bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virally Delivered Cytokines Alter the Immune Response to Future Lung Infections
Authors: Harker James , Bukreyev Alexander , Collins Peter L. , Wang Belinda , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Tregoning John S. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and is increasingly recognized to have a role in the development and exacerbation of chronic lung diseases. There is no effective vaccine, and we reasoned that it might be possible to skew the immune system towards beneficial nonpathogenic responses by selectively priming protective T-cell subsets. We therefore tested recombinant RSV (rRSV) candidates expressing prototypic murine Th1 (gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) or Th2 (interleukin-4 [IL-4]) cytokines, with detailed monitoring of responses to subsequent infections with RSV or (as a control) influenza A virus. Although priming with either recombinant vector reduced viral load during RSV challenge, enhanced weight loss and enhanced pulmonary influx of RSV-specific CD8
+
T cells were observed after challenge in mice primed with rRSV/IFN-γ. By contrast, rRSV/IL-4-primed mice were protected against weight loss during secondary challenge but showed airway eosinophilia. When rRSV/IL-4-primed mice were challenged with influenza virus, weight loss was attenuated but was again accompanied by marked airway eosinophilia. Thus, immunization directed toward enhancement of Th1 responses reduces viral load but is not necessarily protective against disease. Counter to expectation, Th2-biased responses were more beneficial but also influenced the pathological effects of heterologous viral challenge.
NUMERICAL STABILITY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHOD
Authors: BOFFI DANIELE , GASTALDI LUCIA , HELTAI LUCA 
Published: September 2007

The immersed boundary method is both a mathematical formulation and a numerical method. In its continuous version it is a fully nonlinearly coupled formulation for the study of fluid structure interactions. Many numerical methods have been introduced to reduce the difficulties related to the nonlinear coupling between the structure and the fluid evolution. However numerical instabilities arise when explicit or semi-implicit methods are considered. In this work we present a stability analysis based on energy estimates of the variational formulation of the immersed boundary method. A two-dimensional incompressible fluid and a boundary in the form of a simple closed curve are considered. We use a linearization of the Navier–Stokes equations and a linear elasticity model to prove the unconditional stability of the fully implicit discretization, achieved with the use of a backward Euler method for both the fluid and the structure evolution, and a CFL condition for the semi-implicit method where the fluid terms are treated implicitly while the structure is treated explicitly. We present some numerical tests that show good accordance between the observed stability behavior and the one predicted by our results.
An interpretation of the Variscan tectonics of SW Britain
Authors: Coward M. P. , Smallwood S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The structure of SW Britain is interpreted in terms of thin-skinned tectonics, producing a NNW verging fold and thrust zone. In south Wales the thrusts involve high level imbricate stacks showing some 20–40% shortening with a shallow floor thrust in Namurian-Westphalian strata, cut to the south by deeper level folds and thrusts with a basal decoupling zone in or below the Lower Palaeozoic rocks. In Devon and Cornwall the Upper Palaeozoic rocks show a gently dipping, widespread and locally intense cleavage related to the progressive development of large thrust sheets and associated inclined to recumbent folds. In north Cornwall these northward verging structures have been redeformed and often completely overprinted by a large south verging backthrust. Some of this backthrust movement may be offset, by a lateral ramp, to a much lower decoupling zone, producing a major backfold in south Devon.
The thrust transport direction is to the NNW as determined from mineral lineations, maximum extension directions, fold and thrust traces and tear faults. Fold hinges are generally normal to the transport direction but are locally rotated into the NNW trend in more intensely deformed zones. In north Devon and south Wales, the folds are oblique suggesting a component of differential movement. Considering SW Britain and southern Ireland the fold trends are arcuate and there is often extension parallel to the fold axes. These phenomena are interpreted as due to the obliquity of the thrusting and the Variscan front. Pre-tectonic facies changes along the front hinder lateral fault propagation giving sticking points at lateral tips which become poles of rotation.
Deformation affected only the upper crust; there was no major crustal thickening during Variscan tectonics though the crust has been locally thinned probably by a factor of 2 before onset of compression in Devonian times. Deformation was diachronous with a slow displacement rate. Sedimentation occurred in an advancing series of fore-deeps ahead of the deformed and thickened zone. Estimates of shortening across the thin-skinned zone are about 50%, that is 150 km across SW England. The crust beneath the thin skin must extend back beneath the English Channel and northern France.
Interpretations of seismic and gravity surveys over the eastern part of the Cornubian platform
Authors: Edwards J. W. F. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Gravity interpretations suggest that the Cornubian granite batholith continues WSW from Land’s End as far as 8°W, and that the Haig Fras granite is part of a separate, parallel batholith. South-east of the Cornubian batholith there is a zone where seismic sections show dipping reflectors which may be thrusts. The axis of the Cornubian batholith is displaced dextrally between the Scilly Isles and Land’s End. There are dextral displacements of the axes of the Cornubian batholith and of the Haig Fras batholith at about 7°W, and on the line of these two displacements is an intrusion of high density. A deep horizontal reflector underlies the Cornubian batholith near the Scilly Isles.
The Ribblesdale fold belt, NW England—a Dinantian-early Namurian dextral shear zone
Authors: Arthurton Russell S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

Folds and faults in various
en échelon
patterns affect the Tournaisian-early Namurian sedimentary rocks of the Craven basin, a rift basin which includes Dinantian and possibly late Devonian strata some 5 km thick. The structures are interpreted as a response to regional dextral shear, which accompanied sedimentation from mid-Dinantian to early Namurian times at least. The principal Ribblesdale folds are viewed as products, in the Carboniferous cover, of primary wrenching on inherited fractures in the Lower Palaeozoic basement. Some
en échelon
sets of minor folds are regarded as products of secondary wrenching in the axial zones of ‘primary’ folds. The block-basin transition zone south of the North Craven fault appears to have been affected by dextral transtension during the late Brigantian (late Dinantian).
The Alleghenian orogeny in eastern North America
Authors: Rast N. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The Alleghenian-Variscan-Hercynian orogeny in eastern North America has five structural domains: (1) Newfoundland-Maritime (northern) platform; (2) northern Appalachian Maritime-New England Variscan belt; (3) Alleghenian platform; (4) central-southern Appalachian (Alleghenian) orogen; (5) Ouachita belt. Connections between these domains are generally faulted or unexposed and the domains are heterogeneous.
There is a major discontinuity between the northern Appalachians and central-southern Appalachians. In the northern Appalachians the Variscan orogeny is distinct from the Acadian, but not so in the central-southern Appalachians. The Alleghenian overthrusting of the southern Appalachians is still to be traced to the north where the whole of southern Nova Scotia may be totally allochthonous.
Also, the northern but not the southern belt appears to have suffered in Devonian to Carboniferous times a sinistral strike-slip movement of about 2000 km. By taking this movement into account it is suggested that the four Appalachian domains have been assembled in Devonian-Lower Carboniferous time by transcurrent faulting and deformed in the late Carboniferous-Permian times by subduction-related processes.
The geology of the Ouachita belt is different from the southern Appalachians and their unexposed connection is still enigmatic. The timing of orogenic events in the two domains also differs.
It is possible that the Ouachitas were deformed by collision with the South American plate, while the Appalachians were deformed by collision with the African plate.
The deformation and metamorphism of Carboniferous rocks in Maritime Canada and New England
Authors: Mosher Sharon , Rast Nicholas 
Published: September 2007

Summary
In the northern Appalachians, rocks showing polyphase Variscan/Alleghenian deformation are found in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In Canada the deformed succession ranges from Tournaisian to Permian, and in New England from Westphalian to Stephanian.

The same polyphase deformation sequence (F
1
–F
4
) involving the same sequential changes in the geometry and vergence of structures can be recognized in New Brunswick and in Rhode Island. This implies that the Carboniferous rocks in both areas were affected by a similar set of stresses in late Carboniferous-Permian times.

The folded succession in both areas is affected by the essentially post-deformational regional metamorphism which reaches garnet grade in New Brunswick and sillimanite grade in Rhode Island. Granites, probably of anatectic origin, cut through the metamorphic rocks in both areas, but are more prevalent in Rhode Island.
In both areas overthrusting can be related to fold episodes, and late transcurrent and normal faults of a brittle-ductile nature cut earlier structures. Although there are several current plate tectonic interpretations of Variscan events in the northern Appalachians, all are speculative and further data are needed.
A clockwise rotation of Variscan strain orientation in SE New England and regional implications
Authors: Wintsch R. P. , Lefort J.-P. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

A temperature-time-strain path is described for the Honey Hill fault system in eastern Connecticut, U.S.A. The path is based on
40
Ar-
39
Ar mineral age data, on metamorphic petrology and on the orientation of mineral lineations and other small-scale structures in ductile fault zones. Collectively, the data show that the thrusting direction rotated from ESE at 290 Ma to due south at 250 Ma. These results coincide in the sense of rotation and in the orientation of movement with predictions emerging from hypotheses concerning the collision of Gondwanaland with Laurussia. If southern New England can be shown not to have rotated during this collision, then the data from eastern Connecticut would suggest that the WNW approach of Gondwanaland toward Laurussia turned north only in mid-Permian times.
Clues to the deep structure of the European Variscides from crustal seismic profiling in North America
Authors: Brewer J. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
COCORP data from two areas of North America where late Palaeozoic deformation occurred provide clues to the deep structure of the Variscides of Europe. These areas are: (1) the southern Appalachians, where deformation culminated in the Alleghenian orogeny, and (2) the Ouachita Mountains, formed during the Ouachita orogeny. The COCORP data show deep structures which were probably formed during collision and overriding of the early Palaeozoic edge of the North American Grenville basement. Two types of reflector sequences are characteristic: (1) subhorizontal or gently dipping reflectors defining the base of crystalline or sedimentary nappes, which in the interior of the orogen pass into: (2) more steeply dipping (25–40°) zones of reflectors, 10–20 km thick, that are possibly offshelf, basinal facies metasedimentary rocks, and slices of basement, stacked and imbricated against, and hence marking the edge of, the North American continent. Similar reflector sequences are observed in seismic data recorded from the European Variscides, suggesting that here similar processes occurred at the southern edge of the Old Red Sandstone continent. Changes in the character of the Variscan front can perhaps be explained in terms of the extent of overthrusting of the continental edge (i.e. the extent of nappe formation).
The land flora of the English and German Zechstein sequences
Authors: Schweitzer H.-J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
All species of higher plants described from the Upper Permian Zechstein and related rocks of Germany and England are reviewed, except for those thought to be dubious.

The plants described are:
Neocalamites mansfeldicus
Weigelt,
Sphenopteris dichotoma
Althaus,
S. patens
(Althaus) Geinitz,
S. geinitzi
(Geinitz) Göppert,
S. kukukiana
Gothan et Nagalhard,
Callipteris martinsi
(Kurtze) Zeiller,
Taeniopteris eckardti
Kurtze,
Pseudoctenis middridgensis
Stoneley,
Plagiozamites bellii
nov. spec.,
Sphenobaiera digitata
(Brongniart) Florin,
Pseudovoltzia liebeana
(Geinitz) Florin,
Ullmannia bronni
Göppert,
U. frumentaria
(Schlotheim) Göppert,
Quadrocladus solmsi
(Gothan et Nagalhard) Schweitzer,
Q. orobiformis
(Schlotheim) Schweitzer,
Culmitzschia florini
Ullrich and
Rhenania reichelti
Schweitzer. Of these
Pseudoctenis middridgensis
and
Plagiozamites bellii
are known only from England and
Sphenopteris geinitzi, Quadrocladus solmsi, Q. orobiformis, Culmitzschia florini
and
Rhenania reichelti
only from Germany.

In the Upper Permian there were two plant associations; a hygrophilic
Neocalamites
-Sphenopterid association and a xerophytic
Callipteris
-conifer association. Distinct growth rings in the conifer woods indicate rhythmic changes in the climatic conditions.
The diagenetic history of Cadeby Formation carbonate (EZ1 Ca), Upper Permian, eastern England
Authors: Harwood G. M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The Upper Permian Cadeby Formation (formerly the Lower Magnesian Limestone) crops out from North Yorkshire to Nottinghamshire in eastern England. The Cadeby Formation comprises shallow water carbonates within which penecontemporaneous, eogenetic, mesogenetic and teleogenetic diagenetic events can be defined. Penecontemporaneous events included facies-controlled dolomitization and evaporite calcitization. Pervasive dolomitization, largely independent of facies, was eogenetic. Late eogenetic to early mesogenetic events were dominated by replacive and pore-filling anhydrite crystallization. Both pervasive dolomitization and subsequent anhydrite formation occluded porosity. Other mesogenetic events were of local effect only. Anhydrite to gypsum transformation, together with evaporite dissolution and carbonate leaching, dominate the later near-surface, or telogenetic, events.
Zechstein 1 and 2 Anhydrites: facts and problems of sedimentation
Authors: Richter-Bernburg G. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The distribution and lithology of the anhydrite rocks of Zechstein 1 and Zechstein 2 were significantly influenced by the contemporary geography of the basin. Thick ‘pletholitic’ shallow-water deposits with large-scale synsedimentary derangements lie near the margins and pass laterally, with steep boundaries, into thin laminated deep-water rocks on the basin floor. Five sub-cycles (I–V) have been recognized in cored boreholes in the Z1 Werraanhydrit throughout the German Zechstein basin and permit correlation with the Zechstein 1 sequence of the southern North Sea Basin; although not complete in every place, each sub-cycle generally comprises flaser anhydrite overlain by laminated anhydrite. The abrupt changes of facies at the contacts between the sub-cycles cannot be attributed to eustatic sea-level changes but are caused by changes of the climate, water currents and related effects; the periodicity must have resulted from factors originating outside the basin.
The following new adjectives are proposed, primarily for varieties of anhydrite although they may prove to be equally applicable to other sedimentary rock types: ‘Pletholitic’—from the Greek ‘plethos’, an indefinable mass—applicable to thick anhydrite rock with a diffuse, cloudy or chicken-wire structure and fabric but with little overall stratification.

‘Stratobolic’—from the Greek ‘bolos’, lump—anhydrite rock with extremely irregular small-scale and medium-scale bedding but with a strong sense of stratification
en masse
. This term includes ‘flaser’, which is mainly applied to stratobolic rocks with bedding of an exceptionally anastomosing character.

‘Lamellitic’—from the German ‘Lamellenanhydrit’—unusually uniformly and evenly laminated anhydrite, including some varved anhydrite. This term is proposed because the word ‘laminated’ is used in a range of senses and does not adequately stress the uniformity and continuity of bedding in some thinly and evenly layered anhydrite rocks.
Zechstein salt correlation: England-Denmark-Germany
Authors: Richter-Bernburg G. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A correlation of the Zechstein strata of England and Germany is presented. It is based on strong similarities in the distribution, thickness and lithology (including lithological succession) of the various evaporites in the two sequences and, particularly, on an upwards change in colour from mainly grey to mainly red between the second and third cycles; this change probably indicates a basin-wide change in the oxidation state of the Zechstein Sea. By these criteria, it is suggested that strata of the Don and Aislaby groups of England together are equivalent to the deposits of the Werra Cycle in Germany and that those of the Teesside Group are correlatives of the German Stassfurt sequence.
Sedimentary environments of the lowest Zechstein sediments in the Lubin region, SW Poland
Authors: Tomaszewski J. B. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

The lowest Zechstein sediments in the Lubin area form the ‘copper-bearing series’ and contain the copper ore deposit of the Foresudetic Monocline. Observations, measurements and sampling of the lowest Zechstein sediments were taken over an area of
c.
25 km
2
in the underground galleries of the Lubin copper mine. Chemical and mineralogical analysis of the samples was then carried out. Additional data on the ore body and the thickness of particular lithologies were supplied by the mine’s geological service. These data enabled the construction of isopach maps for the copper bearing series, plus reconstruction of the sedimentary environments.
Evolution of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from early Permian to late Cretaceous
Authors: Audley-Charles M. G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A mid-Permian rifting episode appears to have removed continental blocks (now forming parts of Asia) from Australian Gondwana, but the present continental margin of Northern Australia-central New Guinea was formed by a later episode of rifting during the Jurassic. With the exception of the north-west Australian offshore region west of the Scott Plateau, this rifted continental margin has been greatly modified during the Cainozoic by collisions with arc-trench systems. Collision resulted in fold and thrust mountains, locally with ophiolite emplacements, that now characterize most of northern New Guinea and the Banda Arc. The identification of the Australia-New Guinea rifted continental margin in what is now the fold and thrust mountain belt of New Guinea, islands of the Outer Banda Arc, East Sulawesi, and Buton, rests largely on stratigraphic correlation and the recognition of the pre-rift sequence, breakup unconformity, and the post-breakup marine transgression and prolonged subsidence in these now highly deformed rocks. One implication of the Jurassic continental rifting is that the pre-rift rocks of the region accumulated in an intracratonic basin of eastern Gondwana. Another important implication is that the continental blocks rifted from the Northern Australia-central New Guinea margin must have drifted northwards towards Asia as the Mesozoic Tethys ocean spread across the tropics and equatorial region. These continental fragments of Gondwana collided with parts of south-east Asia that had been derived from Gondwana in an earlier phase of rifting.
The nature, extent, and subsequent dispersal of the Permian Tethys
Authors: Waterhouse J. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
On the basis of the sedimentary and biotic facies characteristics of Permian strata deposited in different climatic zones, scepticism is expressed about some recent palaeogeographical reconstructions that demand a vast wedge-shaped Tethys in Asia, or movement over considerable latitudes of allochthonous terranes.
Unexpected microfaunal communities within the Triassic Tethys
Authors: Kristan-Tollmann Edith 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Modern research has demonstrated a remarkable uniformity in Triassic faunas throughout the Tethyan region. This is true not only for planktonic and pelagic elements but also for vagile and sessile benthic organisms, and involves a surprisingly large number of species of macro- and microfauna, including numerous zone fossils. In this work, further striking microfossil examples are selected from potentially important groups that have been little utilized previously for biogeographical research.
Structure and palaeogeography of the western Tethys during the Jurassic: tests based on ammonite palaeobiogeography
Authors: Thierry Jacques 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Comparisons between the recently proposed palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Tethys and the palaeobiogeography of Jurassic ammonites are important in the study of the structural evolution and the palaeogeography of the Tethys and its margins. The geographical distribution of Jurassic ammonites is considered to be due to a combination of historical and ecological factors, with the existence of biota and bioma (
sensu
Croizat 1958). ‘Boreal’ and ‘Tethyan biota’ are used and preferred to the ‘Boreal’ and ‘Tethyan realms’ (or provinces), as previously used to designate ammonite communities with similar geological and evolutionary history; several ‘Bioma’ are defined for faunal communities with similar morphofunctionary adaptations (for instance on very shallow platforms or in deep oceanic regions). The overlap of biota and bioma better explains the compound ammonite faunas. The recently proposed new maps of the Tethys show that in the west the oceanic areas are much more restricted in area than in previous reconstructions; a large oceanic region is constantly extended throughout the Jurassic, only in its eastern part. Subsequently, the total area west of the so-called Apulian Plate, and in Western Europe, takes a prominent part in the faunal ammonite distribution. The Arctic Basin sometimes acted as an evolutionary trap, where Boreal faunas were totally isolated from the Tethyan ones; sometimes an important eustatic transgression allowed faunal exchanges to be made between Boreal and Tethyan stocks. Several examples, taken from the Pliensbachian to the Callovian, serve to demonstrate the influence on ammonite distributions of either the possible deep-oceanic areas or very shallow platforms and emergent areas.