bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of abietic acid in bituminous coal
Authors: Golumbic C. , Hofer L. J. E. , Peebles W. C. , Orchin M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDispersions of a bituminous coal in phenanthrene were examined by X‐ray powder photography. A characteristic diffraction pattern was observed which was found to be identical with that given by partly amorphous abietic acid and aluminium and ferric abictates. No reliable estimate of the concentrations of these constituents could be made, but qualitative observations indicated that they arc minor constituents.
The esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds. IV. The bacteriostatic action of n‐alkyl 4‐hydroxybenzoates
Authors: Murrell W. G. , Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetailed growth curves based on progressive turbidity readings have been used to study the inhibition of Aerobacter aerogenes Type I, by a series of alkyl 4‐hydroxybentoates. Results in the lag phase are irregular, but it is apparent that the elongation of this phase becomes very marked at the higher concentrations of the inhibitor and that complete inhibition of growth occurs at a concentration that extends lag indefinitely rather than at one which reduces the growth rate to zero. Inhibition in the logarithmic phase, plotted as a function of inhibitor concentration, gives curves convex to the abscissa that contrast with experience of fungi, where characteristic concave adsorption forms have been obtained. However, the convexity of the present series of curves is likely to be a reflection of secondary effects associated with this method of determining bacterial inhibition, particularly in that there is a loss of viability in cells exposed to the higher concentrations. Determinations based on stationary populations arc convenient and give good agreement between experiments, but are not necessarily related in any simple fashion to growth rate inhibition.Although the order of increasing activity with increasing chain length of the esters is similar that found for fungi the activity of the methyl ester is less against Aerobacter aerogenes so that solubility difficulties soon prevent the attainment of a reasonable level of inhibition.Growth curve methods that use a relatively small inoculum with consequent lag phase of variable length do not appear well suited for a direct study of growth rate inhibition.Growth curve method that use a relatively small inoculum with consequent lag phase of variable length do not appear well suited for a direct study of growth rate inhibition. A simple method better suited to this purpose is being developed.
Catalytic oxidation of mono‐ethenoid fatty acids; The catalytic influence of cations of metals of the typical and transitional series in autoxidation processes
Authors: Skellon J. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of metal cations of the typical and transitional series in catalytic oxidation of oleic acid has been investigated over a wide range of conditions. The results of a series of oxidations, in which the catalyst metal ion content was adjusted to a constant value, have afforded new information concerning the intrinsic effect of metal ions on oxygen absorption by mono‐ethenoid acids.A new relative order of efficiency of metal cation catalysts in autoxidation processes has been obtained. The catalytic activity of the metal ions is correlated with their atomic structure and is shown to be a periodic function. A theory of catalytic activity is advanced applicable to metals used for promoting gaseous oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and esters, and for the oxidation of parent oils.
Some reactions of cerium and other rare earths with chlorine and hypochlorite
Authors: Vickery R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrevious work on the influence of basicity on the oxidation, hydrolysis of cerium salts included a preliminary study of its reaction with OCl‐ ions.1 The results then obtained have now been more fully examined and the work extended to yield the data here recorded.It is shown that compounds of the type RCl3, R(OCl)3 can be prepared by interaction of Cl2 and HOCl with the rare earth hydroxides and that these compounds exhibit the reactions Of hypochlorites. In the presence of water these compounds are unstable and their transitory formation is considered to be a fundamental reaction in Mosander's chlorination process and the ‘basic chloride’ process for the separation and purification of cerium.
The colorimetric bromothymol blue method for determining small quantities of nicotine
Authors: Rinthakul C. , Hannen J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid and accurate method for determination of nicotine in a large number of plant or dust samples is described. Nicotine is extracted with light petroleum from an alkaline suspension of finely powdered material. The petroleum is then shaken with dilute hydrochloric acid and the aqueous portion is made up to volume. An aliquot is treated with 0·04% bromothymol blue and a suitable buffer, and shaken with chloroform; the nicotine is determined by examination of the coloured chloroform extract in a Spekker absorptiometer, using a 601 violet filter.
Absorption of hydrogen sulphide by peat in the presence of ammonia
Authors: Campbell J. H. , Skilling W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe influence of the following factors on the efficiency of peat in removing hydrogen sulphide from mixtures of it with air, oxygen or nitrogen and 3 little ammonia has been investigated: (a) variation of ammonia supplied, (b) variation of oxygen content of gas, (c) variation of moisture content of peat, (d) variation of weight of peat, (e) variation of diameter of reaction tube, (f) dilution of peat with sawdust (g) sterilization of pent, and (h) depth of source of peat.In addition, the activities of other absorbents and of humic acids from peat have been examined, and figures for the saturation of peat with sulphur have been obtained; finally, the activity of peat and humic acids saturated with ammonia has been ascertained. A hypothesis has been submitted to explain the experimental evidence: this suggests that the reaction is based on combination of ammonia with the humic acids in pear, followed by the decomposition of the ammonium humates with hydrogen sulphide. The resulting ammonium hydrogen sulphide is then oxidized to ammonia and free sulphur, and the regenerated ammonia is available for further reaction.
The electrostatic ignitibility of dust clouds and powders
Authors: Boyle A. R. , Llewellyn F. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe electrostatic ignitibilities of a number of varied substances in the form of dust clouds or powders have been determined under a variety of conditions; the work is divided into three pans. Results for dust clouds of magnesium, aluminium, ferro‐manganese, zinc and silicon are given; under certain circumstances granular aluminium presents an electrostatic hazard of the same magnitude as magnesium. The minimum condenser energies required for the ignition of dust clouds of tetryl, acaroid resin, polymethyl methacrylate. sugar and flowers of sulphur are 0·012, 0·017, 0·5, 0·009 joules respectively; the effect on these ignitibilities of including a resistance in the discharge circuit aid of varying the size of the capacity is discussed. The electrostatic ignitibilities of guncotton and cordite in the dry state are 0·012 and 0·10 joules respectively. The effect of moisture content on the ignitibility of guncotton and the effect of panicle size, nitrogen content, and the size of the discharging capacity on the ignitibilities of nitrocellulose, guncotton and cordite is discussed.
Analysis of methylamines, with special reference to the products from ammonium salts and aqueous formaldehyde
Authors: Attwood C. W. , Ford I. A. M. , Hoyle E. R. , Parkes D. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods have been developed which allow of full analysis of the known basic products formed in the reaction between aqueous ammonium salts and formaldehyde, namely of ammonia, mono‐, di‐, and trimethylamines, and the condensation products of formaldehyde with mono‐ and dimethylamines. The methods have advantages Were those already proposed in that concentration of the solution of salts, which leads to changes in composition, is avoided.A method is also described for the approximate determination of the formic acid content of the reaction product.
Fabric‐base plastics. II. Interlaminar strength
Authors: Pepper K. W. , Riddell J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe strength of laminated plastics derives mainly from the fibrous reinforcement, but the fibres, being arranged in layers, cannot contribute to the interlaminar strength. The consequent weakness is revealed by a low cross‐tensile strength and a low shear strength parallel to the laminations. Three methods of test which have been used pith laminates ¼ in thick are described and compared with material greater than ¼ in. in thickness, two additional tests may be employed.Certain variables in the preparation of phenolic‐bonded laminates are shown not to be critical, but interlaminar of strength in common with other properties of reinforced plastics is sensitive to variations in the moisture content of the impregnated reinforcement at the time of pressing.The interlaminar strength of voidless products made from a phènol‐formaldehyde resin in alcoholic solution with absorbent paper or scoured fabrics is substantially constant over the range of resin content likely to be used in practice. With both types of reinforcement the limiting strength of the resin itself is approached—but not fully attained—at a resin content of 27%. There is no essential difference between the strengths obtained with scoured fabrics or absorbent paper.The beneficial effects of desizing and scouring are conclusively proved. While the scouring process used does not appear to be highly critical, desizing by itself is not an adequate pre‐treatment. Absence of twist in the threads of a fabric does not contribute to higher interlaminar strength.
High‐efficiency laboratory frac‐tionation. VI. The automatic control of still‐jacket temperature
Authors: Dixos O. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a high‐efficiency laboratory fractionating eoIumn, the control of the temperature of the jacket is of considerable importance and the hcat input .may require frequent adjustment. It simple(and rclatively cheap) nutomatic device is described which makes use of air thermometers as the temperature‐sensitic. celements The pressurc difference between two thermometers alters aJercury level and makes electrical contacts which switch the heater on or off by means of a relay.
Temperature sensitivity of plasticizer‐polymer systems
Authors: Dyson A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mechanical propcrtics of a plasticized polymer are gencnlly admitted to depend to a large extent on the viscosity of the plasticizer. It is shown that the tempernture dependence of the viscosity of a plasticizer may be less than that of a polymer, and that the addition of a plasticizer to a polymer may reduce the sensitivity of the systcm. This conclusion is in opposition to a common interpretation of the viscosity thcory of plasticizer action, but is shown to bc in accordance with experiment.
Ignition of acetaldehyde‐air and acetaldehyde‐oxygen mixtures
Authors: White A Greville , Joses Elwyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn view of the dangers said to attend the use of acetaldehyde in industrial processes, the sensitiveness to ignition of acetaldehyde vapour in admixture with air or oxygen was investigated. In the first series of experiments, case of ignition was measured by the minimum temperature at which spontaneous ignition occurred on admitting the gas mixture into a glass or metal‐lined tube kept at a specific temperature. This being a common method of determining ignition temperatures, the results could be compared with published data on other inflmmable gases and vapours. The experiment was carried out with mixtures of acetaldehyde and air or oxygen distributed over the range of maximum sensitiveness in each case. The most sensitive mixtures of acetaldehyde with air were those containing 30–60% of acetaldehyde, the lowest ignition temperature recorded being 176deg; c. in an aluminium tube; the most sensitive mixtures with oxygen contained 60–80°, of acetaldehyde, the minimum ignition temperature being 105° c. in glass or aluminium tubes. The results thus show that acetaldehyde is among the most dangerous of industrial solvents in respect of ignition by hot surfaces.In the second series of experiments, case of ignition was measured by the minimum current in the primary circuit of an induction coil which, on interruption, would produce between standard electrodes sparks which were capable of igniting the gas mixture. This being an arbitrary test, comparative tests with other explosive gases and vapours were also included. The most sensitive mixture of acetaldehyde and air in this test contained approximately 8%, of acetaldehyde. Compared with other inflammable gases and vapours, acetaldehyde did not appear unduly sensitive to ignition by a transient source of heat of this nature.These experiments indicate that the liability of acetaldehyde mixtures to accidental explosion in industrial operations is more likely to be due to a low ignition temperature than to exceptional sensitiveness to fugitive sources of heat such as electrical or frictional sparks. The formation of peracetic acid during the pre‐ignition oxidation of acetaldehyde could account for a number of the phenomena observed, and the explosive decomposition of peracetic acid round 110° c. may be responsible for the exceptionally low ignition temperatures of certain acetaldehyde—oxygen mixtures.
α‐monostearin and sodium stear‐ate as emulsifying agents. II. size distributions
Authors: Jellinek H. H. C. , Anson H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSize distributions have been, determined on emulsions containing α‐monostearin in water‐white‐oil and sodium stearate in water at definite time intervals. The stability of the emulsions was found, to depends on the concentration of the emulsifying agents and also on the mode of preparation of the emulsions. A homogenized emulsion was shown to be very much more stable than unhomogenized emulsions. The relationship between average diameters and specific areas with time has been found to be approximately linear. Inhomogeneitics and stability factors have been evaluated for these emulsions. A mathematical analysis of the distribution curves has been carried out.
The volume flow of asphalt
Authors: Reiner M. , Rigden P. J. , Thrower E. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements of the change in the dimensions of consolidated specimens of a mixture of bitumen and mineral filler under tension have shown that in addition to undergoing viscous flow the material progressively increases in volume. Both the shear and the volume‐flow have a viscous (permanent) and elastic (recoverable) component. A viscous Poisson ratio (σr) and a deformational Poisson ratio (σd) have been calculated; for the particular asphalt σc had a value of 0·085, and σd was nearly constant at a value of 0·175. Details are given of the method of calculating the viscous and the elastic shear deformation, and the viscous and elastic volume deformation.
Removal of oxygen from commercial cylinder‐hydrogen by means of palladized asbestos
Authors: Owen L. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of palladized asbestos in continuously removing oxgyen from a steady stream of cylinder hydrogen is investigated. Moisture produced from the reaction magnified image which is catalysed by the palladium catalyst, is absorbed and weighed: the results obtained at various temperatures are used to find out how far the catalyst can bring the reaction to completion.It is shown that the total oxygen present can also be estimated by this method.
An acid process for the production of chromic anhydride from chromite ore
Authors: Clay J. L. , Pearse J. F. , Trethewey D. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn acid process for the production of chromic anhydride from chromite ore has been developed on a pilot‐plant scale. The process, a modification of that proposed by Gresford and Wylie, was operated for six months to examine operating conditions and to determine data for design purposes. It was found to operate satisfactorily with both high‐ and low‐grade chromite ores and is suitable for large‐scale production of chromic anhydride.
The absorption of carbon dioxide by liquid drops
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Russell A. A. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe process of absorption of pure carbon dioxide by individual drops of water has been studied. It has been shown that, contrary to the assumption of previous workers, the rate of gas absorption of a drop during the period of formation may be very high, especially when the time of formation is short. This is due to the turbulence produced within the drop by the injection of the supply jet, which reduces the resistance to diffusion at the surface of the drop. The absorption coefficient of drops during formation has been shown to be inversely proportional to a function of the time of formation, and directly proportional to the ‘degree of turbulence,’ a concept which can be expressed in terms of orifice dimensions. The influence of the ‘degree of turbulence’ on the magnitude of the overall absorption coeficients used in chemical engineering computations is discussed.
The chlorination of ethylene and propylene. II. The chlorination of propylene
Authors: Galitzenstein E. , Woolf C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe work on the chlorination at ordinary temperatures of the lower olefines in the liquid phase, and in the presence of ferric chloride and antimony trichloride as catalysts, has been continued, and the reactions of propylene have been studied.As with ethylene, the main reaction was that of addition at the double bond, but larger proportions of substituted by‐products were formed than with ethylene. Thus the chief product was 1 : 2‐dichloropropane (propylene dichloride). Of the five possible trichloropropanes, the 1:2: 3‐compound was predominant, but the 1:1:2‐ and 1:2: 2‐trichloropropanes were also present.
The gravimetric determination of solids in steam condensate
Authors: Rayner J. E. , Logie D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn apparatus has been developed for the gravimetric determination of solids in steam by the continuous evaporation of large samples of condensate in a dust‐free atmosphere. A high rate of evaporation is achieved without actual boiling, perfect evenness of operation being made possible by frequent small increments of sample. The apparatus is completely automatic and trouble‐free and shuts itself down in the event of electrical breakdown, or at the completion of the evaporation of the sample. This is made possible by the use of an electronic control unit.
An improved method for the estimation of combined fucose in seaweeds
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. , Dewar E. T. , Percival E. G. V. , Ross A. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn improved method for the estimation of combined fucose in ground seaweed samples is described. The oxidation of the fucose liberated on hydrolysis is conducted with periodate at a controlled pH, and the acctaldehyde liberated is estimated colorimetrically.
The chlorination of α‐chloroethylbenzene. I
Authors: Galitzenstein E. , Woolf C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe action of various catalysts in the chlorination of α‐chloro‐ethylbenzene has been studied. Although the use of ferric chloride, antimony pentachloride and titanic chloride leads to decomposition with the evolution of hydrogen chloride, nuclear substitution takes place readily in the presence of stannic chloride. Iodine also has been found to be a very powerful and efficient catalyst, 0.25% being sufficient for the chlorination at room temperature. A surprising feature of the iodine‐catalysed chlorination is that part of the chlorine reacts by addition to the benzene nucleus; the pyrolysis of the chlorination product to split off hydrogen chloride, leaving normal nuclear‐chlorinated benzene derivatives, has also been investigated.
Sodium nitrite as an inhibitor against the attack of sea‐water on steel. III. Inhibitor in sea‐water/distilled water mixtures
Authors: Hoar T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe corrosion of mild steel by sea‐water/distilled water mixtures at 25° or 60° c. can be completely inhibited by the presence of 3 percentage (w/v) of sodium nitrite greater than 1,5 of the sea‐water percentage (v/v). Similar sodium nitrite additions inhibit the corrosion of white metal by such waters and decrease the corrosion of copper (especially at 60°c. indicate they have no appreciable influence on the corrosion of brass at 25° c. Corrosion‐potential measurements at 25°c. indicate that nitrite is an anodic inhibitor. These and other results suggest that its main action is the oxidation of ferrous compounds to ferric, stannous to stannic, and cuprous to cupric, with a concomitant rise in pH, so that the very sparingly soluble higher oxides or hydrous oxides arc readily precipitated at anodic places and stifle corrosion.
The control of foaming. II. The breakdown mechanisms and volume of dynamic foams
Authors: Pattle R. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms controlling the volume of foam formed by air bubbling continously through a liquid have been studied. Examples are given in which one—coalescence of bubbles within the foam— or another—bursting of bubblos at the top of the foam—predominates. The effect of alcohols in enhancing foaming, as well as in destroying foam is noted. The effect of the gm flow rate on foam volume has bed investigated and is found to differs from liquid to liquid. No simple relation between the two exists In the present state of our knowledge the foam volume under‐& given circumstances an be found only by experiment.
Electrochemical behaviour of paint films in sea‐water: A suggested mechanism
Authors: Crennell J. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe cathodic character of painted or otherwise partially screened steel in sea‐water is explained by the retention behind the pint‐film of the products of reaction of local corrosion couples. Local anodes behind the film will be suppressed by accumulation of ferrous ions. Alkalinity produced at local cathodes renders the steel passive and so encourages passage of further current in the same direction.Experiments are described showing that an iron electrode transferred from neutral to alkaline salt solution becomes temporarily anodic, then quickly becomes cathodic as passivity develops.
The influence of solid properties on heat transfer from a fluidized solid medium
Authors: Campbell J. R. , Rumford F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA range of five solids, of widely‐varying physical properties, were fluidized, as powders, by 3 heated air stream. Rates of heat transfer to a cooling coil increased in the fluidized media were measured. It is shown the hear‐transfer coefficients obtained are relatively independent of the solid conductivities, and appear to vary as the product of (surface per unit volume of the fluidized solid) and (conductivity of static powdered material). The results are compared with those published recently by other workers.
Flow through whirling tubes
Authors: Zychlin H. , Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn various experiments in these laboratories it has become necessary to consider the effect on the energy dissipated in friction of a force acting normally to the direction of the flow‐path of a liquid. It appeared that such a case was analogous to that of a liquid constrained to flow in a coiled tube, wherein the energy dissipation is higher than in a straight tube of the same length and bore; and furthermore in the curved path a type of streamline motion persists to Reynolds' numbers which arc far greater than the lower limit of turbulence in a straight tube. The experiments described were carried out to test this analogy.