bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Features of the Formation of Diffusion Layers During Nitrocementation of High-Chromium Steels in a Carbon Black Medium
Authors: Kolmykov D. V. , Vorobyev Yu. S. , Kolmykov V. I. , Trusova E. V. 
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the work is to establish the regularities of the formation of the structure and phase composition of surface (modified) layers on 20X13 chromium stainless steel under intense saturation with carbon and nitrogen and, on this basis, to substantiate the possibility of surface hardening of parts made of high-chromium steels by nitrocementation.Methods. The studies were carried out on samples made of high–chromium steel 20X13, which were subjected to high-temperature nitrocementation in a paste-like medium including fine soot, sodium carbonate and potassium ferruginous oxide (paste-forming agent is an aqueous solution of carbomethylcellulose). The microstructure was studied using an optical metallographic microscope OLIMPUS OX 51 and a scanning electron microscope Qanta FEG-650 with an X-ray microanalysis system EDAX. The microhardness was determined on the Duramit-5 microhardometer, the phase composition on the XRD-7000S X-ray diffractometer.Results. Nitrocementation of high chromium steel 20X13 in the temperature range of 820–950°C provides the formation of diffusion layers on the surface, the structure of which is represented by three zones: a crust of solid carbonitrides on the surface, an eutectoid zone with a solid matrix and inclusions of carbonitrides under the crust and a transition zone including a solid solution enriched in carbon and nitrogen with grains of the base metal. The microhardness of the nitrocemented layers on 20X13 steel after quenching from 1050°C in oil and tempering at 600°C reaches Nm 750–800 on the surface and decreases smoothly enough in depth of the nitrocemented layer. The depth of nitrocemented layers with increased microhardness (more than 400 Nm), depending on the duration of treatment, can reach ~ 0.5 (860°C, 6 hours).Conclusion. Nitrocementation of high-chromium steel 20X13 at 820–880°C in an active carbon black paste with the addition of potassium ferrocarbon leads to an increase in the hardness of the surface layers by about 4 times the hardness of the base, which, combined with the high mechanical properties of the base, will significantly increase the service life of parts made of high-chromium stainless steels of type X13 operating under high contact conditions loads.
Forces Between Pair of Rings Made of a Magnetically Soft Ferromagnet in an Axial External Field
Authors: Stolbov O. V. , Raikher Yu. L. 
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Demonstration of the way to enhance the attraction force between coaxial rings made of a magnetically soft ferromagnet by way of profiling their edges facing each other.Methods. In the framework of magnetostatics numerical calculation is carried out for a system of two coaxial rings made of a magnetically soft ferromagnet under conditions when the system is subjected to a uniform magnetic field directed along the rings’ axis. Such a design prototypes a soft gripper for robotics. On the basis of the found out field distribution, the force of mutual attraction is evaluated. Using a particular example, the advantages of a system where the ring edges facing each other are profiled (tapered) are considered in comparison with the its analog where the rings have rectangular edges.Results. In is shown that tapering of the edges enables one to acquire a notable gain with respect to the attraction strength. The dependences of the force of the force are calculated on the inter-ring distance and on extent of tapering of the edges: replacement of the rectangular shape by a trapezoid one. It is found that the advantages of the tapered system take place only in certain intervals of the respective parameters. For example, tapering entails an order of magnitude enhancement provided that inter-ring gap is sufficiently narrow (much smaller than the thickness of the ring wall) but it loses to a standard system all its advantage when the rings are separated by a distance of the order of their radius or greater. The dependence of the attraction force on the extent of tapering (the ratio of the upper and lower bases of the trapezium) is non-monotonic. Under a weak tapering, this function grows rapidly, then it passes a maximum (its position depends on the magnetic susceptibility of the ring material) and afterwards goes down when the profile of the edge approaches triangular shape.Conclusions. The obtained results enable one to optimize the force interaction in the system under consideration. It is worth noting that the profiling not only augments the mutual attraction force but as well reduces that amount of magnetic material required for the construction.
On the Dependence of the Rate of Deactivation of Triplet Excitations of a Number of Molecules on Their Ionization Potential and the Charge of the Nucleus of Heavy Atoms of the Solvent
Authors: Erina M. V. , Deryabin M. I. 
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Establish the nature and reasons for the dependence of the change in the radiative rate constant of deactivation of triplet excitations of a number of molecules, caused by the effect of an external heavy atom, on their ionization potential from the ground state and the energy of the first excited singlet state.Methods. Kinetic methods were used to determine the rate constant for the deactivation of triplet excitations of organic molecules in solid solutions at 77 K. The solvents were n-heptane (neutral), carbon tetrachloride and benzene bromide (containing heavy chlorine and bromine atoms). The molecules studied were coronene, triphenylene, phenanthrene, naphthalene and biphenyl.Results. A linear relationship has been established between an increase in the ionization potential, the energy value of the first excited singlet state, and an increase in the change in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of the studied molecules in carbon tetrachloride. It is shown that the increase in the change in the radiative deactivation rate of these molecules with an increase in their ionization potential is due to a decrease in the difference between the ionization energies and the first excited singlet state.Conclusion. The results of the study showed that there is a linear relationship between the increase in the radiative deactivation rate of triplet excitations of the studied molecules and their ionization potential. A linear relationship is also observed between the increase in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of these molecules and the first excited singlet state. As the ionization potentials of the molecules under study increase, the difference between the ionization energy and the energy of the first excited singlet state decreases. This is the reason for the increase in the rate of deactivation of triplet excitations of molecules with an increase in their ionization potential.
Study of Raman Scattering of Light in Liquid Arenes and Their Halogen-Substituted ones in the Low-Frequency Region of the Spectrum
Authors: Melnikov G. A. , Ignatenko N. M. , Petrova L. P. , Gromkov A. S. , Manzhos O. A. 
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Investigation of Raman scattering of light in liquid arenas and their halogenated ones in the low-frequency range of the spectrum, taking into account the clustering processes in their structure.Methods. Raman spectroscopy methods were used, as well as a modeling method using cluster representations of the structure of liquids. Raman spectra of light in the low-frequency range from 17 to 500 cm–1 were obtained using a LabRAM HR Evolution spectrometer at room temperature (23°C).Results. The analysis of theoretical and experimental work on the properties of dimeric configurations of benzene and on the effect of clustering processes in substances on their IR and Raman spectra is carried out. Low-frequency Raman spectra of liquid benzene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, brombenzene, toluene, o-fluorotoluene, m-fluorotoluene, p-fluorotoluene, o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, 2,6-dichlorotoluene were obtained. The model of formation and disintegration of cluster formations has been tested. Formulas have been obtained for estimating the minimum frequency of libration oscillations of the ωmin dimer formation in the cluster structure and the position of the maxima of spectral bands in the low-frequency region of the Raman spectrum, depending on the number of particles included in the cluster formations. The theoretical results obtained by ωmin are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data within the total error.The proposed model makes it possible to predict the position of some spectral bands of the Raman spectrum. The presence of other spectral bands is obviously related to the multiparticle interaction in the cluster structure and requires additional research.Conclusion. The proposed model of formation and decay of cluster formations and the relations following from it allow us to estimate the value of the minimum frequency in the low-frequency range of the Raman spectrum of liquid arenes and their halogenated ones from the known values of the enthalpy of formation and the moment of inertia of the dimer. Conversely, using known values of the minimum frequency, the values of the enthalpy of formation and the moment of inertia of the dimer can be estimated without resorting to complex quantum mechanical calculations.
Eye Care Service Use and Associated Health-Seeking Behaviors Among Malawian Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020
Authors: Mzumara Thokozani , Kantaris Marios , Afonne Joseph 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
The use of eye care services varies among different population groups.

Objective
This study aimed to assess self-reported eye care use (ECU) and associated demographic factors among Malawian adults.

Methods
This study used secondary data from the Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020, a nationally representative survey. The study included 12,288 households and 27,336 individuals 15 years and older. We entered age, sex, level of education, residency (urban/rural), and chronic disease into a logistic regression model, and used a confusion matrix to predict the model’s accuracy. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
About 60.6% (95% CI 60.0%-61.2%) of those with eye problems accessed formal care 2 weeks before the survey date. A logistic regression model showed that ECU was positively associated with education compared to none (odds ratio [OR] 6.6, 95% CI 5.927-7.366; P<.001), males compared to females (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.104-1.290; P<.001), and urban residence compared to rural (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.118-1.375; P<.001). ECU was negatively associated with age (OR 7, 95% CI 6.782-8.476; P<.001) and having chronic diseases (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.547-0.708; P<.001).

Conclusions
Social support, women empowerment, education, and mobile clinics are key strategic areas that would increase access to eye care in Malawi. Further studies can investigate ECU among the pediatric population.
eHealth Literacy and the Use of NHS 111 Online Urgent Care Service in England: Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Turnbull Joanne , Prichard Jane , MacLellan Jennifer , Pope Catherine 
Published: April 2024

Background
Many health care systems have used digital technologies to support care delivery, a trend amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. “Digital first” may exacerbate health inequalities due to variations in eHealth literacy. The relationship between eHealth literacy and web-based urgent care service use is unknown.

Objective
This study aims to measure the association between eHealth literacy and the use of NHS (National Health Service) 111 online urgent care service.

Methods
A cross-sectional sequential convenience sample survey was conducted with 2754 adults (October 2020-July 2021) from primary, urgent, or emergency care; third sector organizations; and the NHS 111 online website. The survey included the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ), questions about use, preferences for using NHS 111 online, and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results
Across almost all dimensions of the eHLQ, NHS 111 online users had higher mean digital literacy scores than nonusers (P<.001). Four eHLQ dimensions were significant predictors of use, and the most highly significant dimensions were eHLQ1 (using technology to process health information) and eHLQ3 (ability to actively engage with digital services), with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.86 (95% CI 1.46-2.38) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.22-1.88), respectively. Respondents reporting a long-term health condition had lower eHLQ scores. People younger than 25 years (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.87-5.62) and those with formal qualifications (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-0.99) were more likely to use NHS 111 online. Users and nonusers were likely to use NHS 111 online for a range of symptoms, including chest pain symptoms (n=1743, 70.4%) or for illness in children (n=1117, 79%). The users of NHS 111 online were more likely to have also used other health services, particularly the 111 telephone service (χ12=138.57; P<.001).

Conclusions
These differences in eHealth literacy scores amplify perennial concerns about digital exclusion and access to care for those impacted by intersecting forms of disadvantage, including long-term illness. Although many appear willing to use NHS 111 online for a range of health scenarios, indicating broad acceptability, not all are able or likely to do this. Despite a policy ambition for NHS 111 online to substitute for other services, it appears to be used alongside other urgent care services and thus may not reduce demand.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Pediatric Smartphone Lung Auscultation by Parents: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Santos-Silva Catarina , Ferreira-Cardoso Henrique , Silva Sónia , Vieira-Marques Pedro , Valente José Carlos , Almeida Rute , A Fonseca João , Santos Cristina , Azevedo Inês , Jácome Cristina 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe use of a smartphone built-in microphone for auscultation is a feasible alternative to the use of a stethoscope, when applied by physicians.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study aims to assess the feasibility of this technology when used by parents—the real intended end users.MethodsPhysicians recruited 46 children (male: n=33, 72%; age: mean 11.3, SD 3.1 y; children with asthma: n=24, 52%) during medical visits in a pediatric department of a tertiary hospital. Smartphone auscultation using an app was performed at 4 locations (trachea, right anterior chest, and right and left lung bases), first by a physician (recordings: n=297) and later by a parent (recordings: n=344). All recordings (N=641) were classified by 3 annotators for quality and the presence of adventitious sounds. Parents completed a questionnaire to provide feedback on the app, using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (“totally disagree”) to 5 (“totally agree”).ResultsMost recordings had quality (physicians’ recordings: 253/297, 85.2%; parents’ recordings: 266/346, 76.9%). The proportions of physicians' recordings (34/253, 13.4%) and parents' recordings (31/266, 11.7%) with adventitious sounds were similar. Parents found the app easy to use (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5) and were willing to use it (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5).ConclusionsOur results show that smartphone auscultation is feasible when performed by parents in the clinical context, but further investigation is needed to test its feasibility in real life.
Radiogenomics in breast cancer: a review
Authors: Garanina A. E. , Kholin A. V. 
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of breast cancer is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The results of core biopsy, immunohistochemical methods or removed surgical specimens contributed to the identification of molecular markers. Currently, the attention of researchers is attracted by the anatomical and functional features of tumor tissue obtained using imaging methods. The correlation of specific phenotypes based on images (radiomics) with large-scale genomic analysis (genomics) is a new field of research called “radiogenomics” or, more precisely, “image genomics”. This new field examines the relationship between diagnostic methods and gene data, as well as with other clinically relevant information.OBJECTIVE: To analyze current trends in the development of radiogenomics in the study of breast cancer based on the literature data.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical literature was searched using information and analytical databases Cochrane, Medline, and Elibrary using the text search queries “radiogenomics of breast cancer”, “mammography and radiogenomics”, “magnetic resonance imaging and radiogenomics”, “ultrasonic radiogenomics”.RESULTS: We found strong evidence that there is a moderate relationship between imaging characteristics and genomic characteristics of breast cancer. However, the results obtained have a number of limiting factors that distort the overall picture.CONCLUSION: Precision medicine can be optimized based on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the tumor. However, the development of this direction requires new research and the development of databases using a multicenter approach.
Extralobar sequestration — not obvious radiologic finding. Illustrated overview. Case report
Authors: Obornev A. D. , Garapach I.  A. , Maslak O. S. , Mikheev D. V. , Kozak A. R. , Yablonskiy P. K. , Gavrilov P. V. 
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION: Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital pulmonary malformation. A sequestration is generally defined as non-functioning lung tissue that is not in normal continuity with the tracheobronchial tree and derives its blood supply from systemic vessels. OBJECTIVE: To define the main clinical and radiologic features of intra- and extralobar sequestration of the lung, to study vessel variability and to analyse case of not obvious CT images of intralobar sequestration that was diagnosed intraoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed literature found in PubMed and ScienceDirect regarding lung sequestration since 1979. The case report of a patient with extralobar sequestration diagnosed intraoperatively.RESULTS: The main clinical and radiologic features of lung sequestration, challenges of differential diagnosis were summarised, including specificity of case report.DISCUSSION: Presence of aberrant vessel requires verification of pathology before operation due to high risk of haemorrhage. The leading role in the verification belongs to radiologic imaging, however in rare cases aberrant vessel may not be visualised due to small diameter or occlusion.CONCLUSION: The anatomy of aberrant vessels in sequestrations is extremely variable. In case report sequestration was seen in an adult. The pathology was not diagnosed prior to the operation due to failure of the vessel visualisation. Knowledge of possible diagnostic challenges decreases the risk of intraoperative complications.
The Eurasian Economic Union and Multipolar Globalization
Authors: Krotov M. I. 
Published: April 2024

The article discusses ways to resolve the contradiction between globalization and national sovereignty in the context of the transition to a multipolar world order. The main features of the emerging multipolar model of globalization are shown. Through the prism of Eurasian integration, the differences between Russia’s partnership with the countries of the West and its partnership with the countries of the Global East and the Global South are analyzed. The special role of the Eurasian Economic Union and Russia in the formation of a just multipolar world is revealed.Aim. To substantiate Russia’s integration policy in the context of its global confrontation with the West. Tasks. To study the role of mega-regulators and regionalization in resolving the contradictions between the global nature of the economy and national sovereignty in the context of the transition to a multipolar world order. Analysis of the development of the EAEU, its bodies and institutions as a factor in resolving the contradiction between the old and new leaders of globalization.Methods. A systematic approach to the study of Eurasian integration in the process of formation and development of multipolar globalization. Many years of practical experience in participating in specific processes of Eurasian integration.Results. The ways of strengthening the economic sovereignty of the EAEU countries based on the institutional development of Eurasian integration and the formation of new mega-regulators within the framework of the SCO and BRICS are shown.Conclusions. Multipolar globalization is irreversible. At the same time, the EAEU, SCO and BRICS are gaining a leading role in this process. The Russian Federation needs to critically review its partnership with Western countries and organizations, taking into account their threefold role in relation to our country: opponents, rivals, partn.
International Practice of Liner Container Shipping Regulation in the Transport System
Authors: Rusinov I. A. , Shcherbinin N. V. 
Published: April 2024

Effective regulatory and legal framework in this field has several positive advantages for the transportation participants. A significant place in the article is given to ensuring the principle of “common carrier” for access of a wide range of consumers to the container carriers service. In connection with the transformation both of supply chains and logistics flows under conditions of new foreign economic factors along with the emergence of new shipping lines on the Russian container market the relevance of this topic will continue to increase.Aim. To consider the aspects of normative and legal regulation of liner container shipping in the USA, EU, PRC and the Russian Federation.Tasks. To analyze the strategies of shipping lines on the Russian and global markets, to identify key regulatory legal acts of foreign countries in the sphere of liner container shipping, to identify the features of the Russian legislation in this sphere and the ways of its development.Methods. Regulatory legal acts of the USA, EU, PRC and the Russian Federation were collected, which play an extremely important role in the development of international container transportation and increasing the competitiveness of foreign economic activity.Results. The research of relevant legal frameworks and instruments of state regulation of sea container lines activity to ensure non-discriminatory access of consumers of transportation services, public availability of information about liner container services, high quality of transportation services for foreign economic relations was carried out.Conclusions. In modern foreign economic conditions, alliances and various forms of carrier cooperation are the subject of state regulation of liner container shipping in order to protect competition on the market. The legislation of the USA and the Russian Federation establishes compulsory publication of shipping line tariffs, while according to the provisions of the PRC legislation shipping lines provide their tariffs to the freight exchange, which is authorized by the competent state body. In addition, international experience shows that sea lines “Common carriers” are subject to a number of other requirements. In the Russian Federation, sea container transportation is carried out by both liner and tramp vessels due to the fact that the certain carriers are not registered as shipping line operators and information about some regular container services is limited.