bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E‐mail and Instant Messaging
Authors: Grubbs Jim 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
At the core of human interaction is communication. Long before electrical waves were harnessed for message transmission, humankind developed ways to transmit and receive messages in two primary forms. Individuals needed ways to communicate “in the moment” or synchronously with both parties present. They also developed ways to communicate over time, or asynchronously, so that messages could transcend time. In the age of the Internet, this type of communication has taken the form of instant messaging, or IM, for synchronous communication, and electronic mail, or e‐mail, for asynchronous communication. In 2001, e‐mail, in the general form that we know today, celebrated its 30th birthday with 9.8 billion messages sent daily and rising steadily. In the same year, three out of four online teens said they used instant messaging. This chapter explores the history of these two forms of electronic communication, explores the underlying technology that makes each possible, considers the social and cultural impact of each of these technologies, and considers the future of these means of communication. This chapter assumes a basic knowledge of networking terminology. The specifics of the networking protocols used can be found elsewhere in this encyclopedia.
E‐marketplaces
Authors: Prabhaker Paul R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
E‐marketplaces are an outcome of the interest in jointly managed supply chains and efficient matching of demand and supply, resulting in greater service integration, more collaboration, and operational cost savings. Increasingly, competition is between supply chains rather than between corporations. Such corporations should treat their participation in e‐marketplaces as strategic investments and suppliers must prepare themselves for new rules in these dynamic marketplaces that aim to parallel commodity and security exchanges. The fundamentals of e‐marketplaces are reviewed in this chapter, along with discussions of appropriate strategic business capabilities.
Encryption
Authors: Juels Ari 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter treats the topic of encryption, the process of rendering a message into a concealed form for private transmission in a potentially hostile environment. Explored here are the concepts and history underlying contemporary encryption techniques employed on the Internet, in addition to security issues such as key lengths, modes of operation, and message formatting. Also included is an exposition on symmetric‐key ciphers such as DES, AES, and RC4, and also two public‐key cryptosystems, namely Diffie–Hellman and RSA. The use of encryption on the Internet, as well as some of the limitations of the technique, is discussed, with supplemental references to more extensive treatments of encryption systems and cryptology more generally.
Enterprise Resource Planning (
ERP
)
Authors: Radovilsky Zinovy 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents the main principles, features, applications, and future development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. In more than 30 years of evolution, ERP systems have undertaken a significant transformation from function‐specific applications to fully integrated process‐driven systems that operate over the Internet. ERP is identified as an extended enterprise management system that integrates traditional ERP applications (manufacturing, distribution, financials, human resources, marketing, and sales) with supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and B2B e‐commerce applications. The chapter describes the main ERP principles—integration and automation—as well as ERP features—process‐driven systems, single database, company‐wide information, scalability, etc. It also focuses on the ERP groups of applications emphasizing the core applications, application enhancements, and e‐commerce solutions. The chapter details ERP benefits and drawbacks. It discusses ERP solutions for various industries and small companies and presents ERP hosting utilizing applications service providers (ASP). Finally, the chapter describes the ERP selection and implementation process, concentrating on selection criteria and implementation measurements.
Extensible Markup Language (
XML
)
Authors: Dorfman Rich 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The extensible markup language (XML) is the
lingua franca
of Web‐based data exchange. This chapter presents an introduction to XML syntax, semantics, and processing. Related technologies, such as XML schemas and namespaces, are more briefly covered. The three main uses of XML are explored through theory and example: sharing data across a network, displaying data in a browser, and structuring data in configuration files. The issues and design tradeoffs in storing and retrieving XML documents from databases are discussed. Finally, this chapter presents a survey of XML editing tools and then considers the future of XML technologies.
File Types
Authors: Lagier Jennifer 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Internet searching results in retrieval of information in the form of a file that can be displayed, downloaded, or executed. The organization of the file is called its format. The type of information as well as the way the information will be used determines the choice of file format. File formats and their file name extensions provide users with clues about what kinds of information the file contains—text, image, sound, video, animation, or data. To view, play back, manipulate, interpret, or alter the contents of a file requires different software tools or hardware configurationsfor different file types. This chapter examines a variety of file types: text, compressed, data, images, and multimedia formats. Possible uses and specific examples of each format are explored. Various file transfer tools and procedures are examined.
Firewalls
Authors: Goldman James E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet is the no‐man's‐land of global networking. Most users and organizations have no control over who is able to access the Internet or what actions they are able to take once they get there. At the same time, however, the Internet is a wonderful method to connect to anyone in the world relatively easily. As a result, it is usually essential for individuals and organizations that are connected to the Internet to protect their private or internal networks from unwanted effects of outsiders and potentially dangerous network traffic. Firewalls are a primary technology employed to protect private networks from the public nonsecure domain of the Internet. Firewalls vary widely in both makeup and purpose. This chapter outlines advantages and disadvantages of various firewalls, basic firewall functionality, the different types of firewalls, how those firewalls can be arranged in diverse enterprise architectures, and categories of firewall technology.
Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Qing 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith explosive growth of e‐business on the Internet and of wireless networks, both users and managers face more and more challenging application problems on the Internet in terms of intelligent e‐applications. Intelligent fuzzy e‐brainware using fuzzy logic techniques plays an important role in increasing the quality of intelligence of e‐business. In this chapter, fundamental concepts, basic methods, major applications, and future trends of the fuzzy Internet and of fuzzy e‐commerce are described. For clarity, several simple examples are introduced. In general, computational Web intelligence (CWI) uses computational intelligence and Web technology to make intelligent e‐business applications on the Internet and wireless networks. Fuzzy Web intelligence, an important technology of CWI, is the fundamental technology for building smart fuzzy e‐commerce applications on the Internet.
Global Diffusion of the Internet
Authors: Dholakia Nikhilesh , Dholakia Ruby Roy , Kshetri Nir 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the global diffusion of the Internet and examines the factors that shaped and are continuing to shape its diffusion dynamics. The diffusion pattern of an innovation such as the Internet is a function of economic, political, cultural, and geographical factors. In addition, business models vis‐à‐vis the cost to access the Internet also influence the diffusion of the Internet. Because social systems worldwide differ significantly in terms of these factors, diffusion patterns of the Internet also vary widely. Among the factors hampering the faster diffusion of Internet in many countries are low income levels, authoritarian governments with a distaste for the openness of the Internet, sociocultural environments that are incompatible with the Internet, and terrestrial and topographical barriers to landline networks. As a result, developing countries account for disproportionately fewer Internet users and Internet hosts worldwide, creating a global digital divide.
Health Insurance and Managed Care
Authors: Pracht Etienne E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHealth insurance is a fundamental component of the health care industry. Its structure influences the quantity of health care that will be provided, who will receive that care, and which inputs will be used in the production of that care. Efficiency in the health insurance sector is, therefore, critical to the value of the industry as a whole. Information technologies, in particular the Internet, are discussed as the means to achieve substantial improvements, not only in the efficiency of the administration of health insurance, but also in the effectiveness of health care. Fragmentation within the industry and security of information are identified as important obstacles to system‐wide implementation of Web‐based, or other electronic applications. Nonetheless, the electronic transformation of the industry is well on its way in key areas, such as health plan selection and benefits management, network development, claims management, health education, and medical management.
Human Factors and Ergonomics
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Vu Kim‐Phuong L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Human factors and ergonomics (HFE) is a field devoted to designing products for human use. A related field, human–computer interaction, focuses specifically on usability of computers. Application of HFE principles has been shown to be essential for ensuring the success of Web‐based interfaces. In this chapter, we review the main tenets of HFE and its role in development of Internet applications. We discuss issues pertaining to Web search, content preparation and management, universal access, and information security. We describe methods of task analysis and usability testing that can be used to evaluate the usability of Web designs and interactions at all phases of the design process. In closing, we provide general guidelines for incorporating HFE principles into designing for the Internet.
Information Quality in Internet and E‐business Environments
Authors: English Larry P. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter defines information quality (IQ) and methods for information quality management applied to Internet and e‐business information. It describes IQ problems unique to Web information and e‐business processes. This chapter describes components of information quality along with categories of information to which quality principles must be applied across the customer‐centric e‐business value chain for e‐business effectiveness. It describes IQ principles and processes, and the 14 points of IQ applied to the Internet and transformation for an information quality culture. It describes specific quality techniques for: (1) Web‐based documents, Web content, and information presentation quality; (2) data shared by internal and Internet processes; (3) Internet‐collected information; and (4) e‐business supply‐chain management. The chapter describes how to use clickstream quality analysis to discover unstated customer “complaints.”
Integrated Services Digital Network (
ISDN
): Narrowband and Broadband Services and Applications
Authors: Thompson John S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) began development as a set of international standards in the 1960s, well before the conversion of the analog public switched telephone network to digital technology. Its promises were uniform, high‐function services to end users, common interfaces for network components that assured interoperability for service providers, and standards for products that would simplify markets for equipment vendors. This vision was never fully realized for ISDN because of slow and incomplete deployment. Nevertheless, ISDN, ISDN standards, and the standards development process have had a significant impact on telecommunications well beyond the magnitude of its deployment. This chapter explores both the narrowband definition of ISDN that is deployed today in telephone administrations around the world and the broadband definitions that have appeared in the form of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) products and services. It also discusses the other key services and technologies derived from ISDN that have helped shape telecommunication networks today and for the future.
International Supply Chain Management
Authors: LaPoint Gary , Webster Scott 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEffective supply chain management increasingly depends on information technology. Many of these technologies are relevant for both domestic and international supply chains, and many of these are discussed in other chapters of this book. Our focus is on international supply chain management. Information technologies that are unique to international trade draw on a complex and extensive array of regulations. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introductory primer for understanding what underlies these technologies and, more important, for a firm considering a shift from supply chains that are largely domestic in scope to a broader international orientation. Although we briefly discuss software specific to international supply chains, most of our discussion pertains to laws, service providers, and ways of doing business that any firm must understand to take advantage of opportunities for international buying and selling. We also provide references and links to more detailed information.
Internet Architecture
Authors: Knight Graham 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet is a collection of many independent networks. Interconnection of these networks is achieved through the implementation, on each network, of a common service provided by the Internet Protocol (IP). This service allows systems attached to the Internet (called “hosts”) to direct packets of data (called “IP datagrams”) at each other—the service provides confirmation neither of success nor failure. Applications that require guarantees about delivery must employ a suitable “transport protocol” between the hosts on which they run. This chapter describes the IP service and gives a detailed account of its implementation, including the use of IP addresses and the operation of “routers” that relay IP datagrams between networks. It covers multicast transmission, mobility, security, and a new version of IP, IPv6. It describes the “end‐to‐end” protocols used on the Internet, the transport and application protocols. Finally, the chapter describes recent additions to the Internet architecture intended to support real‐time interactive applications.
Internet Etiquette (Netiquette)
Authors: Kayany Joseph M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Netiquette is etiquette on the Internet. It is the collection of broadly accepted guidelines for appropriate online behavior. These norms are by‐products of the collective experience of those who have explored the strengths and constraints of the Internet in diverse communication contexts. Therefore, knowledge of these conventions and practices is important to anyone who proposes to participate effectively in Internet‐based communication. The chapter begins with a discussion of the origins and significance of netiquette, followed by a detailed review of broadly accepted norms for the use of popular Internet applications such as e‐mail, bulletin boards, chat rooms, file transfer, and the World Wide Web. The author recommends that individuals and groups use these guidelines as starting points to discern appropriate behavior in specific communication contexts.
Internet Navigation (Basics, Services, and Portals)
Authors: Reddy Pratap 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet is a system of computer networks designed to send and receive data. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of Internet navigation. It explains what the Internet is, the infrastructure (both hardware and software) needed to access it, and the services and facilities available. Internet navigation includes the use of communication services such as electronic mail (e‐mail), listserv/mailing lists, news groups, Internet relay chat, downloading services such as file transfer protocol, and the search services such as the World Wide Web and the ubiquitous Web portals.
Internet Relay Chat (
IRC
)
Authors: Witt Paul L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the communication medium known as Internet relay chat (IRC), a worldwide system of real‐time, text‐based conferencing on the Internet. After a brief look at the background and development of IRC, attention is given to the infrastructure of IRC networks, servers, and channels, as well as to the most widely used client software. The chapter discusses the specific roles of IRC operators, channel operators, and users, as well as the basic commands they most often employ. Principles of computer‐mediated communication are identified and applied to the process of relationship development and community building in the IRC environment. Special attention is given to social, legal, and security issues related to interpersonal communication in a global networking environment. The chapter concludes with a survey of IRC's potential usefulness in various organizational and educational contexts.
Internet Security Standards
Authors: Panko Raymond R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet Engineering Task Force, under the Danvers Doctrine, is attempting to offer strong security in all or nearly all TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) standards. In the meantime, organizations can overlay security on top of the Internet with dialog protection systems, most notably Point‐to‐Point Tunneling Protocol and IPsec (IP security) virtual private networks. This chapter discusses both of these approaches to making the Internet more secure. It also looks at how we can make the Internet more forensic, that is, more capable of stopping attacks when they occur and more capable of identifying attackers.
Internet2
Authors: Bruenjes Linda S. , Siccama Carolyn J. , LeBaron John 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet2 project, which is managed by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development (UCAID), is a consortium of over 200 U.S. educational institutions. These higher education institutions have partnered with corporate and government agencies to establish the advanced backbones of Internet2, Abilene, and vBNS+. These partnerships and collaborations support a variety of academic innovations requiring advanced networking capabilities, which the current‐generation network cannot accommodate. Essential partnerships and research and development initiatives revolve around five technical areas of Internet2: applications, middleware, engineering, end‐to‐end performance, and backbone network infrastructure. Having collaborative efforts serve as the foundation for Internet2 initiatives allows members to focus on increasing access to information for the teaching, learning, research, and clinical missions of member institutions. In all academic disciplines, there are endless possibilities for using Internet2 for teaching and learning through such advanced technologies as video conferencing,, digital libraries, and high‐definition television.
Java
Authors: Simon Judith C. , Campbell Charles J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Java is an object‐oriented programming language. It has some similarity to other traditional programming languages in that it can be used for a variety of business applications. In addition, it can be used within Internet Web pages to create unique capabilities within the Web pages. Java has some unique features that make it the programming language of choice for many business applications when those features are the best fit for the needs of the business. These special features include its portability to a wide variety of hardware platforms, its multithreading capabilities, and its method of handling errors.
Java
B
eans and Software Architecture
Authors: Medvidovic Nenad , Mehta Nikunj R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Java has emerged as a popular programming language and platform for Web applications. JavaBeans defines the software component model in the Java programming language that is used for creating reusable, coarse‐grained components. Beans are used in numerous complementary technologies including Enterprise JavaBeans, Java Abstract Windowing Toolkit, Java Database Connectivity, JavaMail, and Java Management Extensions to create software components. Beans provide a hybrid of object‐oriented and loosely coupled architectural styles, where the interaction between components is in the form of both events and method calls. This chapter focuses on the support for component technology in Java, specifically in the form of JavaBeans and its technology variants that fulfil the needs of Web application development. The chapter also discusses the role of JavaBeans and its technology variants in architecture‐based software development.
Java
S
cript
Authors: Roussos Constantine 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The JavaScript programming language has become a core technology of the World Wide Web. It was created in response to the need to transform Web pages from static presentations of text and graphics to documents that could change dynamically in response to user input. In this chapter we trace the development of the language as well as the historical events and technologies that motivated its creation. In reviewing its history we look at the people, events, and companies that have made the Internet the ubiquitous repository of human knowledge and achievement that it is today.
Knowledge Management
Authors: Tidd Ronald R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOrganizations confront a significantly different economic environment in the information age than existed in the industrial and agricultural ages. There is a greater need for speed and innovation, an increasingly competitive global marketplace, and a mobile workforce that possesses the knowledge that organizations need to compete. Organizational survival depends on the ability to manage that knowledge and the knowledge of workers who create and use it. Computer networks provide an enabling technology that organizations can use to develop a knowledge management system that identifies, collects, stores, and delivers information and knowledge to workers who can use it to help fulfill their organization's mission. When that knowledge sharing system is extended to include all participants in an e‐commerce value chain, the participating organizations leverage each other's knowledge resources to maximize customer satisfaction. The successful knowledge management effort must overcome significant cultural issues and individuals' tendencies to hoard knowledge, however.