bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ventilated patients: a transoesophageal study
Authors: Vignon Philippe , AitHssain Ali , François Bruno , Preux Pierre-Marie , Pichon Nicolas , Clavel Marc , Frat Jean-Pierre , Gastinne Hervé 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
Non-invasive evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure has been scarcely studied in critically ill patients. Accordingly, we prospectively assessed the ability of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Doppler to predict an invasive pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) ≤ 18 mmHg in ventilated patients.

Methods
During two consecutive 3-year periods, TEE Doppler parameters were compared to right heart catheterisation derived PAOP used as reference in 88 ventilated patients, haemodynamically stable and in sinus rhythm (age: 63 ± 14 years; simplified acute physiologic score (SAPS) II: 45 ± 12). During the initial period (protocol A), threshold values of pulsed-wave Doppler parameters to predict an invasive PAOP ≤ 18 mmHg were determined in 56 patients. Derived Doppler values were prospectively tested during the subsequent period (protocol B) in 32 patients.

Results
In protocol A, Doppler parameters had similar area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In protocol B, mitral E/A ≤ 1.4, pulmonary vein S/D > 0.65 and systolic fraction > 44% best predicted an invasive PAOP ≤ 18 mmHg. Lateral E/E' ≤ 8.0 or E/Vp ≤ 1.7 predicted a PAOP ≤ 18 mmHg with a sensitivity of 83% and 80%, and a specificity of 88% and 100%, respectively. Areas under ROC curves of lateral E/E' and E/Vp were similar (0.91 ± 0.07 vs 0.92 ± 0.07: p = 0.53), and not significantly different from those of pulsed-wave Doppler indices.

Conclusion
TEE accurately predicts invasive PAOP ≤ 18 mmHg in ventilated patients. This further increases its diagnostic value in patients with suspected acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Troubling Safe Choices: Girls, Friendship, Constraint, and Freedom
Authors: Probyn Elspeth 
Published: March 2008

In this essay I want to chart some of the ways that choice has been articulated around women. In the West, choice is the benign bedrock of our society. Be that in regard to the consumer imperative of choice to the all-pervasive political philosophy of self-fashioning, it is not possible not to choose (pace Jean-Paul Sartre). But while choice is everywhere, it only becomes visible and malignant as a problem when attached to women and increasingly, it seems, to young women.
The theoretical questions underpinning my analysis of safe and not safe choices concern the conflicting cultural modes that privilege genealogical subjects, on the one hand, and, on the other, autological or self-fashioning discourses (to use Elizabeth Povinelli's formulation). In broad terms, genealogical forms operate on various modalities of constraint, operated by community. The promise of liberalism was and is that of freedom, of subjects released unto their own making. Choice, I argue, operates within this frame to demarcate cultures of constraint versus those of freedom, and challenges strict notions of safety and risk. Drawing on research in Australia and Hong Kong, it appears that within very different contexts young people may be blurring these distinctions through their self-formulation of their own genealogical communities of friendship and intimacy.
The Cronulla Race Riots: Safety Maps on an Australian Beach
Authors: Evers Clifton 
Published: March 2008

On December 11, 2005, residents of the Sydney beachside suburb of Cronulla took part in a demonstration to chase away “gangs” of men from inland suburbs. The demonstration was a reaction against “un-Australian” behavior by these “outsiders” who were allegedly rude to women, colonizing local space, and intimidating residents. These “gangs” of men were made up of Lebanese Australians, and Cronulla is Anglo-Australian dominated. Ethnic and cultural differences were used as the key markers of who the outsiders were. The demonstration escalated into a riot in which anyone of “Middle Eastern” appearance was attacked.
It is significant that the Cronulla race riots took place on the beach, a site where cultural differences have been contested in Australia's past—and present, in light of the war on terror. Cronulla is steeped in surfing tradition, and a cultural process known to surfers as “localism” is used to police the beach. Through an analysis of this conflict, I show how localism and safety work in an everyday context as a complex embodied, social, and spatial practice that creates “safety maps.” As I move through the personal level of safety of those involved, I explain how larger Australian national myths, icons, and discourses played a role in people's safety maps.
When viewed through the lens of safety maps, the Cronulla race riots can be read as a complex interaction of discourses, bodies, space, and sociopolitical institutions. I argue for thinking through safety as a lived embodied activity and that safety maps work as a site within which larger community, national, and international issues are played out.
Operations Research Advances Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Lee Eva K. , Zaider Marco 
Published: March 2008

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), the world's oldest private cancer center, seeks next-generation cancer treatment advances to enhance its ability to treat patients effectively by improving care and reducing costs. Using operations research approaches, our team has devised sophisticated optimization modeling and computational techniques for real-time (intraoperative) treatment of prostate cancer using brachytherapy (the placement of radioactive “seeds” inside a tumor). The resulting system offers significantly safer and more reliable treatment outcomes. In addition, it eliminates the need for preoperative simulation and postimplant dosimetric analysis, resulting in savings of hundreds of millions of dollars per year in the United States alone. Posttreatment quality of life is improved through drastic reduction (up to 45–60 percent) of complications. The reason for this is twofold: (a) treatment plans thus devised deliver less radiation to adjacent healthy structures, and (b) the ability to perform midimplant replanning eliminates the unavoidable discrepancies between planned and actual seed placement in the target. This has a profound impact on the cost of managing treatment-associated morbidity. The procedure uses approximately 20–30 percent fewer seeds and 15 percent fewer needles (used to place seeds inside the prostate gland). As a result, the operating-room time is shortened, and the entire procedure is less invasive. The system has the potential to establish standards and guidelines for cancer treatment quality control and quality assurance of the implantable plan. Wide distribution of our system should allow consistent treatment planning across different clinics and significantly reduce variability in treatment plan quality. The next phase of this effort will expand the applicability of our system to other forms of brachytherapy, such as treatment of breast, cervix, esophagus, biliary tract, pancreas, head and neck, and eye.
Chrysler and J. D. Power: Pioneering Scientific Price Customization in the Automobile Industry
Authors: Silva-Risso Jorge , Shearin William V. , Ionova Irina , Khavaev Alexei , Borrego Deirdre 
Published: March 2008

Pricing is a critical component in the marketing-mix plans of automobile manufacturers. Because they tend to keep their manufacturer's suggested retail prices (MSRPs) and wholesale prices fixed throughout the model year, they customize pricing to reflect supply and demand by using incentives; in the US market, they represent approximately $45 billion per year. In addition, variations in capacity utilization have immediate and substantial effects on profitability. This, together with legacy costs and inflexible labor contracts, makes the effectiveness and efficiency of price-customization decisions particularly vital for the industry. Chrysler, a pioneer in using science in its pricing decisions, engaged J. D. Power and Associates (JDPA) to implement an incentive planning model. The approach used is based on a random-effects multinomial nested logit model of product (vehicle model), acquisition (cash, finance, lease), and program-type (e.g., consumer cash rebates, reduced interest-rate financing, cash/reduced interest-rate combinations, lease-support) selection. The model uses sales transaction data that are collected daily from approximately 10,000 dealerships. It uses a hierarchical Bayes modeling structure to capture response heterogeneity at the local market level. This specification allows users to apply the model to pricing decisions at the local, regional, and national market levels. Based on implementing this model, Chrysler learned that, for any given price level, the pricing structure (e.g., a combination of retail price, interest rates, or rebates) is important. The set of the most efficient pricing structures for each price level constitutes an efficient frontier; efficient pricing structures vary across products, price levels, and markets. The system provides three alternative approaches to identify efficient (and effective) pricing programs: (a) what-if-scenario simulations, (b) a batch scenario generator that allows users to identify and examine the profit-share/volume efficient frontier, and (c) an optimizer that, given an objective and a set of constraints, allows users to search for incentive programs rapidly. The Chrysler Corporate Economics Office estimates that Chrysler's annual savings from implementing the model are approximately $500 million.
A Comparison of Protocols Used to Generate Insulin-Producing Cell Clusters from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Boyd Ashleigh S. , Wu Douglas C. , Higashi Yasuyuki , Wood Kathryn J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capacity to generate a panoply of tissue types and may therefore provide an alternative source of tissue in regenerative medicine to treat potentially debilitating conditions like Type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the ability of mouse ESCs to generate insulin-producing cell clusters (IPCCs) remains highly contentious. In an attempt to clarify this issue, three protocols for the ESC-based generation of IPCCs (referred to as Blyszczuk, Hori, and Lumelsky protocols) were modified and evaluated for their ability to express pancreatic islet genes and proteins and their capacity to function. Herein, we show that the Blyszczuk protocol reproducibly generated IPCCs with gene-expression characteristics that were qualitatively and quantitatively most reminiscent of those found in pancreatic islets. Furthermore, compared to the Hori and Lumelsky protocols, Blyszczuk-derived IPCCs exhibited superior expression of c-peptide, a by-product of de novo insulin synthesis. Functionally, Blyszczuk IPCCs, in contrast to Hori and Lumelsky IPCCs, were able to transiently restore normal blood glucose levels in diabetic mice (&lt;1 week). Longer normoglycemic rescue (&gt;2 weeks) was also achieved in a third of diabetic recipients receiving Blyszczuk IPCCs. Yet Blyszczuk IPCCs were less able to rescue experimental diabetes than isolated syngeneic pancreatic islet tissue. Therefore, depending on the mode of differentiation, ESCs can be driven to generate de novo IPCCs that possess limited functionality. Further modifications to differentiation protocols will be essential to improve the generation of functional IPCCs from mouse ESCs.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Footprinting of Human Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts Cultured in Hyaluronan-Matrix Hydrogels
Authors: Turner William S. , Seagle Chris , Galanko Joseph A. , Favorov Oleg , Prestwich Glenn D. , Macdonald Jeffrey M. , Reid Lola M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHuman hepatoblasts (hHBs) and human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) were maintained in serum-free Kubota's medium, a defined medium tailored for hepatic progenitors, and on culture plastic versus hyaluronan hydrogels mixed with specific combinations of extracellular matrix components (e.g., type I collagen and laminin). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to define metabolomic profiles for each substratum tested. The hHpSCs on culture plastic survived throughout the culture study, whereas hHBs on plastic died within 7–10 days. Both survived and expanded in all hydrogel-matrix combinations tested for more than 4 weeks. Profiles of hundreds of metabolites were narrowed to a detailed analysis of eight, such as glucose, lactate, and glutamine, shown to be significant components of cellular pathways, including the Krebs and urea cycles. The metabolomic profiles indicated that hHpSCs on plastic remained as stem cells expressing low levels of albumin but no α-fetoprotein (AFP); those in hydrogels were primarily hHBs, expressing AFP, albumin, and urea. Both hHpSCs and hHBs used energy provided by anaerobic metabolism. Variations in hyaluronan-matrix chemistry resulted in distinct profiles correlating with growth or with differentiative responses. Metabolomic footprinting offers noninvasive and nondestructive assessment of physiological states of stem/progenitor cells ex vivo.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Pediatric Physical Therapists’ Perceptions of Their Training in Assistive Technology
Authors: Long Toby M , Perry Deborah F 
Published: March 2008

Background and PurposeAvailability of assistive technology (AT) and federal legislation promoting greater use of AT for children with disabilities have increased substantially. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived adequacy of previous training in AT, specific training needs, preferred methods of training, and the confidence level of pediatric physical therapists in providing AT.Subjects and MethodsThree hundred eighty pediatric physical therapists responded to a survey questionnaire mailed to a random sample of members of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association. The survey was used to determine training needs of therapists in the area of AT, their confidence in delivering AT services, preferred methods of training, and challenges in becoming trained.ResultsThe therapists reported having less-than-adequate training in AT and a lack of confidence in delivering AT services. They also reported that they would like accessible and affordable training that focuses on funding technology and services, knowledge of specific devices, and assessment and evaluation methods.Discussion and ConclusionThe findings underscore the need to develop pre-service, in-service, and continuing education training opportunities in AT for providers working with children who have disabilities.
Locomotor Training Restores Walking in a Nonambulatory Child With Chronic, Severe, Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Behrman Andrea L , Nair Preeti M , Bowden Mark G , Dauser Robert C , Herget Benjamin R , Martin Jennifer B , Phadke Chetan P , Reier Paul J , Senesac Claudia R , Thompson Floyd J , Howland Dena R 
Published: March 2008

Background and PurposeLocomotor training (LT) enhances walking in adult experimental animals and humans with mild-to-moderate spinal cord injuries (SCIs). The animal literature suggests that the effects of LT may be greater on an immature nervous system than on a mature nervous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LT in a child with chronic, incomplete SCI.SubjectThe subject was a nonambulatory 4½-year-old boy with an American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) C Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS) of 4/50 who was deemed permanently wheelchair-dependent and was enrolled in an LT program 16 months after a severe cervical SCI.MethodsA pretest-posttest design was used in the study. Over 16 weeks, the child received 76 LT sessions using both treadmill and over-ground settings in which graded sensory cues were provided. The outcome measures were ASIA Impairment Scale score, gait speed, walking independence, and number of steps.ResultOne month into LT, voluntary stepping began, and the child progressed from having no ability to use his legs to community ambulation with a rolling walker. By the end of LT, his walking independence score had increased from 0 to 13/20, despite no change in LEMS. The child's final self-selected gait speed was 0.29 m/s, with an average of 2,488 community-based steps per day and a maximum speed of 0.48 m/s. He then attended kindergarten using a walker full-time.Discussion and ConclusionA simple, context-dependent stepping pattern sufficient for community ambulation was recovered in the absence of substantial voluntary isolated lower-extremity movement in a child with chronic, severe SCI. These novel data suggest that some children with severe, incomplete SCI may recover community ambulation after undergoing LT and that the LEMS cannot identify this subpopulation.
Visual Behavior in Teacher-Pupil Dyads
Authors: Hore Terry 
Published: March 2008

In order to describe the visual behavior of teacher-pupil dyads during a cooperative learning task, 57 student-teachers (32 females and 25 males) were allocated to three groups of children, 21 Australian-born, 18 immigrants with good facility with English, average length of residence in Australia 7.3 years, and 18 with restricted ability in the English language, average residence 1.2 years. The study used a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design (group x teacher sex x child sex) with the dependent variables mutual glance and unreciprocated glances tallied and timed to provide a frequency per minute count and duration of gaze as a proportion of total time. The group containing recent immigrants shared more than twice the amount of gaze and for longer than twice the amount of time than the other two groups. No other main effects or interactions were significant.
Meaning Construction in School Literacy Tasks: A Study of Bilingual Students
Authors: Langer Judith A. , Bartolome Lilia , Vasquez Olga , Lucas Tamara 
Published: March 2008

This study examined the ways in which Mexican-American students construct meaning when reading school materials. It focused on the strategies they use when reading English and Spanish, the knowledge sources they call upon, and the ways in which these relate to understanding. Twelve fifth-grade students, all who come from bilingual homes, were asked to read both Spanish and English stories and informational pieces. Interspersed questions, post reading probes, and oral and written recalls were designed to tap their text understanding over time, as well as what they recalled after reading each piece. Interviews and school records provided background information about the students’ personal and school histories both in the United States and in Mexico. Transcripts, fieldnotes, and student writing samples were analyzed for patterns in the students’ approaches to the construction of meaning and in their differential uses of language and genre. Findings indicate that: (a) beyond a necessary basic, but limited knowledge of English, the students’ abilities to use good meaning-making strategies made the major difference in how well they comprehended in both Spanish and English; (b) the students’ language competence in Spanish helped them understand and respond to questions in both languages; (c) the students’ familiarity with genre affected their ability to build meanings in both languages; and (d) the kinds of questions the students were asked affected their ability to communicate what they understood.
Choices Made, Worlds Created: The Rhetoric ofAERJ
Authors: Marshall Margaret J. , Barritt Loren S. 
Published: March 2008

Expectations go with us everywhere. We expect the sun to rise, the rains to come, and December to bring snow storms, even blizzards. Expectations also inform our reading of texts. We expect fairy tales to begin with “once upon a time” and end “happily ever after. “ We recognize poetry by its shapes and rhythms, and sermons by their cadences and the echoes of sacred texts. Academicians have expectations as well for the research texts they read. Scholarly articles are not sermons, nor poems, nor fairy tales. Before you began to read this article, you had expectations about how it should present itself, how it should address you as the reader, and how it should speak about its topic. You may never have considered those expectations, but now, as you read this article, appearing as it does in this journal, you are likely struck by its failure to conform to the usual expectations. You are likely wondering what is going on here, whether this article is scholarly and worth your time, and why the editors have accepted it. Sometimes, conventions must be broken in order that they may be examined. Sometimes, expectations keep us from noticing that the forms determine what can be said.
Teachers in Teacher Education: Clinical Faculty Roles and Relationships
Authors: Cornbleth Catherine , Ellsworth Jeanne 
Published: March 2008

Among the proposed responses if not solutions to the variously identified problems of U.S. education and teacher education is the creation of clinical faculty positions in teacher-education programs. Clinical faculty are outstanding, experienced elementary and secondary school teachers who work with college and university teacher-education programs. In this article, we examine the roles and relationships of clinical faculty in university teacher-education programs to understand better (a) how clinical faculty might contribute to the improvement of teacher education, and (b) obstacles to clinical faculty becoming a regular part of teacher-education programs. We begin by surveying the current roles of clinical faculty and their relationships with other players in teacher-education programs. Then we sketch a brief history of clinical faculty to provide perspective on the present. We conclude by critically reexamining roles and relationships and by considering implications for teacher-education reform with emphasis on the obstacles to institutionalization of clinical faculty programs.
Notes: The Validity of the SAT at the University of Hawaii: A Riddle Wrapped in an Enigma
Authors: Wainer Howard , Saka Thomas , Donoghue John R. 
Published: March 2008

Hawaii is unique in a variety of ways. One of these is the unusual ethnic mixture that makes up its population; under traditional definitions 76% of its population is “minority” and 24% is “White.” The performance of those of its high school students who go on to the University of Hawaii-Manoa on the SAT-Verbal is higher than the national mean, and on the SAT-Mathematical it is much higher. However, the correlation of SAT scores with first year grades has decreased to almost zero since 1982 among Hawaiian students (although among mainland students at UH it is the same as the national average). In this article we provide the facts for a mystery regarding the low and decreasing validity of the SAT at the University of Hawaii among students from Hawaiian secondary schools. Moreover, while we are unable to provide a complete solution, we do eliminate one onerous suspect and provide an evocative hint.