bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Causal-Correlational Investigation Of The Performance, Satisfaction, And Reward Relationship
Authors: Wallin Jerry A. 
Published: March 2006

In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have exhibited an interest in the possible relationships between the variables of task performance, organizational rewards, and worker satisfaction. The most recent theoretical proposition holds that any empirical relationship between the variables is directly dependent upon performance-reward contingencies. The research reported was designed to empirically investigate the causal inferences concerning the relationship between contingent rewards and performance, contingent rewards and satisfaction, and performance and satisfaction within an organizational setting where rewards (pay) are strongly contingent upon performance. The results of the data analysis support the proposition that performance-contingent rewards have direct causal impact on performance. However, due to the low predictive correlations, no generalized causal priority could be empirically verified between contingent rewards and satisfaction or between performance and satisfaction.
Mail Questionnaires in Survey Research: A Review of Response Inducement Techniques
Authors: Duncan W. Jack 
Published: March 2006

The mail questionnaire is one of the most frequently used and controversial techniques in applied social science research. Much of the controversy relates to the difficulty involved in achieving response rates high enough to ensure representativeness. This paper surveys the recent literature on response inducement techniques in mail survey research. This review examined 12 of the most frequently researched techniques for increasing response rates. Five were found to consistently produce higher responses. These were prenotification, personalization, the inclusion of monetary incentives, follow-up, and higher class return postage. Two, source sponsorship and the type of appeal in the cover letter, appeared to increase response rates but in a situation specific manner. Four of the factors examined had no effect on response rates. These were the address location or social setting in which the questionnaire was received; specification of a deadline; the color, length, form, or preceding of the instrument; and the interaction of multiple factors. One item, the class of outgoing postage remained inconclusive.
Imagery and Strategy
Authors: Sapienza Alice M. 
Published: March 2006

This article addresses a relatively unexplored area: the language that top managers share in the process of strategic decision-making. An empirical investigation of two groups of top managers responding to the same external stimuli revealed, first, that much of the language with which strategy was articulated was filled with imagery and, second, that managers made strategic decisions in partial response to their figures of speech. It is suggested that the process by which imagery emerges and influences decision-making may comprise three stages: (a) collective discussion of individual perceptions of the stimuli; (b) evolution of a common vocabulary and syntax, including images, by which managers describe and communicate aspects of the stimuli; (c) emergence of a reigning image that permeates the language describing the stimuli to which top managers respond strategically.
The Efficacy of Business Political Activity: Competitive Considerations in a Principal-Agent Context
Authors: Keim Gerald , Baysinger Barry 
Published: March 2006

This paper attempts to specify some conditions affecting the efficacy of business efforts to influence political decision making in legislatures and regulatory agencies. Two streams of literature are integrated to provide a model of political decision making from political economy and to draw on the strategic management literature to facilitate consideration of the implications of competition in the market to influence political decisions. "In short, the overall policy impact of business political activity remains debatable, and the desirable mode and level of corporate political influence... remains undefined. New research on business and politics should involve something more than the accumulation of additional case studies; these are the raw materials for serious analysis, but not the final product. The significant studies will be those that specify more clearly the conditions under which political activity of different types and levels produces (or fails to produce) different kinds of effects." Preston, 1986 Given the structure of the American political economy, business organizations rank high among our most important political institutions and are... inevitable participants in the political process. The more we understand of the political structure, operations and objectives of these organizations and those who run them, the more insightful we can be concerning the actual conditions of political democracy in the United States. [However]... honest disagreement aplenty exists... concerning whether "Big Business"... poses a real or chimerical, a present or future, an active or passive threat to American democracy. Epstein, 1980
Innocents in the Forest: Forecasting and Research Methods
Authors: Pant P. Narayan , Starbuck William H. 
Published: March 2006

This article presents guidelines for making forecasts and draws inferences about research techniques. Inertia produces highly autocorrelated time series in which random events have lasting effects. Such series make it easy to draw incorrect inferences about causal processes. They also make it easy to predict accurately over the short run, using variants of linear extrapolation. In forecasting, simplicity usually works better than complexity. Complex forecasting methods mistake random noise for information. Moderate expertise proves as effective as great expertise. Linear functions make better judgments than people. Analogous principles probably apply to research. Three common myths do not stand up to scrutiny: One, using fewer categories does not reduce the effects of observational errors. Two, least-squares regression does not produce reliable findings. Three, better fitting models do not predict better, even in the very short run, if researchers use squared errors to measure fits to historical data and forecasting accuracies. However, better fitting models would predict better if researchers would replace squared-error criteria with more reliable measures.
Participation, Individual Development, and Organizational Change: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Pasmore William A. , Fagans Mary R. 
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this review is to identify and explore issues associated with the use of participation in conjunction with Organization Development activities. We maintain that the misunderstanding of participative processes places significant limitations on the success of Organization Development interventions and upon acceptance of the field as a whole. To remedy this situation, we suggest that practitioners pay more attention to combining individual and organization development efforts and that researchers devote more energy to exploring the effects of mediating variables on participation outcomes. We recommend the concept of organizational citizenship as a more inclusive frameworkfor research and practice concerning participation in organization development activities. "Progress for democracy lies in enhancing the actual freedom, initiative and spontaneity of the individual, not only in certain private and spiritual matters, but above all in the activity fundamental to every man's existence, his work." Eric Fromm, 1941. "If there were a nation of gods, it would be governed democratically. So perfect a government is unsuited to men." Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 176211967.
A Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change
Authors: Burke W. Warner , Litwin George H. 
Published: March 2006

To provide a model of organizational performance and change, at least two lines of theorizing need to be explored-organizationalfunctioning and organizational change. The authors go beyond description and suggest causal linkages that hypothesize how performance is affected and how effective change occurs. Change is depicted in terms of both process and content, with particular emphasis on transformational as compared with transactional factors. Transformational change occurs as a response to the external environment and directly affects organizational mission and strategy, the organization 's leadership, and culture. In turn, the transactionalfactors are affected-structure, systems, management practices, and climate. These transformational and transactional factors together affect motivation, which, in turn, affects performance. In support of the model's potential validity, theory and research as well as practice are cited.
Influence of Modified Phenolic Resins on the Fade and Recovery Properties of the Friction Materials: Supportive Evidence Multiple Criteria Decision-making Method (MCDM)
Authors: Nidhi  , Satapathy B. K. , Bijwe J. , Majumdar N. 
Published: March 2006

Multiple criteria decision-making method (MCDM), called balancing and ranking method, is employed for the ranking of five non asbestos fiber reinforced organic friction materials (FMs). This variant of MCDM uses three steps to derive a transitive overall final order of a finite set of options. First, an outranking matrix is derived in which pairwise comparison indicates the frequency with which one option is superior to all other options based on each criterion. Second, the outranking matrix is triangularized to obtain an implicit pre ordering or provisional order of options. Third, the provisional order of options is subjected to various screening and balancing operations that require sequential application of a balancing principle to the advantage and disadvantage table. Five FMs based on five different phenolic resins are evaluated on Krauss friction tester according to ECE R-90 regulation (Economic Commission for European regulation). Resins used for friction composites are; (i) straight phenolic resin, (ii) alkyl benzene modified resin, (iii) cashew nut shell liquid modified resin, (iv) NBR modified resin, and (v) linseed oil modified resin. The various performance criteria selected for the analysis are: performance-μ,% recovery in μ,% Fade in μ, wear, and temperature rise in the rotor disc. After optimization of various performance parameters of five FMs it was observed that the alkyl benzene modified phenolic resin composite performed well and linseed oil modified phenolic resin based composite was poor. The order obtained after evaluating this method complies with the results presented theoretically.
Targeted Ablation of the Chromogranin A (Chga) Gene: Normal Neuroendocrine Dense-Core Secretory Granules and Increased Expression of Other Granins
Authors: Hendy Geoffrey N. , Li Tong , Girard Martine , Feldstein Richard C. , Mulay Shree , Desjardins Roxane , Day Robert , Karaplis Andrew C. , Tremblay Michel L. , Canaff Lucie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChromogranin A (CgA), originally identified in adrenal chromaffin cells, is a member of the granin family of acidic secretory glycoproteins that are expressed in endocrine cells and neurons. CgA has been proposed to play multiple roles in the secretory process. Intracellularly, CgA may control secretory granule biogenesis and target neurotransmitters and peptide hormones to granules of the regulated pathway. Extracellularly, peptides formed as a result of proteolytic processing of CgA may regulate hormone secretion. To investigate the role of CgA in the whole animal, we created a mouse mutant null for the Chga gene. These mice are viable and fertile and have no obvious developmental abnormalities, and their neural and endocrine functions are not grossly impaired. Their adrenal glands were structurally unremarkable, and morphometric analyses of chromaffin cells showed vesicle size and number to be normal. However, the excretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine was significantly elevated in the Chga null mutants. Adrenal medullary mRNA and protein levels of other dense-core secretory granule proteins including chromogranin B, and secretogranins II to VI were up-regulated 2- to 3-fold in the Chga null mutant mice. Hence, the increased expression of the other granin family members is likely to compensate for the Chga deficiency.
Cell Proliferation and Vascularization in Mouse Models of Pituitary Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Ward Robert D. , Stone Brandon M. , Raetzman Lori T. , Camper Sally A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMutations in the transcription factors PIT1 (pituitary transcription factor 1) and PROP1 (prophet of Pit1) lead to pituitary hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in mice and humans. To determine the basis for this, we performed histological analysis of Pit1- and Prop1-deficient dwarf mouse pituitaries throughout fetal and postnatal development. Pit1-deficient mice first exhibit pituitary hypoplasia after birth, primarily caused by reduced cell proliferation, although there is some apoptosis. To determine whether altered development of the vascular system contributes to hypopituitarism, we examined vascularization from embryonic d 14.5 and throughout development. No obvious differences in vascularization are evident in developing Pit1-deficient pituitaries. In contrast, the Prop1-deficient mouse pituitaries are poorly vascularized and dysmorphic, with a striking elevation in apoptosis. At postnatal d 11, apoptosis-independent caspase-3 activation occurs in thyrotropes and somatotropes of normal but not mutant pituitaries. This suggests that Prop1 and/or Pit1 may be necessary for caspase-3 expression. These studies provide further insight as to the mechanisms of Prop1 and Pit1 action in mice.
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor N-Terminal Domain Controls Isotype-Selective Gene Expression and Adipogenesis
Authors: Hummasti Sarah , Tontonoz Peter 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ, PPARα, and PPARδ) are important regulators of lipid metabolism. Although they share significant structural similarity, the biological effects associated with each PPAR isotype are distinct. For example, PPARα and PPARδ regulate fatty acid catabolism, whereas PPARγ controls lipid storage and adipogenesis. The different functions of PPARs in vivo can be explained at least in part by the different tissue distributions of the three receptors. The question of whether the receptors have different intrinsic activities and regulate distinct target genes, however, has not been adequately explored. We have engineered cell lines that express comparable amounts of each receptor. Transcriptional profiling of these cells in the presence of selective agonists reveals partially overlapping but distinct patterns of gene regulation by the three PPARs. Moreover, analysis of chimeric receptors points to the N terminus of each receptor as the key determinant of isotype-selective gene expression. For example, the N terminus of PPARγ confers the ability to promote adipocyte differentiation when fused to the PPARδ DNA binding domain and ligand binding domain, whereas the N terminus of PPARδ leads to the inappropriate expression of fatty acid oxidation genes in differentiated adipocytes when fused to PPARγ. Finally, we demonstrate that the N terminus of each receptor functions in part to limit receptor activity because deletion of the N terminus leads to nonselective activation of target genes. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which the individual PPARs differentially regulate gene expression should aid in the design of more effective drugs, including tissue- and target gene-selective PPAR modulators.
Dibenzo[c,h]-1,6-diisopropyl-1,6-disilabicyclo[4.4.0]deca-3,8-dienes
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Izumi Yukiko , Tsunakawa Satoshi , Matsumoto Hideyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
cis- and trans-Dibenzo[c,h]-1,6-diisopropyl-1,6-disilabicyclo[4.4.0]deca-3,8-dienes were prepared. Strong σ-π conjugation was found to operate in both isomers, which was shown in UV spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and charge-transfer spectra with TCNE.
A Convenient Synthesis of Platelet-Activating Factors and Their Analogues from Chiral Epichlorohydrin
Authors: Tsuboi Sadao , Takeda Shinji , Yamasaki Yasuhisa , Sakai Takashi , Utaka Masanori , Ishida Shiro , Yamada Eiichi , Hirano Jiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Two platelet activating factors (PAF) were conveniently prepared from optically active epichlorohydrin via 5 steps in 15–16% total yield. Four analogues containing oleoyl, propyl, p-trifluoromethylphenoxy, and N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamoyl groups were also prepared.
Regio- and Stereo-defined Synthesis of Organosilicon Compounds via Rearrangement of Silyl Group
Authors: Marumoto Shinji , Kuwajima Isao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
On treating with LDBB, 2-substituted 3-phenylthioalkyl silyl ethers were converted to the corresponding 3-silylated alkanols with high anti selectivity. Application to silyl ethers containing allylic sulfide moieties provided a useful methodology for the regio- and stereo-defined synthesis of allylsilanes.
Syntheses of l-Fucopyranose and Its Homologs with Ring Heteroatoms Other than Oxygen. Stereocontrolled Conversion of a Common d-Arabinofuranoside Intermediate
Authors: Takahashi Shunya , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
l-Fucopyranose and a couple of l-fucosidase inhibitors, 5-deoxy-5-thio-l-fucopyranose and 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-l-fucitol, were prepared from a common pentose intermediate with α-d-arabino configuration. Stereoselectivities on carbon chain elongation of the key intermediate were successfully controlled by choosing the appropriate organometallic reagents.
Stereo-Modulating Catalysis by Europium(III) Complexes in Aldol Reactions of Chiral α-Alkoxy Aldehydes with Ketene Silyl Acetals
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Gu Jin-Hua , Deka Dibakar C , Mikami Koichi , Nakai Takeshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Eu(fod)3- or Eu(dppm)3-catalyzed aldol reactions of the four chiral α-alkoxy aldehydes having different protecting groups with (E)- or (Z)-ketene silyl acetals are shown to provide the high levels of diastereocontrol, the sense depending on the nature of the protecting group. The catalytic stereo-modulation is explained in terms of the mode of aldehyde/catalyst complexation (chelation vs. nonchelation).
Selective Solid-State Intercalation of cis-trans Isomers into Montmorillonite
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Hirata Masahiro , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Maleic and methylmaleic acids were intercalated into montmorillonite by solid-solid reactions, whereas their geometrical isomers (trans-forms), fumaric and methylfumaric acids, were not intercalated. Both maleic and fumaric acids were intercalated into Na-montmorillonite, when the ethanolic solutions were used. Both the difference in the crystal structures of the guest species and the ability of cis-isomer to form a chelate like structure with the interlayer cations are thought to be concerned for the novel selectivity in the solid-state.
“Highly Destabilized Carbocations,” Generation and Rearrangements in the Reaction of 8,9,10,11-Tetrahydrocyclohepta[a]phenalen-6(12H)-one-12-ol and -7(12H)-one-12-ol with Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Kuroda Shigeyasu , Guan Guan-Jin , Ozaki Toshiaki , Saka Masayuki , Murotani Masahiro , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Hidenaga Tomoaki , Hirooka Syuzi , Yamada Masaki , Shimao Ichiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of 8,9,10,11-Tetrahydrocyclohepta[a]phenalen-6(12H)-one-12-ol and -7(12H)-one-12-ol with H2SO4 gave skeletally rearranged 9- and 10-methylbenz[de]anthracen-6-one and -7-one via destabilized vicinal dications.
Mechanism of ribosome shunting in Rice tungro bacilliform pararetrovirus
Authors: Pooggin Mikhail M. , Ryabova Lyubov A. , He Xiaoyuan , Fütterer Johannes , Hohn Thomas 
Published: March 2006

In plant pararetroviruses, pregenomic RNA serves both as a template for replication through reverse transcription and a polysictronic mRNA. This RNA has a complex leader sequence preceding the first large ORF. The leader contains multiple short ORFs and strong secondary structure, both inhibiting ribosome scanning. Translation on this RNA is initiated by shunting, in which scanning ribosomes bypass a large portion of the leader with the inhibitory secondary structure and short ORFs. In Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), the ribosome shunting mechanism involves translation of the 5′-proximal short ORF terminating in front of the secondary structure that appears to force ribosomes to take off and resume scanning at a landing site downstream of the structure. Using two plant protoplast systems and shunt-competent wheat-germ extracts, we demonstrate that in Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) shunting also depends on the first short ORF followed by strong secondary structure. Swapping of the conserved shunt elements between CaMV and RTBV revealed the importance of nucleotide composition of the landing sequence for efficient shunting. The results suggest that the mechanism of ribosome shunting is evolutionary conserved in plant pararetroviruses.
Discriminatory RNP remodeling by the DEAD-box protein DED1
Authors: Bowers Heath A. , Maroney Patricia A. , Fairman Margaret E. , Kastner Berthold , Lührmann Reinhard , Nilsen Timothy W. , Jankowsky Eckhard 
Published: March 2006

DExH/D proteins catalyze NTP-driven rearrangements of RNA and RNA-protein complexes during most aspects of RNA metabolism. Although the vast majority of DExH/D proteins displays virtually no sequence-specificity when remodeling RNA complexes in vitro, the enzymes clearly distinguish between a large number of RNA and RNP complexes in a physiological context. It is unknown how this discrimination between potential substrates is achieved. Here we show one possible way by which a non-sequence specific DExH/D protein can discriminately remodel similar RNA complexes. We have measured in vitro the disassembly of model RNPs by two distinct DExH/D proteins, DED1 and NPH-II. Both enzymes displace the U1 snRNP from a tightly bound RNA in an active, ATP-dependent fashion. However, DED1 cannot actively displace the protein U1A from its binding site, whereas NPH-II can. The dissociation rate of U1A dictates the rate by which DED1 remodels RNA complexes with U1A bound. We further show that DED1 disassembles RNA complexes with slightly altered U1A binding sites at different rates, but only when U1A is bound to the RNA. These findings suggest that the “inability” to actively displace other proteins from RNA can provide non-sequence specific DExH/D proteins with the capacity to disassemble similar RNA complexes in a discriminatory fashion. In addition, our study illuminates possible mechanisms for protein displacement by DExH/D proteins.
Power to the Principals: Decentralization in Three Large School Districts
Authors: Ouchi William G. 
Published: March 2006

School districts have made several attempts at decentralizing. However, decentralization in school districts can mean so many different things that the term has nearly lost its meaning. This paper reports a study of three large urban school districts that, over almost 30 years, adopted nearly identical approaches to decentralizing, granting control to principals and expanding freedom of choice for families. In all three cases, the goal of improving student achievement was achieved, although with a very small sample. These three districts are compared to the three largest public districts in North America. The comparisons reveal that the three decentralized districts attained a high level of principal control over school budgets, staffing, schedule, and teaching methods.