bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heightened stress responsivity and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: Implications for psychopathology
Authors: Spear Linda Patia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis commentary reviews and reflects on the studies of this special section: studies that collectively provide compelling evidence for meaningful changes in stress- and emotionally reactive psychophysiological systems with the transition from middle childhood into adolescence. The observed changes were complex and often overlaid upon ontogenetic differences in basal levels of activation of these systems. Maturational increases in responsiveness to stressors were stressor dependent and differentially expressed across autonomic and hormonal measures. Pubertal status increased the impact of some affective valence manipulations, although not significantly influencing others, including negative affect-related potentiation of startle/reflexes. Such ontogenetic increases in stressor and affect sensitivity may have implications for developmental psychopathology. Developmental increases in stressor reactivity may normally aid youth in responding adaptively to the challenges of adolescence, but may result in stress dysregulation among at-risk adolescents, increasing further their vulnerability for psychopathology. Pubertal-related increases in sensitivity to emotionally laden stimuli may exacerbate individual predispositions for exaggerated affective processing, perhaps contributing to the emergence of psychological disorders in these youth. Together, these studies, with their innovative use of autonomic, reflexive, and hormonal measures to index age- and pubertal-related changes in reactivity to stressors and affective stimuli, provide promising directions for future research. Some of these, along with a few cautionary notes, are outlined.
Developmental course of autistic social impairment in males
Authors: Constantino John N. , Abbacchi Anna M. , Lavesser Patricia D. , Reed Hannah , Givens Leah , Chiang Lily , Gray Teddi , Gross Maggie , Zhang Yi , Todd Richard D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecent research has suggested that autistic social impairment (ASI) is continuously distributed in nature and that subtle autistic-like social impairments aggregate in the family members of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). This study examined the longitudinal course of quantitatively characterized ASI in 3- to 18-year-old boys with and without PDD. We obtained assessments of 95 epidemiologically ascertained male–male twin pairs and a clinical sample of 95 affected children using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), at two time points, spaced 1–5 years apart. Longitudinal course was examined as a function of age, familial loading for PDD, and autistic severity at baseline. Interindividual variation in SRS scores was highly preserved over time, with test–retest correlation of 0.90 for the entire sample. SRS scores exhibited modest general improvement over the study period; individual trajectories varied as a function of severity at baseline and were highly familial. Quantitative measurements of ASI reflect heritable traitlike characteristics. Such measurements can serve as reliable indices of phenotypic severity for genetic and neurobiologic studies, and have potential utility for ascertaining incremental response to intervention.
Concurrent changes in conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: A developmental person-centered approach
Authors: Chen Rusan , Simons-Morton Bruce 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe co-occurrence of conduct problems (CP) and depressive symptoms (DS) is an important topic in developmental psychopathology; however, research in this area is still in its early stages. Using data from a school-based longitudinal sample of 2,453 adolescents with five waves from Grade 6 to 9, we examined the prevalence, etiology, and consequences of the co-occurrence of CP and DS. A person-centered approach, general growth mixture modeling, was applied to obtain CP and DS trajectory groups. The risk factors and consequences of the co-occurrence problem were examined using the trajectory groups. As hypothesized in a nonclinical sample, a small proportion of boys (8.8%) and girls (3.7%) reported to be high in both CP and DS over time. Among the adolescents with the highest level of CP, only 6.3% of the boys and 6.0% of the girls experienced the highest level of DS. However, among those with the highest level of DS trajectories, 42.9% of the boys and 10.2% of the girls reported the highest level of CP, indicating a gender-specific risk of the co-occurrence problem for depressed boys. Psychosocial and family factors were identified as vulnerable precursors to co-occurring CP and DS, a finding in line with the multiple domain risk model for CP and the transactional model for DS. The study also found that adolescents with the co-occurrence problem were more similar to those with “pure DS” than those with “pure CP” in academic adjustment at the ninth grade.
Childhood abuse and aggression in girls: The contribution of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Burnette Mandi L. , Reppucci N. Dickon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe authors tested whether emerging borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms mediated the association between childhood physical abuse (CPA) and aggression among incarcerated girls. Participants were 121 incarcerated adolescent girls (13–19 years old). Three forms of aggression (relational, overt, and violent offending behavior) and exposure to CPA by a parental figure were assessed using self-report inventories, whereas BPD symptoms were evaluated using a structured interview. Mediation models, including tests of indirect effects, were conducted in which each form of aggression was predicted from CPA with BPD symptoms entered as a mediator. A divergent pattern emerged in which BPD symptoms mediated the relationship between CPA and violent offending, but not less severe forms of overt aggression. Relational aggression, although correlated with CPA, was not associated with BPD symptoms. Implications for the conceptualization and treatment of girls' aggression within the context of interpersonal functioning are discussed.
The Probability That a Random Multigraph is Simple
Authors: JANSON SVANTE 
Published: January 2009

Consider a random multigraph G* with given vertex degrees d1,. . .,dn, constructed by the configuration model. We show that, asymptotically for a sequence of such multigraphs with the number of edges $\tfrac12\sumd\to\infty$, the probability that the multigraph is simple stays away from 0 if and only if $\sumdd=O\bigpar{\sumd}$. This was previously known only under extra assumptions on the maximum degree maxidi. We also give an asymptotic formula for this probability, extending previous results by several authors.
The strengths and weaknesses of dietary survey methods in materially deprived households in England: a discussion paper
Authors: Holmes Bridget , Nelson Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn 1998, a review for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (the predecessor of the Food Standards Agency) was published evaluating the relative merits of different dietary assessment methods against a series of factors likely to affect compliance or accuracy in low-income households. The review informed the design of a method comparison study carried out in London, UK, in 2001, in which the validity and acceptability of 4 d dietary assessment methods based on 24 h recalls, food checklists and a semi-weighed method were compared with 4 d weighed inventories and other reference measures. Results were based on observations in 384 respondents (159 males, 225 females) aged 2–90 years in 240 households. Outcomes of the comparison study included evaluations of each method made by respondents, interviewers and researchers. These findings were used in the present paper to update and extend the 1998 review. Additional factors not included in the 1998 review have been considered. This updated and extended review provides the basis for discussion of the relative merits of approaches to dietary assessment in low-income households in developed economies. The evidence presented here and elsewhere suggests that the 24 h recall is the method best suited for dietary assessment in low-income households, followed by the weighed inventory, food checklist and lastly the semi-weighed method.
Characterization of Al and Mg Alloys from Their X-Ray Emission Bands
Authors: Jonnard Philippe , Le Guen Karine , Gauvin Raynald , Le Berre Jean-François 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe valence states of Mg-Al alloys are compared to those of reference materials (pure Mg and Al metals, and intermetallics). Two methods based on X-ray emission spectroscopy are proposed to determine the phases and their proportion: first, by analyzing the Al valence spectra of the Mg-rich alloys and the Mg valence spectra of the Al-rich alloys; second, by fitting with a linear combination of the reference spectra the Al spectra of the Al-rich alloys and the Mg spectra of the Mg-rich alloys. This enables us to determine that Al and Al3Mg2 are present in the 0–43.9 wt% Al composition range and Mg and Al12Mg17 are present in the 62.5–100 wt% Al composition range. In the 43.9–62.5% Al range, the alloy is single phase and an underestimation of the Al content of the alloy can be estimated from the comparison of the bandwidth of the alloy spectrum to the bandwidths of the reference spectra.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Ni-YSZ Anode Interconnectivity
Authors: Wilson James R. , Gameiro Marcio , Mischaikow Konstantin , Kalies William , Voorhees Peter W. , Barnett Scott A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA method is described for quantitatively analyzing the level of interconnectivity of solid-oxide fuel cell electrode phases. The method was applied to the three-dimensional microstructure of a Ni–Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (Ni-YSZ) anode active layer measured by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. Each individual contiguous network of Ni, YSZ, and porosity was identified and labeled according to whether it was contiguous with the rest of the electrode. It was determined that the YSZ phase was 100% connected, whereas at least 86% of the Ni and 96% of the pores were connected. Triple-phase boundary (TPB) segments were identified and evaluated with respect to the contiguity of each of the three phases at their locations. It was found that 11.6% of the TPB length was on one or more isolated phases and hence was not electrochemically active.
Laboratory simulation of ultraviolet irradiation from the Sun on amino acids. III. irradiation of glycine-tyrosine
Authors: Scappini F. , Capobianco M.L. , Casadei F. , Zamboni R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe effects of near ultraviolet (UV) radiation on water solutions of tyrosine and glycine-tyrosine are investigated using a broadband xenon lamp in the region 200–800 nm. These experiments form a contribution in the laboratory simulation of the solar irradiation on the building blocks of life with regard to the origin of life. Results are presented showing the photodecomposition of tyrosine and glycine-tyrosine, at different concentrations, against UV doses. The analysis of the irradiated solutions is carried out by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The findings of our laboratory simulations are used to constrain the early stages of the life emerging process.
Leonard Bernstein and the Harvard Student Union: In Search of Political Origins
Authors: MASSEY DREW 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn spite of the publicity generated at times by the politics of the mature Leonard Bernstein, the roots of his entanglement with political causes have been little-explored. As part of a larger collaborative project investigating Bernstein's ties to Boston, this article traces his role in the Harvard Student Union's theatrical productions. These shows were important because they represented some of Bernstein's earliest efforts at writing and directing for the theater. Bernstein worked on two shows sponsored by the Union: the production of Marc Blitzstein'sCradle Will Rockin 1939, during Bernstein's senior year at Harvard, and that of Aristophanes' playPeacein 1941, two years after he graduated. Although the Harvard Student Union was a major progressive political force on campus, Bernstein's relationship with the group appears to have been surprisingly casual. Examination of archival materials surrounding the productions, as well as selected interviews from the larger collaborative Bernstein project of which this article is but one part, reveals Bernstein as a man who was primarily interested in the Harvard Student Union insofar as it was an organization amenable to supporting his musical activities. As the heat of Bernstein's celebrity cools with time, such findings are an important aid in avoiding drawing overly deterministic conclusions about the significance of Bernstein's affiliations while ignoring his own immediate aims, political or otherwise.
Molecular and morphological characterization of cyanobacterial diversity in the stromatolites of Highborne Cay, Bahamas
Authors: Foster Jamie S , Green Stefan J , Ahrendt Steven R , Golubic Stjepko , Reid R Pamela , Hetherington Kevin L , Bebout Lee 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Stromatolites are sedimentary deposits that are the direct result of interactions between microbes and their surrounding environment. Once dominant on ancient Earth, actively forming stromatolites now occur in just a few remote locations around the globe, such as the island of Highborne Cay, Bahamas. Although the stromatolites of Highborne Cay contain a wide range of metabolically diverse organisms, photosynthetic cyanobacteria are the driving force for stromatolite development. In this study, we complement previous morphological data by examining the cyanobacterial phylogenetic and physiological diversity of Highborne Cay stromatolites. Molecular analysis of both clone and culture libraries identified 33 distinct phylotypes within the stromatolites. Culture libraries exhibited several morphologically similar but genetically distinct ecotypes, which may contribute to ecosystem stability within the stromatolites. Several of the cultured isolates exhibited both a positive phototactic response and light-dependent extracellular polymeric secretions production, both of which are critical phenotypes for stromatolite accretion and development. The results of this study reveal that the genetic diversity of the cyanobacterial populations within the Highborne Cay stromatolites is far greater than previous estimates, indicating that the mechanisms of stromatolite formation and accretion may be more complex than had been previously assumed.
The role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in cardiovascular progenitor cell function
Authors: Qian Cheng , Schoemaker Regien G. , van Gilst Wiek H. , Roks Anton J. M. 
Published: January 2009

Intervention in the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system) is one of the leading pharmacotherapeutic strategies, among others, used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease to improve the prognosis after myocardial infarction and to reduce hypertension. Recently, regenerative progenitor cell therapy has emerged as a possible alternative for pharmacotherapy in patients after myocardial infarction or ischaemic events elsewhere, e.g. in the limbs. Angiogenic cell therapy to restore the vascular bed in ischaemic tissues is currently being tested in a multitude of clinical studies. This has prompted researchers to investigate the effect of modulation of the RAAS on progenitor cells. Furthermore, the relationship between hypertension and endothelial progenitor cell function is being studied. Pharmacotherapy by means of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors has varying effects on progenitor cell levels and function. These controversial effects may be explained by involvement of multiple mediators, e.g. angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7), that have differential effects on mesenchymal stem cells, haematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Importantly, angiotensin II can either stimulate endothelial progenitor cells by improvement of vascular endothelial growth factor signalling, or invoke excessive production of reactive oxygen species causing premature senescence of these cells. On the other hand, angiotensin-(1–7) stimulates haematopoietic cells and possibly also endothelial progenitor cells. Furthermore, aldosterone, bradykinin and Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro) may also affect progenitor cell populations. Alternatively, the variability in effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiovascular progenitor cells might reflect differences between the various models or diseases with respect to circulating and local tissue RAAS activation. In the present review we discuss what is currently known with respect to the role of the RAAS in the regulation of cardiovascular progenitor cells.
The national register looks at manpower
Authors: Barisch Sylvia , Johnides Theodora 
Published: January 2009

DATA FROM THE 1968 National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel showed that the physics and astronomy group
• earned a median salary of $14 000, the highest in the physical sciences and $800 higher than the median for all scientists.
• had the largest proportion of PhD's (447%) in the physical sciences and had 33% at a master's-degree level.
• was chiefly employed by educational institutions (48%) but only 21% were primarily teachers. 50% worked in research and development.
• had 56% receiving support for federal programs. This group did not include government employees.
Accuracy of parent identification of stuttering occurrence
Authors: Einarsdóttir Jóhanna , Ingham Roger 
Published: January 2009

Background: Clinicians rely on parents to provide information regarding the onset and development of stuttering in their own children. The accuracy and reliability of their judgments of stuttering is therefore important and is not well researched.Aim: To investigate the accuracy of parent judgements of stuttering in their own children's speech when compared with judgements made by the parents of normally fluent children and experienced clinicians.Methods & Procedures: Twenty parents of children who stutter made judgements of stuttering during repeated presentations of 3‐min audio‐visual samples of their children. Twenty control parents of children (age and gender matched) who do not stutter also assessed the children who stutter speech samples.Outcomes & Results: The parents of both the children who stutter and those who do not stutter displayed high levels of judgement accuracy (parents, of children who stutter percentage agreement mean (standard deviation) = 90.9 (6.02); parents of children who do not stutter = 86.4 (9.7)) and consistency (90.3–90.6%) in judging stuttering in young children. But the parents of children who stutter showed significantly higher levels of accuracy (t(59) = 4.63, p<0.0001; d = 0.8) in judging stuttered intervals than the children who do not stutter parents.Conclusions & Implications: Parents of children who stutter may be both accurate and reliable in identifying brief intervals of speech containing stuttering and non‐stuttering in their own children.
Psychological Treatments for Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Brent Meredith , Lobato Debra , LeLeiko Neal 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTOur objective was to systematically review and evaluate behavioral and psychological treatments applied to pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders. Electronic searches were conducted in bibliographic databases including PubMed, PsychInfo, and Medline. Psychological and behavioral interventions were classified into the following 5 primary treatment modalities: psychoeducation, behavior therapy/contingency management, relaxation‐based therapies (including biofeedback and hypnotherapy), and cognitive‐behavioral therapy (including cognitive‐behavioral family therapy). There was a wide variation in the quality and quantity of studies within each treatment category. Effective interventions generally involved multiple therapeutic components and included elements of both individual and family treatment. Psychological interventions that combine psychoeducation, relaxation‐based therapies, and cognitive‐behavioral therapy appear superior to standard care (reassurance or dietary manipulation) in the elimination of pain and reduction in functional disability. Although many psychological treatments demonstrated evidence of positive effects, few well‐designed randomized controlled trials of psychological treatments for functional gastrointestinal disorders exist. More work is needed to determine the most potent, essential elements of psychological treatments alone or in combination with standard medical intervention, and to establish their applicability with diverse populations. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Wilson Disease in Children: Analysis of 57 Cases
Authors: Manolaki Nina , Nikolopoulou Georgia , Daikos George L , Panagiotakaki Eleni , Tzetis Maria , Roma Eleftheria , Kanavakis Emmanouel , Syriopoulou Vassiliki P 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives:Wilson disease (WD) has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Affected children may be entirely asymptomatic and the diagnosis problematic. Herein we present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 57 children with WD and point out the diagnostic difficulties in a pediatric population.Patients and Methods:Clinical and laboratory data were collected from 57 consecutive children with WD. Evaluation included detailed physical examination, conventional laboratory testing, genetic analysis, and liver biopsy.Results:The mean age at diagnosis was 9.27 ± 3.62 years (range 4 months–18 years). Twenty patients were symptomatic, 19 were referred because of abnormal liver function test results and/or hepatomegaly, and 18 received their diagnoses after family screening. Twenty‐two patients had both Kayser‐Fleischer ring and decreased serum ceruloplasmin levels, 13 had urinary copper excretion after penicillamine challenge >1600 μg/24 hours, and 3 had liver copper content >250 μg/g dry weight. Of the remaining 19 patients, 17 had both low serum ceruloplasmin ≤20 mg/dL and increased urinary copper excretion, >75 μg/24 hours before, or >1000 μg/24 hours after penicillamine challenge. In 2 patients with equivocal cases who had serum ceruloplasmin 26 mg/dL, the diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis. No correlation was found between specific mutations and the disease phenotypic expression. Chelating therapy was well tolerated, and the outcome was satisfactory.Conclusions:WD in children may be obscure and requires extensive investigation to establish the diagnosis. Genetic analysis is needed in equivocal cases.