bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of life and brain damage after microsurgical clip occlusion or endovascular coil embolization for ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms: neuropsychological assessment
Authors: Proust François , Martinaud Olivier , Gérardin Emmanuel , Derrey Stéphane , Levèque Sophie , Bioux Sandrine , Tollard Eléonore , Clavier Erick , Langlois Olivier , Godefroy Olivier , Hannequin Didier , Fréger Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Object
For anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms, endovascular coil embolization constitutes a safe alternative therapeutic procedure to microsurgical clip occlusion. The authors' aim in this study was to evaluate the quality of life (QOL), cognitive function, and brain structure damage after the treatment of ruptured ACoA aneurysms in a group of patients who underwent microsurgical clipping (36 patients) compared with a reference group who underwent endovascular coiling (14 patients).

Methods
At 14 months posttreatment all patients underwent evaluations by independent observers. These observers evaluated global efficacy, executive functions using a frontal assessment battery of tests (Trail making test, Stroop tasks, dual task of Baddeley, verbal fluency, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test), behavior dysexecutive syndrome (the Inventaire du Syndrome Dysexécutif Comportemental questionnaire [ISDC]), and QOL by using the Reintegration To Normal Living Index. Brain damage was analyzed using MR imaging.

Results
In the microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling groups, the distribution on the modified Rankin Scale (p = 0.19) and mean QOL score (85.4 vs 83.4, respectively) were similar. Moreover, the proportion of executive dysfunctions (19.4 vs 28.6%, respectively) and the mean score on the ISDC questionnaire (8.9 vs 8.5, respectively) were not significant, but verbal memory was more altered in the microsurgical clipping group (p = 0.055). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the incidence of local encephalomalacia and the median number of lesions per patient increased significantly in the microsurgical clipping group (p = 0.003).

Conclusions
In the 2 groups, no significant difference was observed regarding QOL, executive functions, and behavior. Despite the significant decrease in verbal memory after microsurgical clipping, the interdisciplinary approach remains a safe and useful strategy.
Le bateleur incompris.
Authors: Leiris Michel 
Published: October 2008

J. Jamin—The Monstrous Wraith: Senufo Hyena-Masks.
Rather than objets d'art Senufo masks are but a minor part of the routine production of Senufo craftsmen, not différent from plain tools up to the time when they are integrated into a liturgy or a magical process. In other words the carving of a mask is completely dissociated from its religious use. Which explains how the industrial production of masks for the souvenir and 'antique' trade could develop without hurting Senufo opinion. This attitude might well be a reaction to the idéologie fetters of the poro cuit, as evidenced by the wholesale destruction or dereliction of masks under the influence of récent messianistic cuits. More generally it can be related to a Senufo Weltanschauung based upon a quasi-manichean concept of duality, expressed in the stylistic variants of masks. [pp. 125-142]
Un mouvement de réforme religieuse dans le royaume abron précolonial : le culte de Sakrobundi
Authors: Terray Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

E. Terray—A Religions Reform Movement in Pre-Colonial Gyaman: The Sakrobundi Cuit.
Contrary to a widely held opinion, revitalisation cuits and religious and moral revivais are not restricted to the colonial period. A movement of this type occurred in the Brong kingdom of Gyaman during the last quarter of the igth century, before European settlement in the country. The cuit of genius Sakrobundi, spreading in the decade 1870-1880, appears as an attempt toward a global renovation of belief and mores. First introauced following a disruption of the traditional process of witcheraft control, it was openly supported by the king and chiefs. Its primary aim was to redress this process, but Sakrobundi very soon became a 'guardian' of public morals. This success is linked up with the social, economie and political upheaval which overtook Gyaman when Asante domination ended, from 1874 on. [pp. 143-176]
La production d'un récit historique.
Authors: Bazin Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Bazin—The Production of a Historical Narrative.
A number of historical African polities—such as the kingdom of Segu—-are known to us almost exclusively through oral traditions. Hence the absolute necessity of a critical study of the production of this type of narratives, including both the processes of their generation and memorization and the circumstances of their enun-ciation. This is illustrated by the study in depth of a relation of king Da's accession, which is shown to be more than a mere 'historical', nonfictional report on things past. Far from being a factual, objective report of actual facts, the narrative has political and ethical implications which remain operative to this day. [PP- 435-483]
The Politics of Sara Ethnicity : A Note on the Origins of the Civil War in Chad.
Authors: Lemarchand René 
Published: October 2008

R. Lemarchand — La politique d'ethnicité sara : note sur les origines de la guerre civile au Tchad.
Analyse de l'apparition d'un sentiment d'appartenance commune chez les divers groupes collectivement désignés sous le nom de « Sara » (Ngambay, Mbay, Majingay, Kaba, Lari, etc.). Le phénomène, avec son corollaire d'opposition à base régionale, est assez courant en Afrique, son originalité propre étant, ici, d'être lié à une sorte de conscience de classe chez ces prétendus « descendants d'esclaves » prolétarisés, à partir de 1920, par le recrutement militaire et civil, la culture forcée du coton et l'insertion dans une économie de salariat. L'image subjective que les autorités coloniales se faisaient de la situation historico-sociale des diverses populations tchadiennes et de leurs relations a été, en quelque sorte, intériorisée pour servir de base idéologique à la pratique politique des Sara après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Consensus, Consociation and Cooption in South African Politics.
Authors: Frankel Philip H. 
Published: October 2008

P. H. Frankel — Consensus, alliance et cooptation dans la vie politique sud-africaine.
Analyse et discussion de la stratégie étudiée et partiellement adoptée par le gouvernement sud-africain pour aménager l'apartheid en lui donnant les apparences d'une démocratie pluraliste. Les deux communautés (anglophone et hollandophone) de la minorité au pouvoir se retrouveraient dans une sorte de consensus pour aménager des relations de clientèle avec les fractions relativement privilégiées de la population non blanche. Mais cette politique ne paraît guère avoir de chances de succès auprès de la grande majorité de cette population dont les exigences sont désormais tout autres.
L'essor de l'économie de pêche artisanale et ses conséquences sur le littoral sénégalais.
Authors: Bonnardel Régine 
Published: October 2008

R. Nguyen Van Chi-Bonnardel—The Expansion of a non-Industrial Fishing Economy and its Consequences on Senegal's Seashore.
Fishing ofi the Senegalese coast is a seasonal activity with peaks at different dates and locations, as determined by halieutic and climatic factors. Coastal fishermen work part of the time off their own villages and, at other moments, seek out different fishing grounds elsewhere. The former practice is family-based, the monetary benefits being allocated within the kin group; the latter is more individually oriented, allowing the younger migrant fishermen to invest their gains to fulfil their own ends. As fishing has become a rewarding trade, most men no longer work their own fields and gardens, which are tilled by migrants from the interior. Modernisation is slow, limited up to now to the use of outboard engines mounted on traditional craft, and the competition of Dakar-based trawlers and foreign factory-ships is striking hard at non-industrial fishing which, nevertheless, remains an important economie activity.
Kola in the History of West Africa.
Authors: Lovejoy Paul E. 
Published: October 2008

P. E. Lovejoy —La kola dans l'histoire de l'Afrique occidentale.
Le commerce de la kola, spécialement l'espèce Cola nitida, a joué un rôle considérable dans l'histoire économique de l'Afrique occidentale. La zone principale de production se situe dans la bande forestière, sur le territoire actuel du Ghana, de la Côte d'Ivoire, de la Sierra Leone, du Libéria et de la Guinée. La culture du kola-tier est probable dès le xive siècle, certaine au XIXe, associée à la collecte dans les peuplements spontanés. L'analyse linguistique (diffusion de la racine *guro) en situe l'origine dans la région frontalière actuelle Libéria/Guinée/Sierra Leone, où son commerce était déjà développé lors de l'immigration mande (xve-xvie siècles), probablement depuis le xuie siècle, sinon plus tôt. Les premiers cultivateurs étaient sans doute de langue ouest-atlantique ou mel, ultérieurement (xve siècle) supplantés par des Mande venus de la savane. La principale marchandise importée de la savane en retour paraît avoir été le fer ouvré. Plus à l'est, en pays Akan, le trafic de la kola aurait été associé à celui de l'or à partir des xive-xve siècles. C'est la seule zone où, pour des motifs liés à l'écologie, se développe un État centralisé lié à ce commerce. La révolution économique du xixe siècle entraîne une augmentation massive du trafic et de la production (i ooo % entre 1910 et i960) liée aux nouvelles facilités de transport maritime et terrestre.
Spécialisations écologiques, État et réalisation de la valeur par les échanges à longue distance.
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chauveau — Ecological Specialization, State, and Value Realization through Long-Distance Exchanges.
A critical comment on Lovejoy's and Roberts' articles in this issue: the ecological constraints are not as clearcut as implied, on the one hand; on the other hand, the preeminence of centralized States needs some re-examination, in view especially of the wide range of local variations.
Le commerce à longue distance dans l'Ouest africain précolonial comme facteur de diversification sociale.
Authors: Person Yves 
Published: October 2008

Y. Person — Long-Distance Trade in Precolonial Africa as a Factor of Social Diversification.
While Y. Person supports Roberts on his appreciation of Hopkins' Economie History, he critieizes him for his neglect of the importance of trading and mining in a number of stateless societies. In Lovejoy's paper on kola, he finds faults only with a few linguistic points which tend to overstress the role of Mandingo peoples in this trade.
The Wave is my Mother's Husband : A Piscatorial Thème in Pastoral Nilotic Ethnology.
Authors: Burton John W. 
Published: October 2008

J. W. Burton — La vague est le mari de ma mère : un thème halieutique chez les éleveurs nilotiques.
A partir d'une étude ethnographique et linguistique des Atuot, proches voisins des Nuer et autres peuples nilotiques classiquement réputés comme des pasteurs typiques, l'auteur montre que l'importance de l'élevage a été généralement surestimée par les études antérieures au détriment de l'agriculture et, surtout, de la pêche, qui constituent des activités beaucoup plus importantes, socialement et économiquement, qu'on ne le pensait alors.
La femme dahoméenne vue par les missionnaires : arrogance culturelle, ou antiféminisme clérical ?
Authors: Salvaing Bernard 
Published: October 2008

B. Salvaing — Dahomean Women as Seen by the Missionaries: Cultural Arrogance or Clerical Antifeminism ?
The writings of the 19th-century R.C. missionaries insist on the moral degradation, moral depravity and innate corruption of Dahomean women to such an extent that they may well be suspected of colour prejudice and racialism. Yet, a compar-ison with the sermons of St. J.-B. Vianney, the 'holy vicar of Ars', reveals a very similar view of contemporary French peasant women. It is therefore likely that the missionaries' views were influenced less by racial prejudice than by clerical hostility to women prevalent in the Roman Church since the I4th century and, even more, the Counter-Reformation.
Nobles, bourgeois, Inquisition : les prémisses de l'expansion coloniale portugaise au XVIe siècle.
Authors: Geffray Christian 
Published: October 2008

C. Geffray — Noblemen, Bourgeois and the Inquisition: The Premises of Portuguese Colonial Expansion in the ioth Century.
The Portuguese aristocracy, as institutionally incarnated in the Crown to allow for its intervention in the accumulation of merchant capital, is both a motor and a parasitic element in the capitalistic process of primary accumulation in i6th-cen-tury Europe. A motor element since it assumes the routing of exotic wealth, a parasitic one since it is unable to go beyond a mere diversion of this capital in order to reproduce its own economically fruitless domination of Portugal's feudal society. As such, the aristocracy is led into a head-on contradiction with the rising national bourgeoisie. Thus are generated the political, ideological, legal and repressive mechanisms which make its position a precarious one. This explains the particular forms of Portuguese colonial expansion, by defining the complemen-tary or conflictual functions of the administration and the independent traders on the East African coast.
Les vélos de Kaolack.
Authors: Morice Alain 
Published: October 2008

A. Morice—Kaolack's Bikes.
In Kaolack mopeds are used as cabs. This peculiar trade is more organized than it looks at first sight. Its history, since the time when hawkers began to repair and rent old bicycles, has been characterized by tense relations with the local author-ities, together with never-ending internai conflicts: hence the self-imposition of a compelling hierarchy. The drivers pay a daily fee to the owners in exchange for the right of using the vehicles for money-earning purposes. They, in turn, fre-quently employ 'apprentices' to ensure a maximal use of the bikes. Young 'taxi-men' station themselves around various strategie locations in the city 'garages' where they corne under the authority of elders who are tacitly recognized as spokesmen by the ofncialdom. Enquiries among these tradesmen have evidenced several traits common to a number of so-called 'informai' activities: exploitation of apprentices, functional turnover of juvenile labour force, persisting paternalistic social relationships, structuration effect of the dubious legal status of the trade. Following repeated requests from the motor-cabs, moped taxis have been prohib-ited. One may well wonder whether this prohibition is not more or less con-sciously aiming at reinforcing the precariousness of the apprentices' status as well as the power of elders.
Accommodation to Poverty : The Case of the Malagasy Peasant Communities.
Authors: Gintzburger Alphonse 
Published: October 2008

A. Ginïzburger — Accommodation à la pauvreté : le cas des communautés paysannes malgaches.
Essai d'explication psychanalytique de l'attitude des paysans malgaches face au sous-développement : ils manifesteraient une sorte de fatalisme, résultant d'une inhibition ou d'un transfert de l'agressivité découlant normalement de la frustration économique. L'hypothèse est illustrée par l'analyse de la croyance aux mpakafo, « voleurs de cœurs », ogres représentant symboliquement les détenteurs européens du pouvoir économique et politique et leurs associés, bourgeois et fonctionnaires malgaches. Cette croyance serait symptomatique d'une fixation sadique orale directement liée à l'état de pauvreté.
Un politologue chez les marabouts.
Authors: Schmitz Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Schmitz — The Marabouts Viewed by a Political Scientist.
In his book Le marabout et le Prince (Islam et pouvoir au Senegal), the political scientist C. Coulon tried to point out that the same study can focus on and analyse the Mouride brotherhood, Al Hajj Umar's jihad, or the foundation of Medina Gonasse ; he also brought new data about little-known maraboutic movements.
Re-examining some of the case studies in Coulon's book, we intend to show that limiting oneself to analysing the marabouts' politics in terms of resistance to colonisation, or as an Islamic culture expressing popular aspirations, cannot suffice. What is needed is to emphasize the relative autonomy of what should be considered a clerical class, which appeared well before the colonial period. This class is structured by propaedeutic-pedagogical relations which take shape with the acquisition of Koranic knowledge, and are reproduced by marriage exchange within the clerical hierarchy.
La condition servile en pays makhuwa.
Authors: Geffray Christian 
Published: October 2008

C. Geffray — Servile Condition in Makhuwaland.
This study is based upon the life-story of a Makhuwa epotha (person of servile status) whose grandmother was kidnapped into slavery at the beginning of the present century. Women's abduction was common enough in Makhuwaland, the victims being either sold away or kept by the abductor for his own use. In both cases, they were forcefully eut off from their matrilineage and originated a new affine group, at first completely dependent on the captor's or buyer's authority. Among freemen kinship was matrilineal and marriage uxorilocal, the husband being bound by a complex network of duties and obligations which did not obtain vis-a-vis the epotha group. This resulted, four or five generations after the initial capture of the first epotha, into the formation of a new discrete group with a social and political identity of its own.
The Social Construction of Colonial Reality: Yauri Emirate.
Authors: Salamone Franck A. 
Published: October 2008

F. A. Salamone — Construction sociale de la réalité coloniale : l'émirat de Yauri.
L'analyse du diaire du district de Yauri (Nigeria), correspondant à l'émirat hausa du même nom, met en valeur le processus d'interaction entre autorité « coutumière » et autorité administrative coloniale qui caractérisait le système britannique de l'indirect rule. Les personnages sont ici, successivement, un émir illégitime et un administrateur borné, puis un « bon » émir et un administrateur éclairé. Avec les deux derniers le « double mandat » rapporte, économiquement au colonisateur, dont le commerce se développe, politiquement au chef africain, dont le pouvoir s'étend en se renforçant — leur intérêt commun étant de parvenir à un contrôle étroit et centralisé de la paysannerie. Jeu de dupes en partie, mais où l'une et l'autre dupes sont aussi des gagnants.
Les Yarse du royaume de Ouagadougou : l'écrit et l'oral.
Authors: Duperray Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

A.-M. Duperray — The Yarse of Wagadugu Kingdom : Written and Oral Sources.
The Yarse form a special distinct group or stratum among the Wagadugu Mosi, distinguished by their religion—Islam—, their occupation—the caravan trade— and their privileged position within the political System. According to oral traditions (as well as to the observations of most foreign anthropologists) the Yarse lineages originally came from the Mande area; they changed their language to Moore after settling down in the kingdom and intermarrying with nakombse (noble) Mosi lineages. However a closer analysis of lineage histories suggests that a number of them are in fact ' Yarseized' Mosi. Integration into the Yarse group, ostensibly manifested by conversion to Islam, can be more readily explained in economie and occupational terms. Further research should bear on special Yarse festivals, marriage prohibitions and preferential alliances between Yarse lineages, and socially significant rites, in order to achieve a better knowledge of the group as such.
Un siècle de croissance démographique au Burundi (1850-1950)
Authors: Thibon Christian 
Published: October 2008

C. Thibon — A Century of Demographie Growth in Burundi (1850-1950).
From 1850 to 1950, Burundi population developed in three very clear-cut stages. Not affected by disturbances due to exogenous factors, epidemie diseases and the slave trade, the country experienced a noticeable growth during the igth century, as evidenced by the population pressure and expansion indexes. The ending of isolation and colonization coincided at the turn of our century with a demographie crisis, the imbalances brought about by colonization delayed the reconstitution of the population, and the first stage of the transition period, which started rather late, is marked by such after-effects. The article analyses the respective impact of natural and biological conditions as well as of precolonial and colonial policies; it demonstrates that such factors developed independently and present conflicting characteristics.
La sensibilité des sociétés akan du sud-est de la Côte d'Ivoire aux fluctuations démographiques
Authors: Perrot Claude-Hélène 
Published: October 2008

C.-H. Perrot — The Influence of Demographie Fluctuations on the Akan Societies of South-Eastern Ivory Coast.
Should oral sources be abandonned in the seareh for information on population history, despite the lack of numerical data before the 20th century? The way in which African societies are nowadays affected by demographie fluctuations encourages to look for the traces left by those of the past. In the case of the Anyi-Ndenye (Ivory Coast), ritual practice and the 'reign names' given to the 'men's gatherers' and to the authors of a settlement policy refer to periods of demographie growth. The traces left by demographie crises are however the most significant. Confronted to such crises, the society turned to anti-witcheraft practices (and this long before contemporary movements of a similar nature) or even adopted foreign cuits—as local customs proved unable to fulfill their role in protecting society and consoli-dating the lineage human strength. On the other hand, it is essential to carefully integrate into the historical corpus and interpret magieo-religious events referring to corrupted spirits entering into an alliance with the witches and killing villagers during the night without being seen. Indications of this type make it possible to draw the demographie pieture of Ndenye during the i8th and igth centuries and to trace the main Unes of its transformation.
Cens et puissance, ou Pourquoi les pasteurs nomades ne peuvent pas compter leur bétail
Authors: Pouillon François 
Published: October 2008

F. Pouillon — Census and Power, or Why Nomadic Pastors Cannot Count their Cattle.
Why is it so hard to get information from nomadic pastors on the size of their herds? The explanation usually given seeming entirely inadequate, fieldwork data from different African pastoral societies—the Bedouins of Arabia and the Maghreb, and the Fulbe of the West African Sahel—are used to examine this problem. This behavior is in fact related to the mode of appropriation in these societies, an appropriation which is always relative and shared, without a one man-one head of cattle correspondence. Furthermore, it is the governments which try to force cattle numbering on the pastoralists in order to gain a foothold in their economies. Thus, no wander that they are reluctant to submit to such an imposition.