bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors with independent influence on the ‘timed up and go’ test in patients with hip fracture
Authors: Kristensen Morten Tange , Foss Nicolai Bang , Kehlet Henrik 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Data on performance times for the ‘timed up and go’ (TUG) test with analyses of factors, that eventually could affect the result in patients with hip fracture, have not been published to date. The aims of the present study, therefore, were to assess normative reference values of TUG performances and determine the influence of individual and clinical factors on TUG‐test scores in patients with hip fracture. Method. In this prospective, descriptive study, a total of 196 consecutive patients over the age of 60, and able to perform the TUG when discharged directly to their own homes from a specialized orthopaedic hip fracture unit, were evaluated. The association between TUG scores and categorical variables were examined, and linear regression was used to investigate the factors influencing performance times. Results. Univariate analysis showed significant differences between all categorical variables, except gender, but multivariate linear regression analyses showed that only a high pre‐fracture function level, evaluated by the New Mobility Score (B = −11), was independently associated with having a good TUG score, while older age (B = 0.49), having an intertrochanteric fracture (B = 7), performing TUG with a walker (B = 15), and performing TUG in the later postoperative period (B = 0.39) were independently associated with having a poorer TUG score. Conclusions. These preliminary normative reference values of TUG performances in patients with hip fracture can be used as references, to which individuals can expect to perform. Multivariate testing suggests that clinicians should use age, pre‐fracture function, fracture type and walking‐aid specific data when interpreting the TUG test results. Physiotherapists should be aware of this if TUG scores are to be used predictively or as an outcome measure in patients with hip fracture, especially in research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitatively resolving mixtures of isobaric compounds using chemical ionization mass spectrometry by modulating the reactant ion composition
Authors: Fortner E. C. , Knighton W. B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAcrolein (C3H4O) and 1‐butene (C4H8) can both be individually detected by proton transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI‐MS). However, because these compounds are isobaric, mixtures of these two compounds cannot be resolved since both compounds react with H3O+ via a proton‐transfer reaction to form a protonated molecule that is detected at a nominal mass‐to‐charge ratio of 57 (m/z 57). While both compounds react with H3O+ only acrolein reacts to any significant extent with H3O+(H2O). Recognizing that the electrical potential applied to a drift tube reaction mass spectrometer provides a simple and effective means for varying the relative intensity of the H3O+ and H3O+(H2O) reactant ions we have developed a method whereby we make use of this reactivity difference to resolve mixtures of these two compounds. We demonstrate a technique where the individual contributions of acrolein and 1‐butene within a mixture can be quantitatively resolved by systematically changing the reagent ion from H3O+ to H3O+(H2O) through control of the electric potential applied to the drift tube reaction region of a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trace analysis of dithiocarbamate fungicide residues on fruits and vegetables by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Crnogorac Goranka , Schmauder Sabrina , Schwack Wolfgang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe simultaneous determination of dithiocarbamate (DTC) fungicide residues on fruits and vegetables was performed by liquid chromatography (LC) on a ZIC‐pHILIC column coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For each DTC subclass, i.e. dimethyldithiocarbamates (DMDs), ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates) (EBDs), and propylenebis(dithiocarbamates) (PBDs), the limits of detection and quantification were approximately 0.001 and 0.005 mg kg−1, respectively. Recoveries from tomatoes, spiked in the range of 0.05–1 mg kg−1, averaged between 97 and 101%. Several fruits and vegetables from a local market and different countries of origin (apples, pears, grapes, cherry tomatoes, cocktail tomatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, tamarillos, papaya, and broccoli) were analyzed by LC/MS/MS, LC/MS, and by the routine CS2 method. In general, the results obtained by both LC/MS and LC/MS/MS were in good agreement with those obtained by the CS2 method except for the false positive CS2 results for broccoli and papaya. The results demonstrate that both LC/MS and LC/MS/MS can be used for routine analyses of DTC residues, whereat LC/MS/MS is more sensitive and selective than LC/MS. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A backstepping design for directed formation control of three‐coleader agents in the plane
Authors: Chen Yang‐Yang , Tian Yu‐Ping 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with a directed formation control problem of three agents moving in the plane, where the agents have a cyclic ordering with each one required to maintain a nominated distance from its neighbor, and each agent is described by a double integrator. Firstly, a directed formation control law based on the knowledge only of the neighbor's direction is designed by using the integrator backstepping technique, which can not only accomplish the desired triangle formation but also ensure that speeds of all agents converge to a common value without collision between each other during the motion. Then, with the purpose of relaxing and even overcoming the restriction of initial conditions of the agents owing to collision avoidance, we introduce the inter‐agent potential functions into the design. The convergence of the proposed control algorithms is proved by using tools from LaSalle's invariance principle. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the control laws. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust discrete‐time output feedback model reference control design with state and unknown input estimation
Authors: Chang Jeang‐Lin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor MIMO discrete‐time linear systems with unknown input in which the matching condition does not hold, the use of estimation method in an output feedback controller is proposed in this paper. Provided that the variation of unknown input in the two consecutive sampling instances is not changed significantly, both the system state and unknown input can be simultaneously estimated by our proposed observer algorithm with the estimation error being constrained in a small bounded region of the order of O(T). Then, a method utilizing command generator tracker is designed to generate the reference model. Concurrently with the estimations of the system state and unknown input are used in the controller where it can cause the tracking error to be bounded in a small region with the guaranteed system stability. Finally, the feasibility of our algorithm can be proved to be valid through the demonstration of a simulation‐based example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test methods to characterise differently designed tribomaterials
Authors: Gruen F. , Godor I. , Eichlseder W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this study, we present the development of model scale tribological test methods using the model ring‐on‐disc. The methods enable the demonstration of processes that occur in sliding materials during operation and subsequent breakdown. Currently, existing test methods are not able to visualise these complex processes to the same extent. We designed adapted test programmes for the visualisation of different material properties. This paper discusses the suitability and the significance of these test programmes. We benchmarked the test methods on selected metal‐based and plastic tribomaterials (CuPb22Sn2 and Polytetraflaoroethylene (PTFE) and bronze (Bz)) under lubricated and non‐lubricated conditions. We conducted an extensive damage analysis of the surfaces and surface layers. Furthermore, the classification of the damage patterns and the tribometric results are the basis for the development of models that are capable of representing the most important states during operation. The models are of sufficient quality to assist in the further optimisation of the materials. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spiritual development: A missing priority in youth development
Authors: Benson Peter L. , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAddressing the spiritual development of young people has the potential to strengthen youth work and its outcomes. Spiritual development matters because it is an intrinsic part of being human and because young people themselves view it as important. This article reviews the research that points to positive impacts of spiritual development for youth and notes that in an increasingly pluralistic society, everyone needs to build skills for negotiating religious and spiritual diversity. The authors propose that spiritual development involves, in part, the dynamic interplay of three dimensions: belonging and connecting, awareness and awakening, and a way of living. Three initial challenges and opportunities are emerging: empowering youth to explore core developmental issues, motivation and focus, and multisector engagement.
Spiritual development in faith communities and secular societies
Authors: Emmett John A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this article, the author writes lyrically of the struggle of young people to find meaning and hope in an increasingly secular world, and focuses his discussion on potential roles for adults “who are in serious life‐shaping relationships with young people … to recognize and respond to the spiritual development of young people.” The first role he suggests is similar to that of a museum curator: a knowledgeable adult can provide accessibility to the artifacts and practices of various cultures and spiritual traditions, help young people understand their own experience with those artifacts, and offer possible interpretations. The second role is similar to that of a navigator on a journey of exploration.
Precocious gut maturation and immune cell expansion by single dose feeding the lectin phytohaemagglutinin to suckling rats
Authors: Prykhod'ko Olena , Fed'kiv Olexandr , Linderoth Ann , Pierzynowski Stefan G. , Weström Björn R. 
Published: July 2008

The dietary lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induces gut growth and precocious maturation in suckling rats after mucosal binding. The present study investigated the dose range in which PHA provokes gut maturation and if it coincided with immune activation. Suckling rats, aged 14 d, were orogastrically fed a single increasing dose of PHA: 0 (control), 2, 10, 50 or 250 μg/g body weight (BW) in saline. The effect on gut, lymphoid organs and appearance of CD3+(T-lymphocyte) and CD19+(B-lymphocyte) cells in the small-intestinal mucosa was studied at 12 h (acute) and 3 d (late phase) after treatment. The low PHA doses (2 and 10 μg/g BW) induced intestinal hyperplasia without mucosal disarrangement but did not provoke gut maturation. Only the high PHA doses (50 and 250 μg/g BW) temporarily disturbed the intestinal mucosa with villi shortening and decrease in disaccharidase activities, and later after 3 d provoked precocious maturation, resulting in an increase in maltase and sucrase activities and decrease in lactase activity and disappearance of the fetal vacuolated enterocytes in the distal small intestine. Exposure to the high, but not to the low, PHA doses increased the number of mucosal CD19+and CD3+cells in the small intestine after 12 h, a finding also observed in untreated weaned rats aged 21–28 d. In conclusion, there was a dose-related effect of PHA on gastrointestinal growth and precocious maturation that coincided with a rapid expansion of mucosal B- and T-lymphocytes, indicating a possible involvement of the immune system in this process.
Phylogeography of the blue land crab,Cardisoma guanhumi(Decapoda: Gecarcinidae) along the Brazilian coast
Authors: De Oliveira-Neto José F. , Pie Marcio R. , Chammas Marcelo A. , Ostrensky Antonio , Boeger Walter A. 
Published: July 2008

Several crab species are important fishery resources in Brazil and their overexploitation has lead to severe population declines in some regions. The management of populations of these species should take into account the degree of gene flow among populations in different estuaries. The goal of the present study is to assess the degree of geographical structure in the genetic diversity of the blue land crab,Cardisoma guanhumi, along the Brazilian coast. A fragment of the control region of the mtDNA (750 bp) was sequenced for 95 specimens collected across 5 Brazilian states. Analyses using F-statistics failed to indicate any evidence of geographical structure, a result that was corroborated by a nested clade analysis of the same dataset. Mismatch distribution analyses indicated that populations of the blue land crab have experienced an expansion during their recent evolutionary past. The obtained results are similar to those recently described for another sympatric crab,Ucides cordatus, particularly with respect to the extensive degree of gene flow. However, populations ofC. guanhumiseem to be older than those ofU. cordatusand do not show the north–south expansion found in that species.
Thin shell aerogel fabrication for FIREX-I targets using high viscosity (phloroglucinol carboxylic acid)/formaldehyde solution
Authors: Yang H. , Nagai K. , Nakai M. , Norimatsu T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCapsules with a thin aerogel shell were prepared by the OO/W/OIemulsion process. (Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid)/formaldehyde (PF) was used as the water phase (W) solution to form the shell of the capsule. PF is a linear polymer prepared from phloroglucinol carboxylic acid. The viscosity of the PF solution can reach a high level of 9×10−5m2/s without gelation while resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) gelates at ~3–4×10−5m2/s. Using the viscous PF solution, capsule with a 17 µm gel shell was fabricated. This thickness satisfies the specification of the first phase of Fast Ignition Realization Experiment (FIREX-I) at Osaka University. When PF gel was extracted to remove the organic solvent, shrinkage of 9% occurred. The final density of the PF aerogel was 145 mg/cm3. Both the shell thickness and density can satisfy the specification of FIREX-I. The pore size of the PF aerogel was less than 100 nm while that of RF was 200–500 nm. The SEM showed that PF had particle-like foam structure while RF had fibrous-like foam structure.
Cell Proteomic Footprint
Authors: Lokhov Petr , Balashova Elena , Dashtiev Maxim 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe authentication of mammalian cell cultures and their subpopulations are of tremendous demand in biotechnology and cell therapy. However, current techniques are either not efficient or can be very complex and expensive. Here we report a simple and straightforward approach for authentication of biological cells and their subpopulations with high speed, high throughput, low sample cost, and high sensitivity. We discovered that cell cultures treated with protease at soft, “non-killing” conditions release fragments of cell surface proteins, which composition is a strong characteristic of the cells. Mass spectrometric analysis of the released fragments allows a direct comparison of the produced mass spectrum with the mass spectrum of known cells. As an example, we applied this technique to verify subpopulations of human fibroblasts which have different origins and exhibit different medical characteristics.
African American English: An Overview
Authors: Charity Anne Harper 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This article presents a summary of African-American English (AAE) for the speech-language pathologist. An overview of research on AAE and of the specific linguistic characteristics of AAE is presented. Examples of lexical, phonological, grammatical, and prosodic features of AAE and their implications for assessment are discussed. Linguistic variation within AAE is also described. Educational issues surrounding AAE and teachers' attitudes concerning student use of AAE are considered. The challenges in assessment that AAE presents for the SLP are highlighted along with resources for further information regarding AAE.
Theory in the Balance
Authors: Kent Ray D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOne major way of putting into view the scientific progress in an area of research is by examining the theoretical currents that help to organize the data and to guide future experiments. Research in speech production has been shaped by several different theories, but three in particular have had a profound influence: general motor program theory, dynamic systems theory, and internal models. This paper discusses how these three theories evolved and influenced contemporary conceptions of how speech production is controlled.
Managing Voice and Communication for Tracheostomized and Ventilator Dependent Patients: Clinical Case Studies
Authors: Dikeman Karen J. , Kazandjian Marta S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This tutorial provides a background to the history of tracheostomy and ventilator-dependence, as well as two clinical case studies that describe the management of voice and communication. The rationale for establishment of upper airway flow in the tracheostomized and ventilator-dependent patient is explained. Assessment and treatment paradigms are described for the clinician working with this complex population, in order to provide guidelines for daily clinical practice.
Nonplatelet Effects of Aspirin During Acute Coronary Occlusion: Electrophysiologic and Cation Alterations in Ischemic Myocardium
Authors: Shehadeh Abbas A. , Arena Joseph , Moschos Christos B. , Regan Timothy J. 
Published: July 2008

Background: Mortality after acute myocardial ischemia has been reduced by aspirin (ASA) but mechanisms other than the antiplatelet effect have not been established. This article evaluates an antiarrhythmic action during sympathetic stimulation in the intact anesthetized dog with and without ischemia. Methods and Results: The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was examined before and after epinephrine (E) in normals (group I). A VFT reduction during E was normalized after 1 week of ASA (P < .01). Regional myocardial ischemia for I hour resulted in similar hypoperfusion in controls of group II and after ASA. Action potential responses in isolated superfused ischemic tissue showed prolonged repolarization (APD90) in response to E, which was normalized after ASA (P < .01). To assess the antiarrhythmic role of the anion in group III, Na salicylate was given. During 1 hour of ischemia, the VF incidence was reduced and cation abnormalities diminished in ischemic myocardium compared with untreated ischemia. Conclusions: ASA antagonizes the reduction of the VFT induced by catecholamine in nor mals as well as the repolarization abnormality elicited by E during acute ischemia. The salicylate anion appears to be the active component in view of the efficacy in preventing VF during the early ischemic period.
Vitamin K Modulates Cardiac Action Potential by Blocking Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels
Authors: Drolet Benoit , Emond Annie , Pharm B. , Fortin Vincent , Daleau Pascal , Rousseau Guy , Cardinal René , Turgeon Jacques 
Published: July 2008

Background: Cardiovascular collapses, syncopes, and sudden deaths have been observed following the rapid administration of intravenous vitamin K. Our objectives were to characterize the effects of vitamin K on cardiac action potentials and to evaluate effects of vitamin K on sodium and potassium currents, namely INa, IKr, and IKs.Methods and Results: Guinea pig hearts (n = 21) were paced at a cycle length of 250 msec and exposed to vitamin K at 1.15-4.6 μmol/L (2.5-10 mg/L). Monophasic action potential duration measured at 90% repolarization (MAPD90) was not significantly reduced (-1.6 ± 0.3 msec; P > .05; N.S.) at 1.15 μmol/L, but increased by 6.5 ± 0.4 msec ( P < .05) at 2.3 μmol/L. MAPD90was not measurable at 4.6 μmol/L, as a result of inexcitability. Patch-clamp experiments in ventricular myocytes demonstrated a' ~50% reduction in INaby 10 μmol/L vitamin K and a concentration-dependent reduction of the K+current elicited by short depolarizations (250 msec; IK250). Estimated IC50for IK250, mostly representing IKr, was 2.3 μmol/L. Vitamin K was less potent to block the K+current elicited by long depolarizations (5,000 msec; IK5000), mostly representing IKs, with an estimated IC50over 100 μmol/L. Conclusions: Therapeutic concentrations (~1.5 μmol/L) of intravenous vitamin K modulate cardiac action potential by blocking ionic currents involved in cardiac depolarization and repolarization.
Measuring Acceptable Treatment Failure Rates for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Potential for Reducing Duration of Treatment and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Kaye Keith S. , Harris Anthony D. , McDonald Jay R. , Strausbaugh Larry J. , Perencevich Eli ,   Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network
Published: July 2008

Objective.This study was designed to establish the rates of treatment failure for community-acquired pneumonia that are acceptable to knowledgeable and experienced physicians, in order to facilitate the interpretation of existing studies and the design of new studies aimed at optimizing the duration of antibiotic therapy. Reducing the duration of antibiotic therapy is one strategy for reducing antibiotic exposure and thereby minimizing the potential for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.Design.Survey soliciting the acceptable failure rate for treatment given to an adult patient with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia treated with standard-of-care therapy in the outpatient setting. Analysis was performed using a modification of established methods of contingent valuation analysis.Participants.Six hundred eighty infectious diseases physicians in North America who were also members of the Emerging Infections Network of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Results.Three hundred seventy-five (55.1%) of 680 physicians responded to the survey. The median acceptable failure rate for treatment was 13.5%. Five hundred ten respondents (75.0%) found a failure rate of 7.3% acceptable, and 170 respondents (25.0%) found a failure rate of 19.8% acceptable.Conclusions.This study identified the failure rates for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia that were acceptable to infectious disease physicians. This range of acceptable treatment failure rates may facilitate the design of studies aimed at optimizing the duration of antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia.
Convergent martingales of operators and the Radon Nikodým property in Banach spaces
Authors: Cullender Stuart , Labuschagne Coenraad 
Published: July 2008

We extend Troitsky’s ideas on measure-free martingales on Banach lattices to martingales of operators acting between a Banach lattice and a Banach space. We prove that each norm bounded martingale of cone absolutely summing (c.a.s.) operators (also known as

1
1

-concave operators), from a Banach lattice

E
E

to a Banach space

Y
Y

, can be generated by a single c.a.s. operator. As a consequence, we obtain a characterization of Banach spaces with the Radon Nikodým property in terms of convergence of norm bounded martingales defined on the Chaney-Schaefer

l
l

-tensor product

E

⊗
~

l

Y

E\widetilde {\otimes }_l Y

. This extends a classical martingale characterization of the Radon Nikodým property, formulated in the Lebesgue-Bochner spaces

L
p

(
μ
,
Y
)

L^p(\mu ,Y)

(

1
>
p
>
∞

1> p >\infty

).