bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleoelevation measurement: Combining proxies and approaches
Authors: Sahagian Dork 
Published: October 2006

Determining paleoelevation, the past elevation of the Earth's surface, is a key problem facing Earth science. This is in part because it bears on and links together tectonics, climate, and geomorphological issues, and also in part because the prospect of reliable solutions to specific paleoelevation histories has now brought the problem to the verge of being tractable.The geodynamic evolution of large‐scale mountain belts and plateaus such as Tibet, the Altiplano (in Bolivia and Chile), or the interior of western North America has long been contested. Nevertheless, these areas have served as the focus for the development of fundamental tectonic models that attempt to elucidate lithospheric processes. Reconstruction of paleotopography and its influence on global atmospheric circulation is a critical element for reconstructing past climate and understanding the distribution of precipitation controlled by orographic barriers.
First sighting of active fluid venting in the Gulf of Cadiz
Authors: Van Rooij David , Depreiter Davy , Bouimetarhan Ilham , De Boever Eva , De Rycker Koen , Foubert Anneleen , Huvenne Veerle , Réveillaud Julie , Staelens Peter , Vercruysse Jeroen , Versteeg Willem , Henriet Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2006

The Mercator mud volcano, located in the Gulf of Cadiz off the coasts of Spain, Portugal, and Morocco (Figure 1), may provide an accessible field laboratory for studying local active venting and its possible internal and external controls. The recent discovery of the first active deep ocean ‘brown smoker’ chimney in this area can possibly be linked with the disintegration of a gas hydrate layer between the seafloor and a subsurface level that is dependent on pressure and temperature.For more than a decade, the international marine scientific community has deployed considerable efforts in exploring the Gulf of Cadiz. Since the discovery of the Gulf's first mud volcano in 1999, research cruises have steadily unveiled one mud volcano after another [Gardner, 2001; Pinheiro et al., 2003; Somoza et al., 2003]. These mud volcanoes are clustered in several fields on the Portuguese, Spanish, and Moroccan margins (Figure 1). Extensive geophysical evidence of shallow gas and subsurface fluid flow has been reported in the Gulf of Cadiz [Baraza and Ercilla 1996; Pinheiro et al., 2003].
Crater glaciers on active volcanoes: Hydrological anomalies
Authors: Walder Joseph S. , LaHusen Richard G. , Vallance James W. , Schilling Steve P. 
Published: October 2006

Mount St. Helens is an active volcano that hosts glacier ice within its crater. Although the common picture of volcano/glacier interactions is one of rapid meltwater generation when hot material is brought into contact with snow and ice [e.g.,Major and Newhall, 1989], there have been practically no observable hydrological consequences of the ongoing episode of silicic lava dome emplacement at Mount St. Helens.The glaciological consequences have nonetheless been dramatic: The crater glacier has been cut in half since the dome growth began in September 2004, and the resulting ice bodies have in succession been squeezed between the growing lava dome and the crater wall.
Sensor web enables rapid response to volcanic activity
Authors: Davies Ashley Gerard , Chien Steve , Wright Robert , Miklius Asta , Kyle Philip R. , Welsh Matt , Johnson Jeffrey B. , Tran Daniel , Schaffer Steven R. , Sherwood Robert 
Published: October 2006

Rapid response to the onset of volcanic activity allows for the early assessment of hazard and risk [Tilling, 1989]. Data from remote volcanoes and volcanoes in countries with poor communication infrastructure can only be obtained via remote sensing [Harris et al., 2000]. By linking notifications of activity from ground‐based and spacebased systems, these volcanoes can be monitored when they erupt.Over the last 18 months, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has implemented a Volcano Sensor Web (VSW) in which data from ground‐based and space‐based sensors that detect current volcanic activity are used to automatically trigger the NASA Earth Observing 1 (EO‐1) spacecraft to make highspatial‐resolution observations of these volcanoes.
Hydrology's efforts toward the cyberfrontier
Authors: Bandaragoda Christina , Tarboton David , Maidment David 
Published: October 2006

As part of its ‘cyberinfrastructure’ initiative, the U.S. National Science Foundation is supporting the Hydrologic Information System (HIS) project of the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc. (CUAHSI). Cyberinfrastructure is the use of high‐speed telecommunications to integrate networks of computers and provide advanced data access and computational resources beyond what an individual scientist would normally have available.The integration of multiple data sets—which can have inconsistent metadata styles over a wide variety of spatial and time scales—into formats that can be easily used by researchers with varied software and operating system preferences is a challenging task. No such information system presently exists, and a central task of the HIS program is to design and develop this system.
Can Earth's albedo and surface temperatures increase together?
Authors: Pallé Enric , Goode Philip R. , Montañés‐Rodriguez Pilar , Koonin Steven E. 
Published: October 2006

Changes in climate depend essentially on three basic parameters, the amount of incident sunlight, the fraction of this sunlight that is reflected by the Earth, and the trapping of the Earth's infrared radiation by greenhouse gases.The Earth's reflectance of the Sun's radiation back to space—or albedo—is the least well studied of the three.The albedo depends primarily on cloud properties, and ground‐based and satellite studies published within the past 3–4 years have shown a surprisingly significant interannual and decadal variability in this parameter. The variability in reflectance is tied to changes in cloud location, amount, and thickness. However, clouds are very poorly parameterized in climate models. Thus,the scale of these variations presents a fundamental, and as yet unmet, challenge to understanding and predicting the Earth's climate.
New directions in the radiative transfer of cloudy atmospheres
Authors: Oreopoulos Lazaros , Marshak Alexander , Cahalan Robert F. , Várnai Tamás , Davis Anthony B. , Macke Andreas 
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric radiative transfer plays a central role in understanding global climate change and anthropogenic climate forcing, and in the remote sensing of surface and atmospheric properties. Because of their opacity and highly scattering nature, clouds (covering more than half the planet at any time) pose unique challenges in atmospheric radiative transfer calculations.Some widely‐used assumptions regarding clouds—such as having a flat top and base, horizontal uniformity, and infinite extent—are amenable to simple one‐dimensional (1‐D) radiative transfer and are therefore attractive from a computational point of view. However, these assumptions are completely unrealistic and yield errors. The ever‐increasing need to realistically simulate cloud radiative processes in remote sensing and energy budget applications has contributed to the recent rapid growth of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) radiative transfer (RT) community [e.g., Marshak and Davis, 2005].
Monitoring the reawakening of Canary Islands' Teide Volcano
Authors: García Alicia , Ortiz Ramon , Marrero Jose M. , S´nchez Nieves , Vila Josep , Correig Antoni M. , Marcià Ramon , Sleeman Reinoud , Tárraga Marta 
Published: October 2006

Following more than 30 years of seismic and volcanic quiescence, the Canary Islands region located off the northwestern coast of Africa started to show signs of seismovolcanic activity at the end of 2003 (Figure 1). In spring 2004, there was a significant increase in the number of seismic events (a mixture of volcano‐tectonic events and regional earthquakes with pure volcanic events such as tremors and long‐period signals) located inland on Tenerife Island.The increase ofactivity in 2004 coincided with an increase of fumarolic activity at the Teide volcano on Tenerife Island, an increase in the emission of carbon dioxide in the northwestern part of the island, and changes in the gravimetric field on the northern flank of the volcano. After several seismic events had been felt by the population, the first alert level was declared by the civil protection division of the local government.This apparent reawakening of Teide, which last erupted in 1909, provides an opportunity to study from the initial stages the reactivation of this volcanic area and its related phenomena.
Satellite data gives snapshot of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
Authors: Fujiwara Satoshi , Tobita Mikio , Sato Hiroshi P. , Ozawa Shinzaburo , Une Hiroshi , Koarai Mamoru , Nakai Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Midori , Yarai Hiroshi , Nishimura Takuya , Hayashi Fumi 
Published: October 2006

While it is well‐known that the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Eurasian continent forms the Himalayas, the real‐time spatial crustal movement of these plates is difficult to observe. However, scientists can witness a part of this process of the formation of the Himalayas through an eye in space: synthetic aperture radar (SAR).From the European Space Agency's Envisat, a satellite with SAR, the details of crustal deformation resulting from a major earthquake—a chance snapshot of the growth of the Himalayas—has been captured. Envisat's SAR has provided important data about the northern Pakistan earthquake (M7.6) of 8 October 2005, which occurred in the Kashmir region in the northwestern part of the Himalayas.
Energy in the dark: Fuel for life in the deep ocean and beyond
Authors: Bach Wolfgang , Edwards Katrina J. , Hayes John M. , Sievert Stefan , Huber Julie A. , Sogin Mitchell L. 
Published: October 2006

To most people, the ‘biosphere’ begins with green plants and ends with bacteria. Everything in it is part of a food chain that depends on organic carbon initially captured and packaged by photosynthesis. Most geoscientists, though, are aware that this view is too restrictive, as it does not include carbon fixation that is fuelled by chemical energy.It is becoming increasingly obvious that energy and carbon cycling in the deep ocean and subseafloor are potentially important issues in solving redox and carbon budgets. Yet, quantification of the magnitude and activity of this dark and deep biosphere and its organic versus inorganic energy and carbon sources is difficult. Photosynthesis and its products are pervasive, and it is hard to identify environments that are unaffected by their presence to at least some degree.
North Atlantic paleoceanography: The last five million years
Authors: Stein Ruediger , Kanamatsu Toshiya , Alvarez‐Zarikian Carlos , Higgins, Sean M. , Channell Jim E. T. , Aboud Essam , Ohno Masao , Acton Gary D. , Akimoto Kazumi , Bailey Ian , Bjørklund Kjell R. , Evans Helen , Nielsen Simon H. H. , Fang Nianqiao , Ferretti Patrizia , Gruetzner Jens , Guyodo Yohan J.B. , Hagino Kentaro , Harris Robert , Hatakeda Kentaro , Hefter Jens , Judge Shelley A. , Kulbanek Denise K. , Nanayama Futoshi , Rashid Harunur , Sierro Sanchez Francisco J. , Voelker Antje , Zhai Quimin 
Published: October 2006

In the North Atlantic, cold, relatively salty water sinks in the icy Labrador and Greenland seas, forming North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW).This circulates through the global ocean, driving ocean overturning and global heat transport and, thus, impacting global climate. As one of the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth, the North Atlantic has experienced abrupt changes to its oceanatmosphere‐cryosphere system, triggered by fluctuations in meltwater delivery to source areas of NADW formation.For about the past 100 thousand years, these abrupt jumps in climate state have manifested as ‘Dansgaard/Oeschger’ (D/O) oscillations (millennial‐scale warm‐cold oscillations) and 'Heinrich' events in ice and marine sediment cores, respectively [e.g., Dansgaard et al., 1993; Bond and Lotti, 1995]. These Heinrich events are characterized as huge input of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) and meltwater pulses, documenting episodes of sudden instability and collapse of the current Greenland ice sheets and the Laurentide ice sheet, the latter of which covered northern North America several times during the Pleistocene Epoch.
Multiple spaceborne water cycle observations would aid modeling
Authors: Crow Wade T. , Entekhabi Dara , Koster Randal D. , Reichle Rolf H. 
Published: October 2006

A land data assimilation system (LDAS) is designed to provide continental‐scale estimates of surface moisture and temperature states—and water and energy flux exchanges with the atmosphere—by integrating micrometeorological forcing data (such as surface precipitation, incoming radiation, wind, air temperature, and humidity) with a land surface model. When measurements of land system states are available, data assimilation approaches can be used to optimally update model states based on the assumed magnitude of modeling and observational errors [e.g., Reichle and Koster, 2005].LDAS estimates have value for water, energy, and biogeochemical studies as well as for the initialization of land surface states, such as soil moisture and temperature, in numerical weather prediction or seasonal climate forecasts. To improve forecast performance, collaborative LDAS projects are currently under way for the North American (NLDAS; http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov), European (ELDAS; http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/eldas), and global (GLDAS; http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov) domains. Preliminary results demonstrate that the incorporation of LDAS approaches into subseasonal forecast initialization can lead to statistically significant improvements in precipitation predictability [Koster et al., 2004].
Mapping supports potential submission to U.N. Law of the Sea
Authors: Gardner James V. , Mayer Larry A. , Armstrong Andrew 
Published: October 2006

Multibeam bathymetric data from selected U.S. continental margins are being collected for use in the future development of potential submissions that the United States may make to the United Nations Commission on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend the nation's sovereign rights over the resources of the seafloor and the subsurface.However, the new data also represent a valuable resource for the next generation of marine geologists to study the complexity of surficial processes of several U.S. continental margins. For example, the details of the morphology of large sediment slides on the U.S.Atlantic continental slope and rise have been mapped, and enigmatic features such as a meandering channel on a channel levee on the U.S.Alaskan Pacific margin have been discovered.
New products from the shuttle radar topography mission
Authors: Gesch Dean , Farr Tom , Slater James , Muller Jan‐Peter , Cook Sally 
Published: October 2006

New data products with broad applicability to the Earth sciences are now available from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). SRTM, a joint project of the National Geospatial‐Intelligence Agency (NGA) and NASA, flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on an 11‐day mission in February 2000 with the goal of collecting a near‐global data set of high‐resolution elevation data [Fan and Kobrick, 2000]. Data from the mission have been available to researchers for several years, but newly available products offer enhanced usability and applicability.Final products include elevation data resulting from a substantial editing effort by the NGA in which water bodies and coastlines were well defined and data artifacts known as spikes and wells (single pixel errors) were removed. This second version of the SRTM data set, also referred to as ‘finished’ data, represents a significant improvement over earlier versions that had nonflat water bodies, poorly defined coastlines, and numerous noise artifacts. The edited data are available at a one‐arc‐second resolution (approximately 30 meters) for the United States and its territories, and at a three‐arc‐second resolution (approximately 90 meters) for non‐U.S. areas.
Yangtze sediment decline partly from Three Gorges Dam
Authors: Xu Kehui , Milliman John D. , Yang Zuosheng , Wang Houjie 
Published: October 2006

It could be argued that nowhere has the impact of dams on rivers been more important than in China, where since 1950 almost half of the world's large dams (higher than 15 meters) have been built ]Fuggle and Smith, 2000]. China's Yangtze River (Changjiang)—the largest river in south Asia (1.8 million square kilometers) and whose basin is home to more than 400 million inhabitants—alone has more than 50,000 dams within its watershed, including the world's largest, the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) (Figure 1a ).Water and sediment began being impounded behind the TGD in June 2003, and two years after impoundment, river sediment discharge downstream (at Datong Station) had decreased by nearly half of its 2002 load (Figure 1c). However, the decrease in Yangtze sediment load did not begin with TGD impoundment. Rather, the sediment load at Datong has declined continually since 1987 despite a slight increase in river discharge (Figure 1c ). The change in pre‐TGD loads atYichang, just downstream from the TGD, has been even more extreme, decreasing by approximately 300 million tons in 1986–2002, before declining another 130 million tons after 2002 (Figure 1b). All of this suggests that collective changes on the Yangtze upstream (above Yichang) have been more important in decreasing the river's sediment load than the TGD.
Coupled Climate Model appraisal: A benchmark for future studies
Authors: Phillips Thomas J. , AchutaRao Krishna , Bader David , Convey Curtis , Doutriaux Charles M. , Fiorino Michael , Glecker Peter J. , Sperber Kenneth R. , Taylor Karl E. 
Published: October 2006

Studies of future climate scenarios, such as those conducted in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, http://www.ipcc.ch/), rely heavily on numerical experiments performed with coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation models (OAGCMs). In order to assess the results of such climate change experiments, a benchmark for evaluating model performance is required.To provide this benchmark, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) conducted an extensive appraisal of multidecadal climate simulations by 11 coupled OAGCMs that were developed during the period of 1995–2002 [Bader etal., 2004].While diverse representations of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, land, and of their respective couplings were employed (see Table 1), all of these climate models were run with current values of solar and greenhouse gas radiative forcings. Thus, by comparing details of the OAGCM simulations with analogous facets of climate observations, the needed model‐performance benchmark can be obtained. If, for instance, a model simulation closely replicates the salient features of the present climate, a necessary (though not sufficient) condition is met for placing some confidence in the model's projections of the climate of the next several decades.
Warm oceans raise land temperatures
Authors: Hoerling Martin P. , Xu TaiYi , Bates Gary , Kumar Arun , Jha Bhaskar 
Published: October 2006

During 2004, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were the third warmest in the past 125 years, land surface temperatures were the fourth warmest, and globally averaged temperatures likewise ranked fourth highest [Levinson, 2005]. This article presents evidence that SSTs contributed significantly to the widespread terrestrial and global tropospheric warmth.Every ocean witnessed warm sea surface conditions in 2004, with only the middle latitudes of the Southern Ocean experiencing below average values (Figure 1, top). Much of this warmth was concentrated north of 30°S and included a weak El Nino event in the tropical central Pacific. Terrestrial warmth in 2004 was seen at all locations between 45°N and 45°S.The greatest departures from average temperatures occurred over interior Eurasia and western North America, which experienced increases of up to 2°C (Figure 1, middle). Consistent with the considerable warmth of ocean and land surfaces, much of the global troposphere was also warm in 2004. The thermal expansion of the tropospheric column, whose top is roughly at the 200‐millibar pressure surface, is demonstrated by the increase in elevation of that surface worldwide (Figure 1, bottom).
A case for short duration of Deccan Trap Eruption
Authors: Sen Gautam , Borges Melroy , Marsh Bruce D. 
Published: October 2006

Earth's geologic past has been punctuated by episodes of voluminous outpouring of lava that flooded large areas of continents and oceans, giving rise to what are commonly called flood basalt provinces. These flood basalt eruptions often coincided with major stratigraphic boundaries and mass extinction events.The Deccan Traps of India are a muchstudied example of a flood basalt province that erupted at or near the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary 65 million years ago. These lavas reach a maximum thickness of 2.7 kilometers at the Western Ghats of India.
Survey provides guidance for consortium's hydrologic measurement facility
Authors: Robinson David , Selker John , Bowden Breck , Duncan Jonathan , Durant John , Hooper Rick , Jacobs Jennifer , Knight Rose‐Mary 
Published: October 2006

The Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc. (CUAHSI) began the Hydrologic Measurement Facility (HMF) program in June 2005 to advance hydrologic measurement capability within the research community. To provide guidance for this effort, a recent survey assessed the level of need among the hydrological sciences community for community instruments and facilities.The survey aimed to identify technologies and methodologies that could make major advances in the hydrologic sciences.Between 1 November 2005 and 15 January 2006,363 responses were returned. (45% from hydrologists, 15% soil scientists, 12% geophysicists, 11% biogeochemists, 3% ecologists, 3% geomorphologists, and 11% other disciplines).
Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change
Authors: Mann Michael E. , Emanuel Kerry A. 
Published: October 2006

Increases in key measures of Atlantic hurricane activity over recent decades are believed to reflect, in large part, contemporaneous increases in tropical Atlantic warmth [e.g., Emanuel, 2005]. Some recent studies [e.g., Goldenberg et al., 2001] have attributed these increases to a natural climate cycle termed the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), while other studies suggest that climate change may instead be playing the dominant role [Emanuel, 2005; Webster et al., 2005].Using a formal statistical analysis to separate the estimated influences of anthropogenic climate change from possible natural cyclical influences, this article presents results indicating that anthropogenic factors are likely responsible for long‐term trends in tropical Atlantic warmth and tropical cyclone activity. In addition, this analysis indicates that late twentieth century tropospheric aerosol cooling has offset a substantial fraction of anthropogenic warming in the region and has thus likely suppressed even greater potential increases in tropical cyclone activity.
Near‐surface geophysics: A new focus group
Authors: Slater Lee , Knight Rosemary , Singha Kamini , Binley Andrew , Atekwana Estella 
Published: October 2006

AGU has established the new Near‐Surface Geophysics (NS) focus group in response to rapidly growing scientific studies of the ‘critical zone,’ the near‐surface environment where complex interactions exist between processes in hydrogeology geochemistry and geobiology among other disciplines.This new focus group will concentrate on processes occurring in the top 100 meters of the critical zone, which supports human infrastructure, provides water and mineral resources, is the disposal zone for much of the population's waste, represents a key component of many hazards assessments, and is the interface between land and atmosphere for many of the biogeochemical cycles that sustain life.