bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multistage Triaxial Testing of Rocks
Authors: Kim MM , Ko H-Y 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To determine the constitutive properties of the components in a rock structure, triaxial tests are commonly carried out on cylindrical test specimens. The conventional triaxial test (designated the single-stage triaxial test) involves obtaining a peak strength for the specimen and, after its breakage, a residual strength. In the multistage triaxial test, however, several peak and residual strengths can be obtained from a single specimen. This technique enables the experimenter to conserve samples and to obtain more consistent strength data by eliminating sample variabilities for the construction of failure envelopes. The feasibility of this test is examined by comparing strength results for single-stage and multistage tests in terms of the cohesion and the friction angle, which are calculated from the failure envelopes constructed by the two different types of test data. The feasibility is confirmed for Pierre shale and Raton shale, but is doubtful for Lyons sandstone, which is very brittle.
A Compilation of Cyclic Triaxial Liquefaction Test Data
Authors: Ferrito JM , Forrest JB , Wu G 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A data base on cyclical soil strength would be of significant assistance in many phases of site evaluation where detailed complete cyclical soil testing is not available or could not economically be obtained. The objective of this study was to develop a partial data base for determining the seismic strength of saturated cohesionless materials, and, by using this data base, to broaden understanding of the mechanism of soil liquefaction induced in the laboratory.
The study is in support of efforts to mitigate the effects of earth-quakes through improved methods for determining the seismic strength of soils. To assist in this problem, cyclic triaxial test data were compiled from published literature and from commercial and research laboratories involved in cyclic testing of cohesionless soils; the data were organized, reviewed, and evaluated. Results were grouped by soil type (Unified Classification System). This data may assist geotechnical engineers to evaluate the seismic strength of cohesionless materials.
A Laboratory Method of Measuring In-Situ Density Distribution in Dry Sand
Authors: Singh G , Ergatoudis J , Siah BS 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Powerful numerical methods are widely available for the solution of most soil-structure interaction problems. Reported numerical models have been able to account for most of the complexities involved. In contrast, the techniques for obtaining realistic soil material properties for input data are few in number. To address this need, an indirect way of measuring the in-situ density of sand has been devised. The technique is based on the fact that changes in density cause changes in thermal conductivity of the sand. The details and construction of a thermal probe employing unsteady-state heat flow principles are described. The reliability of the technique developed has been found to be excellent for the sand used. Results obtained indicate that there is a direct relationship between the density and thermal conductivity values of the sand. Calibration charts and equations relating density and thermal conductivity of sand are presented. This technique is considered to be superior to existing methods for measuring in-situ density of sands. Possible applications of the technique are suggested.
A Special Pressure Meter and Pressure Meter Test for Pavement Evaluation and Design
Authors: Briaud J-L , Shields DH 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A special pressure meter and pressure meter test procedure have been developed specifically for use in pavement engineering. The probe of the pavement pressure meter is short and monocellular; single tubing is used; and the control unit is simple and designed for performing strain controlled tests. The probe is inserted in a predrilled 35-mm (1.38-in.) diameter hole and tests are performed every 300 mm (11.8 in.) down to a depth of 2000 mm (78.7 in.). A test curve is obtained at each interval of depth and a recompression modulus is obtained from each test curve. The recompression modulus profile can be used empirically or theoretically for the design of new pavements, for the evaluation of existing pavements, and for the design of overlays. The pavement pressure meter gives a direct evaluation of the deformation characteristics of each of the pavement and subgrade layers (except the surface course) at reduced cost. The apparatus is portable, easy to transport, and relatively inexpensive; the test itself is relatively rapid.
Strength and Stiffness of Silicate Grouted Sand with Different Stress Histories
Authors: Diefenthal DC , Borden RH , Baker WH , Krizek RJ 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The effects of stress history and relative density on the short-term strength and stiffness of a granular soil (Ottawa 20–30 sand) that was chemically stabilized with a sodium silicate grout, a solution of hydrated sodium silicate, water, ethyl acetate, and formamide, were investigated. A system was developed to inject grout into sand specimens that were prepared in a triaxial cell; the specimens were subjected to a confining stress of 360 kPa and grouted under a pressure of 144 kPa. The results are analyzed in terms of Mohr-Coulomb failure theory, and comparisons are made among the compressive strength, initial tangent modulus, angle of internal friction, and cohesion of the specimens for different test conditions.
The strength of the specimens grouted under a confining stress is seen to be a function primarily of their relative density. Little difference in mechanical behavior was observed between specimens grouted under a confining stress and those grouted under at-rest conditions. The angle of internal friction of grouted specimens with a low or high relative density differed only slightly from that of ungrouted specimens with a low or high relative density. However, the compressive strength of loose and dense grouted specimens increases relative to that of ungrouted specimens because of an increase in the cohesion, although the initial tangent modulus of loose and dense grouted specimens is similar to that of dense ungrouted specimens.
On the Determination of Stress State in the Simple Shear Apparatus
Authors: Wood DM , Drescher A , Budhu M 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The simple shear apparatus is one of the few commonly available laboratory apparatus that permits the application of controlled rotations of the principal axes of stress and strain to soil samples. However, because of the boundary conditions in the apparatus the soil sample does not respond as a single element, and this should be reflected in the analysis of test results. In the Cambridge University simple shear apparatus, the sample is surrounded by an array of load cells (contact stress transducers) that measure the complete distribution of boundary stresses throughout a test. For simple shear test results to be presented in terms of useful stress parameters, a procedure for computing the stress state from the load cell measurements is required. Such a procedure is described, making use of the concept of an average stress tensor to determine a representative stress state in the central part of the sample, which is least influenced by the ends of the apparatus.
Less complex and expensive apparatus exist that can only measure the average normal and shear stresses applied to the top and bottom horizontal boundaries of the sample. Patterns of soil response have been determined from tests on Leighton Buzzard sand in the more elaborately instrumented Cambridge apparatus, and a method is described for using these patterns to deduce the complete stress state in the less complex apparatus.
Fluid Cushion Truly Triaxial or Multiaxial Testing Device
Authors: Sture S , Desai CS 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The derivation of the constitutive relations of soils requires a testing facility that can apply a homogeneous and nearly ideal set of controlled boundary conditions to a specimen. A new multiaxial cubical test apparatus is described. It uses fluid or pneumatically pressurized flexible cushions to transmit a three-dimensional, independently controlled, and compressive stress state to a 102-mm (4-in.) specimen of geologic material. The deformations in three orthogonal directions are detected by a set of linear variable differential transformers. Flexible cushions allow nearly unrestrained deformations in the specimen. The deformations are uniform even at large strains. The specimen preparation and apparatus assembly procedures are straightforward. The simplicity of the multiaxial cubical cell and its easy operating procedures are emphasized. Typical stress-strain curves for straight-line stress paths are discussed. The apparatus appears to operate especially well at low stress levels.
Manual on Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Laboratory Test Procedures
Authors: Joyce JA 
Published: December 2008

Description
This manual will help you develop elastic-plastic fracture toughness data in accordance with the ASTM Test Method for J-Integral Characterization of Fracture Toughness (E 1737) and ASTM Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) FractureToughness Measurement (E 1290).
9 chapters provide guidance and instruction on equipment apparatus, test fixtures, transducers, test setup, test procedure, and data analysis. Through the use of test examples, example calculations, photographs of test apparatus and fracture samples, as well as expert advice and reference to papers in the literature describing various test techniques, MNL 27 gives you the next-best thing to hands-on training.
The chapters are organized sequentially, just as you would proceed to develop a laboratory capability to accomplish these fracture mechanics tests: Overview of Elastic-Plastic • Analysis • Apparatus • Specimen Preparation • Basic Test Procedure • Advanced Test Procedure • Qualification of the Test Results • Future Developments in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Testing • Appendix A: Software Listings (includes the text of an interactive unloading compliance data acquisition program written in Microsoft QuickBASIC) • Appendix B: ASTM Fracture Test Standards.
For mechanical and materials engineers; nuclear, civil, and aerospace structures engineers. Also for lab technicians and test mechanics.
Lead Hazard Evaluation and Control in Buildings
Authors: Ewing WM , Ewing EM , DePasquale C , Dawson TA 
Published: December 2008

Description
This comprehensive ASTM manual provides detailed guidance for developing and implementing a lead hazard management program. It follows the outline described in ASTM E 2052-99 Standard Guide for Identification and Management of Lead Hazards in Facilities.
17 chapters cover the following fundamentals:
• Setting up and administering a lead hazard management program
• Designing and implementing an operations and maintenance program
• Collecting information on facilities for decision making purposes
• Classifying buildings based on their likelihood for lead hazards
• Evaluating buildings for lead hazards
• Responding to elevated blood lead investigation
• Conducting occupant education and awareness programs
• Hiring consultants, laboratories, and contractors
• Planning and performing lead hazard control activities
• Ongoing monitoring and reevaluation of lead hazards
• Role of lead hazard programs in real estate transactions.
Nucleotide Variation, Linkage Disequilibrium and Founder-Facilitated Speciation in Wild Populations of the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Balakrishnan Christopher N , Edwards Scott V 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe zebra finch has long been an important model system for the study of vocal learning, vocal production, and behavior. With the imminent sequencing of its genome, the zebra finch is now poised to become a model system for population genetics. Using a panel of 30 noncoding loci, we characterized patterns of polymorphism and divergence among wild zebra finch populations. Continental Australian populations displayed little population structure, exceptionally high levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.010), a rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD), and a high population recombination rate (ρ ≈ 0.05), all of which suggest an open and fluid genomic background that could facilitate adaptive variation. By contrast, substantial divergence between the Australian and Lesser Sunda Island populations (KST = 0.193), reduced genetic diversity (π = 0.002), and higher levels of LD in the island population suggest a strong but relatively recent founder event, which may have contributed to speciation between these populations as envisioned under founder-effect speciation models. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that under a simple quantitative genetic model both drift and selection could have contributed to the observed divergence in six quantitative traits. In both Australian and Lesser Sundas populations, diversity in Z-linked loci was significantly lower than in autosomal loci. Our analysis provides a quantitative framework for studying the role of selection and drift in shaping patterns of molecular evolution in the zebra finch genome.
Incorporating Desirable Genetic Characteristics From an Inferior Into a Superior Population Using Genomic Selection
Authors: Ødegård J , Yazdi M H , Sonesson A K , Meuwissen T H E 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Resistance to specific diseases may be improved by crossing a recipient line with a donor line (a distantly related strain) that is characterized by the desirable trait. However, considerable losses in the total merit index are expected when crossing recipient and donor lines. Repeated backcrossing with the recipient line will improve total merit index, but usually at the expense of the newly introgressed disease resistance, especially if this is due to polygenic effects rather than to a known single major QTL. This study investigates the possibilities for a more detailed introgression program based on marker-trait associations using dense marker genotyping and genomic selection. Compared with classical selection, genomic selection increased genetic gain, with the largest effect on low heritability traits and on traits not recorded on selection candidates (due to within-family selection). Further, within a wide range of economic weights and initial differences in the total merit index between donor and recipient lines, genomic selection produced backcrossed lines that were similar or better than the purebred lines within three to five generations. When using classical selection in backcrossing schemes, the long-term genetic contribution of the donor line was low. Hence, such selection schemes would usually perform similarly to simple purebreeding selection schemes.
Organizational Justice: Evidence of a New Psychosocial Predictor of Health
Authors: Elovainio Marko , Kivimäki Mika , Vahtera Jussi 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined the justice of decision-making procedures and interpersonal relations as a psychosocial predictor of health. Methods. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between levels of perceived justice and self-rated health, minor psychiatric disorders, and recorded absences due to sickness in a cohort of 506 male and 3570 female hospital employees aged 19 to 63 years. Results. The odds ratios of poor self-rated health and minor psychiatric disorders associated with low vs high levels of perceived justice ranged from 1.7 to 2.4. The rates of absence due to sickness among those perceiving low justice were 1.2 to 1.9 times higher than among those perceiving high justice. These associations remained significant after adjustment for behavioral risks, workload, job control, and social support. Conclusions. Low organizational justice is a risk to the health of employees.
Deregionalization of Neonatal Intensive Care in Urban Areas
Authors: Howell Embry M. , Richardson Douglas , Ginsburg Paul , Foot Barbara 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This report describes the extent of deregionalization of neonatal intensive care in urban areas of the United States in the 1980s and 1990s and the factors associated with it. Methods. We conducted a 15-year retrospective analysis of secondary data from US metropolitan statistical areas. Primary outcome measures are number of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) beds, number of NICU hospitals, and number of small NICUs. Results. Growth in the supply of NICU care has outpaced the need. During the study period (1980–1995), the number of hospitals grew by 99%, the number of NICU beds by 138%, and the number of neonatologists by 268%. In contrast, the growth in needed bed days was only 84%. Of greater concern, the number of beds in small NICU facilities continues to grow. Local regulatory and practice characteristics are important in explaining this growth. Conclusions. Local policymakers should examine the factors that facilitate the proliferation of services, especially the development of small NICUs. Policies that encourage cooperative efforts by hospitals should be developed. Eliminating small NICUs would not restrict the NICU bed supply in most metropolitan statistical areas.
On the Front Lines: An Environmental Asthma Intervention in New York City
Authors: Kinney Patrick L. , Northridge Mary E. , Chew Ginger L. , Gronning Erik , Joseph Evelyn , Correa Juan C. , Prakash Swati , Goldstein Inge 
Published: December 2008

Asthma is now the leading cause of school absence among children of color in impoverished urban neighborhoods. Environmental interventions have the potential to augment clinical approaches to asthma management by directly reducing exposure to environmental triggers (e.g., cockroaches, rodents, and mold). We implemented an apartment-based intervention to reduce exposures to indoor allergens among children living with asthma in 2 areas in New York City with rates of asthma morbidity and mortality that rank among the highest in the United States. Although the intervention phase of the present study is not yet complete, timely reporting of our field experiences may prove useful to other groups engaged in environmental intervention trials in urban communities.
Public Careers and Private Sexuality: Some Gay and Lesbian Lives in the History of Medicine and Public Health
Authors: Hansen Bert 
Published: December 2008

This study explores the careers of 5 physicians active in public health and medicine during the first half of the 20th century to illustrate interactions between private and professional life. An examination of these individuals, who might today be variously designated as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or queer, suggests how historical understanding can be enriched by a greater willingness to investigate intimacy and sexual life as potentially relevant to career and achievements. Further, the narratives support a plea for all historians to provide readers with a more frank acknowledgment of the possible relevance of personal life to intellectual work, even in the sciences. Additionally, this historical exploration of ways that careers and achievements may have been affected by a person's homosexuality (even when the person did not publicly embrace a gay identity) opens up a new area of research through biographical sketches based on historical sources combined with generalizations that are intentionally provisional. Included are the stories of Sara Josephine Baker, Harry Stack Sullivan, Ethel Collins Dunham, Martha May Eliot, and Alan L. Hart.
Medical Checkups: Who Does Not Get Them?
Authors: Culica Dan , Rohrer James , Ward Marcia , Hilsenrath Peter , Pomrehn Paul 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study determined which predisposing, enabling, need, behavioral, and disease factors predict the use of medical checkups. Methods. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used to obtain state estimates in Iowa. Results. A decreased likelihood of recent checkups was noted for persons aged 25 to 44, men, and those who faced cost barriers. An increased likelihood of recent checkups was associated with married people, highest household income, health insurance, fair and poor health status, physical exercise, occasional smoking, and some chronic diseases. Conclusions. A profile of persons not having a checkup in the past 12 months emerged from the investigation.
Diversity, the Individual, and Proof of Efficacy: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Medical Education
Authors: Park Constance M. 
Published: December 2008

Patients will always have access to a variety of possibly effective, but unproved, therapies directed at maintaining health or treating illness. And there will always be complex, potentially therapeutic regimens that cannot be adequately tested for financial, ethical, or methodological reasons. Furthermore, even after adequate study of a given regimen, there will always be the fundamental uncertainty of medical practice: the fact that epidemiological research produces probabilistic results that cannot predict with certainty the best treatment for the single unique patient before us. The exploration of complementary and alternative medicine topics in the medical school curriculum helps to elucidate the complex and uncertain nature of medical practice, sharpens skills for clinical decisionmaking, increases cultural sensitivity, and provides ideas for future research.
What We Can Learn From Shamanic Healing: Brief Psychotherapy With Latino Immigrant Clients
Authors: Dobkin de Rios Marlene 
Published: December 2008

The author, a medical anthropologist and licensed psychotherapist, draws on a database of 700 Latino immigrant families whom she has treated to demonstrate concepts and techniques of psychotherapeutic intervention that are derived from shamanic roots in the immigrant’s original culture. Congruences may exist between the shamanic techniques of the coastal and Amazonian regions of Peru and 3 Western psychotherapy techniques—hypnosis, behavior modification, and cognitive restructuring. By using historic links with Hispanic culture and the techniques discussed in the commentary, psychotherapists can acquire cultural competence that will enable them to effectively reduce mental illness symptoms presented by US Latino immigrants in clinical practice.
Complementary or Alternative? Stronger vs Weaker Integration Policies
Authors: Hess David J. 
Published: December 2008

Scientific research is particularly important as a guide to health care policy regarding the “integration” of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into conventional medical practices. A spectrum of possibilities has emerged around the question of balancing integration toward complementary vs alternative usages. Although scientific research can guide policies and practices, it has become subject to greater scrutiny and linked to differences on policy issues. Using CAM cancer therapies as a case study, this commentary explores relationships between methodology and policy regarding the integration of CAM therapies.