bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SERVICES1
Authors: Smith Eugene B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA study designed to analyze two types of information services provided by the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) is described. This study was conducted to assess the monetary value and acceptability to users of the Selected Water Resources Abstracts (SWRA) Journal and the Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System. Results indicate that both services were well received and provide a useful and valuable service to a variety of users active in the area of water resources.
A STUDY OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION1
Authors: Cypra Kenneth J. , Cowlishaw Wayne , Bauer William J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWastewater irrigation is a re‐emerging method for dealing with an area's wastewater, particularly in Northern temperate climates in the U.S. Muskegon, Michigan, typical of a medium‐sized Northern urban area, is currently adopting wastewater irrigation to meet its present and future wastewater treatment needs.
THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION'S ROLE IN AMERICA'S GROWTH1
Authors: Armstrong Ellis L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Bureau of Reclamation was created to implement the Reclamation Act of 1902 and subsequent legislation to conserve and develop the water resources of the western states for maximum efficient use. This has been accomplished by the planning and construction of major multiple use projects which now supply water to approximately eight million acres of land which annually produce 52 million tons of food and fiber with a gross crop value of approximately $2 billion.Fifteen million people are served with municipal and industrial water supplies and hydroelectric power from Bureau projects now returns $160 million annually to the Treasury.Flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife enhancement are other major benefits. The Bureau of Reclamation is now undertaking a Westwide Survey of water resources and of the needs of the future which is more far‐reaching than anything heretofore accomplished. The information accumulated during this ten‐year survey will determine whether there is a necessity for consideration of major interbasin transfer of water supply.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS: DO WE NEED THEM?'
Authors: Howe Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThree main issues are discussed: the demands for additional water stemming from population dispersion; supply alternatives to large‐scale interbasin transfers; and the displacement of agriculture from nonprofit regions. It is concluded that population dispersion is unlikely to increase aggregate water demands; that large additional supplies are available from other sources at lesser costs; and that a very likely consequence of large‐scale transfers will be the displacement of agriculture in other parts of the country.
POSSIBLE DIVERSION OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER TO TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO1
Authors: Price Bobby E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.A summary is presented of remarks made at a conference held at Louisiana Tech University on the possibility of diverting some of the Mississippi River water to Texas and New Mexico. The Texas Water Plan which has initiated the diversion possibility is discussed and particular reference is made to the activities of the federal and state agencies directly responsible for determining various aspects of the diversion study. These agencies include the Texas Water Development Board, Texas Water Quality Board, Louisiana Department of Public Works, State Engineer's Office of New Mexico, Mississippi River Commission, and the Bureau of Reclamation.
WATER DIVERSIONS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIES1
Authors: Whetstone George A. , Kiesling Ernst W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.The major purpose of existing and proposed diversions of water to the Prairies is for irrigation. Being flat lands adaptable to mechanized agriculture and possessing a good network of rail and highway access, they are well suited for such use. Wheat surpluses, currently a serious problem in Canada, can be expected to melt under world population pressures and conversion of wheat lands to other crops with the advent of irrigation. The water sources envisaged are in the Canadian Arctic watershed with the United States purchasing Canadian water at the boundary. There is an increasing interest in the Canadian Prairie Provinces in regarding water as a commodity and selling some of it to pay for the development required to put the portion retained in Canada to use.
A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF DESALTING PLANTS1
Authors: Blood Wesley H. , Clyde Calvin G. , Peterson Dean F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Desalting plants can provide a means of firming up erratic natural supplies when properly operated in conjunction with existing water supply reservoir systems. Since the natural inflow is variable, the choice of when to run the desalting plant is difficult. If the plant is turned on too late, a shortage may result; or if the plant runs too long, costly water may be wasted. A computer program is described that can help water planners find an optimal operating rule, i.e., a policy that tells when to turn the plant on and off to meet a given demand. Criteria for defining the firm water yield of the system (with and without desalting) are first defined. The logic of the program is then described. The program, written in FORTRAN IV, successively simulates operation of the given size reservoir‐desalting plant system under control of various operating rules and selects the optimal rule as the one which produces the required firm water yield at the least unit cost. The optimal plant size and the staging of construction can also be studied by making a series of computations. Applications of the Operating Rule Program to water systems in California, Utah and New York are described. The studies show that, compared with base load operation, substantial savings are possible if optimum intermittent conjunctive operation of the desalting plant is followed.
DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY, COACHELLA AREA, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Krous Elwyn S. , Wagner Joseph P. , Parkinson Harold L. , Sachs Milton S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit‐cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.
ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH SIZE OF WATER UTILITIES AND COMMUNITIES SERVED IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND NEW ENGLAND1
Authors: Andrews Richard A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.This study investigates economies associated with size of New England water utilities. Regression analysis techniques were applied to annual water cost and production data reported in the American Directory of Water Utilities (1968‐1969). Modest economies of size in the production of water were found. Because in large communities more water is used per person, total cost increases at a slightly faster rate than population increases, but per unit costs of producing water decline. Substantial economies occurred when the number of customers was held constant and volume of water per customer increased. This study indicates possible economies when two or more of the many very small utilities combine activities to form a larger unit and by encouraging present customers to use more water.
ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LARGE DIVERSIONS OF SNAKE RIVER WATERS1
Authors: Millham C. B. , Russell R. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.This work evaluates the economic losses due to diversion from the Snake River during the relatively low‐flow year May 1928‐April 1929. The results determine the losses due to pollution abatement and power generation for several different patterns and volumes of diversion, and the tool of analysis is dynamic programming.
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS, TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Miller William D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Samples for water‐quality analyses were collected from beneath eighty commercial cattle feedlots in the Texas High Plains. Twenty‐two feedlots were drilled and/or cored to establish vertical gradients of dissolved solids. Sample and gamma logs, size analyses and vertical permeability of cores were determined from samples beneath these lots.Relationships of groundwater saturated thickness, depth to watertable, and age of lots to specificion distribution were evaluated. The study includes lots ranging in age from 35 years to new installations. Runoff collection‐systems on lots include playas, man‐made ponds, and dammed and undammed stream channels.Infiltration of feedlot liquid waste to the watertable below feedyards is insignificant in most localities in the Texas High Plains. Infiltration of “collected” feedlot runoff and subsequent concentration of dissolved ions in groundwater in the High Plains are dependent upon, among other things, (1) surface and subsurface geology, (2) depth to water, (3) thickness of the groundwater zone, and to (4) differences in lateral and vertical permeabilities of the Ogallala Formation, the major aquifer.Certainly, no regional subsurface pollution problem exists today nor is one foreseen from cattle feedlot runoff in the Texas High Plains.
EFFECTS OF INTERBASIN TRANSFERS UPON WATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN CENTRAL UTAH1
Authors: Skogerboe Gaylord V. , Huntzinger Thomas L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Most of Utah's rapid population and industrial expansion is taking place along the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, with consequent increases in water demand. As a part of Utah's “Developing a State Water Plan,” a foundation investigation of the Utah Lake drainage area, which is at the Southern end of the Wasatch Front, was completed which delineated the quantity and quality of the water resources, present water uses, and opportunities for further water conservation. To prepare water budgets, land use data was collected to delineate all areas using water in excess of normal precipitation, which includes agricultural croplands, phreatophytes, open water surfaces, industrial areas, and urban areas. The water budgets were prepared for the time base 1931‐1960, but adjusted to physical conditions existing in 1960.The Initial Phase of the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project is presently under construction, with costs expected to exceed 300 million dollars. The principal feature of this project is the exportation of waters from the Colorado River Basin into the Utah Lake drainage area (Great Basin). This importation provides a large number of alternatives for allocation, reallocation of present supplies, and exportation. The possible effects of the Central Utah Project for realizing some of the above alternatives is delineated. Fortunately, the features of this project allow a wide latitude for water management in Utah, thereby facilitating its corporation into a “State Water Plan.”
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Authors: KISIEL CHESTER C. 
Published: June 2007

A. I. Johnson, President‐elect of AWRA, was elected President of the International Commission on Subsurface Water at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting in Moscow in August. Mr. Johnson, who was a member of the U.S. delegation to the meeting, also presented a paper at the meeting on “Ground Water and the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1967‐1970,” and served as Rapporteur for the Symposium on Pollution of Ground Water.HISTORICAL NOTE‐In defiance of laws, international treaties, and the rights of other communities to live and prosper, the city of Detroit has for many years sent a constant torrent of human and industrial filth into the Detroit River and Lake Erie. Time and time again reports from engineers, commissions and governmental forces, all sounding the danger cry, have been received by the Detroit fathers, and have been tabled, prospects are evident… that 20 years from now will see Detroit still making a wallowing trough of the Great Lakes.
ECONOMICS AND FEDERAL WATER PROJECTS1
Authors: Farris Martin T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhile the science of economics is widely used in Federal water resource development projects, the usual procedure of applying an analytical discipline to arrive at a conclusion is reversed. The “answer” is usually provided ahead of time and economics is assigned the task of justifying the preconceived conclusion. This leads to a series of mitigatory effects in which economics as a science is not allowed to freely function. This article attempts to illustrate some of these “unusual” uses of economics in Federal water projects and note the “answers” we would logically expect from the economic discipline. Even though the theory of economics is often subverted, there are positive aspects to the role of economics in evaluating Federal water projects.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF ANNUAL FLOODS ON SMALL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Reich Brian M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA study is presented of the months in which the instantaneous annual maximum discharges from 66 watersheds occurred. The 2,052 flood values were measured on areas ranging from 2.4 through 214 square miles. The longest record was 60 years; the three shortest were 20. Pictorial results show both the number of floods for each month and individual discharges relative to the mean flood. A parameter which is weighted in this manner accounts for both the incidence and the magnitude of floods.Peculiarities of flood‐timing charts, based on this parameter, are discussed with respect to watershed size, soils, geology, and land use. After anomolous watersheds had been assigned to special categories, flood‐timing charts from most records exhibit a regional dichotomy dividing eastern from western Pennsylvania.
A STATISTICALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR A NON‐ESTUARINE RIVER SYSTEM1
Authors: Tirabassi Michael A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA mathematical model has been formulated, solely through the use of the mathematical statistics, for the purpose of predicting river water quality without reference to the causal chemical, biological and physical relationships. In a sense, this is a “black box” approach wherein with a known input, one may reliably predict the output. The use of a main force statistical method for predicting river‐water quality can provide accurate predictive information with a minimum of time and money expended if a sufficiently large data base is available for the river system in question. What has been lacking in the past is a model which is not only statistically significant but contains only those water quality parameters which contribute significantly to the estimation of the dependent variable. The model which is herein described discusses the formulation procedure, data collection requirements, model hypothesis testing and significance procedures, and finally validation methods employed in verifying the final model equations. A description of how the simulated results are employed in the forecasting procedure is also developed.
THE SACRAMENTO DIVERTERS CONTROVERSY–A STUDY IN THE LEGAL ADJUSTMENT OF EXTERNALITIES
Authors: Shapiro David L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA water rights controversy involving the Bureau of Reclamation illustrates that public water projects may be built to eliminate ownership externalities (non‐enforceable water rights) that were created by existing legal institutions.The controversy followed the construction of the Shasta Dam in California and arose out of the use of the Sacramento River as a conduit for the projects water. Diverters along the river claimed rights to all water in excess of the “natural flow.” As the Bureau had built the project without determining the rights involved, 20 years elapsed and $3 million was expended to resolve the controversy.The Bureau's attempts at legal adjudication were thwarted by political pressures placed on the Secretary of the Interior who ordered a settlement that considerably deprived the Bureau of revenue and of water rights. The “shortages” created helped give impetus to the construction of the Trinity Project.The description of the controversy is followed by numerical estimates of the wealth losses to the general public caused by the controversy itself in loss of revenues as well as the losses occasioned by the Bureau's permanent loss of water rights.
ARE SHORT‐TERM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMS POSSIBLE? ‐THE INLAND LAKE PROJECT EXPERIENCE1
Authors: Born Stephen M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe public clamor for repair and protection of the environment from damages, real or perceived, is growing daily. People are demanding remedial programs now; they appear willing to support long‐range fundamental research in environmental areas (such as eutrophication research) as long as action programs (such as lake renewal) are undertaken too. Are short‐term, remedial, environmental action programs possible? The experiences of the Inland Lake Demonstration Project afford an opportunity to evaluate one kind of action‐oriented response. Some special types of problems are likely to be common to any environmental‐resource action program. Recognition and anticipation of these difficulties when organizing action programs should facilitate successful implementation.
DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Fisher J. M. , Karadi G. M. , McVinnie W. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to cope with the ever increasing problems of the urban environment, new approaches are being sought to their solution. The objective of this paper is to review and evaluate the merits of certain new methods aimed at finding optimal solutions in sewer design.Based on principles similar to the ones advanced by Deininger [1966] and Holland [1968] the authors propose an integer programming algorithm for optimizing pipe sizes and slopes. The new algorithm is applied to an actual situation and compared with a solution arrived at by a traditional design approach.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN FLOW DISTURBED BY RAINFALL1
Authors: Machemehl Jerry L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTStudies were conducted in a closed system recirculating research flume to evaluate the relative effects of high intensity rainfall on von Karman's universal constant and the sediment transport capacity of shallow flow. The tests in this study were conducted at flow depths of 0.3 ft and less with discharges less than 0.5 cfs. The point velocities in the flow were determined with a Pace CD‐25 pressure transducer and an inclined manometer connected in parallel to a Pitot‐static tube of the standard Prandtl design. Regression analyses were performed on the velocity data to determine the best fit dimensionless velocity curve on semilogarithmic paper. Von Karman's universal constant was then evaluated from the slope of the regression line.Point sediment samples were siphoned from the flow with a stainless steel‐pipette sediment sampler. Sediment concentrations were found with a filtering technique. Sediment samples were taken with and without rainfall to evaluate the relative effect of the rainfall on the transport capacity of shallow flow.
AN EXPERIMENT IN DETERMINISTIC WATERSHED MODELING1
Authors: Dunn Darrel E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn experimental three‐dimensional finite‐difference watershed model in the form of a Fortran IV program was constructed. The model was an oversimplified one which divided the watershed volume into layers of cells which represented the overland flow, the vadose, and the phreatic zones. Water budget equations which utilized such formulas as Darcy's law and Manning's equation were applied to each interior cell. The resulting set of simultaneous equations was solved for heads at the end of successive time increments. This information was transformed to streamflow and other hydrologic output. Input was weather data, which effected appropriate adjustments in the cells representing the surface‐water and vadose zones. After testing the model, it was concluded that this type of model is undesirably sensitive to cell size and length of time increment. In spite of the deficiencies of this primitive model, this general kind of approach to modeling seems promising, but it may be necessary to devise new transport equations which apply to more natural divisions of watersheds.
ECO‐ENGINEERING‐THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Skinner John E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIt is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development.An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations.Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco‐engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation.
COMPLEMENTING OBJECTIVE PROCEDURES WITH SUBJECTIVE PRIORS IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Cox P. Thomas , Siskin Bernard 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA procedure is outlined which allows consideration of both objective and subjective indicators to establish priorities in plan implementation of water resource development. The objective procedure utilizes stepwise multiple discriminant analysis to predict community performance regarding planned project implementation, based on previous project implementation in the Northeast. The subjective procedure incorporates prior probabilities developed by the planner, based on observation and experience gained through the planning process. The proposed analysis could eliminate waste through better allocation of planning funds to implementation studies exhibiting higher probability of early implementation.