bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8 Irrigation Management—Does Bottom Up Work Better than Top Down in Sri Lanka?
Authors: Herath Gamini 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn Sri Lanka, the major institutional innovation introduced since the 1980s is the Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) to water user associations (WUAs). In situations where top-down transfer occurred, the achievements have been limited. There is a modest increase in yield but gains in terms of cost recovery, efficiency, equity, etc., have not been significant. A review of literature in this chapter indicates that the bottom-up approach seems to be better than the top-down approach, at least in the short term when it comes to irrigation water management.
12 Community Tanks vs Private Wells: Coping Strategies and Sustainability Issues in South India
Authors: Balasubramanian R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses the main causes of degradation of common pool tank irrigation systems and the interrelationships among poverty, private coping mechanisms, and collective action towards tank management in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Decline of traditional irrigation institutions, population pressure, and the development of private wells have exacerbated the process of tank degradation. Econometric analysis of collective action towards tank management indicates that the increase in private wells has a strong negative effect on collective efforts for tank management. Poor people are more dependent on tanks, and hence, they contribute more towards tank management compared to non-poor households. Group size has a negative impact on cooperation, while the traditional governance structures promote collective action. Wealth inequality is found to have a U-shaped relationship with collective action. The chapter proposes several policy measures to revive and sustain the tanks so as to provide livelihood security to the poor.
13 Tradition and Sovereignty: Conflicts over the Forests of Dir‐Kohistan
Authors: Rafi Khan Shaheen 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Resource rights in Dir-Kohistan are governed by two concurrent systems of law and governance. Customary law has its origins in the garzinda wesh system introduced in the early 17th century. Statutory law, in the shape of the 1927 Forestry Act, was introduced in 1974 when Dir Kohistan's forests were declared protected forests. Statutory law overrides customary entitlements to subsistence and forest royalties. The official instruments of management (line departments) and adjudication (courts) are inefficient, lack transparency, and are a recurring source of tension and conflict. The traditional jirga system continues to provide swift and just decisions and has been used recently to mediate conflict between communities and the government.
15 Efficiency and Low Costs Under Non‐Limiting Supply Conditions in Bhutan
Authors: Edward L. Webb , Lam Dorji 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of why forest-related institutions evolved under non-limiting conditions in Bhutan. It finds that nationalization and protection policies have resulted in two kinds of instability. By increasing the cost of compliance, the government's new forestry strategy has led to non-compliance and increased livelihood risk. There is adequate policy space to address these instabilities, and doing so will certainly increase the probability of both biological and social sustainability of rural livelihoods.
16 So Far So Good: Next Steps in Community Forestry
Authors: Raj Kanel Keshav 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the evolution of the community forestry program in Nepal. Community forests as commons are parts of national forest, managed and used by local communities organized into legitimate groups. The second-generation reform issues in community forestry as identified by the government are also compatible with the Millennium Development Goals and the Tenth Five Year Plan of Nepal. Analysis of the achievements and the challenges of community forestry indicates that strategic reforms are needed in three thematic areas, namely governance, livelihood, and sustainable forest management in order to meet these goals in the future.
Mercenaries
Authors: Percy Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe main aim of this book is to argue that the use of private force by states has been restricted by a norm against mercenary use. It traces the evolution of this norm, from mercenaries in medieval Europe through to private security companies in modern day Iraq, telling a story about how the mercenaries of yesterday have evolved into those of today in the process. The norm against mercenaries has two components. First, mercenaries are considered to be immoral because they use force outside legitimate, authoritative control. Second, mercenaries are considered to be morally problematic because they fight wars for selfish, financial reasons as opposed to fighting for some kind of larger conception of the common good. The book examines four puzzles about mercenary use, and argues that they can only be explained by understanding the norm against mercenaries. First, the book argues that moral disapproval of mercenaries led to the disappearance of independent mercenaries from medieval Europe. Second, the transition from armies composed of mercenaries to citizen armies in the 19th century can only be understood with attention to the norm against mercenaries. Third, it is impossible to understand why international law regarding mercenaries, created in the 1970s and 1980s, is so ineffective without understanding the norm. Finally, the disappearance of companies like Executive Outcomes and Sandline and the development of today's private security industry cannot be understood without the norm.
3 The Origins of the Norm against Mercenary Use, 1100–1600
Authors: Percy Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the early origins of the norm against mercenary through three major cases of mercenary use, broadly covering the period that runs from the 12th century through to the 16th century. It looks at mercenaries in France and England from the 12th to the 14th century, with a particular focus on the routiers and écorcheur of 14th-century France. It also discusses Swiss mercenaries from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Finally it looks at Italian mercenaries during the same period. The military enterpriser system in the German states during the Thirty Years War is also considered. These four cases show that the anti-mercenary norm ultimately led to a major shift away from mercenary use by the end of the 17th century. Rulers brought the mercenary trade entirely under the control of the state, eliminating the independent, entrepreneurial mercenary from the international stage. After the 17th century, states bought and sold units of mercenaries or allowed the recruitment of individual mercenaries on their territory under strict licence.
7 New Model Mercenaries: PMCs, PSCs, and the Anti-Mercenary Norm
Authors: Percy Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the continued influence of the norm against mercenary use by examining the development of PMCs and PSCs starting in the mid-1990s. It argues that the shift away from the provision of combat services can only be explained by the anti-mercenary norm. It then traces the continued relevance of the anti-mercenary norm to the private security industry, looking at state control and regulation and the persistence of the cause aspect of the norm. The final section considers the future of the norm against mercenaries.
3 Joseph Priestley, Metaphysician and Philosopher of Religion
Authors: Dybikowski James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines Priestley's philosophical thought. It argues that Priestley's chief importance as a philosophical theorist lies in keeping alive, clarifying, and deepening lines of thought under threat of being marginalized as the exclusive preserve of unbelievers. His championing of the cause of necessity made it easier to entertain such a view impartially and more difficult to dismiss it out of hand. His spirited defence of the doctrines of necessity and materialism has been singled out for praise by the likes of the Victorian scientist T. H. Huxley, who found his ‘among the most powerful, clear, and unflinching expositions of materialism and necessarianism which exist in the English language’. As James Harris observes, Priestley's formulation of the doctrine of necessity became the point of departure for defenders of necessity for the next forty years in Britain, particularly among dissenters. As for his third major philosophical interest — the association of ideas — he served as a champion of Hartley through his edition, but the loss of his manuscript during the Birmingham riots meant that this potential legacy was left unrealized.
Advanced Structural Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Mak Thomas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Peking University. These courses include Chemical Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Group Theory, and Chemical Crystallography. This book consists of three parts. Part I reviews the basic theories of chemical bonding, with chapters on elementary quantum theory, atomic structure, bonding in molecules, bonding in solids, and computational chemistry. Part II introduces point groups and space groups, and their applications to the study of discrete molecules and crystals. A large number of worked examples are provided in order to illustrate the usefulness and elegance of the symmetry concept. Part III constitutes about half of the book and it gives a succinct description of the structural chemistry of the elements in the Periodic Table. The main-group elements are covered in seven chapters and three other chapters deal with the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters and supramolecular systems. The selected systems, many of them from recent literature, are used to elucidate various aspects of structure and bonding presented in Parts I and II, and to expound the current research trends in structural inorganic chemistry
2 The Analysis of Income Satisfaction with an Application to Family Equivalence Scales
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on income satisfaction based on empirical results derived from German and British data. Various methods are discussed and compared. These results are used to define family equivalence scales. It is shown that the results derived from the financial-satisfaction question and older results, derived from the Leyden School income-evaluation question developed by Van Praag and Kapteyn in the 1970s, are nearly identical. The preference-drift phenomenon is also discussed.
4 The Aggregation of Satisfactions: General Satisfaction as an Aggregate
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of the satisfaction aggregation model. Satisfaction with life as a whole is analysed as a weighted aggregate of the domain satisfactions. It is shown that various domain levels can be distinguished, leading to a two- or three-layer model. The model is applied to job satisfaction for the British data set; the job is broken down into sub-domains such as salary, safety, permanence, etc. The employee then evaluates his/her job based on these sub-domain satisfactions. It is argued that various satisfactions can be dealt with as observable numerical variables, which can be analysed by traditional econometric one- and multiple-equation(s) models.
12 Taxation and Well‐being
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the feasibility of a lump-sum tax based on ‘ability’, defined as a function of IQ and education. Empirical research on a Dutch database shows that shifting from income-based to ability-based taxation would not have devastating effects on net income positions. These relatively small effects are attributed to the prevailing equitable tax rates in the Netherlands, and the limitation of the study to full-time employees.
14 A Generalized Approach to Subjective Inequalities
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter applies the subjective income inequality concept developed in Chapter 13 to analyse inequality in domains of life other than finance such as health, job, marriage, etc. It is shown that if satisfaction vector inequality is defined as a variance-covariance matrix of a vector of individual satisfactions, those satisfaction dimensions are highly correlated. The inequality of satisfaction with life as a whole can be defined as an aggregate of several domain satisfactions, which is a more important index to evaluating the distribution of well-being in a population than inequality with respect to one domain.
16 Multi‐dimensional Poverty
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe concept of subjective poverty developed in Chapter 15 is now extended to a multidimensional concept of poverty. Subjective poverty dimensions are constructed for e.g., health, leisure, and housing satisfaction poverty. The chapter not only examines the incidence of poverty, but also transitions from non-poverty to poverty and vice versa, the volatility of poverty, and poverty predictions. The results show that although there is a correlation between being in poverty for every domain, we cannot speak of an overall poverty concept. It is suggested that poverty should be seen as a multi-dimensional concept.
17 Epilogue
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter synthesizes the findings presented in the book. It highlights the success in developing a methodology that can analyse satisfaction along the lines similar to those used by econometricians to analyse ‘objective’ variables. Future research should focus on developing methods that can estimate decision-utility functions for other domains. The relevance of the neoclassical equilibrium assumption is put into question. In line with the multi-disciplinary content of this text, the book stress the need for strengthening the collaboration with the sister disciplines.
Saving Truth From Paradox
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe book is an opinionated survey of philosophical work on paradoxes of truth and of related notions, such as property-instantiation, with occasional forays into related topics such as vagueness, the nature of validity, and the Gödel incompleteness theorems. It advocates a particular approach, according to which the paradoxes are to be resolved by the adoption of a non-classical logic: a logic in which excluded middle is restricted. (The logic is quite different from intuitionist logic, which doesn't avoid the paradoxes and also has many unnatural features; and it is much more powerful than the most familiar logic of the paradoxes, the strong Kleene logic, in that it contains a serious conditional.) The book also provides a systematic and detailed look at the main competing approaches. These include Tarski's theory, Kripke's theories, Lukasiewicz's theory, classical gap theories, classical glut theories, supervaluational theories, revision theories, stratified theories, contextual theories, and dialetheic theories. It attempts to compare the virtues of such theories on a range of issues. It also argues against the view that any solution to the paradoxes is inevitably faced with ‘revenge paradoxes’.
Determinateness, Stratification, and Revenge
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDoes the presence of a transfinitely iterable determinacy operator re-create the difficulties with stratified truth theories? This chapter argues that it does not. It begins by pointing out the many clear differences between what we have for determinacy and what we have with stratified truth theories. It goes on to consider some genuine costs, but argues that we can live with them. It ends by considering and rebutting some remaining worries about how revenge paradoxes might arise.
Paraconsistent Dialetheism and Soundness
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPriest has argued that his dialetheic theories declare themselves sound and in this regard are better than non-dialetheic theories. This chapter shows this to be unfounded. Indeed, dialetheic theories cannot on pain of triviality declare modus ponens to be truth-preserving, and those that accept excluded middle declare it not to be. Moreover, Priest's favored dialetheic theories say that modus ponens doesn't preserve truth even when applied to premises we accept. In this respect, they do worse than glut theories in classical logic and weakly classical theories. This however is not a problem for all dialetheic theories.
9 General Conclusion
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Ours Jan van 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. It is argued that in no country that engaged in ‘straight’ work-sharing (i.e., decreasing the workweek from, say, forty to thirty-five hours) created extra employment. In all countries there were and still are forces pushing for some form of work-sharing. However, the exact implementation is an equilibrium phenomenon that largely depends on a complex set of factors ranging from institutions, the size and international positioning of the country (contrast Sweden, a small open country, and France, a much bigger country with ambiguous feelings vis-à-vis globalization); the centralization or decentralization of union-firm bargaining (compare Germany, with industry-level bargaining, versus France, with relatively weak unions); and family preferences (contrast the Netherlands, where a significant proportion of citizens prefer women to take care of children, versus Sweden, where men are virtually mandated to take parental leave).
How to Account for Illusion
Authors: Brewer Bill 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEarly modern empiricists think of perceptual experience as the presentation of an object to a subject. Phenomena of illusion suggest that such objects must be mind dependent things. Alternatively, perceptual experience may be characterized instead in terms of its representational content (this is the Content View). In that case, illusion is simply false perceptual content. This chapter argues that the early modern empiricists had a key insight: the idea that the core subjective character of perceptual experience to be given by citing the object presented is more fundamental than any appeal to perceptual content, and can account for illusion, and indeed hallucination, without resorting to the problematic postulation of any mind-independent objects distinct from the mind-independent physical objects we all know and love (this is the Object View). It is also suggested that the Object View provides a more promising context for the basic commitments of disjunctivism than the current orthodoxy of the Content View.
Disjunctivism and Discriminability
Authors: Smith A. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDisjunctivists typically claim that something is a hallucination if it is an experience that is not a perception, but that the subject cannot tell, just in virtue of having the experience and ‘introspecting’ it, whether it is not a perception. This chapter argues that there are states that are not hallucinations, as this term is usually understood, but that meet the condition of being thus subjectively indiscriminable from perception. Such states are not hallucinations, since they are not even sensory in character. A modification to the condition is finally introduced that improves matters, but does not entirely avoid counter-examples. In the course of the chapter a position that is termed ‘extreme disjunctivism’ is discussed. This position is particularly unfitted to accommodate the counter-examples.
McDowellian Neo‐Mooreanism
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt is claimed that McDowell's treatment of scepticism offers a potential way of resurrecting the much-derided ‘Moorean’ response to scepticism in a fashion that avoids the problems facing classical internalist and externalist construals of neo-Mooreanism. This chapter evaluates the prospects for a McDowellian neo-Mooreanism and offers further support for the view.
The Disjunctive Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument
Authors: McDowell John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers a diagnostic approach to scepticism about perceptually acquired knowledge of the external world and suggests that this approach can be pursued through a transcendental argument that belongs neither to the ambitious type (associated with P. F. Strawson) nor to the modest type (associated with Barry Stroud). The diagnosis is that this scepticism expresses an inability to make sense of the idea of direct perceptual access to objective facts about the environment. The argument aims to show that this idea must be intelligible, because it is a necessary condition for it to be intelligible that experience has a characteristic that, for the purposes of the argument, is not in doubt. The disjunctive conception of experience insists upon this idea. Crispin Wright has accused this conception of being ‘dialectically quite ineffectual’ as a response to scepticism; this charge is considered, and rejected.
Comment on John McDowell's ‘The Disjunctive Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument’
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In his contribution to the present volume, John McDowell proposes a distinctive kind of ‘transcendental’ argument for the disjunctive conception of experience, and renews his claim that the latter can be deployed to defuse certain kinds of sceptical doubt, responding obiter to the misgivings advanced in Wright (2002) about its credentials for the latter task. This chapter queries the putative ‘transcendental’ authority of disjunctivism, and reinforces the misgivings. It is argued that the root of sceptical doubt has less to do with a ‘highest common factor’ conception of the commonality between perceptions and illusions than with the possibility of phenomenological matching; and that scepticism can take a direct realist conception of sense experience in its stride once proper heed is given to the gap between direct awareness of a situation and the possession of warrant to believe that it obtains.