bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The in Titro Formation of Carbon Monoxide in Blood.
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Earlier observations of an endogenous formation of carbon monoxide in man have been analysed with reference to the possibility that the carbon monoxide is formed in the blood by the breakdown of haemoglobin. The following results were obtained. The COHb concentration of blood calculated from determinations of the CO pressure in alveolar air, agrees with the COHb concentration determined directly from blood. The partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the alveolar air is, however, considerably greater than that of ordinary atmospheric air, which means that carbon monoxide is constantly exhaled during respiration.If blood is incubated at 38o C for 20–24 hours, an increase of 40–165 % can be shown in the COHb concentration, this increase being particularly pronounced after haemolysis. This apparent formation of carbon monoxide in blood is considerably increased at acid or alkaline pH's or by addition of sodium azide.If the blood is shaken with carbon monoxide before incubation at 38o C, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration after 20 hours is decreased. If sodium azide is added to samples containing 5–30 % COHb. before incubation, the concentration is however increased, and at higher COHb‐concentrations there is a decrease, less than that observed without azide.The formation of carbon monoxide was found to parallel the spontaneous formation of methaemoglobin on alteration of the pH or addition of sodium azide.Addition of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide greatly increases the CO formation. The amount of CO produced corresponds to a conversion of up to 15 per cent of the haemoglobin to COHb, calculated from the original haemoglobin concentrations.The formation of CO seems to be parallel to the breakdown of haemoglobin to choleglobin (verdoglobin). This observation can be explained by the assumption that the opening of the tetra‐pyrrole ring occurs with the liberation of the a‐C‐atom after oxidation to CO.It was possible to demonstrate in one subject that the amounts of CO produced and haemoglobin decomposed bear a quantitative relation of approximately 1 molecule CO: 1 haemin group.
The Influence of Electrolytes on the Rate of Tiscosity Drop in ATP‐Actomyosin Mixtures.
Authors: BáRáNY ERNST H. , EDMAN K. A. PAUL , PALIS ASTA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The rate of viscosity drop in a mixture of actomyosin and ATP has been studied by means of an electronic recording vis‐cosimeter. The rate is the same in phosphate as in veronal‐acetate buffer; is almost constant in the pH interval 6.5–7.8 and is not markedly influenced by substitution of nitrate ions for up to about 50 per cent of the chloride ions of the solution. The rate is proportional to the ATP‐concentration in the interval 0.5–2 10‐4 M. In a solution of washed actomyosin the rate is much slower than with unwashed actomyosin and is increased by magnesium ions up to 0.03 M. When acting in the absence of magnesium, calcium inhibits in low and augments in higher concentrations. In the presence of magnesium, calcium only inhibits in higher concentration.
The Analgcsic and Antipyretic Action of the Combination of Acetophenetidin and Barbital.
Authors: BOREUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The analgesic and antipyretic effect of acetophenetidin and its combinations with barbital, carbromal and 1‐bensyl‐5‐allyl‐5‐isopropyl‐barbituric acid were studied for three dose levels.A new modification of the Ercoli‐Lewis technique for determination of the analgesic effect was elaborated.At the dose levels examined, the hypnotics tested exerted an antagonistic influence on the analgesic effect of acetophenetidin.Barbital had an antagonistic effect on the antipyretic action of acetophenetidin. Carbromal had this property only in the lowest dose.1‐bensyl‐5‐allyl‐5‐isopropyl‐barbituric acid produced an antagonism at the lowest dose level and a synergism at the higher ones.
Gluconeogenesis from Oleic Acid: In the Perfused Cat's Liver.
Authors: BARFOD. BENT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cats livers were perfused with the addition of an emulsion of glycerol trioleate to the perfusion blood. Before the fat addition, during the perfusion, and at the end of the experiment samples of the blood and the liver were taken for determination of glucose, glycogen, lactic acid, fat, ketone bodies, and urea. A “balance calculation” was drawn up, in which the amount of the various metabolic products in the perfusion system was calculated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and it was deduced that in four of seven experiments there was a formation of carbohydrate which exceeded the maximum amount which could be formed from the metabolized protein and the glycerol part of the fat. At the same time there was a decrease of the fatty acids.In the control experiments made with the same technique but without addition of fat only a moderate production of carbohydrate was seen. This formation could be completely accounted for by the protein metabolism during these experiments.It is suggested that oleic acid was the source of carbohydrate found in the experiments with added fat.
Colonic Motility in the Cat IV. Peripheral Pathways Mediating the Effects Induced by Hypothalamic and Mesencephalic Stimulation
Authors: Rostad Hans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRostad, H. Colonic motility in the cat. IV. Peripheral pathways mediating the effects induced by hypothalamic and mesencephalic stimulation. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 154–168.The peripheral pathways by which the hypothalamus and mesencephalon influence the motility of the colon have been studied by combining brain stimulation and peripheral nerve sectioning, and by use of autonomic blocking agents. Excitatory colonic effects induced from the hypothalamic sympatho‐inhibitory area with concomitant blood pressure falls were found to be mediated through the sympathetic lumbar colonic nerves, whereas excitatory responses with associated blood pressure rises were conveyed through the latter as well as through the parasympathetic pelvic nerves. On the other hand, the augmentatory colonic effects usually associated with blood pressure rise evoked from the mesencephalon were conveyed through the lumbar colonic nerves only. The responses through the lumbar colonic and pelvic nerves were blocked by guanethidine and atropine, respectively. The augmentatory colonic responses from the hypothalamic sympatho‐inhibitory area were blocked by the beta‐adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, whereas the effects from the other responsive hypothalamic areas, transmitted through the lumbar colonic nerves, were blocked by alpha‐blocker (phenoxybenzaminc), but not by propranolol. This finding support the presence of alpha‐excitatory receptors in the colonic wall. Inhibition of colonic motility induced by hypothalamic and mesencephalic stimulation, weir found to be mediated through the lumbar colonic as well as through the splanchnic nerves. The effects were blocked by guanethidine, and those from the responsive hypothalamic zones were also blocked by propranolol.
An Autoradiographic Study on the Uptake of Se75‐Labelled Sodium Selenate by Different Organs of the Adult Rat.
Authors: BOSTRÖM HARRY , JORPES ERIK , ODEBLAD. ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The uptake of radioselenium after injection of Se75‐labelled sodium selenate in some tissues known to contain sulpho‐muco‐Polysaccharides was studied by means of autoradiography. When the results obtained were compared to what is known about the distribution of S35 after administration of labelled sodium sulphate, it was found that the selenate ion behaves in a quite dif‐ferent way than the sulphate ion.This investigation has been aided by grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Therese and Johan gndersson Foundation and the Vitrum Company, Stockholm.
The Combiriation of Barbiturates with an Emetic as a Method for the Prevention of Suicide.
Authors: SANDBERG. FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The combined administration of barbiturates and an emetic was investigated in cats as a possible method of preventing suicide by overdosage of sedatives.The locally acting zinc sulphate was used as an emetic together with phenobarbital and three barbiturate mixtures containing two components, one with a short induction time and duration of action, the other with intermediate ones.In sedative as well as in lethal doses, the barbiturates examined exerted an inhibitory effect on the vomiting produced by zinc sulphate.When emesis occurred, gastric emptying was not complete and there was no definite influence on the fatal effect of barbiturates. It was found in 40 per cent of the animals which died that the vomitus was aspirated into the bronchi with resulting signs of pneumonia.I am indebted to Pharmacia Ltd., Uppsala, for financial support of the investigation.
The Deployment of Sensory Nerve Endings at the Knee Joint of the Cat.
Authors: ANDREW B. L. , DODT. E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Nerve impulses in the medial articular nerve to the knee joint of the cat have been studied. The responses of sensory nerve endings located in the knee to position and movement of the tibia are described. The endings are slowly adapting and seem to be arranged sothat each has an arc of maximum sensitivity covering a few degrees of angular movement but these ranges are different for individual endings. The significance of this is discussed.The medial femoro‐tibial and the patellar ligaments were found to be equipped with endings which signalled tension. The responses of these endings to steady tensions were measured.An increased intracapsular pressure was produced by injecting fluid into the synovial cavity. Simultaneous recordings of pressure and impulse traffic show that a raised pressure was a potent stimulus to slowly adapting endings in the capsule.The articular surfaces and the synovial membrane were found insensitive to moderate mechanical and thermal stimulation.
On the Influence of Beer and a Purine Derivative on the Renal Clearance of Crentinine, Inulin and Pnrn‐Amino‐Hippuric Acid (PAH)
Authors: EK JAN , JOSEPHSON. BERTIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Neither the drinking of 666 ml beer, water or 2.7 per cent alcohol nor the continuous injections of 17.5 mg per min. of theophyl‐line‐1‐aminopropanol (“oxyphylline”) had any measurable influence on the renal plasma flow in man as examined with the PAH clearance.During beer‐ and “oxyphylline” diuresis the inulin clearance was significantly increased in comparison to the clearance during water diuresis or after drinking of the corresponding amount of 2.7 per cent alcohol.Beer and “oxyphylline” were without measurable effect on the “endogenous” creatinine clearance.
Insulin and Glucose Uptake by the Liver
Authors: LUNDSGAARD E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The rate of glucose uptake by the tissues after a large insulin dose has heen determined in normal, hepatectoniized and eviscerated cats. No difference in the rate of uptake, or in the dependence of the rate of uptake on the glucose concentration, was found among the three groups of experiments.Apparently in the cat the liver takes no part in the glucose uptake by the tissues under the influence of insulin.The inahility to induce a net glucose uptake in the isolated cat liver by means of insulin is consequently scarcely due to an impairment of the liver caused by the perfusion technique.
The Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Tween 20 (Polyoxyalkylene Sorbitan Laurate) on the Surface Tension of Plasma
Authors: ORMA ESKO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The action of viirious concentrations of the non‐ionic surface active agent. Tween 20. on the surface tension of plasma was studied. It was observed that plasma contains a factor tending to suppress the action of the Surface active agents on the surface tension. The possible causes of the phenomenon are discussed.
On the Vibrational Sensitivity in Different Regions of the Body Surface
Authors: WILSKA ALVAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Vibratory thresholds in different parts of the body were determined with an electro‐dynamic apparatus. The lowest threshold amplitudes were found within the frequency range 200—450 Hz. In the finger‐tips these may be as small as 0.02 μp. Hands and the soles of the feet are most sensitive, whereas the vibratory thres‐hold values are highest in the abdominal and the gluteal regions.
A Method for Determination in Vivo of the Rate of Ciliary Best and Mucous Flow in the Trachea
Authors: DALHAMN TORE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A method is described by which simultaneous determination can be made of the rate of ciliary beat and that of the tracheal flow of mucus in small living mammals (rats and guinea pigs). The body temperature and the temperature and humidity of the environmental air can be varied. All influence of foreign substances such as saline solutions is avoided. The various phases of a single ciliary cycle are registered with a special camera. The method also permits study of the acute and chronic effects on the mucosa of different substances. Some experiments with SO2 are briefly reported.
A Study on the Relation between the Duration of a Shock Wave and the Severity of the Blast Injury Produced by It.
Authors: CELANDER HJÖRDIS , CLEMENDSON CARL‐JOHAN , ERICSSON ULF A. , HULTMAN HOLTER ESON 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The injurious effect of shock waves of various durations was studied on mice exposed to shock waves in a compressed air operated shock tube.It was found that the longer the duration of the shock wave the more severe was the injury inflicted. The influence of the duration is most pronounced in cases where an only moderate maximum pressure per se would cause only a moderate injury. Of the two factors, the maximum pressure and the duration, the first one is the most important as far as injurious effect is concerned.
Observations on the Water and Electrolyte Metabolism in the Goat.
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A study was made of some features of the water and electrolyte metabolism of the goat.

Plasma Na+ concentration was normally found within the range of 145–151 m Eq/l, plasma K+ within 4–5 m Eq/l. Larger variations were found in the plasma C1– concentration.
Water up to 20% of their body weight was administered in a single dose on various occasions into the rumen of the goats without causing any signs of water intoxication.
The urinary excretion of such big doses of water took more than 13 hours, and the water diuresis remained during the first 6 hours at a fairly constant level.
5–10 milliunits of “Pituitrin” was not found to have any obvious natriuretic or chlormetic effect on these animals.
During mild emotional stress the animals often developed a marked polyuria simultaneous with characteristic changes in their extra cellular electrolyte pattern. This phenomenon was most frequently observed in goats on a low dietary intake of NaCl.
The intravenous injection of adrenaline (0.5 mg) and that of ephedrine (5 cg) caused a marked polyuria. A big rise in the urinary excretion of Na+ and C1– and an increase of inulin clearance were observed during this polyuria.
The urinary excretion of C1– and especially that of Na+ was extremely low in animals which had been fed for more than three months without access to extra NaC1. Thus Uk/UNa ratios of up to 300 were found in these animals.
The rate of urinary excretion of K+ was high and remained fairly constant during the experiments, but, as a consequence of variations in the rate of urine flow, variations of Uk/Pk ratios between 2 and 70 were observed. When potassium/inulin clearance ratios were measured these were within the range of 0.5–0.7.
Influence of Yisual Cortex on Light Impulses in the Brain Stem of the Unanesthetized Cat
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H. , HUNTER JOHN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Stereotaxic explorations have been carried out in the brain stem of unanesthetized cats of the topography and latencies of responses to optic stimulation. In one series intact preparations have been used and in a second group animals with chronic bilateral ablation of the visual cortex.2. In both the intact and the ablated preparations, visual inipulses were found to have a wide‐spread distribution in the brain stem, a fact which, in principle, confirms the observations of others by the fact that afferent responses in “unspecific” regions are not unconditionally dependent upon the cortical projection area of the modality tested.3. In the ablated preparations it was possible to trace a central diencephalic pathway for light responses which coincides topographically with the thalamic reticular system as well as with recently demonstrated fiber systems in intralaminar parts of the thalamus. The latencies of responses along this pathway which was followed to the gyrus cinguli indicated a slow contluction velocity. This pathway could not be distinguished in the intact preparations.4. The latencies of the visuil brain stem responses in the intact preparatious were generally shorter than those in the ablated series. This observation has been interpreted as an effect of corticofugal influences from the visual cortex upon the brain stem.5. The results suggest that the visual cortex (in the cat) is capable of controlling events elicited by visual stimulation in other (phylogenetically older) parts of specific visual structures as well as in unspecific visual pathways of the brain stem.
Effeet of Irradiation with X‐Rays on the Catabolism of Ethylalcohol in the Mouse
Authors: HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The rate of oxidation of ethylalcohol by control mice and such exposed to a dose of 1,500 r of roentgen rays was compared by administering with alcohol‐l‐C14 labelled ethanol and collecting the C14O2 exhaled. No significant difference was found in the amount of C11O2 exhaled by the controls and the irradiated animals.
The Fluorescence of ‘the Serum in Rats with Alloxan Diabetes and Cataract. I. Intensity Determinations
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The theory has been presented that fluorescing compounds are deposited in the lens at the formation of an experimental diabetic cataract. The increase of the lens fluorescence was previously stated. A marked and significant increase of the serum fluorescence has been recorded in rats with alloxan diabetes, complicated by cataracts. No change of the fluorescence intensity could be observed in other experimental groups comprising diabetes with clear lenses and alloxan treatment, not giving rise to diabetes. Special regard was paid to hemolysis, different emptied blood deph, pH and absorption in different spectral regions of the serum samples. but the influence of these factors did not constitute any appreciable source of error.
On the Excretion of Bile Acid Derivatives in Feces of‘ Rats fed Cholic Acid‐24‐14C and Chenodesoxycholic Acid‐24‐14C.: Bile Acids nnd Steroids 19.
Authors: LINDSTEDT SVEN , NORMAN ARNE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cholic acid‐24‐14C and chenodesoxycholic acid‐24‐14C were given intraperitoneally to rats and the excretory products in the feces were studied:1. The given amount is practically completely recovered in feces within 10 days.2. The acidic products in the feces have been separated by partition chromatography. Only minor amounts were found in the conjugated form. The complicated patterns indicate extensive changes on the bile acid molecule by microbial enzyme systems.3. The different bands observed on the chromatograms of fecal material after administering labelled cholic and chenodesoxy‐cholic acid together show the same bands that are observed after administration of ring labelled cholesterol.
Propagation Velocity in Electrically Activated Muscle Fibres in Man
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , GULD CHRISTIAN , ROSENFALCK POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The arrival time of muscle action potentials evoked by direct local stimulation was determined in 3 to 5 points of the brachial biceps.The stimulus artifact was reduced by stimulating with a bipolar electrode via a doubly screened transformer with the screen around the secondary coil connected to the muscle.It was ascertained that potentials from the same few fibres were picked up at the different electrodes as indicated by an identical threshold for the steep potentials of short duration.The propagation velocity was constant over 10–11 cm muscle length investigated and, therefore, the muscle fibres must pass uninterrupted over this distance.In ten subjects the propagation velocity varied between 3.3 and 5.2 m/sec. and averaged 4.02 ± 0.13 m/sec. (36.5°C.). In different regions of the same muscle it varied up to 15 per cent. There was no significant difference in the velocity over muscles from subjects of different age (3–74) years). The small variation in propagation velocity in spite of large differences in fibre circumference (2.5–3) times, 19 biopsies) suggest the presence of a mechanism which synchronizes the propagation of the impulses from a small group of simultaneously activated fibres.Differences in propagation velocity of the order of magnitude found with electrical stimulation can only account for a minor part of the variation in muscle action potential duration obtained with random leads at voluntary effort.
The Influence of the Adrenal Cortex on the Citric Acid Concentration of the Guinea Pig's Blood Serum
Authors: AGRELL INGA.‐GKETA , LINDELL S.‐E. , WESTLING H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. In guinea pigs adrenalectomy was followed by a significant increase in the citric acid content of blood serum, determined with Thunberg's enzymatic methylene blue method.2. This increase could be prevented by cortisone or DCA.3. After sham operations subnormal serum citrate values were found.
The Mode of Neuromuscular Block Caused by Acetylcholine, Nicotine, Decamethonium and Suecinylcholine1
Authors: THESLEFF STEPHEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The neuromuscular block produced in frog muscle by acetylcholine, nicotine, decamethonium and succinylcholine has been investigated with extracellular and intracellular recording electrodes.The agents investigated are found to act on the neuromuscular junction in a qualitatively similar way.They cause a brief depolarization of the end‐plate regions, which nevertheless subsides spontaneously without removal of the agents, and restoration of the membrane potential to about its normal value takes place.A neuromuscular block develops during the phase of depolarization and persists despite repolarization of the muscle membrane.The period of depolarization is not accompanied by a maximum of neuromuscular block, and a complete neuromuscular block does not develop until the membrane potential of the end‐plate regions is restored to about its normal value.During the block of neuromuscular transmission, the end‐plate regions of the muscle are insensitive to the depolarizing effect of the transmitter substance.It is concluded that the neuromuscular block caused by acetyl‐choline, nicotine, decamethonium and succinylcholine is not due to a persistent depolarization of the end‐plate regions or of adjacent muscle membrane, but to a decrease in sensitivity of the end‐plate to the transmitter substance.The effects of the agents on the time‐course of the end‐plate potential and on the electrical threshold of the muscle membrane have been investigated.The results and their implications are discussed with reference to existing theories on the mode of neuromuscular block caused by the agents investigated.
A Combination of Rhodanese and Ethanethio‐sulfonate as an Antidote in Experimental Cyanide Poisoning.
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , HULTMAN HOLTER I:SON , SORBO BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The LD50 for rapidly intravenously injected HCN was increased about 15 to 20 times by a previous intravenous injection of rhodanese and ethanethiosulfonate. The therapeutic effect in cyanide poisoning of this combination was also demonstrated.