bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
British Castle Studies in the Late 20th and 21st Centuries
Authors: Speight Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFew areas of medieval research have been so polarised in the late 20th century as castle studies. With two schools of thought pulling in opposite directions, one towards the castle as fortress, one towards the castle as residence, efforts have been channelled into justifying these camps rather than exploring common ground. Yet many of the approaches on offer are compatible both with each other and with a more inclusive examination of medieval society that examines castles as venues and stages for human behaviour rather than as mere architectural forms. The key to moving forward and opening up new vistas is multi‐ and inter‐disciplinarity; using a wider range of models and sources to examine function and use, and using our historiographical skills to reduce mechanism and determinism in favour of a holistic approach to medieval ‘real’ life.
A Brief History of Cinema from Bombay to ‘Bollywood’
Authors: Bhaumik Kaushik 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Bombay film industry began in 1896 with the exhibition of imported films and soon diversified into production of feature‐length films. Adventure romance films dominated the silent period. With the onset of the talkies, romantic melodrama mixed with social realism dominated by music became the principal film genre of Bombay cinema. This cinema is thought to have reflected the social reformist agenda of the Nehruvian state. The 1970s saw the advent of the multi‐generic entertainment extravaganza replete with dramatic dialogue and spectacular song and dance sequences (popularly referred to as masala films). The masala film continues to dominate Bombay film production and has, since the 1990s, assumed global popularity.
‘On with the Show’: American Popular Entertainment as Cultural and Social History
Authors: Springhall John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis piece argues that American historians of commercial amusements before television have, in recent years, published important work that places their chosen entertainment forms within a reliable cultural and historical framework. Showman and promoter P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York is identified as central to the history of American show business from minstrelsy to vaudeville.
Famines in (South) Asia
Authors: Hall‐Matthews David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMost historical studies of South Asian famines have appropriately taken a political economy approach, allowing them to critique colonial governance and free trade policy. It would be useful to see more work on social and enviromental aspects of famine. There is a danger, however, typified by Mike Davis’ recent book, that analysis of the role of climate in causing famine can depoliticise the problem. Further studies are still needed of the politics of famine, under communist as well as capitalist systems.
Asking New Questions about the Partition of the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Khan Yasmin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFierce historical controversy has raged over the causes of the partition of India, ever since Pakistan was created in 1947. This article briefly analyses these debates, but here the major focus is upon the consequences of partition and the new wave of historiography which has emerged in recent years, especially since the fiftieth anniversary of partition in 1997. These new histories have centred upon the experience of ordinary people, and have emphasised the trauma caused by widespread violence and mass migration. This article questions why these histories of violence have struggled to find their place in a more comprehensive and integrated narrative of the events of 1947, and why a gulf still separates the ‘popular’ and the ‘political’ in partition histories.
Pakistan: A Contemporary Searchlight
Authors: Malik Iftikhar 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis piece highlights some of the main areas of scholarly research and media reportage on Pakistan, which is not only one of the largest Muslim states but also operates as an important bridgehead between South and South‐western Asia. Some of the recent and notable multi‐disciplinary studies, by both foreign and Pakistani publishing houses, are also appended in the list.
Historians and the South African Truth Commission
Authors: Saunders Christopher 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission has attracted a large literature, and is now widely hailed as a model of how to proceed with transitional justice in a post‐conflict situation. This article is not concerned with the working of the Commission, or what it contributed to reconciliation in South Africa, but considers why historians were not more involved in its work, and what their attitudes have been to the findings of the TRC. The importance of the vast archive that the TRC collected is emphasized, but it seems unlikely that access will be granted to this archive in the near future.
How Stiff were their Upper Lips? Research on Late‐Victorian and Edwardian Masculinity
Authors: Heathorn Stephen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is an abundance of scholarship on middle‐class and elite masculinity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the notion of a male ‘flight from domesticity’. But there is little solid research on the working classes, and there is a need to connect contemporary prescriptions about masculinity with the actual practices of men of all classes for this era.
Controversies in Sri Lankan History
Authors: Strathern Alan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis Viewpoint gives a brief introduction to the ongoing controversies of Sri Lankan historiography, which the current ethnic conflict has served to intensify and politicize. Scholars of many different disciplines, indeed all manner of commentators, have been arguing about how much continuity can be seen in the nature of the state, ethnic identity and religious identity as these have developed over the last 2000 years of history.
Understanding Marriage Dowry
Authors: Majumdar Rochona 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe dowry problem has not been known to produce suicides elsewhere in the world. Women without dowries or adequate dowries often ended up in convents or religious homes in England or Italy. Suicides and murders of young women on account of their family's inability to gather the requisite amount of dowry is unique to South Asia. What then, one wonders, is the practice of dowry all about? Is it something that represents unremitting oppression to all women or are there aspects to the practice that can in fact be empowering to those who receive dowry? How do we begin to comprehend women's complicity in the giving and taking of dowry and what is the relationship between such actions and law? This review article is an attempt to answer some of these questions by surveying the existing literature on dowry.
Privacy in Modern China
Authors: McDougall Bonnie S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite a common belief that ‘the Chinese’ have no concept of privacy, there is a well‐established tradition of private property and privacy values in traditional and modern China. In the twentieth century, rhetoric on the public good generally prevailed over individualism and subjectivity, but privacy practices, especially within the family, persisted despite the state's intrusions into private life. Both privacy and private property were re‐evaluated in the post‐Mao era, giving rise to a new appreciation of privacy functions and values.
An Historiographical Overview of Environmental History in South Africa
Authors: Nell Dawn 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article identifies key themes in environmental history in South Africa and points to how research in environmental history has contributed to our understanding of the South African past, ranging from the pre‐colonial period to the late‐twentieth century and the anti‐apartheid struggle. The article notes how research on the environmental practices of indigenous African societies in the pre‐colonial era has furthered understandings of these societies more broadly; how the environment is seen by many historians to have been integral to the processes of conquest and resistance to colonial rule; and how societal tensions in an increasingly racialized South Africa found expression in conflict over environmental resources and interventions.
Confessionalization: Reformation, Religion, Absolutism, and Modernity
Authors: Boettcher Susan R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article describes the theoretical aspects of forty years of research on confessionalization, the dominant idea for interpreting the later German Reformation (1555–1649). It describes programmatic statements, important debates, and research that supports and challenges the paradigm in the area of political and social history. It suggests cultural and intellectual history as strong possibilities for further research on the late Reformation.
The Czech Revolution of 1848: The Pivot of the Habsburg Revolutions
Authors: Dimond Mark 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Czechs contributed to the failure of the 1848 Habsburg Revolutions. Firstly, an uncontrollable Prague Revolution led to Habsburg military intervention, giving the military confidence to intervene elsewhere within the empire. Then political stalemate between Slav and German delegates at Kroměříž enabled the Emperor to re‐establish an absolutist monarchy.
Shifting Priorities: Australia's Defence Ties to Britain in the Aftermath of Empire
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor the best part of two centuries, the defence of the Australian continent was almost entirely dependent on the global supremacy of the British navy. The decline of British sea power, particularly in the years after the Second World War, was therefore highly unwelcome in Australia, and brought recurring difficulties in the Anglo‐Australian relationship. Most scholarship to date has focused on the two symbolic moments of British capitulation in Australia's region – the fall of Singapore in 1942, and the decision of the Wilson government some twenty‐five years later to withdraw all British forces from east of Suez. A familiar picture has emerged of overstretched British governments reluctantly cutting their losses in the Far East, while Australian governments applied every means at their disposal to persuade the British to stay. But this picture fails to take into account the impact of the decline of British power on Australian strategic thinking. An examination of British–Australian defence relations in the immediate aftermath of Wilson's ‘East of Suez’ policy shows that the Australian government not only recognized the necessity of Britain's withdrawal, but also regarded the Conservative Party's threat to reverse Wilson's decision as potentially inimical to Australia's interest in the region. For the first time in modern Australian history, Australians questioned the traditional precepts of imperial protection as a possible liability rather than the keystone of their survival.
On History, Historians and Silence
Authors: Jenkins Keith 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this short article I argue that, for Lyotard, the ethically responsible historian need not ‘fill in’ the ‘Silences of History’ by empirical noise; there are times when silence speaks volumes. The Holocaust/Auschwitz are examples of this; for Lyotard these are ‘test cases’ for the shortfall of the empirical, the shortfall of the epistemological, indicating the poverty of all forms of historical representation. And Lyotard is happy about this condition – is happy that historians always get things wrong – for it allows him to connect up his idea of the differend to justice and freedom and to the notion of an ethically responsible historian who is not at all like the historian ‘as we have come to know him/her’. And so this article calls us to refigure history/historians in new ways.
Juan Manuel de Rosas: Authoritarian Caudillo and Primitive Populist
Authors: Shumway Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractJuan Manuel de Rosas governed Argentina between 1829 and 1852, with a brief interlude in the early 1830s. His rule and his legacy have provoked deep divisions in Argentine society, and much of the history written of him has come in the extremes of diatribes and vindication. The exact nature of the Rosas era and how he governed, therefore, continues to be discussed as historians try to get beyond impassioned polemics. This article provides a brief background on the historiography on Rosas, his rise to power, and, using examples from Afro‐Argentines, gauchos, and Indians, demonstrates how Rosas used a combination of authoritarianism and populism to maintain power and stability during his rule.
The Debate on the Fourth Crusade
Authors: Harris Jonathan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article examines attempts over the past 200 years to account for the diversion of the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople and its sack of the city in 1204. While nineteenth‐century scholars dreamed up far‐fetched conspiracy theories, their successors often put the whole thing down to a series of unforeseen accidents. The debate now seems to have reached a stage where historians set the episode in a much wider context and consider a multitude of factors, though the element of chance will probably always have to feature.
Spices in the Middle Ages
Authors: Freedman Paul 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSpices were highly prized in the Middle Ages for their culinary, medicinal and liturgical calue. They also had the attraction of exotic and mysterious origins. Their historical significance lies in their role as consumer items, their symbolic association with luxury but also with the sacred, and the stimulus the demand for spices gave to European voyages of exploration and colonization at the end of the Middle Ages.
The Many Faces of El Supremo: Historians, History, and Dr. Francia
Authors: Cooney Jerry W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDr. José Gaspar de Francia, the first great dictator of Paraguay (1814–1840), has been an object of interest since the early 1800s. In an effort to preserve the independence of his nation, he isolated Paraguay politically from the outside world. Internally, he crushed the power of the Spanish merchant class, brought the old colonial elite to obedience, and subordinated the Church to his will. The state directed both the internal economy and the limited external trade. The dictator allowed no political liberty, but during his long regime Dr. Francia created a nation out of a people. Until the mid‐twentieth century historians relied on the few available contemporary accounts of Dr. Francia's Paraguay. Polemics too often replaced objective analysis of his dictatorship. At various times, he was portrayed as a bloodthirsty tyrant, the denier of liberal progress, the defender of national sovereignty, the personification of Rousseau's “Popular Will,” and the progenitor of dictatorships that have cursed Paraguayan history. Even after archival research brought El Supremo (as he became known) into greater focus, controversy surrounded historical interpretations of Francia and his Paraguay. In the latter part of the twentieth century, it was proposed that he was a “leveler” of the colonial class society, a popular revolutionary, and a defender of traditional Paraguayan values. This article analyzes the various historical interpretations of Dr. Francia over the past two centuries and their origins in the political environment of the times. It concludes with suggestions for future research upon El Supremo and his Paraguay.
The New Venice: Historians and Historiography in the 21st Century Lagoon
Authors: Horodowich Liz 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough the Renaissance is typically most closely associated with the city of Florence, recent scholarship on the history of Venice provocatively calls this connection into question. While humanism and classicism have traditionally characterized the Renaissance in Florence, historians now argue that the vibrancy of early modern culture also resulted from inc reased cross‐cultural interaction, the development of capitalism and markets, and the process of statebuilding. When one views the Renaissance in this light, Venice takes on a new importance in the early modern world as the epicenter from which the energies of the early modern world emanated. Recent Venetian scholarship also hotly debates a variety of other topics, such as gender and women's history and religious culture, all suggesting that the Venetian archives offer a particularly rich and abundant site at which to study the early modern world.
Teaching Women's History: I Offered Social History, They Took Away Heroes
Authors: Swedberg Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhen the field of women's history emerged, it almost entirely focused on the stories of elite, exceptional women rather than the story of ordinary people. Women's historians who are also social historians have attempted to move women's history toward history from below, focusing on the masses rather than one or two women worthies. When bringing women's history into the classroom as social history, students sometimes reject the lessons of social history and, instead, take away heroes. This article examines and attempts to explain this phenomenon.
Latin American Resistance Movements in the Time of the Posts1
Authors: Kuecker Glen David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article examines the flood of resistance movements in today's Latin America. It places them in the context of the great economic changes that have swept the world since the end of the Cold War, what is often called “globalization.” Analysis focuses on the “newness” of our contemporary period, especially the importance of the transnational political and economic order. This essay illustrates how social scientists attempt to understand this moment of change, and emphasizes the limitations to their theory. Special emphasis is on the utility of New Social Movement theory as a tool for understanding today's resistance movements as well as the potential paths for radical change.
Anti‐laminin 5 mucous membrane pemphigoid
Authors: Benoit Sandrine , Schmidt Enno , Sitaru Cassian , Rose Christian , Goebeler Matthias , Bröcker Eva‐B. , Zillikens Detlef 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 70‐year‐old patient presented erosions on the oral mucosa and skin, predominantly in perianal and inguinal areas. Histopathologically, subepidermal blistering was observed. By direct immunofluorescence microscopy, linear deposits of IgG and C3 were seen at the dermal‐epidermal junction. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, binding of IgG autoantibodies to the dermal side of NaCl‐split skin was detected. These autoantibodies were shown to target both the non‐processed and processed α3‐ as well as the β3‐subunit of laminin 5 by immunoblot analysis using extracellular matrix of cultured human keratinocytes. Based on these results, the diagnosis of an anti‐laminin 5 mucous membrane pemphigoid was established. Oral treatment with dapsone, combined with intravenous dexamethasone pulse therapy, led to rapid improvement.
Epidemiology of acne vulgaris
Authors: Rzany Berthold , Kahl Christina 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAcne vulgaris is a common disease with prevalence up to 80 % during adolescence. Twin studies provide solid evidence of a genetic background for this disease. Similarly there is no doubt about the influences of hormones, especially androgens, on the disorder. Less clear, however, is the data on other risk factors as smoking and certain diets.
Tumors associated with nevus sebaceous
Authors: Baykal Can , Buyukbabani Nesimi , Yazganoglu K.Didem , Saglik Ebru 
Published: January 2006

Summary Background: Nevus sebaceus (NS) is a congenital hamartomatous lesion, usually involving the scalp or the face. Various benign and malignant neoplasms can develop in association with NS, the most common being trichoblastoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, viral warts and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Patients and methods: We retrospectively examined the clinical and histopa‐thological records of 15 NS cases with an associated tumor which were diagnosed between 1996 and 2004. Results: All cases were adults and 3 of them had more than one tumor. Six cases had BCC, which is a higher incidence of malignant tumor association with NS, than that reported in last years. Trichoblastoma was observed in 3 cases and was the most common benign tumor in our series. Filiform, hyperkeratotic, pigmented, pedunculated and/or eroded papulonodular changes were major clinical signs of secondary tumors on NS in our series. Conclusion: Clinical features are not sufficient enough to make an exact diagnosis of benign or malignant secondary tumors. Though prophylactic excision for NS is done less in last years, especially adult patients should closely be followed for any new changes evoking tumor development on this congenital lesion.
Disseminated Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Burgdorf Walter H.C. , Haroske Gunter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryJuvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most common type of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis occurring predominantly in infants and children. Typical lesions are asymptomatic red‐yellow papules and nodules on the scalp or in the axillae or groins. Multiple lesions are more common in children than in adults. A 2‐year old girl presented with approximately 20 red‐brown lesions, leading to the diagnosis of disseminated JXG. Internal involvement was excluded. Spontaneous regression occurred over 6 months of follow‐up. A wait‐and‐see strategy is recommended for cutaneous JXG.
Excimer laser treatment of vitiligo – critical retrospective assessment of own results and literature overview
Authors: Greve Bärbel , Raulin Christian , Fischer Edda 
Published: January 2006

Summary Background: In numerous studies the 308‐nm excimer laser has been described as an effective therapy method for localized vitiligo. Our experience and critical evaluation of the relevant literature lead to a less enthusiastic endorsement. Patients and methods: A total of 9 patients with localized vitiligo were evaluated in our retrospective study. The sessions took place 2–3 times per week; the energy dose was increased depending on the occurring side effects. The rate of repigmentation was evaluated in 5 grades: grade 0 = 0 %, grade 1 = 1–25 %, grade 2 = 26–50 %, grade 3 = 51–75 %,grade 4 = 76–100 %. Subjective patient satisfaction was rated “satisfied”/“not satisfied”. Results: In face and neck areas we used a cumulative energy dose of 16.6 J/cm2 and achieved repigmentation grade 4 in 33.3 %, grade 2 in 33.3 %, grade 1 in 11.1 % and no improvement in 22.2 % of the cases. On hands and knees we used a medium cumulative energy dose of 20.8 J/cm2 and did not observe any tendency towards repigmentation. Four of the patients were satisfied, while 5 were not. Side effects (erythema, blisters, crusting and perilesional hyperpig‐mentation) were transient in all cases. Within a medium observation period of 19.1 months, one patient had a relapse. Conclusions: The excimer laser should be regarded as a treatment alternative in cases of localized vitiligo of the face. The treatment at other sites is clearly limited because of only partial repigmentation, considerable expense of time and money as well as the potentially higher risk of tumorigenesis.