bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The California Tobacco Control Program’s effect on adult smokers: (3) Similar effects for African Americans across states
Authors: Trinidad Dennis R , Messer Karen , Gilpin Elizabeth A , Al-Delaimy Wael K , White Martha M , Pierce John P 
Published: March 2007

Objective:To compare trends in African-American (AA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) smoking between states categorised as having three different levels of tobacco control practice in the 1990s.Setting and participants:Analysis of 1992–3 to 2001–2 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey for differences in adult (20–64 years) daily smoking prevalence for AAs and NHWs across states: California (CA; high cigarette price/comprehensive programme), New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ; high cigarette price/no comprehensive programme), and tobacco growing states (TGS; low cigarette price/no comprehensive programme).Results:From 1992–3 to 2001–2, there were large declines in AA smoking across states (2.7–3.8% decrease/year, adjusted for age, income, education, gender; p<0.05). Adjusted NHW smoking prevalence declined significantly only in CA. AA prevalence declined significantly and did not differ across state groups. In all years, in all state groups, adjusted prevalence was either not significantly different or was lower for AAs than for NHWs. More recent cohorts of AAs appeared to have taken up smoking at lower rates than older cohorts.Conclusion:There were uniformly large declines in AA smoking from 1992–3 to 2001–2 across states, independent of type of tobacco control strategy. Further research is needed into factors associated with smoking declines among AAs.
Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: the effect of smoke-free legislation
Authors: Semple Sean , Creely Karen S , Naji Audrey , Miller Brian G , Ayres Jon G 
Published: March 2007

Objective:To compare levels of particulate matter, as a marker of secondhand smoke (SHS) levels, in pubs before and 2 months after the implementation of Scottish legislation to prohibit smoking in substantially enclosed public places.Design:Comparison of SHS levels before and after the legislation in a random selection of 41 pubs in 2 Scottish cities.Methods:Fine particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) was measured discreetly for 30 min in each bar on 1 or 2 visits in the 8 weeks preceding the starting date of the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 and then again 2 months after the ban. Repeat visits were undertaken on the same day of the week and at approximately the same time of the day.Results:PM2.5levels before the introduction of the legislation averaged 246 μg/m3(range 8–902 μg/m3). The average level reduced to 20 μg/m3(range 6–104 μg/m3) in the period after the ban. Levels of SHS were reduced in all 53 post-ban visits, with the average reduction being 86% (range 12–99%). PM2.5concentrations in most pubs post-ban were comparable to the outside ambient air PM2.5level.Conclusions:This study has produced the largest dataset of pre- and post-ban SHS levels in pubs of all worldwide smoke-free legislations introduced to date. Our results show that compliance with the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 has been high and this has led to a marked reduction in SHS concentrations in Scottish pubs, thereby reducing both the occupational exposure of workers in the hospitality sector and that of non-smoking patrons.
British American Tobacco’s tactics during China’s accession to the World Trade Organization
Authors: Zhong Fei , Yano Eiji 
Published: March 2007

Background:China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 after years of negotiations. As a WTO member, China had to reduce tariffs on imported cigarettes and remove non-tariff barriers to allow foreign cigarettes to be more competitive in the Chinese market. Among foreign tobacco companies, British American Tobacco (BAT) was the most active lobbyist during China’s WTO negotiations.Objective:To review and analyse BAT’s tactics and activities relating to China’s entry into the WTO.Methods:Internal tobacco industry documents were reviewed and are featured here. Industry documents were searched mainly on the website of BAT’s Guildford Depository and other documents’ websites. 528 documents were evaluated and 142 were determined to be relevant to China’s entry into the WTO.Results:BAT was extremely active during the progress of China’s entry into the WTO. The company focused its lobbying efforts on two main players in the negotiations: the European Union (EU) and the US. Because of the negative moral and health issues related to tobacco, BAT did not seek public support from officials associated with the WTO negotiations. Instead, BAT lobbyists suggested that officials protect the interests of BAT by presenting the company’s needs as similar to those of all European companies. During the negotiation process, BAT officials repeatedly spoke favourably of China’s accession into the WTO, with the aim of presenting BAT as a facilitator in this process and of gaining preferential treatment from their Chinese competitor.Conclusions:BAT’s activities clearly suggest that tobacco companies place their own interests above public health interests. Today, China struggles with issues of tobacco control that are aggravated by the aggressive practices of transnational tobacco companies, tobacco-tariff reductions and the huge number of smokers. For the tobacco-control movement to progress in China, health advocates must understand how foreign tobacco companies have undermined anti-tobacco activities by taking advantage of trade liberalisation policies. China should attach importance to public health and comprehensive tobacco-control policies and guarantee strong protection measures from national and international tobacco interests supported by international trade agreements.
A Single Infusion of Zoledronate Prevents Bone Loss After Stroke
Authors: Poole Kenneth E.S. , Loveridge Nigel , Rose Collette M. , Warburton Elizabeth A. , Reeve Jonathan 
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose—Stroke is a major risk factor for hip fracture. Patients with intermediate rather than severe or mild stroke deficits at the time of hospital discharge have the most fractures. This proof-of-concept study evaluated the efficacy of a single infusion of zoledronate, an intravenous bisphosphonate, in preserving hip bone density after stroke.Methods—In a 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, 27 newly hemiplegic patients (6 females, 21 males) with acute stroke were assigned to receive 4 mg of the intravenous zoledronate (n=14) or placebo (n=13) within 35 days. Strict inclusion criteria were followed-up to ensure recruited patients were likely to have residual functional impairment. Both groups received calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The primary outcome measure was the change in bone mineral density (BMD; Lunar Prodigy) at the hemiplegic hip during the year of investigation.Results—The treatment was generally well tolerated. Mean total hip BMD was unchanged in the hemiplegic hip of the zoledronate group (mean 0.0% change), whereas in the placebo group the total hip BMD changed by −5.5%, with the greatest bone loss observed in the trochanteric subregion (mean, −8.1%). On the unaffected side the mean change in total hip BMD was +1.0% with zoledronate versus a mean change of −2.7% without. Repeated measures ANOVA confirmed the significance of the differences between groups at both hips (hemiplegic,P<0.001; unaffected,P=0.002).Conclusions—Stroke patients were protected from the deleterious effects of hemiplegia on hip bone density for at least 1 year after a single infusion of zoledronate.
Dual-Doppler and Single-Doppler Analysis of a Tornadic Storm Undergoing Mergers and Repeated Tornadogenesis
Authors: Wurman Joshua , Richardson Yvette , Alexander Curtis , Weygandt Stephen , Zhang Peng Fei 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Dual-Doppler observations with unprecedented finescale spatial and temporal resolution are used to characterize the vector wind field in and near a tornado occurring near Kiefer, Oklahoma, on 26 May 1997. Analyses of the dual-Doppler vector wind fields document in detail, for the first time, several structures associated with the tornado: a proximate updraft region, a rear-flank downdraft wrapping around the tornado, a double gust front structure occluding near the tornado, and a region of enhanced vorticity separated from the tornado that may have been associated with cyclic tornadogenesis. The analyses are compared to conceptual and computer models of tornadic storms.
A subsequent tornadogenesis was observed with radar every 18 s, providing a finescale temporal view of the genesis process. The genesis process was complex and the evolution of tornado intensity parameters was not monotonic in time. Low-level rotation contracted and intensified, then broadened, then contracted and intensified a second time to form the tornado.
The initial tornadogenesis was coincident with the merger of the main supercell and a much smaller convective storm. This tornado, which was always surrounded by substantial precipitation originating from both storms, began to dissipate just a few minutes after genesis, and the rotation both aloft and near the surface weakened substantially. A second storm merger, with a much larger and supercellular storm, was coincident with a reintensification of the mesocyclone aloft, a new hook echo development, and the genesis of a short-lived tornado. After the dissipation of this second tornado, the merger disrupted the structure of the supercell storm, the hook echo was absorbed, and the mesocyclone dissipated. The current analysis suggests a process in which storm mergers may, in sequence, aid tornadogenesis by enhancing surface convergence, or through another mechanism, but subsequently disrupt the tornado’s parent supercell perhaps by cooling the inflow air, with the result being short-lived tornadoes.
A Method for Imposing Surface Stress and Heat Flux Conditions in Finite-Difference Models with Steep Terrain
Authors: Epifanio C. C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A numerical implementation of the surface stress boundary condition is presented for finite-difference models in which the terrain slope and curvature cannot necessarily be considered small. The method involves reducing the discretized stress condition in terrain-following coordinates to a pair of coupled linear systems for the two horizontal velocity components at the boundary. The linear systems are then solved iteratively at each model time step to provide the unique boundary values of velocity consistent with the specified values of the stress. Similar methods are used to prescribe the normal flux of heat across the boundary. A related method for imposing stress conditions in two-dimensional vorticity–streamfunction models is also discussed. The effectiveness of the boundary conditions is demonstrated through a series of test problems involving topographic wake flows and thermally driven flows on steep slopes. It is shown that the use of the conventional flat-boundary approximation can lead to substantial errors when the resolved topography is sufficiently steep.
The Nature of a Heat Wave in Eastern Argentina Occurring during SALLJEX
Authors: Cerne S. Bibiana , Vera Carolina S. , Liebmann Brant 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This note describes the physical processes associated with the occurrence of a heat wave over central Argentina during the austral summer of 2002/03, during which the South American Low-Level Jet Experiment (SALLJEX) was carried out. The SALLJEX heat wave that lasted between 25 January and 2 February 2003 was punctuated by extreme conditions during its last 3 days, with the highest temperature recorded over the last 35 yr at several stations of the region. It was found that not only the activity of synoptic-scale waves, but also the intraseasonal oscillation variability, had a strong impact on the temperature evolution during this summer. During the weeks previous to the heat wave development, an intensified South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) dominated the atmospheric conditions over tropical South America. Temperatures started to increase in the subtropics due to the subsidence and diabatic warming associated with the SACZ, as depicted by SALLJEX upper-air observations. An extratropical anticyclone that evolved along southern South America further intensified subsidence conditions. By the end of January the warming processes associated with SACZ activity weakened, while horizontal temperature advection began to dominate over central Argentina due to the intensification of the South American low-level jet. This mechanism led to temperature extremes by 2 February with temperature anomalies at least two standard deviations larger than the climatological mean values. Intense solar heating favored by strong subsidence was responsible for the heat wave until 31 January, after which horizontal temperature advection was the primary process associated with the temperature peak.
A Comparison of Hybrid Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter–Optimum Interpolation and Ensemble Square Root Filter Analysis Schemes
Authors: Wang Xuguang , Hamill Thomas M. , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Bishop Craig H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF)–optimum interpolation (OI) analysis scheme is described and compared with an ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) analysis scheme. A two-layer primitive equation model was used under perfect-model assumptions. A simplified observation network was used, and the OI method utilized a static background error covariance constructed from a large inventory of historical forecast errors. The hybrid scheme updated the ensemble mean using a hybridized ensemble and static background-error covariance. The ensemble perturbations in the hybrid scheme were updated by the ETKF scheme. The EnSRF ran parallel data assimilation cycles for each member and serially assimilated the observations. The EnSRF background-error covariance was estimated fully from the ensemble.
For 50-member ensembles, the analyses from the hybrid scheme were as accurate or nearly as accurate as those from the EnSRF, depending on the norm. For 20-member ensembles, the analyses from the hybrid scheme were more accurate than analyses from the EnSRF under certain norms. Both hybrid and EnSRF analyses were more accurate than the analyses from the OI. Further reducing the ensemble size to five members, the EnSRF exhibited filter divergence, whereas the analyses from the hybrid scheme were still better than those updated by the OI. Additionally, the hybrid scheme was less prone to spurious gravity wave activity than the EnSRF, especially when the ensemble size was small. Maximal growth in the ETKF ensemble perturbation space exceeded that in the EnSRF ensemble perturbation space. The relationship of the ETKF ensemble variance to the analysis error variance, a measure of a spread–skill relationship, was similar to that of the EnSRF ensemble. The hybrid scheme can be implemented in a reasonably straightforward manner in the operational variational frameworks, and the computational cost of the hybrid is expected to be much less than the EnSRF in the operational settings.
A Numerical Model Study of an Intense Cutoff Low Pressure System over South Africa
Authors: Singleton A. T. , Reason C. J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInvestigations of extreme rainfall events in the southern African region are limited by the paucity of the observational network. Furthermore, the lack of full radar coverage for South Africa makes quantitative precipitation estimation difficult. Therefore, numerical modeling represents the most effective method for improving the understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to extreme rainfall events in this region with the caveat that accurate validation of model simulations is hampered by the limited observations in the region. This paper describes an intense cutoff low event over South Africa that led to record rainfall and flash flooding along the south coast of the country and adjoining hinterland. Analyses from the Global Forecast System model showed that the cutoff aloft was accompanied by a strong low-level jet (LLJ) impinging onto the south coast where rainfall was heaviest, and that lapse rates were steep in the lower troposphere. Simulations of the event were carried out using a numerical model [i.e., the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)], which showed that severe convection occurred over the ocean on the right-hand side of the LLJ, and at its leading edge where it impinged on the coastal topography. This topography was also very important in providing additional forcing for the ascent of moist air. A factor separation technique was used to show that surface heat fluxes from the warm sea surface temperature (SST) of the Agulhas Current were important in enhancing low-level cyclogenesis, and that topography was important in maintaining the position of the low-level coastal depression, which led to favorable conditions for rainfall remaining in the same area for an extended period of time. It is suggested that improved representation of the tight topographic and SST gradients of the southern African region in NWP models or postprocessing systems would help to provide more accurate forecasts of the amount and location of heavy precipitation during cutoff low events where surface forcing is important.
Properties of Tropical Convection Observed by Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Wood Norman B. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the results of analysis of over 825 000 profiles of millimeter-wave radar (MWR) reflectivities primarily collected by zenith-pointing surface radars observing tropical convection associated with various phases of activity of the large-scale tropical circulation. The data principally analyzed in this paper come from surface observations obtained at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Manus site during active and break episodes of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and from observations collected from a shipborne radar during an active phase of the monsoon over the Indian Ocean during the Joint Air–Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment. It was shown, for example, in a histogram regime analysis that the MWR data produce statistics on convection regimes similar in most respects to the analogous regime analysis of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission radar–radiometer observations. Attenuation of the surface MWRs by heavy precipitation, however, incorrectly shifts a small fraction of the deeper precipitation modes into the shallow modes of precipitation. The principal findings are the following. (i) The cloud and precipitation structures of the different convective regimes are largely identical regardless of the mode of synoptic forcing, that is, regardless of whether the convection occurred during an active phase of the MJO, a transition phase of the MJO, or in an active monsoon period. What changes between these synoptically forced modes of convection are the relative frequencies of occurrences of the different storm regimes. (ii) The cloud structures associated with the majority of cases of observed precipitation (ranging in occurrence from 45% to 53% of all precipitation profiles) were multilayered structures regardless of the mode of synoptic forcing. The predominant multilayered cloud mode was of higher-level cirrus of varying thickness overlying cumulus congestus–like convection. (iii) The majority of water accumulated (i.e., 53%–63%) over each of the periods assigned to the active monsoon (5 days of data), the active MJO (38 days of data), and the transition MJO (53 days of data) fell from these multiple-layered cloud systems. (iv) Solar transmittances reveal that significantly less sunlight (reductions of about 30%–50%) reaches the surface in the precipitating regimes than reaches the surface under drizzle and cloud-only conditions, suggesting that the optical thicknesses of precipitation-bearing clouds significantly exceeds those of nonprecipitating clouds.
Parameter Estimation Using a Particle Method: Inferring Mixing Coefficients from Sea Level Observations
Authors: Vossepoel Femke C. , Jan van Leeuwen Peter 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a first attempt to estimate mixing parameters from sea level observations using a particle method based on importance sampling. The method is applied to an ensemble of 128 members of model simulations with a global ocean general circulation model of high complexity. Idealized twin experiments demonstrate that the method is able to accurately reconstruct mixing parameters from an observed mean sea level field when mixing is assumed to be spatially homogeneous. An experiment with inhomogeneous eddy coefficients fails because of the limited ensemble size. This is overcome by the introduction of local weighting, which is able to capture spatial variations in mixing qualitatively. As the sensitivity of sea level for variations in mixing is higher for low values of mixing coefficients, the method works relatively well in regions of low eddy activity.
On the Structure of the Lower Troposphere in the Summertime Stratocumulus Regime of the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Beljaars Anton , Bordoni Simona , Holloway Christopher , Köhler Martin , Krueger Steven , Savic-Jovcic Verica , Zhang Yunyan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Data collected in situ as part of the second field study of the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus field program are used to evaluate the state of the atmosphere in the region of field operations near 30°N, 120°W during July 2001, as well as its representation by a variety of routinely available data. The routine data include both the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP–NCAR reanalyses, forecasts from their respective forecast systems (the Integrated and Global Forecast Systems), the 30-km archive from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the Quick Scatterometer surface winds, and remotely sensed fields derived from radiances measured by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. The analysis shows that outside of the boundary layer the state of the lower troposphere is reasonably represented by the reanalysis and forecast products, with the caveat of a slight warm bias at 850 hPa in the NCEP–NCAR products. Within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) the agreement is not as good: both the boundary layer depth and cloud amount are underpredicted, and the boundary layer temperature correlates poorly with the available data, which may be related to a poor representation of SSTs in this region of persistent cloud cover. ERA-40 also suffers from persistently weak zonal winds within the PBL. Among the satellite records the ISCCP data are found to be especially valuable, evincing skill in both predicting boundary layer depth (from cloud-top temperatures and TMI surface temperatures) and cloud liquid water paths (from cloud optical depths). An analysis of interannual variability (among Julys) based on ERA-40 and the 1983–2001 ISCCP record suggests that thermodynamic quantities show similar interannual and synoptic variability, principally concentrated just above the PBL, while dynamic quantities vary much more on synoptic time scales. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the correlation between stratocumulus cloud amount and lower-tropospheric stability exhibits considerable spatial structure and is less pronounced than previously thought.