bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPENDIUM OF T‐STRESS SOLUTIONS FOR TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL CRACKED GEOMETRIES
Authors: Sherry A. H. , France C. C. , Goldthorpe M. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractConventional theories of fracture assume that the state of stress and strain in the vicinity of a crack tip, and so the onset of failure, is characterised by a single parameter. The physical extent of these single‐parameter fields is determined by the geometry, size and mode of loading of the engineering structure or test specimen containing the crack. It is now recognised that fracture toughness is a material property characterised by a single parameter J only in special circumstances which involve a high degree of constraint at the crack‐tip. In general the apparent toughness of a material changes according to the shape and size of the cracked configuration and the mode of loading imposed.Recent analytical, numerical and experimental studies have attempted to describe fracture in terms of both J and a second parameter. The reason for the second parameter is to provide further information, which J on its own is unable to convey, concerning how the structural and loading configuration affects the constraint conditions at the crack‐tip. One particular candidate parameter is the elastic T‐stress which is directly proportional to the load applied to the cracked geometry. This paper brings together published solutions for the T‐stress for a range of two and three‐dimensional cracked geometries and presents some new results calculated at AEA Technology.The application of two‐parameter fracture mechanics is a subject of ongoing development and users of the data in this paper are recommended to seek expert advice regarding applications to specific structural integrity assessments.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE VARIATIONS ACROSS A GROWING FATIGUE CRACK AS A FUNCTION OF THE LOAD CYCLE
Authors: Riddell P. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGreater understanding of fatigue crack growth requires detailed measurements of crack tip plastic flow. A high resolution crack length measurement system based on the electrical potential method has been used to measure the variations in electrical resistance of specimens containing growing fatigue cracks. Crack growth increments caused by individual load cycles could be resolved down to a size of 0.1 μm. The electrical resistance has been found to vary cyclically as a function of the applied load. These variations are consistent with Bowles' observations that the crack initially grows with a very sharp crack tip followed by plastic blunting which is resharpened during unloading. Crack closure effects could be observed in the results generated from tests conducted with stress ratios of 0 and 0.1, but not for a test with a stress ratio of 0.5.
FATIGUE LIFE AND SURFACE CRACK PENETRATION BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALUMINIUM ALLOY
Authors: Nam K. W. , Iwase K. , Ando K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFatigue life and crack retardation behaviour after penetration were examined experimentally using CT specimens and surface pre‐cracked specimens of aluminium alloy 5083‐0. The fatigue crack shape before penetration is almost semicircular, and the measured aspect ratio is larger than the value obtained by calculation using K values proposed by Newman‐Raju. It was found that crack growth behaviour on the back side after penetration is unique, and can be divided into three stages. The Wheeler model retardation parameter was used successfully to predict crack growth behaviour after penetration. By using a crack propagation rule, the change in crack shape after penetration can be evaluated quantitatively.
FATIGUE OF A HIGHLY PRESTRAINED DUAL‐PHASE SHEET STEEL
Authors: Gustavwn A. , Melander A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of prestraining by 15‐30% and ageing on the fatigue properties of a cold‐rolled high‐strength dual phase sheet steel was investigated. Prestraining was performed before machining the fatigue specimens and was carried out in uniaxial as well as biaxial tension. Fatigue testing was carried out under fully reversed strain control and both the cyclic stress‐strain behaviour and the fatigue lives were recorded.Significant fatigue strength improvements by up to 50% were noted for the prestrained material as compared to the as‐received condition. During fatigue testing in uniaxially prestrained conditions, the occurrence of mean stresses was noted. These mean stresses were persistent when testing at levels corresponding to longer fatigue lives. Taking into account an estimation of these mean stresses and the increase of monotonic strength, modelling of fatigue resistance for the prestrained materials shows fairly good correlation with experimental results.
EFFECT OF SHOT PEENING ON RESIDUAL STRESS AND FATIGUE LIFE OF A SPRING STEEL
Authors: Farrahi G. H. , Lebrijn J. L. , Couratin D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study describes shot peening effects such as shot hardness, shot size and shot projection pressure, on the residual stress distribution and fatigue life in reversed torsion of a 60SC7 spring steel. There appears to be a correlation between the fatigue strength and the area under the residual stress distribution curve. The biggest shot shows the best fatigue lie improvement. However, for a shorter time of shot peening, small hard shot showed the best performance. Moreover, the superficial residual stresses and the amount of work hardening (characterised by the width of the X‐ray diffraction line) do not remain stable during fatigue cycling. Indeed they decrease and their reduction rate is a function of the cyclic stress level and an inverse function of the depth of the plastically deformed surface layer.
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN‐ASSISTED INTERGRANULAR CRACKS IN HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
Authors: Yatabe H. , Yamada K. , de Los Rios E. R. , Miller K. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The fracture behaviour of high strength steels under the influence of hydrogen was studied, with special emphasis on the critical condition for the formation of intergranular (IG) cracks. Mechanical tests were carried out on cathodically charged specimens subjected to both a constant load and a constant displacement under a variety of hydrogen‐charging conditions. Experimental analyses show that a high local hydrogen concentration plus a high stress intensity at a quasi‐cleavage (QC) crack tip are required to initiate intergranular cracking. The condition for continued intergranular crack propagation, leading to micro‐void coalescence (MVC), is determined by the combined effect of the speed of crack propagation together with the rate of hydrogen diffusion. A quasi‐cleavage crack triggers the onset of intergranular crack growth irrespective of the test control parameters, i.e. constant loading or constant displacement conditions.A fracture map is proposed relating to the boundary conditions between QC, IG and MVC cracking, which will assist further research.
AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR FATIGUE‐LIFE PREDICTION OF FRAMED STRUCTURES
Authors: Bolzon G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe propagation of fatigue cracks in framed metal structures, usually described by Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, is analysed here and described by a numerical method based on classical beam theory. A procedure to be used in practice for the evaluation of stiffness degradation and energy release rate is presented. The procedure uses formulae which are explicitly given for statistically determinate beam structures that are being progressively damaged. If implemented into any beam‐oriented finite element code as shown here, the proposed approach allows one to deal also with redundant structures.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT UPON THE ACCUMULATION OF DAMAGE UNDER CORROSION FATIGUE CONDITIONS
Authors: Akid R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— There is an increasing demand for an understanding of the effects of complex load history on fatigue lifetime since it is realised that constant‐amplitude S‐N endurance data may not be appropriate for the prediction of the lifetime of components subject to variable amplitude loading. However the amount of damage accumulated within a component during its lifetime is a function, not only of its' load history, but of the synergistic effects of stress and operating environment. In this respect the ability of a material to resist the damaging effects of electrochemical corrosion can play a major role in determining the ultimate lifetime of a component; the effect of corrosion being dependent upon the specific combination of material/environment, the rate of application of load and the duration of metal/environment contact. For conditions where applied loads are below the fatigue or endurance limit the corrosion processes can lead to the development of defects which, under benign conditions, would not normally form or if developed would attain a non‐propagating condition.The paper presented here includes the results of studies derived from two‐stage intermittent air/environment fatigue cycling and cumulative damage corrosion fatigue loading of a medium carbon steel in two microstructural conditions (i) normalised and (ii) quenched and tempered. From the results of these studies it is shown that a simple damage accumulation model is insufficient to satisfactorily predict ultimate lifetime and consideration should be given to processes such as multiple crack initiation, pitting, Stage I and Stage II environment‐assisted crack growth.
A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS FOR THE GURSON CONSTITUTIVE MODEL
Authors: Zhang Z. L. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Following a convincing demonstration of the prediction power of the Gurson model for ductile fracture, it is now required to select realistic material parameters for practical applications of the model. In this paper, using studies on a smooth tensile specimen, a notched tensile specimen, a centre‐cracked tensile panel and an analytical cell model, a sensitivity analysis of the material parameters is performed that includes the initial void volume fraction of the primary inclusions and the void volume fraction of the secondary inclusions when fitting the critical void volume fraction. Voids that nucleated from primary and secondary inclusions have been considered separately. It has been found that in either case the selection of material parameters for the finite element analyses is not unique, and the most significant parameter for the predictions is the nucleation burst strain. Some general conclusions concerning the selection of material parameters for the Gurson model have also been made.
J‐INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS FOR SHALLOW CRACK GEOMETRIES UNDER COMBINED TENSION AND BENDING
Authors: Lau C. L. , Lee M. M. K. , Luxmoore A. R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—This paper presentsJ‐integral solutions for geometries with shallow edge cracks (0.05 ≤a/W≤ 0.1) subjected to combined tension and bending. Tension and bending is applied simultaneously and sequentially. Curves ofJversus structural strain are obtained from two‐dimensional plane strain finite element analyses using medium to low work hardening power laws to represent material behaviour. Empirical equations are derived from the finite element results to estimate theJ‐integrals, using previously developedJ‐estimation schemes for SENT and SENB specimens with only minor modifications. The predictions presented are invariably safe, but due to the complexity of the problems studied and the variability of the loadings considered, the degree of conservatism is found to be high in some cases.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF EARLY FATIGUE CRACK DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wang Y.‐Z. , Akid R. , Clark A. , Atkinson J. D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—A scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to examine plastic replicas taken from the surface of fatigue specimens in order to understand the role of microstructure on the early stages of fatigue crack development under various environmental conditions. This involved shadowing and coating replicas and pre‐marking appropriate areas of interest prior to SEM examination.
LOW‐CYCLE FATIGUE UNDER NON‐PROPORTIONAL LOADING
Authors: Chen X. , Gao Q. , Sun X.‐F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—A series of strain‐controlled, low‐cycle fatigue experiments have been conducted on 42CrMo steel under various loading paths including circular, square, cruciform, and rectangular paths. Present experiments have shown that there is additional hardening under non‐proportional cyclic loading. Non‐proportional cyclic additional hardening also results in a shorter life for multiaxial low cycle fatigue. A non‐proportionality measure of strain path based on both a physical basis and macromechanical phenomena is proposed. The loading path effect on additional hardening is also described well. Low‐cycle fatigue damage accumulation and the evolution process under non‐proportional loading is analysed via the Continuum Damage Mechanics Model of Chaboche. A non‐proportinality measure is introduced in the damage evolution equation and a modified Coffin‐Manson type formula is derived. A novel fatigue life prediction approach based on the critical‐plane concept of Brown and Miller is proposed.
CTODi MEASURED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED CHARPY‐V‐SPECIMEN
Authors: Reiff K. , Ernst P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Measurements of CTODi on Charpy‐V‐specitnens of mild steel St 37 and pressure‐vessel steel 22NiMoCr37 have been carried out. Slotted and precracked specimens have been used besides the original V‐notched ones. A definition of CTOD = 2(R – Ro) has been proposed which corresponds to δ45, defining the CTOD of fatigue cracks. The symbols Ro and R represent the original and the actual crack tip radii respectively. Additionally, this definition presents the opportunity to measure CTOD and CTODi by a direct metallographic method. It is demonstrated that COD testing, based on the hinge model, can also be applied to slotted bars, delivering CTOD and CTODi values which are equal to those evaluated by direct metallographic measurements.The results obtained on four different tip radii, Ro, show a linear increase of CTODi as a function of Ro, which is steeper for the softer material St 37. The extrapolation to the tip radius Ro=0 gives a CTODi, which is equal to those determined from precracked specimens.
The Relative Relationship Between Systematic Risk and Value Added Variables
Authors: Karpik Philip , Belkaoui Ahmed 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine whether value added variables possess incremental information beyond both accrual earnings and cash flows in the context of explaining market risk. The evidence points to the superior explanatory power of value added variables in explaining the variability in market betas. A case can be made for the disclosure of value added reports.
Stock Return Seasonalities in Asia Pacific Markets*
Authors: Ho Yan‐Ki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study documents the existence of strong day‐of‐the‐week effects for most of the Asia Pacific markets. There are also more day‐of‐the‐week variations in the non‐January months than in January and there is also a ‘Rogalski’ effect for returns on Monday, Tuesday, Friday and Saturday. Moreover, some turn‐of‐the‐lunar‐year effects are found for some markets. Unlike the industrialized markets, month‐of‐the‐year variations are not consistent with the tax‐loss selling hypothesis in most of the Asia Pacific markets. This study also finds it hard to reject the hypothesis that day‐of‐the‐week variations of Asia Pacific markets are similar to that of the U.S. market after adjustments for time zone differences, especially for smaller markets.
Financial Structure in Japanese and American Firms: An Indirect Test of Agency Relationships*
Authors: Dodd Mikel T. , Millar James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe organization of business around ‘industrial groups’ in Japan may result in relatively low stockholder/bondholder/manager conflicts. This study uses data from U.S. and Japanese firms to examine the effects of different agency environments on the determination of financial structure. Regression analysis of financial structure on proxys for agency‐debt and agency‐equity conflicts shows results consistent with extant agency theory concepts.
Performance of Value Line's Recommendations: The Canadian Case
Authors: Cheung C. Sherman 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the peformance of Canadian stocks surrounding changes in their Value Line timeliness rankings. These stocks offer a particularly interesting sample since most of the firms represented are in resource based industries. To the extent that commodity prices move randomly, predicting the future performance of resource companies is a challenging task. Moreover, differences in accounting rules, regulatory environments and so forth make the valuation of Canadian companies relatively difficult.
Accounting for Macroeconomic Influences on the Firm
Authors: Oxelheim Lars , Wihlborg Clas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAccounting based measures of exposure to macroeconomic shocks in exchange rates, interest rates and inflation do not capture the economic effects on the corporation of such shocks. We suggest measures that conceptually are coefficients in a multiple regression. The coefficients capture the sensitivity of a firm's real value or cash flows to unanticipated changes in each variable holding other variables constant. Information about such sensitivity coefficients would enable external stakeholders to distinguish between risk caused by firm‐specific factors on the one hand and macroeconomic factors on the other. Scenario analysis is discussed as an alternative method for evaluating sensitivity coefficients. Information requirements for scenario and regression analysis are compared. Sensitivity coefficients can be used to identify a firm's functional currency or currency basket in which cash flows are independent of exchange rate changes. An example built on an actual case in Appendix demonstrates how insights can be gained from estimates of the suggested exposure measures.
Environmental Factors Influencing Accounting Disclosure Requirements of Global Stock Exchanges
Authors: Adhikari Ajay , Tondkar Rasoul H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe globalization of capital markets has resulted in a great deal of attention being focused on problems created by accounting diversity in different countries. A number of studies have documented variations in accounting disclosure and reporting practices and standards in different countries. Diverse environmental factors have been cited in the literature to explain differences in disclosure levels between countries. This paper examines the relationship between environmental factors and the accounting disclosure requirements of stock exchanges in different countries.A cross‐national disclosure model is developed to investigate the relationship of selected environmental factors and stock exchange disclosure requirements of 35 stock exchanges in different countries. Five environmental factors are used to explain the variation observed in disclosure requirements of the different stock exchanges. The five factors examined are: degree of economic development, type of economy, size of the equity market, activity on the equity market, and dispersion of stock ownership in the equity market. The overall results obtained from the cross‐sectional regression indicate that the level of disclosure requirements of stock exchanges is related to the selected environmental factors in different countries. Of die five factors examined, however, only size of the equity market is found to be a significant explanatory variable.
Effects of Alternative Goodwill Treatments on Merger Premia: Further Empirical Evidence
Authors: Lee Changwoo , Choi Frederick D. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study, we extend our analysis of the effects of international accounting diversity on market behavior. Specifically we examine whether national differences in the treatment of purchased goodwill are associated with differences in premia offered by non‐U.S. acquirers other than the British when bidding for U.S. target companies. We find merger premia offered by foreign acquirors who enjoy advantageous accounting or tax treatments relative to U.S. acquirors to be higher, on average, than those offered by U.S. acquirors. Regression analyses show that goodwill accounting does explain merger premia. The higher coefficient on goodwill in German acquisitions, relative to Japanese acquisitions, indicates that merger premia are associated with accounting diversity among various countries in the sense that, while tax benefits are available in both Japan and Germany, more favorable accounting treatments are operative in the latter.
Predictability and Regional Integration of Pacific Basin Equity Markets
Authors: Chang Eric C. , Pinegar J. Michael , Ravichandran R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBetween 1986 and 1990, returns on equity indices in Pacific Basin markets can be partially predicted by a set of information variables whose time series coefficients reveal at most one latent variable in the four‐market system. A single‐factor model implies that the reward for bearing a unit of common covariance risk is the same across markets which, in turn, implies that the markets are integrated. Total sample evidence, however, is driven by price movements in the first two subperiods and is also sensitive to other seemingly trivial adjustments to forecasting specifications. Thus, the predictability of Pacific Basin equity returns is inconsistent. To the extent such inconsistencies suggest imperfect regional integration, the costs to non‐Asian firms of providing indirect diversification for their shareholders by investing in real assets in Pacific Rim countries will be high.
A Comparison of Relations Between Security Market Prices, Returns and Accounting Measures in Japan and the United States
Authors: Hall Charles , Hamao Yasushi , Harris Trevor S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe examine associations between accounting measures of earnings and stock returns in Japan over varying window lengths and compare them to those for the United States. Our results are consistent with the view that Japanese investors utilize less accounting information in their pricing of equities than do their U.S. counterparts. This was particularly evident in the ‘boom’ period of the mid to late 1980s when the fundamental values conveyed by accounting measures appear to have been largely ignored. The association increases with the inclusion of 1991, suggesting a return to more emphasis on fundamentals with the recent decline in stock prices.
Further Evidence on the Impact of SFAS 52 on Analysts' Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Ayres Frances L. , Rodgers Jacci L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines the impact of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Number 52 (SFAS 52) on analysts' earnings forecasts. Value‐Line forecasts of multinational firms' earnings were examined for the years 1979‐1984. Forecast errors did not exhibit a significant linear trend. However, the results show a decline in signed forecast errors from the pre‐SFAS 52 to the post‐SFAS 52 period reflecting a change from an overstatement bias to relatively unbiased forecasts.Overall, the results suggest that (1) overstatement errors were greater in the pre‐SFAS 52 period than in the post SFAS 52 period, and (2) overstatement errors in the year that SFAS 52 was adopted were greater than surrounding years. In addition, a strong negative relation was found between 1981 signed forecast errors and both revisions in forecasts and the income effect of the accounting change.