bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of Cenozoic compression within the Faroe-Shetland Basin and adjacent areas
Authors: Ritchie J. Derek , Johnson Howard , Quinn Martyn F. , Gatliff Robert W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The effects of Cenozoic compression within the Faroe–Shetland Basin and surrounding areas are mainly manifested in the form of growth folds. The scale and orientation of the folds varies significantly, with axial trace lengths ranging between less than 10 to over 250 km and trends including east, NE-, NNE-, ENW-, NNW- and WNW. The NE-trending features are the most numerous, though they are mainly restricted to the NE Faroe–Shetland Basin where an inherited Caledonian structural grain is most prevalent. Limited evidence exists for late Paleocene and early Eocene activity along the Wyville Thomson Ridge, whereas mid–late Eocene and Oligocene fold growth is more common in the SW Faroe–Shetland Basin. Although the effects of well-defined early–mid Miocene deformation appear to be mainly constrained to the NE Faroe–Shetland Basin, this phase of activity is also inferred to have been responsible for major growth of the Wyville Thomson Ridge. Early Pliocene fold growth is observed within the Faroe–Shetland Basin and adjacent areas, with raised seabed profiles over some of the anticlinal features suggesting that the effects of compressional stress continue at the present day. Despite the variation in trend and size of growth folds, there is, we believe, similarity in their local mechanism of emplacement, with buttressing of sedimentary successions against pre-existing basement architecture and igneous intrusions being of particular significance. However, the lack of obvious spatial or temporal pattern to fold growth development within the NE Atlantic margin as a whole mitigates against a single regional driving mechanism being able to explain the current distribution, orientation and timing of the folds.
Compressional structures on the West Iberia rifted margin: controls on their distribution
Authors: Péron-Pinvidic G. , Manatschal G. , Dean S. M. , Minshull T. A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The West Iberia margin is a magma-poor rifted margin that resulted from Jurassic to Cretaceous polyphase rifting leading to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The Mesozoic rift structures were overprinted by two compressive tectonic events during Eocene and Miocene times resulting from collision between Iberia, Europe and Africa. The effects of these compressive tectonic events are expressed by faults and folds within the post-rift sedimentary sequence. We mapped and studied these Cenozoic deformation structures throughout the Southern Iberia Abyssal Plain (40°–41°N, 11°–13°W) on the basis of an extensive dataset of time migrated seismic profiles acquired by various academic institutions. Acoustic basement has also been analysed on the basis of its seismic aspect, in order to test potential relationships with the distribution of the post-rift sedimentary deformation.
Our observations lead to three major conclusions concerning the deformation affecting the post-rift sediments in the Southern Iberia Abyssal Plain: (1) the deformation occurs within the zone of exhumed continental mantle and not at its transition to continental or oceanic crust; (2) it is localized within a zone overlying basement with well-defined seismic characteristics; and (3) it is closely related to the major topographic features observed in the ocean–continent transition. The localization of the deformation within the zone of exhumed continental mantle and not at its boundaries to the adjacent oceanic and continental crust suggests that the limits between the different types of crust are transitional rather than sharp. Our results show that the zone of exhumed continental mantle represents the weakest zone within the margin that is preferentially deformed during initial convergence. At higher convergence rates, this zone may coincide with the location of a future subduction.
Elastic flexure and distributed deformation along Australia's North West Shelf: Neogene tectonics of the Bonaparte and Browse basins
Authors: Keep Myra , Harrowfield Mathew 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Neogene collision between Australia and the Banda Arc modified the adjacent Bonaparte and Browse basins of the North West Shelf of Australia. Modification comprised both continuous long-wavelength amplification of Permo-Carboniferous basement topography and flexure and normal faulting of Triassic–Recent sedimentary cover. Deformation was continuous across the Browse and Bonaparte basins, despite the basins beings separated by a rupture-barrier style accommodation zone, the Browse–Bonaparte Transition. The degree of basement control and mechanisms of fault linkage vary significantly across this transition, and reflect differences in the structural relief, amplitude and depth of rifted basement either side of the transition. Neogene collision amplified the architectural divide. Amplification of basement topography over wavelengths of several hundred kilometres was associated with negligible horizontal length change. The transcurrent component of Neogene deformation was partitioned outboard of any continuous flexural amplification.
Security and identification indicators for browsers against spoofing and phishing attacks
Authors: Herzberg Amir , Jbara Ahmad 
Published: October 2008

In spite of the use of standard Web security measures (SSL/TLS), users enter sensitive information such as passwords into fake Web sites. Such fake sites cause substantial damages to individuals and corporations. In this work, we identify several vulnerabilities of browsers, focusing on security and identification indicators.
We present improved security and identification indicators, as we implemented in TrustBar, a browser extension we developed. With TrustBar, users can assign a name or logo to identify SSL/TLS-protected sites; if users did not assign a name or logo, TrustBar identifies protected sites by the name or logo of the site, and by the certificate authority (CA) who identified the site.
We present usability experiments which compared TrustBar's indicators to the basic indicators available in most browsers (padlock, URL, and https prefix), and some relevant secure-usability principles.
Evaluation of the Simple Urban Energy Balance Model Using Selected Data from 1-yr Flux Observations at Two Cities
Authors: Kawai Toru , Ridwan Mohammad Kholid , Kanda Manabu 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The authors’ objective was to apply the Simple Urban Energy Balance Model for Mesoscale Simulation (SUMM) to cities. Data were selected from 1-yr flux observations conducted at three sites in two cities: one site in Kugahara, Japan (Ku), and two sites in Basel, Switzerland (U1 and U2). A simple vegetation scheme was implemented in SUMM to apply the model to vegetated cities, and the surface energy balance and radiative temperature TR were evaluated. SUMM generally reproduced seasonal and diurnal trends of surface energy balance and TR at Ku and U2, whereas relatively large errors were obtained for the daytime results of sensible heat flux QH and heat storage ΔQS at U1. Overall, daytime underestimations of QH and overestimations of ΔQS and TR were common. These errors were partly induced by the poor parameterization of the natural logarithm of the ratio of roughness length for momentum to heat (κB−1); that is, the observed κB−1 values at vegetated cities were smaller than the simulated values. The authors proposed a new equation for predicting this coefficient. This equation accounts for the existence of vegetation and improves the common errors described above. With the modified formula for κB−1, simulated net all-wave radiation and TR agreed well with observed values, regardless of site and season. However, at U1, simulated QH and ΔQS were still overestimated and underestimated, respectively, relative to observed values.
Formation of Jets and Equatorial Superrotation on Jupiter
Authors: Schneider Tapio , Liu Junjun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe zonal flow in Jupiter’s upper troposphere is organized into alternating retrograde and prograde jets, with a prograde (superrotating) jet at the equator. Existing models posit as the driver of the flow either differential radiative heating of the atmosphere or intrinsic heat fluxes emanating from the deep interior; however, they do not reproduce all large-scale features of Jupiter’s jets and thermal structure. Here it is shown that the difficulties in accounting for Jupiter’s jets and thermal structure resolve if the effects of differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes are considered together, and if upper-tropospheric dynamics are linked to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag that acts deep in the atmosphere and affects the zonal flow away from but not near the equator. Baroclinic eddies generated by differential radiative heating can account for the off-equatorial jets; meridionally propagating equatorial Rossby waves generated by intrinsic convective heat fluxes can account for the equatorial superrotation. The zonal flow extends deeply into the atmosphere, with its speed changing with depth, away from the equator up to depths at which the MHD drag acts. The theory is supported by simulations with an energetically consistent general circulation model of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere. A simulation that incorporates differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes reproduces Jupiter’s observed jets and thermal structure and makes testable predictions about as yet unobserved aspects thereof. A control simulation that incorporates only differential radiative heating but not intrinsic heat fluxes produces off-equatorial jets but no equatorial superrotation; another control simulation that incorporates only intrinsic heat fluxes but not differential radiative heating produces equatorial superrotation but no off-equatorial jets. The proposed mechanisms for the formation of jets and equatorial superrotation likely act in the atmospheres of all giant planets.
Dynamics of the West African Monsoon. Part IV: Analysis of 25–90-Day Variability of Convection and the Role of the Indian Monsoon
Authors: Janicot Serge , Mounier Flore , Hall Nicholas M. J. , Leroux Stéphanie , Sultan Benjamin , Kiladis George N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper is part of a series of studies addressing the dynamics of the West African summer monsoon at intraseasonal time scales between 10 and 90 days. The dominant mode of 25–90-day convective variability in the African monsoon was investigated, starting from previous results involving the excitation of dry equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves by a negative diabatic heat source located over the warm pool. This evolution is consistent with a significant contribution by a convectively coupled equatorial Rossby wave and the MJO. On the other hand, convectively coupled Kelvin waves as well as the dry Kelvin wave signal have a very weak impact. However, there is more to the global control of the African summer monsoon than convectively coupled wave dynamics. The active/break cycle of the Indian monsoon, controlled by a northward-moving dipole of diabatic heating in the Indian sector, can also influence the African monsoon through atmospheric teleconnections. Simulations performed with a dry primitive equation model show that this influence may be transferred through the northern Indian heat source, which excites a Rossby cyclonic circulation propagating westward over North Africa that is cut off by the northward arrival of the equatorial Indian heat source and the associated intrusion of an anticyclonic ridge. Low-level westerly winds and moisture advection within the ITCZ consequently increase over Africa. The mean time lag between an active phase over India and over Africa is about 15–20 days.
Effective Eddy Diffusivities Inferred from a Point Release Tracer in an Eddy-Resolving Ocean Model
Authors: Lee Mei-Man , Nurser A. J. George , Coward Andrew C. , de Cuevas Beverly A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This study uses tracer experiments in a global eddy-resolving ocean model to examine two diagnostic methods for inferring effective eddy isopycnic diffusivity from point release tracers. The first method is based on the growth rate of the area occupied by the tracers (the equivalent variance). During the period when tracer dispersion is dominated by stirring, the equivalent variance is found to increase at a rate between the second power law (for a pure shearing flow regime) and the exponential law (for a pure stretching flow regime). The second method is based on the length of the tracer contours. In the framework of equivalent radius, the two methods of inferring eddy diffusivity can be understood as two different averagings over the tracer patch. Over a shorter period of tracer dispersion the two methods give different eddy diffusivities, and only over a longer time when tracer dispersion approaches the final stage of diffusion do they give a similar value of diffusivity. A new diagnostic quantity called stirring efficiency is introduced to indicate different flow regimes by measuring the efficiency of stirring against mixing. The new diagnostic quantity has the advantage that it can be calculated directly from the gradients of tracer distribution without needing to estimate strain rate or background diffusivity.
Wave-Driven Circulation of a Coastal Reef–Lagoon System
Authors: Lowe Ryan J. , Falter James L. , Monismith Stephen G. , Atkinson Marlin J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The response of the circulation of a coral reef system in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, to incident wave forcing was investigated using field data collected during a 10-month experiment. Results from the study revealed that wave forcing was the dominant mechanism driving the circulation over much of Kaneohe Bay. As predicted theoretically, wave setup generated near the reef crest resulting from wave breaking established a pressure gradient that drove flow over the reef and out of the two reef channels. Maximum reef setup was found to be roughly proportional to the offshore wave energy flux above a threshold root-mean-square wave height of 0.7 m (at which height setup was negligible). On the reef flat, the wave-driven currents increased approximately linearly with incident wave height; however, the magnitude of these currents was relatively weak (typically &lt;20 cm s−1) because of (i) the mild fore-reef slope of Kaneohe Bay that reduced setup resulting from a combination of frictional wave damping and its relatively wide surf zone compared to steep-faced reefs, and (ii) the presence of significant wave setup inside its coastally bounded lagoon, resulting from frictional resistance on the lagoon–channel return flows, which reduced cross-reef setup gradients by 60%–80%. In general, the dynamics of these wave-driven currents roughly matched predictions derived from quasi-one-dimensional mass and momentum balances that incorporated radiation stresses, setup gradients, bottom friction, and the morphological properties of the reef–lagoon system.
Objective Classification of Precipitating Convective Regimes Using a Weather Radar in Darwin, Australia
Authors: Caine Simon , Jakob Christian , Siems Steven , May Peter 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A clustering algorithm was applied to Frequency with Altitude Diagrams (FADs) derived from 4 yr of hourly radar data to objectively define four tropical precipitation regimes that occur during the wet season over Darwin Australia. The precipitation regimes defined are distinguished in terms of convective intensity, presence of stratiform precipitation, and precipitation coverage. Regime 1 consists of patchy convection of medium intensity and low area coverage, and regime 2 contains strong convection with relatively small area coverage. Regime 3 is composed of weak convection with large area coverage and large stratiform regions, and regime 4 contains strong convection with large area coverage and large stratiform regions. Analysis of the seasonal cycle, diurnal cycle, and regime occurrence as a function of monsoon activity all provide insight into the different physical character of the precipitation regimes. Two of the regimes exhibit a diurnal cycle with a peak in the afternoon, while the other two show a peak in their frequency of occurrence in the early morning. The different character of the regimes is also confirmed by the varying contributions that convective and stratiform rainfall make to the overall within-regime precipitation.
Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF: Formulation and Preliminary Results
Authors: Huang Xiang-Yu , Xiao Qingnong , Barker Dale M. , Zhang Xin , Michalakes John , Huang Wei , Henderson Tom , Bray John , Chen Yongsheng , Ma Zaizhong , Dudhia Jimy , Guo Yongrun , Zhang Xiaoyan , Won Duk-Jin , Lin Hui-Chuan , Kuo Ying-Hwa 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model–based variational data assimilation system (WRF-Var) has been extended from three- to four-dimensional variational data assimilation (WRF 4D-Var) to meet the increasing demand for improving initial model states in multiscale numerical simulations and forecasts. The initial goals of this development include operational applications and support to the research community. The formulation of WRF 4D-Var is described in this paper. WRF 4D-Var uses the WRF model as a constraint to impose a dynamic balance on the assimilation. It is shown to implicitly evolve the background error covariance and to produce the flow-dependent nature of the analysis increments. Preliminary results from real-data 4D-Var experiments in a quasi-operational setting are presented and the potential of WRF 4D-Var in research and operational applications are demonstrated. A wider distribution of the system to the research community will further develop its capabilities and to encourage testing under different weather conditions and model configurations.
Characteristics of Vertical Velocity Cores in Different Convective Systems Observed over Gadanki, India
Authors: Uma K. N. , Rao T. Narayana 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar measurements during the passage of 60 convective systems are used to study the vertical air velocity (w) characteristics of tropical convection. The up- and downdraft cores and various stages/types of convection (shallow, deep, and decaying) are discerned from radar time–intensity maps of w. The characteristics of cores (speed, size, orientation, vertical extent, gravity wave activity, etc.) at different stages of convection are discussed with the help of three case studies. The cores stratified based on the type of convection are mostly erect in nature in all types of convective systems, except for deep updraft cores. A considerable percentage (35%) of deep updraft cores show inclined structure with elevation angles as low as 0°–20°. The variation of the horizontal wind field with height and the internal dynamics of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are thought to be responsible for this geometry. Further, the vertical extent of draft cores is limited in all types of convection, except for deep updraft cores. About 77% of deep updraft cores have a vertical extent greater than 10 km and ∼23% of these cores reach an altitude of 16 km. The size (overpass time) of the core shows an increasing trend with altitude up to 10–12 km and then decreases. Among different types of convection, the size of core is larger for deep updraft cores and smaller for shallow updraft cores. The variation of w distribution with height is different for different convection categories. The mode (and also the mean) of the distribution shows low-level descent (below 3 km) and mid–high-level ascent in shallow and deep convection categories, while nearly uniform distribution is seen in decaying convection. Strong updrafts are seen in deep convective systems in the upper troposphere (of the order of 15–20 m s−1), followed by shallow and decaying systems, while downdrafts are generally weaker in all types of convection. The variability (within the cores and also with altitude) and the number of data points are larger in updraft cores than in downdraft cores corresponding to shallow and deep convection. Contrasting the composite w profile at Gadanki with those obtained elsewhere revealed interesting features: the absence of subsidence at higher levels, the presence of low-level subsidence, a single ascent peak in the middle troposphere, etc. Further, the magnitude of composite w derived from wind profiler measurements is larger than that obtained with other techniques.
How is sleep quality affected by the psychological and symptom distress of advanced cancer patients?
Authors: Mystakidou K , Parpa E , Tsilika E , Gennatas C , Galanos A , Vlahos L 
Published: October 2008

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep quality, pain, psychological distress, cognitive status and post-traumatic experience in advanced cancer patients. Participants were 82 advanced cancer patients referred to a palliative care unit for control of pain and other symptoms. A variety of assessment tools were used to examine the prevalence of sleep disturbance, the severity of pain and depression, hopelessness, cognitive function and quality of life. Using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 96% of patients were ‘poor sleepers’. Statistically significant associations were found between PSQI and the SF-12 (Short Form-12) Quality of Life Instrument (MCS, P < 0.0005, PCS, P < 0.0005), depression (Greek Depression Inventory) ( P < 0.0005) and hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale) ( P = 0.003). Strong associations were also found between PSQI and IES-R (Impact of Event Scale-Revised) ( P = 0.004). The strongest predictors of poor sleep quality in this model were MCS ( P < 0.0005), PCS ( P < 0.0005) and IES-R ( P = 0.010). Post-traumatic experience and quality of life seemed to be the strongest predictors of sleep quality in a sample of advanced cancer patients referred for palliative care.
STAT-3 and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation are critical for T-cell alloactivation and graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Lu Sydney X. , Alpdogan Onder , Lin Janine , Balderas Robert , Campos-Gonzalez Roberto , Wang Xiao , Gao Guo-Jian , Suh David , King Christopher , Chow Melanie , Smith Odette M. , Hubbard Vanessa M. , Bautista Johanne L. , Cabrera-Perez Javier , Zakrzewski Johannes L. , Kochman Adam A. , Chow Andrew , Altan-Bonnet Gregoire , van den Brink Marcel R. M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and donor T cells are indispensable for GVHD. Current therapies have limited efficacy, selectivity, and high toxicities. We used a novel flow cytometry technique for the analysis of intracellular phosphorylation events in single cells in murine BMT models to identify and validate novel GVHD drug targets.1-7 This method circumvents the requirement for large numbers of purified cells, unlike western blots. We defined a signaling profile for alloactivated T cells in vivo and identified the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT-3 as important events during T-cell (allo)activation in GVHD. We establish that interference with STAT-3 phosphorylation can inhibit T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro and GVHD in vivo. This suggests that phospho-specific flow cytometry is useful for the identification of promising drug targets, and ERK1/2 and STAT-3 phosphorylation in alloactivated T cells may be important for GVHD.