bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Waiting List to Go Home: An Analysis of Delayed Discharges From Surgical Beds
Authors: Benson RT , Drew JC , Galland RB 
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper was to analyse patients who were unable to be discharged from a surgical ward despite being surgically fit to leave. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were collected on all surgical in-patients on a single day. Patients who were surgically fit for discharge but whose discharge was delayed were identified. Demographic data and reasons for delay were noted. RESULTS Nine of 75 patients (12%) were surgical bed blockers. These patients were more likely to have been admitted as emergencies (P = 0.035) and were older (P < 0.01) than the remaining patients. They occupied 35% of the total ‘bed-days’ of the group as a whole with a median in-patient stay of 41 days compared with 2 days for the other patients. Trust-collected data, based on UK Government guidelines, showed only one surgical delayed discharge patient on the day studied. CONCLUSIONS Due to problems in defining delayed discharge Government figures probably underestimate the true numbers. Lack of intermediate care and social service provision are a major cause of bed blocking.
Vascular Surgical Emergencies: How will Future Surgeons be Trained?
Authors: Richards T , Pittathankal AA , Kahn PY , Magee TR , Lewis MH , Galland RB 
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION We wished to assess whether pattern and impact of emergency vascular surgical referrals has altered since a previous study in 1990. Following introduction of shift working patterns, we wished to assess how these changes may affect vascular training and vascular on-call cover. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective survey of emergency vascular referrals at two district general hospitals (DGH-R and DGH-L) in 2003. DGH-R received only regional referrals whereas DGH-L also received ‘next day’ referrals from a smaller hospital. Results were compared between centres and with a previous study undertaken at DGH-R in 1990. RESULTS From 1990 to 2003 emergency vascular referrals at DGH-R increased by 51% (53 to 80). The number seen at DGH-R and DGH-L were similar in 2003. There were significantly more out-of-hours referrals in DGH-R than DGH-L (59% versus 35%; P = 0.0123). Referrals were more likely to be seen initially by the vascular team at DGH-L than DGH-R (80% versus 47%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Vascular emergency referrals have increased. A trainee was likely to see more emergency referrals at DGH-L than DGH-R. This may impact on future training.
Impact of Changing Trend in Cold Ischaemic Time on Operating Times in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Seow Ying-Ying , Riad Hany , Dyer Philip 
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe European Working Time Directive (EWTD) is calling for reduction in the working hours of doctors. Renal transplantation is well-recognised as an out-of-hours specialty. Our study looks at whether our renal transplant centre's attempt to reduce cold ischaemic time (CIT) has impacted on the pattern of operating times since this may have implications on the surgeons' working hours.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe studied 883 adult cadaver kidney transplants performed between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2002. CIT and time of surgery was obtained from a local audit database (< www.nwkta.org >) and that held by UK Transplant. Time of surgery was divided into 07:30–17:59 (day),18:00–23:59 (evening) and 00:00–07:29 (night).RESULTSCIT has decreased since 1992, with a significant reduction after 1998 (P = 0.0001). There was, however, no difference in the percentage of operations performed during the three time periods before and after 1998. Between 1999–2002, 51.4% of transplants took place out of hours (i.e. 18:00–07:29).CONCLUSIONSReduction in CIT does not appear to have impacted on our operating times. The large amount of out-of-hours work is, however, not compliant with EWTD requirements.
A multitude of syntheses: a comparison of five approaches from diverse policy fields
Authors: Boaz Annette , Ashby Deborah , Denyer David , Egan Matt , Harden Angela , Jones David R. , Pawson Ray , Tranfield David 
Published: November 2006

English
This article addresses the synthesis and use of research evidence to inform policy and practice. Reviews of the evidence base in many fields have formed a crucial bridge between research, policy making and practice. Systematic review, in conjunction with meta-analysis, has become an established methodology for locating, selecting, appraising and quantitatively synthesising research evidence according to an explicit and reproducible methodology. However, the ‘standard’ systematic review template associated with the Cochrane Collaboration is often criticised for its perceived inability to cope with variation in study design, nature of evidence and study context. We present five approaches to research synthesis, conducted in different fields, using contrasting methodologies. A number of methodological, practical and strategic implications of conducting research syntheses are explored. The article aims to stimulate debate about what counts as good-quality synthesis, and to demonstrate the growing diversity in its practice. In so doing, the article offers researchers and commissioners a range of approaches to producing reviews of the evidence base.
Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first‐year university students
Authors: Horstmanshof Louise. , Zimitat Craig. 
Published: November 2006

Background. Enhancing student engagement is considered an important strategy for improving retention. Students' Time Perspective is an under‐researched factor that may significantly influence student engagement.Aims. This study examines interrelationships between elements of student engagement and relationship with Time Perspective. We propose that there are significant relationships between psychological and behavioural elements of student engagement. We also posit that time orientation is an important factor in facilitating psychological and behavioural elements of student engagement.Sample. Participants (N=347) were first‐year undergraduate students who had completed one semester of study and re‐enrolled for a further semester of study at an Australian university.Methods. Participants were surveyed using instruments designed to measure Academic Application, Academic Orientation (McInnis, James, & Hartley, 2000), Time Perspective (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), the shortened version of the Study Process Questionnaire (Fox, McManus, & Winder, 2001) and hours spent preparing for class.Results. There were interrelationships between the elements of student engagement (e.g. Academic Application) with productive educational behaviours (e.g. deep approach to learning). Students' perceptions of time appeared as a key factor mediating levels of Academic Application and Academic Orientation. Orientation to the Future emerged as a significant predictor of these elements of engagement.Conclusions. Future orientation emerged as an important factor mediating students' academic engagement in these students who completed one semester of study. Interventions focusing on the development of time perspective may be helpful in encouraging and supporting academic engagement and, ultimately, persistence in higher education.
Reflections on Noun-to-Verb Conversion In English
Authors: Baeskow Heike 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
English denominal verbs formed by conversion adopt complex morphosyntactic and semantic information in a rather mysterious way. For example, the lexical item bottle is unambiguously interpreted as a referential expression in a sentence like John bought a bottle of wine, but how do we account for the event-reading of the same lexical item in a sentence like John bottled the wine? In this study it will be argued that the lexical information of converted denominal verbs is not provided by an unspecified zero-affix, but by conceptual qualia structures, i. e. by modes of explanation, and that these make explicit the implicit knowledge speakers of English have about the referents of nominal bases and determine the interpretation and formation of the corresponding verbs. Moreover, qualia structures yield not only the basic meanings of denominal verbs, but also allow for context-dependent interpretations, which are a result of coercion (e. g. John bottled the spectators). A mapping relation between qualia structures and argument structures, the latter of which are part of the lexical representation of the denominal verbs, will be established by meaning postulates.
An Application of Thermal Analysis to Household Waste
Authors: Cheng Z , Chen H , Zhang Y , Hack P , Pan W-P 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Thermal analysis combined with composition analysis has been used in this work to identify evolved gas when burning household waste. Thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) offers structural identification of compounds evolved during thermal processes. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analysis and XRD offers raw materials information. All these combined can help to evaluate the chemical pathway for the degradation reactions by determining the decomposition products. For comparison purposes, emitted species concentrations are measured with multiple-sensors when burning household waste in a lab-scale fluidized bed combustor. There is excellent agreement between the two different approaches. The measured results also provided some insight into burning household waste as an energy source in large-scale incinerators.
Low-Dose Atomoxetine for Maintenance Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Michelson David , Kratochvil Christopher J. , Allen Albert J. , Ruff Dustin D. , Moore Rodney J. ,   for the Atomoxetine Low-dose Study Group
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Data from acute studies of atomoxetine in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder suggest that a dose of ∼1.2 mg/kg per day is required to attain a maximal symptom response. However, lower doses could be effective during maintenance treatment, which would reduce drug exposure and potential problems related to tolerability during chronic treatment.
METHODS. Patients 6 to 16 years of age who had a robust response to an initial acute trial of atomoxetine were assigned randomly under double-blind conditions to continue treatment for up to 8 months with either the dose to which they had responded acutely (1.2–1.8 mg/kg per day, N = 116, continued same dose) or a lower dose (0.5 mg/kg per day, N = 113, low dose). The primary outcome measure was relapse, defined as an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator-Administered and Scored total score returned to ≥90% of the original baseline value (before acute treatment) for 2 consecutive visits. Mean change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale total score was assessed as a secondary outcome.
RESULTS. At randomization, symptom severity was low and similar in both groups. At end point, relapse rates did not differ between the groups. Mean change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale total score from the conclusion of acute treatment to end point also was not different between groups. Reports of affective lability were higher in the patients in the low-dose group. Also, increases in heart rate (compared with when atomoxetine was started) were higher in the patients in the continued same-dose group than in the low-dose group. Finally, increases in weight over the course of the trial were greater for the low-dose group than the continued same-dose group.
CONCLUSIONS. For patients who experience a robust response to atomoxetine, it may be possible to retain the response during maintenance treatment with a reduced dose of atomoxetine.
Prenatal detection of subtelomeric rearrangements by multi‐subtelomere FISH in a cohort of fetuses with major malformations
Authors: Gignac Jennifer , Danis Karine , Tihy Frédérique , Lemyre Emmanuelle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCryptic unbalanced subtelomeric rearrangements have been identified as an important contributor (∼6%) to the etiology of mental retardation and dysmorphism. Our objective was to study the role of these rearrangements in the development of fetal malformations. Multi‐subtelomere FISH was performed on cells from 48 fetuses with major malformations diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound with a normal karyotype at a minimal 400 band resolution. We developed a method of performing multi‐subtelomere FISH on a single slide of amniocyte metaphase spreads. We identified five subtelomeric abnormalities: two derivative chromosomes inherited from a parent carrying a balanced translocation, two known polymorphisms, and one novel familial variant. These results show a similar frequency (4%) of clinically significant subtelomeric rearrangements to that found in children with multiple malformations. This study adds to a growing number of reports of cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements associated with congenital malformations and highlights the relevance and technical feasibility of multi‐subtelomere FISH screening of prenatal samples. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic definition of Chiari type I malformation coupled with high‐density SNP genome screen shows significant evidence for linkage to regions on chromosomes 9 and 15
Authors: Boyles Abee L. , Enterline David S. , Hammock Preston H. , Siegel Deborah G. , Slifer Susan H. , Mehltretter Lorraine , Gilbert John R. , Hu‐Lince Diane , Stephan Dietrich , Batzdorf Ulrich , Benzel Edward , Ellenbogen Richard , Green Barth A. , Kula Roger , Menezes Arnold , Mueller Diane , Oro' John J. , Iskandar Bermans J. , George Timothy M. , Milhorat Thomas H. , Speer Marcy C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChiari type I malformation (CMI; OMIM 118420) is narrowly defined when the tonsils of the cerebellum extend below the foramen magnum, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms. It is widely thought that a small posterior fossa (PF) volume, relative to the total cranial volume leads to a cramped cerebellum and herniation of the tonsils into the top of the spinal column. In a collection of magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) from affected individuals and their family members, we measured correlations between ten cranial morphologies and estimated their heritability in these families. Correlations between bones delineating the PF and significant heritability of PF volume (0.955, P = 0.003) support the cramped PF theory and a genetic basis for this condition. In a collection of 23 families with 71 affected individuals, we performed a genome wide linkage screen of over 10,000 SNPs across the genome to identify regions of linkage to CMI. Two‐point LOD scores on chromosome 15 reached 3.3 and multipoint scores in this region identified a 13 cM region with LOD scores over 1 (15q21.1‐22.3). This region contains a biologically plausible gene for CMI, fibrillin‐1, which is a major gene in Marfan syndrome and has been linked to Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome, of which CMI is a distinguishing characteristic. Multipoint LOD scores on chromosome 9 maximized at 3.05, identifying a 40 cM region with LOD scores over 1 (9q21.33‐33.1) and a tighter region with multipoint LOD scores over 2 that was only 8.5 cM. This linkage evidence supports a genetic role in Chiari malformation and justifies further exploration with fine mapping and investigation of candidate genes in these regions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of plaster endocast morphology through 3D CT image analysis
Authors: Schoenemann P. Thomas , Gee James , Avants Brian , Holloway Ralph L. , Monge Janet , Lewis Jason 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA crucial component of research on brain evolution has been the comparison of fossil endocranial surfaces with modern human and primate endocrania. The latter have generally been obtained by creating endocasts out of rubber latex shells filled with plaster. The extent to which the method of production introduces errors in endocast replicas is unknown. We demonstrate a powerful method of comparing complex shapes in 3‐dimensions (3D) that is broadly applicable to a wide range of paleoanthropological questions. Pairs of virtual endocasts (VEs) created from high‐resolution CT scans of corresponding latex/plaster endocasts and their associated crania were rigidly registered (aligned) in 3D space for two Homo sapiens and two Pan troglodytes specimens. Distances between each cranial VE and its corresponding latex/plaster VE were then mapped on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis. The results show that between 79.7% and 91.0% of the voxels in the four latex/plaster VEs are within 2 mm of their corresponding cranial VEs surfaces. The average error is relatively small, and variation in the pattern of error across the surfaces appears to be generally random overall. However, inferior areas around the cranial base and the temporal poles were somewhat overestimated in both human and chimpanzee specimens, and the area overlaying Broca's area in humans was somewhat underestimated. This study gives an idea of the size of possible error inherent in latex/plaster endocasts, indicating the level of confidence we can have with studies relying on comparisons between them and, e.g., hominid fossil endocasts. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel microstructure of the hominid KB 5223 from Kromdraai, South Africa
Authors: Lacruz Rodrigo S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Plio‐Pleistocene site of Kromdraai, South Africa, is well known for the recovery of the holotype of Paranthropus robustus, one of nine individual hominids recovered from this site to date. Among the Kromdraai sample, the specimen KB 5223 comprises several isolated deciduous and permanent lower teeth assigned to Paranthropus, the only recognized genus at this site. However, a more recent analysis of this specimen suggested that it should be classified as Homo. The lower right first permanent molar of KB 5223 had been previously sectioned along the tips of the mesial cusps, exposing its enamel microstructure. Previous studies had indicated differences between Homo and Paranthropus at the microstructural level. A portable confocal scanning microscope was used to describe details of the enamel microstructure of the M1 and I1 of this specimen. Angles formed between the striae of Retzius and the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), daily secretion rates in cuspal enamel of the protoconid and metaconid and crown formation time of the RM1 are provided. The number of perikymata on the right I1 was counted. Results indicate that some features recorded in the KB 5223 molar differ from those of Paranthropus. However, the number of perikymata on the I1 is lower than values so far reported for early Homo but similar to Paranthropus. Crown formation time of KB 5223 M1 was markedly lower than mean values of M1 in H. sapiens, but similar to other early hominids. Daily secretion rates in the cuspal enamel of KB 5223 M1 were higher than in modern humans. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity of glycinergic and gabaergic interneurons in the granule cell layer of mouse cerebellum
Authors: Simat Marija , Parpan Franziska , Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterneurons of the cerebellum granule cell layer (GCL) form distinct populations. Golgi cells extend dendrites in the molecular layer (ML) and innervate granule cells. In contrast, Lugaro cells have dendrites confined to the GCL but innervate interneurons in the ML, and globular cells have both their dendrites and axons in the ML. The latter cells were described recently and remain poorly characterized. Although several neurochemical markers have been associated selectively with GCL interneurons, it is unclear how they relate to their morphological classification and neurochemical phenotype (glycinergic and/or γ‐aminobutyric acid [GABA]ergic). Here, we performed a detailed characterization of GCL interneurons in mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) in glycinergic and GABAergic neurons, respectively. By using immunofluorescence for metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) and neurogranin as markers, we demonstrate the existence of five non‐overlapping subsets of Golgi cells: about 65% are glycinergic/GABAergic and co‐express both markers. Two small subsets (5–10%) also contain both neurotransmitters but express only mGluR2; they are distinguished by cell body size and location in the GCL. The fourth subset (15%) is GABAergic only and expresses neurogranin. The fifth subset (5%) is glycinergic only and lacks both markers. Thus, the heterogeneity of Golgi cells suggests that they belong to specific functional circuits and are differentially regulated by mGluRs and Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent signaling pathways. In contrast to Golgi cells, Lugaro and globular cells are glycinergic/GABAergic and lack mGluR2 and neurogranin. They each represent at least 15% of GCL interneurons and extensively innervate stellate and basket cells, but not Purkinje cells, emphasizing their contribution to inhibitory control of ML interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:71–83, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and morphology of the clock‐gene‐expressing lateral neurons of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte , Shafer Orie T. , Wülbeck Corinna , Grieshaber Eva , Rieger Dirk , Taghert Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe clock‐gene‐expressing lateral neurons are essential for the locomotor activity rhythm of Drosophila melanogaster. Traditionally, these neurons are divided into three groups: the dorsal lateral neurons (LNd), the large ventral lateral neurons (l‐LNv), and the small ventral lateral neurons (s‐LNv), whereby the latter group consists of four neurons that express the neuropeptide pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF) and a fifth PDF‐negative neuron. So far, only the l‐LNv and the PDF‐positive s‐LNv have been shown to project into the accessory medulla, a small neuropil that contains the circadian pacemaker center in several insects. We show here that the other lateral neurons also arborize in the accessory medulla, predominantly forming postsynaptic sites. Both the l‐LNv and LNd are anatomically well suited to connect the accessory medullae. Whereas the l‐LNv may receive ipsilateral photic input from the Hofbauer‐Buchner eyelet, the LNd invade mainly the contralateral accessory medulla and thus may receive photic input from the contralateral side. Both the LNd and the l‐LNv differentiate during midmetamorphosis. They do so in close proximity to one another and the fifth PDF‐negative s‐LNv, suggesting that these cell groups may derive from common precursors. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:47–70, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.