bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL INDUCTION OF MAMMARY GROWTH AND LACTATION IN THE GOAT
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , FLUX D. S. , FOLLEY S. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Treatment of spayed virgin goats with oestrogen ('triggering'), following administration of oestrogen and progesterone for 150 days to cause udder development, had no significant effect on the milk yield or on the structure of their udders.
2. Daily injections of 0·5 mg hexoestrol plus 70 mg progesterone for 150 days with or without the final oestrogen 'triggering' treatment induced udders which were virtually free from histological abnormalities and in which the alveolar tissue was homogeneous and compact. The milk yields were reasonably uniform between goats, and the incidence and degree of asymmetry in milk yield between two halves of the udder were no greater than in normally lactating goats.
3. Treatment for 20 weeks with oestrogen alone at daily doses ranging from 0·025 to 0·25 mg grew glands characterized by histological abnormalities previously found in glands developed with higher doses of oestrogen, namely cystic alveoli, papillomatous outgrowths from the epithelium and immature lobules. There was no graded relationship between dose of oestrogen and milk yield, and asymmetry of yield between the two halves of an udder was marked and widespread, particularly in the goats receiving the lowest dose.
4. Total alveolar surface areas of half-udders removed at the peak of lactation were estimated by three related methods, all of which gave high correlations with the milk yields of these udder halves. With only one of these methods, however, was there an appreciable partial correlation between porosity index (surface area/unit volume) and milk yield.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF ALDOSTERONE IN MAN
Authors: HETZEL B. S. , McSWINEY R. R. , MILLS I. H. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Aldosterone has been administered by various routes to a patient with normal adrenals and to two patients with Addison's disease. The intramuscular route gave the most regular effect on sodium retention. In some instances intravenous infusion was very effective.
2. In one patient with Addison's disease, aldosterone and cortisone had opposing effects. Aldosterone produced sodium retention, potassium loss and water retention to a significant degree, whereas a single dose of cortisone stimulated a loss of all these substances. The urinary K/Na ratio is a valuable index in assessing aldosterone activity.
3. It was possible to choose conditions, namely presumed adrenocortical hyperactivity and hypertonic saline infusion, where the sodium retaining properties of aldosterone were counteracted.
4. Aldosterone in dosages up to 1 mg was without effect on the sensitivity to insulin in two patients with adrenal insufficiency. Further negative effects, namely on blood eosinophil levels, nitrogen excretion, steroid metabolism and blood sugar levels, were observed.
CYCLIC FUNCTION IN OVARIAN GRAFTS
Authors: DEANESLY RUTH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Subcutaneous ovarian grafts, which maintained the vaginal cycle in ovariectomized rats for periods up to 12 weeks, were examined histologically to determine whether or not they showed normally ovulating follicles. It was found that ovulation occurred regularly in most autografts, but only in about half the homografts. The homografts included 7- to 10-day ovaries implanted into immature or adult hosts and also similar ovaries frozen and thawed before implantation. Absence of normal ovulation in many homografts, which are often less well vascularized than autografts, may be attributed to an inadequate or unbalanced supply of pituitary gonadotrophins.
Degenerative changes indicated by lymphocyte infiltration, are variable in onset, severity and duration, and their progress seems to be unaffected by gonadotrophic stimulus. Only in five out of forty-six hosts were degenerative changes in the graft associated with cessation of vaginal cornification during the experimental period.
THE HYPOTHALAMIC ELABORATION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY PRINCIPLES IN MAN, THE RAT AND DOG. HISTOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE DERIVED FROM A PERFORMIC ACID-ALCIAN BLUE REACTION FOR CYSTINE
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , SLOPER J. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A histochemical technique has been devised which demonstrates cystine or cysteine in paraffin sections.
2. This depends on the oxidation of these substances with performic acid and the demonstration of the resultant cysteic acid with a basic dye, Alcian blue 8GS, at pH 0·2.
3. The specificity of this reaction depends on excluding acidic substances already present ionized in tissues at this low pH.
4. The performic acid-Alcian blue technique selectively demonstrates material with the exact distribution of Bargmann's chrome-haematoxyphil 'neurosecretory' material in the hypothalamus and in the posterior lobe of the pituitary of man, the rat and dog.
5. This material, by reason of its content of cystine, may represent posterior pituitary hormone; severe dehydration in five rats caused the almost entire loss of this material from the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
6. The performic acid-Alcian blue reaction provides the first histochemical evidence of the hypothalamic elaboration of posterior pituitary hormone in man and rat.
NEUROHUMORAL CONTROL OF THE RELEASE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE
Authors: MARTINI L. , de POLI A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In normal rats intraperitoneal injection of posterior pituitary hormones produces a significant fall in the number of circulating eosinophils and in adrenal ascorbic acid. These effects do not occur in hypophysectomized animals. In hypophysectomized rats bearing hypophysial transplants in the anterior chamber of the eye, both intraperitoneal injection of posterior pituitary hormones and their local application to the eye containing the pituitary graft, also significantly reduce the number of eosinophils and the amount of ascorbic acid in the adrenals.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the posterior pituitary hormones act as humoral transmitting agents which, released by the hypothalamus into the hypophysial portal system, can activate the anterior pituitary to discharge ACTH.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SULPHURIC ACID COLOUR REACTION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PREGNANEDIOL
Authors: KLOPPER A. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When a solution of pregnanediol in concentrated sulphuric acid is heated at 25° C for 17 hr, the spectrum of the colour complex formed is different from the spectrum of pregnanediol diacetate similarly treated. The intensity of colour of such solutions increases rapidly for 8 hr. Thereafter the rate of increase slows down; maximum colour development is reached in 17–20 hr. At temperatures above 25° C the characteristic light absorption pattern of the steroid-acid solution becomes progressively obliterated. The intensity of colour is decreased by hydrogen peroxide and by barium nitrate; it is increased by sodium sulphite and hydroquinone. The same weight of pregnanediol may give different spectrophotometric readings if different stock samples of sulphuric acid are used. These differences may be greatly reduced by pretreating the sulphuric acid with sodium sulphite.
HORMONAL EFFECTS ON LIVER AND KIDNEY CYTOPLASM
Authors: REID E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Differential centrifugation, in 0·25 m sucrose solution, has been performed with rat liver and kidney tissue to ascertain whether the yield and composition of the cytoplasmic fractions (mitochondrial, microsome and supernatant fractions) depend on the hormonal status of the animal.
2. After hypophysectomy the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the mitochondrial fraction from liver underwent a decrease (in terms of body weight) which was sufficient to account for the fall in the RNA of the liver as a whole. There was also a decrease in the yield of the mitochondrial fraction. Administration of pituitary growth hormone (GH) to hypophysectomized rats not only restored to normal the amount of RNA in the mitochondrial fraction and the yield of that fraction, but also led to an apparent shift of RNA from the microsome fraction to the supernatant fraction. A further change observed after hypophysectomy, whether or not GH had been given, was a rise in the yield of the microsome fraction. Hypophysectomized rats given thyrotrophin (TSH) did not show significant cytoplasmic changes as found with untreated hypophysectomized rats, but it was not possible to conclude that TSH had actually reversed the effects of hypophysectomy.
3. Castrated rats showed no abnormalities in the yields of the liver cytoplasmic fractions or in the concentration of RNA in the fractions. Alloxan-diabetic rats showed a rise in the yield of the supernatant fraction from liver.
4. Untreated adrenalectomized rats showed a rise in liver deoxyribonucleic acid, a fall in the yield of the liver mitochondrial fraction, but not in the amount of RNA in that fraction, and a rise in the amount of RNA in the supernatant fraction. Replacement therapy with various adrenocorticoids was attempted, with only partial success.
5. In contrast with the RNA content, the phospholipid content of the liver cytoplasmic fractions was not, in general, dependent on hormonal status.
6. Determinations of the yield and composition (RNA and phospholipid) of the cytoplasmic fractions from kidney disclosed certain hormonal effects, differing from those observed with liver; for example, the kidneys from hypophysectomized rats furnished microsome fractions in lowered yield but with an increased concentration of RNA.
VARIATIONS IN UPTAKE AND EXCRETION OF RADIOIODINE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING DIFFERENT MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
Authors: CHAKRABORTY K. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The variations in uptake and excretion of radio-iodine following: (a) intraperitoneal, (b) intravenous, (c) intramuscular, (d) subcutaneous injection as well as oral administration with (e) empty stomach, and (f) full stomach, have been investigated.
There is a significant difference in the uptake of radio-iodine (131I) only during the first few hours after administration. The maximum uptake of 131I occurs within 24 hr, and is independent of the mode of administration. There is no significant difference in the uptake of 131I after 24 hr. The excretion of 131I in the urine also showed no significant difference during the period of observation (1–8 days).
EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS OESTROGEN ADMINISTRATION ON OESTRUS, OVULATION AND FERTILIZATION IN RATS AND MICE
Authors: AUSTIN C. R. , BRUCE HILDA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Stilboestrol was administered in the drinking water at several different concentrations to groups of normal adult rats and mice.
Continuous vaginal cornification was obtained with the higher dose levels and both species showed a capacity for repeated coitus at intervals corresponding approximately to those separating oestrous periods in untreated animals. The response was much more uniform in the mice.
Inhibition of ovulation required dose levels well above those that clearly influenced the nature of the vaginal smear. The great majority of ovulated eggs were found to undergo spermatozoon penetration, and supplementary spermatozoa were commonly seen. Results suggest that the frequency of spermatozoon penetration was increased by moderate oestrogen dosage. Fertilization appeared to be quite normal.
MODIFICATION OF THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE MOUSE BY EXTERNAL STIMULI ASSOCIATED WITH THE MALE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Mating of mice does not occur with equal frequency during the first 4 nights after pairing. Fewer than the expected number mate on the 1st, 2nd and 4th nights, but mating on the 3rd night greatly exceeds expectation.
2. This effect is not dependent on age or parity, and is little altered by pairing the mice at 11 p.m. when oestrous behaviour is fully established.
3. Mating occurs more frequently on the 1st night after pairing if the male has been enclosed in a small basket within the female's cage for 2 days previously. Also, the incidence of mating is altered by placing the females in a cage recently contaminated by males.
4. The oestrous cycle of the mouse is apparently modified by the presence of a male or his excreta, and an exteroceptive stimulus functioning through one of the chemical senses is probably involved.
COLOUR CORRECTION IN DETERMINATION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS BY THE CALLOWZIMMERMANN REACTION
Authors: ROBINSON ALICE M. , CROWLEY J. M. , JONES D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The problems of colour correction in the assay of urinary 17-ketosteroids by the Callow-Zimmermann method are critically considered. Details are given of a novel method of deriving correction formulae for two pairs of light filters commonly employed in routine 17-ketosteroid assay. The use of these formulae is illustrated by their application to assays of normal and of pathological urines.
THE FATE OF HYDROCORTISONE-4-14C IN THE TISSUES OF THE MOUSE
Authors: COPE C. L. , SEWELL C. ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When hydrocortisone-4-14C is injected intravenously into mice, the whole of the 14C remains in a form which can be recovered from the carcase by extraction with 70% aqueous methanol.
The fraction of recovered 14C which remains soluble in chloroform declines rapidly at first and more slowly thereafter, so that at 1 hr less than 15% is still chloroform soluble.
Glucuronidase increases the chloroform soluble fraction slightly, and a further small amount is made chloroform soluble by acid hydrolysis. The latter fraction seems to increase with time.
The rate of destruction of true hydrocortisone has been measured. There is a rapid decomposition during the first 5 min followed by a slower rate of disappearance during the next hour. The latter corresponds to a rate of metabolism of about 7·8 μg daily. Such a rate is comparable, per gram of tissue, to that believed to occur in man.
The injected 14C is at first excreted mainly into the gut, but later mainly into the urine.
No indication of an altered rate of metabolism of hydrocortisone-4-14C in adrenalectomized mice was obtained.
THE EFFECT OF REGENERATION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX ON THE WATER CONTENT OF THE UTERUS FOLLOWING OESTROGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: BROGI M. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ability of regenerating cortical tissue, under the stimulus of sham adrenalectomy, to prevent the increase in the water content of the uterus caused by oestrogen has been followed at various intervals after adrenal enucleation.
A normal adrenal response was still absent 35 days after the operation but was re-established after 48 days. The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE ASSAY OF INSULIN IN VITRO BY MEANS OF THE GLUCOSE UPTAKE OF THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: RANDLE P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An in vitro method of insulin assay based upon the glucose uptake of the isolated rat diaphragm is described and a statistical appraisal of the method given.
The minimum concentration of insulin which was detected by this method was of the order of 10−4 i.u. of insulin/ml. The index of precision (λ) varied in eighteen studies of regression from 0·18 to 0·74. The slope of the log dose-response curve was found to vary significantly from experiment to experiment.
The results are briefly compared with those obtained with other in vitro methods of insulin assay.
THE INTERACTION OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE VAGINAL CYCLE OF THE EWE
Authors: ROBINSON T. J. , MOORE N. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The vaginal smear pattern of the intact ewe experiencing normal oestrous cycles was compared with that of the spayed untreated ewe, and with the spayed ewe injected with a physiological dose-level of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) administered either alone or alternating with progesterone (Prog.) injected in a time-dose relationship closely approximating that of the intact animal.
Normal vaginal cornification appeared to be a result of oestrogen stimulation. The normal manifestation of leucocytic invasion and changes in the viscosity of mucus appeared to be dependent on an interaction between oestrogen and progesterone.
Some vaginal cornification was apparent on the day of oestrus, or 48 hr after the injection of ODB, but maximum cornification occurred 2 days later. For a maximum response, as measured by the number of ewes which yielded one or more cornified smears, it was necessary to take smears daily for 4 days commencing on the day of oestrus.
By relating the smear pattern of the ODB-injected spayed ewe to that of the normal intact ewe a standard method of appraisal of vaginal smears has been evolved. This is considered suitable for quantitative assay work. A positive vaginal smear is one which is virtually free of leucocytes but contains appreciable numbers of cornified cells either alone or in association with squamous and/or nucleated epithelial cells. The various types of typical cornified smears are illustrated.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD SUGAR AND LIVER GLYCOGEN IN FASTED RATS
Authors: HERBERT PHILIPPA H. , MOLE R. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In fasted adrenalectomized female rats a rise in blood sugar may be a more sensitive index of cortisone activity than a rise in liver glycogen.
2. There was a threshold level of blood sugar below which the liver was almost empty of glycogen. Above this threshold the concentration of liver glycogen rose almost logarithmically with a rise in blood sugar.
3. The shape of this blood sugar—liver glycogen relationship is discussed in relation to the bio-assay of corticosteroids and their effect on carbohydrate metabolism.
4. The concentration of glucose in the red cell of the rat is much less than that in the plasma.
A SERTOLI CELL TUMOUR CAUSING FEMINIZATION IN A BROWN LEGHORN CAPON
Authors: SILLER W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The appearance of a spontaneous Sertoli cell tumour in a Brown Leghorn capon has been described.
The plumage pattern abnormalities of this bird were shown to be due to a prolonged secretion of oestrogen and may be interpreted as evidence of feminization. This is further proof that Sertoli cells secrete oestrogen.
THE MECHANISM OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE UPON THE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF ALLOXAN IN THE DOG
Authors: ARTETA J. L. , CARBALLIDO A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The i.v. injection of 50 μg/kg body weight of adrenaline hydrochloride prior to the injection of diabetogenic doses of alloxan has a protective effect in the dog.
This protection has a duration exceeding that of the vasoconstrictor action of adrenaline.
It is concluded that the protective effect may depend initially on alterations in the circulation of the pancreas brought about by adrenaline and may afterwards be maintained by the postadrenaline hyperglycaemia.
The administration of 2 i.u./kg body weight of insulin by i.m. injection 2 hr before the injection of adrenaline diminishes or abolishes the protection phenomenon.
This interference of insulin with the protective effect of adrenaline depends upon the hypoglycaemia which sensitizes the β-cells of the pancreas to alloxan.
The i.v. injection of 2 i.u./kg body weight of insulin 5 min before the injection of adrenaline does not prevent its protective effect.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF AN ASSAY FOR URINARY FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An assay method for urinary FSH depending on an increase of ovarian weight in mice treated with HCG has been examined experimentally.
2. Synergism was not observed when mixtures were assayed by this method. However, when 'total gonadotrophic activity' was estimated by the weight increase of the mouse uterus there appeared to be some evidence of synergism.
3. The administration of prolactin in total dosages up to 10 i.u./mouse did not interfere with the assay.
4. The addition of oestrogens sometimes affected the assay results and frequently caused a departure from parallelism.
THE SENSITIVITY OF BUFO BUFO TO CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR AND AFTER PERIODS OF ENFORCED HIBERNATION
Authors: ALLISON RHODA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The sensitivity of Bufo bufo to chorionic gonadotrophin (C.G.) throughout the year, before and after 4–6 months of enforced hibernation in a refrigerator, is recorded.
The sensitivity of newly captured animals was found to show a small seasonal variation, and was highest in those caught in the spring, the normal breeding season. Among animals subjected to between 4 and 6 months' enforced hibernation sensitivity was increased in those captured in the spring and summer. No significant change was detected in the sensitivity of animals caught in autumn.
It is suggested that short periods of enforced hibernation of 1 to 2 months may significantly increase the sensitivity of B. bufo to C.G.
This appears to be true of animals caught in the spring, and further work will have to show whether it also applies to animals caught at other times of the year.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE HUMAN ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: WHITELEY H. J. , STONER H. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenal glands from twenty-four cases of sudden death during pregnancy and immediately post partum have been examined. The mean combined adrenal weight in the pregnancy cases was slightly greater than in controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was, however, a significant increase in the width of the z. fasciculata in the pregnancy cases due toan increase in the width of the inner part of this zone. This change occurred early in pregnancy, and there was no progressive increase in width with the duration of the pregnancy. Histochemical tests showed that the only difference from the controls was in the inner part of the z. fasciculata where there was reduction in the amount of sudanophilia. The appearance of the cortex in pregnancy was quite unlike that found in glands stimulated by systemic disease or corticotrophin. These findings are discussed in relation to the chemical evidence of increased urinary steroid excretion in pregnancy.
THE METABOLISM OF PROGESTERONE IN THE RAT
Authors: ATHERDEN L. M. , GRANT J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Progesterone has been administered intraperitoneally to adult male rats. Examination of absorption spectra of material dissolved in sulphuric acid and the application of a sensitive quantitative method of measurement failed to show the presence of 5β-pregnane-3α:20α-diol in the pooled urine.
2. A modification of the pregnanediol method failed to reveal the presence of 5α-pregnane-3α:20α-diol.
β-GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY AFTER THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN RATS
Authors: BROGI M. P. , VILLANI G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
β-Glucuronidase activity was followed in the liver, spleen, thymus, adrenals, kidneys and submaxillary glands of the rat during the atrophy of these organs caused by thyro-parathyroidectomy. The atrophy is not related, except in the case of the liver, to deficient food intake.
β-Glucuronidase activity per unit weight of tissue was found to be increased in almost all the organs examined in correlation with the period of fastest loss in weight: when the rate of weight loss decreased or was reduced to nil, the enzyme levels showed a tendency to return to normal values.
The significance of these data is discussed.
A SENSITIVE METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF ANDROGENS BASED ON THEIR POWER TO ALTER THE REACTIONS OF THE MOUSE KIDNEY TO CHLOROFORM
Authors: HEWITT H. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Susceptibility to necrosis of the renal tubules after the inhalation of small concentrations of chloroform vapour was induced in castrated mice by a total dose of 10μg of testosterone propionate. With increasing doses of androgen greater amounts of damage to the renal tubules resulted from the same exposures to chloroform. A simple method for the measurement of the degree of damage in the kidney enabled a dose-response curve to be constructed. These findings appear to provide the basis of a sensitive method for the detection and assay of androgens.