bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Indirect Effects of an Agricultural Investment Project on Its Surrounding Region
Authors: Bell C. L. G. , Hazell P. B. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAgricultural investment projects may generate important downstream benefits for the regions in which they are located. Using a semi‐input‐output model of the regional economy, an attempt is made to quantify the downstream benefits generated by an irrigation project in Malaysia. In aggregate the project's downstream effects on regional income were of an order similar to its direct effects, but the main beneficiaries of the downstream benefits were the nonfarm households. Each dollar of downstream income probably was supported by just over a dollar of additional investment in the local economy.
Empirical Contributions to Basis Theory: The Case of Citrus Futures
Authors: Ward Ronald W. , Dasse Frank A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA futures basis should reflect the marginal cost of physical product plus a risk premium less a convenience yield. However, unique market characteristics may lead to basis bias not explained by the storage theory. An estimate of the basis model for frozen orange concentrate is used to test the theory of storage and to illustrate anticipatory aspects of the basis not included in storage theory.
Effects of Energy Cost Increases and Regional Allocation Policies on Agricultural Production
Authors: Adams Richard M. , King Gordon A. , Johnston Warren E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSome of the impacts of energy cost increases and reduced supplies on the product mix of annual field crops and vegetables in California are analyzed. A quadratic programming model including risk is used to evaluate the effects of increased energy costs and reductions in fertilizer and in fuel supplies. The model includes a demand matrix of some nine field crops and twenty‐eight seasonal vegetables. The study also considers the relative impact of energy changes on producer and consumer welfare. Results suggest continued viability of vegetable production but differential consumer and producer impacts associated with energy changes.
Response Time and the Location of Emergency Medical Facilities in Rural Areas: A Case Study
Authors: Daberkow S. G. , King G. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA framework to analyze the delivery of emergency medical care in northern California is proposed. Using a branch and bound algorithm, the most efficient (least‐cost) size, number, and location of emergency medical facilities is found subject to a given level of demand and a measure of effectiveness (response time). The current spatial pattern of emergency medical service (EMS) facilities is compared with the most efficient spatial pattern. Due to the sparse distribution of the study area population, some individual EMS facilities are not economically viable given the current revenue structure. Funding alternatives for EMS, including volunteer service, are discussed.
Inflation‐Indexed Price Supports and Land Values
Authors: Harris Duane G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA theoretical model is developed to examine and illustrate some relationships between cost‐indexed support prices and land values. The model is developed in the context of a single‐commodity, price‐uncertain world in which policy makers are allowed to control the percentage of nonland operating costs and the percentage of land costs covered by the support price. The model demonstrates that the time path of land values can be quite sensitive to policy parameters. Attempts by policy makers to guarantee a “fair” rate of return on land may have substantial impact on future land values.
The Impact of Imports of Manufactured Milk Products on the U.S. Dairy Industry
Authors: Novakovic Andrew M. , Thompson Robert L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent events have sparked a debate over the effects of increased dairy imports on the U.S. dairy industry. This study attempts to estimate these impacts via an econometric model of the U.S. dairy sector. The time paths of adjustment of consumption, production, and price of specific dairy products and raw milk are estimated under three alternative levels of manufactured milk product imports. The analysis suggests that much larger than historically “normal” import levels are required to bring about a substantial impact upon the dairy industry in the longer run.
Mitigating the Effects of Multicollinearity Using Exact and Stochastic Restrictions: The Case of an Aggregate Agricultural Production Function in Thailand
Authors: Mittelhammer Ron C. , Young Douglas L. , Tasanasanta Damrongsak , Donnelly John T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOrdinary least squares, exactly restricted OLS, stochastically restricted OLS (mixed estimation), and principal components regression each were used to estimate an aggregate agricultural production function for Thailand for which data were highly multicollinear. Pretest considerations, incorporating alternative risk measures, were addressed in detail for purposes of model evaluation. The final mixed and principal components models generally outperformed OLS in terms of risk and overall reasonableness, mitigating a serious multicollinearity problem and permitting a direct examination of the rate and composition of Thai agricultural output growth.
Revenue and Cost Uncertainty, Generalized Mean‐Variance, and the Linear Complementarity Problem
Authors: Paris Quirino 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSymmetric quadratic programming and the linear complementarity problem are presented in the context of a novel interpretation of risk programming. The novelty admits stochastic supplies of limiting inputs, and yet it preserves the linearity of the structural constraints. This formulation is, therefore, a generalization of the traditional mean‐variance approach originated with Markowitz's portfolio analysis and extended by Freund to farm planning under uncertain revenues. The specification admits also nonzero covariances between revenues and costs of limiting inputs and allows the computation of risk coefficients associated with a companion chance‐constrained problem.
Social Costs and Benefits from Component Pricing of Soybeans in the United States
Authors: Updaw Nelson J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe recent development of near‐infrared reflectance instruments allows grain traders to measure chemical composition when grain is sold. This study provides estimates of the social benefits and costs of such measurements to be used in the pricing of soybeans. The economic model integrates a production possibilities frontier with the demand for two chemical characteristics, oil and protein content. The results indicate that it is unlikely that the benefits of pricing soybeans on the basis of component measurement would have exceeded measurement costs.
Aggregated Personalistic Beliefs on Yields of Selected Crops Estimated Using ARIMA Processes
Authors: Bessler David A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the empirical relationships between the aggregated elicited probability distributions from individual farmers on yields of three 1977 California field crops and their data‐based representations. The comparison suggests that for expected values, the ARIMA representations agree with the aggregated elicited distributions. However, for higher moments, the ARIMA processes do much poorer in representing the elicited distributions.
American Indian Farm Planning: An Analytical Approach to Tribal Decision Making
Authors: Norton George W. , Easter K. William , Roe Terry L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA multiyear linear programming model is used to assist an American Indian tribe develop agricultural plans for their tribal farm. Five‐year crop, livestock, and investment plans are generated consistent with the tribal resource base, goals, and decision‐making structure. The model has influenced the tribal farm decision‐making process and provided the primary farming guide for 1979 and 1980. Frequent communication with the tribe was crucial in developing the model. Adequate updating procedures will be important in future farm planning.
Reforming Cameroon's Government Credit Program: Effects on Liquidity Management by Small Farm Borrowers
Authors: Kamajou Francois , Baker C. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHigher interest rates and credit limits as well as modified lending practices have been proposed to improve the performance of credit programs for small farmers in developing countries. Models based on Cameroon field data are used to generate results from such reform proposals. The results suggest that small farmer benefits could be increased by increasing credit limits and flexibility in the use of loan proceeds, while reducing default rates and expanding program outreach.
Rural Financial Market Performance: Implications of Low Delinquency Rates
Authors: Vogel Robert C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn contrast to most developing countries, nonrepayment of agricultural loans has not been a problem for the Costa Rican banking system. Delinquency rates have in fact been lower for agricultural than nonagricultural loans and lowest on loans to small farmers. This good performance is due largely to efficient techniques developed for gathering information about potential borrowers and incentives for borrowers to repay promptly to maintain access to bank loans which carry interest rates substantially below equilibrium. The pattern of low delinquency rates reflects the structure of low interest rates which causes farmers, especially small farmers, to be rationed most severely.
Labor Force Participation in Southern Rural Labor Markets
Authors: Scott Loren C. , Smith Lewis H. , Rungeling Brian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite the extensive study of labor force participation rates, factors influencing the labor force status of rural workers have received relatively little attention. Employing primary data from interviews conducted in four southern rural counties, this study investigates the major determinants of labor force participation among six subgroups in the sample. Evidence from probit analysis indicates the critical role of health in the participation decision of virtually all subgroups. The expected wage is found to significantly influence the participation decision of secondary, but not primary, workers. Manpower policies involving day‐care centers, discrimination, and job training are also investigated.
Public Service Employment and Rural America
Authors: Martin Philip L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPublic service employment programs are manpower instruments that provide income and transitional employment in times of high unemployment. Despite annual expenditures of nearly $@@‐@@1 billion since 1971, little attention has been directed toward the rural‐urban distribution of public employment funds. After establishing alternative allocation formulae, actual allocations are compared with hypothetical allocations for public employment programs since 1971. The results indicate that rural areas did not obtain public employment funds in proportion to their shares of total unemployment. Reasons for the observed pattern of allocations are explored, and alternative allocating criteria to increase funds available to rural areas are discussed.
Income Distributional Effects of the California Land Conservation Act
Authors: Hansen David E. , Schwartz S. I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe distribution of program benefits of California's use‐value assessment program has been a major issue in the political debate concerning the program's desirability. This study examines the income distributional effects of program benefits for a sample of participants in Sacramento County. The fraction of benefits received by lower income landowners was quite large when compared with their share of total income. Benefits received by lower income farmers were sufficient to cause a significant positive shift in farm income distribution, as measured by the Gini coefficient. For nonfarmers, the shift in the income distribution was slight.
Measurement of Capacity Depreciation Based on Engineering Data
Authors: Penson John B. , Hughes Dean W. , Nelson Glenn L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe widely used estimates of annual capacity depreciation for selected types of farm producer capital published by the US DA rest on the assumption that the amount of capital consumed annually equals a constant fraction of the existing capital stocks. This study demonstrates, through the use of agricultural engineering data, that the productive capacity of farm tractors deteriorates in a concave rather than the convex pattern suggested by present USDA estimates. The implications for studies estimating aggregate production functions based on factor shares or farm investment demand equations are discussed. Finally, recommendations for change to selected sector economic accounts are made.
The 1973 Food Price Inflation
Authors: Eckstein Albert , Heien Dale 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study analyzes the major causes of the food price inflation of 1973. In the approximate order of their importance, those causes were found to be domestic monetary policy, government acreage restrictions, the Soviet grain deal, world economic conditions, devaluation of the dollar, and price freeze II. Econometric models of the livestock and feed grains and meal economies were used to decompose the price increase into the various causes given above. The study also details and analyzes events and policy actions taken during the 1971–74 period.
Macroeconomic Policy, Investment, and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Haessel Walter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe two sector Harris‐Todaro model, extended to include a government sector and aggregate demand, is used to analyze the effects on output, prices, and employment of policies designed to mitigate urban unemployment. An increase in aggregate demand will be inflationary even though output will increase. Government job creation will be inflationary, will stimulate manufacturing output, but may result in a decrease in agricultural output. Investment in agriculture will increase agricultural output, decrease manufacturing output, and decrease price level. Investment in manufacturing results in an increase in manufacturing output, agricultural output and employment will decline, and prices will fall.
Agriculture's Three Economies in a Changing Resource Environment
Authors: Breimyer Harold F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor many years abundant and relatively inexpensive industrial raw materials contributed to a resource environment favoring industrialization of U.S. agriculture. Their gradual depletion and rising prices now create a counter pressure. The pace of industrialization has slowed, with different manifestations in the three economies of agriculture—crops, livestock, and marketing. The economics of extractive industries, a subject long neglected, will henceforth be an integral part of the economics of agriculture. Cited here are conceptual formulations the author published in a precursor article of 1962, formulations that go back to the “empty economic boxes” and the writings of Joan Robinson.
Supply Shifts and the Size of Research Benefits
Authors: Lindner R. K. , Jarrett F. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article claims to do three things. First, develop a formula for measuring size of research benefits which is generally applicable to all types of supply shift. Second, use this formula to assess the possible error involved in previous studies employing alternative equations. Third, initiate discussion on variables which might influence the type of supply shift. The article concludes that uncritical application of previously developed formulas without regard to the type of supply shift can result in substantial bias in estimates of research benefits. The implication is that calculation of rates of return on agricultural investment may also be severely biased.
Management Decentralization on China's State Farms
Authors: Pang Chung Min , De Boer A. John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChinese economic reforms initiated in 1978 have changed certain management procedures in the state farm sector. Prior to these reforms, state farm management had little control over use of funds, production decisions, and wage setting. After the reforms, financial responsibility was instituted and new wage‐setting devices were implemented which feature closer linking of remuneration to state farm economic performance. The impact of these reforms is discussed for soybeans, sisal, livestock, and employment. While output appears to have responded to these reforms, bottlenecks have appeared, and existing irrationalities in price relationships have been accentuated.
Rice Technology, Farmer Rationality, and Agricultural Policy in Egypt
Authors: Antle John M. , Aitah Ali S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEstimates of a homothetic translog cost function show that Egyptian rice farmers are economically rational and responsive to input price changes. Own‐price and cross‐price elasticities of input demand based on the cost function estimates provide insight into policies currently being pursued or considered by the Egyptian government. The analysis indicates a reduction in fertilizer trade restrictions could substantially reduce fertilizer prices and increase fertilizer use. Labor and mechanical power are not strong substitutes, indicating that subsidization of machinery is not an appropriate policy to reduce agricultural labor shortages.
Impacts of Productivity Loss on Crop Production and Management in a Dynamic Economic Model
Authors: Miranowski John A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article finds the optimal choice of tillage method and crop rotation for farmers who correctly anticipate the yield‐decreasing effects of soil erosion. Expected increases in crop prices lead to farming practices that are more conservation oriented. Higher relative prices for hay also lead to more soil conservation. A linear programming model of soil loss is presented for a watershed in Tama County, Iowa.
Interpreting and Enforcing Section 2 of the Capper‐Volstead Act
Authors: Jesse E. V. , Marion B. W. , Manchester A. C. , Johnson Aaron. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBased upon legislative intent, court holdings, and economic theory, undue price enhancement is associated with the exercise of market power. Consequently, a necessary condition for an agricultural marketing cooperative to be in violation of Section 2 is the ability to prevent members from overproducing if market power is exercised. Investigations of undue price enhancement should first determine the extent to which a cooperative possesses potential market power. If such potential exists, the theory of workable competition provides the framework for determining whether price enhancement has become “undue.”
Management of a Multiple Cohort Fishery: The Hard Clam in Great South Bay
Authors: Conrad Jon M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper develops a reasonably general multiple cohort model and derives conditions for optimal harvest and age structure based on a discrete time control problem which maximizes the present value of net revenues subject to recruitment and spawning constraints. The model is applied to the hard clam resource in Great South Bay, which is located on Long Island, New York. The steady state optimum calls for exclusive harvesting of the younger, and more valuable, “littleneck” cohorts; leaving the older, and less valuable, “cherrystone” and “chowder” cohorts to specialize in regeneration.
The Farm Lease: An Analysis of Owner‐Tenant and Landlord Preferences under Risk
Authors: Apland Jeffrey , Barnes Robert N. , Justus Fred 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA variety of farm lease terms are examined with respect to the preferences of an owner‐tenant and landlord under risk. The owner‐tenant's optimal crop mix is examined for six common leasing arrangements. A variant of the MOTAD model is used to derive the optimal crop mix for a risk‐neutral and risk‐averse owner‐tenant. For two share leases, the trade‐offs between the owner‐tenant's and landlord's preferences are examined with each agent given neutral and averse risk postures. Results suggest the importance of mixed tenancy and risk in the selection of lease terms for farm land.
Identifying Least‐Cost Sources of Required Fertilizer Nutrients
Authors: Babcock Bruce , Rister M. Edward , Kay Ronald D. , Wallers Jo Ann 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAgricultural producers should evaluate trade‐offs between application costs and blending fees when applying two or more fertilizer mixtures to satisfy their ex ante fertilizer requirements in an economical manner. This decision situation is modeled using a linear programming procedure designed for practical use as a computerized decision‐making aid. Results from a trial application of the methodology suggest this aid can be of significant value to producers confronted with such decisions.
A Programming Model with Stochastic Technology and Prices: The Case of Australian Agriculture
Authors: Paris Quirino , Easter Christopher D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRisk associated with stochastic input‐output coefficients and prices is modeled in a programming specification based upon mean‐variance analysis and chance‐constrained programming. The algorithm which exploits the features of MINOS, a commercially available computer program, is developed and applied to Australian agriculture. Convergence of the algorithm is discussed. With the data used, the thirty runs of this problem achieved a fast convergence with no more than five cycles. The model was used to derive supply response functions of export commodities of Australian agriculture. The relevant information was generated via parametric variations of prices selected according to a suitable experimental design.
Competitive Pricing and Storage under Uncertainty with an Application to the U.S. Soybean Market
Authors: Helmberger Peter G. , Akinyosoye Vincent 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRelative to a no‐storage regime, competitive storage of soybeans greatly reduces the variance of both annual prices and annual consumption. Variance of production is increased. Expected values of price, consumption, and production are not affected. The government could reduce price variance by about 70 percent of its competitive level through subsidizing storage activity. The research procedure is based on a model of competitive storage under conditions of uncertainty and assuming rational expectations. Farm‐level demand and supply functions are estimated. Simulation is used to generate large random samples of values for soybean prices, consumption, production, and year‐end stocks.
A Reformulation of the Portfolio Model of Hedging
Authors: Brown Stewart L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe portfolio approach to hedging assumes that the primary motivation for hedging is risk reduction. The paper reexamines the portfolio approach to hedging and respecifies the model in such a way that hedge ratios are estimated using returns rather than price levels. Using the same data set, hedge ratios estimated using price levels differ from one while hedge ratios using returns are found to be insignificantly different from one. The results do not support the portfolio approach to hedging. Therefore, one must look elsewhere for empirical support for the risk‐reduction theory of hedging.