bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe mental illness across cultures
Authors: Bhugra D. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  International studies have shown that the outcome of illnesses like schizophrenia vary across cultures. The good outcome in developing countries depends upon a number of factors.Method:  Using both primary and secondary sources, existing literature was reviewed. Using terms severe mental illness, culture and schizophrenia, Medline, Psychinfo and Embase were searched. Further searches were conducted using secondary searches.Results:  The impact of culture and its components on the individual and their families influences compliance, engagement with services and expectations of treatment. Cultures also impact upon identity and explanatory models of individuals.Conclusion:  Severe mental illness is as likely to be affected by culture as other illnesses. Clinicians need to use multi‐model assessment and management techniques.
The chronic psychiatric patient: problems, promises and perspectives, past, present and future
Authors: Talbott J. A. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To present an overview of the issues involving the severely and chronically mentally ill over the past 50 years and summarize new research that may aid them.Method:  To present the problems that have faced and will face this population, the promises that have been made about and to them, and assess how well we fulfilled our promises and handled the problems.Results:  We have made some but not enough progress in solving the problems facing the severely and chronic mentally ill in the past and at present, but the future holds more hope if recent solid, practical, economically feasible mental health services research is translated through policy and practice into better patient care.Conclusion:  As pessimistic as we often are about the plight of the chronic mentally ill, their future can be better if recent research is implemented.
The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude
Authors: Saha S. , Chant D.C. , Welham J.L. , McGrath J.J. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The aim of this study was to examine the association between latitude and the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia based on two recently published systematic reviews.Method:  The analyses were based on 353 incidence rates (from 68 studies) and 258 prevalence estimates (from 94 studies). Exact latitude values were used for cities, and geocentroid values for other sites. Based on three equal latitude bands, we compared the frequency measures of schizophrenia for persons, males and females when adjusted for within‐study variation.Results:  Prevalence estimates from sites in the high‐latitude band were significantly higher when compared with lower bands for persons, males and females. Incidence rates were positively associated with absolute latitude for males, but neither for females nor persons.Conclusion:  Variables that have latitude gradients warrant closer inspection in schizophrenia epidemiology.
Mental distress in the Danish general population
Authors: Olsen L. R. , Mortensen E. L. , Bech P. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To present data on mental distress in the Danish general population using recently validated Hopkins symptom checklist (SCL) subscales and compare with data from other countries. To evaluate associations between mental distress and biopsychosocial factors.Method:  Questionnaires were sent to a gender‐ and age‐stratified random sample comprising 2040 Danes. Mean SCL subscale scores were calculated. Cases were defined in accordance with the traditional criteria, and Danish and US raw score cut‐offs were compared. A multiple regression model was developed to describe associations between biopsychosocial factors and SCL scores.Results:  The response rate was 58%. The Danish mean scores were significantly higher than reported for a US non‐patient sample, and Danish raw score cut‐offs for caseness were higher. The Danish scores were closer to Nordic mean scores. Age, gender, social status, somatic disorder and traumatic life events in the past year in work life as well as personal life were significantly associated with the level of mental distress. SCL scores were compared with scores on the Major Depression Inventory.Conclusion:  The SCL mean scores of the Danish general population were relatively high, but similar to data from the Nordic countries. Consequently, interpretation of the Danish SCL requires Danish norms and Danish cut‐off scores for caseness.
Perspectives of staff on student outreach placements
Authors: Smith M. , Lennon M. A. , Brook A. H. , Robinson P. G. 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To explore the perspectives of placement staff on outreach training.Intervention: Block clinical placements in primary care settings for dental undergraduates and hygiene and therapy students.Method: After completion of the placements, 32 participating staff across nine primary care locations took part in qualitative interviews and focus groups. The staff provided data on placement organisation, the students’ development and their supervision, and any effects on themselves as hosts.Results: The major themes included the learning environment, supervision and communication. The staff saw benefits to students in working in a smaller primary care clinic with nursing support and immediately available supervision by a dental generalist. Other benefits included increased confidence, broader clinical experience and applying theoretical learning to new communities. Effective communication and adequate resourcing were critical success factors. There was some disruption of clinics’ normal working, but many unanticipated benefits. Staff supported the outreach placements in primary care settings to enhance students’ dental education.Conclusions: These findings provide a planning and evaluation framework for dental educators involved in outreach.
Very early cytological and DNA‐cytometric diagnosis of in situ carcinoma in an immunosuppressed liver transplant recipient
Authors: Maraki D. , Hengge U. R. , Becker J. , Boecking A. 
Published: January 2006

Backround:  We describe a patient with an in situ carcinoma with the clinical presentation of an erythroplakia of the tongue in an area where DNA‐aneuploidy was detected by means of exfoliative cytology (EC) and DNA‐image‐cytometry 32 months before.Methods:  Brush‐ and scalpel biopsies were obtained from a suspicious lesion of the right border of the tongue prior to scalpel biopsy. After Feulgen restaining of the specimens on glass slides, nuclear DNA‐contents were measured using a TV image analysis system.Results:  A small reddish lesion of the tongue was diagnosed as malignant through EC and DNA‐image‐cytometry, whereas the synchronous histology from the same area showed only mild dysplasia. A subsequent scalpel biopsy 32 months after the first examination showed an in situ carcinoma.Conclusions:  Non‐invasive brush biopsies are of great importance for the very early identification of mucosal areas with a high risk for malignant transformation through cytological and DNA‐cytometric examination.
Increase of MMP‐13 expression in multi‐stage oral carcinogenesis and epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate suppress MMP‐13 expression
Authors: Chiang W‐C , Wong Y‐K , Lin S‐C , Chang K‐W , Liu C‐J 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play pivotal roles in tumor progression. MMP‐13 (collagenase‐3) digests collagen and other extracellular components.Materials and Methods:  Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry and zymograph were used to study the roles of MMP‐13 during the neoplastic process of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Results:  Increase of MMP‐13 mRNA and protein expression in OSCC cell lines relative to cultivated normal oral keratinocytes was found. MMP‐13 mRNA expression in OSCC was significantly higher than in non‐cancerous match tissue (NCMT) in 36 tissue pairs. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma also exhibited high MMP‐13 mRNA expression. The percentage of OSCC exhibiting strong MMP‐13 immunoreactivity was significantly higher than pre‐invasive lesion and NCMT. Treatment with >5 μm epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) to OEC‐M1 cells suppressed the expression and activity of MMP‐13.Conclusion:  MMP‐13 could be a potential tumor marker for OSCC. The effects of EGCG in tumor inhibition may act partially through the modulation of MMP‐13.
Association of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage, oral candidiasis and CD4+ lymphocyte count in HIV‐positive patients in China
Authors: Liu X , Liu H , Guo Z , Luan W 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  To compare the prevalence of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage in healthy volunteers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients in China, as well as to investigate the relationship between CD4+ lymphocyte count and oral candidal colonization or oral candidiasis.Methods:  Oral candidal carriage and oral candidiasis were investigated in 101 patients with HIV‐infection seen at Youan Hospital, Beijing, China. Two hundred and seventeen healthy volunteers were involved as a control. Culture from saliva was used to test for the presence of oral Candida. CD4+ lymphocyte count was measured by flow cytometry. All data were analyzed statistically by SAS.Results:  Asymptomatic oral candidal carriage rate (28.6%) in HIV‐positive group was similar to that in the healthy group (18.0%; P = 0.07). No significant difference in CD4+ lymphocyte count was found between oral Candida carriers and non‐carriers among HIV‐positive subjects (P = 0.89). However, the frequency of oral candidiasis increased with the decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count (P < 0.0001), and pseudomembranous candidiasis was predominant in HIV‐positive patients with CD4+ <200 cells μl−1 (66.7%).Conclusions:  In HIV‐positive subjects, asymptomatic oral candidal colonization is not related to CD4+ lymphocyte count of blood, and the carriage rate is similar to that in the healthy population. Oral candidiasis is more likely to be observed in HIV‐positive patients who have a low CD4+ lymphocyte count.
Efficacy of chlorhexidine–thymol varnish (Cervitec®) against plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in a geriatric population
Authors: Clavero Javier , Baca Pilar , Paloma González Mª , Valderrama Mariano J 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  To determine whether the 3‐monthly application of chlorhexidine (CHX)–thymol varnish is an effective method of controlling plaque and gingivitis in a group of institutionalised elderly as a complement to their usual oral hygiene practices.Design:  A 6‐month double‐blind clinical trial.Setting:  Two residential homes in Almería (Spain).Participants:  Fifty‐six dentate subjects aged above 64 years who completed the 6‐month study.Intervention:  The study subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups (Cervitec® or placebo). Varnishes were applied twice in the first week of the study and were applied again a month later and every 3 months until the end of the study. The patients continued with their usual oral hygiene practices throughout the study.Measurement:  Plaque index and gingival index scores were determined at baseline and after 1, 3 and 6 months.Results:  Treatment with Cervitec® varnish had a statistically significant effect overtime on the gingival index score (p = 0.029), but not on the plaque index score (p = 0.651). The groups did not significantly differ in reductions in plaque or gingival index scores between baseline and 1, 3 or 6 months.Conclusion:  According to these results, Cervitec®, a CHX–thymol varnish, does not appear to reduce plaque and gingivitis by a 3‐monthly application in the institutionalised elderly with poor oral hygiene. Wider studies are required to investigate different varnishing protocols in geriatric populations.
Colonisation on the tongue surface by respiratory pathogens in residents of a nursing home – a pilot study
Authors: Sumi Y. , Miura H. , Nagaya M. , Michiwaki Y. , Uematsu H. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The morbidity and mortality of the dependent elderly that result from aspiration pneumonia have been recognised as a major geriatric health problem. The tongue has an extremely large surface area and due to its papillary structure can retain considerable quantities of food, and thus can support and harbour a large bacterial population. The purpose of this study was to gain more information on the microflora of the tongue surface and to assess the existence of oral infectious pathogens potentially causing respiratory disease in nursing home residents.Subjects and methods:  The tongue bacterial flora of 69 nursing home residents were examined to identify microorganisms by the culture method.Results:  Thirteen species of microorganisms were detected from the tongue in this study. In 41 of 69 subjects (59%), potential respiratory pathogens, had colonised the tongue surface.Conclusion:  The results of the present study revealed that bacteria that commonly cause respiratory infection colonised the tongue of nursing home residents, suggesting that it may function as a reservoir of potential respiratory pathogens to facilitate colonisation on the oropharynx.
THE EFFECT OF MUTTON, GOAT, BEEF AND RABBIT‐MEAT SPECIES AND STATE OF RIGOR ON SOME TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Authors: KARAKAYA M. , SARICOBAN C. , YILMAZ M.T. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT The research consists of two steps with the goal to investigate the relationship between meat species (mutton, goat, beef and rabbit) in prerigor and postrigor stages in respect to emulsification capacity (EC), water‐holding capacity (WHC) and cooking loss (CL) parameters and the effect of rigor state of species on these parameters. For this purpose, immediately after slaughter and deboning, meat parts were assigned to both pre‐ and postrigor analyses. Tissue was ground, and then mixed to obtain homogeneous meat batches. Prerigor analyses were conducted in less than 90 min following slaughtering and deboning processes. Postrigor analyses were conducted after remaining meat parts were held for 24 h at 2C. The results showed that mutton and goat meats have higher EC and WHC values in both the pre‐ and postrigor stages. The rigor state of meat species affected significantly (P < 0.05) the pH, EC and WHC values. The prerigor stage of mutton and goat meat had the most desirable characteristics for emulsion‐type meat products.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITION AND SELECTED SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF REINDEER, CARIBOU AND BEEF
Authors: RINCKER P.J. , BECHTEL P.J. , FINSTADT G. , VAN BUUREN R.G.C. , KILLEFER J. , MCKEITH F.K. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT The longissimus from caribou (n = 6), reindeer (n = 6) and beef (n = 6) were evaluated to determine differences in composition, color and sensory properties. Caribou contained the least fat followed by reindeer, and then beef (P < 0.05). Both venison sources contained more heme pigment and had a higher glycolytic potential than beef (P < 0.05). A trained sensory panel found both sources of venison to be more tender than beef (P < 0.05); however, Warner–Bratzler shear force yielded no significant differences. The sensory panel scored both reindeer and caribou as having a more intense off‐flavor (livery) and less intense meat‐flavor than beef (P < 0.05). Venison was darker than beef as determined by Minolta L* values (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) were found in ultimate pH or juiciness (sensory panel) among any of the products. Results from this study indicate that reindeer and caribou are a low‐fat source of protein with desirable sensory characteristics.
Solute Changes During Aquifer Storage Recovery Testing in a Limestone/Clastic Aquifer
Authors: Mirecki June E. , Campbell Bruce G. , Conlon Kevin J. , Petkewich Matthew D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAquifer storage recovery (ASR) was tested in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer near Charleston, South Carolina, to assess the feasibility for subsurface storage of treated drinking water. Water quality data obtained during two representative ASR tests were interpreted to show three things: (1) recovery efficiency of ASR in this geological setting; (2) possible changes in physical characteristics of the aquifer during ASR testing; and (3) water quality changes and potability of recovered water during short (one‐ and six‐day) storage durations in the predominantly carbonate aquifer.Recovery efficiency for both ASR tests reported here was 54%. Successive ASR tests increased aquifer permeability of the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer. It is likely that aquifer permeability increased during short storage periods due to dissolution of carbonate minerals and amorphous silica in aquifer material by treated drinking water. Dissolution resulted in an estimated 0.3% increase in pore volume of the permeable zones. Ground water composition generally evolved from a sodium‐calcium bicarbonate water to a sodium chloride water during storage and recovery. After short duration, stored water can exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chloride (250 mg/L). However, sulfate, fluoride, and tri‐halomethane concentrations remained below MCLs during storage and recovery.
Assessment of Hydraulic Parameters of the Aquifers Around the Sea of Galilee
Authors: Bergelson Gregory , Nativ Ronit , Bein Amos 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLack of storativity and transmissivity data from pumping tests in the multilayered, karstified aquifer system discharging into the Sea of Galilee resulted in the use of other techniques for parameter estimation. Water level fluctuations were used to calculate specific‐storage values, which ranged from 1.6 × 10−6 to 6.8 × 10−7 m−1 and from 4 × 10−6 to 2.7 × 10−7 m−1 in the lower and upper aquifer, respectively. Depletion curves were used to calculate transmissivity, which ranged from 0.3 to 24 m2/d and from 1 to 89 m2/d in the lower and upper aquifer, respectively. Age indicators were used to calculate hydraulic conductivity values: those obtained using radiocarbon data (0.54 to 7.5 m/d and 0.4 to 4 m/d for the upper and lower aquifer, respectively) were one order of magnitude higher than those obtained by depletion curve interpretation (10−3 ‐ 0.45 m/d), reflecting either the prevailing lower porosity (0.01) typical of the aquifers, or the impact of regional‐ vs. local‐scale measurements. The higher values obtained using radiocarbon were still a sixth of that calculated from a single pumping test in the area (40 m/d). The pumping test, however, is suggested to provide values which are too high because of leakage from adjacent formations during the test. The alternative techniques for parameter estimation presented here are recommended when pumping test data are lacking (while discharge and water level data do exist), or when regional rather than point transmissivity values are required.
Using Stable Isotopes of Water and Strontium to Investigate the Hydrology of a Natural and a Constructed Wetland
Authors: Hunt Randall J. , Bullen Thomas D. , Krabbenhoft David P. , Kendall Carol 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWetlands cannot exist without water, but wetland hydrology is difficult to characterize. As a result, compensatory wetland mitigation often only assumes the proper hydrology has been created. In this study, water sources and mass transfer processes in a natural and constructed wetland complex were investigated using isotopes of water and strontium. Water isotope profiles in the saturated zone revealed that the natural wetland and one site in the constructed wetland were primarily fed by ground water; profiles in another constructed wetland site showed recent rain was the predominant source of water in the root zone. Water isotopes in the capillary fringe indicated that the residence time for rain is less in the natural wetland than in the constructed wetland, thus transpiration (an important water sink) was greater in the natural wetland. Strontium isotopes showed a systematic difference between the natural and constructed wetlands that we attribute to the presence or absence of peat. In the peat‐rich natural wetland, δ87Sr in the pore water increased along the flowline due to preferential weathering of minerals containing radiogenic Sr in response to elevated Fe concentrations in the water. In the constructed wetland, where peat thickness was thin and Fe concentrations in water were negligible, δ87Sr did not increase along the flowline. The source of the peat (on‐site or off‐site derived) applied in the constructed wetland controlled the δ87Sr at the top of the profile, but the effects were restricted by strong cation exchange in the underlying fluvial sediments. Based on the results of this study, neither constructed wetland site duplicated the water source and weathering environment of the adjoining natural wetland. Moreover, stable isotopes were shown to be effective tools for investigating wetlands and gaining insight not easily obtained using non‐isotopic techniques. These tools have potential widespread application to wetlands that have distinct isotopic endmember sources.
Suitability of Parametric Models to Describe the Hydraulic Properties of an Unsaturated Coarse Sand and Gravel
Authors: Mace Andy , Rudolph David L. , Kachanoski R. Gary 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe performance of parametric models used to describe soil water retention (SWR) properties and predict unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) as a function of volumetric water content (θ) is examined using SWR and K(θ) data for coarse sand and gravel sediments. Six 70 cm long, 10 cm diameter cores of glacial outwash were instrumented at eight depths with porous cup ten‐siometers and time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil water pressure head (h) and θ, respectively, for seven unsaturated and one saturated steady‐state flow conditions. Forty‐two θ(h) and K(θ) relationships were measured from the infiltration tests on the cores. Of the four SWR models compared in the analysis, the van Genuchten (1980) equation with parameters m and n restricted according to the Mualem (m = 1 ‐ 1/n) criterion is best suited to describe the θ(h) relationships. The accuracy of two models that predict K(θ) using parameter values derived from the SWR models was also evaluated. The model developed by van Genuchten (1980) based on the theoretical expression of Mualem (1976) predicted K(θ) more accurately than the van Genuchten (1980) model based on the theory of Burdine (1953). A sensitivity analysis shows that more accurate predictions of K(θ) are achieved using SWR model parameters derived with residual water content (θr) specified according to independent measurements of θ at values of h where θ/h ∼ 0 rather than model‐fit θr values. The accuracy of the model K(θ) function improves markedly when at least one value of unsaturated K is used to scale the K(θ) function predicted using the saturated K. The results of this investigation indicate that the hydraulic properties of coarse‐grained sediments can be accurately described using the parametric models. In addition, data collection efforts should focus on measuring at least one value of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and as complete a set of SWR data as possible, particularly in the dry range.