bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communications in Food Service Establishments
Authors: Farrell Thomas 
Published: March 2007

Readers will recall Professor Farrell's first article, "Communications in the Food Service Industry," published in the November 1963 issue (Vol. 4, No. 3 ) of this magazine. This article reported a research study made by Michigan State Univer sity that involved the customers and the waiters and waitresses of 35 hotel dining rooms and cof fee shops and of 50 restaurants. In the study, 1300 customers were queried about their satisfaction with different food service establishments and the service given them. The study also looked into the concepts of 215 waiters and of 130 supervisors as to their goals in food service. Then the customers' responses were compared with those of service people. It was found that in most hotel dining rooms and luxury restaurants, the service personnel are more job- oriented than customer-oriented. In the coffee shop type of operation, better communication was found to prevail between those who serve and the customer. This second article examines the lines of com munication between management and employes to learn how effectively management's policies are conveyed to the people who serve the cus tomers.— Editor
Youth Crime in Urban Communities
Authors: Carmichael Benjamin G. 
Published: March 2007

"Street hustling" is a comprehensive term for various criminal activities by an increasing number of urban youth. Its objective is to make large sums of money quickly without a wanton display of violence. Successful hustling has given. rise to an illicit life style characterized by opulence and personal distrust of those involved. It has also influenced essentially noncriminal and precriminal youth to view a life of crime as a desirable alternative to more con ventional career pursuits. Street hustlers, their crimes, and their general criminal orienta tion are discussed as distinct features of one West Coast city. Black male hustlers are of primary concern in this article although, in fact, criminal hustlers are both male and female and are from vari ous racial and ethnic backgrounds.
The Sanction of Imprisonment: for Whom, for What, and How
Authors: Gilman David 
Published: March 2007

Major provisions of the Model Sentencing Act are criticized—the classification of criminals according to their presumed "dangerousness," the unlimited discretion given to the judge in fixing the length of the prison sentence for the dangerous offender, and the use of parole as a mechanism for early release. A new sentencing act is envisioned, one that would distinguish two classifications of criminals. It would authorize imprisonment of those with a known pattern of repetitively violent acts, delineated by a prior record of such acts in addition to the violent crime underlying the instant convic tion. All other criminals, regardless of their prior record, would be ineligible for imprisonment. Psychiatric predictions or diagnostic examinations would be eliminated for sentencing purposes unless they were introduced by the defendant as mitigating evidence. The prison sentence would be fixed within a narrow range of statutory minimums and maximums, established according to the degree of seriousness of the crime, thus restricting the judge's discretion and reducing sentence disparity. The time fixed in the sentence would be the time actually served; it could not be extended or reduced by parole or good-time credits.
Warehousing for Death
Authors: Johnson Robert 
Published: March 2007

Information gathered from personal interviews with condemned prisoners in Alabama's Holman Prison and from observations of the setting and its inhabitants is used to trace the prisoners' patterns of life and adjustment on death row. The study commences with a depiction of the physical set ting and custodial regime of death row, considers next the social world of the condemned, and concludes with a description of the cumulative hu man experience in this environment. The adjustment problems of pow erlessness, fear, and emotional emptiness are examined-the pow erlessness of men suffocated by close confinement, the fear of men marked for execution, and the apathy of men denied human contact and support. Death row emerges as an environment in which prisoners feel impo tent, afraid, and alone, defenseless against their keepers and unable to alter their fate. A few prisoners deteriorate dramatically; all experience, in varying degrees, a living death. This image of death row-as a living death- symbolizes the human environment of death row and the human conse quences of confinement in this oppressive penal milieu.
Freedom of the Press: an Empirical Analysis of One Aspect of the Concept
Authors: Kent Kurt E. 
Published: March 2007

A selected sub-set of variables for which data were collected in Lowen stein's PICA project was factor analyzed to assess unidimensionality. The sub-set included those variables relating to the theoretically unidimensional concept of government pressures on the press. Included in this category were 15 of the original 23 variables. A one-factor solution was obtained, with 70 per cent of the total variance account ed for by this one factor. Loadings ranged from -.70 to -.94. This indicates that all of the variables included in the analysis are strongly related to the underlying dimension of government pressures on the press. Factor scores were computed for the 94 countries. These scores agreed closely in rank with an intuitive judgment of degree of government pressures on the press in these countries. This result provides additional confirmation for the validity of the factor analysis solution. These press freedom scores could prove useful in comparative studies of the genesis and effects of variations in press freedom They might also have special value in the study of a number of topics in comparative government and in social development. Further research is necessary to determine the generality of the findings in terms of variables included, countries included, and time period in which data are collected. A number of other suggestions for research are given.
Young people's intentions and use of condoms: Qualitative findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Coleman L.M. 
Published: March 2007

Objective The main objective of this project was to explore some of the processes that facilitate and also hinder the consistent use of condoms among young people. Design A longitudinal design was used, recording young people's intentions to use condoms on the occasion of first intercourse with a new partner at round 1, followed by their 'actual' reported behaviours at round 2 (six to 10 months later). Setting Young people's clinics, youth clubs and youth advisory centres in the Southampton Community Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust in Southern England. Method One-to-one in-depth interviews at both round 1 and round 2. Results Twenty-two young men and women aged 16 to 19 were interviewed at both round 1 and round 2. The matching of intentions, expectations and behaviours revealed six patterns of condom use/non use, each with distinct cognitive and interactional characteristics. Conclusion Implications for those personnel and agencies responsible for promoting sexual health are introduced (subject to more generalisable research) and which are based on the attributes of 'successful' condom users.
Pregnant women's perception of the implementation of smoking cessation advice
Authors: McCurry Nyree , Thompson Kate , Parahoo Kader , O'Doherty Elaine , Doherty Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2007

Objective To assess pregnant smokers'views on smoking cessation advice provided by health professionals who were following specific guidelines. These smoking cessation guidelines consisted of a nine-point intervention framework developed to achieve a reduction in the smoking and pregnancy rate. Design Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Setting The participants were identified from three health and social care settings within one health board in Northern Ireland, namely: a hospital maternity unit, a community midwifery team and a general practitioner (GP) practice. Results Of the nine-point guidelines, some aspects such as establishing if the women smoked and their intention to quit were implemented at all initial consultations. However, none of the respondents reported receiving help in developing a quit plan or about educating their partner and family about the risks of active and passive smoking. Women accepted that assessing smoking status and providing advice was part of routine care and considered that this did not affect their relationship with health professionals. The respondents felt that smoking cessation advice should be sustained throughout pregnancy. Midwives were most likely to provide smoking cessation advice, yet respondents felt their GP to be the most appropriate person to do so. Conclusions These findings have implications for the delivery of smoking cessation advice. Providing appropriate advice and support for pregnant smokers at the end of their pregnancy may be as important as interventions at the beginning. Health professionals should maintain the level of smoking cessation advice provided throughout a woman's pregnancy.
Maternal attitudes to preschool immunisations among ethnic minority groups
Authors: Condon Louise 
Published: March 2007

Objectives To explore the attitudes of ethnic minority parents to preschool immunisations, particularly first MMR (measles, mumps and rubella vaccination). Design Focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 21 Pakistani, Somali and Afro-Caribbean mothers of infants aged 16 months to 3 years. Focus groups were held in the first language of participants. Setting and Method Focus groups were held at an inner-city health centre and individual interviews in participants'own homes between November 2000 and March 2001. Results All women interviewed had a positive attitude to immunisation. They saw the diseases immunised against as dangerous and thought that their children could catch these diseases and be harmed by them. Catching infectious diseases was considered far more dangerous than immunisation. Some element of risk was accepted as inevitable within life. The three ethnic groups had different exposure to media publicity about the risks of MMR, largely linked to command of English. Pakistani women believed that health professionals gave them the best advice about childhood immunisation, but Afro-Caribbean and Somali women expressed a desire for more information from health professionals, particularly written information about immunisation which is inclusive of Black people and available in translation. Conclusions This small qualitative study suggests that ethnic minority parents perceive the benefits of childhood immunisation as greatly outweighing the risks. The parents interviewed had not been significantly affected by adverse media publicity about immunisation, and saw the immunisation programme as benign state provision in the best interests of their children.
Reflecting on reflective practice for professional education and development in health promotion
Authors: Issitt Mary 
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews reflective practice and associated terms and suggests an approach that can encompass the criticality required in professional education and training in relation to current agendas for health promotion. Although reflective practice is an accessible notion and has achieved great popularity as a means of synthesising thinking and doing, it is contested in terms of its conceptualisation and application. It is not neutral and value free, but affected by personal, political and professional factors that impact upon practitioners. Examples are drawn from professional literature in teaching, nursing and social work that illustrate different levels of reflection, to show that whilst there are considerable benefits there are dangers in assuming common understandings. A developing conceptualisation of critical reflective practice is proposed for health promotion which seeks to enable professionals to use reflection in their immediate situation, as part of a wider social process that contributes to societal change and professional development.
Working with refugees: Health education and communication issues in a child health clinic
Authors: England Rhiannon , Doughty Kathy , Genc Sevtap , Putkeli Zeynep 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the views of a group of Turkish and Kurdish women refugees about child feeding issues and communication with health professionals in a child health clinic. Design This was a qualitative study using focus groups. Setting A four partner general practice surgery in North London with a large Turkish and Kurdish refugee practice population. Method Three focus groups were set up at the surgery recruiting women who had children aged under five. Twenty-four women participated. Group meetings were audiotaped, translated and transcribed. Results Four themes emerged from analysis of transcriptions of the groups. These were: anxiety about feeding, cultural issues around nutrition and diet, social and psychological issues and concerns about communication with health professionals. Conclusion Even with good advocacy provision and appropriately translated health education information, communication problems can remain. Social isolation and relationship problems were frequently referred to in the groups but not as often presented in clinic. The women had very good knowledge of healthy eating and the importance of nutrition but expressed anxiety about feeding and behavioural problems in their children. They also had more complex worries than those initially presented in clinic and required a more holistic approach to child health education than they were given.
Cardiac assessment risk evaluation (CARE study) of African American college women
Authors: Brown Sandra C. , Geiselman Paula J. , Copeland Amy L. , Gordon Carol , Dudley Mary , Manogin Toni , Backstedt Carol , Pourciau Cathi , Ghebretatios Ghenet 
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify physiological and psychosocial variables of young African American women that may serve as a risk factor for heart disease and to assess their health promotion programme preferences. Method A descriptive design was used to assess the cardiovascular risk factors of 100 African American women ages 18 to 40 years, enrolled in a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in the south. The instruments included four questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, Gieselman Food Preference Questionnaire (GFPQ), PBRC Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and the Personal Wellness Profile (PWP). Physiological data were obtained using a stadiometer, beam balance scale, Lifescan Blood Glucose Monitoring System, BioScanner 2000 Test System, sphygmomanometer, and carbon monoxide analyser. Results The mean age of the participants was 25.5 (SD=5.8) years. The overall PWP wellness score for the participants was 43 (SD=15) with a range from 10 to 74. Of the 100 participants, 55 per cent had increased body mass index (BMI); 66 per cent had increased waist-to-hip ratios; 49 per cent 'did not' engage in an exercise programme, and 45 per cent consumed a diet that was'mostly high' to 'high' in fat content. The majority of the participants (92 per cent) reported that they had a good social support system. Fifty-five per cent of the women reported an interest in the following health promotion programmes: weight management, nutrition, aerobics, and women's health. Conclusion Information obtained from this study can be useful in developing culturally-customised, gender-appropriate, interventions for this select population of women. Early interventions with young African American women that focus on diet, exercise and weight management may reduce the risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease. The college years is considered a time for adaptation, and as such, is an opportune time to educate individuals on health promoting behaviours and the long- term effect that health promoting behaviours can have on their lives. Research to gain new insights on factors that reduce cardiovascular risk behaviour in African American women is critical to advancing the health of African American women.
The nature of all 'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide physical activity referral scheme: Implications for practice
Authors: Johnston Lynne Halley , Warwick Jane , De Ste Croix Mark , Crone Diane , Sldford Adrienne 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a centralised referral mechanism (CRM) upon the number and type of'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide physical activity referral scheme. Design Case study. Method Phase 1: Hierarchical Content Analysis of 458 'inappropriate referrals' made to a countywide scheme over a 28-month period. Phase 2: Chi-square analysis to compare patients removed on the basis of psychosocial or medical reasons by reason for original referral and gender. One-way ANOVA to compare both groups by age. Results Reasons for referral were classified into first, second and third order themes. Two third level themes emerged from the data: medical contraindicator and psychosocial reasons. Significantly more people were removed on the basis of psychosocial factors rather than medical reasons (χ2=77.17; p<0.01 ). Further those referred for overweight/obesity (χ2=49.31; p<0.01) or for musculoskeletal conditions (χ2=40.96; p<0.01) were more likely to be removed on the basis of psychosocial factors; whilst those referred for a cardiac condition were more likely to be removed for a medical reason (χ2=11.76; p<0.01). Women were significantly (χ2=10.78; p<0.01) more likely to be removed for psychosocial reasons. Patients removed from the scheme for medical reasons were also significantly (F=13.00; p<0.01 ) older than those in the psychosocial group. Conclusions This study provides support for the introduction of a CRM within a countywide physical activity referral scheme. The need for existing referral guidelines to be extended to include holistic recom mendations with regard to both the medical conditions that are appropriate for referral and also the stage of readiness of the patient to take-up the referral is recommended.
Newborn screening information supports public health more than informed choice
Authors: Hargreaves Katrina , Stewart Ruth , Oliver Sandy 
Published: March 2007

Objective To appraise information resources on newborn blood spot screening currently available for parents and health professionals internationally. Method Health information on newborn blood spot screening was sourced internationally through the internet and, in the United Kingdom, through health service providers and support organisations. An appraisal tool was developed based on DISCERN criteria for evaluating information about patient treatment choices and UK National Screening Committee criteria for determining whether a screening programme should be implemented. Two researchers independently applied the appraisal tool to all the leaflets describing the heel prick, then discussed and resolved discrepancies. Results The majority of leaflets supported the public health agenda by informing parents of the benefits of screening, including the significance of early detection and treatment for these conditions. Few leaflets, however, supported the informed choice agenda by mentioning either the limitations of screening, or choice, or by being easy to read. Conclusion Most health information about newborn blood spot screening portrays it in a positive light, and relatively few leaflets address the difficulties openly. We recommend the use of criteria for high-quality patient information alongside topic or condition-specific guidelines as a starting point for developing patient information.
A pilot project to develop and assess a health education programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Atak Nazli , Arslan Umit 
Published: March 2007

Objectioe The current research was designed to develop a health education programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the Taba- Tyler model and to evaluate its effect. Design The study was quasi-experimental in design. Setting Fifty-five patients from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, University Hospital of Ankara. Method An education programme was developed on the basis of the Taba-Tyler model. Subjects received two educational sequential forty- minute sessions. The objectives of the education programme covered knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus. To assess the effect of the programme, a test was developed which was applied at the beginning and at the end of each session. The mean of the correct answers of pre- and post-tests were analysed to assess the effect of the programme. The results were also analysed across the independent variables demographic and medical characteristics. Results In every content area, the percentage of correct answers increased approximately from 45.0 per cent to 75.0 per cent. The score of pre-test was 11.7 ± 4.7 and the score of post-test was 17.8 ±. 3.5. The difference between two scores was statistically significant. Independent variables such as employment status and having a family history of diabetes, influenced the level of knowledge of diabetes (p<0.05). Conclusion This study reported a change in knowledge, but no evidence was collected to determine whether any behaviour changes occurred.
A survey of attitudes to health among school leavers
Authors: Silman Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

A PILOT study was con ducted in a comprehensive school among 55 per cent of the school-leaving age group. The aims were to find a simple method of obtaining information about attitudes to health, knowledge and health behaviour patterns, and to study their inter relations. The questionnaire devel oped for the study proved acceptable to the children concerned, and the results obtained were analysed. It would appear that there is incongruity between be haviour, knowledge and attitudes. It is concluded that future studies should search out those behaviour patterns which are healthy and con gruous in relation to pre vailing attitudes.
Cigarette smoking among secondary school children in 1975: its prevalence and some of the factors that promote smoking
Authors: Rawbone R.G. , Keeling C.A. , Jenkins A. 
Published: March 2007

A QUESTIONNAIRE relating to smoking habits, respiratory symptoms and health attitudes was ad ministered to 10,498 secondary school children in 1975. The results reported in this paper suggest that the prev alence of smoking in boys, when compared with pre vious studies, has fallen, while in girls it has remained steady. Despite this, boys continue to smoke more heavily and at an earlier age than girls. The factors demonstrated which would appear to in fluence smoking rates in clude parental, sibling and peer smoking habits, amount of income from both pocket money and part-time ear nings, immigration and, to a lesser extent, academic achievement.
Is Day Hospital Treatment Effective, and Can Success Be Predicted?
Authors: Vidalis A.A. , Neuro-Psych BM , Preston T.D. , Baker G.H.B. 
Published: March 2007

Clinical improvement is demonstrated in a group of 41 day patients of mixed diagnosis by changes in measures of depression, self-esteem, loquacity and sociability over a period of six weeks. Staff predictions of success, made after 2 weeks, correlated positively (Spearman's rho=0.53) with an overall assessment of success after 6 weeks, which itself was positively correlated with improvements in scores on depression (rho=0.58) and sociability (rho=0.66 and 0.60.) The patients for whom staff predicted least success were in 6 cases out of 7 men aged 20-51.