bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative morphology of the equine laminar junction in relation to capsule shape in the forehoof of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds
Authors: Thomason J. J. , Faramarzi B. , Revill Ms. A. , Sears W. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: Differences in hoof morphology have largely been underappreciated in the literature until recently, and it is these that hold the key to interpreting functional adaptation in the hoof.Hypotheses: Primary laminar morphology correlates with hoof capsule shape; and breeds with different hoof shapes and loadings show different patterns of correlation.Methods: Seventeen measurements of capsule shape and 3 of primary epidermal laminae (PEL) morphology (spacing, orientation and curvature) were made on right and left front hooves from 27 Standardbred and 25 Thoroughbred horses, and tested for breed differences. Three laminar variables (spacing, orientation and curvature) were measured on each hoof for samples of 25 PEL in 5 circumferential and 4 proximodistal locations. Pairwise correlations of capsular and laminar measurements were compared within breeds. Significant correlations were mapped onto the 20 sampling sites.Results: Capsule shape differed significantly between breeds in 7 measurements and in a multivariate test. Between breeds, PEL differed in orientation and spacing primarily at the medial quarters and heels, and in curvature at both quarters (P<0.05). Significant correlations between several pairs of capsule and laminar variables were found at sample locations that differed markedly between breeds.Conclusions: Laminar morphology, hoof capsule shape and correlations between them differ between Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. These results support the concept that remodelling of PEL is, at least in part, stimulated and directed by varying stress or strain levels in the laminar junction.Potential relevance: Understanding the biological responses of hoof tissues to stress should add to the ability to prevent lameness involving the hoof and maintain its health.
In vitro and in vivo modulation of the equine immune response by parapoxvirus ovis
Authors: Horohov D. W. , Breathnach C. C. , Sturgill T. L. , Rashid C. , Stiltner J. L. , Strong D. , Nieman N. , Holland R. E. 
Published: September 2008

Summary Reason for performing study: While immune modulators are used routinely in equine medicine, their mechanism of action is not always known. Objectives: To determine the effect of a commercial preparation of inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus; PPVO) on cytokine gene expression by equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: PBMC were prepared from 6 mixed‐breed yearlings and cultured in vitro with PPVO with or without Concanavalin A (Con A) for 24 h. Effects on the expression of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, TNFα and IL‐18 were analysed by real time quantitative PCR (RT‐PCR). In addition, 12 yearling horses were treated with PPVO and whole blood RNA samples were prepared at regular intervals to assess effects on in vivo cytokine gene expression. Six of those yearlings were later treated with saline and served as treatment controls. Nine additional yearlings were injected intradermally with a single dose and their injection sites biopsied at 24 and 48 h for cytokine expression. Results: In vitro culture of PBMC with PPVO led to a significant increase in IFNα and IFNβ gene expression compared to mock‐stimulated cultures. In addition, expression of IFNγ and TNFα was significantly higher in PBMC stimulated with PPVO and Con A, than those stimulated with Con A alone. No changes were observed in IL‐18 gene expression in vitro. Treatment of horses with a 3‐dose regimen of PPVO resulted in elevation of IFNγ gene expression, which was detected 24 h after the first dose and declined thereafter. Intradermal inoculation led to increased expression of IFNγ along with IFNβ, IL‐15 and IL‐18. Conclusions: Together these results indicate that PPVO stimulated IFNγ production both in vitro and in vivo. Increased cytokine expression could account for its immunomodulatory activity. Potential relevance: The absence of adverse reactions and clear indications of increased expression of cytokine gene expression supports previous clinical uses for this immune modulator in those situations when increased expression of IFNγ is warranted.
Computed tomographic anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in the young horse
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ M. J. , LATORRE R. , LÓPEZ‐ALBORS O. , SOLER M. , AGUIRRE C. , VÁZQUEZ J. M. , QUEROL M. , AGUT A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryReasons for performing study: The equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its surrounding structures can be difficult to investigate in cases with a clinical problem related to the region. Little previous attention has been given either to a computed tomographic (CT) imaging protocol for the joint or an interpretation of the structures displayed in CT images of the normal joint.Objectives: To provide a CT atlas of the normal cross‐sectional anatomy of the equine TMJ using frozen and plastinated sections as anatomical reference.Methods: Eight TMJs from 4 immature pure‐bred Spanish horses were examined by helical CT. Scans were processed with a detailed algorithm to enhance bony and soft tissue. Transverse CT images were reformatted into sagittal and dorsal planes. Transverse, sagittal and dorsal cryosections were then obtained, photographed and plastinated. Relevant anatomic structures were identified in the CT images and corresponding anatomical sections.Results: In the CT images, a bone window provided excellent bone detail, however, the soft tissue components of the TMJ were not as well visualised using a soft tissue window. The articular cartilage was observed as a hyperattenuating stripe over the low attenuated subchondral bone and good delineation was obtained between cortex and medulla. The tympanic and petrous part of the temporal bone (middle and inner ear) and the temporohyoid joint were seen in close proximity to the TMJ.Conclusions: Helical CT provided excellent images of the TMJ bone components to characterise the CT anatomy of the normal joint.Potential relevance: Detailed information is provided that may be used as a reference by equine veterinarians for the CT investigation of the equine TMJ and serve to assist them in the diagnosis of disorders of the TMJ and related structures (middle and inner ear). The study was performed at an immature stage and further studies of mature individuals are required in order to confirm that the clinical interpretation is not affected by changes occurring with age.
Frequency of the severe combined immunodeficiency disease gene among horses in Morocco
Authors: PIRO M. , BENJOUAD A. , TLIGUI N. S. , ALLALI K. EL , KOHEN M. EL , NABICH A. , OURAGH L. 
Published: September 2008

SummarySevere combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) of horses is an autosomal, recessive hereditary disease occurring among Arabian or crossbred Arabian horses. The genetic defect responsible was previously identified as a 5‐base pair deletion in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the DNA dependant protein kinase (DNA‐PKcs). This study was carried out to determine the frequency of SCID and identify horses carrying the gene for SCID among Arabian and Arabian crossbred stallions and mares in Morocco using a DNA‐based test. Twenty‐one horses were SCID carriers: 14 (7%) Arabians, 6 (4%) Arab‐Barbs and one (3.3%) Anglo‐Arab. After analysing their genealogy, 3 imported stallions were identified that disseminated the mutant gene of DNA‐PKcs in Morocco.
Concurrent atypical myoglobinuria and colon displacement in a filly
Authors: Sherlock C. E. , Mair T. S. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryAn 18‐month‐old pony filly was examined for acute colic and abdominal distension. The signs of colic failed to resolve following analgesic treatment. At exploratory laparotomy, a right dorsal displacement of the large colon was identified and corrected. On recovery from anaesthesia, the pony developed signs of widespread myopathy, confirmed by serum biochemistry evaluations. Myopathy consistent with atypical myoglobinuria was confirmedpost mortem.
The use of veterinary medicinal products in equine practices in The Netherlands: Balancing between the law and good veterinary practice
Authors: Loomans J. B. A. , Kranenburg L. C. , Weeren P. R. van , Barneveld A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThis study investigates the present situation with respect to the use and abuse of (veterinary) medicinal products (VMPs) by equine practitioners and endeavours to substantiate the perceived discrepancies and friction between the availability of VMPs, legislation in force, code of Good Veterinary Practice and reality of day‐today equine practice. It can be concluded that practising equine medicine in The Netherlands using only authorised equine VMPs is impossible. In most cases the ‘cascade’ or list of essential substances is needed to legitimise the use or, even worse, the use is not legitimised at all. Existing differences between European Union member states in the outcome of procedures for obtaining a marketing authorisation for the same product is seen as an obstacle for the availability and development of equine VMPs needed for safeguarding the future of a professional equine veterinary healthcare.
Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal tendon of thebiceps brachii: Technique and reference images
Authors: Pasquet H. , Coudry V. , Denoix J.‐M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryUltrasonography of the shoulder is of interest in the diagnosis of proximal forelimb lameness. The proximal tendon of thebiceps brachii(PTBB) and its associated structures are frequently injured and should be included in the routine ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder.This paper describes a complete ultrasonographic procedure for examining the bicipital apparatus, on transverse and longitudinal scans, from the insertion of the PTBB on the supraglenoid tubercle to the muscle body below the intertubercular sulcus.
Magnetic resonance imaging features of an extranodal T cell rich B cell lymphoma in the pharyngeal mucosa in a horse
Authors: Jakesova V. , Konar M. , Gerber V. , Brachelente C. , Howard J. , Tessier C. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old Warmblood gelding was presented for inspiratory stridor and dysphagia. Based on history and clinical examination, a solitary mass localised in the oropharynx was suspected. Due to its inaccessibility and defensive behaviour of the horse, it was difficult to visualise this mass either by upper airway endoscopy or by oral examination and the conventional imaging methods (radiology and ultrasound) provided only limited information. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of lymphoma, but the exact localisation and the extent of tissue infiltration of the tumour could only be defined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has proved to be a very useful diagnostic tool in equine lameness investigation and, as this case illustrates, it has considerable diagnostic potential for soft tissue examination of the equine head.
Diagnosis and surgical management of a subchondral bone cyst within the intermediate tubercle of the humerus in a horse
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Chaffin M. K. , Honnas C. M. , Walker M. A. , Heite W. K. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe case of a horse with a subchondral bone cyst in the lateral slope of the intermediate humeral tubercle is presented. Diagnosis was complicated by the unusual location and subsequent challenge in imaging the cyst. Endoscopic debridement resulted in a good outcome.
Computed tomography assisted repair of a central tarsal bone slab fracture in a horse
Authors: Kelmer G. , Wilson D. A. , Essman S. C. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryA 13‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was presented for repair of a central tarsal bone fracture. Radiographs showed a single large nondisplaced sagittal slab fracture; however, computed tomography (CT) revealed an additional small, displaced central tarsal bone fragment. The complex fracture was repaired, under the same anaesthetic period as the CT examination, using the CT hard copies images, intraoperative fluoroscopy and radiographs. The horse recovered well and after rehabilitation showed no residual lameness at work. Computed tomography was instrumental in achieving precise screw placement and successful fracture repair.
A retrospective study comparing conservative and surgical treatments of open comminuted fractures of the fourth metatarsal bone in horses
Authors: Sherlock C. E. , Archer R. M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe proximal third of metatarsal IV is predisposed to open comminuted fractures due to its superficial and prominent position and controversy exists regarding the most appropriate management for this type of fracture.Fifty‐three horses treated for open comminuted fractures of the proximal third of metatarsal IV were selected for study from 6 equine hospitals across England. Comparisons were made between the 21 horses treated conservatively and the 32 horses treated surgically.Horses treated conservatively at referral centres had comparable rates of survival, rates of return to full work and convalescent periods but a significantly lower cost than those treated surgically.The results of this study suggest that aggressive conservative therapy may be indicated in open comminuted fractures of the proximal third of metatarsal IV.
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis‐like syndrome in a Criollo Argentino horse
Authors: Diakakis N. , Spanoudes K. , Dessiris A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryHyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is a relatively new genetic disease that, so far, appears to be confined to descendants of the American Quarter Horse Impressive, a stallion identified as the link between the pedigrees of all affected horses, and that predominantly affects Quarter Horses but also Paint horses, Appaloosas and Palominos. This study suggests that an episode of muscle weakness, which was reported in a Criollo Argentino genetically unrelated to Impressive, was related to marked hyperkalaemia. The symptoms in this case were reproducible following a KCI challenge test although DNA testing for HYPP was negative. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of a HYPP‐like syndrome was made.
A singular case of traumatic total hoof capsule avulsion
Authors: de Gresti A. , Zani D. D. , D'Arpe L. , Scandella M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryTotal, full thickness hoof wall avulsion is rare in horses. Sometimes complications such as fracture of the distal phalanx, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and degenerative joint disease have been reported. Limiting motion at the affected site and hoof stabilisation are essential to obtain a good hoof regeneration.This case report reviews the clinical features including diagnostic techniques (radiographic examination and venography) of a Quarter Horse filly presented with a complete and full‐thickness traumatic hoof capsule avulsion complicated by an open fracture of the third phalanx. A transfixation casting technique was performed followed after one month by 2 short limb casts applied for 2 months each. Twenty‐four months after trauma the foot had completely regrown. The dorsal aspect of the hoof wall appears to be remarkably shorter compared to the heels. From a radiographic viewpoint, the lateral aspect of the left hind foot shows diffuse bone remodelling and a deformed distal phalanx.
Overview of the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial infections in horses
Authors: Haggett E. F. , Wilson W. D. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryUse of antimicrobial drugs is central to the treatment of primary and secondary bacterial infection in horses. When selecting an antimicrobial to treat confirmed or suspected bacterial infection multiple factors should be considered, including: the likely infectious agent; distribution and dosage of selected drugs; mechanisms of action; and potential side effects. Many of these issues will be covered in subsequent articles in this series. The aim of this paper is to aid the clinician in the rational selection of antimicrobials by reviewing the mode of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and potential side effects of the main classes of antimicrobial drugs. Extralabel use of drugs is common in veterinary medicine due to a lack of licensed products. This increases the importance of a thorough understanding of antimicrobials and their possible adverse effects.
Disseminated large granular lymphoma in a horse
Authors: Sheats M. K. , van Wetter A. J. N. J. , Snyder L. A. , Jones S. L. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryA 21‐year‐old pony gelding presented for a 5 week history of diarrhoea, inappetance, progressive weight loss and lethargy. Differential diagnoses for chronic diarrhoea and weight loss in horses include: chronic salmonellosis, sand enteropathy, enterolith, parasitism (strongylosis, cyathostomiasis), NSAID induced ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (granulomatous, lymphocytic‐plasmacytic or eosinophilic enterocolitis), gastrointestinal neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma), antibiotic associated clostridial overgrowth, altered diet or bacterial fermentation, peritonitis,Strongylus vulgarisinduced arteriopathy (now quite rare) and abdominal mass or abscess. In this gelding,ante mortemdiagnosis of CD3+intestinal large granular lymphoma was made via cytology of abdominal fluid and immunohistochemistry of a rectal muscle biopsy. This report details the clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic findings of a case of large granular lymphoma in a horse.
Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horses
Authors: Mair T. S. , Sherlock C. E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of severe ossification of the collateral cartilages (sidebone) coexistent with collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in lame horses. Sidebone was diagnosed and graded on standard radiographs and soft tissue injuries of the foot were diagnosed using standing low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of 15 horses with forelimb lameness and severe sidebone, 9 had evidence of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ. All 15 horses had damage to other structures (including the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, collateral sesamoidean ligament, navicular bone and distal phalanx) within the affected feet as identified on MRI. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ and sidebone is currently uncertain. However, this study shows that injuries to multiple structures within the foot are common and that collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint is frequently seen in lame horses in conjunction with severe ossification of the collateral cartilages.
Mortality patterns among petroleum refinery and chemical plant workers
Authors: Marsh Gary M. , Enterline Philip E. , McCraw Dorothy 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA historical cohort study was conducted to evaluate the mortality experience of 6,831 employees of the Shell Oil Company, Deer Park, Texas, petroleum refinery and chemical plant with emphasis on cancer mortality. Subjects were all workers with potential plant exposure who were employed for at least 3 months during 1948‐72. Vital status was determined as of 12/31/83 for 98% of the cohort and death certificates were obtained for 95.4% of 1,180 observed deaths. The statistical analyses excluded 159 female study members. For all causes of death combined, all cancers combined, and for most of the nonmalignant disease categories examined, there were deficits in mortality among refinery workers, chemical plant workers, and workers with experience in both areas. These deficits were generally most pronounced for chemical plant workers. An analysis of specific cancer sites revealed patterns of increased risk suggestive of a possible relationship between occupational exposures in the refinery and lympho‐reticulosarcoma. Patterns of increased risk were also observed among chemical plant workers for a category of lymphopoietic tissue cancers, including multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and certain non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. Some very limited evidence of a possible workplace association was also found among refinery workers for leukemia and cancers of the central nervous system and biliary passages/liver. No evidence was found of an increased risk for cancer of the respiratory system or stomach or for malignant melanoma. A work history review of all suspect cancer excesses failed to identify any common work areas, job assignments, or exposure potentials, although the lack of detailed data on specific chemical exposures precluded accurate assessments of exposure‐response.
Training a hierarchical classifier using inter document relationships
Authors: Gauch Susan , Chandramouli Aravind , Ranganathan Shankar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractText classifiers automatically classify documents into appropriate concepts for different applications. Most classification approaches use flat classifiers that treat each concept as independent, even when the concept space is hierarchically structured. In contrast, hierarchical text classification exploits the structural relationships between the concepts. In this article, we explore the effectiveness of hierarchical classification for a large concept hierarchy. Since the quality of the classification is dependent on the quality and quantity of the training data, we evaluate the use of documents selected from subconcepts to address the sparseness of training data for the top‐level classifiers and the use of document relationships to identify the most representative training documents. By selecting training documents using structural and similarity relationships, we achieve a statistically significant improvement of 39.8% (from 54.5–76.2%) in the accuracy of the hierarchical classifier over that of the flat classifier for a large, three‐level concept hierarchy.
A Google Scholar h‐index for journals: An alternative metric to measure journal impact in economics and business
Authors: Harzing Anne‐Wil , van der Wal Ron 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe propose a new data source (Google Scholar) and metric (Hirsch's h‐index) to assess journal impact in the field of economics and business. A systematic comparison between the Google Scholar h‐index and the ISI Journal Impact Factor for a sample of 838 journals in economics and business shows that the former provides a more accurate and comprehensive measure of journal impact.
Numerical experiments on dynamo action in sheared and rotating turbulence
Authors: Yousef T. A. , Heinemann T. , Rincon F. , Schekochihin A. A. , Kleeorin N. , Rogachevskii I. , Cowley S. C. , McWilliams J. C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNumerical simulations of forced turbulence in elongated shearing boxes are carried out to demonstrate that a nonhelical turbulence in conjunction with a linear shear can give rise to a mean‐field dynamo. Exponential growth of magnetic field at scales larger than the outer (forcing) scale of the turbulence is found. Over a range of values of the shearing rateSspanning approximately two orders of magnitude, the growth rate of the magnetic field is proportional to the imposed shear,γ ∝ S, while the characteristic spatial scale of the field islB∝ S–1/2. The effect is quite general: earlier results for the nonrotating case by Yousef et al. (2008) are extended to shearing boxes with Keplerian rotation; it is also shown that the shear dynamo mechanism operates both below and above the threshold for the fluctuation dynamo. The apparently generic nature of the shear dynamo effect makes it an attractive object of study for the purpose of understanding the generation of magnetic fields in astrophysical systems. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)