bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labeled oxidation products from [1‐14C], [U‐14C] and [16‐14C]‐palmitate in hepatocytes and mitochondria
Authors: Chatzidakis Chris , Otto David A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWhen [1‐14C], [U‐14C], and [16‐14C]palmitate were oxidized by isolated rat hepatocytes, there was a differential distribution of label as a percent of total oxidized products, such that14CO2 from [1‐14C]>[U‐14C]>[16‐14C]‐palmitate and acid‐soluble radioactivity from [16‐14C]>[U‐14C]>[1‐14C]palmitate. The oxidation of [2,3‐14C]succinate to14CO2 by isolated hepatocytes was only 9.1% of that from [1,4‐14C]succinate, demonstrating that the differences in distribution of labeled products are in part due to less14CO2 production from label in the even carbon positions entering the citric acid cycle. Apparent total ketone body production from [16‐14C]palmitate was markedly higher than [1‐14C], and [U‐14C]palmitate. In addition, the14C‐acetone:14CO2 ratio derived from decarboxylation of labeled acetoacetate from [1‐14C]palmitate was less than 1 and positively correlated to the rate of fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. These findings indicate that the known preferential incorporation of the omega‐C2 unit of fatty acids into14C‐ketone bodies also contributed to the differential distribution of labeled products and that this contribution was greatest at the lower rates of fatty acid oxidation. In isolated mitochondria, the distribution of label to14CO2 and acid‐soluble radioactivity from [1‐14C], [U‐14C] and [16‐14C]palmitate was qualitatively similar to that seen with hepatocytes. The distribution of label from [1‐14C]acetylcarnitine to14CO2 and14C‐ketone bodies by mitochondria was identical to that observed from [1‐14C]palmitate, indicating that the higher rates of14CO2 production from [1‐14C]palmitate cannot be explained by a preferential oxidation in the citric acid cycle of either extramitochondrial acetyl‐CoA (generated in peroxisomes) or the carboxyl terminal of the fatty acid. As shown by others in cell‐free systems, we observed that the total oxidation of [16‐14C]palmitate by hepatocytes and mitochondria was significantly less than [1‐14C] and [U‐14C]palmitate, suggesting either incomplete mitochondrial β‐oxidation or incomplete degradation of peroxisomal oxidation products. The data indicate that this incomplete oxidation does not, however, contribute to the differential distribution of label to oxidized products.
Phosphocholine phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase are different enzymes in hamster heart
Authors: Hatch Grant M. , Choy Patrick C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe CDP‐choline pathway is the major pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in the hamster heart. The formation of phosphocholine from choline was regarded as the first committed reaction in this pathway. We demonstrated earlier that the phosphocholine pool in the heart was substantially less than that found in other tissues, and we observed that a substantial amount of the phosphocholine was hydrolyzed back to choline by a phosphatase. This phosphatase was located in the microsomal fraction of the heart, and unlike alkaline phosphatase, it was not inhibited by amino acids. The pH optima and heat sensitivity of phosphocholine phosphatase were also found to differ from alkaline phosphatase. Phosphocholine did not inhibit the hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenylphosphate, but a “mixed type” inhibition of the hydrolysis of phosphocholine was observed in the presence of pnitrophenylphosphate. Our data support the hypothesis that these two activities originate from separate and distinct enzymes, and we postulate that the cardiac phosphocholine phosphatase may play a role in the regulation of the phosphocholine pool size in the hamster heart.
Slow recovery of the fatty acid composition of sciatic nerve in rats fed a diet initially low in n−3 fatty acids
Authors: Bourre J. M. , Youyou A. , Durand G. , Pascal G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe sciatic nerve of rats fed sunflower oil (6 mg 18∶3n−3/100 g of diet) presented dramatic alterations in the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with those fed soy oil (130 mg 18∶3n−3/100 g of diet). In both 15‐day‐old and 60‐day‐old animals fed sunflower oil, 22∶6n−3 (cervonic acid) was fourfold less, 22∶5n−6 was 10‐fold greater; adrenic acid (22∶4n−6) was slightly greater and arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) was close to that in rats fed soy oil. The percentage distribution of total polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as the individual saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were the same in both groups.When the sunflower oil‐fed animals were switched to a soy oil‐containing diet for either 15 or 60 days, the percentage distribution of 22∶6n−3 increased slowly to reach the control value 2.5 months later. Conversely 22∶5n−6 decreased slowly. The decay of 22∶5n−6 was more rapid than the increase of 22∶6n−3.
Serum fatty acid profiles after intravenous medium chain triglyceride administration
Authors: Mascioli Edward A. , Lopes Sarah , Randall Sheldon , Porter Kathaleen A. , Kater Gabrielle , Hirschberg Yulia , Babayan Vigen K. , Bistrian Bruce R. , Blackburn George L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe serum fatty acid profiles of patients receiving either intravenous medium or long chain triglycerides were studied. Seventeen hospitalized patients, dependent on total parenteral nutrition, were randomly enrolled into a prospective study. The total parenteral nutrition (TPN) delivered amino acids and glucose and either a 75% medium chain triglyceride and 25% long chain triglyceride (MCT group) physical mixture or all long chain triglyceride (LCT group), as the respective fat sources. The amino acids and glucose were given continously, and the lipid was given for 10 hours each day over five days. Fatty acid profiles on serum triglycerides and free fatty acids were done in the morning before any lipid was given and also later in the afternoon, near the end of the lipid administration, on days 1, 3 and 5.Medium chain fatty acids rose quickly in the triglyceride fraction in patients given MCT. Rapid MCT hydrolysis occurred as evidenced by the appearance of medium chain fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction in the afternoon sampling. Clearance of the hydrolyzed medium chain free fatty acids (MCFFA) occurred so that little, if any, were present in the morning sampling one day later. Long chain fatty acids, as either triglycerides or free fatty acids, showed expected increases during the daily infusion, but not of such relative magnitude as the medium chain fatty acids. Medium chain fatty acid incorporation into the phospholipid or cholesterol ester fractions by the end of the five‐day feeding period was present but minimal. As opposed to conventional long chain triglycerides, intravenously administered medium chain triglycerides are hydrolyzed and cleared rapidly and do not accumulate in other lipid fractions, and are therefore a more readily available lipid fuel.
Damage to microsomal membrane by lipid peroxidation
Authors: Bidlack W. R. , Tappel Al L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlterations of microsomal membrane integrity were examined during lipid peroxidation. Loss of membrane‐bound NADPH cytochromec reductase activity and protein release into the aqueous phase were related to disruption of the lipophilic region of the membrane. Formation of fluorescent products in the lipid phase of the membrane occurred only in the presence of peroxidation products. Changes in the membrane lipid phase during peroxidation included a decrease in the reactive amino groups of the phospholipids and a decrease in detectable phosphatidyl ethanolamine. In an ultrafiltration continuous flow chamber, peroxidized microsomal membranes were hydrolyzed to a lesser degree by solubilized lysosomal cathepsins and to a greater degree by lysosomal nucleases than were nonperoxidized membranes.
Managing chronic whiplash associated pain with a combination of low‐dose opioid (remifentanil) and NMDA‐antagonist (ketamine)
Authors: Lemming Dag , Sörensen Jan , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Lauber Rolf , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Gerdle Björn 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe aim was to investigate the efficacy of a combination of low‐dose remifentanil (REMI) and ketamine (KET) compared to the single drugs and placebo (P) on whiplash associated pain (WAD) in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study.Twenty patients with chronic (>1 year) WAD were included. Four different drug combinations were tested in four sessions: placebo/placebo (P/P), placebo/remifentanil (P/REMI), ketamine/placebo (KET/P) and ketamine/remifentanil (KET/REMI). Target concentrations were 1 and 2ng/ml (stepwise) for remifentanil and 100ng/ml for ketamine.Habitual pain intensity was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Experimental pain was assessed with electrical stimulation (single and repeated) of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, pressure pain algometry applied over infraspinatus (IS) and TA muscles and VAS scores after intramuscular hypertonic saline infusion in TA.KET/REMI significantly reduced habitual pain. KET/REMI infused at low REMI target concentration (1ng/ml) significantly elevated electrical intramuscular pain thresholds (single and repeated). Pain thresholds to electrical stimulation were similarly increased by both P/REMI and KET/REMI at 2ng/ml target concentration. Pressure pain thresholds were increased by both KET/REMI and P/REMI. VAS‐scores after intramuscular saline were also similarly decreased by both REMI combinations. Seven out of 20 subjects were non‐responders (<50% pain relief). No correlation was found between effects on spontaneous pain and experimental pain.KET/REMI showed an analgesic effect on habitual pain. Experimental pain was attenuated by both combinations containing the opioid, however, KET seemed to enhance the effect of REMI on electrical pain thresholds when a low REMI target concentration was used.
The choice of chromogen and reliability of contact rhinoscopy in the irradiated nasopharynx
Authors: Pak Martin W , Chow Samuel , van Hasselt C A 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA cross-sectional randomised single blind study was conducted to assess how concentrations of chromogen (vital stain) and the characteristics of the assessors affect the assessment of contact rhinoscopy. Twenty-eight patients who had undergone external radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma were assessed by contact rhinoscopy using 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent methylene blue stain on opposite sides of the nasopharynx. Three independent observers assessed the visual clarity of the 45 contact endoscopic images showing squamous metaplasia according to a visual analogue scale. The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.916 to 0.957 and 0.839 to 0.964 for intra-observer reliability of assessors in the groups of 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent stains, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-observer reliability of assessors were 0.884 and 0.885 in the groups of 0.5 per cent and 1 per cent stains, respectively. The mean scores of clarity of the cellular details were statistically higher in the group of 1 per cent stain among all assessors. These results showed that the assessment of squamous metaplasia by contact endoscopy is highly reliable irrespective of the clinical experience and knowledge of histopathology of the assessors. One per cent methylene blue should be the vital stain of choice in contact endoscopy.
Income-related inequality in mental health in Britain: the concentration index approach
Authors: MANGALORE ROSHNI , KNAPP MARTIN , JENKINS RACHEL 
Published: January 2007

Background. Reduction of health inequalities is a major policy goal in the UK. While there is general recognition of the disadvantaged position of people with mental health problems, the extent of inequality, particularly the association with socio-economic characteristics, has not been widely studied. We aimed to measure income-related inequality in the distribution of psychiatric disorders and to compare with inequality in other health domains.Method. The concentration index (CI) approach was used to examine income-related inequality in mental health using data from the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 for Britain.Results. There is marked inequality unfavourable to lower income groups with respect to mental health disorders. The extent of inequality increases with the severity of problems, with the greatest inequality observed for psychosis. Income-related inequality for psychiatric disorders is higher than for general health in the UK. Standardized CIs suggest that these inequalities are not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles.Conclusions. Income-related inequalities exist in mental health in Britain. As much of the observed inequality is probably due to factors associated with income and not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles, it may be that these inequalities are potentially ‘avoidable’.
Attributable Cost and Length of Stay for Patients With Central Venous Catheter—Associated Bloodstream Infection in Mexico City Intensive Care Units A Prospective, Matched Analysis
Authors: Higuera Francisco , Rangel-Frausto Manuel Sigfrido , Rosenthal Victor Daniel , Soto Jose Martinez , Castañon Jorge , Franco Guillermo , Tabal-Galan Natividad , Ruiz Javier , Duarte Pablo , Graves Nicholas 
Published: January 2007

Background.No information is available about the financial impact of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) in Mexico.Objective.To calculate the costs associated with BSI in intensive care units (ICUs) in Mexico City.Design.An 18-month (June 2002 through November 2003), prospective, nested case-control study of patients with and patients without BSI.Setting.Adult ICUs in 3 hospitals in Mexico City.Patients and Methods.A total of 55 patients with BSI (case patients) and 55 patients without BSI (control patients) were compared with respect to hospital, type of ICU, year of hospital admission, length of ICU stay, sex, age, and mean severity of illness score. Information about the length of ICU stay was obtained prospectively during daily rounds. The daily cost of ICU stay was provided by the finance department of each hospital. The cost of antibiotics prescribed for BSI was provided by the hospitals' pharmacy departments.Results.For case patients, the mean extra length of stay was 6.1 days, the mean extra cost of antibiotics was $598, the mean extra hospital cost was $11,591, and the attributable extra mortality was 20%.Conclusions.In this study, the duration of ICU stay for patients with central venous catheter-associated BSI was significantly longer than that for control patients, resulting in increased healthcare costs and a higher attributable mortality. These conclusions support the need to implement preventive measures for hospitalized patients with central venous catheters in Mexico.
Normative Values of Olfactory Function Testing Using the ‘Sniffin’ Sticks'
Authors: Katotomichelakis Michael , Balatsouras Dimitrios , Tripsianis Gregori , Tsaroucha Aleka , Homsioglou Elias , Danielides Vassilios 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: Quantitative olfactory assessment is often neglected in clinical practice, although olfactory loss can assist to diagnosis and may lead to significant morbidity. “Sniffin' Sticks” is a modern test of nasal chemosensory performance that is based on penlike odor‐dispensing devices. It consists of three tests of olfactory function: odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. The results of this test may be presented as a composite threshold–discrimination–identification (TDI) score. The aim of this study was first to develop normative data of olfactory function for the Greek population using this test and second to relate olfactory performance to age, sex, and side examined.Study Design: The authors conducted a prospective clinical trial.Methods: A total of 93 healthy subjects were included in the study, 48 males and 45 females, mean age of 44.5 years (range, 6–84 years).Results: A database of normal values for olfactory testing was established for the Greek population. Females performed better than males and older subjects performed less efficiently in all tests. We also found a right nostril advantage compared with the left. Additionally, scores obtained from bilateral presentation were similar with scores obtained from the nostril with the better performance.Conclusions: The “Sniffin' Sticks” can be used effectively in the Greek population to evaluate olfactory performance. Mean values of olfactory tests obtained were better in comparison with data from settings located in central and northern Europe.
Intrahepatic Cystic Lesions After Hepatic Portoenterostomy for Biliary Atresia With Bile Lake and Dilated Bile Ducts
Authors: Tainaka Takahisa , Kaneko Kenitiro , Seo Takahiko , Ono Yasuyuki , Sumida Wataru , Ando Hisami 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:Intrahepatic cystic lesions develop after hepatic portoenterostomy in some patients with biliary atresia and have been regarded as an indication of poor prognosis; however, there is confusion about the terminology and concepts of the lesions. We investigated whether the cystic lesions constituted a single entity.Patients and Methods:From 1980 to 2005, we encountered 80 patients with biliary atresia. Abdominal ultrasonography disclosed intrahepatic cystic lesions in 20 (25%) patients after hepatic portoenterostomy. The cystic lesions were analyzed morphologically with radiologic imaging studies and histologically in 13 patients who underwent liver transplantation.Results:Fifteen patients had solitary simple cystic lesions, and 5 patients had multiple continuous oval or beaded lesions. Solitary lesions had a fibrotic cyst wall and lacked epithelia. Continuous lesions had a cyst wall covered with biliary epithelia. Thirteen patients with solitary cysts died or required liver transplantation. In 2 patients with continuous lesions, surgical reboring of the porta hepatis could eliminate cystic lesions and jaundice.Conclusions:Intrahepatic cystic lesions include 2 different conditions. Solitary cysts are retention pseudocysts, which should be referred to as a bile lake, and are associated with poor prognosis. Continuous beaded cysts are dilated bile ducts, which may be reversed. This distinction is important when considering the treatment strategy.
Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Children of Different Ethnic Origins: A Cohort Study with Up to 12 Years' Follow‐up in Northern Greece
Authors: Zacharakis George , Koskinas John , Kotsiou Stamatia , Pouliou Evaggelia , Papoutselis Menelaos , Tzara Fevronia , Vafeiadis Nikolaos , Maltezos Eustratios , Archimandritis Athanasios , Papoutselis Kostantinos 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAim:To investigate the mode of transmission and the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children of different ethnicities in Greece. This study was part of the Interreg I‐II EC project.Patients and Methods:One hundred seventy‐three hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)(+) carriers, median age 6.9 (5–12) y, were prospectively followed‐up for a mean period of 5.3 (1–12) y for serological markers of HBV infection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HBV‐DNA, α‐fetoprotein levels and ultrasonography.Results:Vertical transmission predominates (61.8%) in Moslem children and horizontal (44%) in those born in Russia. At entry, 73 of 173 (42%) HBsAg(+) genotype D children were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)(+), ranging from 27% to 67% among ethnic groups; 55 of 173 (32%) had ALT > 2 × upper normal limit (UNL), ranging from 21% to 39%. Of 100 anti‐HBe(+) children, 85 (85%) were inactive carriers. During the follow‐up period, seroconversion to anti‐HBe was observed in 40 of 73 (55%) children with an annual rate of 11%; 35 of 40 (87.5%) had biochemical remission, and 28 of 35 (80%) lost HBV‐DNA. In the anti‐HBe(+) group, 27 of 100 (27%) lost HBV‐DNA and 9 of 100 (9%) lost HBsAg. The annual seroconversion rate for HBeAg was significantly lower: in children with vertical transmission compared with horizontal (7.7% vs 14.8%, respectively, P < 0.001) and in Muslim children compared with both Christian children and those born in Russia (8.6% vs 12%, respectively, P < 0.001). No differences were found among the ethnic groups after adjusting for the mode of infection. Two of 173 children had progression of liver disease.Conclusions:The differences in HBeAg(+) status and seroconversion rate among the ethnic groups are related to the time/mode of HBV infection. The majority of children who developed anti‐HBe immunity had biochemical remission, and a substantial number of the inactive carriers lost viremia during the observation period of up to 12 y.
The association between the proximal extension of the clot and the severity of pulmonary embolism (PE): a proposal for a new radiological score for PE
Authors: Ghanima W. , Abdelnoor M. , Holmen L. O. , Nielssen B. E. , Sandset P. M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract.Background.  The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the proximal level of the clot and the severity of pulmonary embolism (PE).Methods.  The cohort consisted of 99 consecutive patients with PE diagnosed by multi‐detector computed tomography. A new score was constructed by calculating the mean value of the largest affected vessel [sub‐segmental = 1, segmental = 2, lobar = 3, main pulmonary artery (MPA) = 4] in each lung.Results.  A significant association was found between the most proximal level of PE and pulmonary artery obstruction index (PAOI) (P < 0.0001), right ventricular (RV)/left ventricular (LV) ratio (P < 0.0001), and PaO2 (P = 0.004). No significant association was found between systolic blood pressure and the level of PE. Troponin‐T was elevated in none of the sub‐segmental, 5% of segmental, 20% of lobar, and in 56% of PEs in the MPA (P = 0.001). Significant association was found between the proposed score and PAOI (P < 0.0001), RV/LV ratio (P < 0.0001), PaO2 (P < 0.008). Troponin‐T was elevated in 10% of level 1, 0% of level 2, 43% level of 3, 66% of level 4 PE (P < 0.0001). Cut‐off level score 4 yielded a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 74% for the detection of elevated troponin‐T.Conclusions.  In conclusion, the study indicates that both the most proximal level of PE and the proposed score are related to the severity of PE as determined by blood oxygenation, biochemical and radiological parameters and could therefore be of value for rapid risk stratification of PE. However, the prognostic value of these classifications and their clinical significance needs to be evaluated in properly designed studies.
Polycystic kidney disease: genes, proteins, animal models, disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Torres V. E. , Harris P. C. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract.An increased understanding of the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of polycystic kidney disease has laid out the foundation for the development of rational therapies. Many animal models where these therapies can be tested are currently available. This review summarizes the rationale for these treatments, the results of preclinical trials and the prospects for clinical trials, some already in early phases of implementation.