bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-Ordination of the Work of the Sanitary Inspector and the Borough Surveyor
Authors: Crowther H. 
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews the principal administrative duties in which the sanitary inspector and the borough surveyor are jointly concerned. After stressing the need for proper co-ordination of these duties, both to ensure efficiency in their departments and to avoid inconvenience to the public they serve, the procedure in force in Wallasey' for this purpose is dealt with in detail in relation to (I) investigation of sanitary and structural defects in drains, sewers and buildings ; (2) examination of plans deposited for approval under the building byelaws ; (3) supervision of work in progress which arises out of (1) and (2) ; and (4) the assistance which the sanitary inspector's records can afford to the town planner in respect of areas requiring redevelopment. Other matters touched upon are the disinfestation of sewers and the bacteriological testing of swimming pool water.
The Ventilation of Buildings Used for Industrial Processes Giving Rise To Noxious or Unpleasant Dust and Fumes and the Prevention of Atmospheric Pollution By Such Dust and Fumes
Authors: Batey J.W. 
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to show, directly and by implication, that serious dust and fume nuisances are still problems which, in specific cases of steel-making and steel-melting, await a really satisfactory solution which is also an economic proposition. Particular attention is drawn to the increased nuisance caused by oxygen enrichment. In such cases it suggests that the basic design of the buildings is a stumbling-block not easily overcome. An original building lay-out is given. It illustrates how some firms have tackled the problems involved and suggests where there is scope for further investigation and research in furnace design and fume and dust analysis. By way of contrast it states that many small dust nuisances for which the cures are fairly well known are not dealt with efficiently. The broad scientific approach to this problem is outlined. Finally, it calls attention to the dispersion aspect of pollutants, which is becoming of increasing importance, and suggests that recent scientific investigations, carried out primarily for marine application, may be adaptable to land practice.
Exploring values: an empirical evaluation
Authors: Riding T.M. 
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines the development of a series of workshops, designed to bring about attitudinal change. This is followed by an empirical evaluation of the workshop's impact on nurses' attitudes toward service users. Users of mental health and learning disability services have historically been the object of a variety of negative and dissenting attitudes. Within the context of forensic services, this situation is often compounded, as was highlighted during the Ashworth Inquiry. Much has been achieved in terms of promoting cultural change since the publication of the inquiry's report, and the development of the 'Exploring Values' workshop has provided added impetus. This study used a quasi-experimental research design, with data being collected 'before and after' the workshop. The findings suggest that the workshops prompted a re-appraisal of cultural attitudes, and a hypothesis that predicted a positive shift in attitudes was supported. In an attempt to inject a degree of animation into the statistical data, a small sample of workshop participants have also been interviewed, and a selection of brief case studies describe how changes in practice have ensued. The paper concludes that despite criticisms of the study design, overall the use of workshops proved to be an extremely successful and worthwhile strategy to bring about attitudinal change.
An investigation of speech and language therapy to improve the communication environment of people with severe learning disabilities who have communication difficulties and behaviours that challenge services
Authors: Chatterton S. 
Published: March 2007

The need to understand the role of communication in triggering, maintaining or exacerbating challenging behaviour is crucial when working with a client group with severe learning disabilities. Speech and language therapists are becoming increasingly involved in this process. The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT 1996), recommend that the most appropriate form of intervention includes: I. facilitating carers in the understanding of the nature and causes of challenging behaviour, particularly in relation to communication 2. facilitating carers in understanding the role of the environment and their own communication in relation to the clients challenging behaviour 3. facilitating carers in developing more appropriate ways of communicating with clients with challenging behaviour 4. Supporting carers in developing appropriate activities for the client (RCSLT I996) This project used the above principles to investigate the effect of speech and language therapy on the communication environment in a home for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. The results show an increase in: the length of interactions initiated by the staff with the service users; the use of non- verbal communication to support interactions and a decrease in the number of attempts the service users needed to make before a staff response was given. The author concludes that speech and language therapy was effective in improving the communication environment. The impact of the improved communication environment on challenging behaviours was not measured.
A note on the dynamic response of rigid embedded foundations
Authors: Luco J. E. , Wong H. L. , Trifunac M. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe problem of the dynamic response of rigid embedded foundations subjected to the action of external forces and seismic excitation is analysed. It is shown that to calculate the response of rigid embedded foundations, or the response of flat rigid foundations subjected to non‐vertically incident seismic waves, it is necessary to obtain not only the impedance matrix for the foundation, but also the forces induced by the incident seismic waves. Under these general conditions, rocking and torsional motion of the foundation is generated in addition to translation. The case of a two‐dimensional rigid foundation of semi‐elliptical cross‐section is used as an example to illustrate the effects of the embedment depth and angle of incidence of the seismic waves on the response of the foundation.
Earthquake response of non‐linear hysteretic soil systems
Authors: Faccioli Ezio , Ramirez Jorge 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe seismic amplification response of horizontally stratified soil deposits with Ramberg‐Osgood stress‐strain behaviour is analysed by a random‐vibration method. The deposit is modelled by a discrete shear beam system with radiation damping at the base. Parameters of an equivalent system are obtained by a harmonic linearization technique in which the actual relative displacement response at the surface is represented by a suitable sinusoidal motion. Despite the simplifications introduced, results for a number of different soil profiles and material description parameters are in good agreement with those given by numerical simulation techniques. Due to the much greater computational effort required by the latter, the proposed method seems preferable for predicting spectral amplification characteristics over a broad range of excitation intensities.
A deterministic approach to the prediction of free field ground motion and response spectra from stick‐slip earthquakes
Authors: Cherry J. Theodore , Halda Eldon J. , Hamilton Kenneth G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTheoretical and experimental results from computational physics and non‐linear rock mechanics have been merged in order to obtain a deterministic model of a stick‐slip earthquake. The model has been exercised to uncover the dependence of peak ground motion and response spectra on fault length, rupture velocity and dynamic stress drop during rupture. A particular method for generating a design spectrum has been tested against results from the model. Utilization of this deterministic technique seems especially appropriate when design information is required at sites located near the epicentre.
Stochastic linearization of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom non‐linear systems
Authors: Atalik T. Selcuk , Utku Senol 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn equivalent linearization technique to obtain the response of non‐linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom dynamic systems to stationary gaussian excitations is developed. The non‐linearities are assumed to be single‐valued functions of accelerations, velocities and displacements. Using a property of gaussian vector processes, the closed forms of the coefficients of the equivalent linear system are obtained by the direct application of partial differentiation and expectation operators to the non‐linear terms. It is shown that when the non‐linearities possess potentials, the linear system has symmetric coefficient matrices. A geometrical interpretation of the linear coefficients, in connection with the original non‐linearities, is presented. The accuracy is investigated by means of examples.
‘Internal plasticisation’ efficiency of a series of acrylic esters with styrene in emulsion copolymers
Authors: Gulbekian E. V. , Quadri B. H. , Reynolds G. E. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe properties of polymer emulsions are described in which styrene is copolymerised with a range of acrylic esters, together with a minor quantity of acrylic acid. Properties examined included viscosity and minimum temperature of film formation of the emulsions, and the brittle point, rigidity modulus, tensile strength at maximum elongation, and elongation of the air‐dried films. The increase in chain length of the alkyl ester and the quantity of acrylate comonomer both gave more flexible and softer polymers. While approximately equivalent properties may be obtained by replacing one acrylate comonomer by an appropriate quantity of another, each copolymer is unique in its combination of properties.
Reaction kinetics and product formation in the heterogeneous polymerisation of 2,6‐dimethylphenol
Authors: Brooks B. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the oxidative condensation of 2,6‐dimethylphenol catalysed by copper compounds, poly(2,6‐dimethylphenylene oxide) was formed as a particulate solid in both pyridine and pyridine‐methanol mixtures. No quinone was produced when the volume fraction of pyridine exceeded 15%. The rate of polymerisation was independent of monomer concentration and first order with respect to catalyst concentration. This first‐order dependence ceased when catalyst concentrations exceeded 4 × 10−2 molar. Above this concentration the polymerisation rate is probably controlled by mass transfer of oxygen from the gas to the liquid phase. The rate of polymerisation increased as the volume fraction of methanol increased. A reaction mechanism is proposed to account for the kinetics; this involves a reversible step.Particle sizes of the dispersed polymers have been measured.Heterogeneous systems can be used to produce polymers of higher molecular weights than those obtained in solution systems.
Flammability of plastics: IV. An apparatus for investigating the quenching action of metal halides and other materials on premixed flames
Authors: Learmonth G. S. , Thwaite D. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA technique is described for assessment of the relative quenching effects upon ‘premixed’ flames of volatile materials such as metal halides. The effect of a number of compounds has been investigated and semi‐quantitative results are reported. Some suggestions as to the nature of the quenching mechanism are discussed.
Functional groups in liquid polypropylene sulphides prepared with ammonia/metal carbonate initiators
Authors: Sewell P. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLiquid polymers of propylene sulphide made in aqueous ammonia with metal carbonate initiators may have both amine and thiol end‐groups. Analysis of these materials to determine the number and types of end‐groups was carried out to establish the structure of the products and also to indicate which analytical methods were suitable for this task.
The “War on Terror” and the Framework of International
Law
Authors: Proulx Vincent-Joël 
Published: March 2007

The “War on Terror” and the Framework of International
Law, Helen Duffy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.
li, 488.The war on terror poses increasingly intractable challenges for the
international legal order. Some commentators query whether the
international reaction to 9/11 might have relaxed or transformed
well-established legal principles, particularly in the fields of recourse
to force and state responsibility. Other scholars opine that international
law is adequately suited to address the relatively new and polymorphous
threats of terrorism. Regardless of one's stance on the question, it
is clear that the current war on terror has generated considerable
academic writing, both inside and outside of law, and propelled various
legal issues, such as the application of international human rights,
international humanitarian law and international criminal law, to the
forefront of scholarly inquiry.
The Principle of Methodological Individualism and Marxian Epistemology
Authors: Israel Joachim 
Published: March 2007

In the following article I am going to defend the thesis, which at first may appear to be strange, that, in order to base sociology (and knowledge) on Marxian epistemology one has to accept on an ontological level the position of methodological individualism, and on a metatheoretical level a position of non-reductionism 1. In order to support my thesis I have to explicate briefly: 1) Marx's basic epistomological position. 2) the principle of methodological individualism, where I try to differentiate between a reified and a nonreified version2, and 3) the position of non-reductionism.
Education and Buyer Behavior
Authors: Gronhaug Kjell 
Published: March 2007

Intuitively it seems reasonable to assume that education may have some "treatment effect" on the individual. This paper reports some findings from a study exploring how education influences 1) information seeking, 2) number of alternatives evaluated, 3) decision time, and 4) venturesomeness in a buying situation. The following results were found - as expected - that, the higher the education the more active the use of information, the more alternatives evaluated the longer the decision time, and the more venturesome in a complex buying situation.
After the Working-class Movement? An Essay on What's 'New' and What's 'Social' in the New Social Movements
Authors: Olofsson Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

In the earlv 1980s many social theorists claimed that the 'New Social Move ments' (NSMs) were the authentic social movements of our time This claim is discussed in relation to two traditions in the analysis of social movements. The 'American' tradition focuses on the single-issue movement of a protest and mobilizing character The 'European' tradition focuses on the relation between major societal changes and processes of class formation, the labour movement being the classic case. In the article the women's movement is discussed as a major cultural revolutionary movement, the different campaigns dealing with the new urban forms of socialized reproduction, housing, planning, etc , as movements for the defence of the 'real consumption', the green and environmentalist movements taking up the conflicting relation nature-society Is the relation between the NSMs and the new and growing social strata of students and employees within the welfare state, which make up their audience and activist core, to be understood as a parallel to the part played by the 'old' social movements in the making of the working class, the farmer class, etc? It is argued that there is no 'necessary' relationship between the societal changes and the NSMs, as there was between industrialization and the labour movement. The societal relations and changes around which the NSMs organize themselves - gender contradictions, socialization of reproduction, con tradictions in the forms of modern urban living, nature society - do not single out a new social force as their 'natural' counterpart. They are both more encompassing in their reach and more non-partisan in character. The most likely centre for a possible coalescence of a multitude of NSMs into a major social movement, if not in the class formative sense, is the societally basic relationship, nature-society The themes and issues raised by the NSMs can in the political process become articulated with existing political and social forces. The capacity of these forces and institutions to absorb the issues raised by the NSMs deter mine the possibility for the NSMs to emerge as a new major social force.
Foreigners as Domestic Citizens: Multinational Corporations and the Nation State
Authors: Heum Per A. 
Published: March 2007

Heum, P.A. Foreigners as Domestic Citizens: Multinational Corporations and the Nation State. Coopera tion and Conflict, XIV , 1979, 35-47. The article poses two questions: First, the extent to which the multinational corporations may exert influence on policies executed by any nation state. Secondly, how the multinationals may generate problems for nation state regulations as they are able to do transactions across national borders but still keep them within the corporation. The first question is approached by presenting a framework for dependence analysis, and illustrated with data from the Norwegian Power Study. The second question is just briefly discussed by mentioning that the activities of multinationals may complicate, undermine and generate unintended effects of state actions. The article concludes that there is no reason to treat foreign and domestic multinationals separately; that the question of multinationals is relevant to any nation state; and that the problems they engender can only be solved through international coordination of national policies. The challenge, as the author sees it, is to formulate this strategy so that the effects of local actions may be secured.
Aid and Foreign Investments: The Swedish Case
Authors: Beckman Bjorn 
Published: March 2007

Beckman, B. Aid and Foreign Investments: The Swedish Case. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 133-148. This article, which is a summary of a larger study, examines Swedish aid policy and its relation to Swedish private investments in Third World countries. Post-1976 governments have significantly shifted policy in favour of integrating private investments into official aid policy. Main attention is paid to two policy issues: investment guarantees and a fund to promote investments. The article also surveys the participation of private enterprise in SIDA's indus trial cooperation programme. It examines stands taken by Swedish governments, parliamen tary opposition, trade unions and the organisations of industry.
Soviet Views on Strategic Nuclear Weapons: Orthodoxy and Modernism
Authors: Beukel Erik 
Published: March 2007

Beukel, E. Soviet Views on Strategic Nuclear Weapons: Orthodoxy and Modernism. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 223-237. A controversial question in deterrence theories is Soviet perception of strategic nuclear weapons. Various research communities and political groups state very divergent theories and opinions, which are substantiated by quotations from Soviet public writings. In the present paper views given in the Soviet press are analyzed. It is shown that these professed views are rather divergent and follow an orthodoxy-modernism dichotomy. Since there is no public debate among the advocates of the different views, Soviet writings have to be regarded with caution. Certain writings may support very different conclusions about the Soviet perception of strategic nuclear weapons.
The Stranded USSR Submarine in Sweden and the Question of a Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone
Authors: Leitenberg Milton 
Published: March 2007

Leitenberg, M. The Stranded USSR Submarine in Sweden and the Question of a Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 17-28. The stranding of a Soviet submarine on the south Swedish coast and within the security perimeter of one of Sweden's major naval bases at Karlskrona had a major impact on the public and political debate on the question of a Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone (NFZ). The suggestion for a Nordic NFZ has been a recurrent one for over twenty years. The proposals exist in various forms, but all of them contain two major impediments to their being considered realistic: the exclusion of the Baltic, and the problem of Soviet nuclear weapons on the Kola Peninsula, in the USSR's Northern Fleet, and other USSR nuclear weapons capable of being used against targets in the Nordic region. The submarine stranding directly engaged these questions when Sweden announced that it believed the USSR submarine contained one or more torpedoes armed with a nuclear warhead. This focused attention on the kinds and numbers of nuclear weapons carried by Soviet ships in the Baltic and in the Northern Fleet: torpedoes, submarine launched ballistic missiles, and cruise missiles launched by submarines and surface vessels. The numbers of these in the two fleets are quite substantial. The stranding also meant that the USSR had brought a nuclear weapon within the territory of a non-nuclear weapon state, though the stranding itself can be assumed to have been inadvertent.
Norwegian Petroleum Policy: Factors of Importance when Deciding the Extraction Rate
Authors: Gjerde Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

Gjerde, G. Norwegian Petroleum Policy: Factors of Importance when Deciding the Extraction Rate. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 95-103. Petroleum revenues have to a great extent been channelled into the Norwegian economy in the late 1970's. The recent fall in oil prices shows how exposed the Government is with respect to the disappearance of petroleum revenue. A strategy for the long-term production and use of petroleum revenue is required. To disconnect the use of petroleum revenues from the level of production of petroleum is important, so providing a strategy for risk-hedging, allowing the Government to use part of petroleum revenues to build up future-oriented export industries. Export of capital to offset decline in revenue is another risk-reducing measure as is internationalization of Norwegian industry. Problems in initiating such a policy are touched upon.
From Unanimity to Voting and Consensus: Trends and Phenomena in Joint Decision-Making by Governments
Authors: Törnudd Klaus 
Published: March 2007

Törnudd, K. From Unanimity to Voting and Consensus: Trends and Phenomena in Joint Decision-Making by Governments. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 163-177. The purpose of this article is to make certain preliminary observations regarding methods of making joint decisions by governments. It is possible to perceive a continuum extending from voting between different alternative proposals in conference assemblies with a minimum of negotiation, over various situations of voting or almost unanimous decisions with provisions for opting out, to consensus decisions requiring great efforts of negotiation at least until a 'smallest common denominator' is achieved. The consensus method has gained more prominence in recent years, reflecting a need to give procedural strength to the holders of real power resources who otherwise could be overwhelmed by the power of the vote. The comprehensive approach to decision-making associated with the use of the consensus method has profound effects on the whole conduct of work at multilateral conferences as well as on the substantive outcome — a matter requiring further analysis and study.