bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drinking and driving prevention in the community: program planning and implementation
Authors: VOAS ROBERT B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the rationale, development and implementation of the Drinking and Driving Component, which is one of five components of the Community Trials Project conducted by the Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California (USA). It traces the background of drunk driving enforcement technology and practice against which the programs at the three sites were implemented. A conceptual model for the enforcement component of a comprehensive community alcohol‐related trauma project is presented and its implementation at the three sites is described. Limitations in the available police department resources delayed the implementation of local programs. Media advocacy tied to specific operations proved to be successful in publicizing sensors and sobriety checkpoints were only partially accepted. Overall, the community trials sites increased or held steady their arrest rates in contrast to the comparison sites where DU1 arrests declined.
Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults
Authors: FERGUSSON DAVID M. , HORWOOD L. JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationships between early onset (prior to 16 years) cannabis use and later psychosocial adjustment was examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to age 18 years. Early onset users had significantly higher rates of later substance use, juvenile offending, mental health problems, unemployment and school dropout. The linkages between early onset cannabis use and later outcomes were largely explained by two routes that linked cannabis use to later adjustment. First, those electing to use cannabis were a high risk population characterized by social disadvantage, childhood adversity, early onset behavioural difficulties and adverse peer affiliations. Secondly, early onset cannabis use was associated with subsequent affiliations with delinquent and substance using peers, moving away from home and dropping out of education with these factors in turn, being associated with increased psychosocial risk. The implications of these results are examined.
The Swiss Hidden Population Study: practical and methodological aspects of data collection by privileged access interviewers
Authors: KUEBLER DANIEL , HAUSSER DOMINIQUE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to recruit heroin and/or cocaine users outside treatment settings, recruitment of subjects through Privileged Access Interviewers (PAI) was tested and implemented in the Swiss Hidden Population Study, This article discusses practical aspects of the PAI method as well as issues of reliability and validity. Front June 1994 to June 1995, 31 Privileged Access Interviewers were recruited in the main regions of Switzerland. They conducted 943 standardized interviews altogether, of which 917 could be considered valid. Fifty‐four per cent of the respondents correspond to the criteria of the target population. The PAI method collects reliable data in a relatively short amount of time, given adequate means of control. Analysis of the age distribution and of the patterns of drug use in our sample shows that the question of validity is mainly linked to the diversity of the milieus from which PAIs recruit, the respondents. Encouraging PAIs to do as many interviews as possible did not skew the data. Hence, well‐founded inferences on a PAI generated database relies on the analysis of qualitative information on the ways in which the Privileged Access Interviewers have recruited their respondents.
Co‐factors for smoking and evolutionary psychobiology
Authors: POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSmoking is becoming increasingly concentrated in people with co‐factors suck as depression, attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, and bulimia/bingeing. These behavioral or cognitive patterns may be adaptive or neutral in the conditions under which toe evolved but maladaptive in environments requiring alertness for extended periods, where a fatty mobilized fight‐or‐flight response is inappropriate, and where food availability makes lack of an “appestat” a liability. Such conditions are amenable to management by nicotine because of its ability to produce small but reliable adjustments in relevant cognitive and behavioral functions. Moreover, symptomatology may be unmasked or exacerbated by nicotine abstinence, persisting beyond the usual time‐course for nicotine withdrawal, which may explain the particular attraction of smoking and the difficulty these individuals experience in quitting without necessarily requiring that they be more nicotine‐dependent. The implications are: (1) a better understanding of the evolutionary psychobiology of smoking may promote development of tailored interventions for smokers with co‐factors; (2) nicotine may have therapeutic applications for non‐smokers with co‐factors; (3) because smoking has a fairly high heritability index, and because of evidence of assortative mating, special prevention efforts targeting children of smokers with co‐factors, as well as early identification of the co‐factor itself, may be needed.
How do genes influence marijuana use? The role of subjective effects
Authors: LYONS MICHAEL J. , TOOMEY ROSEMARY , MEYER JOANNE M. , GREEN ALAN I. , EISEN SETH A. , GOLDBERG JACK , TRUE WILLIAM R. , TSUANG MING T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigated determinants of the subjective effects of marijuana and the relationship of subjective effects to marijuana use. Subjects were 8169 twins drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Subjects who used marijuana more than five times (n= 2513) reported whether they experienced each of 23 subjective reactions. Factor analysis identified a positive (pleasant) reaction factor and a negative (unpleasant) reaction factor. Both factors were related to duration and frequency of use. Pairs in which both members used mariguana more than five times (MZ = 352 pairs; DZ = 255 pairs) were examined to assess determinants of subjective effects. Approximately one‐quarter of the variance in each factor was determined by additive genetic influences; the remaining variance was determined by environmental factors that are not shared by members of a twin pair. The shared or family environment had no detectable influence on either subjective reaction factor.
Mortality and survival among a cohort of drug injectors in Glasgow, 1982–1994
Authors: FRISCHER MARTIN , GOLDBERG DAVID , RAHMAN MOHAMMED , BERNEY LEE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere has been much speculation about the nature and extent of mortality among drug injectors in Glasgow. In order to determine injectors’ mortality rate and compare this rate to the general population, identifier information from 459 drug injectors who received treatment for drug misuse in Glasgow between 1982 and 1994 was linked to the Scottish Mortality Register. The average duration of follow‐up from cohort entry was 5.5 years and 10.2 years from commencement of drug injection. By the end of 1994, 53 cohort members had died. The average annual mortality rate of 1.8% was the same as that observed in a London cohort followed‐up from 1969 to 1991. However, the excess mortality ratio (EMR) of 22.0 was almost double the London rate (11.9) because of the much lower average age of mortality (26.3 vs. 3S.2 years). There was no significant time trend in EMR. Kaplan‐Meier hazard analyses show that younger patients and those who were HIV positive had significantly elevated mortality rates. The main cause of death was overdose, although it is unclear how many were accidental and how many intentional. Three of the six fatalities among HIV positive injectors were AIDS related. This study enables the first realistic assessment of the hypothesis that drug‐related deaths in Glasgow are especially high. In relation to other populations of drug injectors, the annual mortality rate is comparable, although the average age of mortality is much lower in Glasgow. Consequently, in comparison to the general population, the mortality rate of drug injectors is higher in Glasgow compared to other cities.
Community psychiatric nurse aftercare for alcoholics: a five‐year follow‐up study
Authors: PATTERSON D. G. , MACPHERSON J. , BRADY N. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine if community psychiatric none (CPN) aftercare for 1 year improved the 5‐year outcome in patients following inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence. A 5‐year follow‐up study, observer blind, with non‐random allocation of subjects to aftercare by CPN for 1 year or standard outpatient care, was used. Subjects had all received inpatient treatment for 6 weeks in a rural alcohol treatment unit. Subjects were traced and assessed in the community 5 years after the index admission. The participants consisted of 127 white male alcoholics. All were first admissions, who had been selected for inpatient treatment and who completed a 6‐week inpatient stay. Seventy‐three subjects received intensive aftercare by CPN for 1 year, 54 subjects received standard outpatient appointments not due to random allocation but because no CPN was available. Data were collected by semi‐structured interview at entry to the trial, namely background epidemiological information, details of drinking history, previous hospital admission, educational, employment and criminal information. At 5‐year follow‐up, data on drinking status, use of other drugs, hospital admissions, criminal behaviour and gambling, attendance at self‐help groups, relationships and employment were collected. Thirty‐six per cent of the CPN aftercare group was completely abstinent during the 5 years after treatment compared to 6% of the standard aftercare group (p> O.OOJ). Subjects receiving CPN aftercare were less likely to report blackouts (p > 0.05) or gambling (p > 0.05). They were more likely to attend hospital meetings (p> 0.0001). CPN aftercare is an effective way of maximizing the effects of inpatient treatment. The effects endured for 5 years after treatment.
Inequality, deprivation and alcohol use
Authors: MARMOT MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere are major social inequalities in health within societies. Alcohol and tobacco are major preventable causes of ill health. Using data from the United Kingdom, this paper examines the social distribution of tobacco and alcohol consumption; the role that tobacco and alcohol may play in mediating or modifying social inequalities in health; and the implications of social distribution for policies to reduce harm associated with consumption of alcohol and tobacco. In the United Kingdom, as in many other countries, there is clear inverse association between socio‐economic position and consumption of cigarettes. Over the past three decades, the decline in smoking has been more rapid in men and women in higher socio‐economic groups. United Kingdom suggest that among employed men and women, the prevalence of non‐drinking shows an inverse association with occupational status; heavy drinking differs little; and moderate drinking is more common among those of higher socio‐economic status. Smoking accounts for perhaps 25% of the social class difference in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, more for lung cancer, less for some other diseases. Healthier patterns of drinking may contribute to the lower CHD rates of higher social classes. Although other factors are clearly important in generating social inequalities, it is important to take the social distribution of alcohol and tobacco into account when formulating policy. For cigarette consumption, there is evidence that in lower socio‐economic groups demand is more sensitive to price; higher socio‐economic groups are more responsive to health education. There has been less research of this nature for alcohol. Available analyses suggest that price responsiveness of heavy drinking may be greatest in young men and in those with lower incomes. A pricing strategy has important equity implications.
What does science have to say?
Authors: MOSKALEWICZ JACEK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis plenary session had particular character. Ten representatives of the research world briefly presented what science has to say on different aspects of alcohol policy. Major research‐based generalizations from a variety of policy experiences were brought to the discussion. The panel's composition reflected the global map of alcohol studies; the group consisted of four people from English‐speaking countries, four from northern Europe and the Nordic countries and two from the Mediterranean pan of Europe. The session focused on population‐orientated strategies including political and economic controls on the availability of alcohol, advertising and public information campaigns. There was discussion of drink driving measures, and of how individual treatment interventions relate to the broad field of public health. Contributions from the world of nutrition and tobacco control policy were also drawn into the debate.
Changes in alcohol consumption in a general population in The Netherlands: a 9‐year follow‐up study
Authors: HAJEMA KLAAS‐JAN , KNIBBE RONALD A. , DROP MARIA J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChanges in drinking patterns are described for men and women and per age group using data from a 9‐year follow‐up study in The Netherlands (n = 1327). Aspects of drinking patterns in our study are drinking status, level of consumption and frequency of heavy drinking. The average consumption and average frequency of heavy drinking are used to examine changes at aggregate level. Changes at individual level are examined in terms of adopting certain drinking patterns (incidence) and continuing certain drinking patterns (chronicity). A small decrease is found in the proportion of drinkers for both sexes. Only women show a decrease in mean consumption. Average frequency of heavy drinking is stable for both sexes. At individual level, proportions of chronicity and incidence of drinking patterns are higher among men. Small aggregate changes in drinking patterns are accompanied by rather large shifts in individual's up‐and‐down level of consumption and frequency of heavy drinking. No or only very small period effects are observed and little evidence is found for a cohort effect among men. A negative association between incidence and age is found for dunking status among women, for low, moderate and high level of consumption and for heavy drinking for both sexes. In terms of chronicity, negative associations with age are found for drinking status of both sexes, and for high level of consumption and heavy drinking among men.
A trial of relapse prevention with severely dependent male problem drinkers
Authors: ALLSOP STEVE , SAUNDERS BILL , PHILLIPS MIKE , CARR ADRIAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOver the last two decades, relapse prevention has emerged as a major focus of the treatment of drug problems. Few studies have demonstrated any impact on generally high relapse rates. In this paper the outcome of a controlled trial of a relapse prevention programme with male problem drinkers (n = 60) attending an Alcohol Treatment Unit is reported. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were allocated to a relapse prevention (n − 20) procedure or a discussion (n = 20) or no‐additional treatment (n = 20) control procedure. Subjects were followed‐up at 6 and 12 months by the first author. The relapse prevention programme was associated with significantly greater increases in pre‐ and post‐treatment self‐efficacy compared to the discussion control group and significantly greater probability of total abstinence than all controls over the first 6‐month follow up. In addition, the relapse prevention programme was associated with significantly longer survival time to an initial lapse and relapse than the controls. At 12‐month follow‐up, treatment effects had been eroded. It was concluded that the relapse prevention programme was an effective treatment in the short term and that longer‐term impact may require greater focus on maintenance factors, such as the individual's environment.
Economic and cultural correlates of cannabis use among mid‐adolescents in 31 countries
Authors: Ter Bogt Tom , Schmid Holger , Nic Gabhainn Saoirse , Fotiou Anastasios , Vollebergh Wilma 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To examine cannabis use among mid‐adolescents in 31 countries and associations with per‐capita personal consumer expenditure (PCE), unemployment, peer factors and national rates of cannabis use in 1999.Design, participants and measurement  Nationally representative, self‐report, classroom survey with 22 223 male and 24 900 female 15‐year‐olds. Country characteristics were derived from publicly available economic databases and previously conducted cross‐national surveys on substance use.Findings  Cannabis use appears to be normative among mid‐adolescents in North America and several countries in Europe. The life‐time prevalence of cannabis use was 26% among males and 15% among females and was lowest for males and females in the former Yugoslav Republic (TFYR) of Macedonia: 2.5% and to 2.5%, respectively; and highest for males in Switzerland (49.1%) and in Greenland for females (47.0%). The highest prevalence of frequent cannabis use (more than 40 times in life‐time) was seen in Canada for males (14.2%) and in the United States for females (5.5%). Overall, life‐time prevalence and frequent use are associated with PCE, perceived availability of cannabis (peer culture) and the presence of communities of older cannabis users (drug climate).Conclusions  As PCE increases, cannabis use may be expected to increase and gender differences decease. Cross‐national comparable policy measures should be developed and evaluated to examine which harm reduction strategies are most effective.
A comparison of contingency management and cognitive‐behavioral approaches for stimulant‐dependent individuals
Authors: Rawson Richard A. , McCann Michael J. , Flammino Frank , Shoptaw Steven , Miotto Karen , Reiber Chris , Ling Walter 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAims  Previous research has reported that both contingency management (CM) and cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) are efficacious interventions for the treatment of stimulant abusers. The present study sought to directly compare the effectiveness of (CM) and (CBT) alone and in combination in reducing stimulant use.Design  Randomized clinical trial.Participants  Stimulant‐dependent individuals (n = 171).Intervention  CM, CBT or combined CM and CBT, 16‐week treatment conditions. CM condition participants received vouchers for stimulant‐free urine samples. CBT condition participants attended three 90‐minute group sessions each week.Measurements  Participants were interviewed at baseline and weeks 17, 26 and 52. Measures included psychiatric disorders and alcohol and drug use and concomitant social problems.Findings  CM procedures produced better retention and lower rates of stimulant use during the study period. Self‐reported stimulant use was reduced from baseline levels at all follow‐up points for all groups and urinalysis data did not differ between groups at follow‐up. While CM produced robust evidence of efficacy during treatment application, CBT produced comparable longer‐term outcomes. There was no evidence of an additive effect when the two treatments were combined.Conclusions  This study suggests that CM is an efficacious treatment for reducing stimulant use and is superior during treatment to a CBT approach. CM is useful in engaging substance abusers, retaining them in treatment and helping them achieve abstinence from stimulant use. CBT also reduces drug use from baseline levels and produces comparable outcomes on all measures at follow‐up.
Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: a systematic review
Authors: Fazel Seena , Bains Parveen , Doll Helen 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To review studies of the prevalence of substance abuse and dependence in prisoners on reception into custody.Design and method  A systematic review of studies measuring the prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence in male and female prisoners on reception into prison was conducted. Only studies using standardized diagnostic criteria were included. Relevant information, such as mean age, gender and type of prisoner, was recorded for eligible studies. The prevalence estimates were compared with those from large cross‐sectional studies of prevalence in prison populations.Findings  Thirteen studies with a total of 7563 prisoners met the review criteria. There was substantial heterogeneity among the studies. The estimates of prevalence for alcohol abuse and dependence in male prisoners ranged from 18 to 30% and 10 to 24% in female prisoners. The prevalence estimates of drug abuse and dependence varied from 10 to 48% in male prisoners and 30 to 60% in female prisoners.Conclusions  The prevalence of substance abuse and dependence, although highly variable, is typically many orders of magnitude higher in prisoners than the general population, particularly for women with drug problems. This highlights the need for screening for substance abuse and dependence at reception into prison, effective treatment while in custody, and follow‐up on release. Specialist addiction services for prisoners have the potential to make a considerable impact.
Subclass distribution of natural salivary IgA antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide of type 14 and pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) in children
Authors: Simell B , Kilpi T , Käyhty H 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA number of studies have shown that the ratio of IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses in secretions can depend upon the nature of the antigen inducing their production. In order to evaluate the effect of the nature of the antigen on the subclass distribution of the naturally occurring salivary IgA antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, we used enzyme immunoassay to measure the levels of natural IgA, IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (PS14) and pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) in saliva of children during their first 2 years of life. The sum of anti-PS14 and anti-PsaA IgA1 and IgA2 correlated significantly with the antigen-specific total IgA, which showed that IgA1 and IgA2 add up to IgA. IgA1 was the predominant subclass for both antigens. The median of anti-PS14 and anti-PsaA IgA1 was higher than that of IgA2, and the antigen-specific IgA1 was found in a larger proportion of samples than IgA2. The ratio of IgA1 to IgA2 (IgA1/IgA2 ratio) was lower for anti-PS14 than for anti-PsaA, suggesting that the PS antigen induced more IgA2 than the protein antigen. The possible impact of the IgA subclass distribution on protection of mucosal surfaces by natural or vaccine-induced antibodies needs to be determined.