bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SNOM signal near plasmonic nanostructures: an analogy with fluorescence decays channels
Authors: FRANCS G. COLAS DES , GIRARD C. , BRUYANT A. , DEREUX A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryScanning Near‐field Optical Microscope (SNOM) is based on local excitations of nanostructures deposited on a substrate (illumination mode). Ideally, the local source behaves like a dipolar emitter so that the SNOM signal is strongly similar to the fluorescence decay rates of an excited molecule that would be located at the SNOM tip position. We present here how the SNOM signal near plasmonic nanostructures can be used to analyze radiative and non‐radiative contribution to the fluorescence decay rate.
Involvement of DNA replication in phage lambda Red‐mediated homologous recombination
Authors: Poteete Anthony R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCrosses between a non‐replicating linear bacteriophage lambda chromosome and a replicating plasmid bearing a short cloned segment of lambda DNA were monitored by extracting DNA from infected cells, and analysing it via restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blots. Recombinant formation resulting from the action of the Red homologous recombination system, observed directly in this way, was found to be fast, efficient, independent of the bacterial recA function and highly dependent upon replication of the target plasmid. These features of the experimental system faithfully model Red‐mediated recombination in a lytically infected cell in which phage DNA replication is occurring. Neither of the previously established mechanisms by which the Red system can operate – strand annealing or strand invasion – accounts well for these findings. A third mechanism, replisome invasion, involving replication directly in the recombination mechanism, is invoked as an alternative.
Mechanism of low CO2‐induced activation of the cmp bicarbonate transporter operon by a LysR family protein in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC 7942
Authors: Nishimura Takashi , Takahashi Yukari , Yamaguchi Osamu , Suzuki Hiroshi , Maeda Shin‐ichi , Omata Tatsuo 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe cmp operon of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC 7942, encoding the subunits of the ABC‐type bicarbonate transporter, is activated under CO2‐limited growth conditions in a manner dependent on CmpR, a LysR family transcription factor of CbbR subfamily. The 0.7 kb long regulatory region of the operon carried a single promoter, which responded to CO2 limitation. Using the luxAB reporter system, three cis‐acting elements involved in the low‐CO2 activation of transcription, each consisting of a pair of LysR recognition signatures overlapping at their ends, were identified in the regulatory region. CmpR was shown to bind to the regulatory region, yielding several DNA–protein complexes in gel shift assays. Addition of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (> 1 mM) or 2‐phosphoglycolate (> 10 μM) enhanced the binding of CmpR in a concentration‐dependent manner, promoting formation of large DNA–protein complexes. Given the involvement of O2 in adaptive responses of cyanobacteria to low‐CO2 conditions, our results suggest that 2‐phosphoglycolate, which is produced by oxygenation by ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate under CO2‐limited conditions, acts as the co‐inducer in the activation of the cmp operon by CmpR.
Interlocked feedback loops of the circadian clock of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Brunner Michael , Káldi Krisztina 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCircadian clocks drive daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour, and thus allow organisms to better adapt to rhythmic changes in the environment. Circadian oscillators are cell‐autonomous systems, which generate via transcriptional, post‐transcriptional, translational and post‐translational control mechanisms a daily activity‐rhythm of a circadian transcription factor complex. According to recent models, this complex of transcription factors controls directly or indirectly expression of a large number of genes, and thus generates the potential to modulate physiological processes in a rhythmic fashion. The basic principles of the generation of circadian oscillation are similar in all eukaryotic systems. The circadian clock of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is well characterized at the molecular level. Focusing on the molecular properties, interactions and post‐translational modifications of the core Neurospora clock proteins WHITE COLLAR‐1, WHITE COLLAR‐2, FREQUENCY and VIVID, this review summarizes our knowledge of the molecular basis of circadian time keeping in Neurospora. Moreover, we discuss the mechanisms by which environmental cues like light and temperature entrain and reset this circadian system.
On the mechanism of loading the PCNA sliding clamp by RFC
Authors: Dionne Isabelle , Brown Nicola J. , Woodgate Roger , Bell Stephen D. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySliding clamps play central roles in a broad range of DNA replication and repair processes. The clamps form circular molecules that must be opened and resealed around DNA by the clamp loader complex to fulfil their function. While most eukaryotes and many archea possess a homo‐trimeric PCNA, the PCNA of Sulfolobus solfataricus is a heterotrimer. Here, we exploit the asymmetry of S. solfataricus PCNA to create a series of circularly permuted PCNA subunit fusions, thereby covalently closing defined interfaces within the heterotrimer. Using these concatamers, we investigate the requirements for loading the clamp onto DNA and reveal that a single defined interface within the heterotrimer is opened during the loading process. Subunit–specific interactions between S. solfataricus RFC clamp loader and PCNA permit us to superimpose our data upon the structure of yeast RFC–PCNA complex, thereby presenting a general model for PCNA loading by RFC in archaea and eukaryotes.
Transgenic Cloned Mice Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Generated by Activation Stimuli Combined with 6‐dimethylaminopurine
Authors: Chen C‐H , Stone L , Ju J‐C , Lien W‐T , Liu M‐S , Tu C‐F , Lee K‐H 
Published: February 2008

ContentsMost studies of mouse cloning successfully achieved activation of the reconstructed oocytes by strontium (Sr) combined with cytochalasin B (CB) treatment. A protein kinase inhibitor, 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP), was used to inhibit the activity of maturation promoting factor for activation of oocytes, but it has never been successfully applied in mouse cloning. This study investigates the activation efficiency of 6‐DMAP in mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Higher parthenogenetic blastocyst rates (71–72%, p < 0.05) were achieved in the oocytes treated with Sr6D (10 mM Sr combined with 2 mM 6‐DMAP for 4 h) and Sr6D + SrCB (Sr6D for 2 h then Sr combined with 5 μg/ml CB for another 2 h), and a higher rate of hatching and hatched blastocyst was observed in the Sr6D + SrCB group (31%, p < 0.01) compared with other treatment groups (1–8%). For mouse cloning, cumulus cells of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐expressed ESC chimera F1 were used as donor nuclei. Following activation, better development of the cloned embryos was observed in Sr6D + SrCB treatment. Moreover, different media, i.e. KSOM‐AA, MEM‐α and MK, for culturing cloned embryos were also compared in this study. Better morula/blastocyst (40%) and blastocyst (29%) rates were achieved in the embryos cultured in MEM‐α medium (p < 0.05). Consequently, four EGFP cloned mice were generated in the activation treatment containing 6‐DMAP following embryo transfer. In conclusion, treatment with 6‐DMAP in combination with other activation stimuli successfully activates mouse reconstructed oocytes and support full‐term development of the transgenic SCNT cloned embryos.
Relationships between working status and health or health‐care utilization among Japanese elderly
Authors: Tokuda Yasuharu , Ohde Sachiko , Takahashi Osamu , Shakudo Masaaki , Yanai Haruo , Shimbo Takuro , Fukuhara Shunichi , Hinohara Shigeaki , Fukui Tsuguya 
Published: February 2008

Background:  As we have previously proposed redefining elderly from “65 years and over” to “75 and over” in Japan, many elderly Japanese now keep working beyond the traditional retirement age, around 60–65 years of age, in this rapidly aging society. It is important to assess the influence of working status on health and health‐care utilization among elderly Japanese.Methods:  We evaluated a random sample of community‐dwelling Japanese elderly, aged 55–74 years. Data were collected using a health diary strategy. For health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), we used SF‐8 with a physical component summary (PCS8) and a mental component summary (MCS8). Health‐care utilization included visiting physicians as well as using dietary and physical complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).Results:  Among 679 participants aged 65–74 years (40.6% men), there were 254 (37.4%) working and 425 (62.6%) non‐working. PCS8 and MCS8 were not significantly different between the working status groups. There were no differences in the rate for visiting physicians and using dietary and physical CAM between the working and non‐working, except for those aged 70–74 years, who exhibited a higher rate for visiting a physician among the non‐working. A higher annual personal income showed a significant association with better PCS8 (P = 0.031) and a trend towards better MCS8 (P = 0.055). The older participants were more likely to report better MCS8 than the young regardless of working status (P = 0.007).Conclusion:  Working status itself does not appear to associate with health and health‐care utilization among elderly Japanese. Working with a higher income may potentially improve HRQOL.
Influence of diabetes mellitus on caregiver burden in home care: A report based on the Nagoya Longitudinal Study of the Frail Elderly (NLS‐FE)
Authors: Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Kuzuya Masafumi , Masuda Yuichiro , Enoki Hiromi , Iguchi Akihisa 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Because little attention has so far been paid to the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on caregiver burden in community settings, we sought to confirm the influence of DM on perceived caregiver burden among caregivers providing care to a home elderly person using data from the Nagoya Longitudinal Study of the Frail Elderly (NLS‐FE).Methods:  The NLS‐FE is a large prospective study of 1875 community‐dwelling elderly. A total of 1592 pairs of dependents and caregivers were included in the analysis. The data we used in this study included the Japanese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (J‐ZBI), characteristics of caregivers and dependents, and caregiving situation. The pairs were sorted into one control and three DM groups: (i) no DM; (ii) DM taking no medications; (iii) DM taking oral medication only; and (iv) DM taking insulin. The differences in dependent and caregiver characteristics among the groups were assessed.Results:  Two hundred and twenty‐eight dependents from the NLS‐FE study had DM. Of these, 25% took no medication to treat it, 55% took oral medications only, and 20% used insulin. No statistical differences were found in age, gender or kinship among caregivers. No differences were found among the DM categories in levels of caregiver burden according to the J‐ZBI, before and after adjusting for these baseline variables.Conclusions:  Among the community‐dwelling frail elderly, DM is not an independent predictor of caregiver burden.
A NOTE ON OPTIMUM STRATIFICATION OF POPULATIONS FOR ESTIMATING THE POPULATION MEANS
Authors: Sethi V. K. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe note gives the results of a study carried out to find the optimum points of stratification (OPS) for estimating the population means of some standard distributions. The distributions considered here are the normal and the set of chi‐square distributions. The OPS for the various gamma distributions can be easily derived from the known OPS of the corresponding chi‐square distributions. The OPS depend on the type of allocation envisaged. In this note attention has been confined to the proportional, equal, and optimum allocations.Tables of OPS are given for the distributions and allocations mentioned above. Some other interesting results follow:(i) Equalization of stratum totals as suggested by Ransen, Hurwitz and Madow (1953) does not lead to OPS for any of the populations considered.(ii) Equalization of {f(x)}½ dx gives an excellent approximabioii to the OPS for both equal and optimum allocations.(iii) The OPS for equal and optimum allocations almost coincide. To put in other words, if strata are defined by OPS optimum allocation differs only slightly from equal allocation.New rules are suggested for the family of distributions considered in this paper for all the three types of allocations.
THE DISPLACED POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Staff P. J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryConsideration of the number of events in a Poisson process in excess of a threshold value r, when it is assumed that at least r events do occur, leads to the Displaced Poisson Distribution. The recurrence relationship between successive probabilities is a simple generalization of that of the Poisson distribution. Accordingly the fitting of the distribution to data is straightforward, using either a desk machine or computer.It is a highly flexible unimodal distribution catering for both under‐ and over‐dispersed data and generally fits Poisson type data well. Its properties have been discussed, moment and maximum likelihood estimators for the cases, r known and unknown have been given, together with several numerical examples.
EFFECTS OF CORRELATED ERRORS ON VARIATE‐ DIFFERENCE ESTIMATES OF ERROR VARIANCE*,1
Authors: Chew Victor 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe variate‐difference method for estimating error variance is shown to be sensitive to departures from the assumption of uncorrelated errors. Biases in the estimates are obtained in the cases where the errors are generated by autoregressive or moving‐average stochastic processes.
A NOTE ON THE NUMBER OF DUST PARTICLES IN A SAMPLE OF AIR‐BORNE MINE DUST
Authors: Joffe A. D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA stochastic model is proposed for the distribution of the number of particles in a sample of air‐borne mine dust, and it, is shown that in special circumstances the distribution will be that of a Poisson variate.I am indebted to Professor Bartlett for drawing my attention to his own more general result and to the referee for the suggestion that led to the unconditional result of Section 4.
DECOMPOSITION OF A SEMI‐MARKOV PROCESS UNDER A MARKOVIAN RULE
Authors: Cinlar E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryConsider a semi‐Markov process {X(t), t>0} with transition epochs T0T1, T2…. Suppose that at each one of the epochs {Tn} one of R possible events, E1, E2,…, ERcan happen, where the occurrences of successive events form a Markov chain. for a fixed r, let the times the event Erhappens be UoU1, U2,…. In this paper we are interested in the process {Y(t), t>0)} where Y(t)=X(Uk) if and only if Uk≤t<Uk+1. It will be shown that {Y(t)} is a semi‐Markov process, and its properties with respect to those of {X(t)} will be examined.
A PERSPECTIVE IN STATISTICAL INFERENCE1
Authors: Verhagen A. M. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIncomplete understanding of fiducial theory has led to (i) spurious paradoxes, (ii) mistaken beliefs of equivalence with other theories of inference, and (iii) wrongly conceived limitations on the validity of fiducial probability. In the present paper these misapprehensions are analysed and rebutted, and also illustrated with elementary yet crucial examples.
ESTIMATING THE PARAMETERS OF NORMAL AND LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTIONS FROM CENSORED SAMPLES1
Authors: Tiku M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLet g(z) be the ratio of the ordinate and the probability integral of the distribution of a variate z. The relation g(z)∼+βz is used to derive (i) estimators μr and s̀r of the parameters of a truncated normal distribution and (ii) estimators μc and s̀c of the mean and standard deviation of a logistic distribution from doubly censored samples. The variances and eovariances of these estimators are obtained. They are shown to be nearly as efficient as the maximum likelihood estimators and easier to compute.
The Effects of Variations in the Components of Change on the Size and Structure of The Australian Population: 1911‐66
Authors: M. ivamxtothy  
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe main aim of the study was to estimate separately the effects of the variations in the components of population change and the effects of their mutual interactions on the size and age structure and other characteristics of the Australian population during 1911‐66. The method proposed, called here the factorial projection method, is to project the population over the period under consideration, under different assumptions according to a 2×2×2 factorial design, utilizing the observed variations in fertility, mortality and migration. It was found that, apart from the effects of variations in the components occurring individually, the two factor interaction effects– the interaction effects of the changes occurring simultaneously in two of the components (viz. fertility and mortality or mortality and migration or fertility and migration)–on the population size, were considerable. The contribution of migration to the working age group was greater than its effect on the total size, and mortality improvement played a more prominent role in increasing the size of the old age population, while the reduction in fertility caused a higher proportion in the old age group and thus increased the mean age of the population both in the case of males and females. The two factor interaction effects were not negligible in changing the size of the school age population, population in the working age group and also in the old age group. But the interaction of migration and the decline in fertility was the only interaction effect which was important in changing the percentage age distribution and the mean age of the male and female population.
INTERACTION MODELS FOR THE LATIN SQUARE1
Authors: Milliken George A. , Graybill Franklin A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a general method for testing if a particular type of interaction is present in latin square models with one observation per cell.Computing instructions are given along with a detailed numerical example.A data analysis approach is explained where an experimenter can use various models to determine whether interaction is present. If there is interaction, then a procedure is given for examining a number of models to decide what factors (row, column, treatment) are interacting. In addition, a number of sets of latin square data from the literature are reanalysed to determine if they contain interaction.
ON THE BEHRENS–FISHER PROBLEM1
Authors: Fraser D. A. S. , Streit F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn this article the Behrens‐Fisher problem is reformulated in terms of a structural model of inference. For this version of the problem a solution is obtained which is valid for arbitrary absolutely continuous error distributions. These results are further discussed for the standard normal distribution and for some other special cases with not normally distributed populations.
MONOTONE BOUNDS ON THE CHI‐SQUARED APPROXIMATION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF PEARSON'S XSTATISTICS12
Authors: Jensen D. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMonotone bounds, depending on the underlying multinomial probabilities and the sample size, are given for the chi‐squared approximation to the distribution of Pearson's statistic for goodness of fit for simple hypotheses. These bounds apply to the distribution of a single statistic and to the joint distribution of two statistics associated with the margins of a two‐way table, in both the central and non‐central cases.
CRITICAL VALUES FOR INFERENCE ABOUT NORMAL DISPERSION1
Authors: John S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLet FN(.) be the density function of X2N. Values of C1/N, i= 1, 2, satisfying the twin conditions Pr (C1≤X2N≤C2)=1‐α and the conditional expectation of X2N given C1≤X2N≤C2 is N are tabulated for α=.2, .1, .05, .01, .005, .001, N=1(1)20(2)50(5)150(10)350. The second condition may be replaced by the condition fN+2(C1)=fN+2V(C2). The author has with him a bigger table giving C1 and C2 for α=.2, .1, .05, .01, .005, .001, N=1(1)350 to three decimals (to three significant digits, if some decimals are not significant). Several applications are mentioned. A practical application that is perhaps not obvious is to test whether two or more counts are distributed as independent Poisson variables. The new simple formulae used in the construction of the table are given and should prove useful in obtaining accurate values for omitted entries and in increasing the accuracy of entries.
SOME THEORY OF SAMPLING ON SUCCESSIVE OCCASIONS1
Authors: Sen A. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOne of the important theoretical developments in successive sampling has been to provide an optimum estimate by combining two independent estimates (i) a double‐sampling regression estimate from the matched portion of the sample using one auxiliary variable with (ii) a mean per unit estimate based on the unmatched portion of the sample.Theory has been generalized in the present paper to provide the optimum estimate by combining a double‐sampling multivariate ratio or regression estimate usingpauxiliary variables (p≥1) from the matched portion of the sample with a mean per unit estimate from the unmatched portion of the sample. Results have been presented for the more general and practical case when the samples on the two occasions are of unequal size.
A NOTE ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUFFICIENCY IN THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: Chakrabarti C. G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this note the significance of sufficiency in the study of statistical thermodyna, mics has been investigated. Firstly, Mandelbrot's “Criteria of sufficiency” for the determination of temperature of a heat‐reservoir and the corresponding canonical distribution for thermal equilibrium of a system immersed in the heat‐reservoir have been studied from an inf ormation‐theoretic approach. Secondly, the fluctuation of temperature has been obtained from the notion of sufficiency.
EDITING A LARGE‐SCALE DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY–THE EXPERIENCE OF THE MELBOURNE FAMILY SURVEY1
Authors: Young C. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses the editing procedures for a survey on family formation conducted in Melbourne during 1971. Examples are given of the incidence and types of inconsistencies revealed during the editing stage in the mainly quantitative variables concerning childbearing, numbers of children, and the demographic characteristics of the children. The principal point emphasized is the need for automatic detection and manual correction of coding deficiencies in a survey of this type, i.e. an intensive, “once‐off” survey, with a sample size of a few thousand, from which detailed and complex analyses are planned.