bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description de Quelques Espèces de Ciliés Hyménostomes des Genres Sathrophilus Corliss, 1960, Cyclidium O. F. Müller, 1786, Histiobalantium Stokes, 1886
Authors: GROLIERE CLAUDE‐ALAIN 
Published: May 2007

RESUME. Les structures buccales de Sathrophilus vernalis Dragesco & Grolière, 1969 sont détaillées. La morphogenèse buccale de l'opisthe, semi‐autonome, avec participation du scuticus et d'une cinétie postorale droite, s'accompagne d'une re‐constitution de l'appareil buccal du proter. La morphologie buccale de Cyclidium sphagnetorumŠràmek‐Hušek, 1949 est comparée à celles de Cyclidium citrullus Cohn, 1865 et Cyclidium glaucoma O. F. Müller, 1786. La stomatogenèse Histiobalantium majus Kahl, 1933 débute par une prolifération du scuticus vers la gauche.SYNOPSIS. Buccal structures of Sathrophilus vernalis Dragesco & Grolière, 1969 are described. The semiautonomous buccal morphogenesis of the opisthe, involving the participation of the scuticus and the right postoral kinety, is accompanied by the reconstitution of the buccal apparatus of the proter. The buccal structure of Cyclidium sphagnetorumŠràmek‐Hušek, 1949 is compared to those of Cyclidium citrullus Cohn, 1865 and Cyclidium glaucoma O. F. Müller, 1786. Stomatogenesis of Histiobalantidium majus Kahl, 1933 starts with a proliferation of the scuticus towards the left.
Morphogenesis and Polymorphism in Gastrostyla steinii
Authors: WALKER GLENN K. , GRIM J. NORMAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISClonal cultures of the hypotrich protozoan, Gastrostyla steinii, were protargol stained and examined by light microscopy. Morphogenetic stages were noted, as well as variations in the number and distribution of the frontal‐ventral‐transverse cirri. These cirri, for the purpose of this study only, were delineated into special topographical groups—frontal, medial, and anal. Analyses were made to evaluate possible relationships as to the number of cirri between these groups and for the total number of cirri of the organisms, and, finally, to show likely relationships between morphogenetic events and patterns of cortical variation. An interesting “extra marginal row phenomenon” also was noted and shown to have variations of its own. Cirral polymorphism is presumed to be under genic control with the ultimate individual corticotype under the influence of an underlying gradient. A “stability profile” for the organism and for each cirral group was erected and discussed with emphasis on a gradient mechanism.
Unusual Structures in the Flagellar Apparatus of a Strain of Trypanosoma cruzi*
Authors: DEANE MARIA P. , MILDER REGINA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISCertain structures, associated with the flagellum, and which had hitherto been described as appearing occasionally in some species of trypanosomes, were found very frequently in epimastigote forms of strain F of Trypanosoma cruzi: (a) a group of tubular elements in an electron‐dense mass enclosed within a swelling of the flagellar membrane as the flagellum emerges from its reservoir; (b) an expansion of the flagellar membrane at the point of the above swelling, which in cross‐sections appears as a ring; and (c) an electron dense band in the body of the organism alongside the border of the flagellar pocket.The possible significance of these structures and the fact that so far they have been found only in one strain of T. cruzi are discussed.
Fine Structure of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae Developing Extracellularly in vitro*
Authors: LANGRETH SUSAN G. , TRAGER WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISDuck malaria parasites (Plasmodium lophurae), synchronized at the uninucleate trophozoite stage, were freed from their host erythrocytes by immune lysis and cultured extracellularly in duck erythrocyte extract medium. At 0 time, 1, 2, and 3 days, samples were taken for light and electron microscopy and for measurement of incorporation of [14C]‐methionine or [14C]‐proline. For 2 days the parasites developed fairly normally, progressing from large trophozoites‐early schizonts at 1 day to segmenters‐forming merozoites at 2 days. However, the 3‐day samples showed signs of deterioration: incorporation of amino acids dropped; the percentage degenerate cells rose; the progression of developmental stages slowed. At the fine structure level 2 abnormalities were observed which may indicate the limits of extracellular cultivation in vitro. Through 2 days of culture all parasites were surrounded by 2 membranes. The 3‐day samples contained some organisms with only one membrane, which may have arisen from merozoites produced extracellularly. The 2nd alteration was in the food vacuoles, which were progressively fewer, smaller, and less dense in the cultured samples and may indicate an abnormality in the extracellular parasite's feeding mechanism.
Ultrastructural and Protargol Studies of Lagenophrys callinectes* (Ciliophora: Peritrichida)
Authors: COUCH JOHN A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISUltrastructural and protargol studies reveal that the trophont of Lagenophrys callinectes, though highly specialized, generally conforms to the basic peritrich structural pattern.Features described for L. callinectes trophonts which are unique for the genus are the fine structure and arrangement of the lorica and lips, the attachment organelle of the peristomial cytoplasm, its attachment to the loricastome walls, and the arrangement of the aboral kinetosomes of the trophont. Lack of a distinct scopularized region, and of a ventral lorica wall also characterize L. callinectes trophonts.The 4‐row terminal peniculus, as revealed by protargol staining, differs from the 6‐row terminal peniculus of L. nassa suggesting that the patterns of infundibular structure, as revealed by protargol, should be useful in future taxonomic studies of Lagenophrys species.
Fine Structure of the Macronuclear Anlage of the Hypotrichous Ciliate Keronopsis rubra
Authors: RUTHMANN AUGUST 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISIn exconjugants of the hypotrich Keronopsis a large, highly polyploid macronuclear anlage is formed from which condensed chromatin bodies are passed into the cytoplasm where they are thought to give rise to the numerous small macronuclei of the vegetative cell. Electron microscopy shows that the chromatin bodies within the macronuclear anlage are separated from each other by sheets of low contrast lamellar material. The anlage appears therefore as a composite nucleus containing prepacked units which are extruded into the cytoplasm following condensation.
Immunogenicity and Infectivity of Sporozoites of Mammalian Malaria Isolated by Density‐Gradient Centrifugation*
Authors: KRETTLI ANTONIANA , CHEN DAVID H. , NUSSENZWEIG RUTH S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISSporozoites of rodent and simian malaria (Plasmodium berghei and P. cynomolgi) were purified by centrifugation on a linear Renografin/BSA gradient. This procedure made it possible to process rapidly a large number of infected mosquitoes leading to the recovery of a considerable proportion of sporozoites. Gradient‐recovered sporozoites (GRS) freed of most bacteria and mosquito tissue contaminants, retained their infectivity and immunogenicity. Mice repeatedly injected i.v. with irradiated GRS of P. berghei acquired total protection against an otherwise lethal sporozoite challenge. GRS of P. berghei and P. cynomolgi induced antisporozoite (CSP) antibody production in rats.
Isolation and Chemical Composition of Dinoflagellate Nuclei*
Authors: RIZZO P. J. , NOODÉN L. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISNuclei were isolated fromPeridinium cinctum. Peridinium trochoideum, Gyrodinium cohnii(Cryptothecodinium cohnii) andGymnodinium nelsoni.The nuclei ofG. cohnii, P. trochoideumandG. nelsoniwere found to contain ∼ 6.9, 34 and 143 picograms of DNA respectively. The ratios to DNA of RNA, acid‐soluble and acid‐insoluble protein forG. cohniiwere 0.32, 0.13 and 0.99, respectively. The corresponding values forP. trochoideumwere 0.22, 0.08 and 1.22, while those forG. nelsoniwere 0.21, 0.10 and 1.09. The chemical composition of dinoflagellate nuclei is compared and contrasted with that of typical eukaryotic nuclei. The culture of these difficult organisms also is discussed.
The Sites of Action of Allopurinol in Crithidia fasciculata*
Authors: DEWEY VIRGINIA C. , KIDDER G. W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISReversal of the growth inhibition of Crithidia fasciculata by allopurinol requires both a purine and a pyrimidine. Hypoxanthine is the most effective purine in the reversal. Cell‐free extracts were prepared which were capable of the decarboxylation of orotidine 5′‐phosphate. Other enzyme preparations carried out the phosphoribosylation of allopurinol. By the use of [4‐14C] orotidine 5′‐phosphate (enzymatically prepared), it was shown that allopurinol ribotide (enzymatically prepared), but not the free base, inhibits orotidine 5′‐phosphate decarboxylase.
Localization of Some Enzymes of β‐oxidation of Fatty Acids in the Peroxisomes of Tetrahymena*
Authors: BLUM J. J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISMitochondria and peroxisomes were prepared from homogenates of Tetrahymena pyriformis by sedimentation through sucrose gradients. Catalase and isocitrate lyase served as peroxisomal markers; lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic dehydrogenase as mitochondrial markers. Acetyl‐CoA synthetase, octanoyl‐CoA synthetase, palmitoyl‐CoA synthetase, 3‐β hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase activities were found in both the peroxisomes and the mitochondria. It is suggested that β‐oxidation of fatty acids accurs in both organelles in Tetrahymena.
Structure and Function of Kinetoplast DNA*†
Authors: SIMPSON LARRY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISCells of the order Kinetoplastida possess a single mitochondrion which contains a large amount of a uniquely organized DNA. This kinetoplastic DNA (K‐DNA), representing 10–20% of the total cell DNA in different species, has as its major molecular component a small closed circular molecule present in large numbers. The size and thereby the amount of genetic information carried by the minicircles varies from species to species: Leishmania tarentolae and the Salivarian trypanosomes have the smallest, the Stercorarian trypanosomes Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma cruzi intermediate, and Crithidia and also Trypanosoma mega the largest minicircles. In L. tarentolae, purified minicircles, which are the size of 1 gene, have been shown by renaturation kinetics to consist of only 1 or 2 classes. L. tarentolae K‐DNA also contains another molecular species—a long molecule which may represent up to 30% of the total K‐DNA. The minicircles, nevertheless, represent a gene amplification of the order of 104. In all species that have been examined so far, the K‐DNA consists of a single sheet of interlocked closed circular molecules which can be isolated in an intact form because of its resistance to shear forces and its high molecular weight. In addition, at least in L. tarentolae, 6–9% of the K‐DNA is either free in the mitochondrion or loosely bound. The main K‐DNA structure has been termed a “network” and can be seen in the light microscope after staining in solution with acridine orange or after fixing and staining with Giemsa's, or in the electron microscope. The quaternary structure of such networks in terms of the organization of minicircles and long molecules is not understood. Controlled breakdown of networks from L. tarentolae was achieved by sonication, and the release of open and closed monomeric minicircles, catenated dimers, trimers and higher oligomers, and short linear fragments was measured. A maximum of 43% of the total network DNA was released in the form of closed monomers, dimers, and trimers, thus providing a minimal estimate for the percentage of minicircles in K‐DNA from this species. K‐DNA replicates fairly synchronously with nuclear DNA in all species that have been examined. Replication of DNA molecules in the kinetoplast networks is limited to the periphery, as seen in autoradiographs of networks isolated from cells (L. tarentolae, Crithidia fasciculata) pulsed with 3H‐thymidine. The molecular implications of this unusual replication pattern remain an open question, as does the genetic function of the K‐DNA itself.
Four New Species of Eimeria and One of Tyzzeria from the Ceylon Jungle Fowl Gallus lafayettei*
Authors: FERNANDO M. A. , REMMLER O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISOne species of Tyzzeria and 4 new species of Eimeria are described from the Ceylon jungle fowl Gallus lafayettei. The sporulated oocysts of Tyzzeria galli sp. n. are 13.8 (12–15) μ m; of Eimeria lafayettei sp. n., 19.5 (19–21) X 14.2 (13.5–15) μ m; of Eimeria indentata sp. n., 30.3 (29.5–32) X 21.4 (20–22) μ m; of Eimeria symmetrica sp. n., 35 × 28.5 μ m, and of Eimeria dissanaikei sp. n., 21 (19–23) X 14 (12–16) μ m. E. indentata, E. symmetrica, and E. dissanaikei produced patent infections in domestic fowl but T. galli and E. lafayettei did not. This is the 1st record of the genus Tyzzeria from the order Galliformes.
Phagotrophic Ingestion of a Blue‐Green Alga by Ochromonas*†
Authors: DALEY RALPH J. , MORRIS G. P. , BROWN S. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISAnacystis nidulans disappeared rapidly from culture in the presence of an unidentified species of Ochromonas. Disappearance was light‐independent and could be induced neither by bacteria associated with, nor by soluble products released from the flagellate. Electronmicrographs of mixed cultures revealed numerous A. nidulans cells in various stages of digestion within vacuoles of Ochromonas. Evidently the disappearance of the alga from culture resulted from phagotrophy by the chrysomonad. A 2‐stage digestive process is suggested whereby A. nidulans cells are initially sequestered in the posterior “leucosin” vacuole and then undergo the terminal stages of digestion and elimination in smaller, peripheral vacuoles.
Structure, Cytochemistry, and Locomotion of Haemogregarina sp. from Rana berlandieri
Authors: DESSER SHERWIN S. , WELLER IRIS 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISIntra‐ and extracellular gametocytes of Haemogregarina sp. from Rana berlandieri were studied by light and electron microscopy. Locomotion in free gametocytes appears to be related to series of horizontal “peristaltic” waves of constriction, passing from anterior to posterior along the body. Intracellular gametocytes lie within a vacuole in the erythrocyte cytoplasm. The pellicle of the parasite consists of a trilaminar plasmalemma and an inner electron dense layer, beneath which lies a ring of 80 microtubules. The inner dense layer becomes thickened and modified in the apical region, to form a cap‐like structure. The gametocytes contain a prominent nucleus, several mitochondria, and many granular inclusions. One type of inclusion consists of elliptical, electron‐dense, profeinaceous bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm, while other inclusions are larger and electron‐opaque, polysaccharide in nature, and occur predominantly in the pre‐ and post‐nuclear regions. In the electron microscope, pronounced pellicular folds were observed in longitudinally sectioned extracellular gametocytes. These folds are thought to represent the waves of constriction seen in motile specimens by light microscopy. The mechanism of movement of the parasite is discussed and compared with that in haemosporidian ookinetes, as well as in gregarines.
Experimental Microbial Populations Thirty‐five Years Later: The Influence of Food on the Symbiosis of Paramecium aurelia Syngen 4, 51.7
Authors: BURBANCK W. D. , MARTIN VIRGINIA L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISChanges in the nutrition of Paramecium aurelia affect its ability to serve as host for the bacteroid parasite, kappa, and the presence or absence of kappa affects its ability to grow in axenic culture. Loss of kappa, tested by the presence or absence of killer reaction, occurred in cultures of P. aurelia growing at a reduced division rate on autoclaved Enterobacter aerogenes in suspensions of lettuce and yeast autolysate 14–17 days after they had been rendered bacteria‐free by washing. Killer Paramecium sterilized of bacteria by treatment with an antibiotic mixture of penicillin‐G and streptomycin in combination with a nonbacterial nonliving culture medium, lost the ability to kill after from 6 to 48 hours in the sterilizing medium. The ciliates from which kappa had been lost during exposure to antibiotics could be transferred immediately and maintained in axenic culture, but those washed free of bacteria could not be maintained axenically until kappa had been lost during cultivation in a medium containing killed bacteria. It is suggested that a knowledge of the nutritional requirements of symbiotic microorganisms is essential for understanding the ecological aspects of eutrophication of aquatic environments.
An Improved Method for the Isolation of Highly Polymerized Native Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Certain Protozoa*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , MOHN FERN ANN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA relatively simple phenol extraction method, with EDTA as the nuclease inhibitor, is described for the isolation of purified, highly polymerized native DNA from Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas gallinae, and Tritrichomonas foetus; it is applicable also to Tetrahymena pyriformis. RNase Tl, RNase A (Worthington's R), pronase, and α‐amylase digestions constitute important steps in obtaining satisfactory yields of DNA. High degree of polymerization of the isolation product was estimated by hyperchromicity at O.D.260 after DNase treatment and by CsCl gradient analysis. The double‐stranded condition of the DNA samples was estimated by the latter method and by denaturation with NaOH, and the molecular weight by sucrose gradient analysis. Purity of the samples was determined spectrophotometrically and by chemical analyses for protein and glycogen. DNA percent recovery was estimated by the diphenylamine reaction.
Three Avenues to Ecologic Research on Parasitic Protozoa
Authors: NOBLE ELMER R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISOur knowledge of parasitic protozoa can be greatly enhanced by increased use of the following 3 ecological approaches to the study of parasitism. A) Studies of energy flow between parasite and host. B) Systems analysis. C) Studies of nutrition through an analysis of the parasite's environment. Most of the energy in cysts and spores is never returned to the parasite‐host system. The more integrated the system the more difficult an analysis of the role of parasites in the host energy budget. A parasite‐host system can be understood only through a careful study of each part, and the relationships among these parts. A measure of the nutrient status of a body fluid should take into consideration the nutrient status of any population of parasites that may be residing in that fluid. The above considerations were applied to problems of parasitism in deepsea fishes. Small, delicate midwater fishes do not have much energy for pursuing prey. We need to know details of the effects of great pressures and low temperatures on parasites. Energy flow between parasites and deep marine fishes has never been investigated. It is possible that parasites in these fishes are more efficient in energy transformation than are their hosts. These kinds of studies may be labeled “integrative parasitology.”
Gregarines of the Genus Lecudina (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) from Pacific Ocean Polychaetes*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe gregarine Lecudina longissima Hoshide, 1944 is described from the intestine of the marine polychaete Lumbrineris zonata (Johnson, 1901) from Santa Catalina Island, Calif. L. catalinensis n. sp. is described from the intestine of L. inflata Moore, 1911 from the same island. L. pherusae sp. n. and L. zimmeri sp. n. are described from the intestine of the marine polychaete Pherusa capulata (Moore, 1909) off Santa Catalina Island.
On the Fine Structure of the Nucleus in Trypanosoma cruzi in Tissue Culture Forms. Spindle Fibers in the Dividing Nucleus*
Authors: DE SOUZA W. , MEYER H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe fine structure of the dividing nucleus in the intracellular amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi from tissue cultures has been described. In the first phase of division the nucleus shows a homogenous structure owing to the dispersion of its chromatin and nucleolar material. Microtubules similar to those of a mitotic spindle in metozoan cells then appear, running from one pole to the other. They disappear when the division of the nucleus is complete and the chromatin and the nucleolar material reorganize into their former positions.
Selective Autolysis of Nuclei as a Source of DNA Precursors in Paramecium aurelia Exconjugants*
Authors: BERGER JAMES D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe fate of labeled DNA in macronuclear fragments of starving Paramecium aurelia exconjugants was studied by quantitative autoradiography. Labeled material originally contained in DNA of macronuclear fragments is incorporated into macronuclear anlagen. During the starvation period the mean number of macronuclear fragments per cell decreased exponentially while there was an approximately exponential increase in the volume of macronuclear anlagen. Fragments appeared to be selectively and individually autolyzed. Labeled material originally contained in fragments was largely if not completely conserved through 108 hr of starvation during which more than 90% of the fragments were lost. Soluble labeled material was detectable after autolysis of fragments began, but finally almost all labeled material was incorporated into macronuclear anlagen.
Interspecies Crosses in Paramecium aurelia (Syngen 4 by Syngen 8)*
Authors: HAGGARD BRUCE W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISTwo syngens (biologic species) of Paramecium aurelia that appear to be closely related were crossed. Parental stocks carrying different homozygous recessive marker genes were utilized to identify true hybrids (those that had undergone cross‐fertilization followed by normal nuclear processes). From these crosses of syngens 4 and 8, 32% of the conjugants survived but only 9% (27% of the survivors) were true hybrids. All 19 viable hybrids recovered were cytoplasmically descended from the syngen 8 parent; but the viable nonhybrids were cytoplasmically descended from either of the 2 parents and with equal frequency from each. Surprisingly, the hybrids could not be infected with the symbiont kappa, even though they should have carried a K gene donated by their syngen 4 parent which is necessary and sufficient to allow infection of the syngen 4 parent stocks. The hybrids required special care to cultivate and were sterile, thus indicating that they are at an evolutionary dead end. However, one type of nonhybrid clone produced by the intersyngenic conjugants was able to produce viable progeny. It is speculated that genetic elements of the cortex and in the cytoplasm (e.g. mitochondria) could be transferred intersyngenically via this type of nonhybrid clone.