bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total arsenic accumulation in yabbies (Cherax destructor clark) exposed to elevated arsenic levels in victorian gold mining areas, Australia
Authors: Williams Gemma , West Jan M , Snow Elizabeth T 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Arsenic is a proven carcinogen often found at high concentrations in association with gold and other heavy metals. The freshwater yabby, Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda, Parastacidae), is a ubiquitous species native to Australia's central and eastern regions, with a growing international commercial market. However, in this region of Australia, yabby farmers often harvest organisms from old mine tailings dams with elevated environmental arsenic levels. Yabbies exposed to elevated environmental arsenic were found to accumulate and store as much as 100 μg/g arsenic in their tissues. The accumulation is proportional to the concentration of arsenic in the sediment and is high enough to be of concern for people who eat the yabbies. A comparison of arsenic levels in wild and lab-fed animals also was performed. Although there was no significant difference in the level of arsenic in the various organs of the wild animals, the animals purchased from a yabby farm showed a significantly higher arsenic concentration in their hepatopancreas (3.7 ± 0.9 μg/g) compared to other organs (0.6–1.8 μg/g). Furthermore, after a 40-d exposure to food containing 200 to 300 μg/g inorganic arsenic, arsenate (As[V])-exposed animals showed a significant increase in tissue-specific arsenic accumulation, whereas arsenite (As[III])-exposed animals showed a lower, nonsignificant increase in As uptake, primarily in the hepatopancreas. These results have important implications for yabby growers and consumers alike.
Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various tissues of foraging hens from an electronic waste recycling area in South China
Authors: Liang Shu-Xuan , Zhao Qian , Qin Zhan-Fen , Zhao Xing-Ru , Yang Zhong-Zhi , Xu Xiao-Bai 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in various tissues of hens foraging near an electronic wastes stack spot in Taizhou, China, were studied. With high-resolution gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry analysis, 37 PBDE congeners from di- to hepta-brominated and BDE 209 were identified and quantified in the liver, heart, skin, fat, intestine, muscle, blood, oviduct, ovum, gizzard, spleen, and kidney tissues of hens. Based on lipid weight in all analyzed tissues, muscle exhibited the highest PBDE concentrations (17,977 ng/g lipid wt), BDE 209 was the dominant congener, and the sum of quantified PBDEs followed the order muscle &gt; fat &gt; intestine &gt; heart &gt; liver &gt; oviduct &gt; gizzard &gt; blood &gt; skin &gt; ovum. Principal component analysis results indicated that the hen muscle tissue was characterized by BDE 32, 209, 28, and 75 congeners; hen intestine, heart, and blood tissues were characterized by BDE 153, 99, 183, 138, 154, 47, and 100 congeners; and hen skin, liver, oviduct, ovum, gizzard, spleen, kidney, and fat tissues had a similar PBDE congener profile. The present study also indicated that the PBDE congeners were persistent enough to accumulate through the human food chain and that deca-BDE might be potential risk to ecoenvironment.
Toxicological responses of red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) to subchronic soil exposures of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
Authors: Bazar Mathew A , Quinn Michael J , Mozzachio Kristie , Johnson Mark S 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSince World War I, trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been the most commonly used explosive. Environmental contamination associated with synthesis, manufacture of weapons, and use during training exercises has been extensive, with soil concentrations reaching 145,000 mg/kg. Some of these areas include habitats for amphibian species. Earlier studies have shown that salamanders dermally absorb TNT from soil. To ascertain what soil concentrations of TNT are toxic to amphibians, red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) were exposed to one of five concentrations of TNT in soil for 28 d and evaluated for indicators of toxicity. A total of 100 salamanders were randomly sorted by weight and assigned to target TNT concentrations in soil of either 3,000, 1,500, 750, 325, or 0 mg/kg dry weight. Food consisted of uncontaminated flightless Drosophila melanogaster. Survival was reduced in salamanders exposed to 1,500 and 3,000 mg/kg by 10 and 55%, respectively. Most mortality/morbidity occurred within the first week of exposure. Salamanders had a reduction in hemoglobin at 750 mg/kg or greater and a reduction in red blood cell concentration at 1,500 mg/kg or greater. Food consumption was affected in salamanders at 750 mg/kg or greater; a reduction in body mass and liver glycogen content also occurred at and above this concentration. Splenic congestion also was observed in salamanders from these groups. These data suggest that soil TNT concentrations of 373 ± 41.0 mg/kg or greater result in reduced body mass, reduced feed intake, and hematological effects.
“Drop It Like It's Hot”
Authors: Fitts Mako 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper describes results from a qualitative study of the music video production industry and the creative process in rap music video production and artist marketing. Participant responses are presented in three areas: the music video production process, recent trends in rap music videos, and the music video set as a site of gender exploitation. Findings suggest a concern over artistic freedom of expression and the mechanical production of the “booty video” formula that saturates music video programming and is a template for rap videos. Participants agreed that there is something lackluster about rap music played on radio and aired on music video programming. Additionally, gendered hierarchies on video sets create divisions among women working in various positions, and discourage women from supporting one another, which, from a black feminist perspective, does not accommodate an ethic of care and personal responsibility.
Successional patterns of plant species and community diversity in a semi‐deciduous tropical forest under shifting cultivation
Authors: Kassi N'Dja Justin K. , Decocq Guillaume 
Published: May 2008

AbstractQuestion:Does shifting cultivation contribute to plant diversity in an Afrotropical semi‐deciduous forest lacking large‐scale natural disturbance?Location:Sanaimbo forest, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast).Methods:We surveyed species assemblages, structural attributes of diversity, and life‐history traits along a 30‐year chronosequence of abandoned fields, comparatively to old‐growth and selectively logged forest stands.Results:Patterns of species assemblages strongly changed with fallow area age, with respect to species'light requirements, suggesting niche partitioning along the successional gradient. Species richness, diversity and equitability were all increasing along this gradient. There were clear shifts in life‐history traits spectra as the forest recovered, especially regarding leaf shape, lifespan and hairiness, diaspore dispersal, seed size, resprouting capacity, and life forms. Early colonization by the invasiveChromolaena odoratadid not appear to impair secondary succession. Soil type influenced old‐growth forest vegetation but not fallow vegetation. After 30 years of forest regrowth, plant communities exhibited endemism rates similar to those of ancient forests.Conclusions:Shifting cultivation appears to be a sustainable land use when small‐sized fields are embedded in a forest matrix and when agriculture lasts only one to few years, preserves remnant trees, excludes fire and keeps several years between two clearing episodes. It may even contribute to the high biodiversity maintenance at the whole forest scale, by conserving the successional mosaic. However, conservation of old‐growth forest patches is required for a number of climax tree species.
Components of abstracts: Logical structure of scholarly abstracts in pharmacology, sociology, and linguistics and literature
Authors: Šauperl Alenka , Klasinc Janko , Lužar Simona 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe international standard ISO 214:1976 defines an abstract as “an abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document” (p. 1) that should “enable readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately to determine relevance” (p. 1). It also should be useful in computerized searching. The ISO standard suggests including the following elements: purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Researchers have often challenged this structure and found that different disciplines and cultures prefer different information content. These claims are partially supported by the findings of our research into the structure of pharmacology, sociology, and Slovenian language and literature abstracts of papers published in international and Slovenian scientific periodicals. The three disciplines have different information content. Slovenian pharmacology abstracts differ in content from those in international periodicals while the differences between international and Slovenian abstracts are small in sociology. In the field of Slovenian language and literature, only domestic abstracts were studied. The identified differences can in part be attributed to the disciplines, but also to the different role of journals and papers in the professional society and to differences in perception of the role of abstracts. The findings raise questions about the structure of abstracts required by some publishers of international journals.
Plant cell wall aromatics: influence on degradation of biomass
Authors: Akin Danny E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPlant cell walls are limited in bioconversion by aromatic constituents. Chemical and structural characteristics of specific cell walls in a variety of plants have been investigated in conjunction with their biodegradability using microscopic methods. Histochemistry, ultraviolet absorption microspectrophotometry, and response of cell walls to microorga nisms and specific enzymes identifi ed significant aromatics contributing to recalcitrance. Monocotyledonous plants, such as grasses, and dicotyledonous ones, such as alfalfa, have lignin‐type compounds within the secondary walls and middle lamella of cell walls. Cell walls that are heavily lignified as shown by positive staining reactions with acid phloroglucinol and UV absorption near 280 nm appear to be the most resistant, with examples of vascular tissues in both monocots and dicots. Grasses, however, and especially warm‐season species, are rich in low molecular weight phenolic acids ester‐linked to sugars within their cell walls, occurring in both lignified and non‐lignified cell walls. In non‐lignified tissues of grasses, phenolic acids prevent microbial degradation and appear to be a major barrier to biodegradation, particularly in warm‐season grasses, such as corn, millet, and bermudagrass. Modifications in amounts, types, and linkages of cell wall aromatics, either in naturally occurring mutants or cultivars developed by plant breeding, have effectively improved the biodegradability of lignocellulose. Microbial delignification by cellulase‐less white‐rot fungi as well as pretreatment with commercial ferulic acid esterases improve biodegradation of lignocelluloses. Cellulosic bast fibers, such as those from flax stems, are mostly free of lignin and are degraded by cellulases without further pretreatment. Recovery of aromatics after pretreatment or other processing means could provide value‐added compounds and improve the economics of bioconversion. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The description–experience gap in risky choice: the role of sample size and experienced probabilities
Authors: Hau Robin , Pleskac Timothy J. , Kiefer Jürgen , Hertwig Ralph 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRisky prospects come in different forms. Sometimes options are presented with convenient descriptions summarizing outcomes and their respective likelihoods. People can thus make decisions from description. In other cases people must call on their encounters with such prospects, making decisions from experience. Recent studies report a systematic and large description–experience gap. One key determinant of this gap is people's tendency to rely on small samples resulting in substantial sampling error. Here we examine whether this gap exists even when people draw on large samples. Although smaller, the gap persists. We use the choices of the present and previous studies to test a large set of candidate strategies that model decisions from experience, including 12 heuristics, two associative‐learning models and the two‐stage model of cumulative prospect theory. This model analysis suggests—as one explanation for the remaining description–experience gap in large samples—that people treat probabilities differently in both types of decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase contributes to diabetes‐induced abnormal vascular reactivity in rat perfused mesenteric bed
Authors: Yousif Mariam H. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) is a signaling enzyme that plays key roles in vascular growth, proliferation, and cellular apoptosis and is implicated in modulating vascular smooth muscle contractility. The aim of this study was to determine whether PI3K contributes to development of diabetes‐induced abnormal vascular reactivity to selected vasoactive agonists. The effect of 2‐(4‐morpholinyl)‐8‐phenyl‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one (LY294002), a selective PI3K inhibitor, on isolated perfused mesenteric vascular bed from streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic rats was investigated. Changes in perfusion pressure, which reflected peripheral resistance, were measured using isolated perfused mesenteric vascular beds. Our results showed that STZ treatment produced an increase in the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), and an attenuated vasodilator response to carbachol and histamine in the isolated perfused mesenteric vascular bed from STZ‐diabetic animals. Chronic inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 resulted in prevention of diabetes‐induced abnormal vascular reactivity to the vasoactive agonists. However, the high blood glucose levels were not normalized. Results of this study indicate that selective inhibition of PI3K can attenuate the development of diabetes‐induced abnormal vascular responsiveness in the isolated perfused mesenteric vascular bed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vimentin affects the mobility and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Zhao Yan , Yan Quanmei , Long Xing , Chen Xinmin , Wang Yining 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA significant proportion of prostate cancer patients treated with curative intent go on to develop advanced disease. At a fundamental biological level, very little is known about what makes the disease aggressive and metastatic. Observational pathology reports and experimental data suggest that epithelial‐mesenchymal transition is involved in prostate cancer invasiveness. Here, we investigated vimentin expression of prostate cancer cells, and explored the potential mechanism of vimentin promoting prostate cancer cells invasion. Vimentin expression was not detected in well differentiated tumors or in moderately differentiated tumors, but the majority of poorly differentiated cancers (5/11 with negative bone scan, 11/14 bone with positive scan) and bone metastases (8/8) had high vimentin expression in tumor cells. Downregulation of vimentin expression in PC‐3 cells by transfection with antisense‐vimentin led to a significant decrease in tumor cells motility and invasive activity. Furthermore, the expression of E‐cadherin was inversely associated with expression of vimentin. Our results suggest that vimentin affects prostate cancer cells motility and invasiveness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyridine‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Addition of Acyclic 1,2‐Diones to Acetylenic Esters: Synthetic and Theoretical Studies of an Unprecedented Rearrangement
Authors: Pillai Abhilash N. , Suresh Cherumuttathu H. , Nair Vijay 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA systematic study of the addition of various 1,2‐acyclic diones to activated acetylenic esters catalyzed by pyridine under mild conditions is described. This reaction provides a new protocol for the stereoselective synthesis of 1,2‐diaroyl maleates. The exclusive formation of the cis isomer is especially noteworthy. This reaction occurs through the initial generation of a pyridine–dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate zwitterion and its addition to the dione followed by an unprecedented benzoyl migration. Pyridine and substituted pyridines, such as 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 3‐methoxypyridine, are the best catalysts and anhydrous 1,2‐dimethoxyethane is found to be the solvent of choice. Structural, electronic, energetic and mechanistic details of the reaction are also revealed by density functional theory calculations, which strongly support the exclusive formation of the cis isomer of the 1,2‐diaroyl maleates.
Allene as an Alternative Functional Group for Drug Design: Effect of CC Multiple Bonds Conjugated with Quinazolines on the Inhibition of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Ban Hyun Seung , Onagi Shinya , Uno Masaharu , Nabeyama Wataru , Nakamura Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA series of allenic quinazolines were synthesized as receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors by using a simple protocol for palladium‐catalyzed allene transformation. Among the compounds synthesized, two allenic 4‐anilinoquinazolines selectively suppressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. According to immunoblot analysis, the allenic quinazolines inhibited the EGF‐mediated phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream kinases in A431 cells. Furthermore, one of these allenic quinazolines decreased the proliferation of A431 cells through the induction of cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis.
The transcriptome of retinal Müller glial cells
Authors: Roesch Karin , Jadhav Ashutosh P. , Trimarchi Jeffrey M. , Stadler Michael B. , Roska Botond , Sun Ben B. , Cepko Constance L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMüller glial cells are the major type of glia in the mammalian retina. To identify the molecular machinery that defines Müller glial cell identity and function, single cell gene expression profiling was performed on Affymetrix microarrays. Identification of a cluster of genes expressed at high levels suggests a Müller glia core transcriptome, which likely underlies many of the functions of Müller glia. Expression of components of the cell cycle machinery and the Notch pathway, as well as of growth factors, chemokines, and lipoproteins might allow communication between Müller glial cells and the neurons that they support, including modulation of neuronal activity. This approach revealed a set of transcripts that were not previously characterized in (Müller) glia; validation of the expression of some of these genes was performed by in situ hybridization. Genes expressed exclusively by Müller glia were identified as novel markers. In addition, a novel BAC transgenic mouse that expresses Cre in Müller glia cells was generated. The molecular fingerprint of Müller glia provides a foundation for further studies of Müller glia development and function in normal and diseased states. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:225–238, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paramagnetic behavior of Zn1−xMnxO at room temperature
Authors: Yang J. H. , Zhao L. Y. , Zhang Y. J. , Wang Y. X. , Liu H. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMn‐doped ZnO were synthesized by solid state reaction and sol‐gel method respectively. It was found that samples synthesized by solid state reaction containing Mn2O3 and MnO2 are a mixture of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases. Contrary, samples without second phases were found to be paramagnetic at room temperature. According to previous report, interface effects between Zn‐rich Mn2O3 and MnO2 interfaces may be the origin of the ferromagnetic behavior observed in our samples prepared by solid reaction, so the alloy of Zn1−xMnxO may be paramagnetic at room temperature. Prepared by sol‐gel technique, the samples without second phases in the XRD patterns are also room‐temperature paramagnetic. Therefore we believe that the magnetism of Zn1−xMnxO is paramagnetic at room temperature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of a novel 2D Ni(II) complex with malate
Authors: Wu Weiping , Liu Jianqiang , Zeng Fengchun , Wu Yu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn exploration of the nickel‐ malate‐bpa system under hydrothermal conditions, has led to the isolation of a novel framework {[Ni(Hmal)(bpa)]·2.5H2O}n (1) (Hmal = malate dianion, bpa = 1,2‐bi(4‐pyridyl)ethane). Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses reveal that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2. a = 21.9944(13) Å, b =33.3369(19) Å, c = 10.3969(5) Å, β = 90°. The NiII ions are linked into an extended helical chain via Hmal molecules. Further these chains are united together through the bridging bpa to form a 2D grid layer, which exhibits a typical (6,3) topological network. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of sulphate ions on iron precipitation from aqueous solutions
Authors: Korchef A. , Ben Amor M. , Galland S. , Persin F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the present work, the effects of sulphate ions on the iron precipitation from aqueous solution were investigated. It was shown that sulphate ions delayed the iron precipitation when this ion was added in form of Na2SO4. This effect became less significant in presence of magnesium or calcium. The iron precipitates were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In all experiments iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH) precipitates were obtained. The sulphate ions were adsorbed on the surfaces of the iron precipitates. The effect of temperature on these precipitates was also studied. At 237 °C, the iron oxide hydroxide precipitates obtained from NaCl solution was transformed in crystallized hematite, Fe2O3. At 793 °C, the hematite was partially transformed into magnetite (Fe3O4). In presence of sulphate ions, this transformation was not detected. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EPR studies of Cu(II) doped glycine lithium sulphate single crystals – a case of low hyperfine coupling constant
Authors: Selvakumar P. N. , Natarajan B. , Rao P. Sambasiva , Subramanian P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn order to rationalize the low hyperfine value for the parallel component of copper nucleus, another system with lithium as host has been investigated using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) technique. Single crystal EPR studies have been carried out at 300 K on Cu(II) doped glycine lithium sulphate system. Angular variation of hyperfine structure lines in the three orthogonal planes show the presence of two sites which are magnetically inequivalent but chemically equivalent with g and A values as: gxx = 2.084, gyy = 2.057, gzz = 2.311 and Axx = 8.96 mT, Ayy = 3.26 mT, Azz = 15.95 mT respectively. The impurity entered the lattice interstitially. The admixture and molecular coefficients are evaluated by collaborating EPR data with optical data. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)