bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Nepal’s Foreign Policy and Diplomacy towards China and India
Authors: Budhathoki Hemanta 
Published: April 2024

The present foreign policies of Nepal are based on the Charter of the United Nations, non-alignment, principles of Panchasheel (peaceful co-existence, mutual respect for territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence; non–aggression; non–interference in each other’s internal affairs and Equality and mutual benefit), international law and the norms of world peace, taking into consideration of the overall interest of the nation while remaining active in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and national interest. The foreign policy of Nepal has been changing over the years. After unofficial blockade of immediate neighbor India, the challenges and opportunities are seen in the sky of Nepalese foreign policy. The major emerging challenges of Nepalese foreign policy are to balance the foreign policy with India and China continuation of independent foreign policy, recognize and prioritize the national interest, modernization of foreign policy, political consensus, national unity, political consensus, and good leadership, successful conduction of economic diplomacy, etc. Diplomacy is one of the powerful means or instruments of achieving the goals of foreign policy. The goals of foreign policy are guided by the national interests of concerned states. Diplomats are the actors who plays role according to the foreign policy of the concern state. Diplomats have to perform different functions and discharge different duties with their different roles and capacities. In other words, it is the task for the diplomat to act in different capacities and to play different a role because diplomacy itself is a serious business which requires different capacities and role by the diplomats. The major responsibility of diplomat is the promotion and protection of the national interests of Nepal. Therefore, the proficient diplomat should require making diplomacy effective.
Significance Analysis of Poverty, Gender and Human Development in Nepal
Authors: Gautam Shanta , Adhikari Keshab Prasad 
Published: April 2024

This article examines in the areas of poverty, gender and human development in Nepal focusing on caste/ethnicity together with regional, rural, and urban disparities. It employs explanatory and analytical methods using secondary data, including peer reviewed papers. Human Development Reports, initiated by Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, have been regularly published by the UNDP, featuring the gender and human development for various countries. Nepal has been publishing its Human Development Report (HDR) since 1998.The level of human development is measured by HDI which is found increasing from 0.380 in 1990 to 0.602 in 2022, i.e., 58.42% improvement. Significant progress has been established in the area of human development and gender but significant inequalities still continued among different castes, ethnicities, and regions in the areas of gender and human development. Both urban and rural service centers face challenges like inadequate access to safe drinking water, and child malnutrition, particularly in the far western part of Nepal, highlights the urgency for continued efforts in gender and human development.
Idealistic Modification of the Materialistic Veda
Authors: Khatri Tilak Bahadur 
Published: April 2024

This article explores the origin and the later developments of the Veda. The objective is to examine the materialist philosophical content of the early Vedas and contrast it with the idealistic readings of the text from later eras. This article discusses the research issues surrounding the historical roots of the Vedic literature and the idealistic changes made to it in later times. The study has used historical materialism as a methodological tool and examined several Vedic verses, relating them to the socioeconomic conditions of the period in which they were composed. The article has analyzed the roots of some terminologies frequently used in the text and their connections to the philosophy of the Veda. The terms bhagavan, rita, Dānam, Havana, Brahman, yajña and name of some gods are frequently used in the Veda and their meanings are analyzed in a particular historical contexts. The article reveals that the Vedic verses are the simple creations of Vedic Aryans and they are associated with the everyday desires of the Vedic people, such as those for food, cattle, rain, safety, prosperity, health, and progeny. The early creation of the Vedic verses are this-worldly and materialistic in content and they are in no way otherworldly and spiritualistic. The meaning of most of the terminologies found in the text has materialistic origin and in course of time, their meanings are converted into opposite. The philosophy of the Veda has its root in the collective mode of production and with the introduction of private property and classes, the text is made an ideological tool of the minority of governing classes. The Veda's original materialistic meaning is altered, and the book is transformed into a spiritual guidebook—an ideological weapon used by the ruling classes to deceive and repress the vast majority of laboring people.
Scholē as a Way of Learning to Be Human in the Age of the Internet
Authors: Dancák Pavol 
Published: April 2024

The article offers a brief philosophical reflection on scholē and human being in the context of the Internet. The first part of the article shortly explains the urgency of the problems that arise from the extensive use of the Internet, such as addiction to digital devices, being constantly connected to the Internet and receiving unreliable information. The second part of the article offers a reflection of scholē (leisure) as a space for transcendence which is a very important attribute of the human being and which is the foundation of our culture. Scholē is an organic component of culture and education, and leisure presents not the cessation of work, but a work of a rather different kind, the work restored to its human meaning, as a celebration and a festival. The article concludes that scholē provides us with precise and true information about what the human person essentially needs.
Instalacje fotowoltaiczne w procesie inwestycyjnym
Authors: Krzyż Paweł 
Published: April 2024

Celem artykułu jest omówienie kolejnych etapów procesu inwestycyjnego w zakresie budowy instalacji fotowoltaicznych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przypadki, w których realizacja przedsięwzięcia wymaga uzyskania decyzji o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach, oraz na analizę zgodności projektowanej inwestycji z postanowieniami miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego, dokonywaną przez organ administracji architektoniczno-budowlanej przed wydaniem decyzji o pozwoleniu na budowę.
Pengaruh Moralitas Individu, Budaya Organisasi, Dan Pengendalian Internal Terhadap Kecurangan Akuntansi
Authors: Adyaksana Rahandhika Ivan , Sufitri Lia Nadia 
Published: April 2024

Fraud cases have always been the subject of fierce debate, especially with the emergence of cases that occurred in Indonesia, especially the latest ACFE resport regarding fraud case schemes that often accur in Indonesia in 2019. Overall,the purpose of this research is to examine individual studies of ethics, organizational culture and internal controls towards accountingÂ farud. The population of this study are civil servants (PNS) and ordinary daily workers (THL) who work at the BKAD office in the DIY sector. The sample of this research is 80 people. The sampling method in this research is random sampling. The dataÂ used in this research were carried out as primary data by directly visiting the BKAD secretariat and distributing questionnaires. The treatment method used is multiple linear regression. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the variables of personal ethics (X1), organizational culture (X2), and internal control (X3) have a negative effect on accounting fraud (Y).
Beyond Larsen Miller
Authors: Ramakrishnan A.R. , Grenier M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Larsen Miller is a formula used to calculate broad equivalent Thermal Effect (TE) stress relieving and tempering recipes. However, results are not precise. The purpose of this work is to determine a more exact procedure. ANOVA design of experiment was used and three supplemental variables were identified as a source of thermal effect variances added to temperature and time: ramp rate, soak time and correlation between Temperature and Soak time. It was then possible to predict the most effective process temperature and soak time necessary to produce the desired stress relief as defined by the angle position of a torsion spring. The results apply to one spring type and one configuration. More work is necessary to expand the methodology to families of parts, i.e. compression springs.
Vacuum Furnaces Were Made for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Hill Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing, popularly known as 3-D printing, is the newest manufacturing technology which is taking the world by storm. Additive manufacturing is a process whereby a digital model is converted into a metallic three dimensional part by layering powders or wrought feed stock into a near net or a dimensionally complete part. There are many people in the world who claim additive manufacturing will never replace machining, otherwise known as subtractive manufacturing. On the other hand many believe additive manufacturing will someday change the world. As is so often the case this author believes that reality lies somewhere in between the skepticism and hype.
Behavior of a Complex Steel Part During Hardening Heat Treatment
Authors: Marje Vishal R , Kulkarni Srivatsa , Balachandran G , Balasubramanian V 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Heat treatment response of a complex shaped cylindrical component with varying sections of thickness and length has been studied in a 15CDV6 bainitic steel. The effect of cooling rate at every location has been predicted using an FEM based simulation. The distortion associated with the experimental component was matched with the theoretical FEM based heat treatment model. The component distortion has been attributed to the strain associated with volume changes associated with thermal gradient and phase transformation at various locations. The heat flux on the surface was modelled to arrive at heat transfer by inverse technique. The study validates the definition of boundary conditions for such complex components.
High Temperature Austenitizing of Low Alloy Steels: What is Left after 40 Years?
Authors: Firrao Donato , Matteis Paolo , Cornetti Pietro , Sapora Alberto 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Around 1970 it was discovered that quenching AISI 4340 steel from 1200 °C leads to much higher fracture toughness, in the as quenched state, than by conventional austenitizing at 870 °C. Further researches have ascertained that the apparent toughness increase is limited to fracture toughness tests (KIC), whereas Charpy-V impact tests do not show any betterment due to high temperature austenitizing, in respect to conventional heat-treating. Various explanations of these contradicting results were given on the basis of the then existing theories. It was further ascertained that the betterment of fracture toughness was limited upon tempering to a maximum temperature of 250 °C, making it useless for most applications. The puzzling phenomenon has been recently reconsidered for the validation of new Blunt Notch Brittle Finite Fracture Mechanics theories. Results are given and possible future applications to industrial cases presented.
New Heat Treatment Technologies for Aluminum Automotive Body Structures
Authors: Donofrio Tim 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As automobile manufactures today push the envelope of light weighting technologies, so do they impart opportunities for the development of new thermal processing technologies. In an era of light weighting technology advancement, we see a common trend where steel components are being replaced with lighter weight aluminum components. We see automotive manufactures expanding the use of lightweight technologies and exploiting the use of aluminum materials in high volume general purpose vehicles where in the past these lightweight technologies were relegated to high performance or luxury vehicles. Traditionally we see aluminum being incorporated in various forms and configurations such as castings for powertrains and suspensions and sheet and extruded shapes for the body externals and bumper structures. Today we see lightweight materials being incorporated into high volume automotive platforms in the form of thin walled structural node castings and body structure extrusion stampings.
Quenching and Distortion Analyses in Aluminum
Authors: Espinosa L. , Zapata O. , Pérez-González F.A. , Reyes L.A. , Colás R. , Mariella K. , Cantú A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aluminum alloys are used intensively by the automotive industry to comply with environmental and fuel consumption regulations. These alloys were first used in the manufacture of power train components, and they have extended their use in parts and assemblies of structural components. Power train and structural components have to be heat treated to achieve the strength and hardness demanded, which imply solution treating, quenching and aging. Quenching is the most critical part of processing, as the material has to be cooled at rates high enough to allow for the hardening elements to remain in solution, but the rate has to be controlled to avoid distortion or, in some cases, catastrophic failure. Distortion is associated with the geometry of the piece, as heavy components have sections of different volume, which will cool at different rates, or, in the case of long thin pieces, warpage may arise from variations in cooling rate along the length of the part. This work presents the results of a series of tests carried out with the aim to evaluate the variation of the heat transfer coefficients that take occur in pieces made of a heat treatable wrought aluminum alloy cooled in different media. The heat transfer coefficients were used to compute the temperature distribution of a modified version of the Navy C specimen.
Effect of Steel Hardenability on Stress Formation in an Induction Hardened Axle Shaft
Authors: Ferguson B. Lynn , Sims Justin , Li Z. Charlie , Nemkov Valentin , Goldstein Robert , Jackowski John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Previous work was reported on the induction hardening process for a 1541 steel axle shaft. This presentation compares the previous results with the stress formation dynamics in the same shaft made from steels with lower hardenability. Hardened using a scan heating method and a trailing PAG spray quench, several steels having lower hardenability were modeled using the same heating schedule so that the depth of austenite formation is similar in all cases. During spray quenching, the hardened case is shallower as steel hardenability is reduced. This leads to differences in the magnitude of compressive and tensile stresses and their distributions. In turn, the potential for internal cracking is reduced as the stress transition zone is altered by the thickness of the diffusive phase layer between the martensitic case and the ferrite-pearlite core of the shaft. The next step is to investigate these effects on the torque carrying ability of the shaft.
The Pick-Up-Revolution for Hardening CV-Joints— Combining Multiple Heat Treating Operations into the Same Set-Up for Speed, Process Stability, and Ease of Integration into the Process Chain
Authors: Krause Christian , Davis Mark , Schlesselmann1 Dirk 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a complete rethinking of induction hardening for CV Joints (constant velocity joints) is introduced. The new machine concept is based on a pick-up principle for hardening these workpieces. The conventional hardening solution is characterized by high floor space requirements, sequentially processing the Stem (shaft) hardening from one machine to another hardening the inner bowl of the Bell, including complex workpiece handling systems. The new, innovative process combines these discreet operations into one machine set-up with inverted spindle and two inductor coils. The VLC 100-IH machine is a solution with minimum floor space required, hardening with one chuck and without flipping the part end-to-end, giving a high degree of flexibility, easy in-line integration, as well as short cycle times. We are describing the innovations for hardening CV Joints with this combined process approach made possible by the inverted Pick-Up spindle and integrated part handling.
Advances in Power Supplies for Efficient Electric Heating
Authors: Benzerrouk Souheil 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Electric Furnaces have gained major ground in industrial heating, especially, in heat-treating where finer control of temperature is required along with improved efficiency and a reduced environmental impact at the point of use. Furthermore, due to energy costs and “line disturbance” penalties imposed by utility companies, many new power topologies have been developed with careful consideration to performance related to efficiency, power factor, harmonics, and line balance. In this paper we develop a systematic approach to defining power requirements and control approach. We consider a systemic thermo-electric model to specify power requirements, then a cost model to select the appropriate power supply topology. As a summary, a power supply topology is presented which combines the features that allows it to meet or exceed current and future requirements and provide the ability for a higher degree of integration.
The Growth of Predictive Maintenance and Its Effect on Future Furnace Performance
Authors: Goldsteinas Aymeric 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Heat treatment furnaces are exposed to extreme conditions. For consistent, high-quality results, furnaces should be kept in excellent condition. Even with regular corrective and preventive maintenance, furnaces can still break down, resulting in lost production and unplanned downtime. Predictive maintenance is based on real-time monitoring of in-service equipment to optimize operations and determine when maintenance should be performed. The ideal system prevents equipment failures before they occur, and schedules maintenance as needed. This paper examines how predictive maintenance is emerging as a tool for analyzing future performance and maintenance requirements for furnaces. It covers predictive maintenance benefits and implementation considerations.
Reducing Ammonia Consumption and Emissions Using Zeroflow Gas Nitriding
Authors: Małdzinski Leszek , Hemsath Mark K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gas nitriding has been performed in many ways with many variations over the years (using NH3 only, NH3 + dissociated NH3, and NH3 + N2). Practical heat treating today demands lower costs and gas and energy consumption. With the challenges of ammonia storage, its costs and emissions, the ZeroFlow process reduces ammonia gas consumption and still offers the same capability to affect the nitrided layer, resulting in lower emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Prior analysis has shown that ZeroFlow control allows control of not only the nitriding potential, but also phase composition of the nitrided layer, its thickness and the constituents of the atmosphere used for nitriding. Tremendous experience via actual commercial production has proven that this method of gas nitriding, and the atmosphere used, still allows for precision in controlling growth kinetics of the nitrided layer. The impact on the ammonia consumption and emissions is significant.
Understanding Furnace Atmosphere Composition for Neutral and Gas Carburizing Applications
Authors: Oakes Jim 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Studying the gas composition of an atmosphere furnace reveals many parameters that can be used to predict metallurgical results of parts being processed. Today’s heat treaters strive for process consistency in order to eliminate variability, rework, and (in the worst case) scrap. In atmosphere heat treating, understanding control parameters and atmosphere composition provides critical insight into expected results. In this presentation, the audience will have the opportunity to observe gas compositions that would typically be found in carbon-neutral or carbon-rich atmospheres; they will also be able to see how atmospheric properties directly affect the metallurgical properties of heat treated parts. The presenter will illustrate examples of common atmospheres based on furnace types and will discuss common characteristics of improperly controlled atmospheres and how those atmospheres can lead to flawed results. Real-world examples of metallurgical results will be used to illustrate what can be expected from an “out of control” situation.
Understanding Process Sensitivities in Press Quenching— An Integrated Approach
Authors: Reardon Arthur C. , Freborg Andrew , Li Z. Charlie , Ferguson B. Lynn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Press quenching is a specialized quenching technique used in heat treating operations to minimize the distortion of complex components such as spiral bevel gears and high quality bearing races. The quenching machine is designed to control the geometrical characteristics of components such as out-of-round, flatness, and (if the tooling is designed to accommodate it) taper. The achievement of final dimensional tolerances is accomplished through a trial and error process where the incoming machined sizes of the components are adjusted based upon measurement data taken from the initial sets of quenched and tempered components that have already been processed through the press quenching operation. Oil flow rates can be altered during the different stages of the quenching cycle, and through the use of specialized tooling the oil flow pathways can be selectively adjusted to meter the oil flow towards specific areas of the part surface while baffling it away from others in order to provide a more uniform overall quench. Complex metallurgical changes take place during austenitizing and quenching, resulting in corresponding mechanical property changes. Accompanying these changes are the generation of thermal and transformation induced stresses, which produce in-process and final residual stresses. During press quenching, dimensional restrictions add additional complexity to the combined effects of thermal and mechanical process sensitivities on these stresses. And if the stresses are severe enough, quench cracking can result. In this investigation the quench cracking of an asymmetrical AISI 52100 bearing ring is evaluated through physical experiments and through corresponding heat treatment process modeling using DANTE. The effects of quench rate, die load pulsing, and several other process variables are examined experimentally and/or analytically to illustrate how they can impact the resulting stresses generated during the press quenching operation.