bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLASTIC PRINCIPLES IN COMMON SURGICAL PROCEDURES.1
Authors: Rank B. K. 
Published: January 2008

Summary of Indications for the Grafting of Wounds with Skin LossWe can summarize then how the main indications arise for primary skin grafting of wounds with skin. loss.l. The traumatic wounds which, by their nature or by surgical débridement, can be rendered clean surgical wounds. These would include: (a) Certain wounds from mechanical trauma, mostly industrial or transport accidents (Figures IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and IIID). (b) Certain burns suited to primary excision–that is, localized burns of third degree, typically electrical or chemical burns which can be well excised early (Figures IVA, IVB, IVC, IVD, IVE).2. The surgical wounds with skin loss, made at diverse operations. These operations would include: (a) Excisions of skin lesions, mostly neoplasms, innocent or malignant. (b) Operations in which skin excisions are necessary in relation to deeper lesions. For example: (i) in fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture when there is extensive skin involvement, (ii) in radical operations for carcinoma of the breast with skin involvement, (iii) excision of certain pilonidal cyst lesions, (c) Excision of “chronic” unhealed wounds or unstable wounds in which secondary intention healing may have failed by the increasing ischaemia of local fibrosis, (d) Adjuncts to various other plastic procedures, as we shall see later, in relation to the donor areas of certain flaps or whole skin grafts.
TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE URETHRA AND BLADDER
Authors: Barry Hugh C. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTraumatic rupture of the lower portion of the urinary tract has been discussed under three groups: the anterior or extrapelvic section of the urethra, the posterior or intrapelvic section of the urethra, the urinary bladder.The essential points in diagnosis and a simple method of emergency treatment have been described for each group,The importance of immediate suprapubic drainage, the pitfalls of an indwelling catheter, and the need for early restoration of the soft parts in intrapelvic rupture have been stressed.Personal cases illustrating each type are reported.
CYST OF AN EPIPLOICAL APPENDAGE OF THE PELVIC COLON
Authors: Rose Thomas F. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe history of a patient with a multiloculated cyst in an epiploical appendage of the pelvic colon is presented. Its macroscopic pathology is described.The aetiology of the condition is quite unknown and the case is presented for its interest and its rarity.
PENICILLIN TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN RABBITS1
Authors: NAGLER F. P. O. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryExperimental osteomyelitis resembling that in human beings can be produced in nearly 100% of rabbits by infection with a suitable strain of Staphylococcus aureus according to the method of Scheman, Janot and Lewin.Penicillin given in the form of a suspension in peanut oil and beeswax has a beneficial effect on acute osteomyelitis in rabbits when given within forty‐eight hours after the infection, but fails to prevent extension of the disease in all cases.Treatment with penicillin delayed for six days had no significant effect on experimental acute osteomyelitis in rabbits.
CARCINOMA OF OESOPHAGUS AND CARDIAC END OF STOMACH
Authors: Doyle Leo 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe patient with a carcinoma of the oesophagus or the cardiac end of the stomach presents no longer the hopeless problem that he had previously. It may be said that this paper presents no argument to prove this, as of the six patients whose histories are presented, but one is still living. This one, however, presented the most difficult operative problem. The other case of oesophageal carcinoma was probably a hopeless surgical problem from the beginning. The patient, however, elected to take his chances. The experience gained from these two cases would lead me to advise any patient with such a lesion to submit to radical operation. The statement made that oesophageal carcinoma is inoperable before it presents symptoms is not the experience met with in these two cases, as these lesions were readily resectable. However, I believe that all cases of oesophageal obstruction occurring in patients of the cancer age should be diagnosed by active means at the earliest moment and if a positive diagnosis cannot be made immediately, the patient should be subjected to an exploratory thoracotomy. Should a carcinoma be found, it can be resected immediately.Carcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach will always present a difficult problem, as its situation, with consequent lack of mechanical interference with alimentary function, will be responsible for an advanced state of growth before the production of symptoms. Again, unless the radiologist has the possibility of the lesion in mind and looks for it, he may quite easily overlook it. However, when once the diagnosis is made, an exploration is justified, as the lesion may be removable.The mortality, immediate and late, is high. It will be high, as the mortality of any new procedure designed to help very sick people is always high until, with increasing experience, surgeons make fewer mistakes. This is no justification, however, for failing to make the attempt. Without operation the disease is fatal and we now have a way out. The way is hard, but it is possible and should be undertaken.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SURGICAL PATHOLOGY OF THE TESTIS1
Authors: Wyndham Norman 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. An outline of our present knowledge of testicular descent is given, showing the relationship of the gonad to the caudal end of the intermediate cell mass and its early position near the groin. ISTo explanation of the mechanics of descent is attempted. The description is based on work a summary of which has already been published (1943).2. Some of the salient features of cryptorchidism are outlined–its comparative anatomy, its resultant structural and functional changes. The predisposition of such testes to malignant change is assessed. The incidence and spontaneous rectification of the abnormality lead to a consideration of the necessity of treatment.3. Changes in hormone production consequent upon various testicular conditions are discussed. Gonadotropic hormone of the pituitary is necessary for testicular development. Abnormally high amounts of androgen are elaborated by interstitial cell tumours. Seminomata produce no hormone, but teratomata produce a luteinizing hormone. In both the last mentioned the pituitary gland produces an increased amount of follicularizing hormone. The relationship of urinary hormone assays to diagnosis and prognosis is outlined.4. Some features of testicular tumours are mentioned–the age periods, the ease with which such tumours are overlooked, some distinguishing characteristics of seminomata and teratomata, and the difficulties associated with adenocarcinomata.
ADVANCED CARDIOPASM: THREE CASES IN WHICH OPERATION BY THE THORACIC ROUTE WAS PERFORMED
Authors: Robb Douglas , Nicks Rowan 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Three further patients with advanced cardiospasm have been operated on, making five in Auckland in the past seventeen years, the only ones known to the writers.Though the abdominal route has proved quite adequate, the thoracic is now favoured, on account of the excellent access and the greater facility and accuracy possible in suturing the new opening.Pre‐operative preparation of the gullet by lavage and emptying is facilitated by the use of the rocking stretcher.Post‐operative management has been simplified by abandoning the use of inlying tubes in the gullet. Ordinary post‐thoracotomy management must be carefully applied.
CARCINOMA ARISING IN A DIVERTICULUM OF THE URINARY BLADDER
Authors: Howarth V. S. 
Published: January 2008

An example of carcinoma arising in a diverticulum of the bladder is recorded.
The condition is rare and its incidenceis variously estimated as occurring in 1.6 per cent. to 2.3 per cent of all bladder diverticula.
Diagnosis is difficult and the haematuria which commonly occurs is usually attributed to associated prostatism or to concomitant infections.
Visual inspection of the interior of the diverticulum at operation did not, in the case reported, disclose the presence of the neoplasm.
THE OPERATION FOR UNDESCENDED TESTES IN THE SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL POUCH
Authors: Craic C. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn describing the operation for ectopic special attention has been drawn to the special attention has been drawn to the properly following points:1 The serous sac that surrounds the testis should be preserved as a vaginal sheath.2 The anatomy of the cord need not be disturbed except to dissect out the hernial sac or attached peritoneum.3 The statement that a hernial sac is always present is denied and the relationship of the peritoneum to the internal ring in the absence of a sac is described. All that is necessary to cure the hernia is removal of the sac. Plastic procedures are unnecessary.4 The method of separating the testicular vessels and the vas far into the pelvis is described.5 The method of keeping the testis in the scrotum without performing Torek's manoeuvre is described.6 The results in 10 cases are given.
MEGALOCORNEA AND ITS SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Hamilton J. Bruce 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Megalocornea is undoubtedly a definite clinical entity, but like buphthalmos is subject to raised intra‐ocular tension.
Only 25 per cent. of cases of megalocornea are so involved, whereas in 100 per cent. of buphthalmos the intra‐ocular tension is raised.
This increase in intra‐ocular tension is a very important complication and must be watched for in megalocornea in adult life.
In one case it occurred at the age of 30 years, but in the oldest case it did not appear until about 60 years of age.
This complication appears 3 times as com‐ monly in females as in males.
Senile cataract is a further complication and the extraction of this type of cataract appears to be followed frequently by spontaneous retinal detachment.
PANCREATIC TISSUE IN THE WALL OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Ogilvy I. H. 
Published: January 2008

1. A case of pancreatic tissue in the wall of the small intestine, complicated by intestinal obstruction, and 4 additional cases discovered during routine post‐mortem examination are reported.2. Observations made on these cases support the hypothesis that the pancreatic tissue arises from the overlying intestinal epithelium.3. The condition is more common than the number of cases reported in the literature would suggest.4. Complications are uncommon, but it is important to recognise the nature of the tissue when it is found at operation, and the appearance is such that this is pos‐ sible in the majority of cases.5. The management of the condition is briefly discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE THORACO‐LUMBAR SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM.
Authors: Bradley K. C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A description has been given of some anatomical variations in the lower thoracic and lumbar sympathetic chains.
The ganglia have been analysed according to their segmental origin.
Some of the relationships of the sympathetic chain and splanchnic nerves to the crura of the diaphragm have been described.
Mention has been made of some facts of importance in performing sympathectomy.
THE ADENOLYMPHOMATA.
Authors: Heinz Ian 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Twelve adenolymphomata are described and also what appears to be the first reported case of this tumour in the false vocal cord.
Some theories of origin are discussed and it is stressed that the problem of their genesis belongs to a group of neoplasms.
The tumour from the larynx serves to pin point the issue as it tends to focus one's mind in considering the plasticity of tissues.
Excision is eminently satisfactory as recurrence is rare and radiotherapy seems to play no part in the treatment.
FIVE UNUSUAL THORACIC CASES*
Authors: MacMahon John S. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Some interesting cases met with in the surgery of the chest are reported which in‐clude:‐1.Torulosis of the lung.2.Massive pulmonary haemorrhage treated by pneumonectomy.3.Posterior mediastinal goitre.4.Pulmonary adenomatosis.A short description has been given of the above clinical conditions. The difficulties of diagnosis and technical problems encoun‐tered at operation have been described.
FACIAL NEURALGIAS
Authors: Money R. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The facial neuralgias form a group of symptom ‐ complexes, characterised by pains of various types in one or both sides of the face.
The commonest variety is true trigeminal neuralgia or tic doloureux, and it has certain definite characteristics which distinguish it and without which the diag‐ nosis should be reviewed.
Eight other varieties of facial neuralgia are classified and described. Some of theses have a definite cause and are as‐ sociated with tumours or aneurysms
The treatment of these various conditions is discussed on the following 1ines:(a) Analgesics.(b) Anti‐neuritic vitamins.(c) Injections of alcohol into the branches of the 5th nerve, its roots or the Gasserian ganglion.(d) Resection of the sensory root of the 5th nerve.(e) Attack upon the sympathetic nerves or blood vessels supplying the af‐fected area.(f) Removal or correction of the cause, when known.(g) Prefrontal leucotomy for intractable pain.
Migraine and neuralgias of nasal and ocular origin are omitted.
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA: AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS FOUND IN 185 CASES
Authors: Lawley Margery 
Published: January 2008

SummaryForty‐eight per cent. of 185 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma seen over an eight‐year period exhibited evidence of cranial nerve damage. The abducens nerve and trigeminal nerve were the most frequently involved. The lesions fell into two main groups: (a) where one or more of the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth nerves were involved, and (b)where there was a lesion of one or more of the last four cranial nerves and of the cervical sympathetic chain.The early onset of cranial nerve lesions and the consequent need for speedy diagnosis is emphasized.
PORTAL HYPERTENSION A CONSEQUENCE OF BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
Authors: Hodge David 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTwo cases are described in which haemorrhage occurred from oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension on the basis of biliary cirrhosis. In each instance the cirrhosis was of the secondary type, being due to surgical damage to the common bile duct, and residual calculi in the extra‐hepatic bile ducts respectively. Brief references are made to the experiences of other authors who have dealt with the same subject within recent years, and an explanation is ventured for the more common occurrence of portal hypertension in portal than in biliary cirrhosis.
TUMOURS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: Eddey Howard H. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The diagnosis and treatment of tumours of the salivary glands has been discussed, the conclusions being based on personal experience of 49 cases.
Adequate surgery is necessary to prevent recurrence of mixed salivary tumours. Radical surgery, usually without lymph node dissection, is necessary for carcinoma, but the outlook for cure is poor.
CORTICOID REPLACEMENT AFTER ADRENALECTOMY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF FLUOROHYDROCORTISONE
Authors: Woodruff M. F. A. , Llaurado J. G. , Pearse V. T. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryNeither cortisone nor 9α‐fluorohydrocorti‐sone acetate alone provides adequate steroid replacement in adrenalectomised patients: cortisone because its mineralocorticoid action is insufficient in comparison with its glucocorticoid action, and 9α‐fluorohydrocortisone acetate because the converse is true. By using both these steroids a proper balance can be achieved. One patient, who has been studied in detail for a year following bilateral adrenalectomy, is being satisfactorily maintained with 0.1 mg. 9α‐fluorohydrocortisone acetate and 20 mg. cortisone twice daily by mouth.
CIRSOID ANEURYSM OF THE PELVIS A CASE REPORT WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: MCDONALD IAN A. , MCLEISH G. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The eighth recorded case of cirsoid aneurysm involving the uterus is reported.
Laparotomy was performed twenty‐seven years before for monorrhagia. The abdomen was closed when the aneurysm was found and radium was inserted into the uterus.
Hysterectomy became necessary on the present occasion when excessive haemorrhage followed diagnostic curettage of the uterus for post‐menopausal bleeding.
The authors conclude that surgical excision of these lesions should be undertaken only as a life‐saving procedure.
A brief review of ‐the literature is made.
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: Wilson Patricia 
Published: January 2008

SummaryHypothermia is not a therapeutic measure per se–it merely lowers metabolism and permits the vital organs to withstand prolonged hypoxia. Therefore, the prime indication for therapeutic hypothermia must be reversible hypoxia of vital organs.At present the greatest application is in disorders of the central nervous svstem. To be effective the temperature must be lowered to a point where metabolism is appreciably diminished. The highest useful temperature for central nervous system disorders is 30%C and probably much lower temperatures are more effective, especially if a major bloodsupply to a portion of the brain or spinal cord is to be interrupted.In cases of hyperthermia and in acute infections it is probably not necessary to coolbelow 3244%C.The technique involves surface cooling with sedation to control restlessness and shivering; so far chlorpromazine appears to be the best agent for this purpose. Initial hypertension is controlled by vegolysen.The procedure does not appear to be particularly hazardous provided detailed precautions are observed. The chief danger is ventricular fibrillation which is not a common complication in this type of patient who usually has a normal cardiovascular and respiratory system.There is much conflicting experimental evidence on the metabolic effects of prolonged hypothermia.It is important that we determine in human beings the significance of these alterations in metabolism and particularly whether these changes are normal physiological phenomena for the lower temperatures. It must also be ascertained whether the complex changes associated with hypothermia can be reversed after prolonged periods of low temperatures.With greater knowledge of the physiology, better sedatives and drugs to control shivering and more careful monitoring of the patient, we should be able to achieve even lower temperatures.There is every indication that, under these conditions, hypothermia will have a definite place as an adjunct to modern therapy.
STUDIES ON RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN SHEEP
Authors: MITCHELL R. M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTransplants of the kidney were performed in 34 sheep using the “iliac” position. The function of autografts, homografts and normal host kidneys was studied together with the histological changes. To reduce ischaemic damage during transplantation, the kidneys were cooled. Cooling by perfusion was unsuccessful but a useful technique of local renal cooling was evolved. Iliac autografts functioned normally up to two and one‐half years but homografts were rejected in five to nine days. The function of a grafted kidney‐was affected by the presence of normal kidneys. The concept of renal loading in relation to graft function is discussed. Bacteriological study showed that an anuric homograft, if not quickly removed, became secondarily infected with CI. welchii. This led to toxic damage to the animal's own kidneys. Injection of spleen cells into embryonic lambs was followed six months after birth by kidney homotransplantation from the same donor. There was no increased tolerance to such renal homografts.
THE GENETIC APPROACH TO HEREDITARY CONGENITAL PTOSIS
Authors: RANK B. K. , THOMSON J. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. It is considered that ptosis and ptosis with epicanthus are probably manifestations of the same dominant autosomal gene with high penetrance.2. There is no significant difference in the proportion of affected males and females in sibships with one parent affected. The apparent difference in sex incidence of the condition is due to the high sex ratio observed in such sibships.3. An appeal is made for the collection of unselected pedigree material for use in genetic studies.
MICRODISSECTION STUDY OF LATE RENAL DISEASE
Authors: BAXTER THELMA J. 
Published: January 2008

“There are challenges of a salutary severity that stimulate the human subject of the ordeal to a creative response; but there are also challenges of an overwhelming severity to which the human victim succumbs”. Arnold J. Toynbee, “A Study of History”, Vol. 2, Part H, D, vii.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSMicrodissection of a grossly contracted kidney from a patient aged 25 years showed the remnants of tubules and ducts. No glomerulus was found but there was evidence of tubular hyperplasia, particularly in the form of diverticular formation and localized cellular proliferations. Damage had been too severe and extensive for this regeneration to significantly influence the progress of the renal degeneration and atrophy.The usual explanation of an abnormally small kidney is that it is due to “dysplasia” or some other “congenital” process. This is based on the fundamental misconception that, in postnatal life, tissues have arrived at an immutable state. Any inflammatory processes are “explained” as to be expected because abnormal tissues are more liable than others to injuries of various kinds. Furthermore, the assumption that structures, which resemble foetal tubules, are in fact the original foetal components which have remained in this form for many years of adult life ignores the essential plasticity of tissues and implies that they are not influenced by the many stimuli which have clearly been acting on the other tissues of the organ. The postulate that such components lack the lability observed elsewhere is unreasonable.Precise and definite evidence as to the stages and pathways in the pathogenesis of the fibrotic kidney are absent, having been lost in a maze of repeated injuries and the various reactionary and regenerative activities which follow. Conclusions must therefore be speculative. However, if the disease process began early in life and was continuous and progressive, extreme changes are to be expected.Whatever the time (antenatal or postnatal) at which the process began, the important feature in the present case is that the parenchymal tissues of the kidney, even though practically overwhelmed by recurrent infections, still manifest the capacities of all tissues (whatever their stage in the life of the individual) for regenerative change.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: BKRCI G. , ALLCOCK E. A. , EWING M. R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA review has been made in the light of our experience of the methods used to establish the diagnosis of portal hypertension.We have had enthusiastic support in our enquiries from Dr. H. A. Luke, Director of Radiology of the Alfred Hospital. We would like to record our thanks to our colleagues in the many hospitals who have allowed us to investigate patients under their care.
TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE KIDNEY IN CHRISTMAS DISEASE
Authors: SHANNON ROBERT 
Published: January 2008

SummaryChristmas disease is clinically indistinguishable from haemophilia.The Christmas factor is more stable than the deficient factor in haemophilia, as a result of which Christmas disease may be treated with stored bank blood, but this should not be used in haemophilia.A case of traumatic rupture of the kidney in Christmas disease is reported with recovery following nephrectomy.