bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior in an old‐growth beech forest
Authors: Peltier Aline , Touzet Marie‐Claire , Armengaud Claude , Ponge Jean‐François 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Distribution of tree seedlings, forest architecture, light conditions, ground vegetation and humus conditions were studied in a 45 m × 100 m area including multiple gaps in an old‐growth beech forest. Gaps were created after some beech trees had been felled in severe storms in February 1990. A group of adult ash trees is found near the study site. The data were analyzed by Correspondence Analysis. Young seedlings (< 4 yr), of both Fraxinus (a sun species) and Fagus (a shade species), were most abundant under the crown of beech trees in semi‐shade conditions, and where beech litter did not accumulate.Differences in the dissemination of Fraxinus and Fagus explained differences in the establishment of the two species. In contrast, older seedlings of beech established before the storms were more numerous in the gaps, suggesting a change in the ecological requirements of beech seedlings in the course of time.
Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest
Authors: Fangliang He , Legendre Pierre , LaFrankie James V. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Spatial patterns of tree species were studied in a 50‐ha tropical rain forest plot in the Pasoh forest, Malaysia. This forest is characterized by a high diversity and very high number of rare species. Out of the 745 species occurring with > five individuals, 80.4 % had an aggregated distribution, 19.5% were randomly distributed and one species had a regular distribution. The spatial patterns of rare vs. common species, juvenile vs. adult trees, and coarse vs. fine scales were compared. Rare species are generally less aggregated than common ones and most of the randomly distributed species are rare. Spatial patterns shift from high clumping to looser intensity or random distribution when moving from juveniles to adults for the same species. No adult tree species display a regular pattern, however. Regular distributions were rarely found; this is probably due to intraspecific competition at a local scale. There is a negative correlation between per capita death rate and population density.This study suggests that the Pasoh forest and its high diversity are subjected to multiple controlling factors, e.g., topography, spacing effect, density‐dependent processes and species rarity. The importance of any factor changes across spatial and temporal scales.
Effects of overstory and understory vegetation on the understory light environment in mixed boreal forests
Authors: Messier Christian , Parent Sylvain , Bergeron Yves 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The percentage of above‐canopy Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (%PPFD) was measured at 0, 50 and 100 cm above the forest floor and above the main understory vegetation in stands of (1) pure Betula papyrifera (White birch), (2) pure Populus tremuloides (Trembling aspen), (3) mixed broad‐leaf‐conifer, (4) shade‐tolerant conifer and (5) pure Pinus banksiana (Jack pine) occurring on both clay and till soil types. %PPFD was measured instantaneously under overcast sky conditions (nine locations within each of 29 stands) and continuously for a full day under clear sky conditions (five locations within each of eight stands). The percentage cover of the understory layer was estimated at the same locations as light measurements.Mean %PPFD varied from 2% at the forest floor under Populus forests to 15% above the understory vegetation cover under Betula forests. Percent PPFD above the understory vegetation cover was significantly higher under shade intolerant tree species such as Populus, Betula and Pinus than under shade tolerant conifers. No significant differences were found in %PPFD above the understory vegetation cover under similar tree species between clay and till soil types. The coefficient of variation in %PPFD measured in the nine locations within each stand was significantly lower under deciduous dominated forests (mean of 19%) than under coniferous dominated forests (mean of 40%). %PPFD measured at the forest floor was positively correlated with %PPFD measured above the understory vegetation and negatively correlated with cumulative total percent cover of the understory vegetation (R2 = 0.852). The proportion of sunflecks above 250 and 500 mmol m–2 s–1 was much lower and %PPFD in shade much higher under Populus and Betula forests than under the other forests. Differences in the mean, variability and nature of the light environment found among forest and soil types are discussed in relation to their possible influences on tree succession.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lechowicz Martin 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this article:Lieth, H. & Schwartz, M.D. (eds.) 1997. Phenology in seasonal climates I. Progress in Biometeorology, Vol. 12. 143 pp. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. ISBN 90–73348–79‐X. Price: USD 42.25.
Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica
Authors: Santa Regina I. , Rico M. , Rapp M. , Gallego H.A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Seasonal variation in nutrient concentration in leaves and branches of Quercus pyrenaica was studied in natural Q. pyrenaica forest in the Sierra de Gata (Salamanca Province, Spain). Two permanent plots were established at the two extremes of a rainfall gradient in this area: annual mean precipitation from 720 mm at Fuenteguinaldo (granite bedrock) to 1580 mm at Navasfrias (schists and graywackes).Leaf and branch samples were collected every three weeks during the growing season from May to October, at three height levels of the tree canopy. Seasonal changes and internal nutrient dynamics were investigated for N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe and P during a two‐year period.The concentrations of all nutrients varied among the seasons; these variations were related to nutrient mobility and the annual physiological cycle. Nutrient concentrations decrease in the case of K and P, while the sparse mobile nutrients Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe gradually accumulated during each growing season. In Navasfrias a considerable resorption of P from senescing leaves was detected. Different patterns were found for the other nutrients studied (Na and N).
Numerical assessment of plant species as indicators of the groundwater regime
Authors: Wierda A. , Fresco L.F.M. , Grootjans A.P. , van Diggelen R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The relation between the occurrence of plant species in environments varying in moisture status and groundwater regime was tested using numerical methods. The groundwater regime during the vegetation period was expressed by means of four parameters, the average (AVG), mean highest (HIGH), mean lowest (LOW) groundwater level and the maximum fluctuation (AMP). 67 records of five vegetation types were selected from hydrologically stable sites in brook valleys in the northern part of The Netherlands. Response curves were calculated for 30 representative species. Calculated optima for AVG, HIGH and LOW are strongly correlated to each other. The vegetation reacts independently from overall wetness to the amount of fluctuation of the groundwater level (AMP).Response curves of single species as well as combinations of both present and absent species were used to find the best set of indicators for each parameter. The use of combinations of species clearly improves the indicating value of vegetation records. The vegetation appears to be the most sensitive to the parameter HIGH, which can thus be considered to be a key factor in controlling vegetation composition. The four parameters can be predicted satisfactorily only in the middle part of the investigated gradient. This is not only due to arithmetic artifacts, inherent to the applied method, but also to the fact that at average groundwater levels below ‐ 60 cm or above 0 cm other factors become predominant.
The Discovery of My Completeness Proofs
Authors: Henkin Leon 
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. This paper deals with aspects of my doctoral dissertation which contributed to the early development of model theory. What was of use to later workers was less the results of my thesis, than the method by which I proved the completeness of first-order logic—a result established by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral thesis 18 years before.The ideas that fed my discovery of this proof were mostly those I found in the teachings and writings of Alonzo Church. This may seem curious, as his work in logic, and his teaching, gave great emphasis to the constructive character of mathematical logic, while the model theory to which I contributed is filled with theorems about very large classes of mathematical structures, whose proofs often by-pass constructive methods.Another curious thing about my discovery of a new proof of Gödel's completeness theorem, is that it arrived in the midst of my efforts to prove an entirely different result. Such “accidental” discoveries arise in many parts of scientific work. Perhaps there are regularities in the conditions under which such “accidents” occur which would interest some historians, so I shall try to describe in some detail the accident which befell me.A mathematical discovery is an idea, or a complex of ideas, which have been found and set forth under certain circumstances. The process of discovery consists in selecting certain input ideas and somehow combining and transforming them to produce the new output ideas. The process that produces a particular discovery may thus be represented by a diagram such as one sees in many parts of science; a “black box” with lines coming in from the left to represent the input ideas, and lines going out to the right representing the output. To describe that discovery one must explain what occurs inside the box, i.e., how the outputs were obtained from the inputs.
Proper Forcing and Remarkable Cardinals
Authors: Schindler Ralf-Dieter 
Published: May 2006

The present paper investigates the power of proper forcings to change the shape of the universe, in a certain well-defined respect. It turns out that the ranking among large cardinals can be used as a measure for that power. However, in order to establish the final result I had to isolate a new large cardinal concept, which I dubbed “remarkability.” Let us approach the exact formulation of the problem—and of its solution—at a slow pace.Breathtaking developments in the mid 1980s found one of its culminations in the theorem, due to Martin, Steel, and Woodin, that the existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals with a measurable cardinal above them all implies that AD, the axiom of determinacy, holds in the least inner model containing all the reals, L(ℝ) (cf. [6[, p. 91). One of the nice things about AD is that the theory ZF + AD + V = L(ℝ) appears as a choiceless “completion” of ZF in that any interesting question (in particular, about sets of reals) seems to find an at least attractive answer in that theory (cf., for example, [5] Chap. 6). (Compare with ZF + V = L!) Beyond that, AD is very canonical as may be illustrated as follows.Let us say that L(ℝ) is absolute for set-sized forcings if for all posets P ∈ V, for all formulae ϕ, and for all ∈ ℝ do we have thatwhere is a name for the set of reals in the extension.
Archaic Gorgons in the British Museum
Authors: Six J. 
Published: May 2006

Amongst the numerous Gorgon heads, dispersed through the different rooms of the British Museum, and unknown to me when I wrote my essay on the history of this type, there are several which deserve to be published and thus made known more generally to archaeologists than they could be by exhibition even in a Museum so justly celebrated and so well arranged. It is not the object, however, of this paper to give a supplement to the cumbrous catalogue I have published, as the interest in many an instance would be but small, and to most readers of this Journal none whatever; but I will try to give so much of the results of my researches as may exhibit the value of those monuments to which I wish to draw attention as these in some cases fill up a gap, and in others raise points of interest and even sometimes seem to confirm some of my suggestions.Generally speaking the evidence drawn from the classic authors as to the types of Gorgon they were in the habit of seeing is confirmed by the monuments, but on the whole these are more fitted to explain the authors than the authors to explain them.
Archaeology in Greece, 1889—90
Authors: Gardner E. A. 
Published: May 2006

After the remarkable harvest of the last few seasons, some lull in the activity of explorers and the startling succession of new discoveries was to be expected. So far as the number and variety of results is concerned, it must be acknowledged that this season cannot compare with its predecessors; but a year which has yielded two so splendid acquisitions as the gold cups of Baphion, and the statues by Damophon from Lycosura cannot be said to yield to any in interest. Such discoveries as these are enough to show that we have as yet no reason to believe that the treasures buried in Greek soil are approaching exhaustion; the complete clearing of one site, such as the Acropolis of Athens, only frees energy that can as easily find an outlet elsewhere.As was to be expected from last year's report, there is but little new to record from the Acropolis. The loose blocks, drums of columns, &c., have been reduced to an order that goes far to destroy the picturesque appearance of the mass of ruins. It is difficult to say what advantage can be gained by arranging everything in straight rows, but protests have proved useless. The tower of the minaret and the later casing of the west door of the Parthenon still remain difficulties having arisen to prevent their projected removal. Few discoveries have resulted from this arrangement of the various blocks lying about. Some inscriptions will be found duly recorded by Dr. Lolling in the Deltion; and the lower portion of the well known colossal owl has been discovered and pieced on: the bird is now almost complete. Along the north side of the Parthenon, and at a short distance from it, has been found a row of five holes cut in the solid rock. Their position seems to show that they are later than the construction of the Parthenon; and if so it is hard to see any cause for their being made until mediæval times: similar holes elsewhere, e.g. at Paphos, were certainly not ancient, and were probably cut in comparatively recent times to serve as receptacles for grain or water.
Two Vases from Cyprus
Authors: Murray A. S. 
Published: May 2006

The pottery found hitherto in Cyprus has been for the most part of a rude, local fabric, resembling both in its shapes and system of decoration the pottery of Egypt. The Greek element in the population of Cyprus and the frequent participation of outside Greeks in the affairs of the island might have been expected to leave some decided trace in the pottery. But this expectation had not been realised to any degree till last year, when excavations at Poli tis Chrysokhou brought to light an extensive series of Greek vases and other antiquities. Among the vases were the two here published.The locality where these antiquities were found is supposed to be that of the ancient Marion, a town on the west coast of Cyprus, of which little is recorded except that it had been taken by an Athenian fleet under Kimon, on which occasion its inhabitants were treated with much clemency, and that subsequently it was destroyed by Ptolemy, on which occasion its inhabitants were removed to Paphos. At that time it was ruled by a prince called Stasioekos.
Excavations in Cyprus, 1890
Authors: Arthur J. , Munro R. , Tubbs H. A. 
Published: May 2006

A few words will suffice to introduce the following report on the work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund at Salamis. It was intended to prefix a brief sketch of the history of the city, but it was found that to be of value the sketch would outgrow the limits defined by the occasion, and the present account is already too long. That history is often difficult and obscure, and I hope to handle it in another place, but the main outlines are sufficiently familiar, for which it is enough to refer the reader to the material accumulated by Engel in his monograph “Kypros,” a book which, although published half a century ago and by no means free from errors, still remains the standard authority on the subject. The site has been described by many travellers from Pococke and Drummond to the latest account by Mr. Hogarth in his ‘Devia Cypria.’ Our plans and Mr. Tubbs' narrative are a sufficient supplement to their notices.Excavation at Salamis is no new project. General di Cesnola ‘spent large sums of money at this place on three different occasions, but with no result in any way satisfactory.’ His brother Major Alexander di Cesnola for some time kept a band of diggers at work among the tombs between the monastery of S. Barnabas and the village of Encomi. His extraordinary topographical remarks show that he had little or no personal acquaintance with the site. After the British occupation Sir Charles Newton took up the project on behalf of the British Museum, and through Mr. C. D. Cobham, the Commissioner of Larnaca, employed the well-known archaeologist M. O. Richter to conduct an excavation on the site of Salamis. Part of a Roman house, including a bath and small mosaic, was discovered, and is marked on our plan. Beyond a few remarks in the Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 1886, vol. ix. p. 204, I am not aware that any account of this excavation has been published. Herr Richter has also worked on the necropolis of Salamis, of which he has given some description in the Mittheilungen des Instituts in Athen 1881, vi. p. 191 and p. 244. Readers of this Journal will remember his account of the prehistoric ‘Tomb of S. Catherine’ in the fourth volume.
An Inscription from Chalcedon
Authors: Gardner Ernest A. 
Published: May 2006

Through the kindness of the Rev. C. G. Curtis, of Constantinople, we are enabled to publish the following inscription. The stone on which it is cut is now in his possession, and was found at Chalcedon (the modern Kadikevi).For the form and substance of the inscription cf. C. I. G. 3794, also from Chalcedon: our decree however appears from the forms of the letters to be older than the one in the Corpus, which uses the forms ΑΘΣ.For the functions of the αἰσυμνῆται at Chalcedon, see Boeckh, ad loc. They seem to have corresponded to the Prytanes at Athens, and the ἁγεμὼν βουλᾶς was their president. It is singular that only one of the seven names of tribes found attached to the names of the αἰσυμνῆται in Boeckh's inscription recurs in this one; as at least six new ones are here found, it follows that there must have been more than either ten or twelve tribes at Chalcedon. In this inscription, again, there are ten αἰσυμνῆται beside the president; in C. I. G. 3797 he and the scribe have to be included to make up the same number.
Ἴυγξ in Greek Magic
Authors: Bury John B. 
Published: May 2006

The strange word ἶυγξ is familiar to all classical scholars from the first refrain in the Φαρμακεύτριαι of Theokritos, from two passages in Pindar, and a line in the Persai of Aischylos.Aristotle in his ‘History of Animals’ gives a description of the bird and uses τρίζειν of its cry.Anthol. Pal. 5, 205 may also be referred to; and the word occurs, naturally, in the Scriptores Erotici.We see from these passages (1) Ἴυγξ that was the name of a bird, the wryneck, which stretched on a wheel was used in magic rites, cf. especially Pindar Pyth. IV. 213, the scholion on Lykophron, and ἕλκω αὐτήν in the passage of Xenophon: (2) that ἴυγξ was used in the sense of charm, cf. the passages of Aelian, Aristophanes, Diogenes and Pindar Nem.: (3) that ἴυγξ meant love or desire, cf. Lykophron, schol., and Aischylos Pers.
On Some Karian and Hellenic Oil-Presses
Authors: Paton W. R. , Myres J. L. 
Published: May 2006

This paper is an attempt to interpret certain stones, which have come to light recently on ancient sites in Karia, as parts of ancient oil-presses, on the ground that they are well adapted to fulfil certain purposes which are still essential to the modern native process of oil extraction in that part of Asia Minor and in the adjacent islands. The inference is that the ancient process closely resembled the modern in the principal features which are recounted below.The Modern Method of extracting olive oil consists of the two processes of grinding and pressing.In the most primitive mode of grinding which is still in use, the olives are crushed either on a flat stone by a roller, or in a stone trough by a millstone rolling on its edge. In more modern grinders two mill-stones are used, which revolve in a circular trough, as in the grinding of kaolin or cement. The process of grinding seems never to have varied, except as regards the power which is employed; horses having been substituted for men, and steam for horses. In Algeria and Tripoli the circular trough goes back at least to Roman times.
Pottery from Zakro
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: May 2006

In the excavations made by Mr. Hogarth in 1902 at Zakro on the east coast of Crete a very large quantity of pottery was found. The article in B.S.A. vol. vii., describing the excavation in general, contains a first report on this pottery, and more recently three vases have been published by Mr. Hogarth in J.H.S. xxii. p. 333. The task of making a fuller report was undertaken by Mr. J. H. Marshall, but he was unable to complete it. The preliminary sorting which he had done I found was of the greatest use to me when I began work on the pottery. I have also had the advantage of Mr. Hogarth's advice and correction in preparing this paper, for which I wish to express my thanks.A reference to Mr. Hogarth's original report in B.S.A. vii. p. 121, will shew that the pottery came from several distinct sources.
Mystica Vannus Iacchi
Authors: Harrison Jane E. 
Published: May 2006

Virgil in the first Georgie, at an early stage of his enquiry into the service of Ceres, enumerates first various heavy agricultural implements, the ‘ponderous strength of the plough-share,’ the ‘slow-rolling waggons of the Eleusinian Mother,’ ‘hurdles’ and ‘harrows,’ and the ‘grievous weight of the mattock.’ Next he passes on to tell of the husbandman's lighter gear.Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, Arbuteae crates, et mystica vannus lacchi.The object of the following paper is to discuss three questions that arise out of Virgil's statement.
Delphika.—(A) The Erinyes. (B) The Omphalos
Authors: Harrison Jane E. 
Published: May 2006

The material of the following paper falls conveniently under two headings, but the arguments respecting each are intimately connected, and cannot fairly be appreciated apart. It may be well, therefore, at the outset, to summarise briefly the conclusions at which I have arrived.1. The Erinyes at Delphi and elsewhere are primarily local ancestral ghosts. The conception of Homer, and in part of the tragedians, of the Erinyes as abstract, detached ministers of divine vengeance is comparatively late, and belongs rather to literature than to popular faith.2. The ghosts of important persons are conceived of as locally influential after death, and, being potent for good or evil, present a sort of neutral fond. In this neutral aspect they are Κῆρες, Μοῖραι, Τύχαι.3. This neutral fond of Κῆρες, Μοῖραι, Τύχαι etc., is probably from the first conceived of in its dual aspect. The ghosts are pleased or angry, white or black, Eumenides or Erinyes—probably from the first the malignant aspect is somewhat uppermost.