bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inference generation in young, young–old and old–old adults: evidence for semantic architecture stability
Authors: McGinnis Debra , Goss R. Justin , Tessmer Courtney , Zelinski Elizabeth M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractParticipants (31 young, 27 young–old, and 28 old–old) read 12 narratives, pausing periodically to think aloud. The resulting protocols were analysed for 17 types of inferences and for non‐content (off‐target) information. Factor analysis yielded three inference factors: character, causal and physical. Age difference across these factors were not significant, suggesting that inferential processing architecture may be stable. Each narrative also included an unfamiliar word. Immediately following each narrative, four definition choices and a definition rating scale were presented. The definition scores of old–old adults were lower than young and young–old. In addition, definition scores were negatively related to non‐content comment counts. Taken together, these findings suggest that off‐target working‐memory intrusions may interfere with interpretation specificity in older adults even though semantic architecture remains stable. This study extends the aging and inference literature by addressing age‐related changes across categories of inferential processing and by including a sample of old–old adults. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Do realistic reverberation levels reduce auditory distraction?
Authors: Perham Nick , Banbury Simon , Jones Dylan M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe above article (DOI: 10.1002/acp.1300) was published online in Early View on 29 September 2006.The initial online publication of this article omitted the second author's name.The correct author names and affiliations are reproduced below:NICK PERHAM1*, SIMON BANBURY1 and DYLAN M. JONES1,21School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK2Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Sensor fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems based on a sliding mode observer
Authors: Yan Xing‐Gang , Edwards Christopher 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a sensor fault detection and isolation scheme for nonlinear systems is considered. A nonlinear diffeomorphism is introduced to explore the system structure and a simple filter is presented to ‘transform’ the sensor fault into a pseudo‐actuator fault scenario. A sliding mode observer is designed to reconstruct the sensor fault precisely if the system does not experience any uncertainty, and to estimate the sensor fault when uncertainty exists. The reconstruction and estimation signals are based only on available information and thus can be implemented online. Finally, a mass–spring system is used to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Device Physics of Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Blom P. W. M. , Mihailetchi V. D. , Koster L. J. A. , Markov D. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPlastic solar cells bear the potential for large‐scale power generation based on materials that provide the possibility of flexible, lightweight, inexpensive, efficient solar cells. Since the discovery of the photoinduced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer to fullerene molecules, followed by the introduction of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, this material combination has been extensively studied in organic solar cells, leading to several breakthroughs in efficiency, with a power conversion efficiency approaching 5 %. This article reviews the processes and limitations that govern device operation of polymer:fullerene BHJ solar cells, with respect to the charge‐carrier transport and photogeneration mechanism. The transport of electrons/holes in the blend is a crucial parameter and must be controlled (e.g., by controlling the nanoscale morphology) and enhanced in order to allow fabrication of thicker films to maximize the absorption, without significant recombination losses. Concomitantly, a balanced transport of electrons and holes in the blend is needed to suppress the build‐up of the space–charge that will significantly reduce the power conversion efficiency. Dissociation of electron–hole pairs at the donor/acceptor interface is an important process that limits the charge generation efficiency under normal operation condition. Based on these findings, there is a compromise between charge generation (light absorption) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) when attempting to reduce the bandgap of the polymer (or fullerene). Therefore, an increase in VOC of polymer:fullerene cells, for example by raising the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of the fullerene, will benefit cell performance as both fill factor and short‐circuit current increase simultaneously.
The Bjerknes effect: Explaining pulsed‐flow behavior in bubble columns
Authors: Waghmare Y. G. , Knopf F. Carl , Rice Richard G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew experimental data for a range of gas velocities from 0.1 to 1.5 cm/s are explained by an elementary theory that combines the effect of bubble retardation owing to Bjerknes forces with the breakage relationship of Hinze in a pulsed‐bubble column. A frequency range from 10 to 30 Hz, and two amplitudes of fluid oscillation were used in the 8.9 cm column: 1.66 and 2.46 mm. Experimental values of volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient for oxygen dissolution followed predictions of theory using a modified penetration model. A new phenomenon was observed and was predictable from theory, namely “flooding”, which arises when bubbles are partially or fully retarded by Bjerknes forces at the point of injection. Under flooding conditions, transport enhancement levels off as frequency or amplitude is increased. Bubble‐size distribution was measured as a function of frequency, and the calculated Sauter‐mean diameter was satisfactorily fitted by the Hinze breakage formula. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Assessing parental attitudes toward genetic testing for childhood hearing loss: Before and after genetic consultation
Authors: Li Yuelin , Steinberg Annie G. , Bain Lisa , Yaeger Dinah , Bieler Ari , Ewing Rachel , Kaimal Girija , Krantz Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report on the development of a Genetic Attitude Assessment Tool (GAAT) to measure parental attitudes in contemplating genetic testing for childhood hearing loss, and to examine the differences in assessments made before and after genetic counseling. The GAAT tool was administered to a convenient sample of 119 parents of children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The respondents completed the survey either before (n = 77) or after (n = 42) genetic counseling. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to identify and quantify the underlying psychosocial structure. Our results showed the validated 54‐item GAAT instrument contains six subscales: (1) “test intention,” (2) “beliefs in non‐genetic causes of hearing loss,” (3) “deferral of decision to undergo genetic testing,” (4) “appropriate use of genetic testing results,” (5) “beliefs in the benefits,” and (6) “concerns about stigma.” The respondents who answered the survey after genetic counseling had higher “test intention” (P = 0.017) and endorsed to a greater extent “beliefs in the benefits” (P < 0.001). They believed to a lesser extent that childhood hearing loss was due to “non‐genetic causes” (P < 0.001) and were less inclined to prefer “decision deferral” (P = 0.031). Respondents who themselves had a hearing loss expressed a significantly weaker belief in “non‐genetic causes” of hearing loss (P < 0.0001). In conclusion the validated GAAT instrument is responsive to changes in parental attitudes after genetic counseling. The GAAT may be used to monitor parental attitudes serially, to further understand how parental attitudes change from pre genetic counseling, post genetic counseling, to post test result disclosure. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat distribution and metabolic variables in patients with neonatal progeroid syndrome
Authors: O'Neill Brendan , Simha Vinaya , Kotha Vani , Garg Abhimanyu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS), also known as Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch Syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by accelerated aging and lipodystrophy from birth. Affected children have extreme intrauterine growth retardation, poor postnatal weight gain, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features such as a triangular shape, pinched nose, pseudohydrocephalus with wide fontanelles and prominent subcutaneous (sc) veins. Generalized loss of sc fat has been reported as a cardinal feature; however, the pattern of fat loss and its association with insulin resistance and its metabolic complications have not been systematically studied. The aim of the current study was to examine body fat distribution and body composition in two girls with NPS using anthropometric measures, whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and to assess metabolic complications such as hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia. Both the girls (aged 17 years and 10 years, respectively) had generalized paucity of sc fat on physical examination. However, measurements of skin‐fold thickness revealed that sc fat was decreased over the extremities, but preserved over the chest and abdomen. MRI studies confirmed the presence of normal amounts of sc truncal fat, and marked loss of fat from the face and distal extremities. Striking fat loss was also noted in the paravertebral and lateral gluteal regions. Interestingly, body composition analysis with DEXA scan revealed a marked reduction in both the fat and lean tissue mass. Fasting glucose, lipids and insulin levels were not elevated. We conclude that patients with NPS do not have generalized lipodystrophy as previously reported, but fat loss is confined to the face, distal extremities, and possibly the paravertebral and lateral gluteal regions. Metabolic abnormalities related to insulin resistance are also uncommon in this condition. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decomposing the autism phenotype into familial dimensions
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Mérette Chantal , Emond Claudia , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Jones Marshall B. , Maziade Michel , Roy Marc‐Andre , Palmour Roberta 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of this article is to decompose the level of functioning phenotype in autism to see if it can be conceptualized as two simpler, but still familial, dimensional phenotypes of language and non‐verbal IQ. We assembled 80 sibpairs with either autism, Asperger syndrome or atypical autism. To see whether the familial correlation on language scores was accounted for by the familial correlation on non‐verbal IQ, residual language scores were calculated for each member of the sibpair based on a multiple regression equation using their IQ score as an explanatory or independent variable and controlling for the age and gender of the affected individual. These residual scores were then used to calculate intraclass correlations between affected sibs. This process was repeated using IQ as the dependent variable and language as a covariate. Within affected individuals there was a strong relation between non‐verbal IQ (as measured by the Leiter performance scale) and language (as measured by the Vineland Communication Scale). In addition, there was familial correlation between sibs on both measures. Evidence of familial aggregation on both non‐verbal IQ and language remained even after partialling out the effect of the covariates by regression analysis and by generalized estimating equation. These findings suggest that non‐verbal IQ and language in PDD may arise from independent genetic mechanisms. The implications of this finding for linkage analysis and for identifying genetically informative phenotypes are discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle of female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Barger Laura K. , Hoban‐Higgins Tana M. , Fuller Charles A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReproductive cyclicity has a significant influence on the regulation of circadian rhythms in rodents. Studies have suggested that there are changes in body temperature rhythms between the follicular and luteal phases in human females. This study examined the effects of menstrual cyclicity on physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), an acknowledged biomedical model. Seven unrestrained subjects were implanted with a biotelemetry transmitter to measure body temperature and heart rate and an accelerometer was used to measure physical activity. Water was available ad libitum and drinking was measured via an electronic circuit attached to a water lixit. A video‐based task system, the Psychomotor Test System, provided environmental enrichment and delivered a pelletized diet. Mean, phase, and amplitude of each rhythm were calculated. Estrogen and progesterone conjugates were assayed and quantified from daily urine samples to identify follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Average circadian variables were then compared between these phases. Heart rate was significantly (P≤0.05) delayed in the luteal phase. Albeit non‐significant, analysis showed a trend toward decreased circadian amplitude of body temperature in the luteal phase. Am. J. Primatol. 70:19–25, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple carbon isotope model for reconstructing prehistoric human diet
Authors: Kellner Corina M. , Schoeninger Margaret J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA compilation of experimental animal data shows that neither δ13Ccollagen nor δ13Capatite nor Δ13CCO‐AP indicate diagnostic reconstructions of diet, diet energy and diet protein. In contrast, plots of δ13Ccollagen against δ13Capatite provide a model of three regression lines (C3, C4, and marine diet protein) where position on each line indicates the energy source (C3, C4, or mixed). Neither body size nor trophic position appears to affect these relationships. Modern free‐ranging, terrestrial fauna do not fit the model perhaps because they, unlike the experimental fauna, mainly use fermentation rather than digestion during energy metabolism. Archaeological humans fall as expected based on associated floral and faunal evidence. Foraging people plot at positions expected from associated C3 fauna and plants. Those from Cahokia plot, as expected, from associated deer, nuts, and maize whereas people from nearby smaller sites plot in positions consistent with eating more fish. Agriculturists from Ontario and Grasshopper Pueblo plot consistent with dependence on fish by the former and on turkeys by the latter. In Tierra del Fuego, people from interior regions ate more terrestrial fauna, as suggested by ethnohistoric reports, than did people from the coast. In the Southwestern Cape in South Africa individuals late in the sequence have pure C3 diets whereas ones early in the sequence ate marine protein as suggested by independent archaeological evidence. People on San Nicolas Island depended on C4 plants in contrast to other islands off California's coast. This simple model provides more detailed and precise dietary information than do individual isotopic measures. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy with Short Pumping Pulses and Restricted Mode Competition
Authors: Brunner W. , Paul H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the numerical investigations of pulsed intracavity absorption spectroscopy performed hitherto, mechanisms ensuring mode coexistence have been disregarded. In the present paper the effect of a restriction of mode competition due to such mechanisms (e.g. an inhomogeneous contribution of the laser line width or the spatial hole burning of standing waves) on the detection sensitivity is studied by numerical analysis for short pumping pulses, starting from equations derived and solved, for steady‐state conditions, already in [7]. These equations contain a parameter v which is characteristic for the relative strength of the mechanisms responsible for mode coexistence. Our main result is that the detection sensitivity as a function of pulse duration for v ≠ 0 tends to an asymptotic value which decreases for increasing v and is approached at pulses whose length is the shorter the larger the value of v.
Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution of the Non‐stationary Boltzmann‐Equation for the Electrons in a Collision Dominated Plasma by Means of Operator Semigroups
Authors: Bartolomäus G. , Wilhelm J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBased on the semigroup approach a new proof is presented of the existence of a unique solution of the non‐stationary Boltzmann‐equation for the electron component of a collision dominated plasma. All interactions can be included which yield bounded collision operators. The electric and magnetic fields were permitted to be inhomogeneous in space, and the investigations were performed for a bounded plasma. It has been shown that the Boltzmann‐operator is the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous operator‐semigroup which uniquely determines the nonnegative solution from a given initial function taking into account the given boundary conditions.
Nachweis von Phasentrennung in Lipid/D2O‐Dispersionen mittels der 2D‐NMR
Authors: Gawrisch K. , Möps A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wurden 2D‐NMR Spektren für schweres Wasser, das mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit zwischen verschiedenen Lipidoberflächen austauscht, berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit der 2D‐NMR Lipid‐Domänen und Cluster mit einem Durchmesser von etwa d ≥ 60 nm nachgewiesen werden können. Das Verfahren ist für die Untersuchung von Modellmembranen geeignet.
Desorptions‐ und Reaktionskinetik der Erdalkalien Calcium und Strontium mit Chlor an Wolfram. Teil I: Chemisches Gleichgewicht der Oberflächenreaktion M + Cl = MCl im stationären Zustand (M = Ca, Sr)
Authors: Biedermann B. , Wassmuth H. ‐W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMit Hilfe der positiven und der negativen Oberflächenionisation wurde die Reaktion M + Cl = MCl (M = Ca, Sr) auf einer heißen Wolframoberfläche im stationären Zustand untersucht. Durch Vergleich der Meßergebnisse bei Aufdampfen von M und Cl2 bzw. von MCl2 konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Reaktion bei Adsorbertemperaturen T zwischen 1600 K und 2000 K im chemischen Gleichgewicht abläft; bei höheren Temperaturen kann dieses Gleichgewicht durch die Desorption der Reaktionspartner erheblich gestört werden. Im chemischen Gleichgewicht liefern die Messungen die Dissoziationsenergie von MCl‐Molekülen im Gasraum (D = (3,9 ± 0,15) eV, D = (4,2 ± 0,15) eV), bei starker Störung des Gleichgewichts die Differenz zwischen der Aktivierungsenergie der Desorption und der Aktivierungsenergie der Dissoziation von MCl Molekülen an der Oberfläche (Ẽ ‐ D̃ = (1,6 ± 0,2) eV, Ẽ − D̃ = (1,4 ± 0,2) eV).
Zum Zusammenwirken von Natur‐ und Technikwissenschaften
Authors: Budig P.‐K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWerkstoffe, neue Theorien und Methoden stimulieren den Fortschritt in der Technik. Dabei spielen Ergebnisse der Naturwissenschaften eine wesentliche Rolle. Robert Rompe hat auf diese Aufgaben stets fordernden Einfluß genommen. Wichtige Tendenzen und Lösungen werden an Beispielen der Elektrotechnik dargestellt.
Lichtschwächung durch Interferenz und damit verbundenes Herausheben quantenmechanischer Eigenschaften von Lichtwellen
Authors: Bandilla A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn Fortführung von Untersuchungen des Jubilars und seiner Mitarbeiter in den 60er Jahren zu den Eigenschaften der kohärenten Zustände wird die Veränderung eines kohärenten Feldes unter der Wirkung von Zwei‐Photonen‐Absorption betrachtet.Dazu wird die vereinfachte Beschreibung dieses Absorptionsvorganges benutzt. Diese Beschreibung gewinnt man durch Summierung der Kurzzeitnäherung. Sie liefert eine enorme analytische Vereinfachung und eine anschauliche physikalische Interpretation. Wegen der zu einer merklichen Zwei‐Photonen‐Absorption nötigen hohen Intensität sind die durch diese Absorption verursachten quantenmechanischen Veränderungen ohne klassisches Analogon relativ klein. Überlagert man das so gewonnene Feld mit einem kohärenten, so kann die resultierende Photonenzahl stark reduziert werden. Diese Schwächung ist völlig verschieden von der durch Ein‐Photonen‐Absorption, weil hierbei das antibunching effektiv verstärkt wird. Dazu ist ein gleichzeitig vorhandenes squeezing notwendig. Dieses wird diskutiert, ohne aber auf die tiefere Problematik des squeezing einzugehen.
Microscopic Structure of Semimagic Nuclei with 82 Neutrons or 50 Protons
Authors: Enghardt W. , Prade H. , Jäger H. U. , Käubler L. , Keller H.‐J. , Stary F. , Kostov L. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExcited states of the semimagic nuclei 138Ba, 140Ce, 141Pr, 143Pm, 144Sm, 109Sn and 111Sn have been investigated by means of in‐beam γ‐spectroscopic methods. Levels in the vicinity of the yrast line having energies up to about 5 MeV have been identified and spin and parity could be determined for most of them. Several nanosecond and subnanosecond isomers have been found in the level schemes of the nuclei investigated. The g‐factors of three nanosecond isomers have been measured. The large amount of experimental information has been compared with the results of a comprehensive analysis of the excited states of N = 82 and Z = 50 semimagic nuclei in the framework of the shell model with configuration mixing. This reveals that the majority of the observed excited states of N = 82 isotones or Z = 50 isotopes can be understood as few‐particle excitations outside the doubly magic cores 132Sn and 100Sn, respectively.
On Adiabatic and Non‐Adiabatic Improvements of the Mean‐Field Approximation for Fermion‐ or (Pseudo‐)Spin‐Boson Interaction
Authors: Enders P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStarting at the tight‐binding electron‐phonon Hamiltonian for a linear diatomic chain (half‐filled Peierls chain with extrinsic gap), being a special realization of the fermion‐ or (pseudo)spin‐boson interaction, we examine some improvements of the usual MFA: an improved phonon trial function with (anti‐)symmetrized coherent states; a generalized Hartree‐Fock decoupling with anomalous averages after transforming the electron‐phonon interaction to an effective electron‐electron one; a pure bosonic treatment using the Holstein‐Primakoff transformation. Systematic improvements at the ground state are obtained. But for finite temperatures the formalism soon becomes quite elaborate. Nevertheless, these different approaches provide valuable insights into various aspects of this interaction problem. Furthermore, the unifying features of various particle‐particle interactions are emphasized and the connection between solid‐state (physics) and (molecular) quantum chemistry is mentioned.
Oxidationskinetik von Schwefel auf einer Palladium(111)‐Oberfläche
Authors: Kölzer J. G. , Wassmuth H.‐W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Reaktionskinetik für die Oxidation von Schwefel auf einer Pd(111)‐Oberfläche wurde mittels massenspektrometrischer Analyse der Desorptionsprodukte und Augerelektronenspektroskopie (AES) für Schwefelbedeckungsgrade bis maximal Θs = 3/7 untersucht. Neben umfangreichem empirischen Material über die unter stationären äußeren Bedingungen ablaufende S‐Oxidation (T = 520…1075 K, po2 = 2 · 10−7…2 · 10−5 mbar) konnte Einblick in den Reaktionsmechanismus gewonnen werden. Dieser läßt sich weder als reiner Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐ noch als reiner Eley‐Rideal‐Mechanismus klassifizieren, sondern läuft unter dem Einfluß eines Precursors ab.
Der Irrtum als Wegbereiter des Fortschritts
Authors: Schöpf Hans‐Georg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Geschichte der Physik lehrt uns, daß einige ihrer großen Errungenschaften falschen, z. T. ganz abwegigen Vorstellungen entstammen. Diese Auffassung soll durch die Entdeckungsgeschichte der Keplerschen Gesetze, der Maxwellschen Gleichungen und des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes belegt werden. Die genannten Geschehnisse geben zu einer Typologie des wissenschaftlich fruchtbaren Irrtums Anlaß.