bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Participation in a Smoking Cessation Program among Young Adult Smokers
Authors: Audrain-McGovern Janet , Hughes Halbert Chanita , Rodriguez Daniel , Epstein Leonard H. , Tercyak Kenneth P. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study investigated the predictors of participation in a smoking cessation trial for young adults ages 18 to 30 years old. Eligible smokers (n = 164) completed a telephone survey that measured demographic, smoking history, and psychosocial variables before the initiation of smoking cessation treatment. Young adult smokers who attended at least one smoking cessation session were compared with those who did not attend any sessions. Logistic regression analysis indicated that race and age were statistically significant multivariate predictors of participation. Caucasians were over six times (odds ratio, 6.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.41-15.05) more likely to participate in the smoking cessation program compared with non-Caucasians (61% versus 19%). For every SD increase in age (SD, 2.45), there was about a 2-fold increase in the likelihood that a young adult smoker participated in the smoking cessation program (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.71). Future research should investigate how to promote participation in smoking cessation programs among smokers in emerging adulthood and among non-Caucasian young adult smokers to prevent a lifelong habit associated with disproportionate morbidity and mortality. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):617–9)
Differences in Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Yang Xiaohong R. , Sherman Mark E. , Rimm David L. , Lissowska Jolanta , Brinton Louise A. , Peplonska Beata , Hewitt Stephen M. , Anderson William F. , Szeszenia-Dąbrowska Neonila , Bardin-Mikolajczak Alicja , Zatonski Witold , Cartun Richard , Mandich Daniza , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Ligaj Marcin , Lukaszek Stanislaw , Kordek Radzisaw , García-Closas Montserrat 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Analysis of gene expression data suggests that breast cancers are divisible into molecular subtypes which have distinct clinical features. This study evaluates whether pathologic features and etiologic associations differ among molecular subtypes. We evaluated 804 women with invasive breast cancers and 2,502 controls participating in a Polish Breast Cancer Study. Immunohistochemical stains for estrogen receptor α, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2 and HER1), and cytokeratin 5 were used to classify cases into five molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-expresing, basal-like, and unclassified. Relative risks were estimated using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We observed that compared with the predominant luminal A tumors (69%), other subtypes were associated with unfavorable clinical features at diagnosis, especially HER2-expressing (8%) and basal-like (12%) tumors. Increasing body mass index significantly reduced the risk of luminal A tumors among premenopausal women (odds ratios, 0.71; 95% confidence intervals, 0.57-0.88 per five-unit increase), whereas it did not reduce risk for basal-like tumors (1.18; 0.86-1.64; Pheterogeneity = 0.003). On the other hand, reduced risk associated with increasing age at menarche was stronger for basal-like (0.78; 0.68-0.89 per 2-year increase) than luminal A tumors (0.90; 0.95-1.08; Pheterogeneity = 0.0009). Although family history increased risk for all subtypes (except for unclassified tumors), the magnitude of the relative risk was highest for basal-like tumors. Results from this study have shown that breast cancer risk factors may vary by molecular subtypes identified in expression studies, suggesting etiologic, in addition to clinical, heterogeneity of breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):439–43)
Trinucleotide Repeat Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Schildkraut Joellen M. , Murphy Susan K. , Palmieri Rachel T. , Iversen Edwin , Moorman Patricia G. , Huang Zhiqing , Halabi Susan , Calingaert Brian , Gusberg Alison , Marks Jeffrey R. , Berchuck Andrew 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Introduction: Androgens may play a role in the development of ovarian cancers. Two trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms have been described in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene that may affect its function. Previous studies of ovarian cancer and AR repeat polymorphisms have been inconsistent.
Methods: We analyzed CAG and GGC repeat length polymorphisms in the AR gene using data from a population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer that included 594 cases and 681 controls. Repeat lengths were determined by fluorescent DNA fragment analysis using ABI GeneScan software. Change point models were used to determine appropriate repeat length cutoff points by race (African American versus Caucasian) for both the shorter and longer CAG and GGC repeats.
Results: No relationship was observed between CAG repeat length and ovarian cancer among Caucasians. Among African Americans, having a short repeat length on either allele was associated with a 2-fold increase in ovarian cancer risk (age-adjusted odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.1). Having short CAG repeat lengths for both alleles was associated with a 5-fold increased risk for developing ovarian cancer (age-adjusted odds ratio, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-1.7). No relationship with the GGC repeat length polymorphisms was observed.
Conclusion: These results suggest that having a short CAG repeat length in AR increases ovarian cancer risk in African Americans. The failure to observe this relationship in Caucasians may be due to the rarity of such short CAG alleles in this population or could reflect racial differences in disease etiology. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):473–80)
Race, Socioeconomic Status, Treatment, and Survival Time among Pancreatic Cancer Cases in California
Authors: Zell Jason A. , Rhee Jessica M. , Ziogas Argyrios , Lipkin Steven M. , Anton-Culver Hoda 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Poor survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with African-American race and also with low socioeconomic status (SES). However, it is not known whether the observed poor survival of African-American pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases is due to SES itself and/or treatment disparities. We set out to determine this using the large, population-based California Cancer Registry (CCR) database as a model.
Methods: We conducted a case-only analysis of CCR data (1989-2003), including descriptive analysis of relevant clinical variables and SES. The SES variable used has been derived from principle component analysis of census block level CCR data linked to census data to address seven major indicators of SES. Overall survival univariate analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate survival analyses were done using Cox proportional hazards ratios (HR).
Results: Incident cases of pancreatic cancer (24,735) were analyzed. Among adenocarcinomas, after adjustment for age, year of diagnosis, and gender, African-Americans [HR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.08-1.21] and Hispanics (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) had an increased risk of death compared with Caucasians. These differences persisted after adjustment for stage. However, after further adjustment for SES, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the risk of death for African-Americans (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.94-1.06) and Hispanics (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.02) was not statistically different from Caucasians.
Conclusions: Differences in treatment and SES likely account for the observed poor survival of African-Americans and Hispanics among pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases. These data highlight the importance of improving access to care for ethnic minority pancreatic cancer patients. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):546–52)
An International Case-Control Study of Glutathione Transferase and Functionally Related Polymorphisms and Risk of Primary Adult Brain Tumors
Authors: Schwartzbaum Judith A. , Ahlbom Anders , Lönn Stefan , Warholm Margareta , Rannug Agneta , Auvinen Anssi , Christensen Helle Collatz , Henriksson Roger , Johansen Christoffer , Lindholm Carita , Malmer Beatrice , Salminen Tiina , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Feychting Maria 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: Glutathione transferases (GST) detoxify environmental and endogenous compounds and levels of two polymorphic GST proteins, GSTM3 and GSTP1, are high in the brain. Previous studies of GSTM3 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk have produced inconsistent results, whereas the GSTM3 −63 variant is newly identified and, therefore, has not yet been studied in this context. We therefore examined associations between GSTM3 −63, GSTM3 *A/*B, GSTP1 105, and GSTP1 114 variants and adult brain tumor risk and the interaction of the effects of these same polymorphisms with cigarette smoking. In addition, the enzymes NQO1 and CYP1A1 alter susceptibility to oxidative brain damage. Because there is less previous evidence for a role of NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 variants, we restricted analysis of these variants to a small preliminary study.Methods: We genotyped DNA collected for an international population-based case-control study of 725 glioma cases, 329 of which were glioblastoma cases, 546 meningioma cases and 1,612 controls. Study participants were residents of Sweden, southeast England, Denmark, and Finland.Results: We found no associations between the GSTM3, GSTP1, NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, or GSTT1 polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk with the possible exception of a weak association between the G-C (Val-Ala) GSTP1 105/114 haplotype and glioma [odds ratio (OR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.54, 0.99], nor was there an interaction between the effects of the GSTM3 or GSTP1 polymorphisms and cigarette smoking.Conclusions: Overall, we observed no strong evidence for an association between GST or related enzyme polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):559–65)
Benzene Exposure and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Smith Martyn T. , Jones Rachael M. , Smith Allan H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Exposure to benzene, an important industrial chemical and component of gasoline, is a widely recognized cause of leukemia, but its association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is less clear. To clarify this issue, we undertook a systematic review of all case-control and cohort studies that identified probable occupational exposures to benzene and NHL morbidity or mortality. We identified 43 case-control studies of NHL outcomes that recognized persons with probable occupational exposure to benzene. Forty of these 43 (93%) studies show some elevation of NHL risk, with 23 of 43 (53%) studies finding statistically significant associations between NHL risk and probable benzene exposure. We also identified 26 studies of petroleum refinery workers reporting morbidity or mortality for lymphomas and all neoplasms and found that in 23 (88%), the rate of lymphoma morbidity or mortality was higher than that for all neoplasms. A substantial healthy-worker effect was evident in many of the studies and a comprehensive reevaluation of these studies with appropriate adjustments should be undertaken. Numerous studies have also reported associations between benzene exposure and the induction of lymphomas in mice. Further, because benzene is similar to alkylating drugs and radiation in producing leukemia, it is plausible that it might also produce lymphoma as they do and by similar mechanisms. Potential mechanisms include immunotoxicity and the induction of double-strand breaks with subsequent chromosome damage resulting in translocations and deletions. We conclude that, overall, the evidence supports an association between occupational benzene exposure and NHL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):385–91)
Sun Exposure and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Armstrong Bruce K. , Kricker Anne 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
It was initially hypothesized that sun exposure might cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) on the following grounds: its incidence was increasing in parallel with that of cutaneous melanoma; its risk was increased in those with a history of melanoma or other skin cancer; sun exposure causes immune suppression; and immunosuppression for other reasons is associated with an increased risk of NHL. The association of NHL with prior skin cancer has been found consistently in subsequent studies, but results of ecological analyses have only partially supported this hypothesis. Contrary to it, three recent studies of NHL in individuals found that risk decreased, generally by 25% to 40%, across categories of increasing total or recreational, but not occupational, sun exposure. One study, thus far reported only in abstract, showed the opposite. Production of vitamin D from sun exposure offers a plausible mechanism for protection against NHL by sun exposure. A recent study has found a reduced risk of NHL in people with a high dietary intake of vitamin D. Results of additional studies in individuals and a planned original-data meta-analysis of case-control studies should help to resolve the present conflicting results on sun exposure and NHL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):396–400)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Engel Lawrence S. , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies suggest that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels measured in peripheral blood or adipose tissue are related to increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and, therefore, may be at least partially responsible for the rising incidence of NHL unrelated to HIV infection in recent decades. Case-control studies that measured PCBs in blood, adipose tissue, or household carpet dust, at the time of diagnosis, have observed elevated NHL risk associated with concentrations of either total PCBs or of specific congeners. Similar associations have been found in a number of prospective cohorts. These associations do not seem to be due to confounding by other organochlorines or by other known NHL risk factors. These results support evidence of PCB carcinogenicity from animal studies. However, interpretation of the epidemiologic evidence is limited by the wide range in measurement precision across congeners and by the moderate to high correlation among many congeners. Occupational cohort studies provide very limited support for a relationship between PCBs and NHL. In conclusion, there is mounting evidence of a relationship between certain PCBs and risk of NHL, but important questions remain, especially regarding the magnitude, timing, and causality of that relationship. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):373–6)
Exposure to Solvents and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Clues on Putative Mechanisms
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Miligi Lucia , Costantini Adele Seniori ,   on behalf of the Working Group
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Malignant lymphomas are a group of diseases of uncertain etiology. Both environmental factors and genetic susceptibility have been reported as risk factors. We have conducted a population-based case-control study in Italy: all newly diagnosed cases of malignant lymphoma, in males and females ages 20 to 74 years in the 1991 to 1993 period, were identified; the control group was comprised of a random sample of the general population resident in each of the areas under study, stratified by sex and 5-year age groups. Overall, 1,428 non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases and 1,530 controls were interviewed. Experts from each geographic area examined questionnaire data and assigned a level of probability and intensity of exposure to a range of chemical groups and individual chemicals. For those in the medium/high level of exposure, there was an increased risk of NHL for exposure to benzene, xylene, and toluene. We have examined the hypothesis that the effect of solvents is related to their immunotoxicity by analyzing the interaction with a previous history of autoimmune disease. We have found an apparent, though not statistically significant, increased risk of NHL in those with both exposure to benzene and a history of autoimmune disease (odds ratio, 16.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-321). In addition, an odds ratio of 29.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-650.2, based on nine exposed cases) was associated with high-level exposure to benzene in those with a positive family history of malignant hematologic neoplasms. Both hypotheses (i.e., the interaction with autoimmune diseases and with familial predisposition) indirectly suggest that an immunologic mechanism could be involved in lymphomagenesis from solvents. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):381–4)
Some Trends in International Propaganda
Authors: Davison W. Phillips 
Published: March 2007

J udging from past trends and present indica tions, international propaganda in the next decades will be ever more pervasive, propaganda organizations will be more complex (and expensive), and news channels will be more widely utilized for propaganda. Ingenuity in the use of channels, techniques, and personnel has kept steady pace with the technological ad vances of the times. No resources have been spared in times of war, nor when the ambitions of a ruler or of a state have called for an all-out effort to win a political, a psychological, or an economic victory. Whether basic propaganda aims and tactics will change is doubtful, although one can hope that they will. The trend appears to be toward a greater emphasis on public and private commercial efforts, which are increasing rapidly.
Propaganda: Morally Questionable and Morally Unquestionable Techniques
Authors: White Ralph K. 
Published: March 2007

The prevailing confusion as to what kinds of persuasion are morally legitimate has two unfortunate conse quences: persuaders can be subtly deceptive without realizing it, and they can lean over backward to avoid the stigma of "propaganda." It is useful to compare the words persuasion and propaganda and to recognize that they differ only in the evil overtones of the latter. Five forms of persuasion, or elements in it, seem inherently legitimate: (1) getting and keeping attention; (2) getting and keeping rapport; (3) building credibility, as in Hovland's two- sided approach; (4) appealing to strong motives, including "emotions"; (5) action involvement. Five forms seem morally questionable, if not wrong: (1) lying; (2) innuendo; (3) pre senting opinion as fact; (4) deliberate omission; (5) implied obviousness. Most of the questionable methods can be used "innocently" in the sense that those who use them are deceiving themselves as well as others. But self-deception itself is a sign of weak ness, or worse, if no real effort is made to counteract it.
Long-Term Care Policy Issues: Alternatives to Institutional Care
Authors: Abdellah Faye G. 
Published: March 2007

Americans are living longer today than ever before in history. There will be about 31.8 million elderly people by the year 2000. The basic issue facing government today is how to provide or pay for quality care at an afford able price. It is recognized that institutionalization of the elderly is essential for some but inappropriate for others. Doc umentation is available to show that deterioration of patients' conditions can be linked directly to institutionalization and prolonged bed rest. Of the one million elderly persons in long-term care fa cilities, 17 to 25 percent are placed there because there are no alternative care services available to them. The Depart ment of Health, Education, and Welfare has undertaken a major effort to include home health and social services as part of a broad cost containment effort to prevent inappropri ate institutionalization. Home health and community services need to be linked with the total health care delivery system. There must also be an assessment system to assure that ap propriate and effective services are delivered to the right individuals. The Patient Appraisal, Care-Planning, and Eval uation (PACE) program, developed and tested by the Depart ment, provides such a system. In order to provide effective and quality services for the elderly, a partnership is required that will involve federal, state, and local governments, and providers and consumers of health services.
The Current State of the Law in the United States and the Separationist Agenda
Authors: Pfeffer Leo 
Published: March 2007

The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment are aimed at securing both religious freedom and the separa tion of church and state. The former forbids limitation not shown to be justified by a compelling government interest; the latter prohibits laws failing to meet the purpose-effect-en tanglement test. On the whole the Supreme Court has been faithful to the mandate imposed by the clauses and interpreted and applied by the judiciary. Although it has been urged that there are or may be instances in which freedom might demand what church-state separation forbids or vice versa, the Court has not yet been faced with any case requiring it to make a choice. While not fully satisfied with the Court's resolution of con flicts between church and state, particularly in the area of financing religious school operations or refusing to finance abortions for the economically underprivileged, the separa tionist agenda is basically the defense of present constitutional principles and the assurance of their faithful application by the executive and legislative branches of government.
Ideology: Public and Private
Authors: Rodinson Maxime 
Published: March 2007

Men are living in the midst of a world pervaded by ideas.* Ideas, which provide men with help in their will to act and to think according to rules, which offer them guidance in their lives, are mustered into systems which are called ideologies.Ideologies are issued by the inclusive society, by special, functional groups inside the society and, beginning with a given stage in the development of human society, by ideological movements which profess to provide men not only with guidance for special tasks or functions, but for life as a whole. So, individual men are faced with various sets of ideologies, more or less in agreement between themselves, more 'or less authoritative for them. They must choose between the suggestions, the rules, the orders given to them. As men are always in search of some degree of consistency in their ways of thinking and acting, they fit together the ideas they choose, unconsciously, into systems, into personal, private, individual ideologies.
Docility and Civilization in Ancient Greece
Authors: de Romilly Jacqueline 
Published: March 2007

At a time when there is general speculation about civilization, or civilizations, as well as on what the relationships are between Western and other civilizations, it is logical to try to define precisely what the men of ancient Greece thought about the question, since Western civilization owes so much to them.It may be that they did not think about it at all, or at least they thought nothing that could be expressed in modern terms. The fact is that ancient Greece did not have a word for civilization: the French and English words come from Latin, not from Greek, while the first examples given in French and English dictionaries are the privileged example of Greece, “the civilization of Greece.” Did the Greeks use a paraphrase? Or a different word? If we consult a English-Greek dictionary we are surprised to see that the word given for “civilized” is hèmeros) that is, “docile,” “tamed.”