bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of calcium carbonate particle size on PVC foam
Authors: Azimipour Bahar , Marchand Frederic 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCalcium carbonate is the predominant filler used in polyvinyl chloride compounding. Selection of fillers, as in the case with other compounding ingredients, involves consideration of available types and their effects on processing, product properties, and economics. In this article the effect of the particle size of CaCO3 on the properties of PVC foam is investigated. The study analyzes the correlation between fusion time, extrusion torque, and foam density as well as foam cell structure with the filler particle size. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 12:55–57, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Continuous process for melt intercalation of PP–clay nanocomposites with aid of power ultrasound
Authors: Lapshin Sergey , Isayev A.I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA continuous ultrasound‐assisted process using a single screw extruder with an ultrasonic attachment was developed to prepare PP/clay nanocomposites of varying clay concentrations. The feed rate that controlled the residence time of the polymer in the ultrasonic treatment zone was varied. Die pressure and power consumption were measured. Rheological properties, morphology, and mechanical properties of the untreated and ultrasonically treated nanocomposites were studied. An intercalation of polymer molecules into clay galleries and a partial exfoliation, which occur at short residence times (of the order of seconds), were observed as evident from measurements by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results indicate a possibility of the rapid intercalation and partial exfoliation of PP/clay nanocomposites without the matrix being chemically modified. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 12:78–82, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Authenticated encryption protocol with perfect forward secrecy for mobile communication
Authors: Lu Rongxing , Cao Zhenfu , Dong Xiaolei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSecure and authenticated message transmission is one of the major aims of mobile communication security research. To achieve this goal, a typical methodology in mobile communication is a mobile device and its server first establish a session key, then use the session key to encrypt all subsequent messages. However, establish such an authenticated session key itself is a hard work, and only use the session key to encrypt subsequent messages also cannot provide nonrepudiation. Therefore, there is a desire to seek an alternative method. In this paper, we would like to propose a new authenticated encryption protocol for mobile communication. The proposed protocol, compared with other authenticated encryption protocols, will simultaneously achieve confidentiality, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and perfect forward secrecy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure cell relay routing protocol for sensor networks
Authors: Du Xiaojiang , Xiao Yang , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Wu Qishi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPast researches on sensor network routing have been focused on efficiency and effectiveness of data dissemination. Few of them consider security issues during the design time of routing protocols. Security is very important for many sensor network applications. Studies and experiences have shown that considering security during design time is the best way to provide security for sensor network routing. In this paper, we propose an efficient key management scheme and a novel secure routing protocol—Secure cell relay (SCR) for sensor networks. We also present an effective key setup scheme for sensor nodes deployed in the later stage. We analyze the security of SCR under various attacks and show that SCR is very effective in defending against several sophisticated attacks, including selective forwarding, sinkhole, wormhole, Sybil, hello flooding, and clone attacks. SCR is an energy‐efficient routing protocol with acceptable security overhead. Our simulations demonstrate that with all the security primitives, SCR still has lower energy consumption and higher delivery ratio than a popular routing protocol—directed diffusion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous cytoplasmic linear plasmid pPac1‐1 of Pichia acaciae: molecular structure and expression studies
Authors: Jeske Stefanie , Meinhardt Friedhelm 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe genome organization of the linear DNA‐element pPac1‐1 from Pichia acaciae was determined. It turned out to be the smallest autonomous cytoplasmic yeast plasmid known so far, consisting of only 12 646 bp, carrying the shortest terminal inverted repeats yet found (138 bp). As for other cytoplasmic linear yeast plasmids, it is characterized by a strikingly high A + T content (75.35%). Ten putative genes (open reading frames, ORFs) reside on the element, leaving only 2.9% of the sequence outside a coding region. Highest similarities of the predicted proteins were obtained for proteins encoded by the three hitherto known autonomous cytoplasmic linear yeast plasmids. Amino acid sequences correspond to predicted polypeptides encoded by ORFs 2–11 of the linear plasmids pGKL2 of Kluyveromyces lactis, pSKL of Saccharomyces kluyveri and pPE1B of Pichia etchellsii. As for the latter, ORF1 existing on the two other plasmids is lacking on pPac1‐1. Consistent with cytoplasmic localization, a cytoplasmic promoter termed upstream conserved sequence (UCS) is located in front of each reading frame. RT‐PCR transcript analyses for ORFs 8, 9 and 11 proved expression of such genes but functions could not be attributed. The genome organization of pPac1‐1 and other autonomous linear elements was found to be almost congruent, irrespective of the accompanying smaller elements, which may or may not encode their own element‐specific DNA polymerases. The sequence of pPac1‐1 has been submitted to the EMBL database, Accession No. AM 180622. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural reducing enzyme encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH6 gene conveys HMF tolerance
Authors: Petersson Anneli , Almeida João R. M. , Modig Tobias , Karhumaa Kaisa , Hahn‐Hägerdal Bärbel , Gorwa‐Grauslund Marie F. , Lidén Gunnar 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fuel ethanol production is inhibited by 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), a furan derivative which is formed during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. The inhibition can be avoided if the yeast strain used in the fermentation has the ability to reduce HMF to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfuryl alcohol. To enable the identification of enzyme(s) responsible for HMF conversion in S. cerevisiae, microarray analyses of two strains with different abilities to convert HMF were performed. Based on the expression data, a subset of 15 reductase genes was chosen to be further examined using an overexpression strain collection. Three candidate genes were cloned from two different strains, TMB3000 and the laboratory strain CEN.PK 113‐5D, and overexpressed using a strong promoter in the strain CEN.PK 113‐5D. Strains overexpressing ADH6 had increased HMF conversion activity in cell‐free crude extracts with both NADPH and NADH as co‐factors. In vitro activities were recorded of 8 mU/mg with NADH as co‐factor and as high as 1200 mU/mg for the NADPH‐coupled reduction. Yeast strains overexpressing ADH6 also had a substantially higher in vivo conversion rate of HMF in both aerobic and anaerobic cultures, showing that the overexpression indeed conveyed the desired increased reduction capacity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depositional environment and OSL chronology of the Homeb silt deposits, Kuiseb River, Namibia
Authors: Srivastava Pradeep , Brook George A. , Marais Eugene , Morthekai P. , Singhvi Ashok K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that the Homeb silts of the Kuiseb valley, Namibia (i) accumulated in a dune-dammed lake, (ii) are end-point deposits, (iii) represent an aggrading river bed, and (iv) are slackwater deposits. Thus, they have been used alternatively as evidence of past drier conditions or past wetter conditions. Lithostratigraphic analysis of two sediment sequences at Homeb indicates sedimentation by aggradation of the Kuiseb River triggered by a transition from an arid to humid climate. OSL ages for the sequences were obtained by the SAR protocol on aliquots of 9.6-mm and 4.0-mm diameter and on single grains. Four-millimeter aliquot minimum ages closely approximate the single-grain minimum ages and are younger than 9.6-mm aliquot minimum and central ages. Based on these results, the small-aliquot (4-mm) approach appears to provide ages comparable to those obtained by the more laborious and time-consuming single-grain method. Minimum ages indicate rapid deposition of the Homeb Silts in at least two episodes centered at ∼15 ka and ∼6 ka during climate transitions from arid to humid. Flash floods eroded the valley fills during slightly more arid conditions.
Goitrous congenital hypothyroidism in a twin pregnancy causing respiratory obstruction at birth: Implications for management
Authors: Reynolds Ben Christopher , Simpson Judith Helen , Macara Lena , Bruce Watt Andrew James , Kubba Haytham , Donaldson Malcolm David Cairns , Pohlen Joachim 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report a twin pregnancy complicated by fetal goitrous hypothyroidism secondary to dyshormonogenesis caused by thyroglobulin deficiency. Antenatal treatment with intra‐amniotic thyroxine was considered but not performed, given the late gestational age at diagnosis and the multiple nature of the pregnancy. Both twins developed airway obstruction at delivery, requiring intubation and ventilation. We review the literature and describe the practical issues relating to the antenatal assessment and perinatal management of fetal goitre.
Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Among Toronto Healthcare Workers After Implementation of Infection Control Precautions: A Case Series
Authors: Ofner-Agostini Marianna , Gravel Denise , McDonald L. Clifford , Lem Marcus , Sarwal Shelley , McGeer Allison , Green Karen , Vearncombe Mary , Roth Virginia , Paton Shirley , Loeb Mark , Simor Andrew 
Published: May 2006

Objective.To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection control practices, the types of exposure to patients with SARS, and the activities associated with treatment of such patients among healthcare workers (HCWs) who developed SARS in Toronto, Canada, after SARS-specific infection control precautions had been implemented.Methods.A retrospective review of work logs and patient assignments, detailed review of medical records of patients with SARS, and comprehensive telephone-based interviews of HCWs who met the case definition for SARS after implementation of infection control precautions.Results.Seventeen HCWs from 6 hospitals developed disease that met the case definition for SARS after implementation of infection control precautions. These HCWs had a mean age ( ± SD) of 39 ± 2.3 years. Two HCWs were not interviewed because of illness. Of the remaining 15, only 9 (60%) reported that they had received formal infection control training. Thirteen HCWs (87%) were unsure of proper order in which personal protective equipment should be donned and doffed. Six HCWs (40%) reused items (eg, stethoscopes, goggles, and cleaning equipment) elsewhere on the ward after initial use in a room in which a patient with SARS was staying. Use of masks, gowns, gloves, and eyewear was inconsistent among HCWs. Eight (54%) reported that they were aware of a breach in infection control precautions. HCWs reported fatigue due to an increase number and length of shifts; participants worked a median of 10 shifts during the 10 days before onset of symptoms. Seven HCWs were involved in the intubation of a patient with SARS. One HCW died, and the remaining 16 recovered.Conclusion.Multiple factors were likely responsible for SARS in these HCWs, including the performance of high-risk patient care procedures, inconsistent use of personal protective equipment, fatigue, and lack of adequate infection control training.
Perioperative Intranasal Mupirocin for the Prevention of Surgical-Site Infections: Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kallen Alexander J. , Wilson Chad T. , Larson Robin J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:To review the evidence evaluating perioperative intranasal mupirocin for the prevention of surgical-site infections according to type of surgical procedure.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials.Setting:Studies included were either randomized clinical trial or prospective trials at a single institution that measured outcomes both before and after an institution-wide intervention (before-after trial). In all studies, intervention and control groups differed only by the use of perioperative intranasal mupirocin in the intervention group.Patients:Patients undergoing general or nongeneral surgery (eg, cardiothoracic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and neurosurgery).Main Outcome Measure:Risk of surgical-site infection following perioperative intranasal mupirocin versus usual care.Results:Three randomized and four before-after trials met the inclusion criteria. No reduction in surgical-site infection rate was seen in randomized general surgery trials (summary estimates: 8.4% in the mupirocin group and 8.1% in the control group; relative risk [RR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 0.81 to 1.33). In nongeneral surgery, the use of mupirocin was associated with a reduction in surgical-site infection in randomized trials (summary estimates: 6.0% in the mupirocin group and 7.6% in the control group; RR, 0.80; CI95, 0.58 to 1.10) and in before-after trials (summary estimates: 1.7% in the mupirocin group and 4.1% in the control group; RR, 0.40; CI95, 0.29 to 0.56).Conclusions:Perioperative intranasal mupirocin appears to decrease the incidence of surgical-site infection when used as prophylaxis in nongeneral surgery. Given its low risk and low cost, use of perioperative intranasal mupirocin should be considered in these settings.
Hair Removal Policies in Clean Surgery: Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Authors: Niël-Weise B. S. , Wille J. C. , van den Broek P. J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:To determine whether certain hair removal policies are better than others to prevent surgical-site infections in patients undergoing clean surgery.Methods:Publications were retrieved by a systematic search of Medline, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE up to February 2005. Additionally, the reference lists of all identified trials were examined. All randomized trials, quasi-randomized trials, and systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized or quasi-randomized trials comparing hair removal policies in clean surgery were selected. Trials involving patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery were excluded. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer. Data from the original publications were used to calculate the relative risk or risk difference of surgical-site infection. Data for similar outcomes were combined in the analysis, where appropriate, with the use of a random effects model.Results:Four trials were included in the review. No eligible systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized or quasi-randomized trials was found. The quality of the trials and how they were reported were generally unsatisfactory. Evidence regarding whether preoperative hair removal has any effect was inconclusive. When hair removal was considered necessary, evidence about the best time for removal was inconclusive. There was some evidence that hair removal by clipper is superior to removal by razor.Conclusions:Because of insufficient evidence as a basis for recommendations, the practical consequences for ward management were essential when the Dutch Working Party on Infection Prevention formulated its recommendations for hair removal policies. Large randomized, controlled trials are needed to determine the optimal policy for preoperative hair removal.
An evaluation of 2D‐image analysis techniques for measuring soil microporosity
Authors: Marcelino V. , Cnudde V. , Vansteelandt S. , Carò F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryTo compare soil porosity measurements, manual, semiautomatic and automatic 2D‐image analyses were performed on three sets of images of the same fields. The first and second image sets were obtained, by a fluorescence microscope, on the polished surfaces of soil blocks impregnated with a fluorescent resin and on the thin sections made from them, respectively. A scanning electron microscope in backscattered mode was used to acquire the third set of images on the thin sections. In the manual image analysis procedure, image segmentation was based on the best visual impression and carried out individually for each image with the UTHSCSA Image Tool software. For the semiautomatic method, the software μCTanalySIS was used; the images were segmented by double hysteresis, after interactive selection of the thresholding values. Automatic thresholding, based on an analysis of the image intensity histogram, was performed using the image analysis software Image‐Pro® Plus. Average microporosity measurements were compared between image types and image analysis methods using marginal regression models for continuous outcomes. The mean area covered by pores was significantly different depending on the type of image and the method of image analysis. Results after the automatic procedure were significantly larger than after manual or semiautomatic thresholding. On the other hand, average porosities were larger for backscattered electron images than for fluorescent images, regardless of the image analysis procedure used. These results stress the need for standardization of image analysis protocols and warn of the dangers of comparing soil porosity measurements performed on different types of images.
Experimental transmission of sleeping disease in one‐year‐old rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), induced by sleeping disease virus
Authors: Boscher S Kerbart , McLoughlin M , Le Ven A , Cabon J , Baud M , Castric J 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSleeping disease (SD) is a serious disease of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, reared in fresh water caused by sleeping disease virus (SDV). In this study a detailed clinical, histological, virological and serological description of the experimental reproduction of SD in 1‐year‐old rainbow trout exposed to SDV was carried out. Two hundred disease‐free fish were intraperitoneally inoculated with a SDV isolate and 100 fish were inoculated with an uninfected cell culture lysate as a negative control. Infected and control fish were randomly removed at days 4, 7, 14, 21, 42 and 70 post‐infection. Blood and tissues were collected for virus isolation, histopathological examination and serum neutralization. SDV was detected in serum, kidney and brain of infected fish from 4 to 21 days post‐infection (dpi). Characteristic pathological lesions were observed in infected fish as early as 7 dpi. Lesions were first detected in exocrine pancreas and subsequently observed in heart and skeletal muscle. Neutralizing antibodies to SDV were detected in infected fish from 14 to 70 dpi. Infected fish displayed typical signs of SD 1‐month pi and the mortality reached 18.7% within 44 days. This study experimentally reproduced all the pathognomonic features of natural outbreaks of SD in 1‐year‐old rainbow trout.
Ocular and airway symptoms related to organic acid anhydride exposure – a prospective study
Authors: Nielsen J. , Welinder H. , Bensryd I. , Rylander L. , Skerfving S. 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Organic acid anhydrides (OAA) are used as hardeners in epoxy resin systems. They are powerful sensitizers giving frequent rhinitis and asthma in exposed workers. Incidence of symptoms is unknown. Here we present the first prospective study on the associations between OAA exposure, symptoms, and effects of confounding factors.Methods:  All new employees in three plants handling OAA were followed for up to 8.5 years. Before the employment, a questionnaire reporting about symptoms of eyes and airways, smoking habits, and atopy was answered. The subjects were asked at regular medical examinations about work tasks and work‐related symptoms. Serum was analysed for specific OAA antibodies.Results:  Mean exposures varied between 6 and 39 μg/m3. The incidence for work‐related symptoms of the eyes, nose, pharynx, and lower airways was 91, 64, 46, and 31 per 1000 years of exposure, respectively. Symptoms were found frequently, even at mean exposure level at <10 μg/m3. Smoking and atopy increased the risk of symptoms. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E sensitized workers had a significant increased risk for symptoms of the eyes and pharynx and for running nose/sneezing.Conclusions:  Organic acid anhydrides exposure is associated with frequent ocular and airway symptoms even at mean exposure levels at <10 μg/m3. There is an important need for establishment of an occupational threshold limit. A limit value of below 5 μg/m3 is proposed.
UPTAKE OF SULPHUR BY MYGORRHIZAL PLANTS
Authors: MORRISON T. M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryTwo experiments were consistent in showing that mycorrhizas are of no significance in sulphur accumulation by Pinus radiata even after a period of sulphur starvation. It is concluded that unlike phosphorus, sulphur has a free pathway through the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus.
ECOTYPIG DIFFERENTIATION OF CALLUNA VULGARIS (L.) IN RELATION TO ALTITUDE
Authors: GRANT SHEILA A. , HUNTER R. F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryPopulation studies of Calluna vulgaris (L.) were undertaken in order to investigate plant variations genotypic in origin. Seed was collected from ten widely separated areas in Great Britain and seedlings from each population were grown in a spaced plant trial. In a later study plants were raised from seed collected at high and low altitudes from within sixteen centres in Scotland.Data were collected on growth habit, flowering and frost resistance.The results indicate that ecotypic differentiation occurs and that the pattern of differentiation is ecoclinal.(i) Variation in growth habit is continuous and the proportions of the various growth forms change with change in altitude.(ii) Maturity type is related to the length of the growing season at the site of origin of the population. Populations originating from areas having shorter growing seasons are composed of individuals of an earlier maturity type than those from areas where the season is longer.(iii) Observations on frost damage were made in the first study. The numbers of susceptible plants were too low to permit population comparison but susceptibility could be related to soil and climatic variation.The significance of the variational trends is discussed.
CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES IN HOLCUS
Authors: JONES KEITH , CARROLL CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryA randomized block experiment was laid down to compare the morphology of the tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid races of Holcus mollis. No qualitative differences have been found to distinguish the races.Quantitative differences exist, but are not sufficiently large to allow a taxonomic separation. The morphology of the pentaploid mollis is discussed in relation to its possible hybrid origin involving H. lanatus.