bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Alkalinity Generation in Neutral Lakes Affected by Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Koschorreck Matthias , Tittel Jörg 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLakes in surface mining areas are often subject to continuous loads of acid mine drainage. The knowledge of internal alkalinity generation in a lake is necessary to predict if the lake will stay circumneutral or may acidify. The most important processes of alkalinity production in lakes are sulfate reduction, denitrification, and the burial of N in the sediment. By summarizing data from the literature, we present probable rates of these different processes in circumneutral mining lakes. The critical acidity load that can probably be compensated for by internal processes, is 5.09 mmol(−) m−2 d−1 in productive lakes and 0.50 mmol(−) m−2 d−1 in less productive lakes. Under the assumption that methanogenesis is inhibited by high sulfate concentrations, the highest probable acidity loads in such lakes are 6.85 mmol(−) m−2 d−1 and 1.06 mmol(−) m−2 d−1, respectively. Denitrification, sulfate reduction, and N burial contributed significantly to total alkalinity production. Sulfate reduction had the largest potential. However, existing models cannot predict alkalinity generation from sulfate concentrations alone because the long‐term stability of reduced S compounds in the sediment is crucial for a sustainable biological alkalinity generation. The larger acid‐neutralizing potential of higher trophic lakes is caused both by higher rates of microbial activity and by a greater stability of reduced reaction products in the sediment. The largest uncertainties in our knowledge with respect to the total alkalinity budget are related to microbial processes in sulfate‐rich freshwater lakes and the long‐term stability of reduced reaction products in the sediment.
Elevated Cadmium Concentrations in Potato Tubers Due to Irrigation with River Water Contaminated by Mining in Potosí, Bolivia
Authors: Oporto Carla , Vandecasteele Carlo , Smolders Erik 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRisk of cadmium (Cd) in the human food chain in Cd‐contaminated areas is often limited by phytotoxicity from zinc (Zn) that is associated with the Cd contamination. A semiarid area, 60 km downstream of a tin mine in Bolivia, was surveyed where irrigation with Cd‐contaminated river water (65–240 μg Cd L−1) has increased median soil Cd to 20 mg kg−1 while median soil Zn was only about 260 mg kg−1. Cadmium concentrations in potato tubers increased from background values (0.05 mg kg−1 dry wt.) in soils irrigated with spring water to a median value of 1.2 mg kg−1 dry wt. in the affected area. Median concentration of Cd in soil solutions was 27 μg L−1 and exceeded the corresponding value of Zn almost twofold. Soil‐extractable chloride ranged from 40 to 1600 mg Cl− kg−1 and was positively correlated with soil total Cd. Increasing soil solution Cl− decreased the solid‐liquid distribution coefficient of Cd in soil. Soil total Cd explained 64% of the variation of tuber Cd concentration while only 3% of the variation was explained by soil extractable Cl− (n = 49). The estimated dietary Cd intake from potato consumption by the local population is about 100 μg d−1 which exceeds the WHO recommended total daily intake. It is concluded that the food chain risk of Cd in the irrigation water of the semiarid area is aggravated by the association with Cl− and, potentially, by the relatively large Cd/Zn ratio.
Multivariate statistical interpretation of laboratory clinical data
Authors: Papaioannou Agelos , Simeonov Vasili , Plageras Panagiotis , Dovriki Eleni , Spanos Thomas 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Laboratory aids are extensively used in the diagnosis of diseases, in preventive medicine, and as management tools. Reference values of clinically healthy people serve as a guide to the clinician in evaluating biochemical parameters. Determination of 21 biochemical parameters of healthy persons using standard methods of analysis. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis were applied on the above 21 biochemical parameters data. The application of a typical classification approach as cluster analysis proved that four major groups of similarity between all 21 clinical parameters are formed, which correspond to the authors assumption of the existence of several summarizing pattern of clinical parameters such as “enzyme,” “major component excretion”, “general health state,” and “blood specific” pattern. These patterns appear also in the subsets obtained by separation of the general dataset into “male”, “female”, “young”, and “adult” healthy groups. The results obtained from principal components analysis have additionally proved the validity of a similar assumption. The intelligent data analysis on the clinical parameter dataset has shown that when a complex system is considered as a multivariate one, the information about the system substantially increases. All these results support an idea that probably a general health indicator could be constructed taking into account the existing classification groups in the list of clinical parameters.
Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of thebiceps brachiitendon of horses
Authors: SCHUMACHER J. , LIVESEY L. , BRAWNER W. , TAINTOR J. , PINTO N. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation.Objective: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted.Methods: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS.Results: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined.Conclusions: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.
Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected 24–30 hours after induction with oligofructose
Authors: NOURIAN A. R. , BALDWIN G. I. , van EPS A. W. , POLLITT C. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: The pathology of equine laminitis has been well‐documented 48 h after dosing with oligofructose when clinical lameness and lamellar disintegration is well advanced. Further analysis of the earliest lesions, by collecting lamellar samples at the first sign of foot lameness after oligofructose dosing is required in order to increase understanding of the disease.Objectives: To investigate lamellar epidermal hemidesmosome damage and basement membrane dysadhesion by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Methods: Eight clinically normal, mature Standardbred horses were divided randomly into 2 groups of 4. The treatment group were dosed with oligofructose (10 g/kg bwt) and subjected to euthanasia when shifting weight from one foot to other commenced and at the first sign of lameness during walking and turning. This occurred at 24 h in 3 horses and 30 h in one. The sham treatment control group were dosed with water and subjected to euthanasia after 48 h. Lamellar tissues of the front feet were harvested and processed for ultrastructural study using TEM.Results: Examination by TEM showed excessive waviness of the basement membrane zone and pointed tips of some secondary epidermal lamellae, an ultrastructural lesion typical of laminitis. The average number of hemidesmosomes/μm of basement membrane was decreased and their distance from the centre of thelamina densaof the basement membrane was increased.Conclusions: Laminitis lesions are detectable 24 h after oligofructose administration.Potential relevance: Hindgut events occurring in the first 24 h after dosing have begun the destruction of the hoof lamellar interface. Prevention and treatment strategies should precede lameness if they are to be efficacious.
A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 1: Horse demographic characteristics and management
Authors: HOTCHKISS J. W. , REID S. W. J. , CHRISTLEY R. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Information is scarce as to how horses are kept and managed in the general horse population of Great Britain.Objectives: To characterise the demographics of horses in Great Britain and assess their care (with particular reference to the respiratory system).Methods: Horse owners were surveyed using a self‐administered postal questionnaire. These owners were selected randomly, following geographical stratification, using 2‐stage cluster sampling of veterinary practices and their clients.Results: The overall response proportion to the survey was 68.2%. An investigation of nonresponse bias detected minimal differences between responders and nonresponders. A summary of the demographic characteristics, feeding and management of horses in a sample of the general population of Great Britain is presented.Conclusions and potential relevance: Horses are kept under a great variety of conditions with some potentially exposed to high concentrations of organic dusts associated with stabling. This information is relevant to their health and welfare.
Equine idiopathic cheek teeth fractures. Part 1: Pathological studies on 35 fractured cheek teeth
Authors: DACRE I. , KEMPSON S. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: June 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is little published information on the pathology of idiopathic fractures of cheek teeth (CT). Objectives: To perform pathological examinations on equine CT with idiopathic fractures in order to establish fracture patterns and to gain information on their aetiopathogenesis. Hypothesis: Gross and histological examination of CT with idiopathic fractures, including measurements of dentinal thickness, will provide information on fracture patterns, and on the duration and aetiopathogenesis of these fractures. Methods: Of 35 CT with idiopathic fractures that were examined to determine their fracture patterns, 20 underwent gross, histological and ultrastructural examinations, including dentinal thickness measurements, with the latter compared to dentinal measurements of dental age and Triadan position matched control CT, to help determine the duration of any pre‐existing endodontic disease. Results: The fracture planes involved the pulp chambers in 30 out of 35 CT examined, and ran through coalesced, carious infundibula in the other 5 (maxillary) CT. The maxillary CT, particularly the Triadan 09 position were preferentially affected. The most common fracture plane, which was termed a maxillary buccal slab fracture, occurred through the 2 lateral (1st and 2nd) pulp chambers of maxillary CT and usually involved only the clinical crown. Buccal slab fractures of mandibular CT (through 4th and 5th pulp chambers) and midline sagittal fractures through the infundibula (of maxillary CT) were the next most common fracture patterns. Reduced dentinal thickness (probably indicating prior pathological changes in the fractured CT) was present in 25% of fractured CT. Conclusions: Most idiopathic equine CT fractures involve the pulp chambers, especially those on the buccal aspect of both upper and lower CT. No predisposition to fracture was found in the majority of affected CT that appeared to have a normal endodontic appearance prior to development of fractures through their pulp chambers. The remaining idiopathic CT fractures were caused by advanced infundibular caries. Potential relevance: All CT with idiopathic fractures are all at risk of pulpar or even apical infection.
Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain
Authors: DYSON S. , MURRAY R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Nuclear scintigraphy is commonly used as a diagnostic aid for foot pain, but there is limited information about different patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) and their correlation with the results of other imaging modalities.Objectives: To describe patterns of RU in horses with foot pain.Materials and methods: Scintigraphic images of the feet of 264 horses with front foot pain were analysed subjectively and using region of interest analysis. Magnetic resonance images of all feet were analysed prospectively; the navicular bones were reassessed retrospectively and assigned a grade. A Spearman rank correlation test was used to test for a relationship between the scintigraphic grade of the navicular bone and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grade. Sensitivity and specificity of scintigraphy for detection of lesions in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), the collateral ligaments (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and the navicular bone were determined.Results: Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) was detected in: a) the navicular bone (36.6%); b) pool phase images in the DDFT (13.0%); and c) at the insertion of the DDFT on the distal phalanx (14.3%). There was focal IRU at the insertion of the medial or lateral CL of the DIP joint in 9.4% and 1.5% of limbs, respectively. There was IRU in the medial and lateral palmar processes in 7.6% and 3.4% of limbs, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the scintigraphy grade and total MRI grade for the navicular bone and no difference between either focal or diffuse IRU and total MRI grade. There was high specificity, but low sensitivity of scintigraphy for detection of MR lesions of the navicular bone, the DDFT and the CLs of the DIP joint.Conclusions: Positive nuclear scintigraphic results are good predictors of injury or disease of the navicular bone, DDFT and CLs of the DIP joint. However, a negative scintigraphic result does not preclude significant injuries.Clinical relevance: Nuclear scintigraphy is a useful tool in the investigation of foot lameness and may help to determine the significance of MR lesions, especially if >1 lesion is identified that may be contributing to lameness.
Use of concurrent scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of injury of the podotrochlear apparatus
Authors: DYSON S. , MURRAY R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Use of physiological methods of diagnostic imaging could provide insight into the pathogenesis of foot pain in live horses.Objectives: To describe patterns and intensity of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in the navicular bone, and relate this to distribution and types of signal intensity change in the navicular bone and to the presence or absence of lesions of the related soft tissue structures detected using MRI.Materials and methods: Scintigraphic and MR images of 264 horses with unilateral or bilateral foot pain were analysed and graded. A Spearman rank correlation was used to test for relationships between scintigraphic grade of the navicular bone and MRI scores for each region of the bone. Chi‐square tests were used to test for associations between scintigraphy grade and presence of increased signal intensities, for differences in the proportion of focal and diffuse IRU between MRI grades, and for associations between an abnormal scintigraphic grade of the navicular bone and presence or absence of a lesion.Results: There were significant positive correlations between scintigraphy grade and both maximum and total MRI grades for the navicular bone and between scintigraphy grade and the MRI grades for the flexor border, the distal border and medulla. However, there was no difference in the proportions of focal and diffuse IRU between navicular bone MRI grades, although diffuse IRU was relatively under‐represented inGrade 3navicular bones. There was no association between IRU in the navicular bone and MR lesions of either the DSIL origin or the CSL insertion, however there was an association between IRU in the navicular bone and combined lesions of the CSL, DSIL and navicular bursa. In limbs with a DDFT lesion, navicular bone scintigraphicGrades 2and3were over‐represented.Conclusions and clinical relevance: Scintigraphy and MRI provide complementary information about the pathogenesis of lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus. Further understanding of these disease processes may eventually permit more targeted treatments.
Direct and split operator approaches with ELLAM for reactive transport equations
Authors: Younes Anis , Fahs Marwan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNumerical models for solving reactive solute transport in groundwater are often based on standard Eulerian methods, such as finite elements (FE). In this work, we combine the moving mesh Eulerian Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method (ELLAM) with the direct substitution approach (DSA) and the sequential non‐iterative approach (SNIA) to accurately solve advection dominated problems including chemical reactions. Performances of ELLAM are evaluated in comparing SNIA_ELLAM and DSA_ELLAM to SNIA_FE and DSA_FE for (1) kinetic reactions with first‐order decay, Monod biodegradation, and interphase mass transfer problems and (2) equilibrium reactions with linear and nonlinear sorption problems. DSA_ELLAM (respectively SNIA_ELLAM) is shown to be more efficient and accurate than DSA_FE (respectively SNIA_FE). For the test cases with kinetics, SNIA_ELLAM is highly accurate and efficient. However, for equilibrium reactions, it induces numerical diffusion and DSA_ELLAM reveals the more efficient and accurate method. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Elektronische Aptasensoren
Authors: Willner Itamar , Zayats Maya 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Selektion von Aptameren – Nucleinsäuren, die spezifisch niedermolekulare Substrate oder Proteine binden – mithilfe des SELEX‐Verfahrens (systematische Evolution von Liganden durch exponentielle Anreicherung) ermöglicht die Suche nach neuen spezifischen Erkennungsstrukturen. Vor allem die Anwendung von Aptameren als vielseitige Materialien für Biosensoren wurde in jüngster Zeit intensiv untersucht. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die aktuellen Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung elektronischer Sensoren auf Aptamerbasis (Aptasensoren) zusammengefasst, darunter elektrochemische, ionenselektive Feldeffekttransistor‐ und Quarzkristallmikrowaage‐Sensoren, und es werden Strategien zum Entwurf von signalverstärkenden und markierungsfreien Aptasensoren beschrieben.
Biodegradation of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐butylene terephthalate)/layered‐silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Someya Yoshihiro , Kondo Naoto , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and PBAT/starch composites with layered silicates prepared by melt intercalation was evaluated with aerobic biodegradability tests in soil and in an aqueous medium containing activated sludge. Nonmodified montmorillonite (MMT) and octadecylamine‐modified montmorillonite (ODA‐M), known to give a microcomposite and an intercalated nanocomposite for PBAT, respectively, were used as layered silicates. After they were buried in the soil for 8 months, the PBAT/MMT microcomposite exhibited a higher weight loss than the control PBAT, whereas the PBAT/ODA‐M nanocomposite showed a lower weight loss instead. Also, the biodegradability test in the aqueous medium, by determining the biochemical oxygen demand, showed that the addition of MMT and/or starch to PBAT promoted biodegradation, whereas the addition of ODA‐M did not. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Chemically attaching polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate brush on substrate surface, derivation, and the role in differential etching
Authors: Zhou Feng , Mu Zonggang , Wang Tingmei , Liu Zhilu , Yu Bo , Hao Jingcheng , Liu Weimin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reports the preparation and derivation of chemically tethered polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) brush and its application in microfabrication. PHEMA brush was prepared by the surface‐initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization and derived by either organic reaction or sequence polymerization. The differential etching process was studied by atomic force microscope (AFM) and optical micrograph. PHEMA brush cannot prevent the underlying gold from dissolving in aqueous etchant KI/I2 solution. Differential etching of UV‐patterned PHEMA template resulted in metal (gold) rings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
The formation of polyacrylonitrile nascent fibers in wet‐spinning process
Authors: Chen Juan , Ge He‐Yi , Dong Xing‐Guang , Wang Cheng‐Guo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe formation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nascent fibers in wet‐spinning process was studied by KMnO4 back titration method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been found that the rate of DMSO diffusion was rapid at the beginning of coagulation then decreased and reached balance at 24 s. With coagulation time increase, the nascent fibers became denser and had fewer inner defects gradually, but transverse stripes appeared on the surface at 24 s, and got deeper. The main defects of nascent fibers included transverse stripes, impurity, fish tail, inner microvoids etc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dyeable polypropylene fibers via nanotechnology
Authors: Toshniwal Lalit , Fan Qinguo , Ugbolue Samuel C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with three different clay loadings were prepared by solution mixing technique. The solution‐mixed nanocomposites were extruded to fibers using a single screw extruder. The PP nanocomposite fibers obtained were uniformly dyed with three distinct disperse dyes at different levels of shade. The enhanced dyeability of PP nanocomposite fibers was characterized by spectrophotometric measurements. Satisfactory wash, light and crock fastness results were also achieved. Mechanical properties and degree of crystallinity of nanocomposite fibers with different clay loadings were also investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007