bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Oxide Thickness for Efficient Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth on Silicon Using Thin SiO2 Diffusion Barriers
Authors: Simmons Jason M. , Nichols Beth M. , Marcus Matthew S. , Castellini Olivia M. , Hamers Robert J. , Eriksson Mark A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ability to integrate carbon nanotubes, especially single‐walled carbon nanotubes, seamlessly onto silicon would expand their range of applications considerably. Though direct integration using chemical vapor deposition is the simplest method, the growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes on bare silicon and on ultrathin oxides is greatly inhibited due to the formation of a noncatalytic silicide. Using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that silicide formation occurs on ultrathin oxides due to thermally activated metal diffusion through the oxide. Silicides affect the growth of single‐walled nanotubes more than multi‐walled nanotubes due to the increased kinetics at the higher single‐walled nanotube growth temperature. We demonstrate that nickel and iron catalysts, when deposited on clean silicon or ultrathin silicon dioxide layers, begin to form silicides at relatively low temperatures, and that by 900 °C, all of the catalyst has been incorporated into the silicide, rendering it inactive for subsequent single‐walled nanotube growth. We further show that a 4‐nm silicon dioxide layer is the minimum diffusion barrier thickness that allows for efficient single‐walled nanotube growth.
Short‐term efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic interventions in osteoarthritic knee pain: A meta‐analysis of randomised placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Bjordal Jan Magnus , Klovning Atle , Ljunggren Anne Elisabeth , Slørdal Lars 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground: Pain is the most debilitating symptom in osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK).Aim and methods: To determine the short‐term pain‐relieving effects of seven commonly used pharmacological agents for OAK pain by performing a systematic review of randomised placebo‐controlled trials.Results: In total, 14,060 patients in 63 trials were evaluated. Opioids and oral NSAIDs therapy in patients with moderate to severe pain (mean baseline 64.3 and 72.8mm on VAS respectively) had maximum efficacies compared to placebo at 2–4 weeks of 10.5mm [95% CI: 7.4–13.7] and 10.2mm [95% CI: 8.8–11.2] respectively. The efficacy of opioids may be inflated by high withdrawal rates (24–50%) and “best‐case” scenarios reported in intention‐to‐treat analyses. In patients with moderate pain scores on VAS (mean range from 51 to 57mm), intra‐articular steroid injections and topical NSAIDs had maximum efficacies at 1–3 weeks of 14.5mm [95% CI: 9.7–19.2] and 11.6 mm [95% CI: 7.4–15.7], respectively. Paracetamol, glucosamin sulphate and chondroitin sulphate had maximum mean efficacies at 1–4 weeks of only 4.7mm or lower.Heterogeneity tests revealed that best efficacy values of topical NSAIDs may be slightly deflated, while data for oral NSAIDs may be slightly inflated due to probable patient selection bias.Conclusion: Clinical effects from pharmacological interventions in OAK are small and limited to the first 2–3 weeks after start of treatment. The pain‐relieving effects over placebo in OAK are smaller than the patient‐reported thresholds for relevant improvement.
Habitat association of plaice, sole, and lemon sole in the English Channel
Authors: Hinz Hilmar , Bergmann Melanie , Shucksmith Richard , Kaiser Michel J. , Rogers Stuart I. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Flatfish have been the subject of scientific research since the beginning of the 19th century, but information on specific habitat requirements of adult life stages is incomplete. This study investigates the association between benthic habitat and the adult life stage of three flatfish species (plaice, sole, and lemon sole). Data from groundfish surveys spanning nine years were used to identify three distinct site groups: sites where a species was consistently abundant, sites of variable or low abundance, and sites at which no fish were caught. We hypothesize that these three site groups should represent a gradient in habitat suitability from highly suitable to unsuitable. Habitat parameters for each site group and species are described and analysed. Besides large-scale physical parameters, the importance of structuring epifauna and prey availability was investigated. Plaice and sole showed similar trends for most abiotic parameters, whereas lemon sole was found over distinctly different habitats. Sediment associations differed between the three species. No clear association was found between flatfish abundance, structuring epifauna, and prey availability within this study. Contradictory results between prey abundance assessed by grab samples and the nutritive state of plaice suggested that the sampling scale used might have been inappropriate to determine prey availability accurately. Plaice appear to sample prey more effectively at the appropriate spatial scales, so the nutritive state of the fish might be a more reliable indicator for prey availability and thus habitat quality.
Mitochondrial DNA analyses of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) suggest a single genetic stock in the ROPME sea area (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea)
Authors: Hoolihan John P. , Anandh Prem , van Herwerden Lynne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe studied the genetic stock structure of Scomberomorus commerson (locally called kingfish) using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing analyses of mtDNA samples from seven locations within the ROPME sea area (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea). A 475-bp segment from the D-loop region was screened in 218 samples using six restriction enzymes, resulting in 22 composite haplotypes. Mean nucleotide diversity for the seven populations was 0.025 (±0.000). An AMOVA comparison among groups of individuals inside and outside the Gulf showed 0.49% variation (p = 0.201), whereas the variation of populations within these groups was 0.05% (p = 0.408). The mean FST value for population pairwise comparisons was 0.010. To further resolve genealogies, sequence analysis was performed on a 330-bp fragment from the same segment for 193 fish. The genetic variance estimated across all populations was similar to the RFLP data, indicating a homogeneous distribution consistent with a single intermingling genetic stock. Based on the genetic marker tested, the null hypothesis that kingfish within the ROPME sea area constitutes a single stock cannot be rejected, but considering that a few migrating fish can reduce heterogeneity to where genetic drift is undetectable, panmixia cannot be confirmed. The results cautiously suggest that adopting a single-stock model and regional shared management are appropriate for sustainable long-term use of this important resource. More rigorous genetic testing using additional neutral markers, and mark-recapture experiments to detect spatial movement patterns, are recommended to further elucidate any stock substructure.
Impact of resection margin status after nephron‐sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: BERDJIS NAVID , HAKENBERG OLIVER W. , ZASTROW STEFAN , OEHLSCHLÄGER SVEN , NOVOTNY VLADIMIR , WIRTH MANFRED P. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo evaluate whether the negative‐margin width after nephron‐sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with tumour recurrence.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 121 patients had nephron‐sparing surgery for non‐metastatic RCC for elective (85 cases) and imperative (36 cases) indications. Intraoperative frozen sections were routinely obtained and revealed negative margins in all patients. The tumour size and the shortest distance of normal parenchyma around the tumour were assessed.RESULTSAfter a mean (range) follow‐up of 49.3  (12‐113) months, six patients had disease progression (three with local recurrence, two of whom also had distant metastases and pure metastatic disease in three). The mean (range) width of the negative margins was 0.56 (0.1–2.3) cm. The width of the resection margin did not correlate with disease progression, while tumour size was a strong predictor of progression (P < 0.02). The mean tumour size was 5.1 cm in patients with progression and 3.1 cm in patients who remained recurrence‐free.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggest that the width of the resection margin, unlike tumour size, does not influence the risk of tumour recurrence.
Location of interstitial cells and neurotransmitters in the mouse bladder
Authors: LAGOU MAGDALINI , DE VENTE JAN , KIRKWOOD THOMAS B. , HEDLUND PETTER , ANDERSSON KARL‐ERIK , GILLESPIE JAMES I. , DRAKE MARCUS J. 
Published: May 2006

INTRODUCTIONTo investigate whether interstitial cells (ICs) are present in the adult mouse bladder, and what transmitters characterize adjacent nerve fibres, as ICs in human and guinea‐pig bladder lie close to nerve fibres but transmitters present in these nerves have not yet been reported.MATERIALS AND METHODSSections of the bladder wall from 12 adult male mice (six each, aged 3–4  or 18–24 months) were incubated in carboxygenated Krebs’ solution containing isobutyl‐methyl‐xanthene (1 mm), followed by the nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylamino‐NONOate; control tissues remained in Krebs’ solution. Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for immunofluorescence histochemistry for cGMP, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), vesicular acetylcholine transferase (VAChT), calcitonin gene‐related polypeptide (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5. ICs were identified as non‐neuronal cells of appropriate morphology manifesting an increase in cGMP after exposure to the NO donor.RESULTSICs were apparent in the outer muscle, but not the inner muscle or suburothelial region. nNOS‐ and CGRP‐immunoreactive fibres were close to and alongside IC processes. In contrast, nerve fibres containing VAChT were only occasionally found close to ICs and rarely running alongside them. ICs showed no immunoreactivity to c‐kit. There was no overt difference in IC cell distribution between young and aged adult specimens. Older mice showed patchy denervation of the detrusor, but ICs were not specifically affected.CONCLUSIONSICs are confined to the outer part of the bladder wall in the mouse and may receive peptidergic and nitrergic innervation, which might serve to modulate their putative functional role. Alterations in the overall IC population do not appear to underlie ageing‐related changes in lower urinary tract function.
Caught in the Act? Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Physician Detection of Unannounced Standardized Patients
Authors: Franz Carol E. , Epstein Ron , Miller Katherine N. , Brown Arthur , Song Jun , Feldman Mitchell , Franks Peter , Kelly‐Reif Steven , Kravitz Richard L. 
Published: May 2006

Objective. To examine the prevalence, predictors, and consequences of physician detection of unannounced standardized patients (SPs) in a study of the impact of direct‐to‐consumer advertising on treatment for depression.Data Sources. Eighteen trained SPs were randomly assigned to conduct 298 unannounced audio‐recorded visits with 152 primary care physicians in three U.S. cities between May 2003 and May 2004.Study Design. Randomized controlled trial using SPs. SPs portrayed six roles, created by crossing two clinical conditions (major depression or adjustment disorder) with three medication request scripts (brand‐specific request, general request for an antidepressant, or no request).Data Collection. Within 2 weeks following the visit, physicians completed a form asking whether they “suspected” conducting an office visit with an SP during the past 2 weeks; 296 (99 percent) detection forms were returned. Physicians provided contextual data, a Clinician Background Questionnaire. SPs filled in a Standardized Patient Reporting Form for each visit and returned all written prescriptions and medication samples to the laboratory.Principal Findings. Depending on the definition, detection rates ranged from 5 percent (unambiguous detection) to 23.6 percent (any degree of suspicion) of SP visits. In 12.8 percent of encounters, physicians accurately detected the SP before or during the visit but they only rarely believed their suspicions affected their clinical behavior. In random effects logistic regression analyses controlling for role, actor, physician, and practice factors, suspected visits occurred less frequently in HMO settings than in solo practice settings (p<.05). Physicians more frequently referred SPs to mental health professionals when visits aroused high suspicion (p<.05).Conclusions. Trained actors portrayed patient roles conveying mood disorders at low levels of detection. There was some evidence for differential treatment of detected standardized patients by physicians with regard to referrals but not antidepressant prescribing or follow‐up recommendations. Systematic assessment of detection is recommended when SPs are used in studies of clinical process and quality of care.
Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender*
Authors: Hargittai Eszter , Shafer Steven 
Published: May 2006

Objective. The literature on gender and technology use finds that women and men differ significantly in their attitudes toward their technological abilities. Concurrently, existing work on science and math abilities of students suggests that such perceived differences do not always translate into actual disparities. We examine the yet‐neglected area concerning gender differences with respect to Internet‐use ability. In particular, we test how self‐perceived abilities are related to actual abilities and how these may differ by gender.Methods. We use new data on web‐use skill to test empirically whether there are differences in men's and women's abilities to navigate online content. We draw on a diverse sample of adult Internet users to investigate the questions raised.Results. Findings suggest that men and women do not differ greatly in their online abilities. However, we find that women's self‐assessed skill is significantly lower than that of men.Conclusions. Women's lower self‐assessment regarding their web‐use skills may affect significantly the extent of their online behavior and the types of uses to which they put the medium. We discuss the implications of these findings for social inequality.
Eastern Literacy, Greek Alphabet, and Homer
Authors: Teodorsson Sven-Tage 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe still ongoing discussion about the question as to when the Homeric poems were recorded in writing is paradoxical, considering that Milman Parry did not present a clear idea of this issue, while Albert Lord declared his unequivocal opinion that Homer himself dictated them. The notion of a long period of oral transmission until they were finally recorded in the Pisistratean recension can be seen as a continuation of the old 'analyst' theory. It is now time to abandon this theory, seeing that the evidence in favour of recording in the eighth century has become increasingly stronger in recent decades. Three contemporary factors in that century together form decisive evidence indicating that the recording happened at that time, (1) the intense influence of Eastern culture, not least the influence of literacy, (2) the newly invented Greek alphabet, and (3) the appearance of the genius of Homer.
An Example of the Value of Strong Climatological Signals in Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting: Hurricane Ivan (2004)
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Leslie Lance M. , Fiedler Brian H. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Since 1970, tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts have improved steadily in the Atlantic basin. This improvement has been linked primarily to advances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Concurrently, with few exceptions, the development and operational use of statistical track prediction schemes have experienced a relative decline. Statistical schemes provided the most accurate TC track forecasts until approximately the late 1980s. In this note, it is shown that increased reliance on the global NWP models does not always guarantee the best forecast. Here, Hurricane Ivan is used from the 2004 Atlantic TC season as a classical example, and reminder, of how strong climatological signals still can add substantial value to TC track forecasts, in the form of improved accuracy and increased timeliness at minimal computational cost.
In an 8-day period in early September 2004, Hurricane Ivan was repeatedly, and incorrectly, forecast by 12 operational NWP models to move with a significant northward (poleward) component. It was found that the mean 24-h trajectory forecasts of a consensus of five commonly used NWP track prediction aids had a statistically significant right-of-track bias. Furthermore, the official track forecasts, which relied heavily on erroneous numerical guidance over this period, were also found to have significant poleward trajectory errors. At the same time, a climatology-based prediction technique, drawn entirely from the historical record of motion characteristics of TCs in geographical locations similar to Ivan, correctly and consistently indicated a more westward motion component, had a small directional spread, and was supported by a large number of archived cases. This climatological signal was in conflict with the deterministic NWP model output, and it is suggested that the large errors in the official track forecast for TC Ivan could have been reduced considerably by taking into greater account such a strong climatological signal. The potential impact of such an error reduction is a saving of lives and billions of dollars in both actual damage and unnecessary evacuations costs, for just this one hurricane. We also suggest that this simple strategy of examining the strength of the climatological signal be considered for all TCs to identify cases where the NWP and official forecasts differ significantly from strong, persistent climatological signals.
The Power Not to Be (What We Are): The Politics and Ethics of Self-creation in Foucault
Authors: Hofmeyr Benda 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo some extent, Foucault’s later works on ethics provides an opportunity to go beyond some of the controversies generated by his work of the 1970s. It was thought, for example, that Foucault had overstated the extent to which individuals could be ‘subjected’ to the influence of power, leaving them little room to resist. This paper will consider the ‘politics’ of self-creation. We shall attempt to establish to what extent Foucault’s later notion of self-formation does in fact succeed in countering an over determination by power. In the end, though, it would appear as if Foucault’s turn to ethics amounts to a substitution of ethics, understood as an individualized task, for the political task of collective social transformation. What is at stake is whether or not Foucault’s insistence on individual acts of resistance amounts to more than an empty claim that ethics still somehow has political implications whilst having in fact effectively given up on politics. It will be argued that the subject of the later Foucault’s ethics, the individual, can only be understood as political subjectivity, i.e. that the political potential of individual action is not only ‘added on’ as an adjunct, but that individual action is intrinsically invested with political purport.
Adherence to the screening program for HBV infection in pregnant women delivering in Greece
Authors: Papaevangelou Vassiliki , Hadjichristodoulou Christos , Cassimos Dimitrios , Theodoridou Maria 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis B infection (HBV) is a major Public Health Problem.
Perinatal transmission can be prevented with the identification of HBsAg(+) women and administration of immunoprophylaxis to their newborns. A national prevention programme for HBV with universal screening of pregnant women and vaccination of infants is in effect since 1998 in Greece.

Methods
To evaluate adherence to the national guidelines, all women delivering in Greece between 17–30/03/03 were included in the study. Trained health professionals completed a questionnaire on demographic data, prenatal or perinatal screening for HBsAg and the implementation of appropriate immunoprophylaxis.

Results
During the study period 3,760 women delivered. Prenatal screening for HBsAg was documented in 91.3%. Greek women were more likely to have had prenatal testing. HBsAg prevalence was 2.89% (95%CI 2.3–3.4%). Higher prevalence of HBV-infection was noted in immigrant women, especially those born in Albania (9.8%). Other risk factors associated with maternal HBsAg (+) included young maternal age and absence of prenatal testing. No prenatal or perinatal HBsAg testing was performed in 3.2% women. Delivering in public hospital and illiteracy were identifiable risk factors for never being tested. All newborns of identified HBsAg (+) mothers received appropriate immunoprophylaxis.

Conclusion
The prevalence of HBsAg in Greek pregnant women is low and comparable to other European countries. However, immigrant women composing almost 20% of our childbearing population, have significant higher prevalence rates. There are still women who never get tested. Universal vaccination against HBV at birth and reinforcement of perinatal testing of all women not prenatally tested should be discussed with Public Health Authorities.
Viral particles of the endogenous retrovirus ZAM from Drosophila melanogasteruse a pre-existing endosome/exosome pathway for transfer to the oocyte
Authors: Brasset E , Taddei AR , Arnaud F , Faye B , Fausto AM , Mazzini M , Giorgi F , Vaury C 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Retroviruses have evolved various mechanisms to optimize their transfer to new target cells via late endosomes. Here, we analyzed the transfer of ZAM, a retroelement from Drosophila melanogaster, from ovarian follicle cells to the oocyte at stage 9–10 of oogenesis, when an active yolk transfer is occurring between these two cell types.

Results
Combining genetic and microscopic approaches, we show that a functional secretory apparatus is required to tether ZAM to endosomal vesicles and to direct its transport to the apical side of follicle cells. There, ZAM egress requires an intact follicular epithelium communicating with the oocyte. When gap junctions are inhibited or yolk receptors mutated, ZAM particles fail to sort out the follicle cells.

Conclusion
Overall, our results indicate that retrotransposons do not exclusively perform intracellular replication cycles but may usurp exosomal/endosomal traffic to be routed from one cell to another.