bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural intensification and the decline of pastoralism: a case study from Kenya
Authors: Heald Suzette 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing a case study, this article takes up the issue of the decline of pastoralism in Kenya's arable farming zones. It argues that this process should not be taken as self-evident, with a decline in stockholding seen as consequent simply upon the relative rewards of agriculture, population increase and environmental depletion. On the contrary, such a view ignores the fact that cattle were the first sector of the traditional agro-pastoralist societies of Kenya to become commercialised and, in the process, criminalised. Historically, cattle-raiding heroes soon became feared stock thieves, and it is this process which is essential to understanding the eventual decline of the pastoral sector and also to emerging patterns of inequality. The argument is based upon a longitudinal study of Kuria District in south-west Kenya, with survey data collected from the same homesteads in 1985 and 1995. Both surveys were designed to assess the effects of tobacco growing on emerging patterns of socio-economic stratification. Such a methodology is rare and challenges the interpretations that might be reached solely on the basis of cross-sectional survey data. Despite increasing differentiation of incomes over the ten-year period, there has been no straightforward consolidation of relative wealth and poverty. Rather, there are indications of significant equalising tendencies at work in the local economy. Over the ten years there had been a 50 per cent decrease in cattle ownership. Understanding the dynamics of this situation takes the argument in other directions and towards understanding the effects of commodification on the military wing of the pastoral economy. Agricultural intensification in Kuria has been accompanied by an upsurge in cattle raiding and it is this factor more than any other which has led to the decline of stock, as people divest themselves of cattle to forestall the depredations of raiders. At the same time, attitudes to the raiders themselves have hardened and evidence suggests that it is raiding families—rather than, say, the poor as such—who find it expedient to migrate and in the process sell their land, allowing some consolidation of land holdings by other members of the community.
Islam and popular music in Senegal: the emergence of a ‘new tradition’
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the influence of Islam on Senegalese popular music and describes the emergence of a ‘new tradition’ that adapts the griot's praise song to Sufism. The emerging tradition is discussed against the backdrop of social relations between griots and the people they praise, and between marabouts or Sufi religious leaders and their disciples. Elements derived from both relationships can be found in the ‘new tradition’, making for a hybrid musical genre that reflects the social and religious reality of modern Senegal.
African conversion from a world religion: religious diversification by the Waso Boorana in Kenya
Authors: Aguilar Mario I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Boorana of the Waso area of north-eastern Kenya settled there in the 1930s. Upon the settling of colonial administrative boundaries in 1934 they became isolated from the rest of the Boorana in northern Kenya and Ethiopia. Thereafter a process of ‘somalisation’ took place through which they replaced their Oromo ritual moments with Islamic practices. By the 1950s most of the Waso Boorana had converted to Islam, and since then have been considered Muslims by the rest of Kenya. Nevertheless recent research has shown that there has been a revival of traditional religious practices among them. The article divides the history of the Waso Boorana into two periods: (1) from their settlement in the Waso area to the events leading to Kenya's independence (1932–62) and (2) from Kenya's independence to the 1990s (1963–92). It is in this second period in their history that the Waso Boorana began a process of religious diversification. Traditional religious practices revived in their settlements and distrust emerged of Islam. The article argues that there has been a reconversion to traditional practices, based on a local principle, the Waso Boorana division of herds.
Indian films and Nigerian lovers: media and the creation of parallel modernities
Authors: Larkin Brian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the significance of Indian films in revealing a relatively ignored aspect of the transnational flow of culture. The intra-Third World circulation of Indian film offers Hausa viewers a way of imaginatively engaging with forms of tradition different from their own at the same time as conceiving of a modernity that comes without the political and ideological significance of that of the West. After discussing reasons for the popularity of Indian films in a Hausa context, it accounts for this imaginative investment of viewers by looking at narrative as a mode of social enquiry. Hausa youth explore the limits of accepted Hausa attitudes to love and sexuality through the narratives of Indian film and Hausa love stories (soyayya). This exploration has occasioned intense public debate, assoyayyaauthors are accused of corrupting Hausa youth by borrowing foreign modes of love and sexual relations. The article argues that this controversy indexes wider concerns about the shape and direction of contemporary Nigerian culture. Analysingsoyayyabooks and Indian films gives insight into the local reworking and indigenising of transnational media flows that take place within and between Third World countries, disrupting the dichotomies between West and non-West, coloniser and colonised, modernity and tradition, in order to see how media create parallel modernities. Through spectacle and fantasy, romance and sexuality, Indian films provide arenas for considering what it means to be modern and what may be the place of Hausa society within that modernity. For northern Nigerians, who respond to a number of different centres, whether politically to the Nigerian state, religiously to the Middle East and North Africa, economically to the West, or culturally to the cinematic dominance of India, Indian films are just one part of the heterogeneity of everyday life. They provide a parallel modernity, a way of imaginatively engaging with the changing social basis of contemporary life that is an alternative to the pervasive influence of a secular West.
Introduction: Elections and electoral politics in Africa
Authors: Young Tom 
Published: April 2006

The new British ambassador to Maputo, Richard Edis, recently travelled to the Renamo base at Maringue to meet its leader Alfonso Dhlakama. He carried with him a letter from Overseas Development Minister Baroness Lynda Chalker, two footballs and a pile of books on ‘democracy’ for Dhlakama's library.’Warning: We don't want itThe people of Yardaji Have No Regard For Any Political Party Whatsoever: We Are Tired of Hearing Idle Talk. Whoever Ignores This Advice Will Regret It. Listen Well: Don't Come Here. This is Not a Matter Of One Person Alone. We Don't Want It.
Ethnography in the reconstruction of African land use histories: a Sierra Leone example
Authors: Nyerges A. Endre 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe history of vegetation and land use in western Africa includes a pattern of environmental change that can best be described as gradual, subtle, and difficult to measure accurately. As compared, for example, with the process of large-scale felling in Amazonia, deforestation in this context is not readily amenable to analysis and quantification. Local ethnographic, ecological, and ethnohistorical techniques, however, can be used to develop the information required to advance our understanding of the processes of land use and forest change in the region. In this article, research into the contemporary ecology and ethnography of one swidden fanning group, the Susu of Sierra Leone, is combined with historical reconstruction and ethnohistorical documentation of the area, beginning with the visit of the Portuguese Jesuit Priest Fr Balthazar Barreira in 1516. Later documentary sources include the journal of the British_staff sergeant Brian O'Beirne, who explored the road from Freetown to the Fouta Jallon in 1821, and an account of a regional tour by the colonial traveller Frederick Migeod in 1922. These and other data are used to determine how present production systems cause processes of forest change, to assess the extent to which present production systems reflect the past, and to determine how past systems have affected the environment and changed and evolved over time.
Ethnic Dance Research Guide: Relevant Data Categories
Authors: Hanna Judith Lynne 
Published: April 2006

Because of the expressed interest of more than 35 particpants of the IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, this 1970 ethnic dance research guide with 1973 revisions is being reprinted here.Analyst's definition of dance: purposefuly, intentionally rhythmical, and culturally patterned sequence of non-verbal body movement and gesture which are not ordinary motor activities, the motion having inherent value.
The Effects of Three Prereading Activities on Learning Disabled Students' Reading Comprehension
Authors: Sachs Arlene 
Published: April 2006

This study examined the effects of three prereading activities on learning disabled children's reading comprehension. Thirty-six children classified as learning disabled participated. The three prereading activities consisted of (a) a modified Directed Reading Activity, (b) a modified Concept Analysis Activity, and (c) a Worksheet Activity (control). To counterbalance for order of prereading activities and experimenter, a factorial/modified Latin-Square design was selected. Barrett's Taxonomy (1976) was used as a guide to develop the reading comprehension tests. Literal, inferential, evaluative, appreciative, and total test reading comprehension constituted the dependent measures. Repeated one-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls procedures were used to analyze the data. The results, which replicated and substantiated a preliminary study (Sachs, 1981), indicate that evaluative reading comprehension is affected by both a modified Concept Analysis Activity and a modified Directed Reading Activity compared to the effect of a Worksheet Activity.
Employment Discrimination Law for the Learning Disabled Community
Authors: Grossman Paul David 
Published: April 2006

The newly expanded right of individuals with learning disabilities (LD) to be free from discrimination in employment presents the learning disabled community with a promising and exciting challenge. A comprehensive review of court decisions concerning persons with learning disabilities demonstrates that it is not always easy to convince employers and judges that individuals with learning disabilities are covered by disability discrimination laws, that such persons may be entitled to “reasonable accommodation” in order to perform their jobs competently, or that use of expert advice by employers may be necessary to identify the most effective way to remove traditional barriers to the employment of persons with learning disabilities. Several strategies are described for developing disability employment discrimination law in a direction favorable to the LD community. This discussion should ensure that individuals with learning disabilities and the persons who advise them place neither too much nor too little reliance upon disability employment discrimination law when setting career goals or deciding how to redress adverse treatment by an employer. The information contained in this article also provides insight to experts in learning disabilities about their crucial role in the development of the law.
Archaeological Objectives and Statistical Methods: A Frontier in Archaeology
Authors: Tugby Donald J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEighteen archaeological objectives are ordered within two general classes: Class A, placement of archaeological units—traits, types, and assemblages — within a space-time framework, and Class B, integration of the units in a cultural context. Four levels of interpretation of data are distinguished: identification, unidimensional distribution, bidimensional distribution, and processual analysis. Statistical methods appropriate to the different levels of interpretation, including cluster analysis, matrix analysis, and factor analysis, are discussed. It is suggested that the matrix method provides a statistical model of findings in archaeological field work. It is concluded that archaeological theory can be advanced by interpretation in terms of series rather than in terms of classes.
The Recovery and First Analysis of an Early Holocene Human Skeleton from Kennewick, Washington
Authors: Chatters James C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nearly-complete, well-preserved skeleton of a Paleoamerican male was found by chance near Kennewick, Washington, in 1996. Although analysis was quickly suspended by the U.S. government, initial osteological, archaeological, and geological studies provide a glimpse into the age and life of this individual. A radiocarbon age of 8410 ± 60 B.P., stratigraphic position in a widely-dated alluvial terrace, and an early-Cascade style projectile point healed into the pelvis date the find to the late Early Holocene. Initial osteological analysis describes the man as middle-aged, standing 173.1 ± 3.6 cm tall and weighing approximately 70-75 kg. Healthy as a child, he later suffered repeatedly from injuries to his skull, left arm, chest, and hip, in addition to minor osteoarthritis and periodontal disease. His physical features, teeth, and skeletal measurements show him to be an outlier relative to modern human populations, but place him closer to Pacific Islanders and Ainu than to Late Prehistoric Amerinds or any other modern group. Despite his uniqueness relative to modern peoples, he is not significantly different from other Paleoamerican males in most characteristics.
Radiocarbon-Dated Archaeological Remains on the Northern and Central Great Plains
Authors: Neuman Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper consolidates and summarizes the mass of radiocarbon determinations that has accumulated in various books, journals, newsletters, and manuscripts between 1951 and the spring of 1965. The dates are derived from Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Early Ceramic, and Late Prehistoric occupations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Plains areas of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. Included are 195 radiocarbon dates attesting to the presence of man on the Plains for the last 12,000 years.
The Obsidian Industry of Teotihuacán
Authors: Spence Michael W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeveral areas with extensive obsidian-working debris on the surface have been found in Teotihuacán. These date from the Late Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic periods. During the Late Preclassic and Classic periods there seems to have been a continuous expansion of the city's obsidian industry, accompanied by an increasing trend toward specialization in certain of its aspects. It is probable that the introduction of some new markets, for example the Mayan area, into the Teotihuacán economy was one factor involved in this expansion. Another probable factor was the growth of population within the Valley of Teotihuacán itself, which in these periods depended upon the city"s workshops for its supply of obsidian.
Miniature “Thin Stone Heads” and Other Pre-Columbian Miniature Stone Objects from Mesoamerica
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA unique, miniature, anthropomorphic stonehachafrom the Gulf Coast of Mexico is described and illustrated. The author also discusses other miniature stone objects from Mesoamerica, such as mushroom stones, yokes, “toad altars,” “doughnut-stones,”metates, spherical stone balls, and star-shaped maceheads, and suggests that some of these Mesoamerican miniature stone objects may have been used in connection with the various forms of the pre-Columbian ball game.
Modeling Paleoshorelines and Locating Early Holocene Coastal Sites in Haida Gwaii
Authors: Fedje Daryl W. , Christensen Tina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe integration of archaeology and paleoecology has allowed a fuller understanding of the history of southern Haida Gwaii and provided insights into the regional history of coastal occupation in northwestern North America. Of particular consequence is the history of sea-level fluctuations during the late-glacial and early Holocene. The modern shore holds only part of the history of coastal occupation. Much is flooded or hidden in the rainforest. In southern Haida Gwaii, shorelines dating from 13,000 to 9,500 B.P. are deeply drowned while those dating from 9,200 to 3,000 B.P. are stranded in the rainforest up to 15 meters above modern levels. Shorelines have been approximately coincident with the current position for only the last two to three millennia and for a century or two centered around 9,400 B.P. Modeling these paleoshorelines has led to discovery and investigation of a number of early Holocene archaeological sites.
Archaeological and Paleoethnobotanical Investigations in Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky
Authors: Watson Patty Jo , Yarnell Richard A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractReconnaissance, surface collecting, and test excavation were carried on in Salts Cave in August, 1963, by a joint Illinois State Museum-Cave Research Foundation expedition in cooperation with the National Park Service. Various analyses and secondary investigations have continued since then. The main upper passages of the cave were extensively visited during the last millennium B.C. by a prehistoric people who are probably to be assigned to the Early Woodland culture grouping. They were exploiting the mineral resources of the cave, primarily sulfate crystalline deposits, at least one of which is cathartic. Some individuals penetrated nearly two miles into the cave, using cane torches. Quantities of prehistoric, dried human feces are available and are yielding important dietary information. The people were apparently cultivating some plant species, including sunflower (Heliarn thus annus) and two members of the classic tropical horticultural complex, squash and gourd (Cucurbita pepo and Lagenarid siceraria). There is as yet no evidence that they grew or used maize (Zea mays).
New Radiocarbon Dates for Southeastern Fiber-Tempered Pottery
Authors: Stoltman James B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations in the Savannah River swamp in southeastern South Carolina have uncovered a shell midden believed to represent the accumulation of a single occupation by Savannah River Archaic peoples. Two radiocarbon dates from the basal portions of this shell midden suggest an age for the associated Stallings Plain pottery of 2505 B.C. and 2515 B.C. A third radiocarbon date — A.D. 1450 — from the upper levels of the shell midden clearly reflects contamination derived from later occupations of the site. Nothing in the field evidence provides a sound basis for refuting the two early dates, but in view of their antiquity, firm acceptance must await independent corroborative evidence from other Southeastern sites.
Certain Crescentic Stone Objects as a Time Marker
in the Western United States
Authors: Lewis Tadlock W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA class of pressure-flaked stone objects of crescentic shape made to an easily recognizable pattern is usually associated with surface sites adjacent to continuous or discontinuous bodies of water or playas. The crescent has a distribution from the Southern California Channel Islands to western Utah and the Columbia Basin in Washington. Even though its function is not yet known, it nevertheless is — because of a unique and consistent association of attributes — a useful material culture trait that may serve as a marker for a particular cultural complex. The trait is not known to be associated with the small-game hunting and food-gathering based cultures of the Archaic stage. Archaeological evidence indicates that the crescent is contemporaneous with big-game hunting cultures of the techno-economic level associated with the upper Lithic stage.
Pattern Diffusion From Mexico into the Southwest after A.D. 600
Authors: Schroeder Albert H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe introduction of the Colonial period culture of the Hohokam of southern Arizona derived from northern Mexico, and its diffusion in one form or another is traced north and east through Arizona. On the basis of changes in settlement patterns, architectural structures, and other material traits, a tentative reconstruction of sociological, ceremonial, and other intangible aspects of the early cultural developments in southern Arizona is attempted.
Petroglyphs of the South Mountains of Arizona
Authors: Snyder Ernest E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis was an intensive study of a single mountain range rich in petroglyph sites. One hundred nineteen sites with over 2,000 designs were recorded. Unsuccessful attempts were made to find significant positive correlations between such factors as design associations, site locations and concentrations, and environmental influences. The study produced some evidence that the probable originators of the petroglyphs were the Hohokam farmers who occupied the area for approximately the first 1500 years A.D.
Burins from Louisiana
Authors: Gibson Jon L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecently, four burins have been found at three sites near Catahoula Lake in southern LaSalle Parish, Louisiana. Burin types present include the polyhedral-dihedral burin, dihedral-angle burin, and a burin on a break. These burins are different in form and in associations from burins from Texas. They appear to be associated with Archaic Period material.
The Donnelly Ridge Site and the Definition of an Early Core and Blade Complex in Central Alaska
Authors: Hadleigh-West Frederick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations carried out at the site of Donnelly Ridge in central Alaska have led to the delineation of an early core and blade culture which includes the Campus site and two sites previously excavated on the Teklanika River to the west. Sites of the Denali complex are linked by distinctive microblade cores, core tablets and microblades derived from the latter, large blades, biconvex bifacial knives, certain end-scraper forms, a distinctive burin type, and other traits. The clearest affiliations of the Denali complex are with a series of late Upper Palaeolithic sites west of Lake Baikal, but relationships may be seen with sites in Hokkaido and Kamchatka as well. The bearers of this culture probably entered Alaska prior to the final submergence of the Bering land bridge.
Revised Dates for Navajo Hogans Near Canyon de Chelly
Authors: Brugge David M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeven tree-ring specimens from two Navajo archaeological sites in Arizona, reported by Gila Pueblo in 1941 to date from 1758 to 1770, have recently been reported by the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research to date from 1794 to 1864. These new dates are more compatible with the structural remains at one of the sites.