bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative efficacy of injection routes and doses of ivermectin against Psoroptes in rabbits
Authors: Wright Fred C. , Riner Jayme C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbits infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering) or with P cuniculi (Delafond) were injected im or subcutaneously with ivermectin or with vehicle. A single injection of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) either im or subcutaneously was inadequate to eliminate all mites in the ears of the rabbits. However, a single injection of ivermectin at 400 μg/kg, regardless of the route of injection, eliminated all P cuniculi mites, but eliminated P ovis mites in only 50% of the rabbits. Ivermectin was more effective against P cuniculi than against P ovis at both doses tested, regardless of the route of injection.
Factors associated with the spread of clinical vesicular stomatitis in California dairy cattle
Authors: Hansen Donald E. , Thurmond Mark C. , Thorburn Margaret 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 1983, vesicular stomatitis entered the state of California through infected cattle purchased in Idaho and sold to 5 California dairies. This study examined management, environmental, and host factors which were thought to be associated with disease spread. The use of coarse roughage and hard-pelleted concentrates, the presence of uneaten feed potentially contaminated with virus-laden saliva, increased interpen movement of cows, poor ground surface conditions, poor milking hygiene, and poor teat sanitation were management factors observed to be associated with clinical signs. The amount of milk production, age, or days in milk of individual cows seemed to have an important role in the spread of clinical disease. Recommendations are given for control and prevention of clinical signs and, therefore, the severity of disease during epizootics of vesicular stomatitis in California dairies.
Effects of atropine on xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs: Preliminary study
Authors: Hsu Walter H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of atropine on anesthesia induced by xylazine-pentobarbital administration was studied in 5 dogs. The combination of xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, im) and pentobarbital (14.0 mg/kg, iv) caused anesthesia with the duration of absence of the pedal reflex, duration of anesthesia, and the time from return of consciousness to ambulation to be 107.4, 123.4, and 59.2 minutes, respectively. Bradycardia and short-term respiratory depression were observed. An im injection of atropine sulfate (0.045 mg/kg) did not significantly change the durations of absence of the pedal reflex and of anesthesia, the time from return of consciousness to ambulation, or the pattern of respiration in the anesthetized dogs. The PaO2 increased gradually in both groups; however, atropine caused a marked tachycardia and increased the PaCO2. Fifteen minutes after pentobarbital injection, administration of atropine sulfate caused a slight but significant (P < 0.01) decrease in arterial pH. Although atropine sulfate antagonized xylazine bradycardia, the data indicated that it may have caused increased respiratory depression in dogs anesthetized with xylazine and pentobarbital.
Use of nonprotein nitrogen in pigs; Effects of dietary urea on the intestinal microflora
Authors: Benno Y. , Endo K. , Suzuki K. , Mitsuoka T. , Namioka S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The fecal flora of 2 pigs given an optimal protein diet (digestive crude protein, 13.3%) with 2% urea, 2 pigs given a low protein diet (digestive crude protein, 5.7%) with 2% urea, and 2 pigs given a low protein diet only were bacteriologically investigated before feeding of each diet and on feeding days 21 and 38. The addition of urea to a low protein diet was significantly decreased Lactobacillus (P < 0.001), Bacteroidaceae (P < 0.01), Peptococcaceae (P < 0.05), and Megasphaera (P < 0.01) in the feces. In addition, there was a marked suppression of anaerobic curved rods (mainly Selenomonas) to undetectable amounts in the feces. A significant reduction (P < 0.01) of Bifidobacterium and a marked suppression of Megasphaera to undetectable amounts were observed in the feces of pigs given low protein diets without urea.
Microbial groups in the ileum and colon of pigs on feeding day 38 were also analyzed. Effects of dietary urea on the intestinal flora included: (i) anaerobic curved rods and spiral rods were restricted mainly to the colon, (ii) smaller numbers of yeasts were present in the intestine, and (iii) Bacteroidaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Eubacterium in the colon were not changed. Many anaerobic isolates, including curved rods and spiral rods, in the colon of pigs may have an important role in urea use.
Use of epidemiologic markers to identify the source of Escherichia coli infections in poultry
Authors: Barbour E. K. , Nabbut N. H. , Al-Nakhli H. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During an epidemiologic study of poultry colisepticemia on 2 Saudi Arabian poultry broiler farms, Escherichia coli was isolated from 101 (40.4%) of the 250 specimens examined. The antigenic structure and the drug resistance pattern of 65.4% of the E coli isolates from different sources were used as epidemiologic markers to trace the source of the infection. The predominant E coli serotypes involved in infections of 2 poultry broiler progeny farms were 033:H4 (51.8%) and 078:H- (19.6%) that had the following respective drug resistance patterns: furazolidone-streptomycin-sulfathiazole and streptomycin-sulfathiazole-tetracycline. Escherichia coli strains with typical epidemiologic markers were isolated from various sources on a broiler breeding farm, but not from well waters of the infected progeny farm. Three other E coli serotypes (045:H10[14.3%], 0119:H27[1.8%], and 0145:H25[1.8%]) were involved in poultry infection, but to a lesser extent. These 3 serotypes were multiply resistant against 5 to 6 of the antimicrobials evaluated.
Immunogenicity of Moraxella bovis hemolysin
Authors: Ostle A. G. , Rosenbusch R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anti-Moraxella bovis hemolysin activity was observed in 35 cattle exposed to field infections of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). All cattle in infected herds seroconverted with respect to antihemolysin whether or not clinical ibk was noted. Cattle previously exposed to ibk possessed higher antihemolysin titers than did younger, nonexposed cattle. Antihemolysin activity was noted in bovine sera up to 7 years after exposure to ibk. Sera from experimentally infected calves were found to possess antihemolytic activity against all 33 strains of M bovis tested. Antihemolytic activity could be demonstrated in random-bred mice inoculated with whole doxycycline-treated M bovis, frozen or lyophilized whole M bovis, and membrane fractions treated with sodium lauryl sarcosinate, Triton × 100, and Triton × 100 + EDTA, but not with formalin-treated whole M bovis.
Serologic evaluation of cattle inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii: Comparison of Sabin-Feldman dye test and other agglutination tests
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Desmonts George , McDonald Connie , Walls K. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six cows and 6 calves were each inoculated with 100 or 100,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Serum samples were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test (dt), indirect hemagglutination test, latex agglutination test, and the modified direct agglutination test (mat). Antibody titers in cows were lower than in calves. In the cows, dt titers increased briefly during the first month after inoculation, after which the titers were negative; however, T gondii was isolated from the tissues of 4 cows. Indirect hemagglutination and latex agglutination titers were generally < 1:256. The mat titers increased to 1:1,024 during the first month after inoculation. In 5 of the 6 cows, the mat titers persisted. The 6th cow had a preinoculation mat titer of 1:2,000 for 3 to 6 months. Therefore, the dt was not useful in serologic surveys for T gondii in cattle; the mat was the most sensitive test and may be useful in the diagnosis of T gondii infection in cattle.
Prospective study of progeny of inapparent equine carriers of equine infectious anemia virus
Authors: Issel C. J. , Adams W. V. , Foil L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Progeny of a band of horses, positive by the agar-gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for equine infectious anemia (eia) antibody, were observed through their weaning over a 4-year period. Sentinels (agid test-negative) were allowed to mingle with eia-infected mares and their foals in pasture situations in an area with high populations of potential vectors. Of 27 adult sentinels, 8 (30%) seroconverted in annual rates ranging from 0% to 75%. In contrast, only 2 of 31 (6%) foals weaned became infected. Difference in infection rates between adult sentinels and foals was significant (χ2, P < 0.05). Possible explanations for differences included protective value of colostral immunity and differences in attractiveness to blood feeding vectors. Detectable colostral immunity to eia virus in the agid test persisted for 25 to 195 days, with a mean of 124 days.
DNA hybridization procedure to detect pseudorabies virus DNA in swine tissue
Authors: McFarlane Robin G. , Thawley David G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A DNA hybridization technique was developed to detect the presence of pseudorabies virus (prv) DNA. 32P Nick translated probes of high specific activity were prepared from transformed Escherichia coli plasmids into which Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H (Bam H1) restriction fragments of prv DNA had been inserted. Swine cellular DNA and tissue culture prv DNA were digested with Bam H1, separated by agarosegel electrophoresis, transferred onto nitrocellulose paper, hybridized to the radioactive probes, and washed under high stringency conditions; autoradiographs were then prepared. Under the optimal hybridization conditions described, the detection limit of these probes was 10-11g of prv DNA. In reconstruction experiments, 3 of the selected probes cross hybridized with digested swine cellular DNA, and 4 probes did not. The addition of polyuridylic acid and polyguanylic acid to the hybridization reactions did not alter the amount of hybridization. The results indicated that this procedure may be useful for studying the latency of pseudorabies viral infection.
Comparison of three suture techniques for anastomosis of the small intestine in the horse
Authors: Dean Paul W. , Robertson James T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven horses were used to compare the Gambee, the crushing, and a 2-layer inverting suture pattern composed of a simple continuous layer in the mucosa oversewn with a continuous Lembert pattern in the seromuscular layer. Horses were evaluated at 30 days for adhesion formation, lumen diameter, and quality of healing at the anastomotic sites.
One horse was euthanatized 9 days after surgery after 24 hours of ileus and colic; necropsy revealed septic peritonitis and widespread adhesions. One horse had no adhesions. The remaining horses had adhesions associated with 50% of the Gambee and 50% of the crushing anastomoses. There were no adhesions related to the 2- layer inverting techniques in these 6 horses.
There was no significant difference in percentage reduction of lumen diameters between the 3 techniques, and there was no evidence of chronic obstruction resulting from any of the anastomotic techniques. Histologically, the inflammatory response and fibrosis were minimal in the single layer patterns, but there was increased fibrosis and suture tract inflammation in the 2-layer inverting technique.
Echocardiography reference values in healthy cats sedated with ketamine hydrochloride
Authors: Fox Philip R. , Bond Betsy R. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An M-mode echocardiography examination was performed in a consistent manner in 30 clinically healthy cats under light ketamine hydrochloride sedation. There was a significant linear relationship between increasing body size and increasing cardiac dimensions for several echocardiographic values. Positive correlation existed between body weight and body surface area with aortic root, left ventricular caudal wall thickness (lvcw), interventricular septal thickness (ivs), ivs/lvcw, and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf); there was a negative correlation between body weight and body surface area with left ventricular ejection time (lvet). Body surface area also correlated positively with percentage of ventricular minor axis dimensional change (%ΔD). Positive correlations were recorded between left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (lvedd) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (lvesd), lvesd and lvet, lvcw and rvs, lvet (calculated by lvcw motion) and lvet (calculated by aortic valve motion), %ΔD and Vcf, heart rate and Vcf, and Vcf (calculated using aortic valve motion to compute lvet) and Vcf (using lvcw motion to compute lvet). There were negative correlations between lvedd and %ΔD, lvedd and Vcf, lvesd and Vcf, lvet and Vcf, lvet and heart rate, lvet and %ΔD. Significant differences were recorded between means of echocardiographic reference values generated in this and other studies, except for lvesd.
Effect of diuresis on urinary excretion and creatinine clearance in the horse
Authors: Gronwall Ronald 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Endogenous creatinine clearance and renal excretion of phenylbutazone, osmotically active material, and compounds contributing to the urinary refractive index were studied in 12 Thoroughbred mares after no treatment, after water administration, or after furosemide administration. Urine was quantitatively collected, using urinary bladder catheters. On average, urine flow of the mares was 9 μl/min/kg without treatment and increased to about 50 μl/min/kg after water administration and to about 70 μl/min/kg after furosemide administration. Water administration increased creatinine clearance values and excretion of phenylbutazone. Furosemide administration increased urinary excretion of osmotically active compounds and compounds contributing to urinary refractive index and decreased excretion of phenylbutazone.
Change in M-mode echocardiographic values in cats given ketamine
Authors: Jacobs Gilbert , Knight David H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Determination was made of changes in heart rate and certain M-mode echocardiographic values in healthy cats given ketamine (3 to 5 mg/kg, im). Heart rate and septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole increased, and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and shortening fraction decreased (P < 0.02) after ketamine was given. With the adjustment for heart rate by analysis of covariance, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole, shortening fraction, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) from base-line values.
Influence of nifedipine on xylazine-induced acute pressor response in halothane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Paul A. J. , Benson G. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects and interaction of nifedipine (Ca channel blocker) and xylazine (mixed α agonist) during halothane anesthesia were examined in 6 dogs. After achievement of steady-state halothane (1.35%) anesthesia, blood pressure (bp) and heart rate (hr) were recorded in these dogs during 3-minute saline or nifedipine (20 μg/kg) infusion periods. Seven minutes after the end of saline or nifedipine infusion, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) was infused over a 2-minute period. After saline pretreatment, xylazine administration increased diastolic bp (33.67 ± 3.91 mm of Hg) and decreased hr. Nifedipine infusion induced a transient reduction in bp, accompanied by a more persistent increase in hr. Compared with saline pretreatment, nifedipine pretreatment significantly decreased the acute increase in diastolic bp (33.67 ± 3.91 vs 14.00 ± 2.94 mm of Hg) which occurred during xylazine injection. After saline and nifedipine infusions, xylazine administration decreased hr 30 ± 15.02 and 36.5 ± 10.36 beats/min, respectively. A pronounced sinus arrhythmia and/or 2nd-degree atrioventricular block developed in all dogs during xylazine injection after saline infusion. Arrhythmias were not observed in the dogs after nifedipine infusion.
Nifedipine's Ca blocking action depressed xylazine-induced acute vasoconstriction and concomitant increase in diastolic bp. Because α2−, but not α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction is Ca-dependent, these results indicate that a portion of the acute pressor response induced by iv xylazine in halothane-anesthetized dogs may be α2− mediated. Seemingly, nifedipine-induced hypotension and damping of xylazine-induced increases in bp attenuated xylazine's actions on cardiac rate and rhythm.
Lymph drainage of the conjunctiva: Topographic anatomic study in calves
Authors: Freeman L. E. , Troutt H. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The topographic pattern of lymph drainage from the conjuctiva was ascertained in 1- to 2-week-old calves. Multiple, small lymph vessels within and on the surface of the orbicularis oculi muscle converged to form fewer vessels which followed the course of the superficial temporal artery and vein or crossed the zygomatic arch in a more rostral position to reach the primary site of lymph collection, the parotid lymph node. Marker dye, injected into the subconjunctiva, was collected in the midrostral and rostroventral parts of the node. Drainage from the parotid node passed via multiple lymph vessels into the lateral retropharyngeal node, where marker dye concentrated in the rostrodorsal aspect of the node. Single or multiple lymph vessels carried drainage from the lateral retropharyngeal node indirectly by way of the cranial deep cervical lymph node or directly into the tracheal lymph trunk.
Ovarian lesions induced in heifers by intravenous inoculation with modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on the day after breeding
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller J. M. , Whetstone C. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four commercially available vaccine strains of modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were passaged once in embryonic bovine kidney cells. Heifers were inoculated iv on the day after breeding with 5.0 ml of nondiluted cell culture fluid of each of the 4 strains. Virus was reisolated from nasal swabs and blood collected during the week after inoculation. The heifers were killed 9 to 14 days after inoculation. Mild-to-marked inflammatory and necrotic lesions were seen in the corpora lutea and ovaries of the heifers. The lesions were similar to, and almost as severe as, those resulting from the inoculation of virulent strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Adrenal lesions were also found in all heifers examined. Virus was reisolated from the ovaries of only 4 of the 8 heifers. However, virus was confirmed in the ovaries of all 8 heifers, using immunofluorescent or ultrastructural studies. Heifers with severe luteal damage had abnormally low plasma progesterone concentrations.
Duration of maternally derived antibodies against equine influenza in newborn foals
Authors: Liu Irwin Κ. M. , Pascoe David R. , Chang Lucille W. S. , Zee Yuang Chung 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum antibody concentrations against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus were measured in a group of 18 foals from birth to 4 months of age. More than 50% of the foals were seronegative to A-equi-1 virus infection by 4 weeks of age, with titers of ≤ 1:16. For A-equi-2 virus, more than 50% of the foals were seronegative by 2 weeks of age, with titers of ≤ 1:8. Passively derived antibodies against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus in foals obtained from recently vaccinated mares and from mares not vaccinated within 6 months before foaling were low in titer. The duration of passively derived antibodies was also short-lived.
Healing of surgically created defects in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: Collagen-type transformation and tissue morphologic reorganization
Authors: Watkins J. P. , Auer J. A. , Gay S. , Morgan S. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Full-thickness defects were surgically created in the superficial digital flexor tendons of the front limbs of 20 horses. Tissues formed within the defect were evaluated histologically, and the collagen composition of the tissue was determined by immunofluorescence. Transformation occurred from loose fibrillar areas of types I and III collagen and pericellular types IV and V collagen to dense bundles of type I collagen fibers. Loose fibrillar areas of types I and III collagen were present after 24 weeks. Histologically, in horses killed after 2 weeks, the tissue within the defect was a randomly oriented mass of fibrovascular tissue. In horses killed after 24 weeks the tissue within the defect resembled normal tendon tissue.
Estimation of quantitative proteinuria in the dog, using the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from a random, voided sample
Authors: Grauer Gregory F. , Thomas Chester B. , Eicker Steven W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The correlation between 24-hour urine protein excretion and the protein-to-creatinine ratio (u-p/c) from random, voided urine specimens was assessed in 16 healthy Beagles (9 to 11 months old) and in 14 dogs with suspected renal proteinuria. Initially, a voided urine specimen was obtained from each dog, and the u-p/c was determined. An attempt was not made to standardize the time of collection of the voided urine. Subsequently, each dog was placed in a metabolism cage, and 24-hour urine specimens were collected for quantitative protein analysis. The Coomassie blue technique was used to measure urine protein. The correlation between the u-p/c and the 24-hour urine protein excretion (mg/kg/ 24 hr), evaluated by linear-regression analysis, was found to be significant (r = 0.975, P < 0.01). These results substantiate previous findings and indicate that random, voided urine specimens may be used to compute the ratio and to accurately reflect 24-hour urinary protein loss in the dog.
Extracutaneous histologic changes accompanying zinc deficiency in pups
Authors: Sanecki R. K. , Corbin J. E. , Forbes R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The extracutaneous tissues in pups fed a Zn-deficient diet were examined. Four pups were fed a Zn-deficient diet and 3 littermates were fed a Zn-adequate diet. After 5 weeks, the pups were euthanatized. Lesions found only in pups fed a Zn-deficient diet were located in the buccal mucosa, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. In the buccal mucosa, lesions consisted of irregular epithelial hyperplasia and disruption of epithelial cell layers. There was a marked absence of lymphocytes in the thymus and in T-cell areas of the lymph nodes and spleen.
Indirect auscultatory systolic and diastolic pressures in the anesthetized dog
Authors: Wessale Jerry L. , Smith Lee Ann , Reid Miles , Janas Wolfgang , Carter Alice B. , Geddes Leslie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The auscultatory method was used to obtain indirect systolic and diastolic pressures in 13 dogs anesthetized with either halothane or sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg of body weight). Korotkoff sounds were obtained, using a 1-cm (diameter) piezoelectric element cemented to the inner surface of a pediatric cuff (width 5.5 cm) which was placed on a shaved thoracic limb (membrum thoracicum). The signal from the piezoelement was amplified by a differential amplifier (30 to 200 Hz) and a commercially available audio amplifier. Indirect pressure (I) was compared with direct pressure (D) in the brachial, femoral, or carotid artery. The linear regression lines and correlation coefficients (r) for the data were as follows: systolic, I = 0.94 (D) + 1.1, r = 0.98; diastolic, I = 0.99 (D) + 3.2, r = 0.99. The quality of the Korotkoff sounds and the accuracy of the determinations were best in the halothane-anesthetized dogs. These results indicate that indirect auscultatory systolic and diastolic pressures are in excellent agreement with the directly measured pressures.