bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor at the Statfjord Field
Authors: Knudsen B. , Skjerve S. , Frost T. K. , Gangstad A. , Birketveit Ø. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the produced water volumes at the Norwegian continental shelf the last decade, and the operators have worked systematically to fulfil the ambition from the Norwegian Pollution Control (SFT) of "Zero harmful discharge" to sea. Statoil has in cooperation with other operators developed an environmental risk management tool (Environment Impact Factor, EIF) which has been used to select cost-efficient measures to meet "Zero harmful discharge" ambition goal.
Environmental risk assessment at the Statfjord field has shown that the discharge of corrosion inhibitor contributes significantly to the potential environmental impact (EIF-value). Statfjord field is an old field with flowlines of carbon steel which demand injection of inhibitor for corrosion control.
Statoil and M-I Production Chemicals started a joint R&D-project in 2002 aiming to develop and implement environmentally friendly corrosion control at the Statfjord field. In the present project the following tasks have been investigated:
– Modification of chemical formulation – Reduction of the chemicals consumption – Documentation of the environmental impact – Purification of produced water – Development and field testing of new low-toxic inhibitors
The output of this project enables Statoil to start implementation of an environmentally friendly solution within 2006 at the Statfjord field. The first step will be to perform a full scale pilot test at one of the three Statfjord installations with 6 months duration.
A Framework for Managing Workplace Stress in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Dahl-Hansen E. , Treeby R. , Keulemans R. , Doig M. , Al-Maskery N. , Lerman S. 
Published: December 2007

abstract
Work-related mental illnesses are becoming one of the major causes of occupational illness and work years lost. Exposure to stressors can be both work-related and non-work related. The Oil & Gas Health Committee of OGP/IPIECA has decided to issue a brouchure on this subject.
The term "Stress" will be used as the overall description of the subject.
The term "Stressor" is used to label pressures or demands that are known to have the ability to cause distress.
The term "Distress" is used to label a set of bodily, behavioral, and emotional reactions in response to issues or events that we perceive as challenging or dangerous.
Biological Monitoring of Marine Waters for E&P Activities: Outcome of a 10-Year Strategic Research Program
Authors: Pinturier L. , Moltu U. E. , Sanni S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When the ambition of a zero discharge of harmful components policy was introduced for the offshore oil and gas industry on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and the subsequent regulatory demand in Norway for monitoring the marine environment, the need for better monitoring methods and risk assessment tools emerged. Biological marine monitoring and risk assessment require sufficient information on the toxico-kinetic properties of the chemicals and their mechanism of action in the targeted organisms. In addition it is essential to establish quantitative relationships between external dose, internal dose and adverse effects to understand the meaning of the biomarker response. To meet these challenges TOTAL E&P NORGE AS (TOTAL) initiated a research program on biological markers (biomarkers) in 1995 to evaluate their potential to assess and monitor environmental risk associated to offshore E&P discharges. Priority was given to investigate the potential effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in dispersed oil present in produced water discharges as PAH are known to be harmful to organisms.
Biomarkers have been developed for marine crustaceans and fish in different environmental conditions: temperate, tropical and arctic conditions. Both laboratory and field validation studies have been carried out to ensure that operational tools suitable for E&P activities were developed. This allows data analysis and development of more relevant and cost efficient biological marine monitoring programs. The main outcome of these research studies to date is the definition of a set of biomarkers and a methodology suitable to detect and monitor potential effects linked to E&P activities. Ongoing research activities focus upon further refinement of the interpretation of biomarker responses and possible impact on population level as well as using biomarkers as environmental indicators for the general health condition of the ecosystem.
Fate of Nonaqueous Drilling-Fluid Cuttings Discharged From a Deepwater Exploration Well
Authors: Nedwed T. J. , Smith J. P. , Melton H. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the results of a study of the fate of cuttings drilled with nonaqueous drilling fluids and discharged into a deepwater (950 m depth) marine environment. The study characterized the effects of discharges from a single-well drilling program in deep water and tested the accuracy of a discharge model for predictions of seabed cuttings accumulations.
Samples of cuttings falling to the seabed were collected in sediment traps placed around the drill site. Seabed sediment cores were collected before and after drilling. Sediment trap and seabed sediment core samples were subjected to chemical analysis to determine the concentrations of drilling fluid components. Seabed sediment core samples were also subjected to biological analysis to assess the potential for changes in biological communities as a result of drilling discharges. Observed accumulations of drill cuttings were compared with model predictions made with the Offshore Operators Committee (OOC) Mud and Produced Water Discharge model, supported by ocean currents measured during the drilling process and laboratory measurements of cuttings settling velocities.
Sediment traps placed near the drill site accumulated a maximum thickness of 0.5 cm of solids, in good agreement with model predictions. Cuttings from sediment traps had significantly lower concentrations of nonaqueous base fluid than did the discharged cuttings suggesting that loss of base fluid during settling to the seabed through 950 m of water may act to significantly reduce potential chemical effects from discharges. In addition, low (up to a few tens of ppm) base fluid concentrations were observed in seabed sediment core samples. Consistent with the low observed hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments, biological analyses of sediments showed no significant difference in benthic meiofauna between pre-drilling and post-drilling sediment samples.
The results provide strong evidence that cuttings drilled with nonaqueous drilling fluids may be discharged in deep water with very limited environmental effects, and that the OOC Model can make usefully accurate predictions of cuttings accumulations from deepwater drilling discharges.
Trends of Environmental Effects: After 20 Years of Environmental Monitoring, What Has Been Learned?
Authors: Jensen T. , Noland S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the first monitoring was carried out in 1978 thousands of sediment samples have been collected, identifying millions of benthic organisms. This paper summarise and discuss the general practice of the environmental monitoring on the Norwegian, focussing on trend analyses and factors that strengthen the analysis. Examples of trend analysis from Gullfaks and Ekofisk are discussed. The MOD database and requirements to accreditation are powerful tools that strengthen the quality, comparability and trend analyses.
Injectivity Decline Under Multiple Particle Capture Mechanisms
Authors: Guedes R. G. , Al-Abduwani F. A. , Bedrikovetsky P. G. , Currie P. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Severe injectivity decline during seawater injection and produced water re-injection is a serious problem in offshore waterflood projects.The permeability impairment occurs due to capture of particles from injected water by the rock. The reliable modelling-based prediction of injectivity decline is important for the injected-water-treatment design,for injected water management (injection of sea- or produced water, their combinations, water filtering),etc.
The classical deep bed filtration model accounts for a single physics mechanism of the particle capture. During laboratory or field data interpretation using this model, it is usually assumed that several simultaneously occuring capture mechanisms are represented in the model by a single overall mechanism. The filtration coefficient as obtained by fitting the model to the laboratory or field data represents the total kinetics of the particle capture.
Nevertheless,the kinetics of different capture mechanisms can differ one from another by several orders of magnitude.It highly affects the particle propagation in natural reservoirs and the formation damage. A multiple retention deep bed filtration model describes several simultaneous capture mechanisms.
In the present study,a model for deep bed filtration taking into account multiple particle retention mechanisms is discussed. It is proven that the multi capture model can be reduced to a single-capture-mechanism deep bed filtration model.The method for determination of the capture kinetics for all individual capture processes from the breakthrough curve is discussed.As an example,the complete characterisation of filtration with monolayer and multilayer deposition of iron oxide colloids is performed using particle breakthrough curves from coreflooding.
Human Factors Program To Reduce Lost-Time Injuries in Oilfield Land Operations
Authors: Swinstead N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The analysis of an oilfield service company's land operations lost time injuries and associated costs indicated a need for immediate action to be taken to reduce the problem.
This paper presents a human factors program implemented to reduce Schlumberger's lost time injuries. The ultimate objective of the program was to implement design changes and adapt working practices to reduce lost time injuries and to increase productivity.
The program began with an analysis of lost time injury incidents to identify specific areas on which to focus. Of particular interest was the significant number of lifting and handling injuries and tripping and falling accidents, as well as the significant costs related to workers involved. Data gathering was undertaken in the field in North America, the Middle East, and the Far East. Remedial actions were suggested, some of which included fundamental revision of working practices.
To promote a proactive approach for the future, a field management training program was proposed to increase awareness, help identify potential hazards, and define a structured approach to the remedial action.
Developing a Contractor Scorecard for Safety Performance
Authors: Dudics D. D. , Rivera P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Managers and safety professionals have historically relied upon a series of lagging or trailing indicators to measure safety performance. Indicators such as the recordable incident rate (RIR) or the Lost Work Case Rate (LWCR) have been used as the traditional ‘safety yardstick’. The inherent flaw in using such lagging indicators is well known; tracking failure is merely an exercise in reporting old news.
Focusing on the RIR or other lagging indictors also leads to other problems. Managers and safety professionals are often duped into believing that because they are experiencing a low RIR; their safety performance must be good or even improving. In fact, what often occurs may simply be a run of good luck or the ‘dilution effect’ from aggregating hours worked by office staff and others with low risk profiles.
Safety professionals know that companies can raise the knowledge and awareness level of their workforce by performing inspections, audits, training, behavioral observations and other similar activities. These activities when performed, in turn, can help to lower the number of accidents. The question then becomes how does one develop performance indicators around such activities and encourage preemptive action. How does one shift the focus from the outcomes (i.e. RIR, LWCR) to the inputs?
Occidental of Elk Hills, Inc. (OEHI) has developed a Scorecard for Safety that encourages Contractors to perform activities that lead to better safety performance. By grading each Contractor's efforts in several key areas, focus and attention can be been brought to bear on performing activities that will help avoid accidents and incidents.
In fact, the actual number of OSHA recordables at Elk Hills dropped over 20% between 2002 and 2003 even though the activity level increased over 20%. Improving safety performance therefore is sometimes a simple matter of tracking the right "score".
Review and Follow-up of Search and Rescue (SAR) Missions and Medical Evacuation From Oil Fields in the Tampen Area, North Sea, Norway
Authors: Evensen A. M. C. , Brattebø G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Tampen Area contains huge oil and gas fields. The population in the area is more than 2000 persons at work at any time. Statoil is the major operator in the area and responsible for an efficient and well-trained emergency organization, including SAR missions and medical evacuations.
Statoil established a Search and Rescue service (SAR) in 1981. Through the years since then the service has undergone major development and improvement and represents a major contribution to the safety and security of personnel working in the area. SAR also represents an important resource for the national Joint Rescue Coordination Centre in Stavanger.
Since 1981 several hundred patients has been evacuated to hospitals onshore due to severe medical conditions and injuries. In our earlier review, presented in Jakarta 1994 (SPE 27220)1, the main cause for medical evacuations were diseases or injuries in the muscular-skeletal system followed by problems in the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract.
During the last 10 years the number of evacuations due to cardio-vascular disease has increased. The proportion of evacuations due to this diagnosis has risen from 4 % to approx. 40%. In our paper we will present statistics on medical evacuations from the area, including information on new medical training, equipment and standards. We also describe our standards on treating acute heart disease, prehospital diagnosis through transfer of ECG using telemedicine for obtaining correct medical diagnosis directly from the emergency care units in hospitals.
We also present the standards on prehospital trombolysis administrated by nurses in the SAR service and our cooperation with the specialist staff at Haukeland University Hospital. The presentation will contain short case studies covering the most important diagnosis such as myocardial infarction and multi-trauma injuries and treatment.
Dedicated HSE Education for Undergraduate Petroleum Engineers
Authors: Williams J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the creation and presentation of a new undergraduate course to educate petroleum engineers in HSE issues. It contributes both to the competencies specified by the employer, and to the educational mission. The course makes a significant contribution to the development of student's soft skills, such as communication, out-of-the box thinking, and ethical responsibilities. Significant commitment has been shown by the students in adopting the HSE behaviours that will be expected of them in the petroleum industry.
AIDS Prevention Challenges in Western and Southern Africa
Authors: Fosso S. W. , Barbey A. , Fox C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In western and southern Africa, where most sub-Saharan oilfield activity occurs, AIDS is one of the main health concerns of most operators and service companies. Approximately 40 million persons are infected with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. This represents over two-thirds of the worldwide infected population. Although HIV/AIDS is not a work-related disease, most operators and services companies recognize that it affects their workforce and operations.
Most oilfield companies aim to recruit and train the vast majority of their work force locally. One barrier to doing so is that, in the oilfield environment, the infection rate and exposure to HIV/AIDS tends to be high due to factors that are analyzed in this paper. Although some oilfield operators have started to implement HIV/AIDS programs, most service companies do not have clear policies and standards for prevention and risk mitigation.
In this paper, we review the main factors that contribute to HIV/AIDS risk of infection in oil-producing countries in western and southern Africa. Barriers to prevention are analyzed using a survey of a service company's employees. The survey results are used to determine the extent and the root causes of the problem.
Using findings from this study, we outline elements of a prevention program specifically designed for the oilfield work environment.
Lessons Learned From Security Vulnerability Assessment Program Implementation in the Petroleum Sector Since 9-11
Authors: Robb A. J. , Leith H. M. , Piper J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Corporate security programs include a wide variety of measures and implementation approaches yielding differing results. Security vulnerability assessments (SVAs) are an important component of effective and robust security programs and multiple methodologies exist to conduct these analyses. The majority of these methodologies are derived from governmental standards and expectations, professional societies, and corporate best practices. Methodologies for the petroleum sector are summarized and outlined in the 2005 API Security Guidelines for the Petroleum Industry1. SVA's generally evaluate risks in terms of likelihood (L) and consequence (C), where likelihood is a function of target attractiveness (AT), threat (T), and vulnerability (V). Although these elements are reasonably consistent, implementation approaches taken by various industry sectors can vary significantly depending upon the overall threat and risk factors present for that industry. Fit for purpose customization is common in the petroleum industry. Customized approaches to overall SVA program management, assessment execution and the methodologies used (including asset characterization, threat assessment, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, and countermeasures analysis and implementation) occasionally yield differing results. The effectiveness of these processes are directly related to practitioners knowledge base (e.g., familiarity with the specific risk assessment methodology being used), historical experience in conducting SVAs, and engagement at the operating line level in both initial execution and follow-up. An important concept related to fit-for-purpose customization involves close coordination between government and private sector representatives to develop and align SVA approaches that are consistent and interpretable across various sectors and still meet the needs of the involved entities.
A Strategy for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Veerkamp W. , Heidug W. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to develop a renewed strategy for the emissions of greenhouse gases against internal and external commitments we have undertaken a number of steps
Full analyses of the data on energy consumption, venting and flaring for all of the operating units, which are currently in the baseline. A forecast of the expected emissions based on a portfolio development, assuming certain CO2 or greenhouse gas emission intensities related to the type of oil and or gas production. An analysis of the option available to reduce, minimise or mitigate the greenhousegas emissions, with a focus on operational and design measures as well as captureand sequestration options. The work clearly revealed a shift in quality and accuracy of the data sets, with significant improvements over time. In addition the consensus on which substances contribute as greenhouse gas has changed as well, which impacts the reported GWP in CO2 equivalents. For example in the initial assessments VOC, SO2 and NOx were included and the factor for methane and halons have changed.
Leadership and Culture: Turning Theory Into Reality
Authors: Siokos G. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry operates across the globe in many and varied national cultures. Moreover, the industry also involves many different organisations working together to achieve success; each with its own distinct organisational culture. It is therefore understandable that people in this industry, working with such diverse cultures, face unique challenges to improve its performance across a range of performance indicators, including safety, health and environment. This becomes a focus for leaders, at all levels within the industry and individual organisations.
Significant improvements in safety performance have been achieved in recent times. However, a work environment in which "nobody gets hurt" requires the development of an effective and sustainable culture that values safety. Leadership, at a strategic, individual level and team level, must focus on the related behaviours that demonstrate personal accountability and responsibility for safety.
In the past, attempts to improve safety were seen as short term ‘fads’; something to do because ‘we have to’, often resulting in them being treated as a distraction from the ‘real’ work priority issues. This was commonly a reflection of a culture that believed that safety and productivity were not compatible.
Incident free workplaces are created where the culture reflects a belief that good safety behaviour contributes to productivity and therefore safety improvement strategies are an integral and valued part of all business processes.
Effective (safety) leadership impacts all work functions.
The hypothesis presented in this paper is that leadership, specifically HSE Leadership, is critical to create the work environment necessary for people to develop the commitment, confidence and competence to practice safety as intended by their organisations and that to be fully effective it must be applied on a ‘whole of organisation approach’.
This presentation will provide some insights into ‘good practice’ of leaders working successfully to develop effective safety cultures in the international oil and gas industry across all functional areas.
Competence for Managing HSE in Deep Offshore Operations - Relevance Requisite for Indigenous Contractors
Authors: Olaoye Dele 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deep offshore operations are sine qua non to the future of the Nigerian Oil & Gas industry. The focus of exploration and field development activities by the operator companies is shifting from land/ swamp to offshore and even deep offshore. However, the challenges that this trend poses to local content is yet to be fully comprehended.
One of the major issues that would affect the relevance of contractor companies in the emerging scheme is competence and compliance gaps in managing Health, Safety & Environment (HSE).
This paper x-rays HSE challenges that are peculiar to contractor operations deep offshore. The analysis takes into consideration some of the major exploration & production support services as case studies. The objectivity that may be behind the unwillingness on the part of deep offshore activities to throw open especially HSE sensitive activities was also discussed.
By bringing to the fore the risk elements of these HSE Challenges; competencies required in terms of systems, knowledge, and ethical application that needs to be acquired by Nigerian companies keen in participating in the future were detailed.
However, as a way forward, pathway to acquisition of these competencies and ingraining it into the business management systems of contractor companies was traced.