bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zen Skin, Zen Marrow
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book provides analyses of the many ways Japanese Zen Buddhism can be interpreted as either a cure‐all for the world's problems as stated by the Traditional Zen Narrative (TZN) view or whether Zen is a contradictory, self‐serving entity as offered by the Historical and Cultural Criticism (HCC) view. Through the concepts of Zen “writes, rites, and rights,” the book examines the character of Zen. “Zen writes” describes the contradiction that although Zen is traditionally considered to be an esoteric religion based on personal transmissions between monks, it has created an extraordinary amount of written literature. The chapter considers whether the voluminous literature is a strength or a weak point for Zen. In the debate of “Zen rites,” the critical view (HCC) points out the history of religious syncretism in Japan as a compromise by Zen to appeal to the general public by incorporating folk gods and rituals into monastic rites, while the traditional view maintains that there is a separation between the syncretic and the monastic sides of Zen. And finally, “Zen rights” deals with both the ethical benefits that Zen can provide in addition to the moral atrocities that Zen has committed in the past. Zen can be a powerful tool in environmental preservation and world peace, but has also been used to justify discrimination and extreme nationalism in Japan through the 20th century. The final chapter seeks to rectify the two views of TZN and HCC through an acknowledgment of both sides and a balanced recommendation for the future of Zen.
2 Desire
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explains how arguments in Meno, Protagoras, and Lysis present a coherent conception of desire. Furthermore, it is argued that the much discussed passage at Gorgias 466–68 is hermeneutically insignificant for the early dialogues' conception of desire. Finally, the chapter examines salient forms of antiphilosophical desire among the texts: philotimia (love of honor) and philhêdonia (love of pleasure).
4 Method
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract“Method” argues against the common view of the Socratic elenchus as adversarial and critical and maintains that Socrates’ contribution in argumentation is largely constructive and cooperative. Further, the method eks hupotheseôs, introduced at Meno 87–88, is not a hypothetical method and does not supplant any earlier method. On the other hand, the epistemological foundations of Socratic method in the early dialogues are inadequately theorized and unstable, especially the epistemological priority of definitional knowledge.
5 Aporia
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract“Aporia” distinguishes two form of aporia among the early dialogues, epistemic, which occurs in all the texts, and dramatic, which occurs only in some. It is argued that the occurrence of dramatic aporia in select dialogues reflects the theme of the difficulty of realizing philosophy as a rational discursive enterprise within a political community of antiphilosophical attitudes.
Causation in Physics
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter concerns the treatment in Descartes's physics of body-body interaction. There is an extended argument against an occasionalist reading of his physics, on which God is the only real cause of changes in motion due to collision. The alternative view here is that Descartes offers a “conservationist” physics on which God's contribution to such changes is restricted to a “concursus” that consists simply in the continued creation of a constant total quantity of motion. Local changes in that motion are to be explained by appeal not to this concursus but rather to the features of bodies that correspond to the “forces” that Descartes posits in his physics.
CHAPTER 4 The Spectre of “Divide and Conquer”
Authors: Wall Wendy L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The entry of the U.S. into the war brought the federal government fully into the act of promoting national cohesion, and produced an infrastructure of institutions devoted to publicly defining for Americans their common ground. During the war, groups and individuals across the political spectrum warned of the Nazi tactic of “divide and conquer,” and promoted cooperation among subgroups in American society. Beneath this broad canopy of consensus, however, sharp ideological differences remained. This chapter explores the different visions of America offered by anti-fascists and by those who portrayed America’s enemy as totalitarianisms of both right and left. It then considers the implications of the emphasis on national unity for labor and business. The CIO largely abandoned its militant idiom during the war, and business groups too increasingly moderated their tone. Led by Chamber of Commerce president Eric Johnston, business moderates urged Americans to embrace the politics of consensus and argued that all would benefit from a harmonious and productive society in which business rather than government took the lead.
Turning Swiss
Authors: Collins David J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter four examines how the Swiss began to transform the fifteenth‐century peasant‐turned‐recluse Nicholas of Flue into a patron saint for their slowly forming Swiss homeland. Nicholas became an exemplar of Swiss character that retained its appeal even as confessional divisions between Catholic and Reformed Christians hardened through the sixteenth century. This chapter reads the humanist compositions about Nicholas of Flue as an indicator of how the cities and regions making up the Swiss Confederation increasingly thought of themselves as a unified community and of how Nicholas posthumously could attenuate the religious, political, and social tensions across the Confederation that threatened its unity. In short, the case of Nicholas shows how saints could be turned into civic patrons in a new humanist mode.
Conclusion
Authors: Collins David J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Conclusion investigates lines of continuity between the humanist hagiography and what precedes and follows it, especially in light of the Protestant Reformation. The chapter identifies two ways – the polemical and the critical – that later Catholic authors used and transformed the hagiographical legacy to which the early German humanists had made a substantial contribution. Counter‐Reformation authors such as George Witzel and Peter Canisius mastered a polemical use of hagiography to persuade readers away from the Protestant Reformers and instead towards renewed Catholicism. “Critical hagiographers,” in contrast, developed philological rules with which to evaluate the written traces of ancient and medieval Christianity's saints. These include Laurentius Surius and the Bollandists. This chapter illuminates the variety of ways that these later figures relied on and transformed the work of the early German humanists.
Reverence for Life
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Albert Schweitzer maintained that the idea of “Reverence for Life” came upon him on the Ogowe River as an “unexpected discovery, like a revelation in the midst of intense thought.” While Schweitzer made numerous significant contributions to an incredible diversity of fields —medicine, music, biblical studies, philosophy and theology — he regarded Reverence for Life as his greatest contribution and the one by which he most wanted to be remembered. Yet this concept has been the subject of a range of distortions and misunderstandings, both academic and popular. This book provides a new interpretation of Schweitzer's reverence and shows how it emerged from his studies of German philosophy, Indian religions, and his biblical scholarship on Jesus and Paul. By throwing light on the origin and development of Schweitzer's thought, we are led to a closer appreciation of the contribution that reverence makes to current ethical concerns. Life‐centered ethics — in the broadest sense — has continued to flourish, though Schweitzer's pioneering contribution is often overlooked. Not only did he help put the issue on the moral agenda, but, most significantly, he also provided much sought after philosophical and theological foundations. Schweitzer emerges from this critical study of his life and thought as a remarkable individual who should rightfully be regarded as a moral giant of the 20th‐century.
Conversations across a Doorway
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Engaging with reverence, far from being a peripheral subject, requires us to grapple with some frontline issues in theology and ethics. Few theologians have provided detailed analyses of Schweitzer's work. But of these, two major theologians of the twentieth‐century, Karl Barth and Emil Brunner, have both lauded and criticized reverence for life. Their comments and objections to his “ethical mysticism” are addressed in Chapter Two. While critical, both support his concern for the lack of attention shown to non‐human species in ethical discourse, and even adopt some of these insights. Especially telling is Barth's engagement with reverence: his discussion of the “command of life” presents in theological terms some of the key concepts which Schweitzer masked in philosophical terminology, and thereby bringing Schweitzer out of the margins to the center of theology.
The Quest Goes On
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In the last chapter we confront directly the challenges which Schweitzer's ethic poses to contemporary theology and ethics. Chief among these are the mystical apprehension of the value of life itself; seeing one's attitude to life as a touchstone of ethics; and sensitivity to suffering life. What we learn from Schweitzer's concept is that the very notion of reverence cannot stand alone; the recognition of the value of life is almost wholly dependent on other philosophical and specifically religious presuppositions. It is the mystical apprehension of the value of life that lies at the core of Schweitzer's moment on the Ogowe River as well as his own life testimony.
Across the Boundaries
Authors: Steel Daniel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe biological and social sciences often generalize causal conclusions from one context to others that may differ in some relevant respects, as is illustrated by inferences from animal models to humans or from a pilot study to a broader population. Inferences like these are known as extrapolations. How and when extrapolation can be legitimate is a fundamental question for the biological and social sciences that has not received the attention it deserves. This book argues that previous accounts of extrapolation are inadequate and proposes a better approach that is able to answer methodological critiques of extrapolation from animal models to humans.
Conversion to Piety
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores several of the major themes of the book, including why people attempt to bring others of the same religion to their understanding of that religion (the motivation of Vani Mehmed Efendi), the link between piety and proselytization, and the significance of the advocate or mediator of conversion. It focuses on the changed religious scene in the 1660s following the fire and Islamization in Istanbul and the appointment of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha as grand vizier. The crucial individual is Vani Mehmed Efendi, a preacher who became closer to the dynasty and administration and more influential than the previous Kadızadeli leaders Kadızade Mehmed Efendi and Üstüvani Mehmed Efendi. This advocate of a reformed Islam free of innovations and Sufi accretions — who compelled the enjoining of good and forbidding of wrong in Istanbul by attacking Sufis and dissenters, ending the trade in wine and spirits, and razing taverns — mediated the conversion of the valide sultan, grand vizier, and sultan to his way of Islam through charismatic preaching.
Hunting for Converts
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Like other early modern monarchs, hunting was the favorite pastime of Mehmed IV, but rather than being merely a frivolous activity, as modern historians have claimed, the sultan's contemporary chroniclers argued that hunting demonstrated his bravery and courage, hence manliness, and trained him for warfare. Reading archival records together with the chronicles shows that hunting allowed Mehmed IV close contact with thousands of his subjects, and in these circumstances he personally converted Christians, in particular, to Islam. Hundreds of men and women changed religion at his feet during conversion ceremonies in which the sultan displayed his magnanimity by re-dressing the converts head to toe. This chapter demonstrates the uniqueness of the period and its convert-making sultan while utilizing the book's themes of the link between piety and proselytization, the key role of the mediator of conversion, and the context of war and conquest in conversion.
The Innate Mind, Volume 3
Authors: Stich Stephen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book is the third of a three-volume set on the innate mind. It provides an assessment of nativist thought and definitive reference point for future inquiry. Nativists have long been interested in a variety of foundational topics relating to the study of cognitive development and the historical opposition between nativism and empiricism. Among the issues here are questions about what it is for something to be innate in the first place; how innateness is related to such things as heritability, genetic information, and theories of cognitive development; the status of arguments both for and against nativism; and how best to understand the role of genes in development and inheritance. These issues are all explored in one way or another in this book. But the book also looks to the future. Alongside state-of-the-art discussions of such established nativist concerns as language, number, spatial cognition, and social cognition, this book examines nativist work in a variety of areas where detailed nativist exploration is relatively new, including cultural learning, creativity, economic choice, culture, and morality. The expansion of nativist theorizing into all these new areas shows both the power and the promise of nativist approaches, and points the way to the future.
6 Poverty of Stimulus Arguments Concerning Language and Folk Psychology
Authors: Segal Gabriel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on comparing and contrasting poverty of stimulus arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in relation to language and to folk psychology. It shows that many of the data needed to construct a parallel argument for mind reading aren't available. For example, in connection with mind reading there seems to be nothing comparable to the ‘mistakes children don't make’ premise, which forms such an important part of the argument for the innateness of Universal Grammar. Despite this, it is shown that the case for an innate mind-reading faculty is actually quite strong, turning on the best available explanation of specific features of the mind-reading faculty, such as folk dualism. One useful moral of the chapter is that the kinds of evidence that can be used to support an innateness claim are of various different sorts.
8 Linguistic Determinism and the Innate Basis of Number
Authors: Laurence Stephen , Margolis Eric 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Gordon's study and its implications for theories of numerical concepts. Gordon's data was collected among the Pirahã tribe of the Brazilian Amazon, who have no words for precise numerical quantities. The data appear to show that the Pirahã are also incapable of precise numerical thought, and this has been widely taken to undermine strong nativism and support the claim that exact numerical thought is dependent upon natural language. It is argued that there are many important flaws in Gordon's study which prevent us from drawing any inferences at all regarding the numerical abilities of the Pirahã or the dependence of thought on language. Hence, there is nothing in Gordon's study that could undermine strong nativism or support linguistic determinism.
9 Learning “About” Versus Learning “From” Other Minds
Authors: Gergely GyÖrgy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter characterizes the concept of cognitive opacity, outlines the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculates about its evolutionary origins. It argues that during hominid evolution, a new type of social learning system has been selected that is specialized to ensure efficient intergenerational transfer of cognitively opaque cultural contents from knowledgeable to naïve conspecifics. The design structure of this cue-driven cognitive adaptation of mutual design, called natural pedagogy, is then described. Pedagogy theory is contrasted with currently dominant alternative approaches to cultural learning that are based on simulation and identification processes by comparing how these respective models can account for recent evidence on early relevance-guided selective imitative learning, on the one hand, and on young infants' interpretation of others' referential emotion expressions in ostensive versus incidental observation contexts, on the other hand. It is argued that many early emerging social cognitive competences involving ostensive communicative interactions (such as imitative learning, social referencing, or protodeclarative pointing) are better accounted for in terms of the primarily epistemic functional perspective of natural pedagogy than in terms of human-specific primary social motives to identify with and imitate other humans, and share one's mental states with others, as hypothesized by the alternative simulation-based approaches. Finally, the implications of pedagogy theory for reconceptualizing the nature of the early development of understanding others as having separate minds with different knowledge contents are briefly explored.
11 Of Pigeons, Humans, Language, and the Mind
Authors: Bonatti Luca L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines recent results in artificial language learning, mixing general considerations about the mind with detailed descriptions of experiments and experimental material. It begins by recalling some recent results about human abilities to track statistical relations. These results have been taken to support the idea that all human cognition can be built by extensively consulting the world and extracting its underlying regularities. This argument states that some important aspects of language learning do not seem to be governed by these statistical abilities. Instead, humans learn language by doing pretty much what a superstitious pigeon would do: jumping to conclusions based on only a few examples. This argument explains that humans are endowed with a learning mechanism that works that way. It projects hypotheses about the structure of a lexicon on the basis of scant evidence. It is shown that this thesis is empirically correct, rejecting several criticisms that have been raised against it. Finally, the chapter speculates on why the human mind seems so prone to superstitious behaviour and why, in some conditions, it is actually a good thing that it does so.
12 The Creative Aspect of Language Use and Nonbiological Nativism
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on one particular component of the human capacity for language, which Chomsky calls the ‘creative aspect of language use’ (CALU). It argues that the CALU is a distinct module of the mind, and that it is innate in humans. It shows that the biological paradigm adds nothing to our understanding of it. On the contrary, there is a striking lack of evidence that this part of the language faculty is neurally embodied, genetically encoded, or an evolved adaptation. It seems to be characterized by a kind of abductive reasoning that does not even fit within the computational theory of the mind. The chapter concludes that this may be an instance of a sort of nativism that falls outside the purview of evolutionary psychology and would fit better within a different explanatory paradigm.
18 Two Theories About the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Morality
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Stich Stephen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter compares two theories about the cognitive architecture underlying morality. One theory, proposed by Sripada and Stich (2006), posits an interlocking set of innate mechanisms that internalize moral norms from the surrounding community and generate intrinsic motivation to comply with these norms and to punish violators. The other theory, called the M/C model, was suggested by the widely discussed and influential work of Elliot Turiel, Larry Nucci, and others on the ‘ moral/conventional task’. This theory posits two distinct mental domains, the moral and the conventional, each of which gives rise to a characteristic suite of judgments about rules in that domain and about transgressions of those rules. An overview of both theories and of the data each was designed to explain is presented. A growing body of evidence suggesting that the M/C model is mistaken is considered. That same evidence, however, is consistent with the Sripada and Stich theory. Thus, the M/C model does not pose a serious challenge for the Sripada and Stich theory.
Locating Difference
Authors: Murphy Michael Patrick 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In addition to laying out a general groundwork for the Catholic imagination as a critical lens—and suggesting a variety of ways that the work of Hans Urs von Balthasar aids critics in articulating such a theological vision—the chapter also attempts to locate the particular phenomena of postmodernism and deconstruction within the intersection of theology and narrative art. Balthasar anticipates the tendency of current critical theory to privilege and emphasize the amorphous breadth of both linguistic and cultural expression; and he anticipates the critical tension between those who read Catholicism as theological truth and those that might read Catholicism as a “fluctuating signifier,” as a cultural and/or literary text. Under this general theme, a dialog is opened with such diverse critics as William Lynch, Paul Giles, Michel De Certeau, and Jacques Derrida. Like them, Balthasar's theology plots a route for appreciating the aesthetic complexity and theological possibility of a broadly canvassed intertextuality and interdisciplinarity. However, Balthasar's program also defends the critical uniqueness of certain theological commitments (e.g., the transcendentals, the Incarnation, and the trinitarian structure of being) and looks to the arts to demonstrate the formal expression and aesthetic span of these phenomena. The chapter concludes with the proposition that it is the recognition of these essential questions that both challenge and aid the articulation of a Catholic imagination and that a turn to representative work in literature, poetry, and film will aid in such an articulation.