoblast has the ability to sense invasive intracellular bacteria through the cytoplasmic‐based nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression and function of NOD proteins in first trimester trophoblast cells.Method of studyNOD1 and NOD2 expressions by first trimester trophoblast cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The effect of NOD2 activation on trophoblast cells was determined by analyzing the cytokine response following treatment with muramyl dipeptide (MDP).ResultsBoth NOD1 and NOD2 were expressed by first trimester placental villi and localized to trophoblast cells. Moreover, NOD1, NOD2 and the signaling effector protein, RIP‐like interacting CLARP kinase (RICK), were all expressed by isolated trophoblast cells. Following exposure to the NOD2 ligand, MDP, trophoblast cells generated a pro‐inflammatory cytokine response. This response was confirmed to be specific, as an NOD2‐deficient trophoblast cell line failed to respond to MDP unless transfected with NOD2.ConclusionThese findings suggest that, through the expression and function of NOD proteins, first trimester trophoblast cells are able to recognize and respond to invasive intracellular pathogens that may have evaded other forms of pattern recognition.
Menstrual Hemocidin HbB115–146 Is an Acidophilic Antibacterial Peptide Potentiating the Activity of Human Defensins, Cathelicidin and Lysozyme
Authors: Mak Pawel , Siwek Michal , Pohl Jan , Dubin Adam 
Published: December 2006

ProblemOur recent studies proved that menstrual discharge is exceptionally rich in bactericidal hemoglobin peptides (hemocidins). Of special interest is the behavior of hemocidins in low pH of the vagina, in different ionic strengths, and in the presence of other specialized antibacterial molecules acting in this organ.Methods of studyWe studied the activity of a model representative of menstrual hemocidin: the peptide from human beta‐globin, spanning residues 115–146 (HbB115–146). The bactericidal action of this peptide in different physicochemical conditions, as well as the evaluation of the synergistic effect of the peptide with mixtures of neutrophil alpha‐defensin HNP‐1, epithelial beta‐defensin HBD‐1, cathelicidin LL‐37 and lysozyme were studied using the bacterial membrane permeability test.ResultsThe HbB115–146 is a salt‐resistant antibiotic molecule strongly potentiating its activity in acidic conditions (pH 4.4–5.0), characteristic for the vagina. Hemocidin HbB115–146 is also an effective factor stimulating the activity of other antibacterial polypeptides present in the female urogenital tract. The observed synergistic effect is preserved or enhanced at lower pH and, with the exception of HBD‐1, is observed also at physiological salt concentrations.ConclusionThe results of this study clearly demonstrate that hemocidins are important polypeptide factors involved in maintaining vaginal immunity during normal menstrual bleedings.
Myocardial Wall Motion Imaging with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lubbers D. D. , Kuijpers D. , Oudkerk M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWall motion imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) provides important functional information about global and regional myocardial function. This review will give an overview of the current state of myocardial wall motion imaging, especially focusing on the clinical role of dobutamine stress CMR in ischaemic heart disease. Dobutamine stress CMR provides functional information on the myocardium under conditions of pharmacologically induced stress. High‐dose dobutamine is used for wall motion analysis of the left ventricle. Wall motion abnormalities are indicative of myocardial ischaemia and occur in the ischaemic cascade before the onset of chest pain and ECG abnormalities. As a result of technological advances, dobutamine stress CMR has evolved towards a very accurate cardiac stress test. The current state of dobutamine stress CMR allows us to obtain cine MR images with high spatial and temporal resolution in rest and during stress. The use of myocardial tagging has improved the diagnostic accuracy even further. The addition of first‐pass perfusion imaging at peak dose dobutamine might enhance accuracy even more. Besides being able to detect myocardial ischaemia, low‐dose dobutamine can be used to assess myocardial viability. With these capabilities, viability, wall motion and myocardial perfusion can be assessed in a single examination. The safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress CMR has been proven. The technique and clinical implications are discussed.
Measuring Leadership Ability1
Authors: Van Dusen A. C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTo select successful leaders it is first necessary to identify the qualities that differentiate the “best” from the “poorest” leaders. Some such qualities may be common to all situations involving leadership. Others may be peculiar to specific situations. The present study tries out a technique designed to identify the factors of leadership. The technique is demonstrated on Boy Scout troops but is easily adapted to the industrial situation.
Predicting Female Absenteeism
Authors: NAYLOR JAMES C. , VINCENT NORMAN L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThree items normally found on any job application blank were used on a sample of 220 female clerical workers in an attempt to predict an absenteeism criterion. Age and Marital Status showed no relationship to the criterion, while Number of Dependents was significantly and positively related to absenteeism in both the primary and hold‐out groups. This supports the hypothesis that employee selection may be simplified by using information already possessed by the company.
Observation Methodology and Supervisory Behavior1
Authors: O'NEILL HARRY E. , KUBANY ALBERT J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA direct observation technique was used to study the job of the production foreman. Approximately 32,000 observations on 85 foremen in four production departments of two widely separated automotive assembly plants were gathered. Criterion data were obtained on each of the foremen. From 24 criterion measures studied, eight (4 objective; 4 subjective) were selected for use in this analysis. A chi‐square analysis of the data showed differences which were significant but did not stand up in cross‐validation (first half vs. second half). Also, the information obtained was not sufficiently novel to justify its use over less expensive interview and questionnaire techniques. Discussion related to the crucial importance in supervision of the intellectual and abstract behaviors which do not lend themselves to direct observation. The broad claims made by proponents of direct observations as an appropriate measure of supervisory behavior do not appear justified by the results of this study.
Relationships Between Physical Proficiency and Measures of Leadership and Personality1
Authors: BORG WALTER R. , TUPES ERNEST C. , CARP A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis report is concerned with the validity of measures of physical proficiency for the selection of Air Force officer candidates and the relationships of physical proficiency measures to leadership and personality measures. This paper is one in a series describing the evaluation of members of two Air Force Officer Candidate School (OCS) classes by means of assessment techniques administered during a three and one‐half day period at the beginning of each class.The results of this study indicate that measures of physical proficiency are moderately interrelated and yield a total score with satisfactory internal consistency. The total physical proficiency score correlated only slightly with OCS military grades (essentially peers’estimates of future officer potentiality) and not at all with the other criteria, which included a highly valid intermediate officer effectiveness measure. Relationships between the physical proficiency score and other assessment and personality measures indicate that the candidate high on physical proficiency is not unlike the stereotype of the “all American boy”—extroverted, energetic, assertive, and socially poised. It is concluded that physical proficiency measures are probably of little value in selecting individuals for officer training or other programs requiring small group leadership behavior.
VALIDITY AND TEST‐RETEST STABILITY OF THE NASH MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS SCALE ON THE REVISED FORM OF THE STRONG VOCATIONAL INTEREST BLANK1
Authors: JOHNSON JAMES C. , DUNNETTE MARVIN D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryManagers’motives (preferences for different activities or outcomes) probably determine, in part, their relative job effectiveness. This hypothesis was tested and confirmed by Nash (1966) when he developed and cross‐validated a Managerial Effectiveness Key for the 1937 edition of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). We revised the Nash SVIB key for those items retained in the recently‐revised form of SVIB (Campbell, 1966). The new key has the same validity as Nash's key and high test‐retest stability for lengthy periods of time (up to twenty‐two years). Validity of the key is not extremely high (about .30), but its content does denote a pattern of stable and distinct manager motives which merit study along with cognitive, aptitude, and temperament factors as potential determiners of effective managing.
AN EVALUATION OF JAQUES’ STUDIES OF PAY IN THE LIGHT OF CURRENT COMPENSATION RESEARCH1
Authors: GORDON MICHAEL E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryElliott Jaques’ work in the area of compensation is evaluated for two major reasons: first, to ascertain its methodological fitness and meaningfulness; and, second, to discuss the impact of his work on the course of psychological research on pay. It is concluded that, although Jaques is the first psychologist to have attempted to bind theoretically a number of vaguely related concepts such as job analysis, equity, level of work, and pay curves, his pay technology has not achieved its goal due to a poor methodological foundation. Replication of Jaques’ studies is virtually impossible because his instruments and concepts are poorly defined. Furthermore, some of the hypothesized relationships among the constructs contained within the model appear inconsistent. However, Jaques’ work is valuable because it has served as a first approximation to a general program of research on pay. Furthermore, his work has highlighted a number of important, fundamental issues which investigators who research pay must ultimately resolve. Several of these issues are discussed.
THE PERSONALITY OF HIGH EARNING MBA'S IN BIG BUSINESS1
Authors: HARRELL THOMAS W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAN effort was made to find personal qualifications that might be predictive of earnings in business. A follow‐up by questionnaire five years after graduation was made for members of three MBA classes who had previously taken an eleven‐instrument battery. Ninety percent responded.A comparison of the highest third and the lowest in terms of present compensation showed 13 differences at the .05 level of significance or higher among 55 predictor variables. At the .01 level were second year Graduate School of Business grade point average (GPA), Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) Personnel and Management Orientation scales, Guilford‐Zimmerman Ascendance, Ghiselli's Decision Making and Initiative (from his Self‐Description Inventory), and the Individual Background Survey. Hours of work and job satisfaction were greater for high earners.