bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxylation of Dodecanoic Acid and (2R,4R,6R,8R)‐Tetramethyldecanol on a Preparative Scale using an NADH‐ Dependent CYP102A1 Mutant
Authors: Kühnel Katja , Maurer Steffen C. , Galeyeva Yana , Frey Wolfgang , Laschat Sabine , Urlacher Vlada B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCytochrome P450 CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium is a fatty acid hydroxylase which catalyses the highly regioselective hydroxylation of branched fatty alcohols like (2R,4R,6R,8R)‐tetramethyldecanol (4). The product of this reaction (2R,4R,6S,8S)‐tetramethyldecane‐1,9‐diol (3) can be used in synthesis of macrolide antibiotics. For setting up the biooxidation process on a preparative scale a monophasic aqueous reaction system has been established. The system was optimised using an NADH‐dependent CYP102A1 mutant, dodecanoic acid as a model substrate and takes advantage of randomly methylated beta‐cyclodextrins for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates. In the reaction with 50 mM of dodecanoic acid a total turnover number of 66,700 and substrate conversion of 66.7 % could be reached. The total turnover number of a CYP102A1 mutant in the reaction with 23.4 mM (2R,4R,6R,8R)‐tetramethyldecanol 4 was 17,290 and substrate conversion reached 74 %. The reaction on a preparative scale yielded 420 mg of (2R,4R,6S,8S)‐tetramethyldecane‐1,9‐diol (3) in 60 % de. The major diastereomer 3a has the (2R,4R,6S,8S,9R)‐configuration. The configuration of 3a was determined by an X‐ray single crystal structure analysis of the corresponding bis‐dinitrobenzoate 5a.
Electroenzymatic Asymmetric Reduction of rac‐3‐Methylcyclohexanone to (1S,3S)‐3‐Methylcyclohexanol in Organic/Aqueous Media Catalyzed by a Thermophilic Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Höllrigl Volker , Otto Katja , Schmid Andreas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractElectrochemical regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors has been discussed as a promising, clean, and sustainable technology since the 1980s. However, most concepts for the coupling of this technology to enzymes suffer from low productivities, insufficient stabilities, or are difficult to scale up. We have developed an electrochemical cell for the efficient regeneration of NAD(P)H, which can be coupled to a reduction reaction catalyzed by the thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermus sp. Octane, as second organic phase avoided product inhibition and allowed for the production of (1S,3S)‐3‐methylcyclohexanol at a diastereomeric excess of 96 % from the corresponding racemic ketone with a productivity of 0.13 g L−1 h−1 and a current efficiency of 85 %. After 10 h, the experiment was actively terminated and the final product concentration reached was 1.32 g L−1. In our opinion this concept defines a new state of the art in electroenzymology and provides a strong basis for applications in organic synthesis.
Laccase‐Mediated Deprotection of para‐Methoxyphenyl (PMP)‐Protected Amines
Authors: Verkade Jorge M. M. , van Hemert Lieke J. C. , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Schoemaker Hans E. , Schürmann Martin , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA novel enzymatic procedure for the oxidative deprotection of p‐methoxyphenyl (PMP)‐protected amines is described. By using laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) under mildly acidic conditions, a variety of PMP‐protected amines were successfully deprotected. The rate of deprotection was solvent‐ and pH‐dependent, and the reaction scope could be increased by using so‐called mediators.
Enzymatic Transformations 63. High‐Concentration Two Liquid‐Liquid Phase Aspergillus niger Epoxide Hydrolase‐Catalysed Resolution: Application to Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Aromatic Epoxides
Authors: Deregnaucourt Justine , Archelas Alain , Barbirato Fabien , Paris Jean‐Marc , Furstoss Roland 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to perform different studies allowing us to improve the methodology we had previously described to realise the Aspergillus niger epoxide hydrolase‐catalysed resolution of eight trifluoromethyl‐substituted styrene oxide derivatives. A two liquid‐liquid phase methodology was developed, for the first time with such an enzyme, using iso‐octane as a co‐solvent. Different experimental parameters like the global volume substrate concentration, the substrate over enzyme ratio, the agitation rate and the purity of the enzyme were also optimised. This allowed us to set up very efficient bioreactors allowing performance of the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of the different substrates by operating at room temperature (27 °C), within a few hours only and at a very high global volume substrate concentration, i.e., 360 g/ L (1.8 M). The efficiencies of the Aspergillus niger epoxide hydrolase toward the different epoxides studied were compared and the productivity of the practical process was evaluated. These results amply demonstrated that, without contest, the biocatalysed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides is nowadays to be considered as a very efficient, mild, cheap and easy‐to‐use “green chemistry” methodology applicable for cost effective preparative (i.e., industrial) scale implementation.
Recent Advances in Aldolase‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Dean Stephen M. , Greenberg William A. , Wong Chi‐Huey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis review is focused on advances over the last several years in the application of aldolases to organic synthesis. Several new technologies have been implemented to increase the scope and practicality of aldolases as tools for the synthetic chemist. These include directed evolution, discovery of new classes of aldolases in nature and the laboratory, and substrate and reaction engineering.
Verzweigungslasten von seitlich am Obergurt gestützten Pult‐ und Satteldachträgern aus Brettschichtholz
Authors: Eilering Siegfried , Halbensleben Petra 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden für aus Brettschichtholz gefertigte Pultdach‐ und Satteldachträger mit seitlichen Obergurtabstützungen in äquidistanten Punkten Verzweigungslasten angegeben, die mit Hilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente auf Basis einer einfachen Stabmodellierung berechnet wurden. Der Vergleich der Kippnachweise nach dem Ersatzstabverfahren für das maßgebende Einzelfeld unter vereinfachter Berücksichtigung der Querschnittswerte gemäß Empfehlung der DIN 1052 einerseits und der Gesamtträgerbetrachtung mit den berechneten Verzweigungslasten andererseits zeigt, dass die Näherungsregel erstens stets auf der sicheren Seite liegt und zweitens die Abweichungen der Sicherheiten mit wachsender Schlankheit der Träger und mit abnehmender Zahl an seitlichen Zwischenstützungen signifikant ansteigen können.
Entwicklung einer Großelement‐Dämmtechnik (GEDT) mit Vakuum‐Isolationspaneelen (VIP) mit Anwendungsbeispielen – TEIL 2: Praktische Anwendung
Authors: Reyer Eckhard , Kröger Rainer , Bamberger Cécile 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund der Notwendigkeit nachhaltiger Reduzierung des Heizenergiebedarfs sowie auch zukünftig noch steigender Anforderungen an den Wärmeschutz der Gebäudehülle und der Tatsache fallweise nur zögerlicher Bereitschaft der Eigentümer ihre Altbausubstanz energetisch nachzurüsten, wurde die Großelement‐Dämmtechnik (GEDT) mit geschosshohen, raumbreiten Großelementen entwickelt, ursprünglich noch mit konventionellem Dämmstoff und nun auch mit Vakuum‐Isolationspaneelen (VIP): Dämmtechnisch hoch wirksam, geringer Platzbedarf, witterungsunabhängige Werksfertigung mit gleich bleibend hohem Qualitätsniveau, schneller Montage und Geringhalten von Lärm und Schmutz in der Sanierungsphase.Nach kurzer Darstellung der Historie der GEDT werden im Teil 1 dieses Beitrags (Bautechnik Heft 5/2007) die Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens zur Entwicklung einer GEDT mit VIP detailliert beschrieben, die Wärmedämmeigenschaften unter Ansatz unterschiedlicher VIP‐Dicken für fast beliebig gedämmte Althauswände im Rahmen einer Parameterbetrachtung diskutiert und im Teil 2 der erste Anwendungsfall – die energetische Sanierung dreier Wohnhäuser in Hofheim – vorgestellt. Gleichzeitig werden in Abschnitt 8 (Prognosen – Perspektiven – Ausblick) Rationalisierungsvorschläge – gewonnen aus der Erfahrung dieser GEDT‐VIP‐Anwendung – formuliert. Hierbei zeichnen sich – wenn die Beurteilung allein nach Kosten erfolgt – im Vergleich zur “GEDT mit VIP” gewisse Vorteile für eine Technik mit mittelformatigen, vorgefertigten, von Hand habbaren Dämmelementen mit VIP (“Komplettplattentechnik mit VIP”) ab.Im Rahmen dieses Ausblicks wird auch eine Kostenuntergrenze für VIP‐Dämmung von Fassaden abschätzend angegeben. Dabei wird im bereits erwähnten Abschnitt 8 (Prognosen – Perspektiven – Ausblick) darauf hingewiesen, dass eine VIP‐Dämmung zur Zeit zwar im Regelfall zu deutlich höheren Kosten als eine vergleichbare konventionelle Dämmung führt, dass jedoch die Vorteile durch die geringere Dämmschichtdicke der VIP bei künftig sicher steigenden Ansprüchen an die Wärmedämmung (U‐Wert) überproportional zunehmen werden und dass langfristig der “pure” Kostenfaktor als Entscheidungskriterium für ein Dämmsystem zugunsten des Entscheidungskriteriums Raumbedarf in vielen Anwendungsfällen etwas mehr in den Hintergrund treten wird.
The effectiveness of contingent restraint on aggression, self‐injury, and property destruction of institutionalized mentally retarded persons
Authors: Spreat Scott , Stepansky Debra 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study was a retrospective evaluation of in place treatment procedures. Clinical data were reviewed from 45 cases in which contingent restraint was employed in an effort to modify the inappropriate behaviors of institutionalized mentally retarded persons. Statistically significant decrements in the rates of inappropriate behavior were detected over the 18 months of study. Clinically meaningful improvement in the rates of behavior were detected in 53% of the cases in which the target behavior was either aggression, selfinjury, or property destruction. The inclusion of less serious behaviors in the study did not substantially increase this rate. Effectiveness appeared to be more pronounced for males, younger persons, persons with short institutional tenures, and persons who were free from psychotropic medication during the course of treatment.
The lack of effects of enriched and automated environments on the adaptive and maladaptive behavior of mentally retarded persons
Authors: Foxx R. M. , McMorrow Martin J. , Bechtel Reed , Busch Larry , Foxx Carolyn L. , Bittle Ron G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study addressed the relative effects of repeated exposures to an austere institutional dayroom, a toy enriched dayroom, a PUSH (Play Units for the Severely Handicapped) room that contained automated stimulation devices within a physical terrain, and a modular room that contained wall mounted automated stimulation devices, on the adaptive and maladaptive freeplay behavior of six groups of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals (N = 6 per group). Group One was observed in all four settings, whereas the other five were observed in two or more of the active settings. The results indicated that (1) there were only slight differences in object‐directed adaptive behavior when the three active settings were compared to the austere setting, and (2) only the higher functioning subjects (Group Five) displayed consistent individual differences on any of the measures when active settings were compared. None of the comparisons, however, revealed statistically significant effects. This study clearly demonstrates the need for active control conditions, raises questions regarding the relevance of much of the previous research, and suggests that further refinements will be necessary before environments such as those in the present study produce meaningful changes in appropriate environmental interaction in the absence of staff mediation.
Case manager: A clinical tool for training residential treatment staff
Authors: Mansdorf Irwin J. , Burstein Yakov 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVarious behavioral approaches to institution staff training have appeared in the literature, with some showing that traditional didactic‐type instruction or tangible extrinsic reinforcement is not always necessary for effective training. The system described here used principles of modeling and feedback to teach institution staff behavior management skills. In addition, staff were assigned special titles, i.e., “case manager.” Results indicate that this individualized system was associated with improvements in the target behaviors in question, and also increased the amount of time staff properly interacted with assigned residents. Implications are with regard to using this efficient approach as a clinical tool for training staff to be effective behavioral technicians.
Acute care treatment services (acts): A model program for providing acute psychiatric services in a homelike environment in an institutional setting
Authors: Bittle Ronald G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Acute Care Treatment Services (ACTS) Program at Anna Mental Health and Developmental Center in Anna, Illinois, offers a unique, homelike environment for many of the institution's acute recipients. The relaxed, natural environment (i.e., pleasant cottages free from the disturbing behaviors often displayed by chronically mentally ill recipients) aims to stabilize acute recipients, expedite their return to the community, and reduce the likelihood of their later rehospitalization by linking them with necessary community mental health resources. Chisquare analyses demonstrated significantly fewer subsequent hospitalizations for ACTS recipients after their second readmission than that of statewide comparison groups. The viability of treating acute mental illness in a natural setting on an institution's grounds is discussed.
Teaching social skills to emotionally disturbed adolescent inpatients
Authors: Foxx R. M. , McMorrow Martin J. , Hernandez Michele , Kyle Martha , Bittle Ron G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA social skills training program was evaluated with emotionally disturbed adolescent inpatients. The targeted social skills required an action or reaction within six skill areas. The program was adapted from a commercially available social skills training game that features the use of response specific feedback, self‐monitoring, individualized reinforcers, and individualized performance criteria. A peer conducted the baseline and posttraining sessions while the training was conducted by an adult who had no previous interactive history with the subjects. A multiple baseline design across groups demonstrated that the program increased appropriate responding in all skill areas and that these effects generalized during the posttraining peer conducted sessions. A generalization test indicated that the subjects used their newly learned skills with a novel adult outside the training setting. The program appears quite applicable to emotionally disturbed adolescents since it targets skills in a variety of areas and employs standardized procedures to enhance replicability.
Reducing cigarette smoking in a retarded adult: An application of self‐management procedures
Authors: Burgio Louis D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to reduce the overall number of cigarettes smoked per day with a mildly retarded adult. Self‐monitoring was compared to self‐monitoring plus self‐graphing and goal setting procedures in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked. Self‐monitoring plus self‐graphing and goal setting was superior to self‐monitoring alone when the goal was set at 15 cigarettes per day, but the actual number of cigarettes smoked increased when the goal was set at 12. The number of cigarettes smoked during all treatment conditions was lower than either baseline conditions. The therapist also reduced the patient's caffeine intake and switched the client's brand of cigarettes to a low “tar”/nicotine brand. The reduction in caffeine and “tar”/nicotine was related to a small and transient increase in somatic complaints and verbal abuse, as well as the complete elimination of nocturnal enuresis. Brand switching to low “tar”/nicotine cigarettes did not result in an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
An observational analysis of self‐stimulatory behavior of older adults in a nursing home
Authors: Connor Amy B. , Burgio Louis D. , Butler Frieda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSelf‐stimulatory behavior is described as a class of stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. This behavior often warrants concern because it can interfere with the learning and maintenance of more appropriate functional behaviors. In the present study, several topographies of self‐stimulation were generated and the behavior of three older adult nursing home patients was observed for six weeks. Self‐stimulation was high rate in all three subjects, and the manifestation of the behavior was idiosyncratic. Potential etiological factors and implications for treatment were discussed.
Effects of structured ward activities on appropriate and psychotic behaviof of chronic psychiatric patients
Authors: Wong Stephen E. , Wright Jana , Terranova Mark D. , Bowen Linda , Zarate Roberto , Zarate Rosa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA group of 10 male chronic patients were observed on a psychiatric ward while participating in structured activities (team sports, art projects, and housework) and during comparison time periods in which no activities were present. Broad spectrum behavioral measures obtained with the Time‐Sample Behavior Checklist (TSBC) showed that activities produced a 70% reduction in bizarre and inappropriate behavior, as well as a 400–500% increase in productive and appropriate behavior. Performance in activity sessions with contingent tokens (dependent on subject's participation) and with noncontingent tokens was similar.
Comparative study of behavioral methods of treating severe self‐injury
Authors: Azrin Nathan H. , Besalel Victoria A. , Jamner Jacques P. , Caputo Joseph N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNine retarded or autistic persons exhibiting very serious self‐injury were treated with several types of reinforcement procedures in a comparative study. During the baseline level of instructional prompting, self‐injury occurred during 55% of the observation intervals, 57% during social extinction, 34% during differential reinforcement for non‐self‐injury (DRO), 28% during differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), 25% during response interruption, and 6% during combined DRI‐Interruption. Extended application of the DRI‐Interruption procedure in the ward and class situations showed a mean level of 12% self‐injury on the first day and 0–10% each month for durations up to 48 months while performed by the regular institutional staff. The DRI‐Interruption procedure was more effective than the alternatives for most subjects and within 4% of the next most effective procedure for the others. The DRI‐Interruption procedure offers a training method that is fairly rapid, applicable to diverse and severe cases, substantial in the degree of benefit, enduring in effectiveness under extended maintenance, and more effective than the alternatives considered here. Its principal disadvantages appear to be the greater training time required as compared with physical punishment and the extensive manual contact required by the interruption component.
Perspectives from the inside: Mental health problems of the elderly in nursing homes
Authors: Carstensen Laura L. , Fisher Jane E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResident views of behavior and emotional problems in nursing homes have been virtually ignored in the gerontology literature. In an attempt to better understand this neglected perspective and its relationship to the views of professionals, residents (n = 92) and staff members (n = 74) of 20 nursing homes were surveyed regarding their views on problems of the resident population. Confusion, wanting to return home, and depression were seen as the primary problems by both residents and staff. Results of the survey suggest that staff members and residents identify the same areas as problematic, yet, in contrast to staff, the majority of residents say that outside assistance is not desired and that they prefer to discuss problems with family and/or friends.
Teaching a problem‐solving strategy to closed head‐injured adults
Authors: Foxx R. M. , Marchand‐Martella Nancy E. , Martella Ronald C. , Braunling‐McMorrow Debra , McMorrow Martin J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study developed and evaluated a program for teaching a problemsolving strategy to closed head‐injured adults. Four general areas were targeted for training: Community Awareness and Transportation; Medication, Alcohol, and Drugs; Stating One's Rights; and Emergencies, Injuries, and Safety. The program featured cue cards, response‐specific feedback, modeling, self‐monitoring, positive reinforcement, response practice, self‐correction, and individualized performance criterion levels. It was evaluated via pre‐ and posttraining generalization assessments that involved phone calls, interviews, and staged interactions in the natural environment. The experimental group (N = 3) received baseline, training, and pre/posttraining assessments, whereas the contrast group (N = 3) received only pre/posttraining assessments. The posttraining results revealed that the experimental subjects' problem‐solving skills had generalized somewhat, whereas the contrast group showed little change from pre‐ to postassessment. The program appears to offer some promise as a method of teaching a problem‐solving strategy.
Stress inoculation training for direct contact staff working with mentally retarded persons
Authors: Keyes Joseph B. , Dean Sarah Frances 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDirect contact staff must often function as crisis management agents when working with individuals who display agitated‐disruptive behavior. Staff training has focused predominantly on teaching staff specific techniques to be implemented to de‐escalate the client's agitation. Intrapersonal stress, that is, stress experienced by the staff persons as a result of the conflict situation, can be significant and interfere with staff's ability to systematically use the intervention techniques. Our data show effectiveness of stress inoculation training for the intrapersonal stress experienced by staff. Results indicate a decrease in scores on a self‐report Anger Inventory. A workshop evaluation form completed following stress inoculation training showed that the training was positively rated by participants. A follow‐up evaluation three months after training showed that 71% of the staff rated the training as useful in their work with clients. The frequency of the use of emergency restraint following the training was significantly reduced, as compared to use prior to training. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
A job club at a state hospital
Authors: Brey Patricia , Zadny Jerry J. , Gonzalez‐Huss Mary Jane , Ament Patrick A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA job club conducted at a state hospital placed 78% of job seekers in competitive employment. Referrals included inpatient, halfway house, and outpatient clients. The results indicate that while client demographics and treatment histories are associated with different success rates, a majority of all client groups found work.