bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peri‐implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground: Peri‐implant diseases include peri‐implant mucositis, describing an inflammatory lesion of the peri‐implant mucosa, and peri‐implantitis, which also includes loss of supporting bone.Methods: A literature search of the Medline database (Ovid), up to 21 January 2008 was carried out using a systematic approach, in order to review the evidence for diagnosis and the risk indicators for peri‐implant diseases.Results: Experimental and clinical studies have identified various diagnostic criteria including probing parameters, radiographic assessment and peri‐implant crevicular fluid and saliva analyses. Cross‐sectional analyses have investigated potential risk indicators for peri‐implant disease including poor oral hygiene, smoking, history of periodontitis, diabetes, genetic traits, alcohol consumption and implant surface. There is evidence that probing using a light force (0.25 N) does not damage the peri‐implant tissues and that bleeding on probing (BOP) indicates presence of inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa. The probing depth, the presence of BOP, and suppuration should be assessed regularly for the diagnosis of peri‐implant diseases. Radiographs are required to evaluate supporting bone levels around implants. The review identified strong evidence that poor oral hygiene, a history of periodontitis and cigarette smoking, are risk indicators for peri‐implant disease. Future prospective studies are required to confirm these factors as true risk factors.
Non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis: a literature review
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Roos‐Jansåker Ann‐Marie , Claffey Noel 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives: To review the literature on non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis.Material and Methods: A search of PubMed and The Cochrane Library of the Cochrane Collaboration (CENTRAL) as well as a hand search of articles were conducted. Publications and articles accepted for publication up to November 2007 were included.Results: Out of 437 studies retrieved a total of 24 studies were selected for the review. Thus the available evidence for non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis is scarce.Conclusions: It was observed that mechanical non‐surgical therapy could be effective in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis lesions. Furthermore, the adjunctive use of antimicrobial mouth rinses enhanced the outcome of mechanical therapy of such mucositis lesions. In peri‐implantitis lesions non‐surgical therapy was not found to be effective. Adjunctive chlorhexidine application had only limited effects on clinical and microbiological parameters. However, adjunctive local or systemic antibiotics were shown to reduce bleeding on probing and probing depths. Minor beneficial effects of laser therapy on peri‐implantitis have been shown; this approach needs to be further evaluated. There is a need for randomized‐controlled studies evaluating treatment models of non‐surgical therapy of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis.
Surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis
Authors: Claffey Noel , Clarke Emily , Polyzois Ioannis , Renvert Stefan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives: To review the literature on surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.Material and Methods: A search of PubMed and as well as a hand search of articles were conducted. Publications and articles accepted for publication up to November 2007 were included.Results: A total of 43 studies were selected for the review. Only 13 of these were studies in humans and only one study directly addressed disease resolution. Thus the available evidence for surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis is extremely limited.Animal studies: Re‐osseointegration can occur on previously contaminated surfaces. The surface characteristics are decisive for regeneration and re‐osseointegration. No single surface decontamination method appears to be distinctly superior. Open debridement with surface decontamination can achieve resolution.Human studies: Access surgery has been investigated in one study demonstrating that resolution occurred in 58% of the lesions. No single method of surface decontamination (chemical agents, air abrasives and lasers) was found to be superior. The use of regenerative procedures such as bone graft techniques with or without the use of barrier membranes has been reported with various degrees of success. However, it must be stressed that such techniques do not address disease resolution but rather merely attempt to fill the osseous defect.
Has the prevalence of periodontitis changed during the last 30 years?
Authors: Hugoson Anders , Norderyd Ola 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim: This paper reviews global trends in the change in prevalence of periodontitis over the last 30 years.Material and Methods: The epidemiology of periodontal disease is briefly reviewed together with the current classification system and the clinical and radiographic diagnostic methodology in periodontal disease.Results: This review identifies the very limited number of studies that provide prevalence data over time, and this data is discussed in comparison with those stemming from a few corresponding studies from countries outside Europe.Conclusions: The data indicate a possible trend of a lower prevalence of periodontitis in recent years.
Prevalence and distribution of principal periodontal pathogens worldwide
Authors: Rylev Mette , Kilian Mogens 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground: Detailed genetic analysis of bacteria has demonstrated an unanticipated genetic diversity within species, which often reveals evolutionary lineages that are disproportionately associated with infection. There is evidence that some evolutionary lineages of bacteria have adapted to particular ethnic groups.Aim: This review analyzes to what extent observed differences in periodontal disease prevalence among ethnically or geographically distinct populations may be explained by restricted host adaptation of clones of principal periodontal pathogens.Results: Carriage rates of several putative periodontal pathogens and particular subsets of these species vary between ethnic groups. Few of these differences can, with the limited information available, be directly related to differences in periodontal disease prevalence. Asian populations are regularly colonized with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype c with questionable pathogenic potential. Conversely, the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans has enhanced virulence and causes significantly higher prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in adolescents whose descent can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Western parts of Africa. Some genetically distinct types of Porphyromonas gingivalis are more associated with disease than others, but additional work is required to relate this to clinical differences.Conclusions: Studies that take into account differences linked to the genetics of both patients and potential pathogens are likely to give better insight into the aetiology of periodontal diseases.
North Atlantic Vibrio vulnificus surveillance from postharvest oysters at a US shellfish processing facility
Authors: La Valley Kenneth J. , DeAlteris Joseph , Rice Michael , Gomez‐Chiarri Marta 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPostharvest surveillance for Vibrio vulnificus by a commercial processing facility was conducted from May 2001 to September 2003. Harvest areas included the Delaware Bay, Long Island Sound and Prince Edward Island. Occurrence followed a seasonal distribution. Low densities were observed in June, increased through August, and became rare by September. Given the ubiquitous nature of marine Vibrios, it was not surprising to find V. vulnificus everywhere, which was investigated. Observations confirmed the importance of strict time/temperature and product handling practices by shellfish harvesters, dealers and processors. Mishandling led to a potentially dangerous and uncharacteristically high V. vulnificus observation.
Consumer perceptions about seafood – an Internet survey
Authors: Hicks Doris , Pivarnik Lori , McDermott Ryan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractConsumer knowledge of and attitude toward seafood and seafood consumption was assessed using a nationwide Internet survey. The survey was evaluated for content validity and was pilot tested by consumers. There were 1062 respondents representing the US population for age, gender, income, ethnicity and geographic location. Respondents were asked questions regarding seafood consumption frequency, sources of information about seafood and preferred formats, knowledge of key seafood issues, and barriers to seafood consumption. Consumers were asked if they had heard positive or negative information about seafood and where they heard this information. Respondents were categorized as current seafood eaters (CSE), 88%; former seafood eaters (FSE), 9%; and nonseafood eaters (NSE), 3%. While only 22% of Americans met the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommendation of two servings of seafood each week, overall, 45% ate seafood at least once a week. Only 19% of women of childbearing age ate seafood two or more times per week. The top‐ranking reason for not eating seafood or changing seafood consumption habits was taste preference (46%) for FSE and NSE respondents, and affordability (45%) for CSE. Based on the results of this survey, a better understanding of consumers’ seafood habits can be used for the development of balanced messages for consumers over a variety of demographics. Respondents chose the media (30%) and the Internet (14%) as their preferred seafood information resource.
An overview: A new era of tax enforcement – from “big stick” to responsive regulation
Authors: Leviner Sagit 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent developments in regulation and tax administration in Australia inspired this article on tax compliance and responsive regulation. This article analyzes the economics of crime and compliance as the dominant approach to tax enforcement of the past three and a half decades. It evaluates the key advantages and disadvantages of the economic approach as well as its application to tax. The article then explores responsive regulation as an alternative method that draws on the economic paradigm but also supplements this approach with other theories, particularly those involving identity, conflict escalation, and procedural justice. Building on this analysis and a case study of Australian investors in mass marketed tax schemes, the article suggests that the broader, more balanced, and closely tailored method of regulating responsively may enable regulators to draw on the advantages of the economic model while alleviating some of its drawbacks. Responsive regulation may therefore constitute a superior method for regulating compliance.
What do we really know? The effect of reporting thresholds on inferences using environmental right‐to‐know data
Authors: Bennear Lori S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEnvironmental right‐to‐know regulations require regulated entities to publicly disclose measures of environmental performance but exempt entities from these disclosure requirements if they manufacture, process, or use a chemical below some threshold level. Environmental right‐to‐know data are widely used to assess environmental performance by academics, regulators, non‐profit organizations, and the public. This paper uses data from Massachusetts to estimate the effect of reporting thresholds in environmental right‐to‐know programs on the validity of inferences using data from these programs. The analysis indicates that errors in inference introduced by reporting thresholds may be significant. Up to 40% of the observed decline in reported toxic releases in Massachusetts may be attributed to non‐reporting due to the reporting thresholds. In addition, quartile rankings of facilities may be in error up to 45% of the time when behavior around the reporting thresholds is not taken into account.
Staphylococcus aureus
PBP4 Is Essential for β-Lactam Resistance in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Strains
Authors: Memmi Guido , Filipe Sergio R. , Pinho Mariana G. , Fu Zhibiao , Cheung Ambrose 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

Recent cases of infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) (CA-MRSA) strains in healthy individuals have raised concerns worldwide. CA-MRSA strains differ from hospital-acquired MRSAs by virtue of their genomic background and increased virulence in animal models. Here, we show that in two common CA-MRSA isolates, USA300 and MW2 (USA400), a loss of penicillin binding protein 4 (PBP4) is sufficient to cause a 16-fold reduction in oxacillin and nafcillin resistance, thus demonstrating that
mecA
, encoding PBP2A, is not the sole determinant of methicillin resistance in CA-MRSA. The loss of PBP4 was also found to severely affect the transcription of PBP2 in cells after challenge with oxacillin, thus leading to a significant decrease in peptidoglycan cross-linking. Autolysis, which is commonly associated with the killing mechanism of penicillin and β-lactams, does not play a role in the reduced resistance phenotype associated with the loss of PBP4. We also showed that cefoxitin, a semisynthetic β-lactam that binds irreversibly to PBP4, is synergistic with oxacillin in killing CA-MRSA strains, including clinical CA-MRSA isolates. Thus, PBP4 represents a major target for drug rediscovery against CA-MRSA, and a combination of cefoxitin and synthetic penicillins may be an effective therapy for CA-MRSA infections.
Dominance of
bla
CTX-M
within an Australian Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Gene Pool
Authors: Zong Zhiyong , Partridge Sally R. , Thomas Lee , Iredell Jonathan R. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

bla
CTX-M
genes, particularly
bla
CTX-M-15
, are the dominant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes among clinical isolates of
Escherichia coli
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
in Sydney, Australia, where we also found one example of
bla
CTX-M-62
, encoding a novel enzyme conferring ceftazidime resistance. ESBL genes were present in diverse community isolates and in a variety of associated conjugative plasmids.
A Plasmid-Borne
bla
OXA-58
Gene Confers Imipenem Resistance to
Acinetobacter baumannii
Isolates from a Lebanese Hospital
Authors: Zarrilli Raffaele , Vitale Domenico , Di Popolo Anna , Bagattini Maria , Daoud Ziad , Khan Asad U. , Afif Claude , Triassi Maria 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated the basis of the carbapenem resistance of 17 multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical isolates collected from 2004 to 2005 at the Saint George University Hospital in Beirut, Lebanon.
A. baumannii
isolates were clonally related and were susceptible to colistin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, susceptible or intermediate to ampicillin-sulbactam and meropenem, and resistant to all other antimicrobials. Conjugation experiments demonstrated that resistance to imipenem could be transferred along with a plasmid containing the carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase
bla
OXA-58
gene. The plasmid that we called pABIR was 29,823 bp in size and showed a novel mosaic structure composed of two origins of replication, four insertion sequence (IS) elements, and 28 open reading frames. The
bla
OXA-58
gene was flanked by IS
18
and IS
Aba3
elements at the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. The production of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58 was apparently the only mechanism for carbapenem resistance in
A. baumannii
isolates causing the outbreak at the Lebanese Hospital.
Is 60 Days of Ciprofloxacin Administration Necessary for Postexposure Prophylaxis for
Bacillus anthracis
?
Authors: Drusano G. L. , Okusanya Olanrewaju O. , Okusanya Adedoyin , Van Scoy Brian , Brown D. L. , Kulawy Robert , Sörgel Fritz , Heine Henry S. , Louie Arnold 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

Sixty days of ciprofloxacin administration at 500 mg every 12 h is currently recommended for the prophylaxis of inhalational exposure to
Bacillus anthracis
. We examined
Bacillus anthracis
(Δ-Sterne strain) in our hollow-fiber infection model. We measured the ciprofloxacin concentrations achieved and the number of organisms present before heat shock (total population) and after heat shock (spore population). We fit a mathematical model to these data. Monte Carlo simulation with differing initial spore burdens (3, 5, and 6.9 log
10
CFU/ml) demonstrated that 35 days of this regimen would completely clear the spore burden in 95% of patients. Durations of 110 days did not achieve 99.9% eradication, irrespective of initial burden, because of between-patient variance in drug pharmacokinetics. Given the absence of person-to-person transmission for
Bacillus anthracis
, adverse drug effects with long-term ciprofloxacin administration, and the possibility of engendering resistance in bodily flora, shorter prophylaxis duration should be given consideration, along with careful monitoring of all exposed individuals.
Darunavir Inhibitory Quotient Predicts the 48-Week Virological Response to Darunavir-Based Salvage Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients
Authors: Moltó José , Santos José R. , Pérez-Álvarez Nuria , Cedeño Samandhy , Miranda Cristina , Khoo Saye , Else Laura , Llibre Josep Maria , Valle Marta , Clotet Bonaventura 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the virological response to darunavir-based salvage antiretroviral therapy and the darunavir genotypic and virtual inhibitory quotients (gIQ and vIQ, respectively). Thirty-seven HIV-infected patients failing protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens who started salvage therapy containing darunavir-ritonavir were prospectively studied. The primary outcome of the study was a viral load (VL) of <50 copies/ml at week 48. The trough concentrations of darunavir in plasma, the number of darunavir resistance mutations, the change in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of darunavir in the virtual phenotype, and the darunavir gIQ and vIQ were correlated with the virological outcome in regression analyses adjusted by the number of active drugs in the background regimen. The VL was <50 copies/ml in 56.8% of patients at week 48. Changes in the VL were not significantly associated with the darunavir concentration (P= 0.304), the number of darunavir resistance mutations (P= 0.695), or the change in the IC50(P= 0.750). However, patients with darunavir vIQs of ≥1.5 had a 12-fold greater chance of achieving a ≥1 log10reduction in the VL (odds ratio [OR], 12.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9 to 81.6;P= 0.007), and a 5-fold greater chance of achieving a VL of <50 copies/ml (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.2 to 24.5;P= 0.028), at week 48 than patients with darunavir vIQs of <1.5. The positive and negative predictive values of this darunavir vIQ cutoff for achieving a VL of <50 copies/ml at week 48 were 70% and 69%, respectively. The darunavir vIQ predicts virological response to darunavir-based salvage therapy better than the darunavir trough concentration or resistance mutations alone. We suggest targeting a darunavir vIQ of 1.5 for achieving long-term viral suppression.
Genetic Basis of Multidrug Resistance in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Clinical Isolates at a Tertiary Medical Center in Pennsylvania
Authors: Adams-Haduch Jennifer M. , Paterson David L. , Sidjabat Hanna E. , Pasculle Anthony W. , Potoski Brian A. , Muto Carlene A. , Harrison Lee H. , Doi Yohei 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

A total of 49 unique clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Acinetobacter baumannii
identified at a tertiary medical center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, between August 2006 and September 2007 were studied for the genetic basis of their MDR phenotype. Approximately half of all
A. baumannii
clinical isolates identified during this period qualified as MDR, defined by nonsusceptibility to three or more of the antimicrobials routinely tested in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Among the MDR isolates, 18.4% were resistant to imipenem. The frequencies of resistance to amikacin and ciprofloxacin were high at 36.7% and 95.9%, respectively. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin or tigecycline. The presence of the carbapenemase gene
bla
OXA-23
and the 16S rRNA methylase gene
armA
predicted high-level resistance to imipenem and amikacin, respectively.
bla
OXA-23
was preceded by insertion sequence IS
Aba1
, which likely provided a potent promoter activity for the expression of the carbapenemase gene. The structure of the transposon defined by IS
Aba1
differed from those reported in Europe, suggesting that IS
Aba1
-mediated acquisition of
bla
OXA-23
may occur as an independent event. Typical substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the
gyrA
and
parC
genes were observed in the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, including the
qnr
genes, were not identified. Fifty-nine percent of the MDR isolates belonged to a single clonal group over the course of the study period, as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline and 10 Other Antimicrobials against Nonpigmented Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Fernández-Roblas R. , Martín-de-Hijas N. Z. , Fernández-Martínez A. I. , García-Almeida D. , Gadea I. , Esteban J. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
We evaluated the in vitro activities of tigecycline and 10 other antibiotics against clinical isolates of nonpigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria. Fifteen collection strains and 165 clinical isolates were included in the study. Tigecycline showed the highest activity among all antibiotics studied: all the strains were inhibited by 1 mg/liter.
Oseltamivir-Ribavirin Combination Therapy for Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Ilyushina Natalia A. , Hay Alan , Yilmaz Neziha , Boon Adrianus C. M. , Webster Robert G. , Govorkova Elena A. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTWe studied the effects of a neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir) and an inhibitor of influenza virus polymerases (ribavirin) against two highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. In vitro, A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus (clade 1) was highly susceptible to oseltamivir carboxylate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.3 nM), whereas A/Turkey/15/06 virus (clade 2.2) had reduced susceptibility (IC50= 5.5 nM). In vivo, BALB/c mice were treated with oseltamivir (1, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight/day), ribavirin (37.5, 55, or 75 mg/kg/day), or the combination of both drugs for 8 days, starting 4 h before virus inoculation. Monotherapy produced a dose-dependent antiviral effect against the two H5N1 viruses in vivo. Three-dimensional analysis of the drug-drug interactions revealed that oseltamivir and ribavirin interacted principally in an additive manner, with several exceptions of marginal synergy or marginal antagonism at some concentrations. The combination of ribavirin at 37.5 mg/kg/day and oseltamivir at 1 mg/kg/day and the combination of ribavirin at 37.5 mg/kg/day and oseltamivir at 10 mg/kg/day were synergistic against A/Vietnam/1203/04 and A/Turkey/15/06 viruses, respectively. These optimal oseltamivir-ribavirin combinations significantly inhibited virus replication in mouse organs, prevented the spread of H5N1 viruses beyond the respiratory tract, and abrogated the cytokine response (P< 0.01). Importantly, we observed clear differences between the efficacies of the drug combinations against two H5N1 viruses: higher doses were required for the protection of mice against A/Turkey/15/06 virus than for the protection of mice against A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus. Our preliminary results suggest that oseltamivir-ribavirin combinations can have a greater or lesser antiviral effect than monotherapy, depending on the H5N1 virus and the concentrations used.