bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of In Vivo Structural Measurements and Load/Strength Ratios to the Determination of Forearm Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Melton L Joseph , Riggs B Lawrence , van Lenthe G Harry , Achenbach Sara J , Müller Ralph , Bouxsein Mary L , Amin Shreyasee , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Bone structure, strength, and load-strength ratios contribute to forearm fracture risk independently of areal BMD.
Introduction: Technological and conceptual advances provide new opportunities for evaluating the contributions of bone density, structure, and strength to the pathogenesis of distal forearm fractures.
Materials and Methods: From an age-stratified random sample of Rochester, MN, women, we compared 18 with a distal forearm fracture (cases) to 18 age-matched women with no osteoporotic fracture (controls). High-resolution pQCT was used to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), geometry, and microstructure at the ultradistal radius, the site of Colles' fractures. Failure loads in the radius were estimated from microfinite element (μFE) models derived from pQCT. Differences between case and control women were assessed, and the risk of fracture associated with each variable was estimated by logistic regression analysis.
Results: Given similar heights, estimated loading in a fall on the outstretched arm was the same in cases and controls. However, women with forearm fractures had inferior vBMD, geometry, microstructure, and estimated bone strength. Relative risks for the strongest determinant of fracture in each of the five main variable categories were as follows: BMD (total vBMD: OR per SD change, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4–12), geometry (cortical thickness: OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.4–11), microstructure (trabecular number: OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.02–5.1), and strength (axial rigidity: OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.4–10); the factor-of-risk (fall load/μFE failure load) was 24% greater (worse) in cases (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2–7.5). Areas under ROC curves ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 for these parameters.
Conclusions: Bone geometry, microstructure, and strength contribute to forearm fractures, as does BMD, and these additional determinants of risk promise greater insights into fracture pathogenesis.
Novel Mouse Model of Autosomal Semidominant Adult Hypophosphatasia Has a Splice Site Mutation in the Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase Gene Akp2
Authors: Hough Tertius A , Polewski Monika , Johnson Kristen , Cheeseman Michael , Nolan Patrick M , Vizor Lucie , Rastan Sohaila , Boyde Alan , Pritzker Kenneth , Hunter A Jackie , Fisher Elizabeth MC , Terkeltaub Robert , Brown Steve DM 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Deactivating mutations in the TNSALP gene cause HPP. Akp2−/− mice model severe infantile HPP, but there is no model for the relatively mild adult form. Here we report on mice with an induced mutation in Akp2 that affects splicing. The phenotype of homozygotes mirror aspects of the adult form of HPP.
Introduction: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a clinically varied skeletal disorder resulting from deficiency of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Mice lacking Akp2 model infantile HPP characterized by skeletal hypomineralization, impaired growth, seizures, and perinatal mortality. No animal model exists to study the less severe forms of the disease that typically present in later life.
Materials and Methods: N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis was used to generate mouse models of human disease. A mouse with low plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was identified by our clinical chemistry screen. Its offspring were used for inheritance studies and subjected to biochemical, histological, and radiological phenotyping. DNA was extracted for mapping and osteoblasts harvested for functional studies.
Results: We showed semidominant inheritance of the low ALP phenotype and mapped the underlying point mutation to Akp2. Affected offspring bear the splice site mutation 862 + 5G&gt;A—a hypomorphic allele named Akp2Hpp. The same mutation has been reported in a patient. Akp2Hpp/+ mice have ∼50% of normal plasma ALP but display no other biochemical or skeletal abnormalities. Unlike Akp2−/− mice, Akp2Hpp/Hpp mice have normal initial skeletal development and growth, a normal lifespan and do not have seizures. TNSALP is low but detectable in Akp2Hpp/Hpp plasma. Osteoblasts display ∼10% of normal ALP activity and reduced intracellular inorganic phosphate levels, yet are capable of normal mineralization in vitro. TNSALP substrates are significantly elevated in urine (inorganic pyrophosphate and phosphoethanolamine) and plasma (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate), whereas plasma inorganic pyrophosphate levels are normal. Akp2Hpp/Hpp mice develop late-onset skeletal disease, notably defective endochondral ossification and bone mineralization that leads to arthropathies of knees and shoulders.
Conclusions: Akp2 Hpp/Hpp mice mirror a number of clinical features of the human adult form of HPP. These mice provide for the first time an animal model of late onset HPP that will be valuable in future mechanistic studies and for the evaluation of therapies such as those aimed at HPP.
Clinical Field Trial Examining an Implant With a Sand‐Blasted, Acid‐Etched Surface
Authors: Cochran David , Oates Thomas , Morton Dean , Jones Archie , Buser Daniel , Peters Francoise 
Published: May 2007

Background: Conventionally, endosseous dental implants have required 3 to 6 months of uninterrupted healing based on observations for dental implants that were characterized by a relatively smooth machined surface. Many studies have since demonstrated that implants with a roughened surface resulted in greater bone apposition, earlier bone contact, and a stronger bond between the implant and the bone, suggesting that implants with roughened surfaces could be loaded earlier than 3 to 6 months. Formal clinical studies confirmed that implants with rough surfaces can have abutments placed and be loaded occlusally as early as 6 weeks postplacement. The purpose of this prospective, human clinical investigation was to evaluate a large number of implants with a specific rough surface (sand‐blasted acid‐etched [SLA]) placed in everyday practice under routine private‐practice conditions.Methods: A prospective, multicenter, human clinical observational study was initiated with the goal of recruiting a minimum of 500 patients and 800 implants. The implants were to be placed and restored in predominantly private‐practice settings around the world. Ninety‐two practitioners in 16 countries agreed to participate, and 86 followed the study design. Patients had to be in good health, have sufficient bone to encase the implant, and agree to return for recall appointments. Exclusion criteria included heavy smoking (>10 cigarettes a day) and bone augmentation procedures at the implant site. All implants were two‐piece (an abutment was to be placed after 6 weeks of healing) and were characterized by the presence of a transmucosal polished collar. Each implant had an SLA surface. All implants were positioned using a non‐submerged (single‐stage) surgical technique. Survival and success rates were calculated by life‐table analyses.Results: A total of 706 patients were enrolled and 1,406 implants were placed. In the final analyses, 590 patients with 990 implants (70.4% of those enrolled) met all inclusion criteria, including placement of an abutment and provisional restoration within 63 days of surgical placement. The majority of implants were 10 and 12 mm long (78.7%) and were placed in type II and III bone (87%). Seventy‐three percent of the implants were placed in the mandible, and 27% were placed in the maxilla. The cumulative survival rate was 99.56% at 3 years and 99.26% at 5 years. The overall success rate was 99.12% at 3 years and 97.38% after 5 years.Conclusions: Under private‐practice conditions, implants with an SLA surface could be placed and restored predictably within 6 to 8 weeks. Data from this prospective, multicenter, human observational study reinforced the results of more formal clinical studies and demonstrated that implants with the SLA surface can be restored in patients in approximately half of the time of conventional healing periods.
Melatonin: Potential Functions in the Oral Cavity
Authors: Cutando Antonio , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Arana Carlos , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío , Reiter Russel J. 
Published: May 2007

Background: Melatonin is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland and other organs. The pattern of melatonin secretion is controlled by an endogenous circadian timing system and conveys information about the light‐dark cycle to the organism, thereby organizing its seasonal and circadian rhythms. Melatonin has powerful antioxidant effects, functions in an immunomodulatory role, may protect against certain cancers, delays some age‐related processes, stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen fibers, and promotes bone formation.Methods: An extensive review was made (e.g., using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Knowledge) of the literature.Results: Melatonin, which is released into the saliva, may have important implications for dental disorders, especially in periodontal disease. Diseases of the periodontium are known to be aggravated by free radicals and by alterations in the immune response to microorganisms that are present in plaque. In response to periodontal inflammation, the blood and salivary levels of melatonin may increase.Conclusion: Melatonin may play a role in protecting the oral cavity from tissue damage that is due to oxidative stress, and it may contribute to the regeneration of alveolar bone through the stimulation of type I collagen fiber production and the modulation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity.
Serum Antibody Levels in Smoker and Non‐Smoker Saudi Subjects With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Al‐Ghamdi Hamdan S. , Anil Sukumaran 
Published: May 2007

Background: Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Studies have shown altered serum and gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory cytokine profiles, immune cell function, and altered proteolytic regulation in smokers. The observations are not consistent, and to date, there is no clear mechanism to explain how smoking may affect periodontal disease. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the alterations of serum immunoglobulin levels in smokers with periodontitis and its potential role as a risk indicator of the disease process.Methods: In this study, 30 patients who smoked and 30 patients who did not smoke with chronic periodontitis and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM levels were estimated with immunoturbidimetric assay. The IgG subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) levels were performed using single radial immunodiffusion assay.Results: Levels of serum IgG and IgA were significantly lower in smokers compared to non‐smokers and healthy controls (P <0.001). Although IgM levels were low in smokers, it was not significant. Of the four subclasses of IgG studied, the IgG2 was found to be significantly lower among smokers with periodontitis.Conclusions: Current observations indicate that cigarette smoking may be associated with the suppression of B‐cell function and immunoglobulin production. The alteration of antibody levels further explains the potential mechanism by which smoking exacerbates periodontal disease. Further studies at the molecular level may highlight the specific mechanism by which tobacco can interact with cells of the immune system and its impact on periodontal disease process.
Public Health and Social Ideas in Modern Brazil
Authors: Lima Nísia Trindade 
Published: May 2007

Public health in Brazil achieved remarkable development at the turn of the 20th century thanks in part to physicians and social thinkers who made it central to their proposals for “modernizing” the country. Public health was more than a set of medical and technical measures; it was fundamental to the project of nation building. I trace the interplay between public health and social ideas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Physicians and social thinkers challenged the traditional belief that Brazil’s sociocultural and ethnic diversity was an obstacle to modernization, and they promoted public health as the best prescription for national unity. Public health ideas in developing countries such as Brazil may have a greater impact when they are intertwined with social thought and with the processes of nation building and construction of a modern society.
The Magnitude of Key HIV Prevention Challenges in the United States: Implications for a New National HIV Prevention Plan
Authors: Holtgrave David R. , McGuire Jean Flatley , Milan Jesse 
Published: May 2007

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has undertaken an advisory process to update its national HIV prevention plan. We offer observations on the magnitude of HIV prevention challenges in the United States and reflect on how these challenges might influence the structure of a new HIV prevention plan. We recommend a plan structure that (1) is based on fundamental principles of prevention, (2) enables accountability and mid-course correction, and (3) if achieved, would result in historic changes in the US HIV epidemic. The recommended plan structure would differentially prioritize serostatus determination and prevention and care interventions for people living with HIV while retaining goals directed at high-risk HIV-negative and general population members.
Understanding the ergonomic risk for musculoskeletal disorders in the United States agricultural sector
Authors: Davis Kermit G. , Kotowski Susan E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroductionFarming is a very large industry in the United States. Understanding the risks for injuries and more specifically musculoskeletal disorders in this industry poses a challenge for health officials.MethodsA review was conducted of the existing peer‐reviewed publications prior to December 2006 about injuries and musculoskeletal disorders for farmers and farm workers. The aim was to review existing knowledge concerning: (1) the prevalence, types, and causes of farm‐related injuries, paying particular attention to musculoskeletal disorders and the special populations within the agricultural sector, and (2) interventions that have been developed to reduce risk factors associated with farm‐related injuries.ResultsFarmers and farm workers experience high rates of low back, shoulder, and upper extremity disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders may disproportionately affect farm youth and migrant workers due to the types of farm tasks performed. There is an urgent need for improved and validated interventions to reduce exposures and to improve the health of farmers and farm workers.DiscussionFuture farm‐related musculoskeletal disorder research should emphasize: (1) better identification of exposures for special populations, (2) development of interventions for diverse farm populations, and (3) identification of additional exposures for musculoskeletal disorders. Inadequate understanding of musculoskeletal disorders in farming impedes efforts to prevent this common and important type of occupational injuries on farms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:501–511, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of genetic variation of the serotonin 1B receptor gene on impulsive aggressive behavior and suicide
Authors: Zouk Hana , McGirr Alexander , Lebel Véronique , Benkelfat Chawky , Rouleau Guy , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImpulsive–aggressive behaviors (IABs) are regarded as possible suicide intermediate phenotypes, mediating the relationship between genes and suicide outcome. In this study, we aimed to investigate the putative relationship between genetic variation at the 5‐HT1B receptor gene, which in animal models is involved in impulse‐aggression control, IABs, and suicide risk. We investigated the relationship of variation at five 5‐HT1B loci and IAB measures in a sample of 696 subjects, including 338 individuals who died by suicide and 358 normal epidemiological controls. We found that variation at the 5‐HT1B promoter A‐161T locus had a significant effect on levels of IABs, as measured by the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Suicides also differed from controls in distribution of variants at this locus. The A‐161T locus, which seems to impact 5‐HT1B transcription, could play a role in suicide predisposition by means of mediating impulsive–aggressive behaviors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular genetic studies ofDMT1on 12q in French‐Canadian restless legs syndrome patients and families
Authors: Xiong Lan , Dion Patrick , Montplaisir Jacques , Levchenko Anastasia , Thibodeau Pascale , Karemera Liliane , Rivière Jean‐Baptiste , St‐Onge Judith , Gaspar Claudia , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Desautels Alex , Turecki Gustavo , Rouleau Guy A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConverging evidence from clinical observations, brain imaging and pathological findings strongly indicate impaired brain iron regulation in restless legs syndrome (RLS). Animal models with mutation in (DMT1) divalent metal transporter 1 gene, an important brain iron transporter, demonstrate a similar iron deficiency profile as found in RLS brain. The humanDMT1gene, mapped to chromosome 12q near theRLS1locus, qualifies as an excellent functional and possible positional candidate for RLS. DMT1 protein levels were assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines from RLS patients and controls. Linkage analyses were carried out with markers flanking and within theDMT1gene. Selected patient samples from RLS families with compatible linkage to theRLS1locus on 12q were fully sequenced in both the coding regions and the long stretches of UTR sequences. Finally, selected sequence variants were further studied in case/control and family‐based association tests. A clinical association of anemia and RLS was further confirmed in this study. There was no detectable difference inDMT1protein levels between RLS patient lymphoblastoid cell lines and normal controls. Non‐parametric linkage analyses failed to identify any significant linkage signals within theDMT1gene region. Sequencing of selected patients did not detect any sequence variant(s) compatible withDMT1harboring RLS causative mutation(s). Further studies did not find any association between ten SNPs, spanning the wholeDMT1gene region, and RLS affection status. Finally, twoDMT1intronic SNPs showed positive association with RLS in patients with a history of anemia, when compared to RLS patients without anemia. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The association study between DHCR24 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lämsä R. , Helisalmi S. , Hiltunen M. , Herukka S.‐K. , Tapiola T. , Pirttilä T. , Vepsäläinen S. , Soininen H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDHCR24 gene in chromosome 1 encodes seladin 1, a cholesterol synthesizing enzyme. Seladin 1 protects neurons from Aβ42 mediated toxicity and participates in regulation of Aβ42 formation by organizing the placement of APP cleaving β‐secretase in cholesterol‐rich detergent‐resistant membrane domains (DRMs). In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the level of seladin 1 in affected neurons is reduced, DRMs are disorganized and Aβ42 formation is increased. To examine genetic association of the DHCR24 with AD, we genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites (rs638944, rs600491, rs718265, and rs7374) in 414 Finnish AD cases and 459 controls and calculated the allelic and genotypic distribution of both cases and controls. The single locus association analysis indicated that men carrying the T allele of rs600491 had an increased risk of AD (OR 1.7 95% CI 1.2–2.4; P = 0.004, Bonferroni corrected P = 0.048 with 12 tests). We estimated haplotypes of SNPs rs638944 and rs600491 between cases and controls and found overall distribution of haplotypes highly significant (P < 0.001). There was a common protective haplotype TC with frequency of 0.22 in cases and 0.30 in controls (P < 0.001) and a risk haplotype GC with frequency of 0.10 in cases and 0.05 in controls (P < 0.001). We also measured CSF Aβ42, tau and phosphorylated tau (ptau) levels in a subgroup of AD cases (n = 44) and controls (n = 10) and found that AD cases that carry rs718265 GG had lower levels of Aβ42 than other genotype carriers. Our findings indicate that DHCR24 gene may be associated with AD risk. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystallization behavior and crystal structure of poly(ethylene‐co‐trimethylene terephthalate)s
Authors: Chen Xudong , Yang Kun , Hou Gong , Chen Yujun , Dong Yeping , Liao Zhengfu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of random copolymers were synthesized by the bulk polycondensation of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol (EG) and propane‐1,3‐diol (PDO) in various compositions. Their composition and thermal properties were investigated. The copolymers with 57.7 mol % or more PDO or 14.4 mol % or less PDO were crystallizable, but those with 36–46.2 mol % PDO were amorphous. The nonisothermal crystallization behavior was investigated with varying cooling rates by DSC. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) homopolymers have relatively lower activation energy than their copolymers. PET‐rich copolymers (EG > 85.9%) exhibited PET crystal structure, and exhibited no PTT crystal structure; and PTT‐rich copolymers (PDO > 41.7%) exhibited PTT crystal structure, and exhibited no PET crystal structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Computation of M. L. estimates for the parameters of a negative binomial distribution from grouped data. A comparison of the scoring, Newton—Raphson and E‐M algorithms
Authors: Schader Martin , Schmid Friedrich 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComputation of M. L. estimates for the parameters of a negative binomial distribution from grouped data is considered. For this problem the Scoring, Newton—Raphson and E‐M algorithm is derived. Using simulated data the performance of the algorithms is compared with respect to convergence, number of iterations and computing time. Finally an empirical example drawn from actuarial science is given.
Group technology in production management: The short horizon planning level
Authors: Garcia Hervé , Proth Jean Marie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe consider a set of parts divided into subsets called part types, determined in such a way that the parts belonging to the same part type are manufactured using the same sequence of tasks (i.e. the same working process). We are looking for a partition of the set of part types into subsets called part families, and for a partition of the set of tasks into subsets called production subsystems defined as follows: (1) the number of part families and the number of production subsystems are equal, (2) one (one only one) production subsystem corresponds to each part family, (3) one (and only one) part family corresponds to each production subsystem, (4) the previous partitions minimize the number of tasks performed in a production subsystem different from that which corresponds to the part family containing the part involved. We give a fast algorithm which leads to a good solution depending on the initial set of part families. We also propose an algorithm to find a ‘good’ initial set of part families.
A mathematical model of pricing in a large system of cash bonds
Authors: Abikhalil F. , Dupont P. , Janssen J. , van Ossel P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to give a mathematical model to generalize the classical approach of compound interest and to overcome the time structure problem of the interest rates. We introduce a suitable stochastic process called the ‘gauge’ process such that its product with the value of any security is assumed to be a martingale in an appropriate probability space. The framework of this model gives a stochastic actualization formula for the pricing of general securities with options and includes Black and Schole's formula without using arbitrage arguments. Emphasis has been placed on numerical calculation.