Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children
Authors: Smith S , Demicheli V , Di Pietrantonj C , Harnden AR , Jefferson T , Matheson NJ , Rivetti A 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn children and adults the consequences of influenza are mainly absences from school and work, however the risk of complications is greatest in children and people over 65 years old.ObjectivesTo appraise all comparative studies evaluating the effects of influenza vaccines in healthy children; assess vaccine efficacy (prevention of confirmed influenza) and effectiveness (prevention of influenza‐like illness) and document adverse events associated with receiving influenza vaccines.Search strategyWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane LibraryIssue 1, 2005); OLD MEDLINE (1966 to 1969); MEDLINE (1969 to December 2004); EMBASE (1974 to December 2004); Biological Abstracts (1969 to December 2004); and Science Citation Index (1974 to December 2004). We wrote to vaccine manufacturers and a number of corresponding authors of studies in the review.Selection criteriaAny randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case‐control studies of any influenza vaccine in healthy children under 16 years old.Data collection and analysisTwo authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.Main resultsFifty‐one studies involving 263,987 children were included. Seventeen papers were translated from Russian. Fourteen RCTs and 11 cohort studies were included in the analysis of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. From RCTs, live vaccines showed an efficacy of 79% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48% to 92%) and an effectiveness of 33% (95% CI 28% to 38%) in children older than two years compared with placebo or no intervention. Inactivated vaccines had a lower efficacy of 59% (95% CI 41% to 71%) than live vaccines but similar effectiveness: 36% (95% CI 24% to 46%). In children under two, the efficacy of inactivated vaccine was similar to placebo. Thirty‐four reports containing safety outcomes were included, 22 including live vaccines, 8 inactivated vaccines and 4 both types. The most commonly presented short‐term outcomes were temperature and local reactions. The variability in design of studies and presentation of data was such that meta‐analysis of safety outcome data was not feasible.Authors' conclusionsInfluenza vaccines are efficacious in children older than two years but little evidence is available for children under two. There was a marked difference between vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. That no safety comparisons could be carried out emphasizes the need for standardisation of methods and presentation of vaccine safety data in future studies. It was surprising to find only one study of inactivated vaccine in children under two years, given recent recommendations to vaccinate healthy children from six months old in the USA and Canada. If immunisation in children is to be recommended as public‐health policy, large‐scale studies assessing important outcomes and directly comparing vaccine types are urgently required.Plain language summaryThis review found nasal spray vaccines are better than injected vaccines at preventing influenza in children; neither were particularly good at preventing influenza‐like illnessThis review assessed how good influenza vaccines were in preventing 'flu' in children who are normally healthy. Nasal spray vaccines made from weakened influenza viruses, were better at preventing illness caused by the influenza virus than injected vaccines made from killed virus. Neither type was particularly good at preventing 'flu‐like illness' caused by other types of viruses. A large amount of information was collected comparing reactions in children who had received vaccines with those who had not. However, the vaccine types could not be compared because of the different ways the data were collected and presented in the studies. It was not possible to analyse the safety of vaccines from the studies due to the lack of standardisation in the information given. Very little information was found on the safety on inactivated vaccines, the most commonly used, in young children. Copyright © 2006 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.