bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the diffused regions of interdigitated backside buried contact solar cells
Authors: Guo Jiun‐Hua , Cotter Jeffrey E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecombination and a number of other important factors must be considered in the optimization of the diffused regions of high‐efficiency silicon solar cells. In this paper, we examine issues related to the four types of diffusions used in rear‐junction, interdigitated backside buried contact solar cells made on n‐type silicon wafers: the phosphorus‐diffused front‐surface field (FSF), the boron‐diffused emitter, and the boron and the phosphorus diffused contact regions. Dark saturation current density, effective lifetime, implied open‐circuit voltage and sheet resistance are characterized for the optimization of the above‐mentioned diffused regions. Diffusion uniformity and the avoidance of the diffusion‐induced dislocations are also discussed for the heavily diffused, metal coated contact diffusions. It is found that the optimal sheet resistances of the FSF for planar and textured surfaces are 120 Ω/□ and 105 Ω/□ respectively, whereas the optimal post‐processing sheet resistance for the boron emitter is approximately 100 Ω/□. Moreover, sheet resistance as heavy as 10–20 Ω/□ for the boron groove diffusion and 5–10 Ω/□ for the phosphorus groove diffusion have been achieved without introducing the diffusion‐induced misfit dislocations. Careful consideration of the issues discussed here led to an absolute efficiency improvement on the planar n‐type IBBC solar cell of more than 0·6%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of serum protein fingerprint in diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jia‐Xiang , Yu Jie‐kai , Wang Li , Liu Qiu‐Liang , Zhang Jiao , Zheng Shu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTo find new biomarkers and establish serum protein fingerprint models for early diagnosis and preoperative staging of papillary thyroid carcinoma, we employed SELDI‐TOF‐MS and bioinformatics tools. A total of 116 samples were analyzed in this study. The first 80 samples were analyzed by SELDI‐TOF‐MS and two biomarker patterns were identified. Pattern 1 distinguishes patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma from healthy individuals. Pattern 2 distinguishes papillary thyroid carcinoma from benign thyroid nodes. The remaining 29 samples were analyzed on the second day and served as an independent test set. The analysis of this independent test set yielded a specificity of 80.0% and a sensitivity of 88.9% for pattern 1 and a specificity of 80.0% and a sensitivity of 80.0% for pattern 2. Two additional biomarker patterns were identified to distinguish different stages of the papillary thyroid carcinoma (pattern 3) with an accuracy of 77.1% and different pathological types of thyroid carcinoma (pattern 4) with an accuracy of 88.1%. Taken together, the SELDI‐TOF‐MS technique combined with bioinformatics approaches can not only facilitate the discovery of better biomarkers for papillary thyroid carcinoma but also provide a useful tool for molecular diagnosis in the future.
Improved protocol for chromatofocusing on the ProteomeLab PF2D
Authors: Barré Olivier , Solioz Marc 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBeckman‐Coulter has recently introduced the ProteomeLab PF2D™ for 2‐D liquid separation of protein samples. The system features separation in the first dimension by chromatofocusing, followed by RP chromatography in the second dimension, allowing the analysis of complex proteomics samples. When used by the standard protocol, reproducibility and column life times are limited, making the use of the instrument very costly. We here present an improved protocol for chromatofocusing, which enhances column life by at least fivefold.
Mitochondrial protein patterns correlating with impaired insulin secretion from INS‐1E cells exposed to elevated glucose concentrations
Authors: Nyblom Hanna K. , Thorn Kristofer , Ahmed Meftun , Bergsten Peter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractExtended hyperglycaemia leads to impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and eventually β‐cell apoptosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In an attempt to dissect mechanisms behind the detrimental effects of glucose, we focused on measuring changes in expression patterns of mitochondrial proteins. Impaired GSIS was observed from INS‐1E cells cultured for 5 days at 20 or 27 mM glucose compared to cells cultured at 5.5 or 11 mM glucose. After culture, mitochondria were isolated from the INS‐1E cells by differential centrifugation. Proteins of the mitochondrial fraction were bound to a strong anionic surface (SAX2) protein array and mass spectra generated by SELDI‐TOF‐MS. Analysis of the spectra revealed proteins with expression levels that correlated with the glucose concentration of the culture medium. Indeed, such differentially expressed proteins created patterns of protein changes, which correlated with impairment of GSIS. In conclusion, the study reveals the first glucose‐induced differentially expressed patterns of β‐cell mitochondrial proteins obtained by SELDI‐TOF‐MS.
Enrichment of phosphorylated proteins from cell lysate using a novel phosphate‐affinity chromatography at physiological pH
Authors: Kinoshita‐Kikuta Emiko , Kinoshita Eiji , Yamada Atsushi , Endo Mika , Koike Tohru 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWhile phosphoproteins have attracted great interest toward the post‐genome research (e.g. clinical diagnosis and drug design), there have been few procedures for the specific enrichment of native phosphoproteins from cells or tissues. Here, we describe a simple and efficient protocol to enrich phosphoproteins comprehensively from a complex mixture containing solubilized cellular proteins. This method is based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography using a phosphate‐binding tag molecule (i.e. a dinuclear zinc(II) complex) attached on a highly cross‐linked agarose. The binding, washing, and elution processes were all conducted without a detergent or a reducing agent at pH 7.5 and room temperature. An additive, 1.0 M CH3COONa, was necessary in the binding and washing buffers (0.10 M Tris‐CH3COOH, pH 7.5) to prevent the nonphosphorylated protein from binding. The absorbed phosphoproteins were eluted using a mixed buffer solution (pH 7.5) consisting of 0.10 M Tris‐CH3COOH, 10 mM NaH2PO4‐NaOH, and 1.0 M NaCl. In this study, we demonstrate a typical example of phosphate‐affinity chromatography using an epidermal growth factor‐stimulated A431 cell lysate. The total time for the column chromatography (1 mL gel scale) was less than 1 h. The strong enrichment of the phosphoproteins into the elution fraction was evaluated using SDS‐PAGE followed by Western blotting analysis.
Miscibility and crystallization behavior of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) blends
Authors: Lim Jung Seop , Noda Isao , Im Seung Soon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHB‐HHx) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) blends were prepared using melt blending. The single glass transition temperature, Tg, between the Tgs of the two components and the negative χ value indicated that PHB‐HHx and MPEG formed miscible blends over the range of compositions studied. The Gordon–Taylor equation proved that there was an interaction between PHB‐HHx and MPEG in their blends. FTIR supported the presence of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of MPEG and the carbonyl group of PHB‐HHx. The spherulitic morphology and isothermal crystallization behavior of the miscible PHB‐HHx/MPEG blends were investigated at two crystallization temperatures (70 and 40 °C). At 70 °C, melting MPEG acted as a noncrystalline diluent that reduced the crystallization rate of the blends, while insoluble MPEG particles acted as a nucleating agent at 40 °C, enhancing the crystallization rate of the blends. However, no interspherulitic phase separation was observed at the two crystallization temperatures. The constant value of the Avrami exponent demonstrated that MPEG did not affect the three‐dimensional spherulitic growth mechanism of PHB‐HHx crystals in the blends, although the MPEG phase, such as the melting state or insoluble state, influenced the crystallization rate of the blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2852–2863, 2006
Hydrogen bond effect of azido polyurethane elastomer by dynamic mechanical analysis
Authors: Qiu Shaojun , Gan Xiaoxian , Gao Chao , Zheng Xiaodong , Yu Hongjian , Fan Huiqing 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHydrogen bond effects in azido polyurethane elastomers (APUE) have been studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the results show that the hydrogen bond effect has stronger temperature dependence. The activation energy of hydrogen bond dissociation (Ea) and the hydrogen bond density (vs/V) have been evaluated from the elastic modulus–temperature relationship. The calculated Ea in this work is much higher than the reported values of normal polyurethane elastomer (PUE). The values of Ea are 81.3, 68.1, 53.3, and 42.3 kJ/mol at 150, 110, 50, and 20 Hz, respectively, for PUE‐1 (CPPB/HDI trimer elastomer); 94.6, 75.8, 48.4, and 36.9 kJ/mol at 150, 110, 50, and 20 Hz, respectively, for PUE‐2 (APPB/HDI trimer elastomer); 82.1, 74.4, 59.8, and 46.5 kJ/mol at 150, 110, 50, and 20 Hz, respectively, for PUE‐3 (APPB/HDI trimer/EG elastomer); 145, 124, 88.0, and 75.5 kJ/mol at 150, 110, 50, and 20 Hz, respectively, for PUE‐4 (APPB/HDI trimer/BD elastomer); and 72.2, 64.3, 49.8, and 39.9 KJ/mol at 150, 110, 50, and 20 Hz, respectively, for PUE‐5 (APPB/HDI trimer/HD elastomer). The DMA estimations are semiquantitative for it ignores other physical crosslinking effects and the results give relative order of vs/V and Ea. The values of vs/V of crosslinked APUE (PUE‐3, PUE‐4, and PUE‐5) are much higher than PUE‐2. The test frequency could affect the values of vs/V and higher frequency would minify the difference of the values of vs/V for two given temperatures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2841–2851, 2006
Protective effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Yemitan Omoniyi K. , Izegbu Matthew C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effect of the ethanol extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale was tested against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and acetaminophen‐induced liver toxicities in rats. Increases in serum and liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase as well as sorbitol and glutamate dehydrogenases were produced in normal rats that were not pretreated with the extract. However, extract‐pretreated rats attenuated in a dose‐dependent manner, CCl4 and acetaminophen‐induced increases in the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and SDH in the blood serum. The protective effect of the extract on CCl4 and acetaminophen‐induced damage was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver. These results indicate that the oil from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale could be useful in preventing chemically induced acute liver injury. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation for cross‐species proteomics research by publicly available expressed sequence tag database search using tandem mass spectral data
Authors: Huang Mei , Chen Tong , Chan ZhuLong 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWith 1383 tandem mass spectra derived from 120 individual protein spots separated by the two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis of protein samples from three different species, comparative analyses were performed by searching the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database (DB) and the NCBI non‐redundant (nr) DB of green plants, respectively, which uses the Mascot search engine to establish a statistical basis. It was confirmed that the former could identify more peptides manually validated by de novo sequencing (DNS) from fewer species in more closely phylogenetic relationships than the latter in a statistically significant manner. Our data demonstrated that correct peptide identifications were given low Mascot scores (e.g. 6–14) and incorrect peptide identifications were given high Mascot scores (e.g. 68–83). Our data also showed that the current evaluation approaches to protein assignments are unsatisfactory because a few ‘false‐positive’ proteins are recognized and several ‘false‐negative’ proteins are rescued by manual validation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of pepper volatiles
Authors: Cardeal Z. L. , Gomes da Silva M. D. R. , Marriott P. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe headspace compositions of 13 pepper and peppercorn samples of different species, colloquially also referred to as pepper, were analyzed, and more than 300 compounds were tentatively characterized by means of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography in tandem with flame ionization detection, quadrupole mass spectrometric detection and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC‐FID, GC × GC/qMS and GC × GC/TOFMS, respectively). The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was performed after solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) using a 75‐µm PDMS/DVB fibre. Fingerprint comparison between the three techniques permitted peaks to be assigned in the GC × GC‐FID experiment based on the analogous MS analysis, taking into account retention shifts arising from method variations.When using GC × GC/TOFMS, about five times more peaks were identified than in GC × GC/qMS. Retention indices for all peaks were calculated in the bi‐dimensional column set comprising of a 5% phenyl polysilphenylene‐siloxane primary column and a polyethylene glycol second column. The spectra obtained by both mass detection techniques (qMS and TOFMS) give very similar results when spectral library searching was performed. The majority of the identified compounds eluted as pure components as a result of high‐resolution GC × GC separations, which significantly reduces co‐elution, and therefore increases the likelihood that pure spectra can be obtained. The differences between TOFMS and qMS (in fast scanning mode) spectra were generally small. Whilst spectral quality and relative ion ratios across a narrow peak (e.g. wb ∼ 100–150 ms) do vary more for the fast peaks obtained in GC × GC/qMS operation, than with TOFMS, in general adequate spectral matching with the library can be achieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization
Authors: Sigman Michael E. , Clark C. Douglas , Fidler Rebecca , Geiger Cherie L. , Clausen Christian A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sub‐nanogram detection limits are reported by ammonia positive ion chemical ionization (PICI), electron ionization (EI) and methane negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). Analysis by methane PICI and ammonia NICI gave detection limits in the low nanogram range. Analyses were carried out on (linear) quadrupole and ion trap instruments. Analysis of TATP by PICI using ammonia reagent gas is the preferred analytical method, producing low limits of detection as well as an abundant (greater than 60% of base peak) diagnostic adduct ion at m/z 240 corresponding to [TATP + NH4]+. Isolation of the [TATP + NH4]+ ion with subsequent collision‐induced dissociation (CID) produces extremely low abundance product ions at m/z values greater than 60, and the m/z 223 ion corresponding to [TATP + H]+ was not observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B88LYP/DVZP level indicate that dissociation of the complex to form NH and TATP occurs at energies lower than peroxide bond dissociation, while protonation of TATP leads to cleavage of the ring structure. These results provide a method for pico‐gram detection levels of TATP using commercial instrumentation commonly available in forensic laboratories. As a point of comparison, a detection limit of 15 ng was obtained by flame ionization detection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
δ13C analyses of calcium carbonate: comparison between the GasBench and elemental analyzer techniques
Authors: Skrzypek Grzegorz , Paul Debajyoti 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMeasurements of stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of carbonates or carbonate‐rich soils are seldom performed in a continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) using an elemental analyzer (EA) as an online sample preparation device. Such analyses are routinely carried out with an external precision better than 0.1‰ using a GasBench II (GB) sample preparation device coupled online with a continuous‐flow IRMS. In this paper, we report and compare δ13C analyses (86 total analyses) of calcium carbonates obtained by using both the GB and the EA. Using both techniques, the δ13C compositions of two in‐house carbonate standards (MERCK carbonate and NR calcite) and ten selected carbonate‐rich paleosol samples (of variable CaCO3 content) were analyzed, and data are reported in the VPDB scale calibrated against international standards, NBS 18 and 19. For the in‐house standards analyzed by both techniques, a precision better than 0.08‰ is achieved. The analytical errors (1σ) computed from multiple analyses of the δ13C of both the MERCK and NR obtained by the above two techniques are nearly identical. In general, the 1σ (internal error) of paleosol analyses obtained in the GB is better than 0.06‰, whereas that for the analyses in the EA (three repetitive analyses of the same sample) varies in the range 0.05–0.21‰. However, for paleosols having more than 85% CaCO3, 1σ is better than 0.15‰ (similar to the instrument precision), and in this case the δ13CVPDB of samples obtained by the GB is similar to that obtained by the EA. Our results suggest that the δ13C of pure calcium carbonate samples can also be analyzed using the EA technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved method for cyanide determination in blood using solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Frison Giampietro , Zancanaro Flavio , Favretto Donata , Ferrara Santo Davide 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new method is described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cyanide, a very short‐acting and powerful toxic agent, in human whole blood. It involves the conversion of cyanide into hydrogen cyanide and its subsequent headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Optimizing the conditions for the GC/MS (type of column, injection conditions, temperature program) and SPME (choice of SPME fiber, effect of salts, adsorption and desorption times, adsorption temperature) led to the choice of a 75‐µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber, with D3‐acetonitrile as internal standard, and a capillary GC column with a polar stationary phase. Method validation was carried out in terms of linearity, precision and accuracy in both aqueous solutions and blood. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were determined only in aqueous solutions. The assay is linear over three orders of magnitude (water 0.01–10, blood 0.05–10 µg/mL); and the LOD and LOQ in water were 0.006 and 0.01 µg/mL, respectively. Good intra‐ and inter‐assay precision was obtained, always <8%. The method is simple, fast and sensitive enough for the rapid diagnosis of cyanide intoxication in clinical and forensic toxicology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Story telling in sustainable development projects
Authors: Bell Simon , Morse Stephen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper constitutes an attempt to find a means to represent multiple stories in the strong narrative of conventional sustainable development (SD) projects. The authors' experience of such projects in various parts of the world indicates that they have a tendency to arise from and reflect a dominant mindset, placing the SD project in what can be a working environment that is inimical to the very ideals that SD is supposed to represent. Short‐termism and value for money drive project formats and objectives, whilst counter‐narratives and alternative stories arising from stakeholders in such projects are often ignored. Yet these alternative threads often contain strong SD messages of their own and could, if effectively utilized, enhance the SD project process. This paper sets out the case for a new field – ‘project ethnography’ – allied with the growing use of meta‐analysis to compare project ‘stories’. The analytical model applied to compare projects is based on the Kolb learning cycle and involves a (3 × 4)‐fold questioning of project conceptualization and roll‐out. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Access control in ad hoc networks with selfish nodes
Authors: Zhao Dongmei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe propose an access control scheme for ad hoc networks where nodes compete for transmissions selfishly in order to maximize their own payoffs. A game theory‐based model is first formulated and an equilibrium transmission probability is derived based on the total number of competing nodes, packet transmission error probabilities and other parameters. Packet transmission performance, including both transmission throughput and delay, is then analyzed. Our results show that the proposed channel access scheme allows good spatial reuse of the same channel and its saturation throughput can be much higher than the physical transmission rate of the channel under relatively good channel conditions. The mean packet transmission delay can be kept very low (e.g., less than 10 ms) so long as the offered traffic load is below the capacity. The main advantage of this access control scheme is that it allows fair channel access even nodes are selfish and do not corporate with each other in competing for transmissions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAPLE: a framework for mobility‐aware pro‐active low energy clustering in ad hoc mobile wireless networks
Authors: Palit Rajesh , Hossain Ekram , Thulasiraman Parimala 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe propose a framework for mobility‐aware pro‐active low energy (MAPLE) clustering in ad hoc mobile wireless networks. Most of the clustering approaches proposed in the literature primarily focus on the algorithmic aspects of clustering without considering the practical implementation issues and these are often reactive in nature. The proposed approach addresses the problem of clustering in a medium‐access control framework and enables pro‐active and energy‐efficient clustering by exploiting the node mobility information. In particular, for pro‐active clustering we introduce a method to exploit the link level information to estimate the mobility pattern of the wireless nodes and the cost of using a wireless link in terms of required transmission power. A channel reservation technique is used to reduce the number of contentions among the nodes while accessing the channel during cluster formation. Simulation results show that the proposed framework results in superior clustering performance in terms of stability, load distribution, and control overhead compared to other clustering approaches proposed in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.