bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liability for Omission in International Criminal Law
Authors: Duttwiler Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhile deliberately excluding from its scope the issue of superior responsibility, this article considers whether there is a general rule of international law providing for liability for omission on which to base a concept of "improper crimes of omission" or "commission by omission".By analyzing international law sources, the article finds that treaty law contains a provision of only limited scope. A customary law rule, it argues, could not come into existence due to the lack of opinio iuris. Turning to general principles of law, the article studies various legal systems, concluding that there is a general principle of law, which for the purposes of criminal law equates the human conduct of omission with action, if a legal duty to act exists.Based on this finding, the article argues that the International Criminal Court is in a position to apply the concept of commission by omission despite the lack of such a general provision on omission in the Rome Statute.
A Case Study of Downstream Baroclinic Development over the North Pacific Ocean. Part II: Diagnoses of Eddy Energy and Wave Activity
Authors: Danielson Richard E. , Gyakum John R. , Straub David N. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The sequential development of a western, and then an eastern, North Pacific cyclone is examined in terms of eddy energy and a phase-independent wave activity. Based on the propagation of both a contiguous wave activity center and eddy energy, the development of the western cyclone appears to influence its downstream neighbor. A quantitative comparison of these two diagnoses is made in terms of group velocity, and only minor differences are found during much of the initial evolution. It is only once the tropopause undulations lose their wavelike appearance (at which point, application of the group-velocity concept itself becomes quite tenuous) that the downstream propagation of eddy energy seems faster than that of wave activity. Conventional methods of tracking this wave packet are also briefly discussed.
Political Liberalism and Political Compliance: Part 2 of The Problem of Political Compliance in Rawls’s Theories of Justice
Authors: Carter Alan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThree interlocking features appear to underpin Rawls’s justification of political compliance within the context of political liberalism: namely, a specific territory; a specific society; and a specific conception of what it is to be reasonable. When any one feature is subject to critical examination, while presupposing that the other two are acceptable, Rawls’s argument for political compliance may seem persuasive. But when all three features are critically examined together, his justification of political compliance within political liberalism can be seen to lack cogency. Thus, political compliance fails to be justified by a free-standing political liberalism.
FCGR2APolymorphism Is Correlated With Clinical Outcome After Immunotherapy of Neuroblastoma With Anti-GD2 Antibody and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Authors: Cheung Nai-Kong V. , Sowers Rebecca , Vickers Andrew J. , Cheung Irene Y. , Kushner Brian H. , Gorlick Richard 
Published: May 2006

PurposeAnti-GD2 murine IgG3 antibody 3F8 kills neuroblastoma cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances phagocyte-mediated ADCC. The differential affinity of the human FCGR polymorphic alleles for 3F8 may influence the effectiveness of antibody immunotherapy.Patients and MethodsThe entire cohort of high risk neuroblastoma patients (N = 136) treated on protocol using 3F8 and GM-CSF were the subjects of this analysis. Tumor response was measured by standard clinical tools plus sensitive molecular monitoring using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Polymorphic alleles of FCGR2A and FCGR3A were determined by PCR plus direct sequencing using genomic DNA samples obtained from marrow or blood of patients.ResultsFCGR2A (R/R) genotype correlated with progression-free survival for the entire cohort (P = .049) and for the subset of patients with no history of prior relapse (P = .023). FCGR2A (R/R) also correlated with marrow remission 2.5 months after treatment initiation: by histology (P = .021 and P = .036, for the entire cohort and the subset, respectively) and by qRT-PCR (P = .052 and P = .033, respectively).ConclusionThe favorable outcome associated with FCGR2A (R/R) genotype is consistent with the proposed role of FCGR2A and phagocyte-mediated ADCC in 3F8 plus GM-CSF immunotherapy.
Formation of Amidines from Aryliminodimagnesium and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Novel Catalytic Mediation by Single Electron Transfer with Use of Nitrobenzenes
Authors: Okubo Masao , Tanaka Mikio , Matsuo Koji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
N,N′-Diarylformamidines were obtained in good yields by the reaction of aryliminodimagnesium (ArN(MgBr)2) with N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of nitrobenzene. Novel catalytic mediation by single electron transfer was disclosed.
Resolution of Diels–Alder Adducts Using a Chiral Carbodiimide
Authors: Kishikawa Keiki , Horie Kohji , Yamamoto Makoto , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamada Kazutoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The relation between the separability and the stereochemistry of the acylurea derivatives prepared from chiral mono-, bi- and tricyclic acids and N,N′-bis((S)-1-phenylethyl)carbodiimide were investigated. Conventionally separated diastereomers by silica gel column chromatography were converted to optically pure methyl esters of the corresponding acids upon methanolysis.
Hypervalent Intermediate in Hydrolysis of a Sulfenate Ester
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi , Nakamura Tomoki , Fueno Takayuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The pH-rate profile for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl benzenesulfenate showed a break at pH ca. 2, reflecting a change in the rate-determining step of the reaction involving a hypervalent intermediate.
Lipase Catalyzed Regioselective Esterification of a Terminal Diol
Authors: Fuganti Claudio , Pedrocchi-Fantoni Giuseppe , Servi Stefano 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Lipase from Candida cylindracea catalyzes regioselective interesterification between an acyl donor and a terminal diol. Discrimination between primary hydroxyl groups in a dissymmetric molecule has not been previously described. Preparation of (R)-2-thiobenzyl-4-acetoxy-hydroxybutane 4 obtained in this way, allows the assignement of the (R) absolute configuration to 2-thiobenzyl-1,4-butandiol derivatives previously obtained in a yeast transformation.
Stereoselective Formation of Aluminum Enolate on Capped Porphyrin
Authors: Arai Toru , Sato Yoshihiro , Inoue Shohei 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Addition of aluminum ethanethiolate complex of a capped porphyrin to α,β-unsaturated ketone affords the complexes with Z-enolate as the axial ligand stereoselectively. The aluminum ethanethiolate complex also reacts with enolizable ketone under irradiation with visible light to yield corresponding Z-enolate.
Differentiation of Diverse Tetrapropylammonium Cations Occluded in MFI-Type Zeolites by 15N CP MAS NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Delmotte L , Soulard M , Kessler H 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
High resolution solid state 1H–15N CP MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to study the TPA+ species present in ZSM-5 samples and in silicalite prepared either in alkaline medium or in a non-alkaline fluoride medium. The resolution of the spectra recorded for the samples prepared in fluoride medium enabled to differentiate two types of TPA+, compensating or not the framework charge, both present in some of the solids.
Aromatization of Propane Assisted by Palladium Membrane Reactor
Authors: Uemiya Shigeyuki , Matsuda Takeshi , Kikuchi Eiichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A palladium membrane reactor was successfully applied to aromatization of propane. Conversion of propane to aromatics was apparently enhanced by use of a membrane reactor because hydrocrackingf dealkylation, and hydrogen transfer were suppressed as a result of the rapid separation of produced hydrogen.
Nitrosation of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxamide with Nitric Oxide and Triethylsilane Catalyzed by Cobalt(II) Complex
Authors: Kato Koji , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of N,N′-bis(2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxobutylidene)ethylenediaminatocobalt(II), various α,β-unsaturated carboxamides are converted to the corresponding 2-nitrosocarboxamides regioselectively in good yields on treatment with nitric oxide and triethylsilane at room temperature.
Laser Trapping, Spectroscopy, and Ablation of a Single Latex Particle in Water
Authors: Misawa Hiroaki , Koshioka Masanori , Sasaki Keiji , Kitamura Noboru , Masuhara Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Simultaneous laser manipulation, spectroscopy, and ablation of a dye-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) latex particle in water was demonstrated. A minute hole with its diameter and length of ≈sub μm and 4–7 μm, respectively, was fabricated on an optically trapped latex particle (4–7 μm diameter) by laser ablation. Possible applications are briefly discussed.
Thermal Valence Isomerization of Hemi-Dewar Type Isomers of [6](1,4)Naphthaleno- and [6](1,4)Anthracenophanes
Authors: Tobe Yoshito , Takahashi Tohru , Kobiro Kazuya , Kakiuchi Kiyomi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
8-Methoxycarbonyl substituted [6](1,4)naphthaleno- and [6](1,4)anthracenophanes were prepared by the thermal valence isomerization of the corresponding hemi-Dewar type valence isomers. The rates of their isomerization were remarkably faster than those of the Dewar isomer of [6]paracyclophanes.
Drastic Variation of Optical Intensity due to Phase Transition of Multibilayers Immobilized on a Plastic Optical Fiber
Authors: Niwa Masazo , Yamamoto Tetsu , Higashi Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A multibilayer-coated plastic optical fiber was prepared by solvent casting of the polyion complex composed of dioctadecylammonium bromide and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate). When a He–Ne laser light was passed through the fiber, the modified optical fiber exhibited a steep change in the optical intensity at the crystal-to-liquid crystal phase transition temperature (45 °C) of the bilayer component, resulting from the drastic change of refractive index of the bilayer phase.
Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Allylsulfones from Aldehydes and Alkynes
Authors: Ozawa Motoyasu , Iwata Noriyoshi , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Several (E)- and (Z)-1-p-toluenesulfonyl(=tosyl)-2-alkenes, allylsulfones, were regio- and stereoselectively prepared from aldehydes and alkynes, respectively, in good yields by application of the results of our previous investigation on “syn-effect” and iodosulfonization.
Liquid Crystalline Polymers from Fumarates Containing Mesogenic Methoxyphenylazophenoxy Groups
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Sugiyama Kazuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Radical polymerization of three fumarates, ethyl 4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenyl fumarate (1), ethyl 6-[4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl fumarate (2), and ethyl 11-[4-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)phenoxy]undecyl fumarate (3) was carried out in benzene. Monomers 2 and 3 polymerize to give nematic polyfumarates [poly(2), poly(3)], while monomer 1 gives no polymer. From the copolymerization of monomer 2 (M2) with styrene (M1) the monomer reactivity ratios r1 and r2 were found to be 0.60 and 0.06, respectively. The copolymerization of monomers 2 and 3 was also carried out in an attempt to obtain a guest-host system [poly(2/3)]. The rate of isomerization from trans- to cis-azobenzene was found to be 0.038 min−1 for poly(2/3).
Preparation of Niobium Oxide Films as Humidity Sensor
Authors: Tsuiki Hideyasu , Shimanouchi Takeaki , Takahashi Naoyuki , Kakuta Noriyoshi , Ueno Akifumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Niobium oxide films were prepared on a glass plate by dipping in a viscous solution of niobium penta-isopropoxide dissolved in 2-propanol. The films had humidity-sensitive electrical resistance with good selectivity and an extremely high surface area even after the iterative adsorption/desorption cycles of water vapor, suggesting that the films could be used as a humidity sensor element.
Electrical Properties of Sintered Lithium Titanium Phosphate Ceramics (Li1+XMXTi2−X(PO4)3, M3+ = Al3+, Sc3+, or Y3+)
Authors: Aono Hiromichi , Sugimoto Eisuke , Sadaoka Yoshihiko , Imanaka Nobuhito , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Activation energies of electrical conduction for bulk and grain boundary in Li1+XMXTi2−X(PO4)3 (M = Al, Sc, or Y) systems were determined. The activation energy for the bulk kept constant in spite of the M3+ substitution, while that for the grain boundary appreciably decreased. The total conductivity enhancement by the M3+ substitution was attributed to the decrease in the activation energy of the grain boundary component.
Anchimerically Assisted Demethylation of Methyl Ethers in Inositol Derivatives with an AlCl3–NaI System
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Takechi Naoto , Shima Hiroaki , Ozaki Shoichiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Investigated are AlCl3 and NaI catalyzed chemoselective demethylation reactions of methyl ethers of partly protected inositol derivatives, reactions which are greatly promoted by vicinal OH group and proceed in preference to the cleavage of the cis cyclohexylidene moiety.
Stereoselective Michael Addition of Organometallic Reagents to α,β-Unsaturated Ester Containing Oxazolidine Ring
Authors: Yoda Hidemi , Shirai Tsuyoshi , Katagiri Takao , Takabe Kunihiko , Kimata Kazuhiro , Hosoya Ken 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric conjugate addition of various organometallic reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated ester derived from L-glutamic acid proceeded cleanly with almost complete diastereoface selection to furnish R-configurated adducts.
New Dioxygen Complex of Molybdenum Porphyrin. Reactions of Oxomolybdenum(IV) Porphyrins with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Tachibana Junichi , Imamura Taira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
New dioxygen molybdenum porphyrins were formed by the introduction of dioxygen into the toluene solutions of oxomolybdenum(IV) porphyrins, MoIVO(tpp) and MoIVO(oep), around −70 °C. By raising the temperature to 25 °C, or by the photoirradiation of the solutions with the wavelength of the Soret bands, the parent oxomolybdenum(IV) porphyrins were regenerated. A structure for the dioxygen complexes is proposed.
Synthesis and Electrical Conductive Property of New Tellurium Polymers Containing Thiocarbonyl Group
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari , Yamamoto Yukishi , Yoshida Zen-ichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The new two thiocarbonyl telluride polymers, poly(thiocarbonyltelluride) and poly(thiocarbonylditelluride), were synthesized. The native polymers showed low electrical conductivities of 5.7 × 10−7 and 7.7 × 10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature, respectively. The doping of the polymers by I2 or Br2 brought an increase of 20–1000 times in the conductivities. Also, HgCl2 somewhat exhibited a doping effect.
Effect of Axial Substituents on the Aggregate of Silicon Naphthalocyanine in the Vacuum Deposited Thin Films
Authors: Hayashida Shigeru , Hayashi Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Studies on the electronic and FTIR spectra of bis(tri-n-alkylsiloxy) 2,3-naphthalocyaninatosilicon complexes in the form of vacuum deposited thin films show an unambiguous stacking of naphthalocyanine molecules along the axial directions of the complexes with distances dependent on the bulkiness of alkyl substituents.
Elasto-Viscoplastic Behavior of the Ferritic Stainless Steel AISI 441-EN 1.4509 from Room Temperature to 850°C
Authors: Bucher L , Santacreu P-O , Köster A , Remy L 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn order to predict the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage of stainless steel parts submitted to thermal loading, the elasto-viscoplastic behavior has to be described accurately in a wide range of temperature, strain, and strain rate levels. The study is done on a stabilized ferritic stainless steel grade equivalent to AISI 441 or EN 1.4509 standard which is used more and more in high temperature application up to 950°C, for example, in exhaust manifolds, heat exchanger, burners, or water-boiler device. The elasto-viscoplastic model proposed by Chaboche is chosen and identified on the basis of isothermal cyclic tests including relaxation and graduated cyclic strain tests performed under air at 300, 650 and 850°C. The validation procedure was performed afterward by comparison with stabilized behavior under nonisothermal conditions, especially in-phase, out-of-phase, and diamond TMF cycles. Results of simulation show very good fitting with the experimental curves which would lead to a more accurate fatigue life prediction.
Effects of disturbance caused by traditional Spanish rural land use on the regeneration of Cytisus multiflorus
Authors: Fernández‐Santos B. , Gómez‐Gutiérrez J.M. , Moreno‐Marcos G. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Cytisus multiflorus is a leguminous matorral shrub native to the NW Iberian Peninsula, where it is one of the most important species in the extension of matorral at the expense of set‐aside agricultural land. Dehesas have traditionally been used for extensive livestock raising and matorral was periodically burnt, cut or pulled out. The two latter practices are now out of use. However, burning is more frequent than in the past. The effects of fire, cutting, and pulling out of C. multiflorus on its regeneration was studied in order to ascertain whether the presently increasing distribution of the species relates to fire‐stimulated regeneration or to the reduction of other traditional practices.Three years after treatment two sets of parameters were determined: 1. Plant origin: seedlings and different ramet types (ramets=resprout clumps), density, weight, and biomass as well as the percentage of resprouting. 2. Seed persistence at various soil depths. The possible mechanisms of breaking dormancy and plant emergence in different years after fire were studied in other experiments.The results suggest that the regeneration mechanism in C. multiflorus is stimulated by fire, but it is not an exclusive relationship. Stimulation occurs also after other disturbances leading to the total elimination of aerial biomass. The present expansion of the species does not appear to result from the abandonment of some traditional practices, such as cutting or pulling out, but from frequent fires (resulting in aerial‐biomass elimination).
Associations of Medical Debt With Health Status, Premature Death, and Mortality in the US
Authors: Han Xuesong , Hu Xin , Zheng Zhiyuan , Shi Kewei Sylvia , Yabroff K. Robin 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceMedical debt is increasingly common in the US. Little is known regarding its association with population health.ObjectiveTo examine the associations of medical debt with health status, premature death, and mortality at the county level in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at the US county level using 2018 medical debt data from the Urban Institute Debt in America project linked with 2018 data on self-reported health status and premature death from the County Health Rankings &amp;amp; Roadmaps and with 2015 to 2019 mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Data analysis was performed from August 2022 to May 2023.ExposureShare of population with any medical debt in collections and median amount of medical debt.Main Outcomes and MeasuresHealth status was measured as (1) the mean number of physically and mentally unhealthy days in the past 30 days per 1000 people, (2) the mean number of premature deaths measured as years of life lost before age 75 years per 1000 people, and (3) age-adjusted all-cause and 18 cause-specific mortality rates (eg, malignant cancers, heart disease, and suicide) per 100 000 person-years. Multivariable linear models were fitted to estimate the associations between medical debt and health outcomes.ResultsA total of 2943 counties were included in this analysis. The median percentage of the county population aged 65 years or older was 18.3% (IQR, 15.8%-20.9%). Across counties, a median 3.0% (IQR, 1.2%-11.9%) of the population were Black residents, 4.3% (IQR, 2.3%-9.7%) were Hispanic residents, and 84.5% (IQR, 65.7%-93.3%) were White residents. On average, 19.8% (range, 0%-53.6%) of the population had medical debt. After adjusting for county-level sociodemographic characteristics, a 1–percentage point increase in the population with medical debt was associated with 18.3 (95% CI, 16.3-20.2) more physically unhealthy days and 17.9 (95% CI, 16.1-19.8) more mentally unhealthy days per 1000 people during the past month, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.21) years of life lost per 1000 people, and an increase of 7.51 (95% CI, 6.99-8.04) per 100 000 person-years in age-adjusted all-cause mortality rate. Associations of medical debt and elevated mortality rates were consistent for all leading causes of death, including cancer (1.12 [95% CI, 1.02-1.22]), heart disease (1.39 [95% CI, 1.21-1.57]), and suicide (0.09 [95% CI, 0.06-0.11]) per 100 000 person-years. Similar patterns were observed for associations between the median amount of medical debt and the aforementioned health outcomes.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that medical debt is associated with worse health status, more premature deaths, and higher mortality rates at the county level in the US. Therefore, policies increasing access to affordable health care, such as expanding health insurance coverage, may improve population health.
Association between subjective well‐being and cognition of neighborhood places: An online questionnaire study conducted in the Tokyo metropolitan area
Authors: Takamine Shota , Goto Haruhiko , Lin Shu‐hsien , Yamakawa Yukinori 
Published: March 2024

AbstractImproving individuals' subjective well‐being has become a focus of policymaking globally in recent times. The current study examined the association between cognition of neighborhood places and subjective well‐being, with the aim of informing urban planning and community development efforts to improve the latter. An online questionnaire was distributed among residents in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and 2600 individuals responded. Regression analysis showed that respondents with greater neighborhood awareness and higher levels of education and household income exhibited better subjective well‐being. Moreover, psychological distress, loneliness, and sense of coherence were observed to be associated with amount of cognition of neighborhood places. Another regression analysis revealed that amount of cognition of neighborhood places was associated with education levels and household income independently, suggesting the possibility of amount of cognition of neighborhood places playing a mediatory role in health disparities, a global public health concern. The findings of the current study suggest that urban planning and community development policies should aim to increase individuals' amount of cognition of neighborhood places by improving accessibility and providing information on the history, available facilities, and culture of their neighborhood. These measures should also be conducted in areas with residents from lower socioeconomic strata.