bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Managing in a Multicultural Environment: Impact on Health and Productivity
Authors: Wilson Dixie B. , Ibarra Victor 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges for global managers in the 21st century will be how to develop multinational workforces with employees from cultures with different values, business practices, negotiating styles, concepts of time and methods of communication. Good multinational workforces don't just happen, they have to be developed. When teams do not have a system for working out their cultural differences, tensions will escalate in the workplace and members can be expected to be more stressed, less productive and more vulnerable to health and family problems.
In this paper, we are recommending a comprehensive model for building multinational teams. Through this model, team members gain an understanding and respect for each others values, intentions and percep-tions. They create ways of working together which value those differences and incorporate the best of each culture. Cultural conflicts are usually seen as "the problem" and the obstacle to effective teams. This model makes cultural differences the foundation for a solution.
There are 3 phases in this model: 1) Education: Before two or more cultures begin working with each other, they start learning about one another. Expatriates and the local employees have opportunities for cross-cultural information and education prior to the assignment or start up of the operation. 2) Team Building: Teams have a process for resolving cultural issues and conflicts as they arise. In developing an acceptable work plan, they create a "third culture" which is a blend of their cultures. 3) Family Support: There are support systems for expatriate families to help them integrate into the local community. Counselors provide cross-cultural educational groups and mentor the families with skills to successfully adapt to their new environment.
To be successful in the global market, technical expertise is no longer enough. Those companies which are successful in developing trust and strong working relationships with their partners will have the competitive edge. A relatively small investment in education, team building and family support has the potential for a high return on investment.
Health Risks on the Horizon: Food for Thought
Authors: Shaw Robert 
Published: December 2007

Overview
Foodborne illness resulting from improper or unsafe food handling practices can pose substantial health risks to oil and gas exploration and production operations around the world. While such health risks may be inherent in many food service activities, the risks are greater in catering programs supporting oil and gas activities at remote sites of developing nations. Assuring a safe and healthful food service operation becomes an essential responsibility of health and safety personnel.
Although the term "food poisoning" has been used for many years to refer to any illness caused by food, the problem is better described as "foodborne illness", which may be caused by many agents.1 These include poisonous substances which may develop from bacteria in food (Staphylococcal Aureus toxin or Botulinum toxin), foodborne infections resulting from bacteria (Salmonella or Shigella organisms), viruses (Hepatitis A), and parasites, (Trichinosis) as well as several other toxic substances within foods which may derive from animal, plant, or chemical origin. (Table 1).
TABLE 1 TYPES OF FOODBORNE ILLNESSES Bacterial Poisons-- Staphylococcal-- Botulinus Bacterial Infections-- E. Coli-- Salmonella Viral Infections-- Hepatitis-- Rotavirus Parasitic Infections-- TrichinosisPlant Poisons-- Mushroom-- Jimson WeedAnimal and Seafood Poisons-- Scombroid-- Ciguatera Chemical Poisons--Lead-- Arsenic
Foodborne illnesses, once viewed as being largely discomforting and transient, have not only developed the ability to cause incapacitating illnesses and even death but now also have the potential to cause outbreaks on a massive as well as international scope. One reason for this is the increasing use of large-scale food production and processing facilities that are integrated with highly efficient distribution systems. Thus, any contamination entering this food production process has the potential to be rapidly spread throughout the distribution system. In addition, recent episodes of foodborne illness have readily crossed international boundaries, highlighting the vulnerability of current food growing, manufacturing, and distribution processes. These outbreaks have involved contamination of ground beef (and even fresh apple juice) with E. Coli type 0157:H7 in the United States, raspberries containing Cyclospora from Central America, alfalfa sprouts with Salmonella from Pakistan, and seafood contaminated with cholera from South America. The increasingly global aspects of world food sources present a significant risk to health and emphasize the need for effective food service management practices.2
HSE Management - Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring
Authors: de Jong Geert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies issued a revised HSE Commitment and Policy Statement in March 1997 requiring every Shell Company to have ‘a systematic approach to HSE management designed to ensure compliance with the law and to achieve continuous performance improvement’. Occupational Health is an integral part of this new policy. A key requirement is Health Risk Assessment that should address physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological health hazards associated with the work. Health Risk Assessment is the ‘Health’ component of the Hazards and Effects Management Process as part of the companies’ HSE Management System (HSE-MS). Companies are encouraged to extend the health risk assessment process, where appropriate, to evaluate the possible health impact of company operations on local communities. Other requirements of the new policy are that Health performance targets need to be set and that all incidents, including ‘health’ incidents, with significant actual or potential consequences, need to be investigated and reported.
The paper provides a description of the key components of the H(SE) Management System with emphasis on Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring. The new policy requirements and implementation strategy is illustrated by providing some results of the implementation of Health Risk Assessment and Health Performance Monitoring in Shell Companies worldwide.
Social Responsibility and Community Programmes
Authors: Santa Ramiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A view of the world's energy map allows to see with greater clarity how the concentration of oil resources mainly lies in remote areas of developing countries often depopulated and under conditions of poverty. In these countries, social conditions are commonly marked by inequalities and vicissitudes arising from the consolidation of their political processes, and where hydrocarbon exploration/production activities also create an infrastructure that opens the zone to an unplanned development often associated with large human migrations.
It is in such scenarios where foreign investment for the hydrocarbon sector mainly carries out its operations often being the greatest generator of employment and income in the area and changing the pre-existing socioeconomic patterns. Therefore, it is vital to understand the participation of exploration and production companies in these consolidation processes of development.
Business sectors had usually focused their actions on matters referring to their industrial roles, in factors such as economic growth, the promotion of markets and technological advances. Not too long ago, the concern for the responsibility of companies in the preservation of the environment, care for natural resources and sustained development was an item of lesser importance within their agenda of work.
Although some companies would pay heed to these matters, they were not part of the demands for a competitive operation.
Raising Environmental Awareness among the Workforce
Authors: Booth M. J. , Shirt P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the major challenges facing E&P operators is to raise environmental awareness and understanding among their staff and contractors so that the management of environmental issues becomes an integral part of everyday working. To a large extent this integration has been achieved with safety. Employees know they can contribute directly to the goal of improved safety and workforce involvement has been a major factor in bringing about the improvements in E&P safety performance we have seen in recent years.
In contrast the workforce can feel divorced from the key environmental problems facing the industry. With the important exception of spill prevention they do not believe they can make a significant contribution on issues such as flaring and venting, energy efficiency and the reduction of oil in water. These are seen as complicated problems for management, which can only be solved by major engineering expenditures.
Any successful environmental programme must be based on wholehearted management commitment, a structured programme of engineering upgrades, and continuous operational improvements. But without the involvement of the workforce no programme will succeed in the long term.
The paper examines how a major operator set about raising the levels of environmental awareness and involvement among staff and contractors at all levels in the organisation, both offshore and onshore. This went far beyond a traditional environmental campaign. Management Champion groups were set up to drive improvement in key areas. The offshore staff set up a group to review all operating procedures for their environmental content. An environmental questionnaire was sent out to all members of the workforce to obtain their input.
Workshops were organised to enhance lateral learning and benchmarking was undertaken with other operators and other industries. Environmental Days were held at the major locations. All this was underpinned by a multitude of locally generated activities ranging from simple office initiatives to projects to contribute to sustainable development.
The Implementation of the ISO 14000 Series in the Brazilian Oil Industry
Authors: Amaral Sergio Pinto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the work of ISO TC 207 to develop the ISO 14000 series of environmental management standards. Efforts, carried out in Brazil, to analyze and comment the proposed ISO draft standards are also explained. Petrobras, the state-owned Brazilan oil company participates in the ISO 14000 process. The strategy of Petrobras for the implementation of ISO 14001, in different business areas of the Company, aiming at environmental certification, is detailed. The initial results of these projects, which are under development, including costs involved, are presented. Also the main characteristics of the Amazon E&P project, our first pilot project, are described. Finally, it is our intention with this paper to encourage other oil companies to implement the ISO 14000 series.
Leveraging Continual Improvement In The Environment And Safety Process
Authors: Trim J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Excellence in performance is a function of the commitment to environment and safety - a value mutually reinforcing efficiency in the corporate mainstream. Environment and safety issues inform the organizing principle and logic and must be merged with the business processes.
The strategies to facilitate continual improvement, usually involve a mix of interventions in the management and/or work systems components. These interventions can be broadly categorized as improvement of the mean, reduction of variation and stabilization.
This paper presents an approach to leveraging the Environment and Safety improvement process by actively engaging the critical success factors, that is, areas of latent failures in the environment and safety management system. The five areas of focus critical to success are: (1) Job Design; (2) Capacity (Competence); (3) Resource Association; (4) Organizational Climate and (5) Coaching.
These critical success factors are used in the application of the interventions and drive the management system. They are therefore applicable in the proactive mode, for example in defining, benchmarking and testing changes in process inputs, and in "fix-as-fail" situations such as in incident investigation and remedy - informed by root cause analysis. These are illustrated by instruments used in interventions and analyses.
Sustained commitment is necessary for success and the effort is facilitated by a cross-functional environment and safety management committee.
Moreover, this beyond-compliance approach demands that the organization be positioned as a learning organization through the involvement of the line and staff functions.
Leading indicators and online measurement to anticipate future performance, signal opportunities and validate the process are discussed.
Outcome of the Expert Meeting on Environmental Practices in Offshore Oil and Gas Activities
Authors: Post F. M. , Tacoma A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An international Expert Meeting on Environmental Practices in Offshore Oil and Gas Activities was organized by Brazil and The Netherlands. This Expert Meeting took place from 17 to 20 November 1997 in Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
More than 250 participants from 59 countries and 25 international organizations, including representatives from the offshore industry and environmental organizations, participated in the Expert Meeting.
The objectives of the Expert Meeting were (1) to exchange information and experiences with regard to offshore oil and gas activities in relation to protection of the marine environment, among relevant actors, (2) to capture sound environmental practices, with the aim to enhance environmental performance in offshore E&P activities, (3) to exchange information and experiences on the establishment and implementation of policies, strategies, environmental approaches, systems etc., and (4) to maintain and improve international co-operation, participation and exchange of information and experiences between countries, industry and relevant organisations.
One of the main conclusion of the Expert Meeting was that the concept of "Sustainable Development" in offshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation can be made operational in the form of a joint development of environmental best practice guidelines in offshore oil and gas activities, obtained through open discussion between countries, governmental organisations and other interested parties within the framework of regional or local environmental and socio-economic conditions.
Furthermore, it was noted that the offshore oil and gas industry operates in the context of a multitude of social, economic, physical and environmental factors, according to the principles of Sustainable Development and the Precautionary Approach, as articulated in Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. The balance between these factors varies from region to region; companies and joint-ventures operate on a global scale in strong world market competition, as well as in the context of global and regional conventions.
It was also concluded that efforts should be made to ensure that similar meetings will take place on a periodic basis in the future, in order to create a forum for the free exchange of information, experiences and ideas between regulators, the offshore petroleum sector, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organisations.
A Geographical Information System (GIS) for E & P Environmental Management Applied to Sensitive Zones
Authors: Sulistiyono Sulistiyono , Dwistiadi Dyan , Widiarso Didik , Dutrieux Eric , Gayte Olivier , GENESTE Philippe , Vidalie Jean-François 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is becoming more and more frequent for oil Companies to integrate environmental related aspects in their E&P operations. Due to the extensive nature of such activities, a means of good environmental management of sensitive zones (deltas, mangroves, rain forests, coral reefs, protected areas, etc.) is required.
TOTAL Indonésie, a subsidiary of TOTAL, a French international oil company and one of the production sharing contractors of PERTAMINA, the Indonesian owned state oil company, has developed a Geographical Information System (GIS) for its operation in the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, with the following purposes: To gain a better knowledge of the delta and monitor its evolution,To manage the physico-chemical data recorded regularly as an integral part of a monitoring program,To have information available for taking decisions in case of any crisis.
The approach adopted within the scope of this project is unique from several points of view.
It is based on the simultaneous considerations of several themes: traditional socio-economic activities (land use and occupation, aquaculture, fisheries, agriculture), the natural environment (flora and fauna) and oil and gas E & P activities. A map of operational sensitivity can be drawn by use of data coming from different sources involving the use of satellite images, allowing the dynamics of the area to be reconstituted over the last years.
The computer tools used are based on the System for Information on the Environment concepts developed by the partners. This method has made it possible to define the techniques for representing spatial discrimination of time referenced data.
Also, within the scope of the Environmental Management Plans that TOTAL is presently establishing, the GIS provides a powerful tool for integrating and managing the environmental site data and a genuine indicator set for production activities and new development ventures. GIS may also be a help for sustainable development of coastal resources, and biodiversity protection, in close cooperation between Total Indonésie and local authorities.
The London Convention, Evolving to More Robust Impact Assessment
Authors: Campbell John A 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The London Convention, which regulates dumping at sea on a global basis has recently approved a substantial change in its operational processes with the adoption of a Waste Assessment procedure. This new procedure replaces the traditional substance based approach which had been in operation since the Convention entered into force in the mid 1970s. The Waste Assessment Framework (WAF) was adopted by the Consultative Meeting in 1995 and represented a step change in the way in which materials proposed for sea disposal were evaluated. Furthermore, the Assessment Framework has been incorporated into the newly negotiated Protocol to the London Convention, agreed in 1996. Although policy initiatives within the Convention have resulted in prohibitions on a number of waste categories, the Assessment Framework is a cornerstone of the implementation of the Convention. The key elements of the framework are prevention audits, waste categorisation and comparative assessment of disposal alternatives.
The Scientific Group of the London Convention is presently preparing a set of interpretative guidelines for the Annex for each of the waste categories for which disposal at sea is now permitted. A number of countries is taking the lead in this work with the aim of providing a guidance package It is expected that some of these interpretative guidelines will be ready for adoption by the Consultative Meeting, in 1998.
Effective Regulation and Management of HSE Issues in the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria
Authors: Dublin-Green W. F. , Nwankwo J. N. , Irrechukwu D. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum and gas industry is increasingly faced with an array of environment, health and safety issues. Standards with respect to the inter-phase between the industry and the various environmental compartments derive from available and applicable technology in any sector of the industry. Industry operators have evolved to become self regulatory in some instances while in others. they wait to comply with prescriptive regulations and respond to the degree of their enforcement. This paper discusses the emergence and growth of HSE awareness as pioneered by the regulatory department for the Nigerian Petroleum and Gas Industry. The institutional framework for the establishment and management of HSE programmes specific to the industry are discussed. The evolving regulations deriving from the indigeneously styled framework arc juxtaposed with the advancements and achievements over the period of its existence, with special reference to the use and discharge of drilling fluids and other chemicals in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry. Future challenges and anticipated achievements are discussed against the backdrop of global expectations and practices bearing in mind the inherent complexities of a mono-product based developing economy, such as Nigeria's.
Justification of Radiation Monitoring of the Impact on Environment in Production and Treatment of Oil
Authors: Takhautdinov Sh. F. , Sizov B. A. , Diyashev R. N. , Zaitsev V. I. , Antonov G. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In a number of oil producing regions of the world the production and treatment of oil is accompanied by NORM contamination of well equipment and technological facilities. Radioactivity of seales and oil sludges is caused by presence in them of radium isotopes in the form of radiobarite and products of their decay.
JSC "Tatneft" has developed a system of monitoring over the probable radiation impact on environment on the territory of its activity.
Oil sludges, deposited on oil treatment units, consist of heavy oil fractions and minerals, presented by oxides of silicon, iron, aluminium and a number of other compounds. Average content of radiobarite in oil sludges is 1–2%. Specific activity of radium isotopes achieves 18.5–29.6×104 Bq/kg.
Propagation of decay products of radium isotopes into environment is probable at the expense of radon release or formation of radioactive aerosols, their leaching from sites of temporary storage of oil sludges. Consequently, it is necessary to control the content of radioactive aerosols in atmospheric air and radium isotopes in surface and groundwaters.
Periodicity of determination of radionuclides content in different media depends on temperature variations by seasons, amount of falling precipitations, as well as by the conditions of temporary storage of oil sludges and their amount. The conducted measurements show that activity of radium isotopes in reservoirs or sources of groundwaters, located in the radius of 2–3 km from oil treatment facilities, does not exceed levels, established by sanitary regulations of Russian Federation (Ra-226 - 0.89 Bq/l, Ra-228 - 0.37 Bq/l). Comparison of these data with results of measurements conducted in the middle of 60-s shows that for the elapsed 30 years the average activity of radium isotopes in surface and groundwaters on the territory of JSC "Tatneft" did not change. The activity of aerosols in atmospheric air on the territory of production facilities for oil treatment and settlements also does not exceed safe levels.
The developed system of monitoring and observance of certain safety measures provide content of radium isotopes and products of its decay in the environment within limits, do not exceeding those established by environmental regulations.