bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved method of preparation of α‐substituted fatty acids
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , Barauskas Robert A. , Smith Frank D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe previously published methods for the syntheses of α‐substituted fatty acids, as developed by Pfeffer et al. and Konen et al., were improved by using the dimethylamides instead of the free carboxylic acids and changing the solvent system to eliminate hexamethylphosphoramide, a known carcinogen. The improved method cuts the use of metalating agent in half, drastically reduces refrigeration requirements, and permits the preparation of larger batches. A Grignard reagent can be used in place ofn‐butyllithium as metalating agent but gives substantially poorer yields. The syntheses of α‐hydroxylauric acid and α‐butyllauric acid are described.
Oil from deep water fish species as a substitute for sperm whale and jojoba oils
Authors: Buisson D. H. , Body D. R. , Dougherty G. J. , Eyres L. , Vlieg P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe lipid fraction of the deep water fish species orange roughy (Hoplostetbus atlanticus), black oreo (Allocyttus sp.) and small spined oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus) had wax esters with even carbon numbers over the range C30 to C46 as the major components. The component acids and alcohols of the wax ester fraction were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and compared with those of jojoba and sperm whale oils. Orange roughy oil was refined and deodorized and its chemical, physical and mechanical properties were determined. Hydrogenation of orange roughy oil produced a range of white crystalline waxes with melting points between 34 and 66 C. The characteristics of these waxes were very similar to those of hydrogenated jojoba oil and spermaceti. Lubricant tests performed on sulfurized orange roughy oil indicated it is comparable to sulfurized jojoba and sperm whale oils as an extreme‐pressure additive in lubricants. The results show a sound technical basis on which to consider an industry based on orange roughy oil and the oreo oils as replacements for sperm whale oil and as substitutes for jojoba oil. Applications for the oil could be in the cosmetic and high‐grade lubricant fields, the waxes in the polish, textile, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and the sulfurized derivative of orange roughy oil in the lubricant industry.
Clarity of blends of double‐fractionated palm olein with low‐erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: NorAini I. , Hanirah H. , Sudin N. , Oh Flingoh C. H. , Tang T. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDouble‐fractionated palm olein (DfPOo) fractions with iodine values (IV) of 60 and 65 were each blended with low‐erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil in various proportions. Clarities of the blends at different temperatures were determined. Maximum levels of DfPOo‐IV60 and DfPOo‐IV65 in blends that remained clear at 20°C for at least 120 d were 40 and 80%, respectively. At 15°C, the maximum levels were 10 and 40%, and at 10°C, 10 and 20%, respectively. At 5°C, only a blend of 10% DfPOo‐IV65 in LEAR remained clear for 120 d. Maximum levels of DfPOo‐IV60 and DfPOo‐IV65 in blends that passed the cold test were 30% for both palm oleins. Maximum levels of the palm oleins in blends with LEAR were higher than those of blends with soybean oil. Cloud points were lower in palm olein/LEAR blends than those of palm olein/soybean oil blends, probably because LEAR contains less saturated fatty acids than soybean oil.
Study of neutral lipids ofLupinus mutabilis meal and isolates
Authors: Millan Francisco , Alaiz Manuel , Hernandez‐Pinzon Inmaculada , Sanchez‐Vioque Raul , Bautista Juan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo types of protein isolates have been obtained from defattedLupinus mutabilis meal. The isolates, MA and MB, were obtained by alkaline extraction with 0.2% NaOH and 0.25% sodium bisulfite, respectively, followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point (pH 4.8). Total associated lipids were extracted with 86% ethanol. Neutral lipids were separated in a Florisil column. The lipids in the isolates were similar to those found in the original meal. The following types of compounds were separated, identified, and quantitated: hydrocarbons, waxes, methyl esters, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and free sterols.
Effect of germination on tannin, mineral, and trace element composition of groundnut varieties
Authors: Rao P. Udayasekhara 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGroundnut varieties were analyzed for their tannin, ionizable iron, soluble zinc, phytate phosphorus, total iron, total phosphorus, total zinc, copper, magnesium, and manganese contents in ungerminated seed and after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of germination. Tannin content varied between 100 and 623 mg/100 g; ionizable iron ranged from 136–2178 µg/100 g; phytate phosphorus ranged from 415–655 mg/100 g; soluble zinc varied between 776 and 951 µg/100 g of kernels. Soaking groundnuts overnight in water resulted in a decrease in content of most of the minerals, trace elements, tannins, and soluble zinc. As the germination period increased from 0 to 24, 48, and 72 h, ionizable iron (50%) and soluble zinc (95%) increased substantially. Ionizable iron as percent of total iron increased from 10% in ungerminated kernels to 23% in 72‐h germinated kernels. Soluble zinc as percent of total zinc also increased from 18% in ungerminated groundnuts to 31% in 72‐h germinated ones. There was a negative correlation between tannin content and ionizable iron content of ungerminated and germinated kernels (r=−0.5203). Germination decreased the antinutritional factors, such as tannin, and increased the bioavailable forms of iron and zinc, namely ionizable iron and soluble zinc contents of groundnut kernels.
High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of peanut phospholipids. I. Injection system for simultaneous concentration and separation of phospholipids
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Stikeleather L. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the details of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous concentration and separation of phospholipids or other trace compounds by direct oil injection using two different solvent systems. The system equilibrates and concentrates phospholipids on a silica column using hexane. At the same time, an analytical column is equilibrating and separating phospholipids using two binary solvent mixtures. This system eliminates a preconcentration step previously accomplished by solid‐phase extraction, open‐column chromatography, and other previously used methodology. Other advantages include: a 40% reduction in analysis time, elimination of a second transfer of labile compounds, decreased solvent use, and a simpler array of solvents to separate phospholipids. The method described has broader applications, such as trace organic compounds in water supplies, and trace metals with appropriate modifications for the particular analysis.
A minor source of vernolic, malvalic, and sterculic acids inPithecollobium dulce (syn.Inga dulcis) seed oil
Authors: Hosamani Kallappa M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPithecollobium dulce, Benth (syn.Inga dulcis, Willd) seed oil, belonging to the Leguminosae plant family, contains minor amounts of vernolic acid (12,13‐epoxy‐octadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid, 10.0%), malvalic acid [7‐(2‐octacyclopropen‐1‐yl)heptanoic acid, 3.2%], and sterculic acid [8‐(2‐octacyclopropen‐1‐yl)octanoic acid, 2.0%]. The other normal fatty acids are palmitic (12.1%), stearic (4.2%), behenic (10.6%), oleic (34.1%), and linoleic (23.8%). These fatty acids have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared,1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and gas‐liquid chromatography techniques and by chemical degradations.
Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils: II. The activity of the prereduced copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Fragale C. , Gargano M. , Rossi M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe prereduction of copper chromite with hydrogen produces a strong deactivation of catalyst in soybean oil hydrogenation at 200 C and 6 atm. ESCA studies and kinetic data show that the decrement of the activity is correlated to the disappearance of Cu″ and Cu′ species and to the decrement of Cu/Cr ratio on the catalyst surface. The comparison of activity between original and prereduced catalysts allows a better elucidation of the role of Cu′ in promoting the double bond conjugation and of Cu° in catalyzing the conjugated double bond hydrogenation.
Operating variables in the analysis of tall oil acids by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Dorris G. M. , Douek M. , Allen L. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFactors influencing the analysis of fatty and resin acid methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography have been investigated. Methods to calculate equivalent chain length (ECL) values and their limitations are first discussed. Retention data, expressed as equivalent chain lengths (ECL) were determined on SE‐30, SP‐2100 and Carbowax 20M columns. The medium length (20–30‐m) polysiloxane columns, SE‐30 and SP‐2100, provided overall better resolution and shorter retention times than the more polar Carbowax 20M column of similar length. The temperature dependence of ECL values was investigated for all three columns in the range 180–210 C. Retention times and ECL values were more temperature‐dependent for the Carbowax 20M than for the other two stationary phases. The effects of split ratio and method of injection on the precision and accuracy of the analysis were also examined. Using optimal conditions of analysis established in this paper, the difference between measured and actual weights of an internal standard added to two tall oil samples was determined to be less than 3%.
Supercritical fluid fractionation of fish oil esters using incremental pressure programming and a temperature gradient
Authors: Nilsson William B. , Gauglitz Erich J. , Hudson Joanne K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIncremental pressure programming was demonstrated to be an effective technique for increasing the yield of 90% pure allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) in the fractionation of urea‐crystallized fish oil ethyl esters using supercritical fluid CO2. The fractionations, which also produced high purity allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA), were performed using a column temperature gradient. In initial experiments, the maximum temperature of the superimposed gradient was 80°C, and processing pressures ranged from 1900–2200 psi. By reduction of processing pressures, comparable yields of EPA were obtained from fractionations in which the maximum temperatures in the gradient were 70°C and 60°C.
Derivatization of 5α‐cholestane‐3β,5,6β‐triol into trimethylsilyl ether sterol for GC analysis
Authors: Park Peter S. W. , Addis Paul B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChemical identity of 5α‐cholestane‐3β,5,6β‐triol (C‐Triol) as a trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivative was studied using gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The derivatization mixture, held at 23°C for 30 and 300 min, showed only a single peak (B) by GC. When the mixture was heated at 70°C for a few hours, another peak (A) emerged ahead of peak (B). GC‐MS analysis revealed that the GC peaks (A) and (B) are C‐Triol astris‐ andbis‐TMS ether derivatives, respectively. NMR analysis suggested that the hydroxyl groups at C3 and C6 of C‐Triol were involved in the formation of thebis‐TMS ether.
The role of the northern regional research center in the development of quality control procedures for fats and oils
Authors: List G. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe research laboratory has played a major role in the development of quality control procedures for edible fats and oils. Historically, development of these methods can be traced in part to the need for basic information on the composition, processing and flavor stability of edible soybean oil. The Northern Regional Research Center pioneered much of this basic work. This review will address the contributions made by the Northern Center in developing quality control procedures for edible fats and oils.
Analysis of triacylglycerols in leaves of citrus by HPLC
Authors: Nordby Harold E. , Yelenosky George 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipids were extracted from leaves of cold‐hardened and unhardened citrus plants and the crude triacylglycerol (TG) fraction of each sample was separated from other lipid components by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). To determine TG levels and molecular species, the crude TG was subjected to High presure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 12 fractions collected and these fractions quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Levels of TG/g fresh leaf were 139 µg in unhardened sour orange, 2460 µg in cold‐hardened sour orange and 672 µg in cold‐hardened Valencia orange. Twenty‐one molecular species were determined in the 36–46 equivalent carbon number range (ECN). Five of the TG species that contained linoleate accounted for over 60% of total TG in hardened sour orange and Valencia leaves. Hardened sour orange leaves contained 2–5 times more of these major TG species than hardened Valencia leaves. The increase in these TG species may relate to cold tolerance since sour orange seedlings are more cold hardy than Valencia budded on sour orange.
A rapid quantitative method for determination of astaxanthin pigment concentration in oil extracts
Authors: Chen Huei‐Mei , Meyers Samuel P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPower models were developed to demonstrate relationships between absorption maxima (λmax) and specific extinction coefficients (E1cm1%) for the carotenoid astaxanthin and astacene in different oils and organic solvents. An accurate and rapid determination of concentration of astaxanthin‐enriched oil can be achieved by using the predicted E1cm1% value based on absorption maxima in the visible light spectrum. Several vegetable or fish oils have been shown to be comparatively efficient in extracting astaxanthin pigment from crustacean waste in a pilot plant.
Lipid‐lipase interactions. I. Fat splitting with lipase fromCandida rugosa
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , O'Brien Dennis J. , Serota Samuel , Barauskas Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCommercial dry lipase fromCandida rugosa (formerlyC. cylindracea) was used to catalyze hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil at 26–40 C. A methodology was developed to yield results reproducible within ±10% and to achieve essentially complete hydrolysis. From the hydrolysis data, an empirical relationship was developed that shows that the percentage of free fatty acid formed is almost a linear function of the logarithm of reaction time and the logarithm of enzyme concentration. A 95–98% hydrolysis of the 3 substrates was achieved experimentally in 72 hr, requiring 15 units lipase per milliequivalent (U/meq) of coconut oil or tallow and 6 U/meq of olive oil. The kinetics of lipolysis were determined for all 3 substrates and were found to approximate first order. Lipolysis rate was higher for olive oil than for tallow and coconut oil; no significant differences were observed between the latter 2 substrates. No statistically significant change in overall reaction rate was found when the hydrolysis was run at 26 C, 36 C or 46 C. Although the literature cites calcium or sodium ions and albumin as beneficial adjuvants to enzymatic lipolysis, these additives appeared to have no significant beneficial effect on the reaction. On the other hand, hydrocarbon solvents and nonionic surfactants showed an adverse effect.
Canola check sample series
Authors: Blake J. A. , Marianchuk M. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFour separate check series for canola seed, canola meal, crude and crude degummed canola oil and refined, bleached and deodorized canola oil were started in July 1980. They are devised to help laboratories calibrate analytical procedures to be used on canola products. This paper describes the organization of the program and special features of canola analysis. It indicates and discusses less than reliable analyses and describes the active participation of the program organizers to improve reliability of analyses.
Production of detergent‐grade trisodium citrate
Authors: Shen Chung Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn efficient process to produce a technical‐grade trisodium citrate suitable for detergent use has been demonstrated. Ammonium citrate is produced as an intermediate by a continuous fermentation approach usingCandiada lipolytica yeast and C10–C20 linear paraffin. After removing yeast cells and residual oil by centrifuge, ammonia is distilled off with addition of sodium hydroxide. Trisodium citrate is recovered by methanol precipitation. Impurities, e.g., isocitrate, coloring materials and odorous substances dissolve in methanol and are removed. The methanol is recovered and recycled. A simple approach to convert the trisodium citrate solution directly to a solid for possible use in detergents failed because of the objectionable color, odor and high hygroscopicity.
Determination of surfactant mixtures in shampoos and detergents by HPLC
Authors: Nakamura K. , Morikawa Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA technique for separating 4 nonionic, 7 anionic and 4 amphoteric surfactants with n‐dodecyl groups was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the determination of these surfactants in commercial shampoos and household detergents. Conditions used for the separation were: column packing and size, TSK‐LS 410 (5µ) and 6 mm i.d. × 500 mm (2 connected, 250 mm columns); mobile phase, water/methanol (25/75, v/v) containing 0.25 M sodium perchlorate adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid; column temp., 50 C; detector, RI. Surfactants in shampoos and detergents were clearly distinguished from each other and determined without column chromatographic pretreatment, e.g., ion‐exchange chromatography.
High pressure splitting of castor oil
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Subbarao R. , Rama Sastry Y. Sita , Kale V. , Rao T. Chandrasekhara , Gangadhar A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of variations in pressure (20–40 kg/cm2), oil‐to‐water ratio (1:0.4–1:1, w/w) and time (0–8 hr) on the extent of hydrolysis of castor oil were studied. Higher pressure, lower oil‐to‐water ratio and longer duration gave higher percentage splits. At 40 kg/cm2 pressure and an oil‐to‐water ratio of 1:1, ca. 92% split was obtained in 8 hr. When the oil was hydrolyzed in 2 stages at 20 kg/cm2 with an oil‐to‐water ratio of 1:0.4, ca. 96% split was obtained in a total period of 10 hr. Splitting at 20 kg/cm2 gave minimal amounts of dienoic acids because of the decomposition of estolides.
Fatty acid composition of brazilian plants. I.Stizolobium aterrimum piper & tracy andLucuma caimito roem. Seed oils
Authors: Schuch R. , Baruffaldi R. , Gioielli L. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the diethyl ether extract from velvet bean,Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy (familyLeguminosae, subfamilyPapilionacea), and abio,Lucuma caimito Roem. (familySapotaceae), seed oils was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Palmitic, oleic and linoleic were the major fatty acids present in both species.
Arachidonic acid autoxidation in an aqueous media effect of α‐tocopherol, cysteine and nucleic acids
Authors: Bazin Bruno , Cillard Josiane , Koskas Jean‐Pierre , Cillard Pierre 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of arachidonic acid dispersed in aqueous media was evaluated simultaneously with and without different agents, e.g., α‐tocopherol at different concentrations, cysteine, DNA and RNA. The autoxidation rate of arachidonic acid was evaluated by quantitative gas liquid chromatography (GLC) determination of the unoxidized acid and by spectrophotometric measurement of conjugated dienes. α‐Tocopherol exhibited a prooxidant activity at concentrations of 1.25 × 10−4 M and 1.25 × 10−5 M and a weak antioxidant activity at a concentration of 1.25 × 10−6 M. Cysteine showed antioxidant activity and greatly reduced the prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol. DNA and RNA had no effect in either case. α‐Tocopherol oxidation was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prooxidant effect was accompanied by a rapid oxidation of α‐tocopherol, except in the presence of cysteine, which prevented the oxidation of α‐tocopherol.
Thin layer chromatography/flame ionization analysis of transesterified vegetable oils
Authors: Freedman B. , Pryde E. H. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA quantitative method was developed for analyzing mixtures containing fatty esters and tri‐ (TG), di‐ (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) obtained by the transesterification of vegetable oils. Analyses were performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC)/flame ionization detection (FID) with an Iatroscan TH‐10 instrument. Stearyl alcohol served as an internal standard. From plots of area and weight ratios of methyl linoleate and tri‐, di‐ and monolinolein, linear equations were developed from which response factors were calculated. Hydrogen flow rate and developing solvent strongly influenced resolution and baseline stability. Variations in scan speed affected completeness of burning and response factors, but not measured composition. Sample weight also affected response factors but not measured composition. A computerized procedure for data analysis was developed so that 30 samples can be completed in 2–3 hr. Relative standard deviations were 1–2% for major components in the 90–100% range and 6–83% for minor components in the 1–2% range.
Reduction of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols with diimide from hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHydroxylamine has been recently found to react with ethyl acetate to generate diimide in situ. This reaction was used to reduce 10‐undecenoic, oleic, linoleic, stearolic, concentrates of ricinoleic, cyclopentene and cyclopropene fatty acids (FA), dehydrated castor oil FA, 10‐undecen‐1‐ol, oleyl alcohol and castor fatty alcohols. Unsaturated FA and their corresponding alcohols reacted in a similar manner. Terminally unsaturated, cyclopropene and cyclopentene FA were more reactive than oleic acid, which, in turn, was more reactive than hydroxymonoenoic acids. Conjugated dienoic FA reduced faster than nonconjugated dienoic acids. Partial hydrogenation using this reagent is particularly advantageous in determining geometry and the position of double bonds in the polyunsaturated FA, as it can be carried out in the absence of oxygen or oxidizing agents unlike hydrazine reductions.
An approach to formulating cold‐water laundry products
Authors: Matson Ted P. , Cox Michael F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTrilinear plots showing the performance of linear alkylbenzene (LAS), alcohol ether sulfate (ES) and alcohol sulfate (AS) mixtures are used to optimize surfactant active composition for maximum cold‐water detergency. Superimposition of cost lines allows for estimating cost/performance. Results show that the composition of the optimally performing LAS/ES/AS mixture depends strongly on temperature, water hardness and cloth type. Under most conditions at low water hardness levels, optimum cost/performance is obtained by an all‐LAS active composition. When water hardness exceeds the hardness removal capability of the builder, an LAS/ES blend is best.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopic analysis of 24‐methyl‐Δ5,22‐sterols in rape and mustard seed oils
Authors: Matsumoto T. , Shimizu N. , Itoh T. , Iida T. , Nishioka A. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract24‐Methylcholesta‐5,E‐22‐dien‐3β‐ol (C28 Δ5,22‐sterol) was separated from the unsaponifiable matters of the following eight seed oils of Brassica species:Brassica campestris (candle I and II and torch),B. napus (tower and midas),B. juncea (brown and oriental mustards), andB. alba (yellow mustard). The configuration at C‐24 methyl group of the respective sterols was evaluated by13C NMR spectroscopy. All the C28 Δ5,22‐sterols in the Brassica seed oils were found to contain the C‐24 epimer of brassicasterol,trans‐22‐dehydrocampesterol, in the range of ca. 10–30%.