bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nonlinear One-Dimensional Wave Analysis of a Triaxial Soil Specimen
Authors: Carroll WF 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A fast triaxial shear device (FTRXD) loads cylindrical soil specimens, displacing the top of the specimen downward and axially at a controlled and very rapid rate. Load and displacement at the specimen top and load at the bottom are measured; specimens are subjected to constant confining pressures. Nonlinear, one-dimensional wave analysis of the specimen was undertaken, using finite-difference methods, to assess the effects of longitudinal inertia in the specimen and to gain insights into its behavior as stress and strain approach failure levels during rapid transient loading. For conditions where radial inertia and radial shear stress do not affect normal axial stress and strain significantly, axial load measured at the top and bottom of the specimen plotted against nominal axial strain permit deducing the specimen's correct principal stress difference-axial strain curve.
A Nondestructive, Specimen-Specific Method for Measurement of Membrane Penetration in the Triaxial Test
Authors: Kramer SL , Sivaneswaran N 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
An experimental procedure for nondestructive, specimen-specific measurement of membrane penetration volume change is presented. The procedure involves measurement of the annular volume between two membranes as an outer ported membrane is “consolidated” over the deformed surface of an inner membrane. With minor adjustments for the effects of membrane thickness and pore-pressure change, the double membrane procedure yields the membrane penetration volume change behavior of the inner membrane. The procedure is conducted in such a manner that the effective stresses in the specimen remain unchanged, allowing the specimen to be tested after its membrane penetration characteristics have measured. Agreement with measured membrane penetration behavior has been very good.
The Use of Hall Effect Semiconductors in Geotechnical Instrumentation
Authors: Clayton CRI , Khatrush SA , Bica AVD , Siddique A 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
For the past five years or so Hall effect semiconductors have been increasingly used in the geotechnical engineering laboratories at the University of Surrey. They have been incorporated as sensing elements in local radial and axial strain measuring devices, for the small-strain instrumentation of triaxial specimens, and in small diameter boundary normal and shear stress cells. Triaxial internal load cells are currently being built incorporating Hall effect semiconductors.
This paper describes the Hall effect principle and the methods of configuring magnet/sensor systems to achieve suitable measuring systems. Some geotechnical instruments built at the University of Surrey are detailed, and their characteristics discussed. The calibrations of the instruments described in the paper show a performance generally at least as good as might be expected from some commercially available instruments. Hall effect semiconductors are shown to be of use in a range of situations where displacement can form the basis of measurement. The displacements measured can vary from as little as 5 µm to as much as 10 mm, and the best repeatability so far obtained has been of the order of 1/100 of a micrometre.
Calibration of Thermal Conductivity Sensors for Measuring Soil Suction
Authors: Fredlund DG , Wong DKH 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The accuracy of suction measurements using thermal conductivity sensors is dependent upon their calibration. Therefore, a calibration study was undertaken by using a modified, commercially available, pressure plate extractor. The experimental setup along with the calibration procedure are described. Typical calibration results are presented. In general, results showed reasonable agreement between the calibration curve determined in this study compared to those provided by the manufacturer for matric suction ranging from 0 to 175 kPa. However, large deviations in the calibration curves were observed at suctions above 175 kPa. The sensors were found to be quite sensitive to the changes in matric suction in the range of 0 to 175 kPa. For matric suction above 175 kPa, the sensitivity of the sensor is reduced.
Enhancement of the Uplift Capacity of Buried Pipelines by the Use of Geogrids
Authors: Selvadurai APS 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the results of preliminary tests that were conducted to investigate the possible use of geogrids for increasing the uplift resistance of buried pipelines. The results of the preliminary experimental investigations suggest that the uplift capacity of a pipeline section can be increased quite significantly by the incorporation of geogrids at the crown region of the pipeline in an advantageous and practicable configuration.
A Large-Capacity Batch Filling Water Balloon Apparatus for Deep In-situ Density Tests
Authors: Cooper MR , Fleming PR 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A large-capacity water balloon aparatus has been developed specifically for measuring the in-situ density of compacted high-way trench backfill. In operation water is expelled from a calibrated 6-L reservoir to displace a rubber membrane. A dual-valve system enables larger volumes to be measured by repeated filling of the reservoir. The apparatus is simple, robust, and inexpensive, and has been used to measure hole volumes up to 30 L, with depths up to 0.8 m. It is much smaller and more easily handled that previous medium capacity apparatuses. Proving trials have shown that the apparatus can reliably determine hole volumes to an accuracy of +0/−0.6%, which is a significant improvement over the performance of the standard small volume equipment.
A Technique for Reducing Membrane Penetration and Bedding Errors
Authors: Lo S-CR , Chu J , Lee IK 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
An expedient technique of reducing, significantly, membrane penetration errors and bedding errors at the platens is presented. This technique consists of coating the specimen/membrane and specimen/platen interfaces with a film of liquid rubber of appropriate thickness and properties. This film of liquid rubber is then squeezed into the interstices by a small seatting load/pressure before completion of curing. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by a series of testing.
The Influence of the Shape of a Pile Shoe on a Model Pile Penetrating Layered Soil
Authors: Rowlands GO 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This is an account of a small-scale model study to examine the influence of the shape of pile shoes on the behavior of piles. A model pile 32 mm diameter was driven at a constant rate of penetration into sand overlying a layered clay in a container and with four different shapes of pile shoes. The test results indicate that the load penetration curves assume constant values in the sand and the clay, respectively, but the values at the interactive stage of the sand and the clay lie between the two extreme values obtained in the two strata. The final shape of the plug of sand driven ahead of the pile is independent of the shape of the pile shoe in every case.
A Form to Follow Function: Recladding A Regional Healthcare Facility
Authors: Forner Tammy D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This case study presents the recladding program undertaken by Riverside Regional Medical Center in Newport News, VA, and examines the deliberative process that resulted in retrofit of an existing 40+ year old aluminum/glass/metal panel curtain wall system without removal of the existing system or opening large areas of the façade to exterior weather. Steps within the process included: (1) establishing a design approach and air/water control theory; (2) verifying structural capacity of the existing façade anchorage and vertical structural members; (3) identifying and specifying products that met the design and performance requirements; (4) evaluating an innovative option for improved thermal performance; (5) testing the air/water barrier to verify performance; and (6) careful monitoring of work progress and installation quality. All of this was done with very close coordination with hospital management and staff to minimize service disruptions and occupant discomfort for this sensitive client population. The final result includes increased energy efficiency and acoustical performance of the façade system—while presenting a progressive new image to the public.
Laser Generated Crack-Like Features Developed for Assessment of Fatigue Threshold Behavior
Authors: Nardi Aaron T. , Smith Stephen L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Developing methods to evaluate damage tolerance in high cycle fatigue is an important issue for the propeller industry. Traditional methods to establish threshold stress intensity factors for aluminum and martensitic steel have relied mainly on load shedding through-crack test specimens resulting in a pre-cracking history and the associated closure effects. For threshold determination of real life defects, a surface-crack test method, devoid of pre-cracking and closure issues, is needed. To this end, laser generated crack-like features (LGCLFs) were created and have been used successfully to evaluate the threshold crack growth properties of cracks in 7075-T651 with and without shot peening in axial R = 0.1 loading. For this work, a laser part marking system was used to generate a LGCLF semi-circular in shape, and measuring ∼0.015 in. (0.381 mm) deep by ∼0.030 in. (0.762 mm) long, with a notch height of 0.0007–0.001 in. (17.8–25.4 μm) with a tip radius of 0.000 14 in. (3.5 μm). When evaluated metallographically, these laser notches exhibited a very thin recast layer and a negligible heat affected zone. Specimens produced with these flaws were tested in R=0.1 tension-tension fatigue to produce a stress versus life plot of the data. A NASGRO crack growth model was used to generate stress versus cycle data points for the same geometry over the same stress range with a 7075-T651 material model and a crack growth threshold of 1.35 ksi ⋅(in.)0.5 resulting in very good agreement with the test data. This threshold compares favorably with the small crack threshold of 1.27–1.33 ksi⋅(in.)0.5 produced by da/dN testing performed by NASA at R=0.1 using a compressive pre-cracking method. Testing with samples shot peened prior to generating a LGCLF exhibited significantly higher endurance stresses and failure initiations were not from the LGCLF.
Analysis of Crack Growth at R=−1 Under Variable Amplitude Loading on a Steel for Railway Axles
Authors: Carboni M. , Beretta S. , Madia M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Railway axles are designed for infinite life, but occasional failures have been and are observed in service. The failures, which are usually due to fatigue crack propagation, are typically positioned at the press fits which correspond to the wheels, gears, brakes, or they appear at the axle body close to the notches and transitions. The way to addressing this problem is to adopt the concept of “damage tolerance” in order to determine the inspection intervals of the axle depending on the NDT method. The issue open to discussion is the choice of the correct algorithm for simulating crack growth at R=−1 at variable amplitude loading especially when considering mild steels such as A1N. The aim of the present research is to discuss the application of state-of-the-art algorithms to estimate the effect of block loading at R=−1 (derived from real load spectra experienced by the axle) upon constant crack growth rate. More specifically the current research addresses: (i) crack growth experiments at R=−1 under constant amplitude loading on two novel types of small-scale specimens; (ii) crack growth experiments under block loading on small-scale specimens; and (iii) the prediction of the experimental evidences by well-known and wide-spread analytical tools.
Evaluation of Residual Stress Corrections to Fracture Toughness Values
Authors: Hill Michael R. , VanDalen John E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper describes tests carried out to evaluate whether comparable values of fracture toughness may be determined from coupons that contain a range of residual stress. Coupons for fracture toughness testing are taken from a single rolled plate of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy and are fabricated using identical methods. Following fabrication, residual stresses are induced in coupon subsets using laser shock peening. Each coupon subset has a unique laser peening treatment design, such that following fatigue precracking, the stress intensity factor due to residual stress varies over the coupon subsets created from positive to neutral to negative. Subsequent fracture toughness tests show expected trends in the varying toughness values for each coupon subset. Measurements of residual stress on the crack plane, and measurements of the residual stress intensity factor, enable correction of the toughness data through superposition and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The resulting corrected fracture toughness values provide data useful for evaluating residual stress corrections with potential for application to standard fracture test methods. Such corrections would enable measurements of intrinsic fracture toughness in samples that contain significant levels of residual stress.
Level of knowledge among patients treated with oral anticoagulant
Authors: Várnai Réka , Végh Mária , Pótó László , Nagy Lajos 
Published: October 2008

Az acenocoumarol-kezelés gyakran okoz kórházi felvételt igénylő gastrointestinalis és egyéb manifeszt vérzéseket.
Célkitűzés:
Az acenocoumarollal kezelt betegek tudásszintjének felmérése a káros mellékhatásokkal, valamint a káros gyógyszer-táplálék kölcsönhatásokkal kapcsolatban.
Módszer:
Hatvanhat kérdésből álló kérdőív, amelyet a betegek családorvosi praxisokban (77 darab), illetve a Családorvostani Intézet és a III. Sz. Belgyógyászati Klinika szakrendelésein (80 darab) töltöttek ki.
Eredmények:
Összesen 157 fő vett részt a vizsgálatban (férfi:nő arány 45:55; átlagéletkor = 65,5 év). Az orvos mellett a dietetikus és a szakképzett nővér által is tájékoztatott betegcsoportban mindenki tudott a lehetséges mellékhatásokról. A családorvos, illetve az egyéb szakorvos által tájékoztatott csoportban a betegek 14,5%-ának, illetve 31,1%-ának nem volt tudomása a véralvadásgátló kezelés mellékhatásairól. A betegek 71,4%-a számára ismeretlen a diéta lényege és fontossága. Az acenocoumarol és egyéb gyógyszerek közötti káros kölcsönhatásokról a betegek tájékozottsága alacsony: az aszpirin, a fájdalomcsillapítók, illetve a K-vitamin közötti kölcsönhatásról a betegek 24,4, 23,0, illetve 18,6%-ának volt tudomása.
Következtetések:
Jelentős mértékben javítani kell a betegek informáltságát a per os antikoaguláns terápia körülményeiről. A betegtájékoztatás hatékonysága növelhető, ha ebben az orvos mellett dietetikus és szakképzett nővér is közreműködik.
Roundabout 4 Is Expressed on Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Potentially Involved in the Niche-Mediated Regulation of the Side Population Phenotype
Authors: Shibata Fumi , Goto-Koshino Yuko , Morikawa Yoshihiro , Komori Tadasuke , Ito Miyuki , Fukuchi Yumi , Houchins Jeffrey P. , Tsang Monica , Li Dean Y. , Kitamura Toshio , Nakajima Hideaki 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Roundabout (Robo) family proteins are immunoglobulin-type cell surface receptors that are expressed predominantly in the nervous system. The fourth member of this family, Robo4, is distinct from the other family members in that it is expressed specifically in endothelial cells. In this study, we examined the expression of Robo4 in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and its possible role in HSC regulation. Robo4 mRNA was specifically expressed in murine HSCs and the immature progenitor cell fraction but not in lineage-positive cells or differentiated progenitors. Moreover, flow cytometry showed a correlation between higher expression of Robo4 and immature phenotypes of hematopoietic cells. Robo4high hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells presented higher clonogenic activity or long-term repopulating activity by colony assays or transplantation assays, respectively. A ligand for Robo4, Slit2, is specifically expressed in bone marrow stromal cells, and its expression was induced in osteoblasts in response to myelosuppressive stress. Interestingly, overexpression of Robo4 or Slit2 in HSCs resulted in their decreased residence in the c-Kit+Sca-1+Lineage−-side population fraction. These results indicate that Robo4 is expressed in HSCs, and Robo4/Slit2 signaling may play a role in HSC homeostasis in the bone marrow niche.
Diabetes Education: Integrating Theory, Cultural Considerations, and Individually Tailored Content
Authors: Osborn Chandra Y. , Fisher Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2008

IN BRIEFEfforts are needed to improve the efficacy and accessibility of diabetes education programs for ethnic minority groups. This article focuses on the importance of integrating health behavior change theory and culturally tailored content in the design and content of such programs, as well as improving their availability in clinical and community-based settings.
Hydrogen peroxide–induced stroke: elucidation of the mechanism in vivo
Authors: Mut Melike , Yemisci Muge , Gursoy-Ozdemir Yasemin , Ture Ugur 
Published: October 2008

Object
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as a hemostatic agent in many neurosurgery centers. The authors used a 3% H2O2 solution for final hemostasis after removal of a left insular tumor. Immediately afterward, air bubbles were observed within the lumen of the polar temporal artery. Postoperative MR imaging revealed punctate areas of infarction in the lenticulostriate artery territory. The authors designed an experimental study to elucidate the mechanism of remote O2 emboli and reactive O2 species–related vasoactive responses and thrombus formation.

Methods
In this study, H2O2 irrigation was used in mice with either an intact pial layer or after the pia mater was removed through a corticotomy. Normal saline irrigation was used in the corresponding control groups. Vessels were examined for intravascular O2 emboli under the microscope. Tissue sections were then obtained and stained with H & E and the 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) antibody to evaluate intravascular thrombus formation and peroxynitrite reaction, respectively.

Results
Multiple bubbles were observed within the lumen of the vessels after exposure to H2O2 regardless of whether the pial layer was destroyed or intact. Immunofluorescent staining for 3-NT showed an abundant positive reaction in the vessel walls of all animals exposed to H2O2 as well as vascular occlusion with acute thrombus formation. Samples taken from the animals that received saline showed no positive staining for 3-NT and no vascular occlusion.

Conclusions
Exposure to H2O2 may cause serious ischemic complications. The formation of peroxynitrite may cause vasoactive responses to H2O2 and platelet aggregation/thrombus formation, and the free diffusion of H2O2 through the vessel walls and its conversion to water and O2 leads to O2 bubbles within the closed vessel lumen. If used intradurally, H2O2 may have deleterious ischemic effects, and it can only be used carefully in open extradural spaces.
Histological considerations of the cleavage plane for preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions in vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Sasaki Tomio , Shono Tadahisa , Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Yoshida Fumiaki , Suzuki Satoshi O. 
Published: October 2008

Object
The authors analyzed the tumor capsule and the tumor–nerve interface in vestibular schwannomas (VSs) to define the ideal cleavage plane for maximal tumor removal with preservation of facial and cochlear nerve functions.

Methods
Surgical specimens from 21 unilateral VSs were studied using classical H & E, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining against myelin basic protein.

Results
The authors observed a continuous thin connective tissue layer enveloping the surfaces of the tumors. Some nerve fibers, which were immunopositive to myelin basic protein and considered to be remnants of vestibular nerve fibers, were also identified widely beneath the connective tissue layer. These findings indicated that the socalled “tumor capsule” in VSs is the residual vestibular nerve tissue itself, consisting of the perineurium and underlying nerve fibers. There was no structure bordering the tumor parenchyma and the vestibular nerve fibers. In specimens of tumors removed en bloc with the cochlear nerves, the authors found that the connective tissue layer, corresponding to the perineurium of the cochlear nerve, clearly bordered the nerve fibers and tumor tissue.

Conclusions
Based on these histological observations, complete tumor resection can be achieved by removal of both tumor parenchyma and tumor capsule when a clear border between the tumor capsule and facial or cochlear nerve fibers can be identified intraoperatively. Conversely, when a severe adhesion between the tumor and facial or cochlear nerve fibers is observed, dissection of the vestibular nerve–tumor interface (the subcapsular or subperineurial dissection) is recommended for preservation of the functions of these cranial nerves.
Sur les traces du major Denham : le Nord-Cameroun il y a cent cinquante ans. Mandara, « Kirdi » et Peul.
Authors: Vincent Jeanne-Françoise 
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Vincent — On the Trail of Major Denham: Northern Cameroon One Hundred and Fifty Years ago. Mandara, 'Kirdi' and Fulani.
A re-examination on the spot of Denham's Narrative concerning the kingdom of Mandara, confronted with today's local historical tradition. On the whole, the Narrative is extremely precise: most geographical details can be identified on modem maps. As for the description of relations between the local people, pagans, Fulani and Mandara, it is confirmed by oral tradition.
Régime de parti unique et systèmes d'inégalité et de domination au Cameroun : esquisse.
Authors: Bayart Jean-François 
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Bayart. Single Party Regime and Patterns of Unequality and Domination in Cameroon: An Outline.
'Pro-Western'—or 'non-socialist'—African single party regimes are often accused of being mere puppets of the neo-colonialist, capitalistic 'center'. Yet, even if the generai model of center/periphery relations holds substantially good, a closer look at regimes such as the Camerounian one shows that they manage to retain, within this framework, a certain freedom of action. The same phenomenon obtains to a degree at the level of international relations where the dominance effects are alleviated simultaneously by survivais of precolonial patterns and by the effects of social change.
Le système des classes d'âge chez les Tangba et les Yowa (cercle de Djougou).
Authors: Person Yves 
Published: October 2008

Y. Person—The Age-Sets System of the Tangba and Yowa (Djougou District).
The Tangba (Taneka) and Yowa (Pila-Pila) of the Djougou district (People's Republic of Benin) speak dialects of a single Voltaic language (Mosi subgroup) and have closely similar kinship Systems. The former are characterized by a Stateless lineage organisation while the latter live in a Bariba-type kingdom founded by a dynasty of Gurma origin. This contrast in political organisation is evidenced 'as well if one looks at the age-sets which play a major role among the Tangba while they are only marginal among the Yowa. Tangba age-set rites are both rich and complex and serve as a meaningful framework for the whole social life. It seems clear that the development among the Yowa of a hierarchy based upon social une-quality has resulted in the impoverishment of a fundamental institution of lineage democracy. [pp. 25-53]