bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid, Sensitive, and Specific Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic Device To Measure Anti-Anthrax Protective Antigen Immunoglobulin G in Serum and Whole Blood
Authors: Biagini Raymond E. , Sammons Deborah L. , Smith Jerome P. , MacKenzie Barbara A. , Striley Cynthia A. F. , Snawder John E. , Robertson Shirley A. , Quinn Conrad P. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Evidence from animals suggests that anti-anthrax protective antigen (PA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) from vaccination with anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) is protective against
Bacillus anthracis
infection. Measurement of anti-PA IgG in human sera can be performed using either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay (ELISA) (R. E. Biagini, D. L. Sammons, J. P. Smith, B. A. MacKenzie, C. A. Striley, V. Semenova, E. Steward-Clark, K. Stamey, A. E. Freeman, C. P. Quinn, and J. E. Snawder, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11:50-55, 2004). Both these methods are laboratory based. We describe the development of a rapid lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) test kit for the measurement of anti-PA IgG in serum or whole-blood samples (30-μl samples) using colloidal gold nanoparticles as the detection reagent and an internal control. Using sera from 19 anthrax AVA vaccinees (anti-PA IgG range, 2.4 to 340 μg/ml) and 10 controls and PA-supplemented whole-blood samples, we demonstrated that the LFIA had a sensitivity of approximately 3 μg/ml anti-PA IgG in serum and ∼14 μg/ml anti-PA IgG in whole blood. Preabsorption of sera with PA yielded negative anti-PA LFIAs. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 100% using ELISA-measured anti-PA IgG as the standard. This kit has utility in determining anti-PA antibody reactivity in the sera of individuals vaccinated with AVA or individuals with clinical anthrax.
Flow Regimes of Nonlinear Heat Island Circulation
Authors: Niino Hiroshi , Mori Atsushi , Satomura Takehiko , Akiba Sayaka 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Previous laboratory and numerical experiments show that the nonlinear heat island circulation has two different flow regimes: One has two maximums of updraft at both edges of the heat island (type E), while the other has a single maximum of updraft at the center of the island (type C). Our theoretical consideration shows that the heat island circulation is principally governed by two nondimensional parameters: a nonlinear parameter ɛN = Δθ/(Γδ) and a Prandtl number Pr = ν/κ, where Δθ is the surface temperature anomaly of the heat island, Γ the vertical gradient of the basic potential temperature, δ the thickness of the thermal boundary layer, ν the kinematic viscosity, and κ the temperature diffusivity. For a given fluid, the Prandtl number is fixed, so that the flow regime is principally determined by the nonlinear parameter ɛN.
Numerical experiments are performed to confirm the theoretical prediction. The steady-state flows obtained from the numerical experiments are categorized into either of the two regimes. In accordance with the theoretical prediction, the transition between the two regimes occurs at a critical value of ɛN(∼3.4). When ɛN is larger (smaller) than this critical value, type C (type E) is realized. The physical mechanism for the transition is interpreted in the light of the authors' previous theoretical study.
Effects of Organic Solvents on Charge Separation in Photo-induced Electron Transfer from Xanthene Dyes to Methyl Viologen
Authors: Nishimura Yoshinobu , Misawa Hiroaki , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Efficiencies of charge separation in eosin Y- and erythrosine-sensitized reduction of methyl viologen (MV2+) were determined in water-organic solvent mixtures by laser flash photolysis. The MV+• yield increased with increasing fraction of organic solvents, and depended on the type of solvent, increasing in the order of acetonitrile &gt; acetone &gt; dioxane &gt; ethanol &gt; DMSO. The hydrophobic nature of solvents plays an important role in the charge separation.
Redox Potentials of Cobalt(III) Mixed-Ligand Complexe with Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Donor Atoms and a Correlation with Their Electronic Spectra
Authors: Okuno Masaaki , Kita Masakazu , Kashiwabara Kazuo , Fujita Junnosuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reduction(E1/2 (red)) and oxidation(E1/2(ox)) potentials of 32 cobalt(III) mixed-ligand complexes with sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen donor atoms were obtained. A good linear relationship was found between the potential difference, ΔE(redox) ≡ e[E1/2(ox) − E1/2(red)], and the first d-d transition energy.
A Thiolate-Bridged Binuclear Nickel(II) Complex with a Tripod-like N3S-ligand. Formation of a Novel Disulfide-Bridged Binuclear Nickel(II) Complex
Authors: Handa Makoto , Mikuriya Masahiro , Okawa Hisashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reaction of nickel salts with N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethanethiol (HL) gives a thiolate-bridged binuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni2(L)2](ClO4)2, and a novel disulfide-bridged binuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni2(LL)(CH3COO)2](PF6)2·C2H5OH (LL is the disulfide formed upon oxidation of the ligand, HL). X-Ray structure analysis of the latter complex has revealed that the two nickel ions are bridged by the disulfide group and two acetate ions.
Syntheses of M[V(edta)(H2O)]·nH2O (M = Na, K, NH4) and X-Ray Crystal Structure of Na[V(edta)(H2O)]·3H2O
Authors: Shimoi Mamoru , Saito Yoko , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
K[V(edta)(H2O)]·2H2O was prepared by the reaction of VC13 with K4edta. The salt was converted to sodium and ammonium salts by use of a cation exchange resin. Crystal structure analysis of the sodium salt exhibits that edta acts as a sexidentate ligand and a water molecule completes seven-coordinatin. The geometry is described as a cappe trigonal-prism or alternatively as a 4:3 piano stool.
A Comparison of the Catalytic Performance of the Lithium and Sodium Analogues of Bismuth Oxyhalides in the Oxidative Dimerization of Methane
Authors: Ueda Wataru , Isozaki Toshio , Morikawa Yutaka , Thomas John M 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The lithium and sodium salts of four distinct types of complex bismuth oxychlorides having different structural layer units within the Sillenite family of solids have been employed as catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane. The catalytic performance strongly depends on the environment of chloride ion in the structure; and it is likely that a radical mechanism operates.
Shape Selective Property of Alumina-pillared Montmorillonite with Different Lateral Distances in m-Xylene Conversion
Authors: Mori Toshiaki , Suzuki Kenzi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In m-xylene conversion on alumina-pillared montmorillonite, the selectivity of disproportionation increased with increasing lateral distance, while isomerization was predominant for the small lateral distance. The observed results suggest that the shape selectivity operates in the reaction.
The Addition Reaction of β-Keto Carboxylic Acids to Olefinic Compounds by the Use of Mn(III) Tris(2-pyridinecarboxylate) as an Oxidant
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Miyoshi Norikazu , Iwakura Kazunori , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Intermolecular addition reactions of radical species generated from β-keto carboxylic acids to olefinic compounds such as a silyl enol ether, a ketene dithioacetal and an enamine proceed selectively by the use of manganese(III) tris(2-pyridinecarboxylate) as an oxidant.
Molecular Recognition by Saccharides. Asymmetric Complexation between Bilirubin and Nucleosides
Authors: Kano Koji , Yoshiyasu Kazuhiro , Hashimoto Shizunobu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric complexation between bilirubin (BR) and nucleosides has been studied in water (pH 10.8) by UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The complexes of BR with ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides show the plus to minus bisignated CD signals, which indicate that BR in these complexes selectively takes the (R)-helix conformation. Thymine and uracil arabinosides exhibit the oppositely signed CD spectra. A multi-point attachment model may explain the asymmetric complexation.
Solid Base-directed Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Cyanotrimethylsilane
Authors: Sugita Keisuke , Ohta Akihisa , Onaka Makoto , Izumi Yusuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are found to be effective solid bases for nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides with cyanotrimethylsilane to afford β-trimethylsiloxy nitriles in a highly regioselective manner without any contamination of isocyanides.
Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds using Alkane as a Hydrogen Source
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Abe Fujio , Tanaka Masato 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Aldehydes are effectively reduced to corresponding alcohols at room temperature using alkane as a hydrogen donor by the catalysis of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under irradiation. Chemoselective reduction of aldehyde in the presence of ketone is achieved.
Facile Synthesis of α-Chlorosulfoxide Using the N,N′-Dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide
Authors: Kim Yong Hae , Lim Sang Chul , Kim Hyoung Rae , Yoon Dae Chul 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Various unsymmetrical and symmetrical diakyl sulfoxides or alkyl aryl sulfoxides reacted with N,N′-dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide to yield the corresponding α-chlorosulfoxide in excellent yields under mild and neutral conditions in high regioselectivity of monochlorination at α-position of sulfoxides.
Synthesis and Restricted Conformation of 3′,5′-O-(Di-t-butylsilanediyl)ribonucleosides
Authors: Furusawa Kiyotaka , Ueno Katsuhiko , Katsura Tatsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The reaction of ribonucleosides with di-t-butylsilyl diester such as dinitrate, diperchlorate and ditriflate in DMF gave selectively 3′,5′-O-(di-t-butylsilanediyl)ribonucleosides in high yield. The conformation analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography showed that the product has a restricted conformation analogous to that observable in 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides.
Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome
Authors: Casson Lionel 
Published: May 2006

From the moment Rome's port city of Ostia was founded, boats of all kinds were needed to take care of the traffic about the Tiber's mouth and up-river to the capital. As the centuries passed, and both Rome and Ostia grew, the number and variety of such boats increased apace.Ancient writers and, more important, inscriptions give the names of many of these craft and of the men who specialized in operating the particular types. We hear of codicarii, lenuncularii, scapharii and so on. What were their boats like? What special service did each perform?
Cyrenaica, Pompey and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus
Authors: Reynolds Joyce 
Published: May 2006

The eight inscriptions transcribed and discussed below concern, in the first instance, the early history of Cyrenaica as a Roman province; but since most of them certainly and all of them perhaps involve Pompey and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, one of his legates in 67 B.C., they have a much wider significance in illustrating Pompey's policy and position in that year.1 and 2. Two rectangular marble bases, each inscribed on one face with identical texts. Found at Cyrene, one in 1860, within the Temple of Apollo (now in the British Museum), the other in 1927, in front of the same Temple (left in situ).
The Peasant's Pre-Emption Right: An Abortive Reform of the Macedonian Emperors
Authors: Ostrogorsky G. 
Published: May 2006

The struggle which the Byzantine government had to wage in the tenth century to protect small freeholders against the landed aristocracy represents a most interesting and important phase in the internal development of the Byzantine State. It can be said without exaggeration that the issue of the struggle determined the very fate of the Empire. The history of this stubborn, dramatic conflict has been outlined more than once. My intention is not to narrate it again, but to illustrate by a few concrete examples the causes which prevented the Byzantine government from effectively safeguarding the smallholder.The system of land tenure by free peasant proprietors and stratiotai—soldiers settled in the themes—formed the mainstay of the Byzantine Empire from the time of its recovery in the seventh century, as well as its principal source of both internal strength and external power. Naturally, the imperial government intervened in favour of the smallholder when it became clear that peasant and stratiote property was being rapidly absorbed by big landholders, with their former owners becoming serfs on the estates of lay landowners and monasteries. In protecting the smallholder against the encroachments of the feudal landed aristocracy, the State endeavoured to safeguard its soldiers and its best taxpayers, as well as its actual existence; for the development of the centrifugal forces of feudalism constituted a menace to the centralized and autocratic power of the Byzantine emperors.
Pompey's Organization of Bithynia-Pontus: two neglected Texts
Authors: Marshall A. J. 
Published: May 2006

The surviving literary evidence for the lex Pompeia, provincial charter of the joint province of Bithynia-Pontus, is of prime importance for our knowledge of the nature and content of these charters, which established the fundamental organization of a Roman province. Of the charters of other provinces, only the lex Rupilia of Sicily is known in any comparable detail. Our knowledge of Pompey's law, a piece of work which stood the test of time and lasted, with some modification, until the day of Cassius Dio, also affords some reasonable basis for an assessment of his administrative achievement.The discussion of Pompey's organization of this province has tended to concentrate attention on two traditional questions. Firstly, controversy about the extent of the territory added to Bithynia from the kingdom of Mithridates to form the new province has led to lengthy debate concerning the exact location of the eastern frontier. Secondly, much speculation has centred around the attempt to determine Pompey's ultimate purpose in organizing this area as he did and to accord him appropriate praise or condemnation.
Aeneas and Mount Atlas
Authors: Morwood J. H. W. 
Published: May 2006

In the fourth book of the Aeneid Mercury flies to Carthage on the orders of Jupiter to bid Aeneas be mindful of his destiny and sail away. First he binds his winged sandals on his feet; then he takes up his mystical wand, which he uses to make his way through the sky. Next, before he comes to Carthage and sees the glittering figure of Aeneas, he observes and touches down on Mount Atlas, which is arrestingly personified as an old man:iamque volans apicem et latera ardua cernitAtlantis duri caelum qui vertice fulcit,Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atrispiniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri,nix umeros infusa tegit, turn flumina mentopraecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba.
For Braudel: A Note on the ‘Ecole des Annales’ and the Historiography of Africa
Authors: Clarence-Smith W.G. 
Published: May 2006

The historiography of continental Europe has been revolutionized since the Second World War by a group of historians generally known as Annales School, from the name of the periodical which has served as their principal forum. Originally a somewhat eccentric group, they have come in the eyes of many to incarnate historical orthodoxy. And yet Africa has scarcely been touched by these profound currents which have so powerfully affected Europe. It therefore seems necessary to attempt a brief sketch of the nature of the Annales movement and to consider how African historiography might benefit from this approach.Annales historiography derives from a very broad and relatively recent tradition in Europe, which may be characterized as involving the rejection of the centrality of events in history in favor of more unobtrusive but more basic structures. This approach is perhaps most clearly apparent in the work of Marxist historians, but it can be seen more generally in the growing body of social and economic history written from a wide variety of ideological perspectives. Annales thus owes much both to Marxism and to such inter-war historians as Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. In addition, Annales is rooted in the peculiar French academic tradition of treating history and geography as a single indivisible subject.
The Observance of All Souls' Day in the Guinea-Bissau Region: A Christian Holy Day, An African Harvest Festival, an African New Year's Celebration, or All of the Above(?)
Authors: Brooks George E. 
Published: May 2006

“[A] desecration of our religion.”On the eve of All Saints' Day on November 1, 1898, a Portuguese army officer, Henrique Augusto Dias de Carvalho, observed a colorful and noisy crowd of people wending through the streets of Bolama beginning the celebration of dia dos finados (All Souls' Day), which day of supplication for the faithful departed is observed by Christians on November 2.The indigenous Christians generally from long-standing custom and according to local practices customarily pay homage to the dead on the second day of November, beginning this commemoration on the eve of All Saints' Day after midnight.They come out of their dwellings and gather at the door of the local church whence they proceed with little lights walking in procession through all the streets singing the Ave-Maria mixed with African songs.Men and women with fantastic costumes, as if it were carnival, and swigging aguardente and palm wine wander about for three entire nights in this manner until after daybreak; then they disperse, everyone returning to their dwellings, to come out again at night, and spending all day on the 2nd in singing and dancing. The groups combine this with alcoholic drinks and engage in lewd behavior, which debauchery attains its peak during the night of the 2nd until dawn, when after several hours of rest, the finale of the commemoration takes place, which consists of feasting and more drinking, inside or in the open air at a place some distance from the settlement, afterwards singing once again Ave-Marias for the souls of all the departed.
A Commentary on Duarte Pacheco Pereira's Account of the Lower Guinea Coastlands in his Esmeraldo De Situ Orbis, and on Some Other Early Accounts
Authors: Fage J.D. 
Published: May 2006

The earliest European accounts of the Lower Guinea coastlands are fewer and less informative than those available for the coastlands of Upper Guinea. This is not surprising. The exploration of the 900 or so miles of the Guinea coast to about as far as Cape Mesurado was a more deliberate process, over some eighteen years, than was that of the nearly 2000 miles of coast between Cape Mesurado and Cameroun, which seems to have been undertaken essentially in the five years, 1471/75. It was also probably a more open process, involving sailors and merchants of many nations besides the Portuguese, men who were full of a Renaissance wonder at what they saw and keen to communicate their new knowledge. Some of these men or their followers were soon – certainly by about 1500 – residing more or less permanently in African communities on the Upper Guinea coasts, subject to little or no effective control from the Portuguese authorities, becoming lançados. On the other hand, by the later 1470s the discovery of the gold wealth of Mina had led the Portuguese crown to seek to establish a royal monopoly over sea trade with Lower Guinea, and to confine it to a few posts over which it sought to assert its direct control.The first comprehensive account of the Upper Guinea coasts to have survived is to be found in the Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis of Duarte Pacheco Pereira, almost certainly written between the years 1505 and 1508. It is constructive to compare this work with its contemporary, the Description of the West Coast of Africa written by Valentim Fernandes, probably in 1506 or 1507, which describes the Guinea coast only as far as Cape Mount (although it also has fascinating accounts of the islands of São Tomé and Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea).
Time and the Calendar in Nineteenth - Century Asante: An Exploratory Essay
Authors: McCaskie T.C. 
Published: May 2006

Historians recognize that the perception and organization of time are fundamental to the internal ordering of all human cultures. However, the history of pre-colonial Africa has largely been written to conform to the calendrical rhythms of an imposed European chronology. Regret over this discrepancy has been tempered by recognition of the very real problems involved in rectifying it. Chief among these is the fact that linear chronology per se -- in purist interpretation requiring numbered series derived from a fixed base, and therefore the mnemonic support of a graphic record -- is beyond the technological competence of any pre-literate society. However, the inability to maintain chronologically precise memorials of the past by no means precludes the existence of sophisticated mechanisms for ordering and dividing temps courant. That is, a historical sense disordered or dissolved through the agency of unassisted, and thus all too fallible, human memory may happily co-exist with an exact (and often symbolically charged) calendrical time. Broadly speaking, the foregoing was the situation obtaining-in Asante in the nineteenth century. Time in nineteenth-century Asante, in a number of its aspects, is the subject of this paper.The establishment of a historical chronology in nineteenth-century Asante was severely inhibited, and in ultimate terms negated, by the absence of a literate culture. It is the case that rare and isolated individuals like oheneba Owusu Ansa (ca. 1822-1884) and oheneba Kwasi Boakye (1827-1904) acquired in foreign exile skills in European languages. However, Akan Twi was not effectively reduced to writing until the mid-nineteenth century, and then not in Asante. Thus, at the time of the British usurpation in 1896 Asante was still a pre-literate culture.
The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources
Authors: Conrad David C. , Fisher Humphrey J. 
Published: May 2006

“The land took the name of the wells, the wells that had no bottom.”In Part I of this paper we examined the external written sources and found no unambiguous evidence that an Almoravid conquest of ancient Ghana ever occurred. The local oral evidence reviewed in this part of our study supports our earlier hypothesis, in that we find nothing in the traditions to indicate any conquest of the eleventh-century sahelian state known to Arab geographers as “Ghana.” Instead, the oral traditions emphasize drought as having had much to do with the eventual disintegration of the Soninke state known locally as “Wagadu.”An immediate problem involved in sifting the oral sources for evidence of an Almoravid conquest is that a positive identification between the Wagadu of oral tradition and the Ghana of written sources has never been established. Early observers like Tautain (1887) entertained no doubts in this regard, and recently Meillassoux seems to have accepted a connection, if not an identification, between Ghana and Wagadu when he notes that “les Wago, dont le nom a donné Wagadu, sont les plus clairement associés à l'histoire du Ghana.” However, much continues to be written on the subject, and the question remains a thorny one. On the lips of griots (traditional bards) and other local informants, Wagadu is a timeless concept, so a reliable temporal connection between people and events in the oral sources on one hand and Ghana at the time of the Almoravids on the other, is particularly elusive. Indeed, any link between the traditions discussed here and a specific date like 1076 must be regarded as very tenuous, as must any association of legendary events with Islamic dates. In western Sudanic tradition influenced by Islam, the hijra (A.D. 622) is both prestigious and convenient, a date with which virtually any event in the remote past can be associated, though such a claim may have nothing to do with any useful time scale.