bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorption and Diffusional Studies of Extruded Waxy Maize Starch‐Glycerol Systems
Authors: Enrione Javier I. , Hill Sandra E. , Mitchell John R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt is believed that glycerol decreases the water activity of food systems due to its hygroscopic nature. The work presented here focuses on water vapour sorption and diffusion characteristics of thermomechanically extruded waxy maize starch (WMS) and glycerol samples. The different mixtures were prepared with similar specific mechanical energies (SME ∼ 50 Wh/kg). The levels of glycerol ranged from 0–20% dry weight basis. At equilibrium relative humidities RH > 70% at 25°C, glycerol contributed to an increase in moisture but, for RH < 70% the moisture content decreased. The values of the monolayer (mo) and heat of sorption (C) from Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) and Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer (GAB) equations significantly decreased in the presence of the polyol, suggesting a reduction in sorption sites availability. The diffusivities (D) of these mixtures were estimated, assuming a Fickian mechanism. The D values increased with RH but, there was an apparent reduction in this value for the RH > 60% when glycerol was present. Microscopic observations indicated formation of agglomerates and loss of particle integrity, which coincided with the marked change in the diffusivity value and the mixture's transition from the glassy to rubbery state. Therefore understanding of the amount and speed of water uptake into complex systems is important if their shelf life properties and texture are to be understood.
The density algorithm for pairwise interaction testing
Authors: Bryce Renée C. , Colbourn Charles J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere are many published algorithms for generating interaction test suites for software testing, exemplified by AETG, IPO, TCG, TConfig, simulated annealing and other heuristic search, and combinatorial design techniques. Among these, greedy one‐test‐at‐a‐time methods (such as AETG and TCG) have proven to be a reasonable compromise between the needs for small test suites, fast test‐suite generation, and flexibility to accommodate a variety of testing scenarios. However, such methods suffer from the lack of a worst‐case logarithmic guarantee on test suite size, while methods that provide such a guarantee at present are less efficient or flexible, or do not produce test suites that are competitive in size for practical testing scenarios. In this paper, a new algorithm establishes that efficient, greedy, one‐test‐at‐a‐time methods can indeed produce a logarithmic worst‐case guarantee on the test suite size. In addition, this can be done while still producing test suites that are of competitive size, and in a time that is comparable to the published methods. It is deterministic, guaranteeing reproducibility. It generates only one candidate test at a time, permits users to ‘seed’ the test suite with specified tests, and allows users to specify constraints of combinations that should be avoided. Further, statistical analysis examines the impact of five variables used to tune this density algorithm for execution time and test suite size: weighting of density for factors, scaling of density, tie‐breaking, use of multiple candidates, and multiple repetitions using randomization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Complexes with Biologically Important Ligands. CLXVI Tetracarbonyl Complexes of Chromium(0) and Molybdenum(0) with Schiff Bases from Pyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde and α‐Amino Acid Esters as N,N‐Chelate Ligands
Authors: Ederer Theodor , Herrick Richard S. , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe complexes [M(CO)4(pyridyl‐CH=N‐CHRCO2R′)] (M = Cr, Mo; R = H, CH3, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH(CH3)2) were obtained by reaction of the Schiff bases from pyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde and glycine, L‐alanine, L‐valine or L‐leucine esters with the norbornadiene complexes [M(CO)4(nbd)] and were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR and UV‐vis spectra. The deeply colored complexes exhibit solvatochromism.
Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of Two Novel Mercury(II) Complexes with N‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine
Authors: Li Jian , Ding Bin , Yang En‐Cui , Wang Xiu‐Guang , Zhao Xiao‐Jun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo novel mercury(II) complexes [HgII(μ2‐LH)Cl2]2[HgII2(μ2‐Cl)2Cl4]·2H2O (1) and [HgII4(μ2‐L)2(μ2‐Cl)2Cl6] (2) have been synthesized by the reaction of N‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine (L) with HgCl2 under different pH conditions. 1 and 2 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results reveal that in 1 there exist discrete mononuclear [HgII(μ2‐LH)Cl2]+ units and binuclear [HgII2(μ2‐Cl)2Cl4]2+ unit while in 2 there exist the rarely reported discrete cylic tetranuclear [HgII4(μ3‐L)2(μ2‐Cl)2Cl6] cluster units, which are both assembled into 3D supramolecular structures via extensive hydrogen‐bonding interactions. 1 and 2 were also characterized by element analysis, FT‐IR and luminescence spectra.
Die Seltenerdmetallpolyselenide Gd8Se15, Tb8Se15−x, Dy8Se15−x, Ho8Se15−x, Er8Se15−x und Y8Se15−x (0 < x ≤ 0.3) – Zunehmende Fehlordnung in ausgedünnten, planaren Selenschichten
Authors: Doert Thomas , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Fokwa Boniface P. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Rare Earth Metal Polyselenides Gd8Se15, Tb8Se15−x, Dy8Se15−x, Ho8Se15−x, Er8Se15−x, and Y8Se15−x – Increasing Disorder in Defective Planar Selenium LayersSingle crystals of the rare earth metal polyselenides Gd8Se15, Tb8Se15−x, Dy8Se15−x, Ho8Se15−x, Er8Se15−x, and Y8Se15−x (0 < x ≤ 0.3) have been prepared by chemical transport reactions (1120 K→ 970 K, 14 days, I2 as carrier) starting from pre‐annealed powders of nominal compositions between LnSe2 and LnSe1.9. The isostructural title compounds adopt a 3 × 4 × 2 superstructure of the ZrSSi type and can be described in space group Amm2 with lattice parameters of a = 12.161(1) Å, b = 16.212(2) Å and c = 16.631(2) Å (Gd8Se15), a = 12.094(2) Å, b = 16.123(2) Å and c = 16.550(2) Å (Tb8Se15−x), a = 12.036(2) Å, b = 16.060(2) Å and c = 16.475(2) Å (Dy8Se15−x), a = 11.993(2) Å, b = 15.999(2) Å and c = 16.471(2) Å (Ho8Se15−x), a = 11.908(2) Å, b = 15.921(2) Å and c = 16.428(2) Å (Er8Se15−x), and a = 12.045(2) Å, b = 16.072(3) Å and c = 16.626(3) Å (Y8Se15−x), respectively. The structure consists of puckered [LnSe] double slabs and planar Se layers alternating along [001]. The planar Se layers contain a disordered arrangement of $\rm Se ^{2-}_{2}$ dimers, Se2− and vacancies. All compounds are semiconducting and contain trivalent rare earth metals (Ln3+).
Immobilization of Phospholipase C for the Production of Ceramide from Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis
Authors: Zhang Long , Hellgren Lars I. , Xu Xuebing 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe immobilization of Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C was studied for the first time and the catalytic properties of the immobilized enzyme were investigated for the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to produce ceramide. Ceramide is of great commercial value in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for use in, for example, hair and skin care products, owing to its major role in maintaining the water‐retaining properties of the epidermis. The feasibility of enzymatic production of ceramide through hydrolysis of sphingomyelin has previously been proven. In order to improve the reusability of the enzyme, the present study focused on the immobilization of phospholipase C in the production of ceramide from sphingomyelin. By screening nine different carriers, we found that the enzyme immobilized on Lewatit had the highest catalytic activity towards sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Prewetting Lewatit with ethanol led to higher enzyme fixation on the carrier, but the activity of the enzyme was decreased. Increasing the initial enzyme concentration resulted in more enzyme adsorption on the carrier, where the specific activity was increased. Through optimization of the reaction using the immobilized enzyme, the optimal temperature was around 46 °C and the optimal water volume was 3.5%. The reaction had little dependence on pH. After seven recycles, immobilized enzyme retained around 70% of the initial activity. Immobilized enzyme was deactivated irregularly when stored at room temperature, but followed first‐order deactivation when stored at 40 °C.
Risk of amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a claims‐based study
Authors: Markowitz Jeffrey S. , Gutterman Elane M. , Magee Glenn , Margolis David J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to undertake a retrospective analysis of claims data of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients to determine the rates of amputation and identify the risk and protective factors. Rates of amputation were calculated in patients diagnosed with DFU in the MEDSTAT Marketscan database between January 2000 and December 2002, who had prediagnosis coverage of 90 days. A nested case–control study was conducted using a 1 : 10 ratio of amputee cases to randomly selected nonamputee controls matched on follow‐up days. The association of co‐morbid conditions, demographic factors, and severity (5+ outpatient claims for DFU) on amputation was estimated by adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The 5911 eligible patients yielded an incidence density rate of 2.30 amputations per 100 person years (95% CI = 1.91, 2.77). The 116 cases and 1153 controls averaged 307.3 and 308.5 observation days, respectively. Amputation was significantly increased by male gender (AOR 1.98), Charlson co‐morbidity scores of 4–5 and 6+ (AOR = 2.89 and 5.36, respectively), renal disease (AOR = 2.11), peripheral vascular disease (AOR = 2.67), and 5+ outpatient DFU services (AOR = 2.17). Practitioners may consider more aggressive care and earlier referral to specialists for DFU patients who fit risk profiles for amputation, which include peripheral vascular disease, multiple co‐morbid conditions, and repeated outpatient DFU services.
Perflubron emulsion increases subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension in rats
Authors: Rosen Noah A. , Hopf Harriet W. , Hunt Thomas K. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTOxygen plays a central role in wound healing. The hypothesis of this study was that the administration of a perfluorocarbon emulsion, which dissolves oxygen will increase subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension (PsqO2) in normovolemic and hemorrhaged animals. In the first set of experiments, PsqO2 was measured with a polarographic oxygen electrode along the dorsum of normovolemic‐anesthetized rats (n=20) breathing supplemental oxygen. After baseline equilibration of tissue oxygen tension, perflubron emulsion (n=12) or saline control (n=8) was administered. Perflubron administration increased PsqO2 by 32.0 ± 7.2 mmHg, whereas saline administration had no effect (−1.0 ± 6.6 mmHg). In a second set of experiments, PsqO2 (n=12) was measured in rats breathing 100 percent oxygen after being bled 20 percent of their blood volume. Creating hypovolemic rats allowed for the study of the effect of perflubron emulsion administration on subcutaneous oxygen tension in tissues with compromised blood flow. Perflubron emulsion was only effective at increasing oxygen tension in tissues with oxygen extractions less then 2.0 vol%. These findings agree with those results analytically predicted based on the oxygen solubility of the perflubron emulsion.
Sulodexide: A Renewed Interest in This Glycosaminoglycan
Authors: Lauver D. Adam , Lucchesi Benedict R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the most abundant group of heteropolysaccharides found in the body. These long unbranched molecules contain a repeating disaccharide unit. GAGs are located primarily in the extracellular matrix or on the surface of cells. These molecules serve as lubricants in the joints while at the same time providing structural rigidity to cells. Sulodexide is a highly purified glycosaminoglycan composed of a fast mobility heparin fraction as well as dermatan sulfate. Sulodexide differs from other glycosaminoglycans, like heparin, by having a longer half‐life and a reduced effect on systemic clotting and bleeding. In addition, sulodexide demonstrates a lipolytic activity that is increased in comparison to heparin. Oral administration of sulodexide results in the release of tissue plasminogen activator and an increase in fibrinolytic activities. An increasing body of research has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of sulodexide in a wide range of vascular pathologies.
An Airborne and Wind Tunnel Evaluation of a Wind Turbulence Measurement System for Aircraft-Based Flux Measurements*
Authors: Garman K. E. , Hill K. A. , Wyss P. , Carlsen M. , Zimmerman J. R. , Stirm B. H. , Carney T. Q. , Santini R. , Shepson P. B. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Although the ability to measure vertical eddy fluxes of gases from aircraft platforms represents an important capability to obtain spatially resolved data, accurate and reliable determination of the turbulent vertical velocity presents a great challenge. A nine-hole hemispherical probe known as the “Best Air Turbulence Probe” (often abbreviated as the “BAT Probe”) is frequently used in aircraft-based flux studies to sense the airflow angles and velocity relative to the aircraft. Instruments such as inertial navigation and global positioning systems allow the measured airflow to be converted into the three-dimensional wind velocity relative to the earth’s surface by taking into account the aircraft’s velocity and orientation. Calibration of the aircraft system has previously been performed primarily through in-flight experiments, where calibration coefficients were determined by performing various flight maneuvers. However, a rigorous test of the BAT Probe in a wind tunnel has not been previously undertaken.
The authors summarize the results of a complement of low-speed wind tunnel tests and in-flight calibrations for the aircraft–BAT Probe combination. Two key factors are addressed in this paper: The first is the correction of systematic error arising from airflow measurements with a noncalibrated BAT Probe. The second is the instrumental precision in measuring the vertical component of wind from the integrated aircraft-based wind measurement system. The wind tunnel calibration allows one to ascertain the extent to which the BAT Probe airflow measurements depart from a commonly used theoretical potential flow model and to correct for systematic errors that would be present if only the potential flow model were used. The precision in the determined vertical winds was estimated by propagating the precision of the BAT Probe data (determined from the wind tunnel study) and the inertial measurement precision (determined from in-flight tests). The precision of the vertical wind measurement for spatial scales larger than approximately 2 m is independent of aircraft flight speed over the range of airspeeds studied, and the 1σ precision is approximately 0.03 m s−1.
Risk factors and myocardial infarction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: impact of β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms
Authors: Bartels Nina K , Börgel Jan , Wieczorek Stefan , Büchner Nikolaus , Hanefeld Christoph , Bulut Daniel , Mügge Andreas , Rump Lars C , Sanner Bernd M , Epplen Jörg T 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
The increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is largely responsible for the high prevalence of arterial hypertension, and it is suggested to adversely affect triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in these patients. The functionally relevant polymorphisms of the β2-adrenergic receptor (Arg-47Cys/Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu) have been shown to exert modifying effects on these risk factors in previous studies, but results are inconsistent.

Methods
We investigated a group of 429 patients (55 ± 10.7 years; 361 men, 68 women) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) 29.1 ± 23.1/h) and, on average, a high cardiovascular risk profile (body mass index 31.1 ± 5.6, with hypertension in 60.1%, dyslipidemia in 49.2%, and diabetes in 17.2% of patients). We typed the β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and investigated the five most frequent haplotypes for their modifying effects on OSA-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and lipid levels. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease (n = 55, 12.8%) and survived myocardial infarction (n = 27, 6.3%) were compared between the genotypes and haplotypes.

Results
Multivariate linear/logistic regressions revealed a significant and independent (from BMI, age, sex, presence of diabetes, use of antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antihypertensive medication) influence of AHI on daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, prevalence of hypertension, and triglyceride and HDL levels. The β2-adrenergic receptor genotypes and haplotypes showed no modifying effects on these relationships or on the prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, yet, for all three polymorphisms, heterozygous carriers had a significantly lower relative risk for myocardial infarction (Arg-47Cys: n = 195, odds ratio (OR) = 0.32, P = 0.012; Arg16Gly: n = 197, OR = 0.39, P = 0.031; Gln27Glu: OR = 0.37, P = 0.023). Carriers of the most frequent haplotype (n = 113) (haplotype 1; heterozygous for all three polymorphisms) showed a five-fold lower prevalence of survived myocardial infarction (OR = 0.21, P = 0.023).

Conclusion
Our study showed no significant modifying effect of the functionally relevant β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms on OSA-induced blood pressure, heart rate, or lipid changes. Nevertheless, heterozygosity of these polymorphisms is associated with a lower prevalence of survived myocardial infarction in this group with, on average, a high cardiovascular risk profile.
Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas in horses
Authors: Elce Yvonne A. , Orsini James A. , Blikslager Anthony T. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To assess expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and the analogous normal tissues in horses.
Sample Population—Tissue samples collected from 3 conjunctival, 2 vulvar, 4 preputial, and 5 penile SCCs during surgical excision in 14 horses and from corresponding body regions (conjunctiva [n = 5 horses], vulva [2], prepuce [3], and penis [3]) in 5 horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to neoplasia.
Procedures—Tissue samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until analysis. Protein was extracted from the frozen tissues, and western blot analyses were performed. Nonneoplastic and abnormal tissues from each body region were run on the same blot, and blots were run in triplicate. Molecular-weight markers and COX-1 and 2 ovine standards (positive control samples) were run concurrently on the gels; negative control samples were not used.
Results—All tissues, including the nonneoplastic and SCC tissues, expressed both COX-1 and -2 proteins.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the expression of COX proteins in both nonneoplastic and SCC-affected tissues in horses is markedly different from that in other species. The reason for the potential benefit of COX-2 inhibitors in horses and other species is unknown. Further research needs to be performed to evaluate the efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors as cancer treatments in horses. Investigation of the mechanisms of tumor development in horses should be performed to increase understanding of this disease and ascertain how the mechanisms differ from those in other animals.
Neutrophil myeloperoxidase measurements in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses given black walnut extract
Authors: Riggs Laura M. , Franck Thierry , Moore James N. , Krunkosky Thomas M. , Hurley David J. , Peroni John F. , de la Rebière Geoffroy , Serteyn Didier A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare measurements of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in plasma, laminar tissues, and skin obtained from control horses and horses given black walnut heartwood extract (BWHE).
Animals—22 healthy 5- to 15-year-old horses.
Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to 4 groups as follows: a control group given water (n = 5) and 3 experimental groups given BWHE (17) via nasogastric intubation. Experimental groups consisted of 5, 6, and 6 horses that received BWHE and were euthanatized at 1.5, 3, and 12 hours after intubation, respectively. Control horses were euthanatized at 12 hours after intubation. Plasma samples were obtained hourly for all horses. Laminar tissue and skin from the middle region of the neck were harvested at the time of euthanasia. Plasma and tissue MPO concentrations were determined via an ELISA; tissue MPO activity was measured by use of specific immunologic extraction followed by enzymatic detection.
Results—Tissues and plasma of horses receiving BWHE contained significantly higher concentrations of MPO beginning at hour 3. Laminar tissue and skin from horses in experimental groups contained significantly higher MPO activity than tissues from control horses. Concentrations and activities of MPO in skin and laminar tissues were similar over time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, BWHE administration causes increases in MPO concentration and activity in laminar tissue and skin and the time of increased MPO concentration correlates with emigration of WBCs from the vasculature. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of peripheral WBCs is an early step in the pathogenesis of acute laminitis.
Heuristic rescheduling of crude oil operations to manage abnormal supply chain events
Authors: Adhitya Arief , Srinivasan Rajagopalan , Karimi I. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGlobalization and the resultant complexity of today's supply chains require that enterprises be agile and proactive. This communication looks at a refinery supply chain where disruptions such as crude arrival delay could make the current schedule infeasible and necessitate rescheduling of operations. Existing approaches for generating (near) optimal schedules for a real‐world refinery typically require significantly large amounts of time. This is undesirable when rectification decisions need to be made in a short time. Further, when the problem data given to the existing scheduling approaches are changed, as is the case during a disruption, the optimizers follow different solution paths and result in substantially different schedules. A heuristic rescheduling strategy is proposed that overcomes both these shortcomings. The key insight exploited here is that any schedule can be broken into operation blocks. Rescheduling is performed by modifying these blocks in the original schedule using simple heuristics to generate a new schedule that is feasible for the new problem data. Our strategy avoids major operational changes by preserving—as far as possible—the blocks in the original schedule. The major advantages of the proposed method are its real‐time computational performance and the minimal changes to the operations as compared to total rescheduling. Further, the proposed strategy can also identify many feasible schedules and allow refinery personnel to select one by considering other factors that cannot be adequately modeled in a scheduler. Our method is illustrated using five types of disruptions occurring in a refinery. The various factors that affect the robustness of a supply chain in the face of disruptions are also discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.