bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on immunization coverage among infants
Authors: Lin Nancy D , Kleinman Ken , Chan K Arnold , Yu Xian-Jie , France Eric K , Xu Stanley , Wei Feifei , Mullooly John , Santoli Jeanne , Lieu Tracy A ,   the Vaccine Safety Datalink Group
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) to the U.S. recommended childhood immunization schedule in the year 2000 added three injections to the number of vaccinations a child is expected to receive during the first year of life. Surveys have suggested that the addition of PCV has led some immunization providers to move other routine childhood vaccinations to later ages, which could increase the possibility of missing these vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether introduction of PCV affected immunization coverage for recommended childhood vaccinations among 13-month olds in four large provider groups.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed computerized data on vaccinations for 33,319 children in four large provider groups before and after the introduction of PCV. The primary outcome was whether the child was up to date for all non-PCV recommended vaccinations at 13 months of age. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between PCV introduction and the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was the number of days spent underimmunized by 13 months. The association between PCV introduction and the secondary outcome was evaluated using a two-part modelling approach using logistic and negative binomial regression.ResultsOverall, 93% of children were up-to-date at 13 months, and 70% received all non-PCV vaccinations without any delay. Among the entire study population, immunization coverage was maintained or slightly increased from the pre-PCV to post-PCV periods. After multivariate adjustment, children born after PCV entered routine use were less likely to be up-to-date at 13 months in one provider group (Group C: OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3 – 0.8) and were less likely to have received all vaccine doses without any delay in two Groups (Group B: OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3 – 0.6; Group C: OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4 – 0.7). This represented 3% fewer children in Group C who were up-to-date and 14% (Group C) to 16% (Group B) fewer children who spent no time underimmunized at 13 months after PCV entered routine use compared to the pre-PCV baseline. Some disruptions in immunization delivery were also observed concurrent with temporary recommendations to suspend the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine, preceding the introduction of PCV.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the introduction of PCV did not harm overall immunization coverage rates in populations with good access to primary care. However, we did observe some disruptions in the timely delivery of other vaccines coincident with the introduction of PCV and the suspension of the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine. This study highlights the need for continued vigilance in coming years as the U.S. introduces new childhood vaccines and policies that may change the timing of existing vaccines.
Women and postfertilization effects of birth control: consistency of beliefs, intentions and reported use
Authors: Dye Huong M , Stanford Joseph B , Alder Stephen C , Kim Han S , Murphy Patricia A 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
This study assesses the consistency of responses among women regarding their beliefs about the mechanisms of actions of birth control methods, beliefs about when human life begins, the intention to use or not use birth control methods that they believe may act after fertilization or implantation, and their reported use of specific methods.

Methods
A questionnaire was administered in family practice and obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Participants included women ages 18–50 presenting for any reason and women under age 18 presenting for family planning or pregnancy care. Analyses were based on key questions addressing beliefs about whether specific birth control methods may act after fertilization, beliefs about when human life begins, intention to use a method that may act after fertilization, and reported use of specific methods. The questionnaire contained no information about the mechanism of action of any method of birth control. Responses were considered inconsistent if actual use contradicted intentions, if one intention contradicted another, or if intentions contradicted beliefs.

Results
Of all respondents, 38% gave consistent responses about intention to not use or to stop use of any birth control method that acted after fertilization, while 4% gave inconsistent responses. The corresponding percentages for birth control methods that work after implantation were 64% consistent and 2% inconsistent. Of all respondents, 34% reported they believed that life begins at fertilization and would not use any birth control method that acts after fertilization (a consistent response), while 3% reported they believed that life begins at fertilization but would use a birth control method that acts after fertilization (inconsistent). For specific methods of birth control, less than 1% of women gave inconsistent responses. A majority of women (68% or greater) responded accurately about the mechanism of action of condoms, abstinence, sterilization, and abortion, but a substantial percentage of women (between 19% and 57%) were uncertain about the mechanisms of action of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), Depo-Provera, or natural family planning.

Conclusion
Women who believe that life begins at fertilization may not intend to use a birth control method that could have postfertilization effects. More research is needed to understand the relative importance of postfertilization effects for women in other populations, and in relation to other properties of and priorities for birth control methods. However, many women were uncertain about the mechanisms of action of specific methods. To respect the principles of informed consent, some women may need more education about what is known and not known about the mechanisms of action of birth control methods.
Development and initial testing of a computer-based patient decision aid to promote colorectal cancer screening for primary care practice
Authors: Kim Jane , Whitney Annie , Hayter Sarah , Lewis Carmen , Campbell Marci , Sutherland Lisa , Fowler Beth , Googe Sue , McCoy Regina , Pignone Michael 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Although colorectal cancer screening is recommended by major policy-making organizations, rates of screening remain low. Our aim was to develop a patient-directed, computer-based decision aid about colorectal cancer screening and investigate whether it could increase patient interest in screening.

Methods
We used content from evidence-based literature reviews and our previous decision aid research to develop a prototype. We performed two rounds of usability testing with representative patients to revise the content and format. The final decision aid consisted of an introductory segment, four test-specific segments, and information to allow comparison of the tests across several key parameters. We then conducted a before-after uncontrolled trial of 80 patients 50–75 years old recruited from an academic internal medicine practice.

Results
Mean viewing time was 19 minutes. The decision aid improved patients' intent to ask providers for screening from a mean score of 2.8 (1 = not at all likely to ask, 4 = very likely to ask) before viewing the decision aid to 3.2 afterwards (difference, 0.4; p < 0.0001, paired t-test). Most found the aid useful and reported that it improved their knowledge about screening. Sixty percent said they were ready to be tested, 18% needed more information, and 22% were not ready to be screened. Within 6 months of viewing, 43% of patients had completed screening tests.

Conclusion
We conclude that a computer-based decision aid can increase patient intent to be screened and increase interest in screening. Practice Implications: This decision aid can be viewed by patients prior to provider appointments to increase motivation to be screened and to help them decide about which modality to use for screening. Further work is required to integrate the decision aid with other practice change strategies to raise screening rates to target levels.
Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation Using a Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen Has the Capacity to Produce Durable Remissions and Long-Term Disease-Free Survival in Patients With High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplasia
Authors: Tauro Sudhir , Craddock Charles , Peggs Karl , Begum Gulnaz , Mahendra Premini , Cook Gordon , Marsh Judith , Milligan Donald , Goldstone Anthony , Hunter Ann , Khwaja Asim , Chopra Raj , Littlewood Timothy , Peniket Andrew , Parker Anne , Jackson Graham , Hale Geoff , Cook Mark , Russell Nigel , Mackinnon Stephen 
Published: November 2005

Purpose The toxicity of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation can be substantially reduced using a reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen. This has increased the proportion of patients with myeloid malignancies eligible for allogeneic transplantation. However, the capacity of RIC allografts to produce durable remissions in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplasia (MDS) has not yet been defined, and consequently, the role of RIC allografts in the management of these diseases remains conjectural. Patients and Methods Seventy-six patients with high-risk AML or MDS received an allograft using a fludarabine/melphalan RIC regimen incorporating alemtuzumab. The median age of the cohort was 52 years (range, 18 to 71 years). Results The 100-day transplantation-related mortality rate was 9%, and no patient developed greater than grade 2 graft-versus-host disease. With a median follow-up of 36 months (range, 13 to 70 months), 27 patients were alive and in remission, with 3-year actuarial overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates of 41% and 37%, respectively. The 3-year OS and DFS rates of patients with AML in complete remission at the time of transplantation were 48% and 42%, respectively. Disease relapse was the most common cause of treatment failure and occurred at a median time of 6 months after transplantation. All but one patient destined to relapse did so within 24 months of transplantation. Conclusion The extended follow-up in this series identifies a high risk of early disease relapse but provides evidence that RIC allografts can produce sustained DFS in a significant number of patients with AML who would be ineligible for allogeneic transplantation with myeloablative conditioning.
Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Survival in Women With Lung Cancer
Authors: Ganti Apar Kishor , Sahmoun Abe E. , Panwalkar Amit W. , Tendulkar Ketki K. , Potti Anil 
Published: November 2005

Purpose Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is frequently prescribed to postmenopausal women, but there is little data on its effect on lung cancer. Hence, we conducted a retrospective study to examine the impact of HRT on the natural history of lung cancer. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of women diagnosed with lung cancer between January 1994 and December 1999. Data collected included age, stage, past history of cancer, smoking history, family history of cancer, HRT use, treatment, and overall survival. The effects of various clinical features on survival were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results Four hundred ninety-eight women (median age, 67 years; range, 31 to 93 years) with lung cancer were included. A history of smoking was present in 429 women (86%), whereas 86 women (17%) had taken HRT. Women with lung cancer who received HRT were younger than women with lung cancer who never received HRT (63 v 68 years old, respectively; P < .0001). Overall survival was significantly higher in patients with no HRT compared with patients who received HRT (79 v 39 months, respectively; hazard ratio = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.39). This effect seemed to be more pronounced in women with a smoking history. Conclusion HRT may affect outcomes from lung cancer adversely. Further studies examining the role of HRT use on outcomes from lung cancer, especially in women with a history of smoking, are urgently needed to clarify this important problem.
Comparison of ABVD and Alternating or Hybrid Multidrug Regimens for the Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Results of the United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY09 Trial (ISRCTN97144519)
Authors: Johnson Peter W.M. , Radford John A. , Cullen Michael H. , Sydes Matthew R. , Walewski Jan , Jack Andrew S. , MacLennan Kenneth A. , Stenning Sally P. , Clawson Simon , Smith Paul , Ryder David , Hancock Barry W. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose To perform an open-label, randomized, controlled trial comparing treatment with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) with two multidrug regimens (MDRs) for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Patients and Methods Eight hundred seven patients with advanced HL (stage III to IV, or earlier stage with systemic symptoms or bulky disease) were randomly assigned between ABVD and MDR specified before randomization as alternating chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisolone (ChlVPP) with prednisolone, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide (PABIOE), or hybrid ChlVPP/etoposide, vincristine, and doxorubicin (EVA). Radiotherapy was planned for incomplete response or initial bulk disease. Results At 52 months median follow-up, 212 event-free survival (EFS) events (disease progression or any death) were reported. In the primary comparison, at 3 years EFS was 75% (95% CI, 71% to 79%) for ABVD and 75% (95% CI, 70% to 79%) for MDRs (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.37; HR more than 1.0 favors ABVD). The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 90% (95% CI, 87% to 93%) in patients allocated ABVD and 88% (95% CI, 84% to 91%) in patients allocated MDRs (HR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.77). Patients receiving MDRs experienced more grade 3/4 infection, mucositis, and neuropathy. One occurrence of myelodysplastic syndrome was reported, but no acute leukemia was reported. When the two MDRs are compared separately with ABVD, neither the alternating nor the hybrid regimen showed a statistically significant difference from ABVD for EFS or OS. Subgroup analysis suggested that MDRs may be associated with poorer outcomes in older patients (heterogeneity test of OS older or younger than 45 years, P = .020). Conclusion There was no evidence of significant difference in EFS or OS between ABVD and MDRs in the trial overall or if the two MDR versus ABVD comparisons are considered separately. ABVD remains the standard for treatment of advanced HL.
Organic Field-effect Transistor Based on a Thin Film of Polydiacetylene Prepared from 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid
Authors: Koyanagi Tomohiro , Muratsubaki Masanori , Hosoi Yoshinobu , Shibata Takanori , Tsutsui Ken , Wada Yasuo , Furukawa Yukio 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The organic field-effect transistors based on polydiacetylene as an active semiconductor have been made. The hole mobility and the on/off ratio have been determined to be 1.3 × 10−3 cm2/V s and 1.0 × 104, respectively, for the transistor based on the blue phase of polydiacetylene prepared from 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid. The gate-voltage-induced infrared absorption spectrum has been attributed to the positive carriers injected by field effect. The spectrum shows a remarkable electron–molecular vibration coupling between vibration levels and an electronic transition.
An Efficient Synthesis of β-Aroylacrylic Acid Ethyl Ester by the Friedel–Crafts Reaction in the Presence of Diethyl Sulfate
Authors: Onoue Ken-ichi , Shintou Taichi , Zhang Chang Shan , Itoh Isamu 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
An β-Aroylacrylic acid ethyl ester such as ethyl (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoate (1) can be obtained in good yield and with excellent purity by way of the Friedel–Crafts reaction in which 1,2-dimethoxybenzene (2) is treated with maleic anhydride (3) and aluminum chloride in the presence of diethyl sulfate (4) under mild conditions.
Controlled release of insecticide carbaryl from sodium alginate, sodium alginate/gelatin, and sodium alginate/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose blend beads crosslinked with glutaraldehyde
Authors: Işiklan Nuran 
Published: November 2005

AbstractInterpenetrating network polymeric beads of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and its blend with gelatin (gels) or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) have been prepared by crosslinking with a common crosslinking agent, glutaraldehyde (GA), for the release of insecticide carbaryl (Carb). The prepared beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the spherical nature and surface morphology of the particles. Bead characteristics, such as carbaryl entrapment efficiency, particle size, equilibrium swelling degree, and carbaryl release kinetics, were determined. The effects of the preparation conditions, such as Carb/NaAlg ratio, time of exposure to GA, blend ratio, and temperature of release medium on the carbaryl release, were investigated for 25 days at 25°C. It was observed that the carbaryl release decreased with increase in crosslinking of network, while it increased with increase in Carb/NaAlg ratio and temperature. The release of carbaryl also increased with increase in Gel or NaCMC content in the blend beads. The highest carbaryl release was found to be 100%, for the beads that were prepared with 1 : 1 NaAlg/Gel at 16 days. The diffusion coefficients have been calculated for the transport of insecticide through the polymeric beads, using initial time approximation method. These values were also consistent with the carbaryl release data. The carbaryl release from most of the bead formulations followed the Fickian trend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1310–1319, 2006
Immobilization of soluble eggshell membrane protein on polyethylene film surface: Effect on the culture of NIH3T3 in vitro
Authors: Yi Feng , Li Qiang , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) film surface is modified by combining plasma treatment and soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP) immobilization. Contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm that SEP adheres tightly to the PE film surface. Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts are used as model cells to evaluate the biocompatibility of PE film surfaces before and after modification. Plasma pretreatment can incorporate polar groups onto the surface, benefitting tight immobilization of SEP. The hydrophilicity of the PE film surface modified by combining plasma treatment and SEP immobilization is increased as evidenced by contact angle measurements, and the biocompatibility of the surface is greatly improved as shown by cell culture. The surface of the modified material can endure rinsing with 10% acetic acid (a good solvent of SEP), which would be an advantage for further application as a biomaterial. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1340–1345, 2006
Synthesis and thermal properties of randomly branched poly(butylene isophthalate) containing sodium sulfonate groups
Authors: Finelli L. , Siracusa V. , Lotti N. , Gazzano M. , Munari A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRandomly branched poly(butylene isophthalate) samples containing sodium sulfonate groups were prepared from dimethyl isophthalate, 3,5‐bis(carbomethoxycarbonyl) benzene sulfonate, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, and 1,4‐butanediol, according to the well‐known two‐stage polycondensation procedure. The polymers, containing various amounts of branching units and ionic groups, demonstrated to be soluble in the most common organic solvents, an evidence that gelation was not reached under the polymerization conditions adopted. The thermal behavior was examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The sulfonate as well as the branching units had only a limited effect on the thermal stability, which slightly decreased with respect to pure poly(butylene isophthalate). The analysis carried out using DSC technique showed that the Tm of the copolymers decreased with increasing counit content, differently from Tg, which, on the contrary, increased. Baur's equation was found to describe well the Tm‐composition data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1374–1379, 2006
Modification of tetraethylorthosilicate crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane using chitosan and its application to the pervaporation separation of water–isopropanol mixtures
Authors: Kulkarni Srikant S. , Tambe Subhashchandra M. , Kittur Arjumand A. , Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTetraethylorthosilicate crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane was modified by varying the amounts of chitosan. The resulting membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of chitosan content and feed composition on the pervaporation performance of the membranes were analyzed. The modified membranes exhibit simultaneous increase of both flux and selectivity. The membrane containing 15 mass % of chitosan shows the highest separation selectivity of 2991, with a flux of 2.39 × 10−2 kg/(m2 h) at 30°C for 10 mass % of water in the feed. The total flux and flux of water are almost overlapping each other, manifesting that the membranes could be used effectively to break the azeotropic point of water–isopropanol mixture, so as to remove water from the isopropanol. From the temperature dependent diffusion and permeation values, the Arrhenius activation parameters were estimated. The activation energy values obtained for water permeation (Epw) are significantly lower than those of isopropanol permeation (EpIPA), suggesting that the membranes developed here have higher separation ability for water–isopropanol system. In addition, difference was negligibly small between the activation energy values of total permeation (Ep) and water permeation (Epw), indicating that coupled transport is minimal because of a higher selective nature of membranes. The Ep and ED values ranged between 40.92 and 52.60, and 39.58 and 52.47 kJ/mol, respectively. The positive heat of sorption (ΔHs) values observed in all the membranes suggests that Henry's mode of sorption is predominant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1380–1389, 2006
Effect of diether as internal donor on MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst for propylene polymerization
Authors: Cui Nannan , Ke Yucai , Li Huayi , Zhang Zhicheng , Guo Cunyue , Lv Zhanxia , Hu Youliang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article demonstrates the influence of the molar ratio between diether as internal donor and Magnesium dichloride in processing of the catalyst preparation on the catalytic performance for propylene polymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst. The effect of electron donor on catalyst is investigated. The experimental data find that diether content on catalyst increases and Ti content on catalyst decreases with the increase of diether/Mg molar ratio. This result indicates that diether as internal donor is not coordinated to Ti species but to Mg species on catalyst. The introduction of diether remarkably improves the catalytic activity. The extents of improvement closely connect with diether/Mg molar ratio. The stereospecificity of catalyst intensively depends on the structure of diether as internal donor. The possible model of multi‐active sites on heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst is proposed to explain these phenomena. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1399–1404, 2006