bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plaque control in the treatment of juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Waerhaug Jens 
Published: December 2005

Abstract With the purpose of establishing to what extent “periodontosis” responds to total plaque control, 21 such patients were observed over periods ranging from 8 to 34 years. Total plaque control in the present context means complete removal of all supragingival plaque by the patient and complete removal of all subgingival plaque by the dentist. The results were evaluated in terms of the number of lost teeth and the percentage of lost attachment during the observation period.It was observed that “periodontosis” cases responded to total plaque control in the same way as do ordinary cases, but with periodontosis, incomplete plaque control on any teeth led to extremely rapid bone loss and eventually to extraction. The reason for this is the unusually rapid apical migration of the subgingival plaque which is the most typical feature of the juvenile periodontitis.Some attachment and some teeth were lost in most of the patients, but a sufficient number of teeth with a sufficient amount of supporting tissue were maintained to provide a set of natural teeth that functioned well.This study shows that the reduced resistance to the invasion of subgingival plaque can be compensated for by a correspondingly strong emphasis on total plaque control.The term “periodontosis” is misleading, and should be replaced by the name “juvenile periodontitis” as suggested by Lehner et al. (1974).
Influence of “time of day”, pocket depth and scaling on gingival fluid flow
Authors: Suppipat Nophadol , Johansen Jan R. , Gjermo Per 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Gingival fluid was sampled from the orifices of the gingival crevices in five male subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. The sampling was performed at 0915 h, 1215 h and 1515 h of the same day. Variation in “time of day” did not seem to influence the rate of gingival fluid flow.A total of 144 pockets (2 11 mm) in 19 patients were sampled for gingival fluid at the orifices. The adjacent gingiva was evaluated according to the Gingival Index (GI). Gingival fluid flow was much more influenced by the degree of gingival inflammation than by pocket depth.Scaling with curettes was performed in five patients. Gingival fluid was sampled at the orifices immediately before scaling and on days 1, 14 and 28 after scaling. The flow rate decreased to a minimum on day 14 after scaling for all pocket depths and remained at almost the same level until day 28. Pockets less than 5 mm deep were more frequently without measurable amounts of fluid than pockets deeper than 5 mm on days 14 and 28.
Some antibacterial properties of periodontal dressings
Authors: Haugen Ellen , Gjermo Per , ØRstavik Dag 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Three commercial periodontal dressings were tested for antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms after having been stored dry or in liquid for 1 and 2 days. Inhibition of growth of mixed salivary flora was evaluated on blood agar dishes. Also, the ability of Strep, mutatis to colonize the surface of the dressings was tested.The surface contact test indicated antibacterial activity against salivary microorganisms by freshly made Coe‐pak® and Wondrpak®. Some activity could also be observed after 2 days' storage in about half the experiments. The initial bacteriostatic effect of Peripac® was limited to the setting phase. The plaque accumulation test revealed single cells only on the surfaces of Coe‐pak and Wondrpak whereas Peripac seemed to be colonized by the test bacteria.
Lack of effect of trauma from occlusion on the recurrence of experimental periodontitis
Authors: Ericsson Ingvar , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The experiments were performed in 15 dogs fed a diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. A phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. After 210 days five dogs were sacrificed. In the remaining 10 dogs the periodontal pockets around the fourth lower premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated. During surgery a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal termination of the alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in histological sections. From day 210 to day 450 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice daily. After 60 days of healing, i. e. on day 270, five of the dogs were sacrificed. Trauma from occlusion of the jiggling type was on day 270 produced in the P4 region of the remaining dogs by the installation of a cap splint and a bar device. The final five dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 3P, 4P, 1M and P3, P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis.The experiments revealed that, in the dog, forces produced by occlusal trauma are unable to induce a phase of progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues in tooth regions where the supporting tissues are markedly reduced but non‐inflammatory.
Periodontal surgery in plaque‐infected dentitions
Authors: Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Rosling Bengt 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A clinical trial was performed to study the result of periodontal treatment following different modes of periodontal surgery in patients not recalled for maintenance care. The material consisted of 25 patients distributed into 5 groups. Following an initial examination, all patients underwent presurgical treatment including case presentation and instruction in oral hygiene measures. This instruction was given once. The various patient groups were then subjected to one of the following surgical procedures: 1) the apically repositioned flap operation including elimination of bony defects 2) the apically reposi‐tioned flap operation including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 3) the “Widman flap” technique including elimination of bony defects 4) the “Widman flap” technique including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone 5) gingivectomy including curettage of bony defects but without removal of bone. Six, 12 and 24 months after completion of the treatment, the patients were recalled for assessment of their oral hygiene standard and periodontal conditions.The results showed that case presentation and oral hygiene instruction given once, only temporarily improved the patient's oral hygiene habits. Renewed accumulation of plaque in the operated areas resulted in recurrence of periodontal disease including a significant further loss of attachment. All five different techniques for surgical pocket elimination were equally ineffective in preventing recurrence of destructive periodontitis.
The effect of orthodontic tilting movements on the periodontal tissues of infected and non‐infected dentitions in dogs
Authors: Ericsson I. , Tehlander B. , Lindhe J. , Okamoto H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study (1) whether it was possible, by orthodontic tooth movement, to shift a supragingivally located plaque into a subgingival position, and (2) periodontal tissue reactions around tilted and intruded plaque‐infected teeth.The experiments were performed on five dogs which were fed a diet that allowed dental plaque accumulation. The lower third premolars (3P and P3) were extracted and a phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. The periodontal pockets around the lower fourth premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated on day 210. During surgery, a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in radiographs and histological sections. After 60 days of healing with plaque control, i.e. on day 270, orthodontic appliances producing tipping forces on 4p and P4 were inserted. From day 270 to day 450, plaque was allowed to accumulate on 4P (test = T) while P4 (control = C) was brushed twice daily. The dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 4P, 1M and P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis.The present investigation showed that it was possible by orthodontic tooth movement to shift a supragingivally located plaque into a subgingival position. The mesial‐apical movement of the plaque‐infected teeth resulted in the formation of infrabony pockets. In four out of five dogs the displacement of the plaque‐infected tooth resulted in an apical shift of the connective tissue attachment. When similar orthodontic forces were acting on plaque‐free teeth, the tilting movement did not result in the formation of infrabony pockets. In only two dogs did the treatment result in loss of connective tissue attachment.
Gingival condition in areas of minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingival
Authors: Miyasato Myles , Crigger Max , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Sixteen dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students and dental faculty members who had contralateral or unilateral areas of minimal (≤ 1.0 mm) and appreciable (≥ 2.0 mm) widths of keratinized gingiva on mid‐buccal plaque‐free surfaces of mandibular bicuspids were examined. Gingival exudate amounts and clinical inflammation based on color change and/or swelling and bleeding on probing were evaluated. The result showed that gingiva with “appreciable” width as well as gingiva with “minimal” width of keratinized tissue exhibited only minute amounts of gingival exudate. Also, there were generally no clinical signs of inflammation for both types of tissue.From the groups of 16, six subjects were selected who had contralateral pairs of minimal and appreciable keratinized gingiva. They were instructed to cease oral hygiene in the lower bicuspid area for 25 days. At day 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, and 25, plaque, gingival exudate, and clinical gingival inflammation were evaluated. Results revealed increases in plaque, gingival exudate scores and clinical gingival inflammation over the 25‐day period with no apparent difference between the areas with minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva.
Clinical assessment of periodontal dressings
Authors: Haugen Ellen , Gjermo Per 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Forty‐one patients requiring gingivectomy in one or more areas were used for a clinical evaluation of three different periodontal dressings. Sixty‐five operations were performed. Whenever possible different dressings were tested in the same patient. The type of dressing was chosen randomly, applied by one operator and left in place for 1 week. The patients were supplied with analgetic tablets. At day 7 the condition of the dressing was evaluated before removal. The patients' subjective experiences of pain, swelling, bleeding and fever, as well as use of pain relieving tablets, were recorded. The wound was evaluated with regard to the degree of epithelialization, presence of denuded bone and granulation tissue. The tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of the teeth to a water spray (15°C) were tested. At day 14 and 21 the same evaluation procedure was repeated. In addition the presence of plaque in the operated area was assessed.One of the dressings more frequently induced pain and swelling than the others. Tablet consumption was also higher when this dressing had been used. No statistically significant differences were found in the clinical assessment of wound healing, tendency to bleeding and the sensitivity of teeth.
Effects of removal of posterior overhanging metallic margins of restorations upon the periodontal tissues
Authors: Highfield J. E. , Powell R. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Periodontal patients with overhanging amalgam restorations were randomly assigned to four groups so that the effects of removal of the overhangs could be observed in terms of Gingival and Plaque Index scores and in reversal of the early radiographic signs of alveolar bone destruction during a period of 3 months. A total of 80 overhanging restorations were studied, 20 in each group. Group I served as a control group, overhangs were left in situ, and the subjects practised their habitual oral hygiene methods. In Group II the overhangs were removed and habitual oral hygiene methods practised. In Group III the overhangs were left in situ but professional plaque control including prophylaxis and interdental flossing was carried out at 2‐week intervals. In Group IV overhangs were removed and a similar professional plaque control programme followed.Gingival Index and Plaque Index scores were obtained at the commencement of the study and 3 months later. Reproducible intra oral radiographs were obtained at the same examinations and the differences in mean bone height changes calculated for each group.Analysis of the transformed values for Plaque and Gingival Indices by Anova demonstrated (Table 2) a significant effect on gingival inflammation when both plaque and overhang were removed. The treatments showed no significant effect on plaque accumulation. Bone scores initially and after 3 months showed a highly significant treatment interaction. The greatest improvement occurred in Group IV.The results suggest that regular plaque removal results in disappearance of gingival inflammation and in increased alveolar bone support, and is more effective when overhanging margins are removed.
Application of a dehydrated test strip, HEMASTIX®, for the assessment of gingivitis
Authors: Tenovuo J. , Nttonen T. A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In order to develop a rapid and simple method based on chemical alterations in gingival pockets during inflammation, the HEMASTIX(r) strips were used to record the degree of gingivitis. This dehydrated test strip records the presence of both hemoglobin derived from erythrocytes and myeloperoxidase from PMN‐leukocytes. The intensity of the blue color that appeared and the amount of adsorbed fluid were recorded.The correlation of the Strip Index with Gingival Index was highly significant (P <0.001) and with Gingival Bleeding Index significant (P < 0.01). When determined both from the left side of the upper jaw and from the Ramfjord teeth, the correlation between these two areas was highly significant (P < 0.001) in the case of Strip Index but only slightly significant (P < 0.05) with Gingival Index.According to the present results the Strip Index can be used for the assessment of biochemical changes in gingival pockets resulting from the development of gingivitis.
The effect of progressive tooth mobility on destructive periodontitis in the dog
Authors: Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Ericsson Ingvab 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of traumatic forces causing a gradually increasing tooth mobility on an ongoing destructive periodontitis.The experiments were performed in five dogs fed a diet which permitted dental plaque accumulation. Periodontal breakdown was induced around the mandibular third and fourth premolars (4P, 3P and P3, P4) by the placement of plaque retention ligatures around the neck of the teeth. After 330 days, when approximally 50 % of the supporting tissues had been lost, mucoperiosteal flaps were raised around the four premolars and notches prepared in the buccal root surfaces at the marginal termination of the alveolar bone. The notches served as landmarks for measurements to be made in histological sections. The flaps were resutured and new plaque retention ligatures placed around the roots of all four teeth.One week later (Day 0), P3 and P4 (test teeth) were subjected to jiggling forces in a bucco‐lingual direction with the use of an elevator. The jiggling procedure which had a duration of 30 seconds, was repeated on Days 4, 8, 12 and 16, and was guided in such a way that the tooth mobility gradually increased during the experimental period. The animals were sacrificed on Day 26, and sections of 4P,3P and P3, P4 were prepared for light microscopic examination.The results of the study demonstrated that jiggling forces, resulting in a progressive increase of tooth mobility, mediated an enhanced rate of destruction of the supporting apparatus in dogs with an ongoing process of periodontal tissue breakdown.
A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man
Authors: Tanner A. C. R. , Haffer C. , Bratthall G. T. , Visconti R. A. , Socransky S. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Samples of apical plaque were taken by means of an anaerobic gas‐flushed syringe from 21 sites in eight patients, The samples were anaerobically dispersed, diluted and plated and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 for 7–21 days. All colonies on plates containing 20–50 isolates were picked, repeatedly restreaked, characterized and identified where possible by a probabilistic computer identification program. The sites were divided into four groups on the basis of clinical features. The significance of differences between bacterial populations in the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U tests, while the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the rank correlation of clinical features of disease and micro‐bial species.The subgingival microbiota in advanced destructive sites was predominated by Gram‐negative rods. The microbiota of two young adult patients with generalized extensive bone loss, extensive clinical inflammation and suppuration was dominated by Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and an organism with characteristics consistent with Actinobacillus actino‐mycetemcomitans. The predominant cultivable microbiota in two patients with extensive bone loss but minimal clinical inflammation was predominated by Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius and Eikenella corrodens in one patient and E. corrodens and a slow growing fusiform‐shaped Bacteroides in a second patient. A third group of four patients demonstrated moderate levels of clinical inflammation and evidence of continued bone loss in the last year. Predominant organisms in this group were more heterogeneous and included B. asaccharolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, the “fusiform”Bacteroides and anaerobic vibrios. Sites with minimal disease in the patients revealed higher proportions of Gram‐positive organisms including Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus.A positive rank correlation could be detected between clinical inflammation including suppuration and B. asaccharolyticus and a negative rank correlation between inflammation and E. corrodens.
Repair or regeneration following periodontal therapy?
Authors: Sigmund Stahl S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A reading of recent literature leads this reviewer to the conclusion that healing processes of treated periodontal lesions express variations of repair rather than regeneration. Specifically, the treated periodontal lesion repairs by 1) epithelial adhesion; at times occlusal to the base of the original pocket; 2) collagen adhesion; most frequently observed immediately apical to the newly adhering junctional epithelium but occlusal to the marginal alveolar crest, and 3) in the infrabony portion of periodontal lesions, simultaneous and/or sequential deposition of repair cementum, functionally oriented ligament fibers and narrowing of the vertical defect by osteogenesis. The supracrestal portion of such a periodontal lesion repairs as described above with new epithelial and collagen adhesions closing the gingival unit to the oral environment. The establishment of the supracrestal (trans‐septal) fiber attachment may be the result of the remodelling of the vertical defect where repair cementum forms along the tooth wall of the vertical defect and acts as an anchor for fiber insertion. With the resorption of the crestal margin, repair cementum and inserted fibers are present on the root surface occlusal to the alveolar crest and may well serve as the new anchoring site for supracrestal fibers. Another possibility is the occlusal spill of connective tissue primarily from the periodontal ligament which includes supracrestal cementogenesis, thereby creating an environment for the insertion of new supracrestal fibers as part of flap healing. While the exact sequence of supracrestal fiber formation after treatment of vertical defects is not known, it should be emphasized that all specimens studied have shown their presence as part of a successful “fill”. Obviously, these repair sequences do not occur after every therapeutic intervention. However, sufficient documentation is available to acknowledge their possibility following various treatment modalities.The description of the reviewed repair processes takes us a long step forward from the rather limited repair projected by Orban in 1948. Yet, it does not provide us with information regarding the viability of these repair tissues when confronted with continuing assault by plaque or other irritants. Do such tissues resist local injury as well as the normal attachment? Is the loss of adhesion following insult accomplished more quickly because the length of adhering tissues is significantly increased in an occlusoapical direction? Do host factors affect the repair tissues differently than normal tissues? The answers to these questions need extensive exploration regarding the nature of the repair tissues. But the recognition of the process has profoundly influenced clinical therapy and raised new questions regarding the factors controlling repair and possibly even regeneration following periodontal therapy.
Electron microscopic study of junctional and oral gingival epithelia in the juvenile and adult beagle dog
Authors: Matsson Lars , Theilade Jørgen , Attström Rolf 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A previous study demonstrated structural differences in the junctional epithelium between juvenile and adult dogs. In juveniles the junctional epithelium showed some resemblances to the oral gingival epithelium, and a cuticular structure at the dento‐gingival junction was of particular interest. The oral gingival epithelium is considered to be less permeable than the junctional epithelium. As cytoplasmic filaments are held to be the main component in the process of keratinization, and to have a stabilizing influence on the cells and tissues, the present investigation was designed to study the relative amounts of cytoplasmic filaments in the junctions! and the oral epithelia of beagle dogs during juvenile and adult stages. In addition, the ultrastructure of the dento‐gingival junction was characterized.Six beagle dogs were used. The material consisted of gingival biopsies sampled when the dogs were 3 and 12 months old, respectively. On these occasions the gingiva was in excellent health. The biopsies were prepared for electron microscopic analysis and three randomly selected fields were recorded photographically from each of the following epithelial strata: basal and granular cell layers of the oral epithelium and basal and superficial cell layers of the junctional epithelium. Morphometric analysis was performed in order to estimate the density of cytoplasmic filaments of the cells in these epithelial strata.The amount of cytoplasmic filaments was considerably lower in the cells of the junctional epithelium than in those of the oral epithelium. In the oral epithelium the amount increased from basal towards superficial cells, whereas no such increase was seen in the junctional epithelium. The pattern was the same in the juvenile and the adult stage.At the dento‐gingival junction all dogs had a thick, laminated layer of dental cuticle material in the juvenile stage. In the adult stage a similar structure was seen only infrequently, and it never attained the thickness observed in the juvenile stage.