bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional disruptions in Down syndrome: a case study in the Ts1Cje mouse cerebellum during post‐natal development
Authors: Potier M.‐C. , Rivals I. , Mercier G. , Ettwiller L. , Moldrich R. X. , Laffaire J. , Personnaz L. , Rossier J. , Dauphinot L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo understand the aetiology and the phenotypic severity of Down syndrome, we searched for transcriptional signatures in a substructure of the brain (cerebellum) during post‐natal development in a segmental trisomy 16 model, the Ts1Cje mouse. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of trisomy on changes in gene expression across development time. The primary gene‐dosage effect on triplicated genes (∼1.5) was observed at birth [post‐natal day 0 (P0)], at P15 and P30. About 5% of the non‐triplicated genes were significantly differentially expressed between trisomic and control cerebellum, while 25% of the transcriptome was modified during post‐natal development of the cerebellum. Indeed, only 165, 171 and 115 genes were dysregulated in trisomic cerebellum at P0, P15 and P30, respectively. Surprisingly, there were only three genes dysregulated in development and in trisomic animals in a similar or opposite direction. These three genes (Dscr1, Son and Hmg14) were, quite unexpectedly, triplicated in the Ts1Cje model and should be candidate genes for understanding the aetiology of the phenotype observed in the cerebellum.
Intracellular trafficking in neurones and glia of fibroblast growth factor‐2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the injured adult rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Leadbeater W. E. , Gonzalez A‐M. , Logaras N. , Berry M. , Turnbull J. E. , Logan A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe potent gliogenic and neurotrophic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 signals through a receptor complex comprising high‐affinity FGF receptor (FGFR)1 with heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as co‐receptors. We examined the intracellular dynamics of FGF‐2, FGFR1 and the HSPGs syndecan‐2 and ‐3, glypican‐1 and ‐2, and perlecan in neurones and glia in and around adult rat cerebral wounds. In the intact cerebral cortex, FGF‐2 and FGFR1 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in astrocytes and neurones respectively. FGF‐2 protein was localized exclusively to astrocyte nuclei. After injury, expression of FGF‐2 mRNA was up‐regulated only in astrocytes, whereas FGFR1 mRNA expression was increased in both glia and neurones, a disparity indicating that FGF‐2 may act as a paracrine and autocrine factor for neurones and glia respectively. FGF‐2 protein localized to both cytoplasm and nuclei of injury‐responsive neurones and glia. There was weak or no staining of HSPGs in the normal cerebral neuropil and glia nuclei, with a few immunopositive neurones. Specific HSPGs responded to injury by differentially co‐localizing with trafficked intracellular FGF‐2 and FGFR1. The spatiotemporal dynamics of FGF‐2–FGFR1–HSPG complex formation implies a role for individual HSPGs in regulating FGF‐2 storage, nuclear trafficking and cell‐specific injury responses in CNS wounds.
Protein kinase C enhances glycine‐insensitive desensitization of NMDA receptors independently of previously identified protein kinase C sites
Authors: Jackson Michael F. , Konarski Jakub Z. , Weerapura Manjula , Czerwinski Waldemar , MacDonald John F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates the NR1 and NR2A subunits of NMDARs at consensus sites located within their intracellular C‐terminal tails. However, the functional consequences of these biochemical events are not well understood. In HEK293 cells expressing NR1/NR2A, activation of endogenous PKC by 4β‐phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) increased NMDAR desensitization as evidenced by a reduced steady‐state current without any change in peak. The effects of PMA on NMDAR‐mediated responses were prevented by specific PKC inhibitors and were not mimicked by an inactive enantiomer of PMA. The effects of PMA were preserved despite mutagenesis of the major PKC sites on the NR1 subunit (S889A, S890A, S896A and S897A) or removal of the entire NR1 C‐terminal tail (NR1stop838). When co‐expressing NR1stop838/NR2A the effects of PMA could only be observed with agonist concentrations sufficient to induce glycine‐insensitive desensitization. Moreover, the effects of PMA were observed in receptors composed of NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B, but not NR1/NR2C, a subunit combination in which desensitization is absent. The NR2 subunit dependence suggested that the actions of PMA might require specific PKC sites previously identified within NR2A. However, a C‐terminal truncated form of NR2A (NR2Astop905) remained responsive to PMA. We conclude that activation of PKC increases NMDAR glycine‐insensitive desensitization independently of previously identified sites located within the NR1 C‐terminus and distal segment of the NR2A C‐terminus.
Fellows ’ Forum: Hip Fractures in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients: IncidenceRisk Factorsand Prevention
Authors: Leinau Lisa , Perazella Mark A. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTHip fractures are an important problem for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with dialysis. The incidence of hip fractures in the dialysis population is approximately four times that of the general population. Even more concerning is the associated 1 year mortalitywhich is twice that of other dialysis patients. Management of this problem is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of renal osteodystrophy and the inadequate methods of diagnosis currently available. Fall prevention has been shown to reduce the incidence of hip fracture and associated decline in functional ability in the general population. Because falls occur frequently in the dialysis populationsimple fall prevention may be one important way of protecting dialysis patients from the morbidity and mortality of hip fracture.
Quality Assessment of DNA Sequence Data: Autopsy of A Mis‐Sequenced mtDNA Population Sample
Authors: Bandelt H.‐J. , Kivisild T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPublished DNA data sets constitute a body of sequencing results resting in silico that are supposed to reflect the variation of (once) living cells. In cases where the DNA variation reported is suspected to be fraught with artefacts, an autopsy of the full body of data is needed to clarify the amount and causes of mis‐sequencing. In this paper we elaborate on strategies that allow a clear‐cut identification of the problems in severely flawed mtDNA data. This approach is applied, by way of example, to a data set of HVS‐I sequences from the Caucasus, published by Nasidze & Stoneking in 2001. These data bear numerous ambiguous nucleotide positions and suffer from an even higher number of phantom mutations, indicating that severe biochemical problems adversely influenced those sequencing results at the time. Furthermore, systematic omission of sequences with a long C‐stretch (incurred by a transition at position 16189) must have severely biased the data set. Since no complete correction of these data has appeared to date, this example of mis‐sequencing necessitates circumstantial evidence that is bullet‐proof.
Resource partitioning and exploitative competition in stem‐galling midges mediated by the host plant
Authors: Dorchin Netta 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Izeniola obesula Dorchin and Stefaniola defoliata Dorchin (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) are two cecidomyiid species inducing multichambered galls in young shoots of the salt marsh plant, Suaeda monoica Gmelin (Chenopodiaceae). The purpose of this work was to study the relationship between the two species, which co‐occur in time and space, and may therefore potentially compete for plant resources.Characterization of the resources available to ovipositing females revealed that shoots in apical positions are more vigorous than shoots in basal positions, but that the two species of gall midges react to this variability of resources in different ways, as reflected by the patterns of gall distribution. Izeniola obesula galls were primarily induced in the younger, more rapidly growing shoots, whereas those of S. defoliata were predominantly induced in older, less vigorous shoots. Nevertheless, despite the general partitioning of resources, a certain amount of niche overlap was found, resulting in the occasional induction of an S. defoliata gall proximal to that of I. obesula in the same shoot. Co‐occurrence of the two types of galls in time and space did not have apparent effect on S. defoliata galls, but did have a strong adverse impact on young I. obesula galls, 60% of which were killed without producing adult midges, and the remaining 40% produced a much smaller number of adults. These effects are attributed to asymmetric interspecific competition that is mediated by the plant, resulting from the difference in stem tissues utilized by the larvae of the two species. It is concluded that preponderance of vacant niches, low densities of galls, and small niche overlap between the species do not preclude the occurrence of interspecific exploitative competition in this system, although its role in shaping the populations of the species is limited.
Field‐cage experiments on host fidelity in a pair of sympatric phytophagous ladybird beetles
Authors: Hirai Yoshiyuki , Kobayashi Hideshi , Koizumi Tatsuya , Katakura Haruo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing field cages, we tested the hypothesis that two phytophagous ladybird beetles, Henosepilachna niponica (Lewis) and Henosepilachna yasutomii Katakura (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Epilachninae), are reproductively isolated from each other by their host fidelity alone. We planted host plants of the two species [the thistle Cirsium alpicola Nakai (Asteraceae) for H. niponica and the blue cohosh, Caulophyllum robustum Maxim. (Berberidaceae), for H. yasutomii] in 7 × 7 m cages (BT cages), and planted the two host plants and the beetles’ common food plant, the Japanese nightshade, Solanum japonense Nakai (Solanaceae), in other cages (BJT cages). We then released overwintered reproducing beetles into these cages and recorded their dispersal, the distribution of egg masses, and the incidence of copulations. In BT cages, the beetles moved almost exclusively between their own host plants, and all females laid eggs exclusively on their own host plants. In BJT cages, the beetles moved between their own host plants and the Japanese nightshade, resulting in occasional interspecific mating on the same nightshade plant. Females of both species laid eggs on their own host plants as well as on the Japanese nightshade. These results indicate that host fidelity functions as a strong barrier against gene flow between H. niponica and H. yasutomii. However, this barrier can easily be broken down if a third plant species bridges the beetle populations.
Should aphidophagous ladybirds be reluctant to lay eggs in the presence of unsuitable prey?
Authors: Fréchette Bruno , Dixon Anthony F.G. , Alauzet Claude , Boughenou Naïma , Hemptinne Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe quality of different species of aphids as food for aphidiphagous ladybird beetles varies greatly. The optimal oviposition theory predicts that a female should lay eggs preferentially in patches of suitable prey and should be reluctant to oviposit in patches of less suitable prey. A no‐choice experiment was used to test whether aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) of different suitability influence the oviposition behaviour of the two‐spot ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The results indicate that A. bipunctata females are not more reluctant to lay eggs in the presence of moderately suitable compared to highly suitable aphids. However, females laid fewer eggs in the presence of toxic aphids.
Bt maize pollen exposure and impact on the garden spider, Araneus diadematus
Authors: Ludy C. , Lang A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractConcerns have been raised that Bt maize pollen may have adverse effects on non‐target organisms; consequently, there is a general call for Bt maize risk assessment evaluating lethal and sublethal side effects. Spiders play an important economic and ecological role as pest predators in various crops, including maize. Web‐building spiders, especially, may be exposed to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bt maize by the ingestion of pollen via ‘recycling’ of pollen‐dusted webs and intentional pollen feeding. In this study, the potential Bt maize pollen exposure of orb‐web spiders was quantified in maize fields and adjacent field margins, and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible effects of Bt maize pollen consumption on juvenile garden spiders, Araneus diadematus (Clerck) (Araneae: Araneidae). In maize fields and neighbouring field margins, web‐building spiders were exposed to high amounts of Bt maize pollen. However, a laboratory bioassay showed no effects of Bt maize pollen on weight increase, survival, moult frequency, reaction time, and various web variables of A. diadematus. A pyrethroid insecticide (Baythroid) application affected weight increase, survival, and reaction time of spiders negatively. In conclusion, the insecticide tested showed adverse effects on the garden spider, whereas the consumption of Bt maize pollen did not. This study is the first one on Bt maize effects on orb‐web spiders, and additional research is recommended in order to account for further spider species, relative fitness parameters, prey‐mediated effects, and possible long‐term chronic consequences of Bt exposure.
Seasonal variation in seed predation by adult carabid beetles
Authors: Honek Alois , Saska Pavel , Martinkova Zdenka 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn many agro‐ecosystems of the temperate region, granivorous ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are the most important invertebrate predators of seeds after dispersal. The consumption of a particular species of seed differs among carabid species, but seasonal variation in consumption has not yet been studied. Seasonal differences in the quantity of seed consumed by the carabidsHarpalus affinis(Schrank) andHarpalus distinguendus(Duftschmid) were studied in a cafeteria experiment. Adults were collected on five dates between April and November and provided with seeds of 28 species of dicotyledonous herbaceous plants. Proportions eaten of the seeds offered (preferences) were nearly identical in both carabid species. Overall seed consumption increased from early spring until late June, then gradually decreased towards autumn. Despite this variation, the preferences on particular dates were essentially similar. Seasonal variation in carabid physiology and feeding experience thus influenced overall seed consumption, but not their preferences for particular seed species.
Post‐Apartheid Disgrace: Guilty Masculinities in White South African Writing
Authors: Horrell Georgie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the aftermath of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa J. M. Coetzee writes of the ‘system’ of guilt and shame, debt and retribution which operates throughout society. He and writers like André Brink, Michiel Heyns and Troy Blacklaws tell stories which traverse and explore the paths tracked by society's quest for healing and restitution. This article considers a selection of transitional, contemporary white novels in South Africa in order to gesture towards discourses of both particular and global postcolonial significance, referring particularly to gender and representations of white masculinity in the post‐apartheid era.
Class and Victorian Poetics
Authors: Boos Florence 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this essay, I consider three aspects of recent studies of working‐class class poetry: the tasks and rewards of its recovery, the complexities of critical attempts to interpret “non‐canonical” verse, and wider insights which have emerged from efforts to integrate such attempts into more traditional studies of nineteenth‐century literature. Recovery has been necessary because most working‐class poets could only hope to publish their work in broadside or periodical form, and few of their works have been reprinted. Accidents of preservation have further foreshortened our understanding of the range of working‐class poetry, which extended from Thomas Cooper's dignified epic verse to Isobel Chisholm's gypsy “curses” and Mary McPherson's Gaelic incantations. Interpretative studies of the range just mentioned have benefited from willingness to consider unfamiliar rhetorical models; search out historical antecedents of “simple” appeals to direct emotion; and admit that there might be more to poetry than has been dreamt of in our received interpretations and well‐worn critical commonplaces. Finally, integration of an appreciation of working‐class poetry into studies of Victorian literature reveals that much of the history of mid‐century poetry – reflected through lenses of “class”– may be read as an attempt to barricade middle‐class canons of taste against the inroads of working class artistry. More critical studies of that artistry might therefore help dismantle these barricades, and restore to all the period's poets a measure of the respect and attention they deserve. They might also help answer some intriguing generic as well as historical questions. Among these are: Why were poetry and personal memoirs the period's principal working‐class genres? And why did the role of working‐class poetry seem to recede as the century waned, even as universal working‐class literacy advanced?
‘Wild Originality’: the Romantic writings of Lady Caroline Lamb
Authors: March Rosemary 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLady Caroline Lamb (1785–1828), author of three Romantic novels, two long poems and several shorter lyrics was a Romantic sensation, and is probably still best known for her affair with Lord Byron. Unfortunately, Lamb the ‘Byron woman’, a figure remembered only as one of Byron's greatest ‘fans’, has subsumed Lamb the Romantic writer.
Confessional Literature, Vernacular Psychology, and the History of the Self in Middle English
Authors: Raskolnikov Masha 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay reviews some of the recent critical writings on medieval confession and discusses their importance to the ongoing debates about the history and formation of the self as subject. Building on the evidence that the rise of annual, required confession led to the emergence of “confessional literature” (works using the tropes and methods of the confessional to structure narrative), the essay suggests that the ways of understanding the self made available through such works form a kind of “vernacular psychology”– that is, a practical, quotidian alternative to Aristotelian/philosophical or Galenic/medical modes of thinking about the self. “Vernacular psychology” describes this widespread set of medieval understandings of the self that were made public in a range of writings in English and Anglo‐Norman (only the former is considered here). Such understandings stressed the self's vulnerability to sin, conceived as something that both attacks the self from without and is generated from within, implying a range of relations between the “self” and the “world” that the large array of Middle English “confessional” writings offer in distinction to the Latin clerical tradition.
Linking Teaching and Research through Technology
Authors: Carson Christie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article looks at the relationship between the availability of a wide range of primary materials online and new kinds of teaching in English Departments. New teaching approaches and new forms of writing, I argue, are essential to properly take advantage of the opportunities offered by digital technology. These new forms of teaching involve, on the one hand, showing students how primary research is conducted and, on the other, allowing students to participate in that research through the development of new scholarly digital resources. As a means of testing these theories I took on the post of Project Officer for C & IT for the English Subject Centre from March 2003 to May 2004. The paper describes the three primary outcomes of the fifteen‐month practical experiment I entered into to address these questions. My conclusion, as a result of this experimental work, is that digital technology provides an opportunity to develop complex interlinking scholarly dialogues that involved participants with a range of experience and expertise. This, I argue, is a positive move towards greater inclusivity and participation in the scholarly project.
An Age in Love with Wonders: The Philosophical Context of Renaissance Literature
Authors: Allan Neil 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article offers a sketch of certain currents of Renaissance philosophy, and of the ways in which they infuse the work of Christopher Marlowe and John Donne. It uncovers a striking disparity between Renaissance constructions of philosophy and science and those prevalent today. This dissonance represents a challenge to theories of knowledge and accounts of the historical conditions of the emergence of philosophical worldviews. The central question is that of how to articulate Renaissance thought from the standpoint of today's philosophical sensibility, and of how literature can contribute to this task. In their different ways, both philosophy and literature function as arenas in which the very structure of reality is contested, and the goal is to furnish a dialogue between the two which could contribute to the history of ideas.
E. M. Forster as Public Intellectual
Authors: Christie Stuart 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay offers historical and theoretical context for the emergence of E. M. Forster as a public intellectual before, during, and after the Second World War. Moving well beyond the traditional domain of belles lettres, Forster's “public” capacity in print journalism and radio presented a new and significant model, mandate, and agency for modernist writers. Even as his audience grew, Forster resisted top‐down attempts to place controls over his public work (such as that on behalf of the British Broadcasting Corporation) consistent with his attempts to protect personal privacy. The very fact that by the end of Forster's career arts and media were considered as not only public but subject to the judgment of opinion in the public “sphere” or domain, suggests the great extent to which his career as writer successfully negotiated the transition in post‐war modernism from private (artistic) to public (popular) entitlements.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR RAPID ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA AGAINST PROTEUS IN CHICKEN CARCASSES
Authors: CUI SHENGHUI , ZHENG JIE , MENG JIANGHONG 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT An improved method was developed for the rapid isolation and identification of Salmonella in chicken carcasses. Considering the heavy presence of Proteus mirabilis in the poultry‐production environment, we investigated combinations of selective bacterial growth media that promote the growth of Salmonella but inhibit that of P. mirabilis. The improved method was evaluated using standard methods described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS). A total of 44 chicken carcasses were analyzed for Salmonella using the three methods. The FDA/BAM method showed a poor sensitivity and specificity, especially when the tetrathionate (TT) broth was applied. The improved method offered an excellent specificity (>95%) and shortened the time of isolation and identification from 4 to 5 days to less than 3 days, consequently reducing the costs.