bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I. “NUMERICAL CHEMOTAXONOMY” AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CHEMOSYSTEMATICS
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. , Dorn Robert D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe possible sources of error resulting from the use of phenolic spot patterns in chemosystematic studies are discussed. It is argued that identification of compounds eliminates the need for making assumptions which may be erroneous. Examples are provided to demonstrate that identification of phenolics provides the basis for more meaningful interpretations of the chemical data. Two procedures are presented for carrying out studies in which the structures of the compounds may be determined. Chemical information must not be given undue weight when used in systematic studies. It is usually of greatest value when combined with other data.
TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE SARCODINA: A RECLASSIFICATION
Authors: Jahn Theodore L. , Bovee Eugene C. , Griffith Donal L. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySarcodinid taxonomy was previously revised by Jahn and Bovee (1965) on the basis of the two readily distinguishable methods of ameboid locomotion, respectively the contractile‐hydraulic and the active sliding systems. Pseudopodial form and structure were regarded as characters of ordinal rank. The present general summary of the classification and the status of further investigations, continues the reclassification to the family level, citing authors and dates, as well as presenting brief definitions of subclasses, orders (and superorders and suborders where applicable), families and subfamilies. New taxa proposed include the families Striamoebidae and Discamoebidae, both of Bovee and Jahn, and their type genera,StriamoebaandDiscamoebaof Bovee, andPentagoninaBovee and Jahn (nom. nov. proPentagoniaGauthier‐Lièvre and Thomas, 1958nonCozzens, 1846). The tentative phylogenetic scheme proposed by Bovee and Jahn in agreement with the symbiotic theory of eukaryotic origins is briefly outlined.
BETALAINS AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS IN PETIVERIA AND AGDESTIS (PHYTOLACCACEAE)
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. , Chang C. , Eifert Imre J. , Mabry Tom J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of betalains and P‐type sieve‐tube plastids in Petiveria and Agdestis (Phytolaccaceae) supports the assignment of these genera to the Centrospermae.
COMMENTS ON WERESUB, MALLOCH AND PIROZYNSKI'S PROPOSAL FOR ARTICLE 59
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWeresub, Malloch and Pirozynski's proposal to delete the existing third paragraph of Article 59 to make it more in accord with other parts of the Code is considered. It is concluded that this would not be in the best interests of the stability of nomenclature in the fungi and consequently recommended that it be rejected by the next International Botanical Congress.
A SYMPOSIUM ON GRASS SYSTEMATICS IN KOBE, JAPAN
Authors: Tateoka Tuguo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn October, 1967, a symposium entitled “Systematics of the family Gramineae” was held in Kôbe Japan, as a part of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan. Besides the introductory remarks given by the present author, the following three papers were presented: Systematic significance of underground organs of grass seedlings, by K. Hoshikawa; Amino acid pattern of grass seed and systematics, by H. Taira; Temperature responses and systematics of the Gramineae. by S. Kawanabe. All these three speakers have their own field of research outside of systematics, but they have attempted to combine the results of their investigations with systematics. The present paper aims to discuss the positions of these contributions in modern grass systematics.
A RECONSIDERATION OF THE GENUS TASMANNIA (WINTERACEAE)
Authors: Smith A. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNew chromosome counts based on collections of Winteraceae have strengthened the conclusion, suggested by morphological and anatomical study, that the two Sections (Tasmannia and Drimys) traditionally treated in the genus Drimys J. R. & G. Forst. are very distinct and merit full generic status. Consequently Tasmannia R. Br. ex DC. is herewith reinstated and a number of required new combinations are proposed.
THE USE OF PLANT INDICATORS IN GROUND WATER SURVEYS, GEOLOGIC MAPPING, AND MINERAL PROSPECTING
Authors: Cannon Helen L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe use of vegetation in interpreting geological phenomena is becoming an important tool in the search for ore deposits that are buried under thick soil cover or layers of unmineralized rock. Species assemblages and plant density are useful in mapping geologic strata of different chemical composition and reservoir capacity. Hidden ore deposits can be located through chemical analysis of plant tissue, by mapping the distribution of species, and by observing toxic effects caused by an excess of metals as well as signs of faulty nutrition or deranged metabolism in plants whose roots are in contact with ore.Plant indicators of ore deposits may be species that are adapted to living exclusively on rocks or soils that supply unusual amounts of a particular element, or they may be species of wide distribution that favor mineralized ground under certain local conditions because of a change in acidity or availability of major plant constituents. Plants that are not highly tolerant of metals in an ore assemblage may exhibit toxicity symptoms or be completely absent over ore.Geobotanical techniques of mapping indicator plant species and communities, combined with observation of changes in plant appearance can aid the geologist in prospecting for hidden ore deposits.
THE CYTOGEOGRAPHY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE VISCACEOUS AND EREMOLEPIDACEOUS MISTLETOES
Authors: Wiens Delbert , Barlow Bryan A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKnown chromosome numbers in the Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae are reviewed and 73 new records added. No basic number is presently evident for either family as a whole. In the Vicaceae two fundamental chromosome groups are apparent. The first is characterized by x = 14 and is itself composed of two subgroups, one with large chromosomes (Dendrophthora‐Phoradendron), and the other with medium sized chromosomes (Arceuthobium‐Korthalsella). The second chromosome group is composed of Viscum and its close relatives which possess numbers of x = 10, 11, 12, and 13 and which have large chromosomes.In the x = 14 group, the Dendrophthora‐Phoradendron alliance is strictly New World. The Arceuthobium‐Korthalsella alliance, however, has both Old and New World representation. Arceuthobium is present in both the Old and New Worlds and Korthalsella has an Old World and Pacific distribution. The Viscum alliance is strictly Old World.Some infra‐generic aneuploidy is known in Viscum and Dendrophthora. Polyploidy is apparently rare, known only in Phoradendron from the Galápagos Islands and in Viscum from New Guinea and northern Australia.A northern origin is postulated for the Viscaceae, with subsequent widespread radiation into the tropics of both the New and Old Worlds.The Eremolepidaceae, a group of three New World genera, does not appear to be karyologically related to other mistletoe families; it is postulated they may be aerial parasites in the Santalaceae, which is primarily a family of terrestrial root parasites.
SEPTATE HOLOBASIDIA
Authors: Lowy B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA further clarification of the author's interpretation of the problem of hetero‐versus homo‐basidiomycetes in view of the counterproposals published by P. H. B. Talbot (Taxon 17: 620–628. 1968). The author's reclassification of the heterobasidiomycetous fungi (Taxon 17: 118–127. 1968) is upheld.
THE FERN GENUS GYMNOCARPIUM NEWM. AND ITS TYPIFICATION
Authors: Morton C. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGymnocarpium Newm. should not be considered an orthographic variant of Gymnocarpos, Forsk. being different etymologically and sufficiently different in spelling and pronunciation not to be confused, since the genera concerned belong to different major groups. The lectotype of Gymnocarpium must be Polypodium dryopteris L. and not G. robertianum as proposed by Holttum. Phegopteris is a legitimate name and not superfluous when published.
MATERIALS FOR A MONOGRAPH OF FREYCINETIA GAUD. X. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ALL BINOMIALS
Authors: Stone Benjamin C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1910 Martelli published in Webbia vol. 3 an alphabetical listing of all binomials in the genus Freycinetia. This is now outdated, and many species have been described since then. Also many taxonomic changes have been made and will be made in the present writer's monographic studies. A chronological listing up to date can present in the briefest form many of the results of such work and can serve as a constant reference in subsequent numbers of the series, of which this list is the tenth. Total binomials to date: 261. Provisionally accepted species: 198 (including 10 ined., in sched.). Nomina nuda: 20. Species of other genera misplaced in Freycinetia: 2. Homonyms: 7. Illegitimate names: 6. Specific epithets originally published in other genera but pertaining to Freycinetia: 2.
THE HERBARIUM OF AYLMER BOURKE LAMBERT NOTES ON ITS ACQUISITION, DISPERSAL, AND PRESENT WHEREABOUTS
Authors: Miller Hortense S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert (1761–1842), British botanist, is of interest today because of its sale at auction after his death, and the consequent obscurity of its history. However, little known facts about its scope and fate can be found in manuscript material and published references. Lambert had many opportunities for acquiring the some 50,000 specimens, many of them types, from at least 130 collectors. The herbarium was freely consulted by many writers of the time, including Robert Brown, De Candolle, Martius, George Don and David Don. At the sale it was divided into 317 lots, bought by 16 buyers. There are today at least 18 institutions in Europe and the United States where specimens originally in the herbarium are now deposited.
MINORITY CYTOTYPE EXCLUSION IN LOCAL PLANT POPULATIONS
Authors: Levin Donald A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe outcome of random cross‐pollination and incomplete self‐pollination in populations of two cytotypes not capable of hybridizing is analyzed in a simple model. The reproductive success of a cytotype is frequency‐dependent, the minority being at a disadvantage because it suffers a greater proportion of ineffectual pollinations. The reproductive handicap in a given generation leads to a greater handicap in the next, the minority cytotype being rapidly excluded from the population. Self‐pollination reduces the minority disadvantage and the tempo of the exclusion process as does the immigration of minority type pollen and seeds. It is concluded that unless two cytotypes have disparate ecological requirements, a minority disadvantage will cause the local extinction of one of the cytotypes, even though they may be equally fit in all respects.
BOTHRIOCHLOA INTERMEDIA — A TAXONOMIC DILEMMA
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Harlan J. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe compilospecies B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus introgresses in nature with B. ewar‐tiana (Domin) C. E. Hubbard, B. ischaemum (Linn.) Keng, Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf, and Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. The species that contribute towards the variability of the compilospecies are genetically isolated from each other, except across the bridging B. intermedia. Introgression is primarily in the direction of B. intermedia, and it is proposed that such hybrid derivatives be included in the compilospecies. It is suggested that the taxa Bothriochloa O. Kuntze, Capillipedium Stapf and Dichanthium Willemet be combined, with the generic name Dichanthium taking priority.
ACHLYS CALIFORNICA — (BERBERIDACEAE) — A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Fukuda Ichiro , Baker Herbert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAchlys californica, a tetraploid, distinct in morphology and ecogeographical distribution from the diploid A. triphylla is described below as a new species. The distribution of A. californica is mostly in the coastal region from northern California to southernmost British Columbia, while A. triphylla occurs predominantly in the Cascade mountain range.In an account of the biosystematics of Achlys published in 1967 (Fukuda, 1967), cytogenetic, morphological, ecological and distributional evidence was presented that the genus may be divided into three taxa. One of these, a diploid, A. triphylla (Sm.) DC. subsp. japonica (Max.) Fukuda, is restricted to Hokkaido and northern Honshu, in Japan. Disjunct from this, on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean, A. triphylla subsp. triphylla is found from northern California to British Columbia.Until this study, all western North American material of Achlys has been placed in this species. However, it is now apparent that diploid and tetraploid plants occur, each with a distinctive morphology and ecogeographical distribution, as shown in Fig. 1. They merit specific distinction.The first specimen of Achlys was collected by Archibald Menzies, at Tulalip Bay, in the southern part of Puget Sound, now in the state of Washington, on June 4, 1794. J. E. Smith gave it the name Leontice triphylla (Smith, 1812). A. P. de Candolle pointed out that Menzies' plant differed from the members of the Asiatic genus Leontice by not developing valvate flaps when the anthers dehisce. Consequently, he created a new genus Achlys for it in 1821. In fact, the genera differ by many other characters and are sometimes placed in separate subfamilies (Rendle, 1925). The type‐specimen collected by Menzies, which is in the Smith Herbarium at the Linnean Society in London, was recognized as being of the diploid species by morphology and measurement of stomatal sizes in the central leaflet (Fukuda, 1967). For this reason the tetraploid plant, which has not yet received a formal description, is treated here.
A TAXONOMIC DATA BANK AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR A SMALL HERBARIUM
Authors: Greene Dorothy M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn account is given of the organisation of a data bank, associated with a small herbarium, consisting of an in clear card file and an in code computer file. The system is being used in the preparation of floras for Antarctic regions, phytogeographical investigations and the planning of future field work. The data bank is comparatively inexpensive to initiate and run and an estimate is provided of growth in size relative to manpower.
CHROMOSOME PAIRING AND PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Harlan J. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe mechanisms of chromosome pairing are poorly understood. Yet, pairing during meiotic prophase is commonly assumed to indicate homology, and absence of pairing non‐homology between parental genomes. These assumptions lead to the widely accepted belief that data on chromosome pairing in hybrids provide indisputable evidence of degree of phylogenetic affinity between the parental taxa involved. Chromosome pairing usually, but not always, is a valid source of information on relationships in diploid hybrids, but rarely if ever provides conclusive evidence on affinities when polyploid taxa are involved.
DICHLORVOS AND LINDANE AS HERBARIUM INSECTICIDES
Authors: Lellinger David B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe highly effective insecticide dichlorvos may be harmful to humans under certain herbarium conditions, but the danger can be minimized by using it occasionally as a space treatment rather than constantly as a protectant. Lindane is less effective, more persistant and toxic, and should not be used in herbaria.
THE ROLE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN
Authors: Thompson P. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany of the functions traditionally carried out by botanic gardens have now become the responsibility of other organisations. Nevertheless, relatively few changes have occurred in the structure and activities of most botanic gardens, and special consideration needs to be given to the particular part that they should play in botanical and horticultural developments. The functions of a botanic garden may be summarily described under the headings, investigation, conservation, education and demonstration, and these headings are used as starting points for a discussion on the role of botanic gardens in general, and the ways in which different gardens might co‐ordinate their activities with each other, and with other organisations with closely related interests.
HISTORY OF BOTANY IN THE TROPICS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Richards P. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe development of botany in the tropics falls into four periods: (i) the age of the pioneer botanical explorers, which extended into the 19th century, (ii) the age from then to the First World War in which the plant resources of the tropics were developed mainly by colonial governments, (iii) the period between the two World Wars when improved hygiene and transport opened up new possibilities for scientific work in tropical countries and (iv) the present period which began at the end of the Second World War, in which even greater facilities for botanical research in the tropics have been accompanied by a continually accelerating destruction of the tropical biota. The present is therefore the best moment there will ever be for studying tropical botany.
ARE CATEGORIES IN DIFFERENT PHYLA COMPARABLE?
Authors: Van Valen Leigh 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThere are several kinds of criteria for determining whether an average family of insects is comparable to an average family of mammals. Different combinations of criteria are appropriate for different purposes and give different results. A new metataxonomic criterion is explored for all phyla of animals and plants and for various subordinate taxa. Differences in it can be caused by sampling error, different degrees of splitting, and different patterns of evolution; these causes are more or less confounded but indicate the domain of the criterion's applicability. Body weight and other factors affect the number of species in genera and families. It is not yet known to what extent boundaries between taxa correspond to real subcontinuities in properties of the organisms. We should know what characters are, or have been, important to an organism, even for angiosperms, where little research has been directed at the problem as formulated here.
THE FLAVONOIDS AND AFFINITIES OF BLENNOSPERMA AND CROCIDIUM (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Ornduff Robert , Saleh N. A. M. , Bohm B. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe tribal affinities and inter‐relationships of the Californian‐Chilean Blennosperma and the western American Crocidium (Compositae) have been the subject of controversy since the mid‐nineteenth century. Most recent workers have placed Blennosperma in the Helenieae and Crocidium in the Senecioneae. Investigations of the flavonoids of these genera indicate that at the generic level both contain quercetin‐3‐o‐galactoside, (probably isomeric) quercetin‐3‐o‐glucoside, a quercetin‐3‐o‐polyglucoside, and luteolin‐7‐o‐glucoside. The first two compounds were present in all samples tested, but the other two glycosides were not. These striking biochemical similarities and the weight of morphological evidence suggest that the two genera are closely related to each other. Both should probably be placed in the Senecioneae.
TYPIFICATION OF CACHRYS LIBANOTIS L. (UMBELLIF.)
Authors: Gruenberg‐Fertig Irene , Heyn Chaia C. , Herrnstadt Ilana 
Published: April 2006

SummaryC. libanotis, the type species of the monotypic Linnaean genus Cachrys, is proved to comprise 2 genera: Cachrys L. (incl. Prangos Lindl.) and Hippomarathrum Link non P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. The relevant literature and possible type specimens are discussed. A Burser specimen (with ripe fruits), seen by Linnaeus and determined by him as C. libanotis, is chosen as the best admissible lectotype. This specimen agrees with Cachrys trifida Mill. to which, therefore, the name C. libanotis has to be reinstated. As a result of this typification the generic name Cachrys L. may be retained for the taxa conventionally considered as Cachrys L. or Prangos Lindl., while Hippomarathrum Link, being a later homonym, is proposed for conservation.
SILENE PRATENSIS(RAFN) GODRON & GREN., THE CORRECT NAME FOR WHITE CAMPION OR WHITE COCKLE (SILENE ALBA(MILLER) E. H. L. KRAUSE, NOM. ILLEG.)
Authors: McNeill J. , Prentice Honor C. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySilene albaMuhl. ex Britton (1893), although considered to be an illegitimate substitution forS. nivea(Nutt.) Otth, is validly published and as a resultS. alba(Miller) E. H. L. Krause (1901), the widely used name for the weed white campion or white cockle, is illegitimate. It is shown that the correct name for this species inSileneisS. pratensis(Rafn) Godron & Gren. A new taxonomic treatment of the infraspecific variation withinS. pratensisis outlined and three new subspecific combinations proposed.
AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA L. SPECIES PLANTARUM 293, 1753
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFresh evidence shows that the conclusion reached by Dandy and Fosberg in Taxon 3: 231–232 (1954) on the application of Amaryllis belladonna L., is not correct. Linnaeus did not use nor did he describe the Clifford Herbarium specimen of the Cape Belladonna Lily, but relied solely on consistent literature for the Barbados Lily (Hippeastrum puniceum, syn. H. equestre) in his Hortus Cliffortianus and hence in Species Plantarum, 1753.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF TAXONOMIC DATA WITH MULTI‐STATE DISCRETE CHARACTERS
Authors: Hill M. O. , Smith A. J. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is shown how principal component analysis can be extended to allow for multi‐state discrete characters as well as continuous characters. When all the characters are discrete, the proposed extension reduces to correspondence analysis. A taxonomic example is given to illustrate the method in practice. The technique allows the estimation of a taxonomic distance between objects which have been scored for multi‐state characters. However, taxonomic structure may be better inferred directly from the ordination, rather than by constructing a taxonomic distance measure.
RECLASSIFICATION OF PSILOPHYTA
Authors: Banks Harlan P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe historical reasons for the failure to abandon the category Psilophyta until long after it had become a catchall group for unrelated taxa are reviewed. Recent advances in the understanding of the major types of early land plants are summarized in order to test the usefulness of the three Subdivisions of Tracheophyta that were proposed by Banks in 1968; Rhyniophytina, Zosterophyllophytina, Trimerophytina.
TAXONOMIC INTERPRETATIONS OF DISCONTINUITIES IN FLOWER SIZE
Authors: Rollins Reed C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLarge differences in the sizes of floral parts producing discontinuities between different individuals or between different populations of the same or closely related taxa require different taxonomic interpretations. Autopolyploidy may produce such discontinuities as in Thelypodiopsis linearifolia (Gray) Al‐Shehbaz of southern Arizona, but the single individual with large flowers cannot be considered to be another taxon. A different situation was found in populations differing from Pennellia longifolia by a large jump in the size of floral parts. In this case, there were populations of plants which were not polyploid with respect to P. longifolia and the large size differences were consistent throughout the populations. These populations are recognized as a new species which is named in honor of Dr. Rogers McVaugh who first collected it in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico.