bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Department Utilization in the United States and Ontario, Canada
Authors: Li Guohua , Lau Jonathan T. , McCarthy Melissa L. , Schull Michael J. , Vermeulen Marian , Kelen Gabor D. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:The current crisis in the emergency care system is characterized by worsening emergency department (ED) overcrowding. Lack of health insurance is widely perceived to be a major contributing factor to ED overcrowding in the United States. This study aimed to compare ED visit rates in the United States and Ontario, Canada, according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods:This was a cross sectional study consisting of a nationally representative sample of 40,253 ED visits included in the 2003 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in the United States, and all ED visits recorded during 2003 by the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System in Ontario, Canada. The main outcome was the number of ED visits per 100 population per year. Results:The annual ED visit rate in the United States was 39.9 visits (95% confidence interval = 37.2 to 42.6) per 100 population, virtually identical to the rate in Ontario, Canada (39.7 visits per 100 population). In both the United States and Ontario, Canada, those aged 75 years and older had the highest ED visit rate and women had a slightly higher ED visit rate than men. The most common discharge diagnosis was injury/poisoning, accounting for 25.6% of all ED visits in the United States and 24.7% in Ontario, Canada. Overall, 13.9% of ED patients in the United States were admitted to hospitals, compared with 10.5% in Ontario, Canada. Conclusions:ED visit rates and patterns are similar in the United States and Ontario, Canada. Differences in health insurance coverage may not have a substantial impact on the overall utilization of emergency care.
Oxaliplatin Combined With Weekly Bolus Fluorouracil and Leucovorin As Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer: Results From NSABP C-07
Authors: Kuebler J. Philip , Wieand H. Samuel , O'Connell Michael J. , Smith Roy E. , Colangelo Linda H. , Yothers Greg , Petrelli Nicholas J. , Findlay Michael P. , Seay Thomas E. , Atkins James N. , Zapas John L. , Goodwin J. Wendall , Fehrenbacher Louis , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Conley Barbara A. , Flynn Patrick J. , Soori Gamini , Colman Lauren K. , Levine Edward A. , Lanier Keith S. , Wolmark Norman 
Published: May 2007

Purpose This phase III clinical trial evaluated the impact on disease-free survival (DFS) of adding oxaliplatin to bolus weekly fluorouracil (FU) combined with leucovorin as surgical adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer. Patients and Methods Patients who had undergone a potentially curative resection were randomly assigned to either FU 500 mg/m2 intravenous (IV) bolus weekly for 6 weeks plus leucovorin 500 mg/m2 IV weekly for 6 weeks during each 8-week cycle for three cycles (FULV), or the same FULV regimen with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 IV administered on weeks 1, 3, and 5 of each 8-week cycle for three cycles (FLOX). Results A total of 2,407 patients (96.6%) of the 2,492 patients randomly assigned were eligible. Median follow-up for patients still alive is 42.5 months. The hazard ratio (FLOX v FULV) is 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93), a 20% risk reduction in favor of FLOX (P < .004). The 3- and 4-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 71.8% and 67.0% for FULV and 76.1% and 73.2% for FLOX, respectively. Grade 3 neurosensory toxicity was noted in 8.2% of patients receiving FLOX and in 0.7% of those receiving FULV (P < .001). Hospitalization for diarrhea associated with bowel wall thickening occurred in 5.5% of the patients receiving FLOX and in 3.0% of the patients receiving FULV (P < .01). A total of 1.2% of patients died as a result of any cause within 60 days of receiving chemotherapy, with no significant difference between regimens. Conclusion The addition of oxaliplatin to weekly FULV significantly improved DFS in patients with stage II and III colon cancer. FLOX can be recommended as an effective option in clinical practice.
A Novel Way to Fabrication of Core–Shell-structured Silica–NiO Spheres
Authors: Feng Jingdong , Wang Qingwei 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Core–shell-structured silica–NiO spheres were prepared by a novel method of adsorbing nickel formate on silica spheres and the subsequent heating process. These obtained core–shell-structured silica–NiO particles are expected to be promising additive materials for Ni–metal hydride battery.
Blue Luminescent Naphthalene-based Liquid Crystals
Authors: Mori Takeshi , Kijima Masashi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Novel luminescent liquid crystals were synthesized by introducing a mesogenic cyanobiphenylyl side chain to a luminescent naphthalene core. The 1,5-naphthalene derivatives were thermotropic liquid crystals showing monotropic phase transition, while 2,6-naphthalene derivatives showed an enantiotropic behavior. All compounds had an intense bluish emission in the solid, liquid crystal, and isotropic liquid states, which was investigated by UV–vis and PL spectroscopies.
Detection of Covalent-bonded Dimer in Photochemically Induced Crystallization of Protein
Authors: Furuta Kenji , Okutsu Tetsuo , Sazaki Gen , Yoshizaki Izumi , Horiuchi Hiroaki , Shimizu Tetsuya , Yamamoto Masaki , Tanaka Yoshihito , Hiratsuka Hiroshi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We investigate light-induced crystallization mechanism of hen egg-white lysozyme. Photochemical intermediate radical has been expected to form cluster which grows to nucleus. To confirm the nucleation process that the radical grows to the crystal, SDS-PAGE, crystallization experiments were carried out. Covalent-bonded dimer was produced by photochemical reaction, and it grows to the crystal. We conclude that the dimer plays the role of the smallest stable cluster in early stage of the crystallization process.
Solid-state Solar Cells Sensitized with Indoline Dye
Authors: Konno Akinori , Kumara Gamaralalage Rajanya Asoka , Kaneko Shoji , Onwona-Agyeman Boateng , Tennakone Kirthi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A solid-state solar cell sensitized with an indoline dye is found to have an efficiency of 4.2%. This value is higher than that of similar cells sensitized with the N3 dye, indicating that organic dyes adsorbing strongly onto TiO2 and forming nonquenching aggregates are more suited for application in solid-state cells.
Oxidative Coupling of Carbonyl Compounds by Using Pentavalent Biphenyl-2,2′-ylenebismuth Reagents
Authors: Imachi Shohei , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
p-Tolylbiphenyl-2,2′-ylenebismuth bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) reacted with lithium enolates derived from ketones, carboxylic esters, and thioesters to afford the corresponding oxidative coupling products in good to high yields.
Electroactive Nanowires Based on Simple 4,5-Bis(dodecylthio)- and 4,5-Bis(octadecylthio)-4′,5′-bis(methoxycarbonyl)tetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Kobayashi Yusuke , Hasegawa Masashi , Enozawa Hideo , Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
4,5-Bis(dodecylthio)- and 4,5-bis(octadecylthio)-4′,5′-bis(methoxycarbonyl)tetrathiafulvalenes (1a and 1b) exhibit gelling ability for hexane, cyclohexane, decalin, and diethyl ether to form electroactive fibrous material with 5–10 μm diameters. The doping of bunches of fibers with iodine shows moderate electrical conductivities (σrt = 2.9 × 10−3–2.0 × 10−5 S cm−1).
A Facile Chemical Reduction Route to the Preparation of Single-crystalline Iron Nanocubes
Authors: Qi Banghua , Li Dongguo , Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Iron nanocubes with a diameter of about 200–400 nm were fabricated by reduction of ferrous sulfate with hydrazine in the solvent of ethylenediamine. During the reaction process, ethylenediamine acted as the solvent, complexant, and structure-directing agent, which was crucial for the formation of the cubes. Thus-prepared iron nanocubes exhibited a high saturation magnetism (Ms) of 690 emu/g, much superior to that of bulk or nanoparticulate counterpart.
Individual housing influences certain biochemical parameters in the rat
Authors: Pérez C. , Canal J. R. , Domínguez E. , Campillo J. E. , Guillén M. , Torres M. D. 
Published: April 2007

Individual housing has been reported to modify animal behaviour. The present study compares the plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol, weight, and food and water intake in two groups of female rats. Group A: 10 rats who remained grouped in two cages for 21 days; and Group B: 10 rats housed in two cages for 7 days, then isolated in individual cages from day 8 to day 15, and finally grouped together again for the last 7 days of the study. The results showed that the plasma values of glucose declined ( P<0.05) in the Group B rats when they had been returned to group condition (4.79±0.72 mM) than when they had been isolated (5.45±0.94 mM). Plasma triglyceride levels were lower ( P<0.05) in isolated rats (0.70±0.26 mM) than in any determination of the grouped rats. Group B: 1st week 1.21±0.21 mM, 3rd week 0.88±0.20 mM; and Group A: 1.22±0.20, 0.96±0.16, and 0.96±0.36 mM, in the first, second, and third week, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in total cholesterol values as a function of the individual housing of animals. While there was no weight difference between the two groups of rats that could be ascribed to individual housing, there was a statistically significant increase ( P<0.05) in the food intake of isolated rats (17.5±3.2 g) with respect to values in the same Group B animals when they were housed together (1st week, 16.6±2.8 g; 3rd week, 16.8±3.1 g). These results therefore confirm that individual housing of female rats provoke variations in certain biochemical parameters, and that if this is not taken into account in performing different scientific studies, it could give rise to unreliable or even dubious results.
Preferences for nesting material as environmental enrichment for laboratory mice
Authors: Van de Weerd H. A. , Van Loo P. L. P. , Van Zutphen L. F. M. , Koolhaas J. M. , Baumans V. 
Published: April 2007

Behavioural and psychological needs of laboratory animals generally cannot adequately be met in standard laboratory cages. Environmental enrichment, which provides a more structured environment can enhance the well-being of laboratory animals. They may perform more of their species-specific behaviour and may control their environment in a better way. An easily applicable form of enrichment for laboratory mice is nesting material. Six different types of nesting materials were evaluated in a preference test with male and female animals of two strains (C57BL/6J or BALB/c, n=48). No significant differences in preference were found between the strains or between the sexes. All mice showed a clear preference for cages with tissues or towels as compared to paper strips or no nesting material, and for cages with cotton string or wood-wool as compared to wood shavings or no nesting material. Paper-derived materials were preferred over wood-derived materials, although the results also suggest that the nature (paper or wood) of the nesting material is less important than its structure, which determines the nestability of the material. Nesting material may be a relatively simple method to contribute to the well-being of laboratory mice.
Effects of isoflurane versus halothane on myocardial contractility in rabbits: assessment with transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Marano Giuseppe , Formigari Roberto , Grigioni Mauro , Vergari Alessandro 
Published: April 2007

The effects of isoflurane versus halothane on cardiac contractility were evaluated by two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echo cardiography in rabbits. The relationship between the left ventricular end-systolic wall stress (LVESWS) and the velocity of heart rate corrected circumferential fibre shortening (Vcfc) was used. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and transthoracic 2D echocardiographic data were determined at 1 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) of halothane or isoflurane, both with 50% nitrous oxide. Drug-induced changes in pre-and afterload were performed in all study animals to assess the left ventricular contractile response over a wide range. LVESWS and Vcfc Were calculated on videotape recorded M-mode tracings. Mean heart rate and arterial blood pressure were not significantly different between the two groups. Myocardial contractility under isoflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia was significantly higher than under halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia at 1 MAC. The results of the present study confirm data obtained from humans and other animal species and suggest that, in rabbits, myocardial contractility is best preserved by inhalation of isoflurane. Isoflurane should therefore be preferred over halothane, especially in cases of prolonged anaesthetic procedures.
Development and use of genetically uniform strains of common carp in experimental animal research
Authors: Bongers A. B. J. , Sukkel M. , Gort G. , Komen J. , Richter C. J. J. 
Published: April 2007

Fish are widely used in numerous fields of basic and applied research. Currently, they are the third laboratory animal group in numbers, and will become increasingly important. Common carp is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of carp by gynogenetic (only female inheritance) and androgenetic (only male inheritance) reproduction techniques were developed at our university. With these methods, homozygous animals are produced in one generation and we present the production of homozygous inbred and F1 hybrid strains of common carp. As in mammalian research, using genetically well defined fish is a methodological necessity since in outbred stocks: (1) repeatability between experiments is low, (2) high levels of inbreeding may have accumulated and (3) high intrastrain variability might obscure treatment effects. Within inbred strains, the variation is reduced and as a result, less animals (compared to outbreds) are necessary to obtain statistically significant results. We illustrate this with experimental data from an F1 hybrid and partly outbred strain of common carp, both subjected to an antibiotic treatment resulting in reduced gonadal growth. Results obtained from a single inbred strain should be generalized with the use of a panel of inbred strains. We show that optimal allocation of animals between and within inbred strains depends on the ratio (variation between strains): (variation within strains). When selecting a panel of inbred strains, attention has to be paid to genetic relations between strains to avoid testing within a limited genetic range. It should be considered that in inbred strains, (genic) dominance and interaction effects are absent, due to the absence of heterozygous genotypes. In general, variation within inbred strains will be reduced for traits with a high degree of genetic determination. However, in inbred strains of carp produced by gynogenesis or androgenesis, the chromosome manipulation treatment induces considerable (environmental) variation. By using F1 hybrids of carp, derived from crossing homozygous clonal siblings this source of variation can be avoided. Still, variation in F1 hybrids of carp is relatively large and varies greatly between strains when compared to inbred strains of laboratory rodents. It is assumed that their poikilothermic nature makes them more susceptible to environmental variation. Using inbred fish lines will increase experimental quality and leads to a more efficient use of experimental animals.
Intercostal muscles in the rabbit: surgical anatomy and flap construction
Authors: Elton C. , Rahim A. , Youl B. , Goldspink G. , Winslet M. 
Published: April 2007

Demos and colleagues (1967) obtained good antireflux results from transposing an intercostal myoneurovascular pedicle around the gastro-oesophageal junction in dogs. An intact neurovascular supply is essential for the viability of a muscle flap. The aim of this study was to delineate the nerve and arterial supply to the left 11th intercostal muscle in the rabbit and to assess whether this muscle could be mobilized as a viable flap. The innervation of the muscle was studied using the methods of gross dissection in cadaveric specimens, and histological staining techniques. The arterial supply was studied using gross dissection, and aortography. In three non-recovery experiments, intercostal muscle was transposed around the gastro-oesophageal junction. The distal motor latency was recorded after electrical stimulation of the intercostal wraps. Gross dissection, histological staining techniques, and aortography showed that the left 11th intercostal muscle group in the rabbit is supplied by segmental vein, artery and nerve, running between external and internal intercostal muscles. Aortography and electrical stimulation demonstrated that the muscle group could be mobilized with an intact neurovascular supply. The left 11th intercostal muscle group has potential as a viable muscle flap for use in surgical procedures within the upper abdomen.
Is a New Worldwide Web Possible? An Explorative Comparison of the Use of ICTs by Two South African Social Movements
Authors: Wasserman Herman 
Published: April 2007

Abstract:In this article the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), especially new media technologies such as e-mail and the Internet, by postapartheid South African social movements is explored. Following a discussion of the use of these technologies by activist groupings in international contexts, a typology suggested by Rheingold (2003) is used as a framework for comparing two South African social movements: the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and the Anti-Privatization Forum (APF).
A Longitudinal Study of the Prevalence, Development, and Persistence of HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Behaviors in Delinquent Youth: Implications for Health Care in the Community
Authors: Romero Erin Gregory , Teplin Linda A. , McClelland Gary M. , Abram Karen M. , Welty Leah J. , Washburn Jason J. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to examine the prevalence, development, and persistence of drug and sex risk behaviors that place delinquent youth at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.METHODS. At the baseline interview, HIV/sexually transmitted infection drug and sex risk behaviors were assessed in a stratified random sample of 800 juvenile detainees aged 10 to 18 years. Participants were reinterviewed approximately 3 years later. The final sample in these analyses (n = 724) included 316 females and 408 males; there were 393 African American participants, 198 Hispanic participants, 131 non-Hispanic white participants, and 2 participants who self-identified their race as “other.”RESULTS. More than 60% of youth had engaged in ≥10 risk behaviors at their baseline interview, and nearly two thirds of them persisted in ≥10 risk behaviors at follow-up. Among youth living in the community, many behaviors were more prevalent at follow-up than at baseline. Among incarcerated youth, the opposite pattern prevailed. Compared with females, males had higher prevalence rates of many HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors and were more likely to persist in some behaviors and develop new ones. Yet, injection risk behaviors were more prevalent among females than males and were also more likely to develop and persist. Overall, there were few racial and ethnic differences in patterns of HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors; most involved the initiation and persistence of substance use among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics.CONCLUSIONS. Because detained youth have a median stay of only 2 weeks, HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors in delinquent youth are a community public health problem, not just a problem for the juvenile justice system. Improving the coordination among systems that provide HIV/sexually transmitted infection interventions to youth— primary care, education, mental health, and juvenile justice—can reduce the prevalence of risk behaviors and substantially reduce the spread of HIV/sexually transmitted infection in young people.
Health Insurance Across Vulnerable Ages: Patterns and Disparities From Adolescence to the Early 30s
Authors: Adams Sally H. , Newacheck Paul W. , Park M. Jane , Brindis Claire D. , Irwin Charles E. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Young adults have the lowest rate of insurance coverage of any age group. Little is known about insurance patterns from adolescence through the early 30s. The objective of this study was to assess patterns and disparities in health insurance from adolescence through the early 30s.DESIGN. We analyzed data from the 2002 and 2003 National Health Interview Survey (ages 13–32; N = 48827). We examined public and private insurance coverage and conducted logistic regression to evaluate racial/ethnic and income disparities in coverage. Outcomes were insurance coverage at ages 13 to 32.RESULTS. Insurance patterns follow a U-shaped curve across the age categories. Rates are highest at ages 13 to 14, lowest at ages 23 to 24, and then increase gradually. Private rate patterns are similar; however, public coverage decreases across ages. In bivariate analyses, black and Hispanic groups had lower coverage rates than the white group, and the low- and middle-income groups had lower rates than the high-income group. After adjustment for confounding variables, all disparities remained significant except for differences between the black and white groups.CONCLUSIONS. After age 18, all groups are vulnerable to lack of insurance. Rate increases beyond age 25 to 26 years are attributable to increases in private coverage, whereas decreases in public coverage account for the lack of a full recovery to the higher rates seen in adolescence. The safety net of public programs that cover adolescents disappears in young adulthood, leaving young adults vulnerable, a problem that persists into the 30s for those who are in poverty and those who are of Hispanic origin.