bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term orally administered carprofen in dogs
Authors: Raekallio Marja R. , Hielm-Björkman Anna K. , Kejonen Johanna , Salonen Hanna M. , Sankari Satu M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the adverse effects of carprofen in dogs after oral administration for 2 months.
Design—Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Animals—22 dogs with osteoarthritis in the hip or elbow joint.
Procedure—13 dogs received orally administered carprofen daily for 2 months, and 9 dogs received a placebo for 2 months. Dogs were weighed, and serum and urine samples were collected before initiation of treatment and 4 and 8 weeks after initiation of treatment. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Urinary ALP-to-creatinine, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-to-creatinine, and protein-to-creatinine ratios were calculated. Dogs were observed by owners for adverse effects.
Results—Serum protein and albumin concentrations were lower in treated dogs than in those that received placebo at 4 weeks, but not at 8 weeks. No changes were observed in serum urea or creatinine concentrations; ALP or ALT activity; or urinary ALP-to-creatinine, GGT-to-creatinine, or protein-to-creatinine ratios. Dogs' weights did not change. Severity of vomiting, diarrhea, and skin reactions did not differ between groups, but appetite was better in dogs receiving carprofen than in dogs in the placebo group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It is possible that the transient decreases in serum protein and albumin concentrations in dogs that received carprofen were caused by altered mucosal permeability of the gastrointestinal tract because no indications of renal or hepatic toxicity were observed. Carprofen appeared to be well tolerated by dogs after 2 months of administration.
Surgical approach to the coelomic cavity through the axillary and inguinal regions in sea turtles
Authors: Di Bello Antonio , Valastro Carmela , Staffieri Francesco 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe a surgical approach to the coelomic cavity through the axillary and inguinal regions in sea turtles.
Design—Descriptive report.
Animals—9 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) that had ingested fishhooks or monofilament fishing line.
Procedure—Turtles known to have ingested foreign bodies were anesthetized. For the extraction of fish-hooks located in the stomach, an approach to the coelomic cavity through the soft tissues of the left axillary region (along the cranial margin of the plastron) was made. For the removal of fishhooks and long fishing lines in other portions of the intestinal tract, an approach to the coelomic cavity was performed via the inguinal region. Foreign bodies were removed via gastrotomy or enterotomy.
Results—Of the 9 loggerhead turtles, 3 had a fish-hook in the stomach, 1 had a fishhook in the stomach and fishing line throughout the intestinal tract, 2 had a fishhook in the ileum and fishing line in the ileum and colon, and 3 had fishing line throughout the intestinal tract. Following surgery, 8 turtles recovered successfully; 1 turtle (in which an enterectomy was performed) died. After approximately 8 weeks, the surviving turtles were well enough to be released from captivity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that an axillary approach to the coelomic cavity in sea turtles could be a useful alternative to plastron osteotomy. Moreover, the inguinal approach allows the exteriorization of the intestinal tract from jejunum to colon, which facilitates surgical removal of long linear foreign bodies ingested by turtles.
Extra-cellular chromate-reducing activity of the yeast cultures
Authors: Ksheminska Helena , Honchar Taras , Gayda Galyna , Gonchar Mykhailo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the experimental data supporting an essential role of extra-cellular reduction in chromate detoxification by baker’s and non-conventional yeasts. A decrease of chromate content in the yeast culture coincides with an increase of Cr(III) content in extra-cellular liquid. At these conditions, cell-bound chromium level was insignificant and a dominant part of extra-cellular Cr(III) species was detected in the reaction with chromazurol S only after mineralization of the cell-free samples. This phenomenon of chromium “disappearance” can be explained by the formation of Cr(III) stable complexes with extra-cellular yeast-secreted components which are “inaccessible” in the reaction with chromazurol S without mineralization. It was shown that increasing sucrose concentration in a growth medium resulted in an increase of chromate reduction. A strong inhibition of chromate reduction by 0.25 mM sodium azide, a respiration inhibitor and a protonophore, testifies that extra-cellular chromate detoxification depends on energetic status of the yeast cells. It was shown that Cr(III)-biochelates produced in extra-cellular medium are of a different chemical nature and can be separated into at least two components by ion-exchange chromatography on anionit Dowex 1x10. A total yield of the isolated Cr(III)-biocomplexes is approximately 65 % (from initial level of chromate) with a relative molar ratio 8:5.
Protein translocation through a tunnel induces changes in folding kinetics: A lattice model study
Authors: Contreras Martínez Lydia M. , Martínez‐Veracoechea Francisco J. , Pohkarel Prabhas , Stroock Abraham D. , Escobedo Fernando A. , DeLisa Matthew P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCompaction of a nascent polypeptide chain inside the ribosomal exit tunnel, before it leaves the ribosome, has been proposed to accelerate the folding of newly synthesized proteins following their release from the ribosome. Thus, we used Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a minimalist on‐lattice model to explore the effect that polypeptide translocation through a variety of channels has on protein folding kinetics. Our results demonstrate that tunnel confinement promotes faster folding of a well‐designed protein relative to its folding in free space by displacing the unfolded state towards more compact structures that are closer to the transition state. Since the tunnel only forbids rarely visited, extended configurations, it has little effect on a “poorly designed” protein whose unfolded state is largely composed of low‐energy, compact, misfolded configurations. The beneficial effect of the tunnel depends on its width; for example, a too‐narrow tunnel enforces unfolded states with limited or no access to the transition state, while a too‐wide tunnel has no effect on the unfolded state entropy. We speculate that such effects are likely to play an important role in the folding of some proteins or protein domains in the cellular environment and might dictate whether a protein folds co‐translationally or post‐translationally. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of osmotic pressure on the production of retroviral vectors: Enhancement in vector stability
Authors: Coroadinha A.S. , Silva A.C. , Pires E. , Coelho A. , Alves P.M. , Carrondo M.J.T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe use of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMLV) derived retroviral vectors in gene therapy requires the production of high titer preparations. However, obtaining high titers of infective MoMLV retroviral vectors is difficult due to the vector inherent instability. In this work the effect of the cell culture medium osmotic pressure upon the virus stability was studied. The osmolality of standard medium was raised from 335 up to 500 mOsm/kg using either ionic (sodium chloride) or non‐ionic osmotic agents (sorbitol and fructose). It was observed that, independently of the osmotic agent used, the infectious vector inactivation rate was inversely correlated with the osmolality used in the production media; therefore, the use of high medium osmolalities enhanced vector stability. For production purposes a balance must be struck between cell yield, cell productivity and retroviral stability. From the conditions tested herein sorbitol addition, ensuring osmolalities between 410 and 450 mOsm/kg, yields the best production conditions; NaCl hampered the viral infectious production while fructose originates lower cell yields. Lipid extractions were performed for cholesterol and phospholipid analyses showing that more stable viral vectors had a 10% reduction in the cholesterol content. A similar reduction in cholesterol was observed in the producer cells. A detailed analysis of the major phospholipids composition, type and fatty acid content, by mass spectrometry did not show significant changes, confirming the decrease in the cholesterol to phospholipids ratio in the viral membrane as the major reason for the increased vector stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forensic psychiatric assessments in practice: a blind study of different forensic psychiatrists' assessments of the same cases
Authors: Belfrage Henrik , Lidberg Lars 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFive senior psychiatrists from different forensic psychiatric settings in Sweden were given the task of assessing, independently of each other, material consisting of 40 randomly selected forensic psychiatric reports of non‐psychotic offenders, written previously by other forensic psychiatrists. The results show a remarkable degree of discrepancy in decision making among forensic psychiatrists. Overall, the differences appear to be random, but in some cases there were even negative correlations between assessments made by certain psychiatrists, that is, if one psychiatrist assessed an offender as in need of treatment, another one assessed him as not in need of treatment. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Psychosocial characteristics of young violent offenders: a comparative study
Authors: Katz Roger C. , Marquette Joe 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhen young people commit violent crimes such as homicide, the act is sometimes attributed to poorly controlled anger, rage or paranoid symptomatology. To test this assertion, we hypothesised that young men incarcerated for murder would show more anger, hostility and paranoid ideation, as well as increased levels of global psychopathology, than a cohort of non‐violent offenders and normal high school students. These predictions were not supported. Young murderers were indistinguishable from the two control groups on the MMPI‐A, the State‐Trait Anger Scale, and the SCL‐90‐R. Moreover, they showed no evidence of increased anger, paranoid features or global psychopathology relative to standardisation samples. Rather than being differentiated by personality characteristics, the data suggest that a history of gang membership and violent behaviour do a better job of discriminating between these groups. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Childhood experiences of patients with schizophrenia and a history of violence: a special hospital sample
Authors: Heads Tracey C. , Taylor Pamela J. , Leese Morven 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCertain childhood experiences, including deprivation and/or abuse, have been shown to contribute to the development of delinquency and later criminality. Although specific illness factors influence violent or offending behaviour by people with schizophrenia, such childhood experiences may also be relevant. This study examined such factors in a sample of 102 patients with schizophrenia in a special hospital. Information was obtained from the hospital case notes. Experiences of a disordered family were found to be common, particularly for the women. Four main subgroups of patients were identified in terms of childhood experiences. Three groups, accounting for two‐thirds of the patients, had experiences of a range of problems in childhood before the manifest onset of schizophrenia. The first included patients with evidence of disorder of conduct but without remarkable environmental disadvantage (primary delinquency), the second those with multiple early environmental problems associated with a variety of personal conduct problems (secondary delinquency) and the third those with predominantly childhood neurotic problems in the absence of obvious family or environmental disturbance. Some 40% of the patients had ‘pure’ schizophrenia, its onset coming after an unremarkable childhood. Membership of one of the delinquency groups was associated with a significantly greater tendency to frequent, repeated violence. Group membership had no bearing on seriousness of violence, but there was a trend for people with ‘pure’ schizophrenia to have committed their index offence (usually the most serious) because of or mainly because of their psychotic symptoms. For patients with evidence of environmental disadvantage, conduct disorder or social difficulties as well as schizophrenia, there are likely to be complex interactions between such factors and symptoms of illness. For those with such experiences treatment is unlikely to be complete without attention to the impact and/or continuity of such problems. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Violence in schizophrenia and the syndrome of disorganisation
Authors: Baxter Richard 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere is research evidence to support a significant and important if small association between schizophrenia and violence. Further it appears that some symptoms – delusions – may be particularly relevant. They do not, however, appear to account for all the excess of violence seen. The three‐syndrome model of schizophrenia (i.e. reality distortion, disorganisation and psychomotor poverty), is invoked to try and account for much of the remaining illness‐linked violence and to explore more explanatory possibilities. Whilst ‘impulsivity’ may be one common feature of neuroanatomical and biochemical theorising it is suggested that a principal feature of the disorganisation syndrome – expressive thought disorder – might hold an important place in clinical assessments if better tools were applied in its assessment. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Forensic psychiatry in Bulgaria
Authors: Dontschev Petko , Gordon Harvey 
Published: March 2006

AbstractForensic psychiatry in Bulgaria has been influenced by German, Russian and French concepts. Constrained by Soviet ideology, psychiatry in Bulgaria was affected by such political factors, but no real equivalent of the issue of Russian dissidents occurred. Concomitantly the positive Soviet orientation towards an effective system of community psychiatric care has been provided. With greater national independence in Eastern Europe, psychiatry in Bulgaria is now more amenable to liaison within the international community. Political and economic instability may hinder adequate development. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The need for longer term psychiatric care in medium or low security
Authors: Reed John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe provision of long‐term inpatient care for some mentally disordered patients is one objective of mental health policy. Because medium‐secure units were established in England with the objective of patients staying between 18 and 24 months, longer term care in secure conditions in England and Wales has mainly been provided by the high‐security (special) hospitals. There has been very limited provision specifically designed for patients needing longer term psychiatric care in security below the levels of the high‐security hospitals. This has led to patients being detained in inappropriate levels of security or in acute wards when rehabilitative care is more appropriate. A survey of all patients in all high‐ or medium‐secure units in England and Wales in December 1994 by questionnaire to their consultants showed that of some 1500 patients in the high‐security special hospitals, 490 would be more appropriately placed in longer term medium security and 150 in longer term low security. Of some 1250 patients in the current shorter stay medium‐secure units, 183 were considered to need longer term medium security and 278 longer term low security. To these must be added those in the general psychiatric service who need local/low secure care, perhaps 1300 in England. Overall there appears to be a need for some 750 beds in England and Wales offering long‐term medium security and 2000 beds offering longer term low security. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
CNV predicts violent outcomes in patients released from special hospital
Authors: Howard Rick , Lumsden John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe ability of the Go/No Go contingent negative variation (CNV) to predict violent outcomes (violent re‐offending and suicide) was investigated in a sample of 44 male Broadmoor patients previously (in 1983) categorised as high or low risk on the basis of their Go/No Go CNV. An earlier (December 1990) follow‐up of the same sample had indicated that general criminal recidivism could be predicted by Go/No Go CNV (Howard & Lumsden, 1996). At 31 December 1994 a violent outcome had occurred in five of 21 high‐risk patients and in one of 23 low‐risk patients, yielding a predictive accuracy of 61.4% and a relative improvement over chance of 68%. High‐risk patients incurred five times as many violent reconvictions as did low‐risk patients. These results, whilst preliminary pending further follow‐up, offer the promise that the tragic consequences of releasing high‐risk mentally disordered offenders into the community might be prevented using a technique that is quick, cheap to administer and objective. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reports of self‐injury in a maximum security hospital
Authors: Swinton Mark , Hopkins Richard , Swinton Jonathan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that self‐injury rates vary during the day. This study is an analysis of all self‐injury incidents over an 18‐month period on the women's wards in a maximum security hospital. Self‐injury showed a marked peak late in the evening. Possible explanations are considered. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Adult criminality in previously hospitalized child psychiatric patients: with particular reference to girls and the use of ICD‐10 diagnoses
Authors: Wright Barry , McKenzie Immanuel , Stace Joanna , Berg Ian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA total of 171 children admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit before age 13 were examined, between 1967 and 1980, using criminal offences between age 17 and 25 years as the main studied outcome. A retrospective cohort analytic design was employed using current classification systems. The children were followed up to the age of 25. About half of the males and a quarter of the females had received at least one standard list conviction by that time. Linear‐logistic modelling was used on boys and girls separately to explore childhood variables which were predictive of adult criminality. The important variables for boys were: large family size, parental criminality and a diagnosis of conduct disorder, and for girls were: having been in care prior to admission, parental criminality and a diagnosis of conduct disorder. The use of ICD‐10 diagnoses, the study of females and the investigation of a high‐risk population were particular features of this study. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Boys' lying and social adjustment in pre‐adolescence: teachers', peers' and self‐reports
Authors: Gervais Jean , Tremblay Richard E. , Héroux Diane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBoys' frequent lying was assessed twice over a 12‐month interval between 11 and 12 years of age, using teacher, peer and self‐reported data. Comparisons between the three sources of data revealed some concordance between peer and teacher reports on the frequency of lying, but a poor concordance between subjects' own and others' report on the frequency of lying. Behavioural characteristics of four groups of boys were compared: perceived and self‐reported liars; perceived and self‐reported non‐liars; not perceived and self‐reported liars; not perceived and self‐reported non‐liars. Boys perceived as liars were rated by peers as more aggressive, less likeable and more withdrawn. They were rated by teachers as fighting more, being more hyper‐active, oppositional and inattentive; the boys also reported more delinquent behaviours. Self‐reported liars were not perceived as having more adjustment problems but they reported more delinquent behaviours. Thus, results confirmed that preadolescent boys perceived as liars are also perceived by others and themselves as having more behaviour problems; however, the self‐reported liars are perceived as having behaviour problems only by themselves. These results indicated that the association between lying and social adjustment problems cannot be reduced to a negative reputation effect, but further studies were proposed to clarify the developmental links underlying the association. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Dramatherapy for mentally disordered offenders: changes in levels of anger
Authors: Reiss David , Quayle Marie , Brett Tim , Meux Clive 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine changes in levels of anger associated with a therapeutic theatre project. The population consisted of mentally disordered patients in a maximum security hospital, all of whom had a history of major violence. The subjects were being treated on a ward that specializes in psychotherapeutic interventions. Twelve young adult male patients, defined by structured interview for personality disorder and clinical diagnosis for mental illness, participated in a week‐long dramatherapy project. They were evaluated using self‐report questionnaires both before and after the week, as well as at three‐month follow‐up. Levels of anger significantly reduced from before to after the theatre week. This improvement was maintained at three‐month follow‐up. There was an associated increase in the frequency of attempts to control the expression of anger. It is concluded that a dramatherapy project within a psychotherapeutic environment may be an effective therapeutic modality for reducing anger levels in young mentally disordered offenders. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Long‐term medium‐security hospital units: a service gap of the 1990s?
Authors: Taylor Pamela J. , Maden Anthony , Jones Dilys 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe majority of psychiatric patients, even those who also offend against the law, are likely to be served best by good community services but a few of them will need treatment in a secure hospital. Treatment in high security for patients from England and Wales is provided by three special hospitals. In the 1980s provision of medium‐secure hospital units began, but there is still a considerable shortfall of such beds. Data from a variety of settings suggest that the continuing gap in medium‐secure provision may be qualitative as well as quantitative. This paper considers the case for long‐term medium security, and the likely size and nature of demand. It would be misleading to assume that those with long‐term medium‐security needs constitute a homogeneous group. Some new facilities, probably built on to existing medium secure hospital units, are likely to be needed; if estimates of real need for high‐security places are correct, then some places already exist and are being used by default in the special hospitals. For some patients, notwithstanding the old image of special hospitals, these may be ideal placements if redesignated, even redesigned. A variety of provision and effective cooperation between purchasers and providers will be essential to satisfy real need and ensure that the number of patients needing secure accommodation remains more or less within present estimates. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.