bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turkish writers on trial
Authors: Can Hasan 
Published: October 2007

The outcome of the trial is uncertain, but it could mean putting Turkey's leading intellectuals behind bars for 15 years. The Writers Union of Turkey (WUT) was set up in 1974. Its members are among the best writers, poets, critics and journalists of the country. When the military junta took over on 12 September 1980 there was a blanket ban on the activities of all trade unions and professional associations (Index, 1/82, 6/83). Two years later, the president of WUT, the 68 year old satirist Aziz Nesin, and all the WUT executive members were charged with forming an ‘illegal organisation’ and ‘defaming the security forces’. The military authorities started proceedings on 4 January 1983. The trial still continues. All of them were sitting next to each other. It was like a hall of fame of contemporary Turkish literature. In the corner was the 68-year-old prominent satirist Aziz Nesin. Next to him some of Turkey's best-known writers, poets, critics, journalists, and columnists: Bekir Yildiz, Adnan Ozyalciner, Sukran Kurdakul, Demirtas Ceyhun, and others… This might have been a literary symposium or a seminar. But it was not. Aziz Nesin and his colleagues were attending the trial brought against their trade union. They were seated in the dock, and on the badges they were wearing was the word ‘defendant’. According to the military prosecutor, they had turned the Writers Union of Turkey (WUT) into an ‘illegal society’. He called for a ban on the organisation and prison sentences of eight to fifteen years for the accused.
‘Blacks treated more severely’: What does it mean to live under the Publications Act and the Internal Security Act? For Blacks it means that as well as being denied a vote, they also lose their voice whenever they find it
Authors: Marcus Gilbert 
Published: October 2007

A recent report on the way censorship operates in South Africa reveals that the Black community ‘is treated more severely than other groups in the realm of freedom of expression’. Compiled by Gilbert Marcus of the Centre for Applied Legal Studies at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, the 10,000-word report shows how the authorities use existing legislation (the Publications Act and the Internal Security Act) to stifle expression and conduct they disapprove of. ‘One is driven to the conclusion,’ writes Gilbert Marcus, ‘that both statutes are utilised as devices to preserve the status quo and to suppress opposition. Newspapers and other publications which serve the Black community are only allowed to operate within narrowly circumscribed limits. When opposition is pitched at the level that it may become effective, it is suppressed. The effective articulation of opposition is often branded as the irresponsible abuse of freedom of expression.’ The author warns that the real danger of suppressing free speech is to be found in the ‘possibility that other means of expression will be resorted to’. The stifling of peaceful channels of protest makes it much more likely that more violent means will be resorted to. The report was written in August 1984 and has been slightly abbreviated.
The trial of Yurii Shikhanovich: A Chronicle of Current Events, samizdat journal of the human rights movement in the USSR, suffered a severe blow in September when one of its editors was sentenced
Authors: Wishnevsky Julia 
Published: October 2007

A Chronicle of Current Events was initially produced in 1968 as a bi-monthly journal. In the spring of that year members of the Soviet Civil Rights Movement created the journal with the stated intention of publicising issues and events related to Soviet citizens' efforts to exercise fundamental human liberties. On the title page of every issue there appears the text of Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which calls for universal freedom of opinion and expression. The authors are guided by the principle that such universal guarantees of human rights (and similar guarantees in their domestic law) should be firmly adhered to in their own country and elsewhere. They feel that ‘it is essential that truthful information about violations of basic human rights in the Soviet Union should be available to all who are interested in it’. The Chronicles consist mostly of accounts of such violations. In an early issue it was stated that ‘the Chronicle does, and will do, its utmost to ensure that its strictly factual style is maintained to the greatest degree possible.…’ The Chronicle has consistently maintained a high standard of accuracy. As a regular practice the editors openly acknowledge when a piece of information has not been thoroughly verified. When mistakes in reporting occur, these mistakes are retrospectively drawn to the attention of readers. In February 1971, starting with number 16, Amnesty International began publishing English translations of the Chronicles as they appeared. It has now reached its 64th issue and is also available from Routledge Journals. In 1981 Dr Andrei Sakharov wrote: ‘I consider the Chronicles' thirteen years of publication a genuine miracle, and I consider it as well an expression of the spirit and moral strength of the human rights movement in the USSR. The authorities' hatred of the Chronicle, manifested in innumerable acts of persecution, only confirms that evaluation.’ The following report was prepared by Radio Liberty Research (RL 339/84).
Guards
Authors: Glowacki Janusz 
Published: October 2007

Born in 1938, Janusz Glowacki is a novelist; dramaturge, script-writer and essayist as well as being a playwright. He has a degree in philology from Warsaw University and has published five collections of short stories, two novels and also two volumes of essays. He has written the scripts of a number of films, among them one by Andrzej Wajda. Four of his plays have been staged in Poland and abroad. In December 1981 the Royal Court theatre in London put on his play Kopcíuch. The following is a fragment from the play Fortinbras Got Drunk; the title Guards was given to the extract by the editors of PULS (London), where it was first published. (See also box on p. 14.) Night. In this play the night is continuous. Everything should take place in semi-darkness, broken only by the glow of torches, or dim light, possibly moonlight. The audience should have the feeling that the events are taking place during a single night. Maybe it is really so; our knowledge about the duration of Norwegian nights, and especially of that night, is limited. On the stage stands a large tree covered in snow. At the back of the stage, which ought to be deep, there are the outlines of something like a huge ornamental tent. One can hear the wind blowing. Maybe snow is falling lightly. Long shrill screams are heard. Then the first Guard, till now unseen, slowly moves out from under the tree. He is about 20 years old, has a cuirass, sword, and is wrapped up in rags of some sort to keep out the cold. He shakes off the snow, moves about to keep warm, takes out a leather flask from under his rags and starts to struggle with its top which has got stuck. He tries every way he knows: his teeth, banging the bottom of the flask, hitting the bottle over his knee, against the tree, stamping his feet on the flask … Finally, when he has nearly given up, the top eases off. He raises the flask, trying to drink, but as he swallows the first sip, the piercing painful screams start again. He begins to choke, shudders and spits. In comes the second Guard, about 40 years old. On his shoulders he carries two swords, well wrapped in rags.
Five Playwrights
Authors: Hollyer Beatrice , Luther Carola 
Published: October 2007

‘In town the play is an education for the audience, not something that will make them want to take up an issue and challenge the system. You don't expect a white audience to have reflection that leads to action, but with the township audience you do’. Matsemala Manaka In a series of recent interviews, five leading playwrights describe their experiences and attitudes: Gibson Kente, Matsemela Manaka, Maishe Maponya, Barney Simon, Pieter-Dirk Uys.
A Tribute to Vladimír Holan
Authors: Seifert Jaroslav 
Published: October 2007

The poem which follows, ‘A Tribute to Vladimir Holan’, appeared as a samizdat book in Prague in 1980. It is an obituary tribute — Vladimir Holan died in 1980—and it is also a look back at twentieth century Czech cultural history, as personified by eight of Seifert's deceased friends. Each of these friends were poets who made a contribution to the treasure chest of European literature, yet most are unknown outside Czechoslovakia. (Czech is spoken by only ten million people, and an author writing in a minority language experiences a sort of censorship from the outset; for poetry is difficult to translate.) To introduce the eight poets, we reprint an article by Milan Kundera, the Czech novelist now living in France, which first appeared in Le Nouvel Observateur. Three of the six pages of the samizdat book are reproduced below and on page 6. The photographer, and the maker, of the samizdat book, was Ivan Kyncl. Over 50 of Ivan Kyncl's photos have appeared in Index since 1978, when he was still in Prague and was pseudonymously credited as ‘Ivan Bárta’. His story is also symptomatic of present day Czechoslovakia. He was 15 when the Warsaw Pact tanks rolled into Prague in 1968. His parents refused to regard this invasion as ‘fraternal international assistance’ and so he was debarred from entering university and instead trained as a commercial photographer. He became the unofficial photographer of Charter 77. Many of his documentary photos and films found their way to the West, but during a house search his entire archive of negatives was confiscated. Following an international outcry, part of the archive was returned — each and every negative destroyed by a chemical. Ivan Kyncl left the country in 1980 and now works as a freelance photographer in London. In the same year Vladimir Holan died. The Czech authorities allowed public recital by an actor of Seifert's tribute on one condition: instead of the line ‘In the wretched aviary that is Bohemia’ he had to say ‘In the wretched aviary that is the world’.
Deterring Dissent in Education
Authors: Lodhi Maleeha 
Published: October 2007

‘Real scholars have been silenced and pseudo-scholars and sycophants have been promoted. It seems that the forces of darkness and obscurantism have succeeded in arresting the processes of scientific research.’ Pakistan under General Zia-ul Haq has had a regime of Martial Law since July 1977. According to a 1984 report on a mission to Pakistan published by the Paris-based International Federation of Human Rights, a climate of insecurity and arbitrariness has existed in the country since that date. It is characterised by the facility with which the Martial Law authorities may arrest whomever they wish, whenever they wish, and hold them for indefinite periods, as often as they choose; the absence of any scope for appeal against such decisions; and the absence of judicial surveillance of any kind whatsoever. In the following three articles, Pakistani writers describe the effects which Martial Law and the Islamic Law (Sharia) have had on higher education, the press and cultural life. Maleeha Lodhi teaches Politics at the London School of Economics and also works as a journalist with South magazine. The writer on Pakistan's press is a senior journalist who wishes to remain anonymous. And Farhad is the pseudonym of a Pakistani writer and journalist. For other articles on Pakistan see John Melville Williams ‘The Press in Pakistan’ (Index 5/1978), Shahid Nadeem ‘Imprisoned In Pakistan’ (Index 5/1979), Feroz Ahmed ‘Pakistan Curbs the Press’ (Index 4/1980), and Behroze Gandhy ‘Jamil Dehlavi Interviewed (Index 4/1981); and, of course, the Index Index section generally.
The Rebellion and the Song
Authors: Ita Yolocamba 
Published: October 2007

An interview with a musical group from the other El Salvador — the people in armed revolt Yolocamba I'ta are a group of young musicians from the other El Salvador: that part of the people in armed revolt against the government of President José Napoleon Duarte, just as they have been against his predecessors. The forces of these FDR-FMLN guerrillas claim to have established control over one-third of El Salvadorean territory, where they have established ‘Guazapa’, ‘liberated zones’ in which they attempt to put into practice their ideas for a new society. Yolocamba's music, as they explain in this interview, carried out in December 1984, is dedicated to bringing the message of this struggle to audiences throughout the world.
Interview
Authors: Timofeev Lev 
Published: October 2007

The editor of the independent journal Referendum explains the role of his publication, and why the authorities are softer on him than they were. ‘On the one hand there are still several hundred political prisoners. On the other hand those of us who have been released are at present able to operate relatively freely.’ In February 1987 Lev Timofeev was prematurely released from camp as a result of a government decree, under which a large number of political prisoners were amnestied. Together with Sergei Grigoryants, another ex-political prisoner, he set up the unofficial bulletin Glasnost last summer. Grigoryants now edits Glasnost, while Timofeev has started his own journal, Referendum. He also leads the independent ‘Press Club Glasnost’, which organised an unofficial conference on human rights in December 1987. The Press Club is planning to set up a form of open university, using a number of highly-qualified ex-political prisoners as teachers. I interviewed Lev Timofeev in Moscow in January. As we talked in his study, a neat portable computer - which had come from abroad but quickly learned to speak fluent Russian - was printing out the fourth issue of Referendum. S.L.
The space of prose
Authors: Sinyavsky Andrei 
Published: October 2007

Let's hope for fulfilment of the prophecy that was written in cuneiform on a clay tablet in ancient Babylon: ‘The gods have grown angry at Babylon. The end of the world is approaching. Children have ceased to obey their parents. And everyone wants to write a book’. The following speech, slightly edited here, was given at the conference in Denmark in March 1988.
Who'd like to speak?: A literary debate in Siberia
Authors: Meilanov Vazif , Sumner S. J. 
Published: October 2007

Vazif Meilanov (b. 1938), a mathematician and author of the samizdat book In the Margins of Soviet Newspapers, was arrested in January 1980 for demonstrating in defence of the exiled physicist Andrei Sakharov. Meilanov was sentenced to 7 years in a ‘strict regime’ camp and 2 years in exile for ‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda'; a further conviction while he was in camp added an extra 6 months to his sentence. Glasnost and Sakharov's release notwithstanding, Meilanov is still serving his term of exile in the remote settlement of Namtsi in the Verkhnevilusky region of Yakutia, Siberia. It was there, in the local library, that he attended a bizarre public discussion on Children of the Arbat by Anatoly Rybakov (see preceding article: Glasnost bestseller), Meilanov's lively account of this discussion, published here in an abridged version, first appeared in Russian in the Paris newspaper Russkaya Mysl.
One year in Baku
Authors: Guseinov G.A. 
Published: October 2007

On the night of 19 January 1990, more than 100 people died and about 400 were injured when Soviet troops invaded Baku following riots and pogroms which had been taking place against the Armenian population of the city. However, even the Armenians have questioned the timing of the Kremlin's intervention days after the violence had taken place. The purpose, it has been suggested, was not to protect lives but to curb the growing power of the,Azerbaijani Popular Front. According to witnesses, soldiers fired indiscriminately. Some of those hurt were unarmed, innocent civilians. They included old people, women and children. Whether it was indeed an attempt to restore the power of the Communist Party, or harshly to reestablish order in a discontented region, what took place was an example of severe and largely gratuitous violence by Soviet troops. As thefollowing eyewitness report and photographs show, it was nothing short of a massacre.
Freedom from fear
Authors: Aung San Suit Kyi  
Published: October 2007

On 10 July 1991, Aung San Suit Kyi , Burma's leading politician and dissident, was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought by the European Parliament. On 10 December 1991, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. She was neither in Strasbourg nor in Oslo for the award ceremonies: for the last two years she has been under house arrest in Rangoon. What follows is one of a number of previously unpublished essays (included in a volume published by Penguin in December 1991, Freedom From Fear and other Writings) in honour of her father, Aung San, the architect of modern Burma, who was assassinated in 1947 when she was two years old.
Encounter with the devils
Authors: Toer Pramoedya Ananta 
Published: October 2007

More than three hundred years ago the nutmeg groves of Buru Island were burnt by the soldiers of the Dutch East Indies Trading Company. Fruit dissolved to ash; seeds, carried away by the wind, landed on barren earth. A savanna formed and the island's nutmeg trade was wiped out forever. Forced to leave their coastal settlements, the island's inhabitants were gradually absorbed in the embrace of the forest. They became hunters and gatherers; their only farming implement, a kind of spear used to poke holes in the soil. Arab traders who visited the island called these people 'Alfuru,' 'the people of the interior.' Over the course of three and a half centuries little changed on this island. It was a stagnant world of malaria, filariasis, tiling ringworm, parasites and tuberculosis, a continuum of intertribal warfare and intervillage disputes. And then there came a most historic time, August 1969, when Buru Island became a prison camp for more than 10 thousand political prisoners.
Retraction: Blockage of intracellular proton extrusion with proton pump inhibitor induces apoptosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Yeo Marie , Kim Dong‐Kyu , Park Hee Jin , Cho Sung Won , Cheong Jae Youn , Lee Kwang Jae 
Published: October 2007

The following article fromCancer Science, ‘Blockage of intracellular proton extrusion with proton pump inhibitor induces apoptosis in gastric cancer’ by Marie Yeo, Dong‐Kyu Kim, Hee Jin Park, Sung Won Cho, Jae Youn Cheong and Kwang Jae Lee (doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2007.00642.x), published online on 23 October 2007 on Blackwell Synergy (http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Takashi Tsuruo, and Blackwell Publishing. All authors wish to retract this paper because of the use of RGM‐1 without the prior permission of the original establisher.Proton pump inhibitors have been used for treatment of acid‐related gastroesophageal diseases and they act as potent inhibitors of gastric acid pump, H+/K+‐ATPase. Since cancer cellsin vivooften exist in an ischemic microenvironment with a lower pH, maintenance of cellular pH is important for cell survival. In this study, we evaluated whether blocking of proton extrusion with proton pump inhibitors could inhibit the viability of gastric cancer cells. Treatment of human gastric cancer cells with proton pump inhibitors significantly attenuated cell viability in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The pro‐apoptotic activity of proton pump inhibitors was mediated by release of cytochrome c and caspases activation. Gastric cancer cells showed the resistance to acidity of culture medium, which was related with a remarkable increase of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in the acidic condition. This ERK1/2 phosphorylation was completely inhibited by pretreatment with proton pump inhibitors, suggesting that its inhibitory action on phosphorylation of ERK1/2 might contribute to the induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, our results suggest novel therapeutic approaches for gastric cancer with proton pump inhibitors. (Cancer Sci2008; 99: 185–185)
The prevalence of postoperative pain and flare‐up in single‐ and multiple‐visit endodontic treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Sathorn C. , Parashos P. , Messer H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim  The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence regarding postoperative pain and flare‐up of single‐ or multiple‐visit root canal treatment.Methodology  CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Reference lists from identified articles were scanned. A forward search was undertaken on the authors of the identified articles. Papers that had cited these articles were also identified through Science Citation Index to identify potentially relevant subsequent primary research.Review methods  The included clinical studies compared the prevalence/severity of postoperative pain or flare‐up in single‐ and multiple‐visit root canal treatment. Data in those studies were extracted independently.Results  Sixteen studies fitted the inclusion criteria in the review, with sample size varying from 60 to 1012 cases. The prevalence of postoperative pain ranged from 3% to 58%. The heterogeneity amongst included studies was far too great to conduct meta‐analysis and yield meaningful results.Conclusion  Compelling evidence indicating a significantly different prevalence of postoperative pain/flare‐up of either single‐ or multiple‐visit root canal treatment is lacking.
Species richness in Madeiran land snails, and its causes
Authors: Cook Laurence M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim To unravel the reasons why a group of islands of 800 km2area should support over 200 extant land snail species.Location The temperate Atlantic Madeiran archipelago.Methods Distributional surveys and model testing.Results Repeated volcanic events have changed the topography of the islands and created periodic further isolates. There has been climatic fluctuation and varying sea level. Individual locations are not species‐rich, but there is replacement from one subregion to another. Evidence of competitive interactions is lacking.Main conclusions High diversity results from the fortuitous coincidence of rates of geological and climatic change and isolation on the one hand, and migration and genetic divergence on the other. Hubbell’s neutral model of biodiversity explains species richness if a factor is added describing structural instability or periodicity, here called the geodetic rate. This geodetic, biological interaction can explain why some archipelagos are species‐rich.