bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray diffraction study of low‐energy carbon‐ion implanted Si(001)
Authors: Markwitz A. , Barry B. , Eichhorn F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the search for Si‐ and C‐based crystalline phases in low‐energy ion implanted and electron‐beam annealed Si surface layers, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed at grazing incidence on samples of large SiC nanocrystals grown on a 90 nm thick Si layer containing C atoms. Diffraction patterns and reciprocal space maps did not reveal XRD patterns originating from the nanocrystals or the implanted layer, but did show that distortions of the Si crystal structure were introduced into the implanted layer. After annealing, the strain in the implanted layer is reduced, possibly by carbon atoms that have moved to locations close to dislocations and dislocation loops. This investigation underpins the growth theory of the SiC nanocrystals on Si, with carbon atoms migrating to form the nanostructures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School visits to natural history museums: Teaching or enriching?
Authors: Tal Tali , Morag Orly 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article describes a 3‐year study of school visits to four natural history museums and addresses the research agenda with regard to out‐of‐school learning. More specifically, the findings focus on the process of learning in museums. Comprehensive data collection allowed for an analysis of patterns of guided visits, the way the scientific content was conveyed to students, and the extent and types of social interactions thus enabled. Observations of 42 guided visits (grades 3–11) indicates that the main visitation pattern consisted of guide‐centered and task‐oriented activity. Analysis of questions asked by museum guides reveals that most of these questions required mainly lower‐order thinking skills. A common questioning pattern was to ask rhetorical questions as a means of carrying on the lecture. Detailed analysis of the scientific vocabulary used by the guides indicates that they used much scientific jargon, with limited explanation. There was only limited social mediation provided by teachers and museum guides. A minority of teachers were involved in the activities or in helping the guide to clarify or in helping the students to understand the explanations. The overall data indicate limited opportunities for meaningful learning, suggesting that the museums should shift from the traditional knowledge‐transmission model of teaching to a more socioculturally contextualized model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 747–769, 2007
Alcoholism, depression, and abnormal cognition in head and neck cancer: A pilot study
Authors: McCaffrey Judith Czaja , Weitzner Michael , Kamboukas Dimitra , Haselhuhn Gretchen , LaMonde Laurie , Booth‐Jones Margaret 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependency, depression, and cognitive impairment in presurgical head and neck cancer patients.STUDY DESIGNStandardized testing by diagnostic interview was used to determine major depression and alcoholism. Mattis Dementia Rating Scale examined cognitive ability preoperatively. Twenty‐four patients with advanced head and neck cancer participated.SETTINGUniversity hospital.RESULTSA total of 63.6% met criteria for alcohol abuse and 62 percent for alcohol dependence; 26.1 % of patients met criteria for major depression. Testing in multiple subsets of cognitive function demonstrated measurable deficits in both alcohol dependents and abusers. All deficits were significant when compared with population norms.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest that prevalence of alcohol abuse, major depression, and cognitive impairment is common in head and neck cancer patients preoperatively. Early diagnosis and management of these disorders should be considered in care of the head and neck cancer patient.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Clinical and biochemical factors that affect DPOAE expressions in children with middle ear effusion
Authors: Park Shi‐Nae , Park Kyung‐Ho , Park So Young , Jeon Eun‐ju , Chang Ki‐Hong , Yeo Sang W. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of middle ear effusion (MEE) that affect distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) responsiveness and to investigate the possible role of DPOAE as a tool to know the characteristics of MEE preoperatively.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGProspective analysis of children with MEE effusion in a tertiary referral center. DPOAE results were compared with other audiologic tests, the character, amount of MEE, the amount of total protein, and TNF‐α in the effusion.RESULTSThe negative DPOAE with MEE group had much more thick mucous fluid in their middle ears than that of positive DPOAE with MEE group. The levels of total protein and TNF‐α in MEE were significantly higher in the negative DPOAE group than those of the positive DPOAE group (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCEThe measurement of DPOAE in the children with MEE may predict the amount and the characteristics of MEE, which may help to decide the treatment methods.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency in hemifacial microsomia: Analysis of correlated factors
Authors: Funayama Emi , Igawa Hiroharu H. , Nishizawa Noriko , Oyama Akihiko , Yamamoto Yuhei 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence of unilateral hypodynamic palate (UHP) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in hemifacial microsomia (HFM), and to determine the dysmorphic manifestations having significant associations with UHP/VPI in HFM.STUDY DESIGNThis was a nonrandomized study of 48 patients with unilateral HFM without cleft palate. The correlation between each anomaly and UHP/VPI was analyzed statistically. In addition, we observed 4 HFM patients with cleft palate to examine the influence on cleft palate speech.RESULTSThe incidence of UHP in HFM was 50.0% and that of VPI was 14.6%. All the VPI patients had UHP. Severe micrognathia and soft tissue deficiency, macrostomia, and mental retardation were significant risk factors for developing VPI in HFM. Moreover, UHP exacerbated speech in HFM with cleft lip and palate.CONCLUSIONSSignificant correlations were detected between VPI and HFM. This finding should be helpful in the overall management of HFM.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Otosyphilis: A review of 85 cases
Authors: Yimtae Kwanchanok , Srirompotong Somchai , Lertsukprasert Krisna 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo review the clinical manifestations and the follow‐up hearing results of the treatment modalities in the patients with otosyphilis.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGSA retrospective review between 1984 and 2000 at a university hospital. Patients who presented with cochleovestibular symptoms and were confirmed seropositive for specific treponemal tests were included. Excluded were patients older than 70, or who had other identified causes of cochleovestibular symptoms.RESULTSSubjects included 56 males and 29 females with an average age of 59.5 years (range, 40 to 70). Common presenting symptoms included hearing loss (90.6%), tinnitus (72.9%), and vertigo (52.9%). The cerebrospinal fluid analysis was positive in 5.4%. The overall respective hearing results in the short‐ and long‐term follow‐up were improved or stable in 93.4% and 83.3% of patients. Even though adding steroids and neurosyphilis regimens tended to improve and stabilize hearing, the results were not statistically significant among treatment modalities.CONCLUSIONFurther study about hearing outcomes among treatment modalities is suggested.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Recurrent and residual juvenile angiofibromas
Authors: Tyagi I , Syal R , Goyal A 
Published: January 2007

Introduction: In the surgical management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas the possibility of recurrences and residual tumours is always there. This study was undertaken to predict the prognostic factors determining recurrence of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and to find out the usual sites of these tumours.Material and methods: The medical records of 95 patients with histologically proven juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were reviewed retrospectively. The commonest surgical approach used was a combined transpalatal and transmaxillary approach with a lazy S incision. A conservative lateral infratemporal approach was used in three cases.Results: Complete removal of the juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma was achieved in 78 (82 per cent) of the cases in a single operation. A residual tumour was found in 17 (18 per cent) cases and recurrences occurred in 13 (13.7 per cent) cases.Conclusions: Extensions into the pterygoid fossa and basisphenoid, erosion of the clivus, intracranial extensions medial to the cavernous sinus, invasion of the sphenoid diploe through a widened pterygoid canal, feeders from the internal carotid artery, a young age and a residual tumour were risk factors found associated with recurrence of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
On Legal Cosmopolitanism: Divergences in Political Theory and International Law
Authors: ÇALI BAŞAK 
Published: January 2007

Ian Balfour and Eduardo Cadava (eds.) And Justice for All?: The Claims of Human Rights, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2004, ISBN 0822365642, 440 pp., $20.00 (pb).Roger Brownsword (ed.), Global Governance and the Quest for Justice, Volume 4: Human Rights, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1841134090, 225 pp., £22.95 (pb).Simon Caney, Justice beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 019829350X, 319 pp., £24.99 (pb).
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wheat Arabinoxylan by a Recombinant “Minimal” Enzyme Cocktail Containing β‐Xylosidase and Novel endo‐1,4‐β‐Xylanase and α‐l‐Arabinofuranosidase Activities
Authors: Sørensen Hanne R. , Pedersen Sven , Jørgensen Christel T. , Meyer Anne S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study describes the identification of the key enzyme activities required in a “minimal” enzyme cocktail able to catalyze hydrolysis of water‐soluble and water‐insoluble wheat arabinoxylan and whole vinasse, a fermentation effluent resulting from industrial ethanol manufacture from wheat. The optimal arabinose‐releasing and xylan‐depolymerizing enzyme activities were identified from data obtained when selected, recombinant enzymes were systematically supplemented to the different arabinoxylan substrates in mixtures; this examination revealed three novel α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase activities: (i) one GH51 enzyme from Meripilus giganteus and (ii) one GH51 enzyme from Humicola insolens, both able to catalyze arabinose release from singly substituted xylose; and (iii) one GH43 enzyme from H. insolens able to catalyze the release of arabinose from doubly substituted xylose. Treatment of water‐soluble and water‐insoluble wheat arabinoxylan with an enzyme cocktail containing a 20%:20%:20%:40% mixture and a 25%:25%:25%:25% mixture, respectively, of the GH43 α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase from H. insolens (Abf II), the GH51 α‐l‐arabinofuranosidase from M. giganteus (Abf III), a GH10 endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase from H. insolens (Xyl III), and a GH3 β‐xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei (β‐xyl) released 322 mg of arabinose and 512 mg of xylose per gram of water‐soluble wheat arabinoxylan dry matter and 150 mg of arabinose and 266 mg of xylose per gram of water‐insoluble wheat arabinoxylan dry matter after 24 h at pH 5, 50 °C. A 10%:40%:50% mixture of Abf II, Abf III, and β‐xyl released 56 mg of arabinose and 91 mg of xylose per gram of vinasse dry matter after 24 h at pH 5, 50 °C. The optimal dosages of the “minimal” enzyme cocktails were determined to be 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 g enzyme protein per kilogram of substrate dry matter for the water‐soluble wheat arabinoxylan, the water‐insoluble wheat arabinoxylan, and the vinasse, respectively. These enzyme protein dosage levels were ∼14, ∼18, and ∼27 times lower than the dosages used previously, when the same wheat arabinoxylan substrates were hydrolyzed with a combination of Ultraflo L and Celluclast 1.5 L, two commercially available enzyme preparations produced by H. insolens and T. reesei.
Danofloxacin‐mesylate is a substrate for ATP‐dependent efflux transporters
Authors: Schrickx J A , Fink‐Gremmels J 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Next to its broad antimicrobial spectrum, the therapeutic advantages of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug Danofloxacin‐Mesylate (DM) are attributed to its rapid distribution to the major target tissues such as lungs, intestines and the mammary gland in animals. Previous analyses revealed that effective drug concentrations are achieved also in luminal compartments of these organs, suggesting that active transport proteins facilitate excretion into the luminal space. Members of the ATP‐Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, including P‐gp, BCRP and MRP2 are known to be expressed in many tissue barriers and in cell‐membranes facing luminal compartments. Hence we hypothesized that DM is a substrate for one of these efflux‐transporters.Experimental approach:Confluent monolayers of Caco‐2 cells, grown on microporous membranes in two‐chamber devices were used. DM concentrations were measured by fluorimetric assay after HPLC of the culture media.Key results:DM transport across Caco‐2 cells was asymmetric, with a rate of secretion exceeding that of absorption. The P‐gp inhibitors PSC833 and GF120918 and the MRP‐inhibitor MK571 partially decreased the secretion of DM and increased its absorption rate. The BCRP inhibitor, Ko143, decreased secretion only at a concentration of 1 μM. When DM was applied together with ciprofloxacin, secretion as well as absorption of DM decreased.Conclusions and Implications:DM is a substrate for the efflux transporters P‐gp and MRP2, whereas the specific role of BCRP in DM transport needs further evaluation. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of DM in healthy and diseased individuals.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 463–469. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706974
Modulation of P2X7 receptor functions by polymyxin B: crucial role of the hydrophobic tail of the antibiotic molecule
Authors: Ferrari D , Pizzirani C , Gulinelli S , Callegari G , Chiozzi P , Idzko M , Panther E , Di Virgilio F 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:P2X7 is a membrane receptor for extracellular ATP which is highly expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages and microglia where it mediates pro‐inflammatory responses. The antibiotic polymyxin B, which binds to and neutralizes the toxic residue of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, greatly amplifies cellular responses mediated by the P2X7 receptor. However, the molecular mechanism involved is so far unknown.Experimental approach:We investigated the effects of polymyxin B and polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) which is the deacylated amino derivative of polymyxin B lacking the N‐terminal fatty amino acid 6‐methylheptanoic/octanoic‐Dab residue, in human macrophages and HEK293 cells stably expressing the human P2X7 receptor (HEK293‐hP2X7). Differences between the two antibiotics were assessed by monitoring the following: nucleotide‐induced cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration changes, plasma membrane permeability changes, lactate dehydrogenase activity, cell morphology changes. Western blot and microscopic analyses of P2X7GFP‐expressing cells were also performed.Key results:In contrast to polymyxin B, the polymyxin B nonapeptide was unable to potentiate: a) the ATP‐induced Ca2+ increase, b) pore formation and consequently ATP‐mediated plasma membrane permeabilization; c) ATP‐dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, in contrast to polymyxin B, polymyxin B nonapeptide did not affect aggregation of the P2X7 receptor subunits and it did not potentiate P2X7‐dependent cell fusion.Conclusions and Implications:The effects of polymyxin B depended on the presence of its N‐terminal fatty amino acid 6‐methylheptanoic/octanoic‐Dab residue as deletion of this residue abolished polymyxin B‐dependent modulation of ATP‐triggered responses. These findings are important in the search for allosteric modulators of the P2X7 receptor.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 445–454. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706994
Cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological induction of phosphenes
Authors: Cervetto L , Demontis G C , Gargini C 
Published: January 2007

Visual sensations evoked by stimuli other than luminance changes are called phosphenes. Phosphenes may be an early symptom in a variety of diseases of the retina or of the visual pathways, but healthy individuals may perceive them as well. Phosphene‐like phenomena are perhaps the most common side effect reported in clinical pharmacology. Ivabradine, a novel anti‐anginal drug that reduces heart‐rate by inhibiting the hyperpolarization activated current expressed in cardiac sinoatrial node cells (If) induces phosphenes in some patients. One hypothesis is that ivabradine interacts with the visual system by inhibiting hyperpolarization‐activated current in retinal cells (Ih). An Ih current with properties similar to cardiac If has been reported in retinal neurones. Under normal circumstances most of the random fluctuations generated within the retinal circuits do not reach the level of conscious perception because they are filtered out. Presumably, filtering occurs mostly within the retina and one serious candidate for this action is the ability of Ih to act as a negative‐feedback mechanism. Ih activation in the membrane of visual cells causes dampening of responses to slow noisy inputs thus tuning the visual system to perceptually more relevant signals of higher frequency. Ih inhibition, by altering at the retinal synapses the filtering of signals generated by thermal breakdown of rhodopsin or other fluctuations, is expected to increase the probability of phosphene occurrence. It is the purpose of the present paper to outline and discuss the features of the visual system and the pharmacological conditions relevant to phosphene perception.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 383–390. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706998
Differential effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on endothelium‐dependent and nitrergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation in the bovine ciliary artery
Authors: Overend J , Martin W 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:We have previously demonstrated that L‐NMMA (NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine) selectively inhibits vasodilatation produced by endothelium‐derived nitric oxide but not nitrergic nerves in the bovine penile artery. The present study investigated whether L‐NMMA had a similar selective action in the bovine ciliary artery. We also investigated whether two recently introduced inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), AAAN (N‐(4S)‐4‐amino‐5‐[aminoethyl]aminopentyl‐N′‐nitroguanidine) and L‐NPA (NG‐propyl‐L‐arginine), produced selective blockade of vasodilatation induced by nitrergic nerves but not endothelium‐derived nitric oxide.Experimental approach:Rings of bovine ciliary artery were suspended in a wire myograph for tension recording. Neurogenic (nitrergic) vasodilatation was elicited by electrical field stimulation, and endothelium‐dependent, nitric oxide‐mediated dilatation was evoked using bradykinin.Key results: L‐NMMA inhibited vasodilatation induced by endothelium‐derived nitric oxide but not the nitrergic nerves. In fact, L‐NMMA, acted like L‐arginine in protecting nitrergic vasodilatation against inhibition by L‐NAME (NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester). AAAN had no effect on vasodilatation induced by either nitrergic nerves or endothelium‐derived nitric oxide, but L‐NPA inhibited both with equal potency.Conclusions and implications:In the bovine ciliary artery, L‐NMMA acts as a selective inhibitor of the vasodilatation induced via endothelial NOS, without affecting that operating via nNOS. Furthermore, the putative nNOS inhibitors, AAAN and L‐NPA failed to produce the expected selective inhibition of nitrergic vasodilatation in this artery.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 488–493. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707113
Parasitic diseases of cats and dogs in the tropics.
Authors: Irwin P. , Traub R. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Parasitic, infectious and vector-borne diseases of humans and animals thrive in the typically hot and humid environment of the tropics. Many countries in these regions of the world remain underdeveloped with limited resources at their disposal to effectively combat the tremendous disease burdens borne by their human populations. Research, surveillance and control of veterinary diseases have been given priority only when those diseases have an impact on poverty alleviation or if they pose a significant zoonotic threat to the community. In some societies however, in Asia in particular, economic growth and increasing affluence has resulted in changing attitudes towards companion animal ownership and with this has come increasingly higher expectations and demands on veterinary surgeons for improved knowledge in canine and feline medicine and surgery. Yet despite expanding access to information technology, regionally pertinent information for veterinarians concerning the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of tropical diseases of these companion animals is scarce. The paper aims to redress this imbalance by providing, for the first time, a comprehensive review of the parasitic diseases of cats and dogs in the tropics. The first section discusses diseases and parasites of zoonotic importance; echinococcosis, toxocariasis, ancylostomiasis, the liver and intestinal flukes, gnathostomiasis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and American trypanosomiasis. In the second section the parasitic diseases of clinical importance for the animals themselves are considered, including babesiosis, dirofilariasis, hepatozoonosis, ectoparasitic diseases, angiostrongylosis and spirocercosis, with information provided on the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
Bovine protothecal mastitis: a review.
Authors: Rakesh Ranjan Rakesh Ranjan , Swarup D. Swarup D. , Patra R. C. , Nandi D. Nandi D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Bovine mastitis is a multi-aetiological ailment that accounts for the immense economic losses due to fall in milk production and poor quality of milk as well as therapeutic expenditures. Bovine protothecal mastitis is caused by
Prototheca zopfii
and
P. wickerhamii
and has been reported in most of the countries of the world. Dirty environment and lack of hygiene in herd play a vital role in transmission of the malady. Faeces from infected cows transmit the organisms into environment. Age, stage of lactation, host's immune status and previous exposure to treatment as well as other ailments predispose the animal to the disease. Multiplication of the organisms in the mammary gland and regional lymph node results in damage of mammary parenchyma leading to fall in milk yield and, sometimes, drying of infected quarters. Organisms infrequently disseminate from the site of lesion to visceral organs. Though intense inflammatory reaction is not seen in protothecal mastitis, still induration, fibrotic hard udder, fall in milk yield with presence of clots in milk and increase in somatic cell count are commonly associated with algal mastitis. Diagnosis is usually accomplished by selective isolation and light microscopic demonstration of the organism, which can be further aided by carbohydrate and alcohol assimilation test, fluorescence microscopy, fine needle aspiration associated with electron microscopy or detection of antibodies by counter-flow electrophoresis. Poor sensitivity of the organism to the conventional antibiotics limits their use in treatment. Antifungals like nystatin, amphotericin, polymyxin, miconazole as well as levamisole tetramisole proved beneficial to some extent. Eradication of the pathogen from herd is a difficult and practically an impossible task, leaving only preventive measures as the resort for controlling the disease.