bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hydrogen on Polymerizing the Fullerene Molecules in the Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Fujita Yoko , Bandow Shunji , Iijima Sumio 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Forming rate of inner tubes via the heating of C60 encased single-wall carbon nanotubes (peapods) can be controlled by the pre-heating in hydrogen gas. Once the peapods were heated in the hydrogen at 1100 °C, polymerization of C60 molecules drastically suppressed and this effect remains for a while even after exhausting the hydrogen gas. Then, the polymerization rate gradually recovered. This phenomenon reminds that the hydrogen gas effectively controls the chemical reaction in such a confined nano-space without destructing the original features.
Improving Oral Medicine Administration in Patients with Swallowing Problems and Feeding Tubes
Authors: Hanssens Yolande , Woods David , Alsulaiti Aisha , Adheir Fathia , Al-Meer Nabila , Obaidan Noora 
Published: November 2006

Background: Correct administration of oral medicines in patients with swallowing problems and feeding tubes remains a challenge. Objective: To improve drug administration in patients with swallowing problems and feeding tubes in a 1600 bed tertiary referral center in the State of Qatar. Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate the knowledge and practice of nursing staff from 6 different intensive care units (ICU). Questions assessed the respondents' knowledge of the purpose of controlled-release (CR) preparations, codes used for CR medication, the consequences of crushing these preparations, and their interactions with enteral feeds and feeding tubes. Based on the results of the questionnaire, a 2 day training program was conducted for a core group of 34 staff nurses from all units (ICU and non-ICU) and 3 nursing instructors. Following the principle of “training the trainers,” the core group and the nursing instructors would widen the scope of education by running programs in the future. Lecture sessions for pharmacy staff and a monitoring tool to evaluate the practice were also developed. Results: Overall knowledge of CR codes increased from 0% to 40%, correct crushing of solid preparations from 35% to 90%, and knowledge of possible interactions with the enteral feed or feeding tubes from 51% to 88%. Correct administration of medication in patients with feeding tubes improved from 32% to 83%. The quality and value of the 2 day training course received a mean score of 96%. Conclusions: While most nurses were aware of the purpose of CR formulations, little was known about the different codes used by drug companies and the consequences of crushing these preparations. Interactions with enteral feeds and feeding tubes were mostly overlooked. A 2 day training course followed by continuous in-service training, a lecture to pharmacy staff, and provision of supportive educational material greatly improved the overall medicine administration process in patients with swallowing problems and feeding tubes.
Marked Disturbance of Calcium Homeostasis in Mice With Targeted Disruption of the Trpv6 Calcium Channel Gene
Authors: Bianco Suzy DC , Peng Ji-Bin , Takanaga Hitomi , Suzuki Yoshiro , Crescenzi Alessandra , Kos Claudine H , Zhuang Liyan , Freeman Michael R , Gouveia Cecilia HA , Wu Jiangping , Luo Hongyu , Mauro Theodora , Brown Edward M , Hediger Matthias A 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We report the phenotype of mice with targeted disruption of the Trpv6 (Trpv6 KO) epithelial calcium channel. The mice exhibit disordered Ca2+ homeostasis, including defective intestinal Ca2+ absorption, increased urinary Ca2+ excretion, decreased BMD, deficient weight gain, and reduced fertility. Although our Trpv6 KO affects the closely adjacent EphB6 gene, the phenotype reported here is not related to EphB6 dysfunction.
Introduction: The mechanisms underlying intestinal Ca2+ absorption are crucial for overall Ca2+ homeostasis, because diet is the only source of all new Ca2+ in the body. Trpv6 encodes a Ca2+-permeable cation channel responsible for vitamin D–dependent intestinal Ca2+ absorption. Trpv6 is expressed in the intestine and also in the skin, placenta, kidney, and exocrine organs.
Materials and Methods: To determine the in vivo function of TRPV6, we generated mice with targeted disruption of the Trpv6 (Trpv6 KO) gene.
Results: Trpv6 KO mice are viable but exhibit disordered Ca2+ homeostasis, including a 60% decrease in intestinal Ca2+ absorption, deficient weight gain, decreased BMD, and reduced fertility. When kept on a regular (1% Ca2+) diet, Trpv6 KO mice have deficient intestinal Ca2+ absorption, despite elevated levels of serum PTH (3.8-fold) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (2.4-fold). They also have decreased urinary osmolality and increased Ca2+ excretion. Their serum Ca2+ is normal, but when challenged with a low (0.25%) Ca2+ diet, Trpv6 KO mice fail to further increase serum PTH and vitamin D, ultimately developing hypocalcemia. Trpv6 KO mice have normal urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, although exhibiting a 9.3% reduction in femoral mineral density at 2 months of age, which is not restored by treatment for 1 month with a high (2%) Ca2+ “rescue” diet. In addition to their deranged Ca2+ homeostasis, the skin of Trpv6 KO mice has fewer and thinner layers of stratum corneum, decreased total Ca2+ content, and loss of the normal Ca2+ gradient. Twenty percent of all Trpv6 KO animals develop alopecia and dermatitis.
Conclusions: Trpv6 KO mice exhibit an array of abnormalities in multiple tissues/organs. At least some of these are caused by tissue-specific mechanisms. In addition, the kidneys and bones of Trpv6 KO mice do not respond to their elevated levels of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These data indicate that the TRPV6 channel plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis and in other tissues not directly involved in this process.
Memory for televised advertisements as a function of program context, viewer-involvement, and gender
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Price Marie-Therese 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This study examined the recall of car and food advertisements within either a car or food television program to investigate the relationship between recall, program content, and viewer involvement. The participants, 92 (52 male, 40 female) sixth-form (high school) students, aged between 16–17 years, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. As predicted, advertisements placed within a program of dissimilar content were recalled significantly better than if placed within a program of similar content. A gender bias in recall was found with females recalling female-orientated products significantly better than males. Viewer-involvement ratings factored onto three factor clusters: enjoyable, cheerful, and humorous. Negative correlations were shown between cheerfulness and recall in the car program, and positive correlations were shown between cheerfulness and recall in the food program. Finally, implications of the results were considered.
Are national communication journals still necessary? A case study and some suggestions
Authors: Schönbach Klaus , Lauf Edmund 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The number of journals in the field of communication is increasing. Above all, new, and more specialized journals geared to an international market, and therefore published in English, have appeared. In contrast to those journals, most national journals are still published in languages not accessible to the majority of communication scholars. How could national journals position themselves to survive? Our case study of 48 years of the leading German communication journal ‘Publizistik’ provides first insights into possible USPs of national communication journals.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Associated With Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Restivo Domenico A. , Marchese-Ragona Rosario , Lauria Giuseppe , Squatrito Sebastiano , Gullo Damiano , Vigneri Riccardo 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—No specific treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia related to diabetic neuropathy has been described to date. Chemical myotomy of the cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) has been effective in reducing or abolishing dysphagia associated with upper esophageal sphincter (UES) hyperactivity of different etiologies. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of BoNT/A injections into the CP muscle in diabetic patients with severe oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with diabetic autonomic and/or somatic peripheral neuropathy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twelve type 2 diabetic patients with severe dysphagia for both solid and liquid foods associated with autonomic and/or peripheral somatic neuropathy were investigated. Swallowing function was evaluated by clinical examination, videofluoroscopy, and simultaneous needle electromyography (EMG) of the CP and pharyngeal inferior constrictor (IC) muscles. Clinical evaluation using a four-level dysphagia severity score was performed every other day for the 1st week and thereafter every other week until week 24. Videofluoroscopy and EMG follow-up were carried out at week 1, 4, 12, 16, 18, and 24 after BoNT/A injection. BoNT/A was injected percutaneously into the CP muscle under EMG control.
RESULTS—BoNT/A induced the complete recovery of dysphagia in 10 patients and had a significant (P = 0.0001, ANOVA) improvement in 2 patients within 4 ± 1.1 days (range 3–7). Clinical improvement was confirmed by videofluoroscopy and EMG.
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings suggest a potential benefit from BoNT/A treatment in dysphagia associated with diabetic neuropathy. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this observation.
Household Wealth and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Whitehall II Study
Authors: Perel Pablo , Langenberg Claudia , Ferrie Jane , Moser Kath , Brunner Eric , Marmot Michael 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—The metabolic syndrome is more common in socially disadvantaged groups. Inequalities in household wealth are currently widening and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a cross-sectional analysis of 1,509 women and 4,090 men (aged 45.2–68.9 years) of an occupational cohort study of 20 civil service departments located in London, U.K. Components of the metabolic syndrome were measured in 1997–1999 and defined using a modified World Health Organization definition.RESULTS—Own income, household income, and wealth were each strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome in both sexes (Ptrend &lt; 0.001). Within each group of household wealth, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in men than in women. Sex differences became smaller with decreasing household wealth, with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome rising from 12.0 and 5.7% in the wealthiest men and women, respectively, to corresponding values of 23.6 and 20.1% in the poorest group. The odds ratio (95% CI) associated with each decrease of one category in household wealth was 1.25 (1.03–1.50) in men and 1.69 (1.18–2.41) in women, adjusting for age, household members, occupational grade, education, father’s social class, personal and household income, ethnic group, smoking, alcohol intake, diet, and physical activity.CONCLUSIONS— Household wealth, a measure of assets accumulated over decades and generations, is strongly and inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. Future research should explore the potential mechanisms by which wealth inequalities are associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
Authors: Andersen Henrik U. , Lanng Susanne , Pressler Tania , Laugesen Caroline S. , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—Cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes has been regarded as a mild form of diabetes with a low risk of severe diabetes complications. The prevalence of CF-related diabetes increases with age, resulting in a 50% prevalence of diabetes at age 30 years. We sought to investigate whether microvascular complications in CF-related diabetes appear with a relevant frequency.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Thirty-eight patients aged 30 (range 18–55) years with CF-related diabetes for 20 (0–31) years were screened for diabetes complications. Because of chronic pulmonary infections, the majority of patients were regularly treated with aminoglycoside and cyclosporine given frequently.
RESULTS—Since the pharmacological treatment of lung transplant patients could influence metabolical regulation and renal function, the results are given separately for nontransplanted (n = 29) and transplanted (n = 9) CF patients. Nine patients (27%) had retinopathy, two of which had proliferative retinopathy and needed laser treatment. Lung transplantation did not affect the prevalence of retinopathy. In nontransplanted patients, nine had hypertension, three microalbuminuria, and one elevated creatinine. None had macroalbuminuria. In transplanted patients, eight of nine had hypertension, two had microalbuminuria, and none had macroalbuminuria. Seven of nine lung transplant patients had elevated plasma creatinine, and severely reduced glomerular filtration rate was significantly more frequent.
CONCLUSIONS—A high frequency of diabetic retinopathy was found in patients with insulin-treated CF-related diabetes, stressing the need for a regular screening program as in type 1 diabetes. Severely impaired kidney function was common in lung transplant patients, probably secondary to cyclosporine treatment.
HbA1c in Early Diabetic Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Nielsen Gunnar L. , Møller Margrethe , Sørensen Henrik T. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE—To assess the association between first-trimester HbA1c (A1C) and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We identified all pregnant diabetic women in a Danish county from 1985 to 2003. A1C values from first trimester were collected, and pregnancy outcome was dichotomized as good (i.e., babies surviving the 1st month of life without major congenital abnormalities) and adverse (i.e., spontaneous and therapeutic abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, or major congenital abnormalities detected within the 1st month). The prevalence of adverse outcomes was calculated according to quintiles of A1C. We computed receiver operating characteristic and lowess curve estimates and fitted logistic regression models to calculate prevalence odds ratio while adjusting for confounding by White class and smoking status.
RESULTS—Of 573 pregnancies, 165 (29%) terminated with adverse outcomes. The prevalence of adverse outcomes varied sixfold from 12% (95% CI 7.2–17) in the lowest to 79% (60–91) in the highest quintile of A1C exposure. From A1C levels &gt;7%, we found an almost linear association between A1C and risk of adverse outcome, whereby a 1% increase in A1C corresponded to 5.5% (3.8–7.3) increased risk of adverse outcome.
CONCLUSIONS—Starting from a first-trimester A1C level slightly &lt;7%, there is a dose-dependent association between A1C and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome without indication of a plateau, below which the association no longer exits. A1C, however, seems to be of limited value in predicting outcome in the individual pregnancy.
Indoor exposure to chemical and biological agents and health efects in primary school children
Authors: Stosic Ljiljana , Milutinovic Suzana , Nikolic Maja , Nikic Dragana , Radulovic Olivera , Stankovic Aleksandra 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The aim of this study has been to estimate effects of indoor air pollutants on children’s health. An anamnestic retrospective study was done on 1074 children aged between 7 and 11 years old who lived in Nis (Serbia). An original questionnaire was used in an interview between training physicians and children’s parents. Interview data were processed by using Microsoft Excel and Epiinfo 6. The investigation determined that children who were more often exposed to combustion by-products had respiratory and nonspecific symptoms. Parental smoking was strongly associated with wheezing, bronchitis, headache and fatigue. There was no association between health and keeping pets, apart from partial nasal congestion. Presence of insects (e.g., cockroaches) and rats in households was a significant risk factor for all symptoms and diseases estimated except for asthma and pneumonia. Homes abundant in textiles were the cause of nasal congestion, wheezing and fatigue in children. Old mattresses were associated with respiratory symptoms, bronchitis, and nonspecific symptoms. It has been concluded that indoor air quality plays a major role in children’s health. Sources of indoor air pollution are present in every home. Being aware of the risks associated with indoor air quality problems, consequently, leads to their mitigation.
Some reproductive and sexual health indicators in rape victims in Ukraine
Authors: Mogilevkina Iryna , Odlind Viveca 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The objective was to study the demographics and some reproductive health indicators in Ukrainian women who reported having been raped. On the basis of responses to a questionnaire, we evaluated factors associated with a history of rape by a case-referent approach, using women reporting rape (n=177) as the dependent variable in comparison to those without such an experience (n=1444). Women reporting rape were more often younger than those without a history of rape. There was an association between a history of rape and three or more induced abortions. Rape victims were more likely to have a history of sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory diseases. A history of rape was more often associated with smoking and previous drug use. Women who had experienced rape more often reported more than one sexual partner during the last six months as well as during the previous year. On the other hand, these women reported sexual intercourse less frequently than did those without a history of rape. Rape victims more often reported sexual harassment at where they work or socialize as well as sexual abuse in childhood or within their family. Thus, a history of rape was common and associated with several negative health indicators. Sexual violence needs to be acknowledged in all parts of the Ukrainian society as a serious threat that requires urgent attention for the improvement of women’s reproductive and general health and human rights.
Robust multiple model adaptive control (RMMAC): a case study
Authors: Fekri Sajjad , Athans Michael , Pascoal Antonio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe evaluate the performance of the robust multiple model adaptive control (RMMAC) methodology by considering a mass–spring–dashpot (MSD) system subject to high‐frequency disturbances that strongly excite all its lightly damped oscillatory modes. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the RMMAC and its variant RMMAC/XI architecture for a much more difficult adaptive control problem than that designed and analysed in Reference (Int. J. Adaptive Control Signal Processing, in press). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Partially Oxidized Macroporous Silicon: A Three‐Dimensional Photonic Matrix for Microarray Applications (Adv. Mater. 23/2006)
Authors: Klühr M. H. , Sauermann A. , Elsner C. A. , Thein K. H. , Dertinger S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPartial oxidation of macroporous silicon membranes with different pore wall thicknesses results in a regular compartmentalized structure of SiO2 domains separated by opaque silicon, as shown on the cover. Dertinger and co‐workers report on p. 3135 that control of the experimental conditions ensures the flatness of the partially oxidized macroporous silicon. Fluorescence crossover is minimized within the photonic crystal, enabling its use as a microarray support for sensitive bioanalytic applications, such as DNA hybridization.
Parameters governing exhaustion of rare T cell‐independent neutralizing IgM‐producing B cells after LCMV infection
Authors: Zellweger Raphaël M. , Hangartner Lars , Weber Jacqueline , Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Hengartner Hans 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe late appearance of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has been attributed to various factors including immunopathology, low frequency of high‐affinity specific B cells and competition by nonspecific polyclonal B cell activation. To investigate the activation of LCMV‐nAb‐producing B cells early following infection, we performed adoptive transfers of LCMV‐specific B cells into WT recipients. By modulating parameters such as viral load, number of specific B cells and presence of T cell help, we found that a high antigen‐to‐B cell ratio led to normal IgM responses. IgG and memory response however, were impaired as most nAb‐producing B cells rapidly terminally differentiated into short‐lived IgM plasma cells. Lowering the antigen‐to‐B cell ratio, or increasing the level of T cell help, could rescue the class‐switched antibody response. Upon infection, a low frequency of LCMV‐nAb‐producing B cells, as observed in WT mice, results in a high antigen‐to‐B cell ratio and is likely to lead to terminal differentiation – and elimination – of these rare B cells.
Bcl6 controls granzyme B expression in effector CD8+ T cells
Authors: Yoshida Kazuki , Sakamoto Akemi , Yamashita Kimihiro , Arguni Eggi , Horigome Satoshi , Arima Masafumi , Hatano Masahiko , Seki Naohiko , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Tokuhisa Takeshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBcl6, a sequence‐specific transcriptional repressor, is important for generation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells. Although memory CD8+ T cells are generated from effector CD8+ T cells, a role for Bcl6 in effector CD8+ T cells is largely unknown. We show here that Bcl6 expression was transiently induced in activated CD8+ T cells and continuously up‐regulated in effector CD8+ T cells. The amount of granzyme B mRNA among effector molecules produced by effector CD8+ T cells inversely correlated with the amount of Bcl6 mRNA in CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of Bcl6 in CD8+ T cells resulted in lower killing activity at their effector phase, supporting the reduction of granzyme B expression in effector CD8+ T cells by Bcl6. We identified a putative Bcl6‐binding DNA sequence in the promoter region of the granzyme B gene. Binding of Bcl6 to the Bcl6‐binding sequence was detected in naive CD8+ T cells but not in activated CD8+ T cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Furthermore, the Bcl6‐binding sequence was required for Bcl6 to repress the luciferase reporter gene expression controlled by the granzyme B promoter. Thus, the granzyme B gene is a molecular target of Bcl6 in effector CD8+ T cells.
Role of MHC class II expressing CD4+ T cells in proteolipid protein91–110‐induced EAE in HLA‐DR3 transgenic mice
Authors: Mangalam Ashutosh , Rodriguez Moses , David Chella 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMHC class II molecules play a central role in the control of adaptive immune responses through selection of the CD4+ T cell repertoire in the thymus and antigen presentation in the periphery. Inherited susceptibility to autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and IDDM are associated with particular MHC class II alleles. Advent of HLA transgenic mice has helped us in deciphering the role of particular HLA DR and DQ class II molecules in human autoimmune diseases. In mice, the expression of class II is restricted to professional antigen‐presenting cells (APC). However, in humans, class II is also expressed on T cells, unlike murine T cells. We have developed new humanized HLA class II transgenic mice expressing class II molecules not only on APC but also on a subset of CD4+ T cells. The expression of class II on CD4+ T cells is inducible, and class II+ CD4+ T cells can present antigen in the absence of APC. Further, using EAE, a well‐established animal model of MS, we tested the functional significance of these class II+ CD4+ T cells. DR3.AEo transgenic mice were susceptible to proteolipid protein91–110‐induced EAE and showed CNS pathology accompanied by widespread inflammation and demyelination seen in human MS patients, suggesting a role for class II+ CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis.