bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optometric practice in Norway: a cross‐sectional nationwide study
Authors: Sundling Vibeke , Gulbrandsen Pål , Bragadottir Ragnheiður , Bakketeig Leiv S. , Jervell Jak , Straand Jørund 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe optometric practitioners and their encountering patients.Methods:  All members of the Norwegian Association of Optometrists working in the community (n = 761) were invited to participate in a questionnaire survey; questionnaire responders (n = 508) were asked to take part in a practice registration. Data collection was carried out between November 2004 and May 2005 using a questionnaire and a practice registration form.Results:  Five hundred and eight optometrists responded to the questionnaire; of these 212 participated in the practice registration, in which 4052 patient encounters were recorded. All optometrists reported taking patient history in the areas of vision and ocular health; 55% asked questions about general health for all patients. More than 80% collaborated with general practitioners and ophthalmologists. The patient encounters were with 1699 men and 2216 women; 60% of patients were aged 45 years or older. Patients reported a history of ocular disease and other conditions of relevance for ocular health in 12% and 17% of encounters, respectively. One per cent had low vision [best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) < 0.33] and 2% were visually impaired (BCVA < 0.5). Ophthalmoscopy was performed for 88% of patients; dilated fundus examinations were carried out for 2%; clinical findings of cataract were reported for 11%; and retinopathy was suspected in 3%. Six per cent of patients were referred to a general practitioner or ophthalmologist.Conclusion:  Optometrists generally collaborate with general practitioners and ophthalmologists. They take history, investigate and assess patients with ocular problems. A significant number of patients had primary or secondary ocular disease. This illustrates the role of optometrists as healthcare workers.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in baboons (Papio sp.): a new animal model
Authors: Glover E.J. , Leland M.M. , Dick E.J. , Hubbard G.B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasingly prevalent in the human population. Current animal models require surgical or other manipulation to produce symptoms. An animal model that exhibits spontaneous GERD would provide the opportunity for much‐needed research examining the susceptibility, diagnosis, and treatment of GERD.Methods  Eight baboons (Papio hamadryas sp.) were diagnosed with GERD histopathologically using biopsies or postmortem tissues.Results  The disease was characterized by a spectrum of symptoms comparable with that found in the human population. Some subjects had no gross signs of clinical disease, but were diagnosed by histopathological examination. Almost all subjects presented with at least one clinical sign of the disease. Regurgitation was the most common.Conclusions  The baboon may be a superior animal model for GERD research because it is a naturally occurring model and is anatomically and physiologically similar to humans.
Dental and periodontal findings in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Bayraktar G , Kurtulus I , Duraduryan A , Cintan S , Kazancioglu R , Yildiz A , Bural C , Bozfakioglu S , Besler M , Trablus S , Issever H 
Published: April 2007

Objective:  Oral health problems of chronic renal failure patients can compromise systemic health. This study compared the periodontal and dental health status of patients on hemodialysis (HD) with healthy controls (C).Study design:  Seventy‐six HD patients and 61 controls were examined for plaque deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus accumulation and oral health status.Results:  There was no statistically significant difference in the measurement of probing pocket depths (PPD) in HD and C groups, but a highly significant difference was found for plaque index (P < 0.001), gingival index (GI) (P = 0.007) and calculus surface index (P < 0.001). There was a highly significant difference for GI (P = 0.001) and PPD scores (P < 0.001) between subgroups receiving HD for <3 years or more. A positive correlation between time on dialysis and parameter of missing teeth (r = 0.259; P = 0.024), GI scores (r = 0.474; P < 0.001) and measurement of PPD (r = 0.481; P < 0.001) was found in the HD group. Decayed, missing and filled teeth index scores were higher in the controls than the HD group, with no statistical significance.Conclusions:  The dental and periodontal health status of HD patients is comparable with healthy controls, but becomes worse with time on dialysis. Thus, oral health maintenance is of utmost importance in this patient group.
Rescue of white egg 1 mutant by introduction of the wild‐type Bombyx kynurenine 3–monooxygenase gene
Authors: QUAN GUO‐XING , KOBAYASHI ISAO , KOJIMA KATSURA , UCHINO KEIRO , KANDA TOSHIO , SEZUTSU HIDEKI , SHIMADA TORU , TAMURA TOSHIKI 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn silkworms, the white egg 1 (w‐1) mutant, which is characterized by white eyes and white eggs, is deficient in Bombyx kynurenine 3–monooxygenase (KMO) activity. To investigate whether the w‐1 mutant phenotype is rescued by introducing the wild‐type KMO gene, we constructed transgenic silkworms with the wild‐type Bombyx KMO gene under the control of either the cytoplasmic actin gene promoter (A3KMO) or the native KMO gene promoter (KKMO). We created two transgenic lines with A3KMO and one line with KKMO constructs. The eyes of adults in these lines were brown, and the eggs laid by the transgenic females were also brown. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction(RT‐PCR) analysis showed that the A3KMO silkworm lines expressed the transcript in the mid‐gut, fat bodies, and Malpighian tubules. The KKMO line expressed the transcript only in the fat bodies and Malpighian tubules. The intensity of eye and egg color in the transgenic lines was proportional to the KMO expression level. Interestingly, transgenic larvae with the A3KMO construct had a light brown larval cuticle, but the KKMO line did not. These results indicate that the wild‐type KMO gene can be used as a marker gene for visually screening transgenic silkworms.
Role of venom and ovarian proteins in immune suppression of Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae parasitized by Macrocentrus cingulum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a polyembryonic parasitoid
Authors: LI YONG , LU JIAN‐FENG , FENG CONG‐JING , KE XIN , FU WEN‐JUN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVenom and ovarian proteins in braconid and ichneumonid wasps play an important role in the successful parasitism of their host, especially for immune suppression immediately after oviposition. In this study, we compared the effect of venom and ovarian proteins collected from the female wasps of Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid of the larvae of Ostrinia funacalis, on the encapsulation capacity of Sephadex A‐25 beads at 4 h and 24 h post‐injection both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that the ovarian proteins significantly interfered with the encapsulation capacity of hemocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. Spreading and viability of hemocytes in O. furnacalis was not disrupted by venom and ovarian proteins at various concentrations injected. It seems likely that the ovarian proteins from M. cingulum play a role in suppressing the encapsulation capacity of host hemocytes.
Partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene from malaria vector Anopheles stephensi
Authors: DIXIT RAJNIKANT , DIXIT SARITA , ROY UPAL , SHOUCHE YOGESH S. , GAKHAR SURENDRA 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study, we describe the partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene isolated from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Initially a 558 bp partial cDNA sequence was amplified as precursor mRNA sequence containing 223 bp long intron. 5′ and 3′ end sequences were recovered using end specific rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) polymerase chain reaction. The full‐length cDNA sequence was 914 nucleotide long with an open reading frame capable of encoding 192 amino acid long protein with calculated molecular mass of 22 174 Da and a pI point of 9.94. Protein homology search revealed > 75% identity to other insect's S7 ribosomal proteins. Analysis of sequence alignment revealed several highly conserved domains, one of which is related to nuclear localization signal (NLS) region of human rpS7. Interestingly, intron nucleotide sequence comparison with A. gambiae showed a lesser degree of conservation as compared to coding and untranslated regions. Like this, early studies on the genomic organization and cDNA/ Expressed sequence tag analysis (EST) could help in genome annotation of A. stephensi, and would be likely to be sequenced in the future.
Nutrient content affecting Spodoptera frugiperda and Dalbulus maidis occurrence in corn
Authors: BASTOS CRISTINA SCHETINO , CARDOSO GALVÃO JOÃO CARLOS , PICANÇO MARCELO COUTINHO , GOMES PEREIRA PAULO ROBERTO , CECON PAULO ROBERTO 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work aims to study the effect of the nutrient contents in the leaves of corn on the incidence of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Dalbulus maidis (Delong & Wolcott) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). The treatments were represented by unfertilized corn plants and corn plants fertilized with 250 kg of the formulation 4‐14‐8 (N‐P‐K) +100 kg of ammonium sulfate (AS)/ha and 500 kg of the formulation 4‐14‐8 (N‐P‐K) +200 kg of AS/ha, arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates. Attacks by S. frugiperda and D. maidis were higher as the nitrogen, sulfur, calcium and copper content in the leaves of corn increased. The effects of calcium and copper found in this study were not consistent with that of lower susceptibility associated with higher levels of these nutrients mentioned in the literature. We believe that there was a cumulative effect of the nutrients altogether, building up a nutritiously better vegetable which in turn had less reserve for defense, or that the content of both nutrients in the leaves were not high enough to induce such effects.
Host‐herbivore studies of Stenoscepa sp. (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), a high‐Ni herbivore of the South African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii (Asteraceae)
Authors: BOYD ROBERT S. , DAVIS MICHEAL A. , WALL MICHAEL A. , BALKWILL KEVIN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNymphs of Stenoscepa sp. feed on leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii at serpentine sites in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. These sites contain Ni hyperaccumulators, Ni accumulators, and plants with Ni concentrations in the normal range. We conducted studies to: (i) determine the whole‐body metal concentration of nymphs (including those starved to empty their guts); (ii) compare Stenoscepa sp. nymphs against other grasshoppers in the same habitat for whole‐body metal concentrations; and (iii) compare the suitability of Ni hyperaccumulator and Ni accumulator plants as food sources for Stenoscepa sp. and other grasshoppers. Stenoscepa nymphs had extremely high whole‐body Ni concentrations (3 500 μg Ni/g). This was partly due to food in the gut, as starved insects contained less Ni (950 μg Ni/g). Stenoscepa nymphs survived significantly better than other grasshoppers collected from either a serpentine or a non‐serpentine site when offered high‐Ni plants as food. In a host preference test among four Berkheya species (two Ni hyperaccumulators and two Ni accumulators), Stenoscepa sp. preferred leaves of the Ni hyperaccumulator species. A preference experiment using leaves of three Senecio species (of which one species, Senecio coronatus, was represented by both a Ni hyperaccumulator and a Ni accumulator population) showed that Stenoscepa sp. preferred Ni accumulator Senecio coronatus leaves to all other choices. We conclude that Stenoscepa sp. is extremely Ni‐tolerant. Stenoscepa sp. nymphs prefer leaves of hyperaccumulator Berkheya species, but elevated Ni concentration alone does not determine their food preference. We suggest that the extremely high whole‐body Ni concentration of Stenoscepa nymphs may affect food web relationships in these serpentine communities.
Worker laying in leafcutter ant Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Formicidae, Attini)
Authors: CAMARGO ROBERTO S. , FORTI LUIZ C. , LOPES JULIANE F. S. , NORONHA NEWTON C. , OTTATI ANGELO L. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe studied the process of offspring production in queenless colonies of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus, and particularly evaluated the ovary development of workers as a function of their age. For this, subcolonies were set up and evaluated at different periods of isolation from the queen (2, 4 and 6 months), besides individually labeled age groups. The subcolonies were assessed according to offspring production and ovaries containing oocytes or not. The evaluations showed worker oviposition and development of males originating from worker‐laid eggs. At 2 months’absence of the queen, eggs and larvae were found, with eggs in a higher proportion than larvae. After 4 months, the proportion of eggs had reduced while larvae had increased, and a pupa was found in one subcolony. At 6 months, besides a higher share of larvae, one pupa and one adult male were found. Dissection of workers revealed ovaries containing oocytes during the periods of evaluation. Only a group of medium‐sized and large workers, 23.3%, 20.9% and 37.5% of the population from each period assessed in queenless subcolonies respectively, presented developed oocytes in the ovary. The same was observed in colonies with a queen, with 17.6%, 19.6% and 7.8% of the group of dissected workers from each time period, respectively. With respect to worker age, we observed by dissection of the ovary, that the greatest percentage of individuals with ovarioles containing oocytes occurred at 45 days (6 weeks) up to 90 days (12 weeks). These results probably are associated with the workers reproduction and the laying of trophic and reproductive eggs in colonies with and without a queen; these eggs have distinct functions in each situation.
Agreement between Self- and Clinician-Collected Specimen Results for Detection and Typing of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Specimens from Women in Gugulethu, South Africa
Authors: Jones Heidi E. , Allan Bruce R. , van de Wijgert Janneke H. H. M. , Altini Lydia , Taylor Sylvia M. , de Kock Alana , Coetzee Nicol , Williamson Anna-Lise 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
We assessed the agreement in detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), as well as specific HPV types, between self- and clinician-obtained specimens for 450 women over 18 years of age attending a community health center in Gugulethu, South Africa. Both self-collected swabs and tampons had high agreement with clinician-obtained brushes when the Roche Reverse Line Blot Assay (RLBA) was used (for swabs, 86% concordance, with a kappa statistic [κ] of 0.71; for tampons, 89% concordance, with κ of 0.75). Agreement was lower, although still fair, with the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 test (HC2), with κ higher for swabs than for tampons (for swabs, 81% concordance, with κ of 0.61; for tampons, 82% concordance, with κ of 0.55). Low-risk HPV types were nearly two times more common in self-collected specimens than in clinician-collected specimens tested by RLBA. All 15 women diagnosed with high-grade lesions by cytology tested positive for high-risk HPV with clinician-collected specimens tested by RLBA and HC2, while 11 out of 15 tested positive with self-collected specimens by HC2 and 5 out of 6 tested positive by RLBA. Self-collected specimens can provide valid specimens for HPV testing using nucleic acid amplification tests, although a few cytological abnormalities may be missed.
Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Infection
Authors: Gray E. S. , Moore P. L. , Choge I. A. , Decker J. M. , Bibollet-Ruche F. , Li H. , Leseka N. , Treurnicht F. , Mlisana K. , Shaw G. M. , Karim S. S. Abdool , Williamson C. , Morris L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
The study of the evolution and specificities of neutralizing antibodies during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may be important in the discovery of possible targets for vaccine design. In this study, we assessed the autologous and heterologous neutralization responses of 14 HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals, using envelope clones obtained within the first 2 months postinfection. Our data show that potent but relatively strain-specific neutralizing antibodies develop within 3 to 12 months of HIV-1 infection. The magnitude of this response was associated with shorter V1-to-V5 envelope lengths and fewer glycosylation sites, particularly in the V1-V2 region. Anti-MPER antibodies were detected in 4 of 14 individuals within a year of infection, while antibodies to CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes developed to high titers in 12 participants, in most cases before the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies. However, neither anti-MPER nor anti-CD4i antibody specificity conferred neutralization breadth. These data provide insights into the kinetics, potency, breadth, and epitope specificity of neutralizing antibody responses in acute HIV-1 subtype C infection.
Lassa Virus Infection in Experimentally Infected Marmosets: Liver Pathology and Immunophenotypic Alterations in Target Tissues
Authors: Carrion Ricardo , Brasky Kathleen , Mansfield Keith , Johnson Curtis , Gonzales Monica , Ticer Anysha , Lukashevich Igor , Tardif Suzette , Patterson Jean 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
Lassa virus causes thousands of deaths annually in western Africa and is considered a potential biological weapon. In an attempt to develop a small nonhuman primate model of Lassa fever, common marmosets were subcutaneously inoculated with Lassa virus strain Josiah. This inoculation resulted in a systemic disease with clinical and morphological features mirroring those in fatal human Lassa infection: fever, weight loss, high viremia and viral RNA load in tissues, elevated liver enzymes, and severe morbidity between days 15 and 20. The most prominent histopathology findings included multifocal hepatic necrosis with mild inflammation and hepatocyte proliferation, lymphoid depletion, and interstitial nephritis. Cellular aggregates in regions of hepatocellular necrosis were largely composed of HAM56-positive macrophages, devoid of CD3-positive and CD20-positive cells, and characterized by marked reductions in the intensity of HLA-DP, DQ, DR staining. A marked reduction in the major histocompatibility complex class II expression was also observed in the lymph nodes. Immunophenotypic alterations in spleen included reductions in overall numbers of CD20-positive and CD3-positive cells and the disruption of lymphoid follicular architecture. These findings identify the common marmoset as an appropriate model of human Lassa fever and present the first experimental evidence that replication of Lassa virus in tissues is associated with alterations that would be expected to impair adaptive immunity.
NEUROFUZZY MODELING OF NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS APPLIED TO EVOLUTIONARY BASED OPTIMAL DESIGN OF SR MOTORS
Authors: ROUHANI HOSSEIN , BAHRAMI MANSOUR NIKKHAH , ARAABI BABAK NADJAR , LUCAS CARO 
Published: April 2007

A thorough analysis of cylindrical shells' dynamical behavior is essential in many different industrial design problems, and particularly in electric motor design. Shell vibration equations form a set of partial differential equations of order eight, where their closed form solution is only known for few special cases with a few known boundary conditions along with many not necessarily realistic assumptions. On the other hand, finite element based numerical solutions does not yield a lumped model that can be regarded as a general solution for natural frequencies of cylindrical shells. In this paper, a neurofuzzy model for natural frequencies of cylindrical shells is developed. At first, natural frequencies are calculated for a wide range of cylindrical shells' dimensions, using either closed form solution or finite element method. Gathered data is exploited for training of a Locally Linear Neurofuzzy Network, which yields a general model for calculation of natural frequencies of cylindrical shells. While the developed neurofuzzy model may be used in different design problems that deals with cylindrical shells, as a case study, the proposed model along with an evolutionary algorithm are utilized in the optimal design of a Switched Reluctance motor.
Harmful dogmas in fault tolerant distributed computing
Authors: Charron-Bost Bernadette , Schiper André 
Published: April 2007

Consensus is a central problem in fault tolerant distributed computing. A vast number of (positive and negative) results for consensus in various system models have been established. In this paper we isolate three features that all these system models share, and we show that inappropriate modelling choices have led to overcomplicate the approaches to studying the consensus problem, thus yielding too restrictive solutions for real systems.
It is hard to question these modelling choices, as they have gained the status of dogmas. Nevertheless, we propose a simpler and more natural approach that allows us to get rid of these dogmas, and to handle all types of benign fault, be it static or dynamic, permanent or transient, in a unified framework.
Amplification of MDS1/EVI1 and EVI1, Located in the 3q26.2 Amplicon, Is Associated with Favorable Patient Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Nanjundan Meera , Nakayama Yasuhisa , Cheng Kwai Wa , Lahad John , Liu Jinsong , Lu Karen , Kuo Wen-Lin , Smith-McCune Karen , Fishman David , Gray Joe W. , Mills Gordon B. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Increased copy number involving chromosome 3q26 is a frequent and early event in cancers of the ovary, lung, head and neck, cervix, and BRCA1 positive and basal breast cancers. The p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3KCA) and protein kinase Cι (PKCι) have previously been shown as functionally deregulated by 3q copy number increase. High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization of 235 high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers using contiguous bacterial artificial chromosomes across 3q26 delineated an ∼2 Mb–wide region at 3q26.2 encompassing PDCD10 to MYNN (chr3:168722613-170908630). Ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI1) and myelodysplastic syndrome 1 (MDS1) are located at the center of this region, and their DNA copy number increases are associated with at least 5-fold increased RNA transcript levels in 83% and 98% of advanced ovarian cancers, respectively. Moreover, MDS1/EVI1 and EVI1 protein levels are increased in ovarian cancers and cancer cell lines. EVI1 and MDS1/EVI1 gene products increased cell proliferation, migration, and decreased transforming growth factor-β–mediated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter activity in ovarian epithelial cells. Intriguingly, the increases in EVI1 DNA copy number and MDS1/EVI1 transcripts are associated with improved patient outcomes, whereas EVI1 transcript levels are associated with a poor patient survival. Thus, the favorable patient prognosis associated with increased DNA copy number seems to be as a result of high-level expression of the fusion transcript MDS1/EVI1. Collectively, these studies suggest that MDS1/EVI1 and EVI1, previously implicated in acute myelogenous leukemia, contribute to the pathophysiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):3074–84]