bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The high-pressure structural phase transitions of sodium bismuth titanate
Authors: Thomas Pamela A. , Kreisel Jens , Glazer A. Michael , Bouvier Pierre , Jiang Quangzhong , Smith Ronald 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The crystal structure of sodium bismuth titanate, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, as a function of pressure is reported. From a combination of neutron powder diffraction experiments using the instrument POLARIS at the ISIS pulsed neutron facility and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction experiments at ID30 at ESRF, it is found that the rhombohedral ambient pressure perovskite structure (space group R3c on average) transforms to a lower-symmetry structure which has a strong resemblance to the CaTiO3 structure and is described by space group Pnma, at 40 kbar and above. A new refinement of earlier angle-dispersive neutron data collected at ambient pressure and temperature at D2B of the ILL, which gives Bi—O bond-lengths closer to the values suggested by subsequent EXAFS experiments, is also reported. This yields a model for disorder on the bismuth site within the ambient-pressure phase, average symmetry R3c, with locally triclinic displacements of the Bi atom off the (pseudocubic) [111] direction along the (pseudocubic) [10-1] direction.
On the nanostructure of radiation-amorphized zircon and pyrochlores: a small-angle x-ray scattering study
Authors: Ríos Susana , Martin Christopher M. , Whittle Karl R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Nanoscale structural features of amorphous zircon and pyrochlore produced by self-irradiation induced amorphization have been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Electron density fluctuations were observed in the untreated samples and studied as a function of annealing temperature (up to 1300 °C). In untreated zircon, density fluctuations were found to have a characteristic length-scale of approximately 1 nanometer diameter. A clear scattering maximum develops at ∼3 nm–1 as a function of the degree of damage, but only for amorphous fractions higher than 70%. For the untreated pyrochlore sample such a strong signal was not observed in the scattering function. As annealing temperature increases, phase segregation is observed in zircon with a clear nucleation at 850 °C of zirconia grains. The SAXS contribution, however, points towards a lower nucleation temperature, ca. 700 °C. In the pyrochlore structure, at temperatures as low as 300 °C the appearance of a first crystalline phase, Ca2Nb2O7, is observed, with the subsequent crystallization of TiO2 at 800 °C. Observed electron density variations are compared between the two structures and discussed in terms of nanoscale phase segregation phenomena.
Separation of Organic Compounds from Surfactant Solutions by Pervaporation. The Influence of a Micellar Phase on Mass Transfer
Authors: Gittel Th. , Hartwig Th. , Schaber K. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be separated from aqueous micellar surfactant solutions with high efficiency by pervaporation processes using organophilic polymer membranes. This seems to be a surprising result because the transmembrane flux of a VOC strongly depends on its volatility, which is rather low in the presence of a surfactant at concentrations far above the critical micellar concentration.
Based on results of equilibrium measurements in micellar systems and pervaporation experiments, a theoretical analysis of the mass transfer is given. It is shown that the mass transfer for VOCs in the liquid boundary layer of a pervaporation membrane in the presence of a micellar phase cannot be described by molecular diffusion processes alone. Obviously, the mass transfer is enhanced considerably by diffusing micelles which transport the solubilized VOC molecules in direction to the surface of the membrane.
Influence of CO and O2 Treatments on the Structure and Activity of Au/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Guzman Javier , Fierro-Gonzalez Juan C. , Aguilar-Guerrero Veronica , Hao Yalin , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Gold supported on partially dehydroxylated γ-Al2O3 was prepared from Au(CH3)2(C5H7O2). The activities of the materials as CO oxidation catalysts were investigated following pretreatment in flowing O2 and, alternatively, in flowing CO. The catalytic activity data are complemented with extended X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra recorded as the samples in flow reactors were treated in O2, in CO, and in CO + O2 while functioning as CO oxidation catalysts. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the gases evolved during the treatments. The data show that samples pretreated in O2 contained predominantly cationic gold and were more active as catalysts than samples pretreated with CO, which contained gold predominantly as zerovalent clusters. These results reinforce recent reports of the role of cationic gold in the catalytic sites for CO oxidation.
The Impact of Erythrocyte Lysing Procedures on the Recovery of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in Flow Cytometric Analysis
Authors: Greve Burkhard , Beller Constanze , Cassens Uwe , Sibrowski Walter , Göhde Wolfgang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSince preanalytic lysing of erythrocytes remains critical in flow cytometry, we investigated the influence of four lysing procedures on the quantification of leukocyte and CD34+ cells in hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs). Samples were derived from stem cell–enriched mobilized whole blood collected by apheresis (unselected) and immunologically purified stem cell products (selected) and were measured using the dual-platform (2-PF) method with two flow cytometric systems. Additionally, cells were measured by a volume-based technique (single platform [1-PF]). Results were identical in the 2-PF mode (unselected HCTs, r = 0.998; selected HCTs, r = 0.999). In comparison with the 2-PF results, the single-platform (1-PF) measurements revealed a mean decrease of 59.5% for CD34+ cells (50.8% for CD45+ cells) in unselected HCTs and a mean decrease of 52% for CD34+ cells (49.8% for CD45+ cells) in selected HCTs. In order to check the accuracy of cell quantification using the 1-PF method, leukocyte reference values from hematology counter results were compared with flow cytometric (1-PF)–counted nucleated cells. That analysis revealed good congruency, with r = 0.998 for unselected HCTs and r = 0.999 for selected HCTs. In conclusion, all lysing procedures that we used induced substantial loss of leukocytes and CD34+ cells. As demonstrated by the high accuracy of the 1-PF technique, all erythrocyte lysing procedures caused significant cell loss, which led to inconsistent counting of CD34+ cells in nonvolumetric flow cytometric (2-PF) protocols.
HOXB4-Induced Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Is Significantly Enhanced by p21 Deficiency
Authors: Miyake Noriko , Brun Ann C.M. , Magnusson Mattias , Miyake Koichi , Scadden David T. , Karlsson Stefan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Enforced expression of the HOXB4 transcription factor and downregulation of p21Cip1/Waf (p21) can each independently increase proliferation of murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We asked whether the increase in HSC self-renewal generated by overexpression of HOXB4 is enhanced in p21-deficient HSCs. HOXB4 was overexpressed in hematopoietic cells from wild-type (wt) and p21−/− mice. Bone marrow (BM) cells were transduced with a retroviral vector expressing HOXB4 together with GFP (MIGB4), or a control vector containing GFP alone (MIG) and maintained in liquid culture for up to 11 days. At day 11 of the expansion culture, the number of primary CFU-GM (colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage) colonies and the repopulating ability were significantly increased in MIGB4 p21−/− BM (p21B4) cells compared with MIGB4-transduced wt BM (wtB4) cells. To test proliferation of HSCs in vivo, we performed competitive repopulation experiments and obtained significantly higher long-term engraftment of expanded p21B4 cells compared with wtB4 cells. The 5-day expansion of p21B4 HSCs generated 100-fold higher numbers of competitive repopulating units compared with wtMIG and threefold higher numbers compared with wtB4. The findings demonstrate that increased expression of HOXB4, in combination with suppression of p21 expression, could be a useful strategy for effective and robust expansion of HSCs.
Battered Women Who Were “Being Killed and Survived It”: Straight Talk From Survivors
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann 
Published: October 2005

Findings from police reports and interviews with women who have survived an attempted domestic homicide revealed patterns in their experiences and sources of distress. The build-up in the year prior to the near-lethal attack involved tension from ongoing contact with an angry, controlling batterer. Most typically the perpetrator was an alcoholic or drug addict, a gun owner, and, if his victim had left him, her stalker. In the majority of cases, the victim had either left or announced that she was leaving the relationship. While he had often threatened her life and she feared him, she typically did not think him capable of killing her. She described the attack as shocking and terrifying, and she felt certain she was going to die. In the immediate aftermath, she received some support, but as time went by, she felt isolated and alone. Ultimately, the women became convinced that they must rely on their “inner strength” to get on with their lives.Yes, he stabbed me in the—first he stabbed me in the stomach. And it was a big knife too. [Then] the arm and the throat, and at first, when he first did it, the first time the knife came, I thought, this is it. I’m gonna die—and I was just watching him kill me, that’s all. I was alive, and I was watching myself be killed. (“Rita,” #6)
Environmental Index for Estimating the Risk of Phosphorus Loss in Calcareous Soils of Manitoba
Authors: Ige D. V. , Akinremi O. O. , Flaten D. N. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThe degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) has been used in evaluating the risk of P loss from soil to runoff. While techniques are available for calculating DPS for acid soils, no widely used technique exists for neutral to calcareous soils that are typical of the Northern Great Plains, including Manitoba (Canada) soils. This study aimed to develop techniques of calculating the DPS of neutral to alkaline soils. Four measures of soil labile P and ten indices of P sorption capacity were used to calculate the DPS of 115 Manitoba soils. The various DPS calculated were evaluated using water‐extractable (H2O) P as an index of P susceptibility to runoff loss. The DPS obtained using Olsen‐extractable (Ols) P and the Langmuir adsorption maximum (ESmax) ranged from 0.5 to 31.9% while those obtained from POls and the single‐point adsorption index (P150) ranged from 0.9 to 73.9%. Of all the DPS evaluated, those that included POls and Mehlich 3–extractable (M3) P as the numerator with either P150 or ESmax as the denominator were fairly well correlated with PH2O (r values ranged between 0.45 and 0.63). Along with ESmax and P150, a new method of calculating DPS was formulated as the ratio of POls or PM3 to CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 We found that the ratio of ammonium oxalate–extractable (ox) P to (Al + Fe)ox, which has been widely used to calculate DPS in acid soils, was not suitable for neutral to alkaline soils of Manitoba. In these neutral to alkaline soils, CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 were better indices of P sorption capacity while POls and PM3 provided better estimates of labile soil P. The DPS calculated using CaM3 or (Ca + Mg)M3 were well correlated with PH2O; however, they were numerically smaller than those obtained from the Langmuir adsorption maximum. As such, a saturation coefficient (α) with a value of 0.2 was generated to improve the numerical values of the newly estimated DPS. This new approach can be used to estimate the DPS in neutral and calcareous soils without the need to generate a P adsorption maximum.
Inside Front Cover: Redox‐Tunable Defects in Colloidal Photonic Crystals (Adv. Mater. 20/2005)
Authors: Fleischhaker F. , Arsenault A. C. , Wang Z. , Kitaev V. , Peiris F. C. , von Freymann G. , Manners I. , Zentel R. , Ozin G. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe inside front cover illustrates reversible tuning of an intragap transmitting state induced by redox cycling, accomplished using a redox‐active polyferrocenylsilane polyelectrolyte multilayer planar defect embedded in a colloidal photonic crystal (CPC) synthesized by a bottom–up method combining colloidal self‐assembly and microcontact printing. In work reported on p. 2455 by Manners, Ozin, and co‐workers, the wavelength position of the defect state can be changed by changing the oxidation state of the ferrocene moieties in the polymer backbone. This could find applications in electrochemically tunable microcavities, and—if light emitters are incorporated—electrochemically tunable CPC‐based laser sources. Cover design by Ludovic Cademartiri.
Heterogene Single‐Site‐Katalysatoren
Authors: Thomas John Meurig , Raja Robert , Lewis Dewi W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDie Vorteile heterogener Single‐Site‐Katalysatoren (single‐site heterogeneous catalysts, SSHCs) sind vielfältig. Sie ermöglichen es – sowohl experimentell als auch mit Computermethoden – den Mechanismus und die Kinetik eines katalytischen Umsatzes zu bestimmen, und sie machen die Energetik von Intermediaten einschließlich kurzlebiger Übergangsstadien zugänglich. Dies wiederum bildet die Voraussetzung für ein rationales Vorgehen bei der Verbesserung existierender und der Entwicklung neuer Katalysatoren. Man kann lösliche molekulare Bruchstücke herstellen, die das Einzelatomzentrum enthalten, sodass sich die katalytische Leistung eines aktiven Zentrums in einem heterogenen und in einem homogenen Katalysator experimentell direkt miteinander vergleichen lässt. Mit dieser Information gelingt es, sowohl die unmittelbare atomare Umgebung als auch die zentrale atomare Struktur des aktiven Zentrums zu modifizieren. In der Praxis haben die SSHCs, genauso wie ihre homogenen Analoga, sehr hohe Selektivitäten, was zu genau definierten molekularen Produkten führt. Mesoporöse Siliciumdioxide mit sehr großer innerer Oberfläche sind ideale Träger für SSHCs, und mehr als ein Viertel der Elemente des Periodensystems können als aktive Zentren auf ein solches Siliciumdioxid aufgebracht werden, sodass sich vielfältige Wege für die Erzeugung neuer katalytischer Funktionen ergeben.
Brain of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): Neuroanatomy from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Hakeem Atiya Y. , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Switzer Robert C. , Rasmussen L.E.L. , Allman John M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe acquired magnetic resonance images of the brain of an adult African elephant,Loxodonta africana, in the axial and parasagittal planes and produced anatomically labeled images. We quantified the volume of the whole brain (3,886.7 cm3) and of the neocortical and cerebellar gray and white matter. The white matter‐to‐gray matter ratio in the elephant neocortex and cerebellum is in keeping with that expected for a brain of this size. The ratio of neocortical gray matter volume to corpus callosum cross‐sectional area is similar in the elephant and human brains (108 and 93.7, respectively), emphasizing the difference between terrestrial mammals and cetaceans, which have a very small corpus callosum relative to the volume of neocortical gray matter (ratio of 181–287 in our sample). Finally, the elephant has an unusually large and convoluted hippocampus compared to primates and especially to cetaceans. This may be related to the extremely long social and chemical memory of elephants. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Planum parietale of chimpanzees and orangutans: A comparative resonance of human‐like planum temporale asymmetry
Authors: Gannon Patrick J. , Kheck Nancy M. , Braun Allen R. , Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT), a brain language area, was not unique to humans since a similar condition is present in great apes. Here we report on a related area in great apes, the planum parietale (PP). PP in humans has a rightward asymmetry with no correlation to the L>R PT, which indicates functional independence. The roles of the PT in human language are well known while PP is implicated in dyslexia and communication disorders. Since posterior bifurcation of the sylvian fissure (SF) is unique to humans and great apes, we used it to determine characteristics of its posterior ascending ramus, an indicator of the PP, in chimpanzee and orangutan brains. Results showed a human‐like pattern of R>L PP (P = 0.04) in chimpanzees with a nonsignificant negative correlation of L>R PT vs. R>L PP (CC = −0.3; P = 0.39). In orangutans, SF anatomy is more variable, although PP was nonsignificantly R>L in three of four brains (P = 0.17). We have now demonstrated human‐like hemispheric asymmetry of a second language‐related brain area in great apes. Our findings persuasively support an argument for addition of a new component to the comparative neuroanatomic complex that defines brain language or polymodal communication areas. PP strengthens the evolutionary links that living great apes may offer to better understand the origins of these progressive parts of the brain. Evidence mounts for the stable expression of a neural foundation for language in species that we recently shared a common ancestor with. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical analysis of an aye‐aye brain (Daubentonia madagascariensis, primates: Prosimii) combining histology, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion‐tensor imaging
Authors: Kaufman Jason A. , Ahrens Eric T. , Laidlaw David H. , Zhang Song , Allman John M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis report presents initial results of a multimodal analysis of tissue volume and microstructure in the brain of an aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis). The left hemisphere of an aye‐aye brain was scanned using T2‐weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion‐tensor imaging (DTI) prior to histological processing and staining for Nissl substance and myelinated fibers. The objectives of the experiment were to estimate the volume of gross brain regions for comparison with published data on other prosimians and to validate DTI data on fiber anisotropy with histological measurements of fiber spread. Measurements of brain structure volumes in the specimen are consistent with those reported in the literature: the aye‐aye has a very large brain for its body size, a reduced volume of visual structures (V1 and LGN), and an increased volume of the olfactory lobe. This trade‐off between visual and olfactory reliance is likely a reflection of the nocturnal extractive foraging behavior practiced by Daubentonia. Additionally, frontal cortex volume is large in the aye‐aye, a feature that may also be related to its complex foraging behavior and sensorimotor demands. Analysis of DTI data in the anterior cingulum bundle demonstrates a strong correlation between fiber spread as measured from histological sections and fiber spread as measured from DTI. These results represent the first quantitative comparison of DTI data and fiber‐stained histology in the brain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of sensory specializations in insectivores
Authors: Catania Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlthough insectivores have traditionally been thought of as primitive mammals with few specializations, recent studies have revealed great diversity in the sensory systems and brain organization of members of this mammalian order. The present article reviews some of these findings in three insectivore families that are thought to form a monophyletic group. These include hedgehogs (Erinaceidae), moles (Talpidae), and shrews (Soricidae). Members of each group live in unique ecological niches, have differently specialized senses, and exhibit different behaviors. Hedgehogs have well‐developed visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems. Shrews make use of visual and auditory cues, but appear to depend most heavily on touch, particularly through prominent vibrissae. Moles are somatosensory specialists with small eyes and ears and unique epidermal mechanoreceptors called Eimer's organs used to identify prey and investigate their environment. In contrast to historical views of the insectivore order, members of this group have discrete and well‐organized cortical sensory areas with sharp borders as determined from both electrophysiological mapping and analysis of cortical histology. Comparison of cortical organization across species reveals a number of specializations, including expansion of cortical representations of important sensory surfaces, the addition of cortical areas to some processing networks, and the subdivision of areas into separate cortical modules. In the case of the star‐nosed mole, the somatosensory system has a tactile fovea and shares a number of features in common with the visual systems of sighted mammals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bis(methoxy methyl)‐7,8‐dihydro‐[1,4]dioxino[2,3‐g]quinazolines as EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Lee Yong Sup , Seo Seon Hee , Yang Beom‐Seok , Lee Jae Yeol 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA series of 7,8‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐7,8‐dihydro‐[1,4]dioxino[2,3‐g]quinazolines were prepared and evaluated for their inhibition of phosphorylation of the isolated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) enzyme and for their growth inhibition of the A431 cell line. Among them, compound 3c having a 3‐iodophenyl ring was most potent (IC50 = 1.66 nM) against the isolated EGFR enzyme and also showed meaningful potency (GI50 = 1.99 μM) against the A431 cell line, although less than PD153035 (GI50 = 1.03 μM). However, compound 3e as the exact rigidified analogue of Erlotinib (TarcevaTM) was inferior to the original compound when compared to its reported data.
Development of Albumin‐binding Doxorubicin Prodrugs that are Cleaved by Prostate‐specific Antigen
Authors: Kratz Felix , Mansour Ahmed , Soltau Jens , Warnecke Andre , Fichtner Iduna , Unger Clemens , Drevs Joachim 
Published: October 2005

AbstractProstate‐specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma and represents a molecular target for selectively releasing an anticancer agent from a prodrug formulation. In this work, we developed albumin‐binding prodrugs with the structures MT‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr– Ser‐Gly‐DOXO, MT‐Asn‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr–Phe‐Gln‐DOXO (MT = maleimidotriethyleneglycol acid; DOXO = Doxorubicin) or EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO (EMC = ε‐maleimidocaproic acid; X = amino acid). The maleimide Doxorubicin derivatives bound rapidly to the cysteine‐34 position of endogenous and exogenous albumin and were efficiently cleaved by PSA at the P1‐P′1 scissile bond, releasing a respective Doxorubicin dipeptide (Ser‐Gly‐DOXO or Phe‐Gln‐DOXO). The derivative containing arginine residues (EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO) exhibited excellent water solubility for intravenous administration. Subsequent biological evaluation was focused on a PSA‐negative xenograft model (PC 3) and a PSA‐positive xenograft model (CWR22) in order to assess the selectivity of our therapeutic approach. EMC‐Arg‐Arg‐Ser‐Ser‐Tyr‐Tyr–Ser‐Gly‐DOXO showed no in vivo activity in the PSA‐negative PC 3 model, but good activity in the CWR22 PSA‐positive model that was comparable to Doxorubicin.