bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C inhibition in diabetic retinopathy and microvascular disease
Authors: Walton C , Ryder REJ , Girach A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) activation by hyperglycaemia may play an important role in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy and other microvascular complications. The PKC‐β inhibitor ruboxistaurin belongs to a new class of drugs and has been studied in several clinical trials in microvascular disease, the outcomes of which are described in this review. Ruboxistaurin exhibits promise as the first oral treatment shown to reduce visual loss and the need for laser treatment for macular oedema in patients with moderate to severe non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jones TH 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent studies demonstrate a high prevalence of hypogonadism in men with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Men with low testosterone levels have a higher mortality rate. Diagnosis and treatment with testosterone replacement can lead to improvement in well‐being and quality of life. Early studies of testosterone replacement therapy have shown a benefit on glycaemic control, insulin resistance, visceral adiposity and cholesterol. Low testosterone levels are associated with the presence and the degree of atherosclerosis in carotid, coronary and aortic vessels. Furthermore, testosterone replacement therapy in testosterone deficient men with erectile dysfunction converts over half of PDE5 inhibitor non‐responders to responders. This review presents the up‐to‐date evidence in relation to testosterone, and discusses the importance of criteria to make a diagnosis of hypogonadism in diabetic men. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis and characterization of novel polystyrene‐block‐polyurethane‐block‐polystyrene tri‐block copolymers through atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Verma Hemant , Tharanikkarasu Kannan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground: Radical polymerization is used widely to polymerize more than 70% of vinyl monomers in industry, but the control over molecular weight and end group of the resulting polymers is always a challenging task with this method. To prepare polymers with desired molecular weight and end groups, many controlled radical polymerization (CRP) ideas have been proposed over the last decade. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the successful CRP techniques. Using ATRP, there is no report on the synthesis of polystyrene‐block‐polyurethane‐block‐polystyrene (PSt‐b‐PU‐b‐PSt) tri‐block copolymers. Hence this paper describes the method of synthesizing these tri‐block copolymers. To accomplish this, first telechelic bromo‐terminated polyurethane was synthesized and used further to synthesize PSt‐b‐PU‐b‐PSt tri‐block copolymers using CuBr as a catalyst and N,N,N,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as a complexing agent. Results: The ‘living’ nature of the initiating system was confirmed by linear increase of number‐average molecular weight and conversion with time. A semi‐logarithmic kinetics plot shows that the concentration of propagating radical is steady. The results from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry show that the novel PSt‐b‐PU‐b‐PSt tri‐block copolymers were formed through the ATRP mechanism. Conclusion: For the first time, PSt‐b‐PU‐b‐PSt tri‐block copolymers were synthesized through ATRP. The advantage of this method is that the controlled incorporation of polystyrene block in polyurethane can be achieved by simply changing the polymerization time. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Acceptability of common screening methods used to detect distress and related mood disorders—preferences of cancer specialists and non‐specialists
Authors: Mitchell Alex J. , Kaar Stephen , Coggan Chris , Herdman Joanne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new questionnaire of clinicians' attitudes and practices in relation to screening for mood disorder was distributed to 300 cancer professionals (specialists and non‐specialists) working across the UK. From 226 (75.3%) health professionals working in cancer care who responded, approximately two‐thirds always or regularly attempted to detect mood disorder during consultations but a substantial minority relied on patients spontaneously mentioning an emotional issue. The highest rate of routine questioning was performed by clinicians working in palliative medicine (76.3%) as well as nurse specialists working in all areas (72%). Despite these relatively high rates of enquiry, 10% or less of all specialists used a validated questionnaire, most preferring to rely on their own clinical skills or recalling the two simple questions of the short Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ2). Staff suggested that ideal screening practice was to use one, two or three simple questions or a short validated questionnaire but not to refer to a specialist for a diagnosis. The main barrier to successful screening was lack of time but insufficient training and low confidence were also influential. Once distress was detected, 90% of nurses but only 40% of doctors were prepared to give distressed patients as much time as they needed. Predictors of clinicians' willingness to use more advanced screening methods were length of follow‐up appointments and time clinicians were prepared to spend detecting distress. We suggest that future field studies of screening tools should also measure the issue of acceptability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of maternal breast cancer on the peer interactions of children at school
Authors: Vannatta Kathryn , Grollman Jamie A. , Noll Robert B. , Gerhardt Cynthia A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRelatively little research has investigated the impact of parental cancer on developmental outcomes for school‐aged children beyond the home. The current study was designed to examine the impact of maternal breast cancer on the social behavior, peer acceptance, and friendships of children and adolescents at school. It was hypothesized that children of women with breast cancer would have fewer friends and be viewed by peers, teachers, and themselves as more socially isolated than comparison classmates. A sample of 60 school‐aged children (age 8–16) of women with breast cancer, 58 teachers, and 1138 classmates provided data in classroom settings. Comparisons were made between children in the maternal cancer sample and 60 classmates matched for gender, race, and age. No overall group differences were found on indicators of peer acceptance or friendships at school. Although marked behavioral similarities were found between groups, analyses indicated that sons, but not daughters, of mothers with breast cancer were seen by teachers and peers as more socially sensitive and isolated than comparison peers. Further research is warranted to confirm findings that sons of mothers with breast cancer may experience social isolation and to examine the stability and consequences of this behavioral pattern. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing physicians' detection of cancer patients' and relatives' distress: can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection?
Authors: Merckaert Isabelle , Libert Yves , Delvaux Nicole , Marchal Serge , Boniver Jacques , Etienne Anne‐Marie , Klastersky Jean , Reynaert Christine , Scalliet Pierre , Slachmuylder Jean‐Louis , Razavi Darius 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPurpose: This study aimed to assess the impact on physicians' detection of patients' and relatives' distress of six 3‐h consolidation workshops (CW) following a 2.5‐day communication skills basic training (BT) program and to investigate factors associated with detection of distress.Methods: Physicians, after BT, were randomized to CW or to a waiting list. Physicians' detection of patients' and relatives' distress was measured through differences between physicians' ratings of patients' and relatives' distress (VAS) and patients' and relatives' self‐reported distress (HADS). Communication skills were analysed according to the CRCWEM.Results: Mixed‐effects modelling of physicians' detection of patients' distress showed a positive group by time effect in favour of physicians in the CW group. Detection of patients' distress was associated negatively with patients' distress, positively with physicians' concurrent use of psychological assessment and supportive skills, and negatively with general assessment skills. Mixed‐effects modelling of physicians' detection of relatives' distress showed no significant group by time effect. Detection of relatives' distress was associated negatively with relatives' distress and with general assessment skills.Conclusion: CW following a 2.5‐day BT are needed to improve physicians' detection of patients' distress in three‐person interviews. Results indicate the need to further improve physicians' detection of relatives' distress. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visibility of misfit dislocations at the interface of strained Si/Si0.8Ge0.2 by EBIC
Authors: Yuan X. L. , Chen J. , Ri S. G. , Ito S. , Sekiguchi T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe have characterized dislocations in strained‐Si/SiGe heterostructures with different doping concentration by using electron beam induced current (EBIC). Lower energy (4 keV) electron beam was used to observe the defects, namely misfit dislocations (MDs) and threading dislocations (TDs) at the interface of strained‐Si/SiGe. Fine dark lines and dark dots were appeared in the 4 keV EBIC images below 100 K. It was found that the visibility of MDs at the upper interface depends on the specimen structure and doping concentration. The results were analyzed in term of the internal electric field related to the doping concentration in samples. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CdSe/ZnSe heteroepitaxy: Aspects of growth and self organization of nanostructures
Authors: Mahapatra S. , Kiessling T. , Margapoti E. , Astakhov G. V. , Renner J. , Bass U. , Bougerol C. , Schmidt T. , Bendounan A. , Schmitt F. , Schumacher C. , Worschech L. , Ossau W. , Geurts J. , Molenkamp L. W. , Reinert F. , Forchel A. , Brunner K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFormation and properties of quantum dots (QDs) and related nanostructures by conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and two other variants of the technique, have been systematically investigated. While MBE growth of CdSe on ZnSe at 300 °C results in the formation of rough CdSe quantum‐well‐like structures, by one of the variants, which combines epitaxial growth of a CdSe layer at 230 °C and subsequent in‐situ annealing at 310‐340 °C, tiny but distinct three‐dimensional (3D) QDs are formed. We demonstrate that QD formation by this method, developed originally by Rabe et al. (J. Cryst. Growth 184/185, 248 (1998) [30]), essentially takes place during the annealing step, by a process of “controlled roughening” of the as‐grown quasi‐two‐dimensional (2D) CdSe layer. In comparison to conventional MBE, this process results in reduction of the areal density of the self‐organized QDs by up to two orders of magnitude, thus making them distinctly discernible. In the second variant technique, similar to that applied originally for the self‐organization of CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots by Tinjod et al. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4340 (2003) [34], QD‐formation takes place as a result of deposition of an amorphous group‐VI layer onto a strained 2D CdSe layer at ∼ 50 °C, and its subsequent re‐desorption at temperatures of 280‐320 °C. While deposition and desorption of amorphous Se leads to the formation of large isolated QDs, we show that use of amorphous Te results in the self‐assembly and ordering of a rich variety of nanostructures. Luminescence, morphology, and composition of QDs and the underlying formation mechanism of the three processes are discussed in detail. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model computations for Cd adsorption on the (001) surface of CdTe
Authors: Patrakov A. E. , Fink R. F. , Fink K. , Engels B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is investigated whether cluster models can be used to describe the (001) CdTe (2×1) reconstructed surface and adsorption of Cd atoms on three different sites upon it. Surface structures and the cadmium binding energies are evaluated for clusters of different size and by slab calculations. While the structure of the pure surface depends only weakly on the surface model, a proper structure of the most stable adsorption site requires inclusion of at least the fourth next neighbor to the adsorbed Cd atom. Prediction of the structure of less bound adsorption sites is shown to be also possible with cluster models but in this case particular care has to be spent to avoid asymmetric distortions or non‐realistic geometries due to border effects of the cluster. The binding energy of a Cd atom on the (001) CdTe (2×1) surface is predicted to be 1.9‐2.1 eV. The motion of a Cd atom in (100)‐direction (along Te‐Te dimer rows) is unlikely as it requires about all of the binding energy. Adsorption of a Cd atom between two Te‐dimer rows probably leads to a reconstruction of the dimer structure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High power and high efficiency green light emitting diode on free‐standing semipolar (11$ \bar 2 $2) bulk GaN substrate
Authors: Sato Hitoshi , Tyagi Anurag , Zhong Hong , Fellows Natalie , Chung Roy B. , Saito Makoto , Fujito Kenji , Speck James S. , DenBaars Steven P. , Nakamura Shuji 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate a high power green InGaN/GaN multiple‐quantum‐well (MQW) light emitting diode (LED) with a peak emission wavelength of 516 nm grown on low extended defect density semipolar (11$ \bar 2 $2) bulk GaN substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The output power and external quantum efficiency (EQE) at drive currents of 20 and 100 mA under direct current (DC) operation were 5.0 mW, 10.5% and 15.6 mW, 6.3%, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mimicry of phase I drug metabolism – novel methods for metabolite characterization and synthesis
Authors: Johansson Tove , Weidolf Lars , Jurva Ulrik 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe extent to which electrochemical oxidation, electrochemically assisted Fenton chemistry and synthetic metalloporphines can be used to mimic cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidations has been investigated for a large range of metabolic reactions. Most relevant metabolic oxidations can be mimicked by at least one of the three investigated systems. The EC oxidation system successfully mimics benzylic hydroxylation, hydroxylation of aromatic rings containing electron‐donating groups, N‐dealkylation, S‐oxidation, dehydrogenation and less efficiently N‐oxidation and O‐dealkylation. The EC‐Fenton system is able to mimic aliphatic hydroxylation, benzylic hydroxylation, aromatic hydroxylation, N‐dealkylation, N‐oxidation, O‐dealkylation, S‐oxidation and dehydrogenation. The porphine system mimics all types of reactions although the yields are low for some reactions. In conclusion, these three complementary systems can be used during the drug discovery and development of new drugs to elucidate the structure of metabolites that are difficult to characterize in biological matrices. Moreover, such techniques can replace the classical chemistry strategy, especially when synthesis is complicated or too time‐consuming in order to access metabolites for further testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versatile inlet system for on‐line compound‐specific δD and δ13C gas chromatography–oxidation/reduction–isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of gaseous mixtures
Authors: Henning Mark , Strąpoć Dariusz , Lis Grzegorz P. , Sauer Peter , Fong Jon , Schimmelmann Arndt , Pratt Lisa M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCompound‐specific δD and δ13C analyses of gas mixtures are useful indicators of geochemical and environmental factors. However, the relative concentrations of individual components in gas mixtures (e.g., H2, CO2, methane, ethane, propane, i‐butane, n‐butane) may vary over several orders of magnitude. The determination of hydrogen and carbon compound‐specific stable isotope ratios requires that the hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced from each separated component has a concentration adjusted to match the dynamic range of the stable isotope mass spectrometer. We present a custom‐built gas sampling and injection system (GASIS) linked with a Delta Plus XP mass spectrometer that provides flexibility, ease of operation, and economical use of small gas samples with wide ranges of analyte concentrations. The overall on‐line GC‐ox/red‐IRMS (Gas Chromatography – oxidation/reduction – Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) system consists of (i) a customized GASIS inlet system and (ii) two alternative reactors, namely an oxidative Cu‐Ni‐Pt reactor at 950°C for production of CO2 and a reductive graphitized Al2O3 reactor at 1420°C for production of H2. In addition, the system is equipped with (iii) a liquid nitrogen spray‐cooling unit for cryo‐GC‐focusing at −20°C, and (iv) a Nafion® dryer for removal of water vapor from product CO2. The three injection loops of the GASIS inlet allow flexibility in the volume of injected analyte gas (e.g., from 0.06 to 500 µL) in order to measure reproducible δD and δ13C values for gases at concentrations ranging from 100% down to 10 ppm. We calibrate our GC‐ox/red‐IRMS system with two isotopically distinct methane references gases that are combusted off‐line and characterized using dual‐inlet IRMS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase fragmentation of protonated benzodiazepines
Authors: Risoli Antonella , Cheng Joey B. Y. , Verkerk Udo H. , Zhao Junfang , Ragno Gaetano , Hopkinson Alan C. , Siu K. W. Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProtonated 1,4‐benzodiazepines dissociate in the gas phase by the common pathway of CO elimination and by unique pathways dictated by the substituents; the latter typically differentiate one benzodiazepine from another. Protonated 3‐dihydro‐5‐phenyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one, the base diazepam devoid of substituents, dissociates by eliminating CO, HNCO, benzene, and benzonitrile. Mechanisms of these reactions are proposed with ionic products being resonance stabilized. The abundant [MH−CO]+ion dissociates to secondary products via elimination of benzene, benzonitrile, the NH2radical, and ammonia, yielding again ionic products that are stabilized by resonance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a multiresidue method for the analysis of 151 pesticide residues in strawberry by gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass analyzer
Authors: Bolaños Patricia Plaza , Moreno José Luis Fernández , Shtereva Deyana D. , Frenich Antonia Garrido , Vidal José Luis Martínez 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 151 pesticide residues in strawberry by gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass analyzer (GC/QqQ‐MS/MS), mainly using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The list of target compounds included various classes of pesticides such as organochlorine (OCPs), organophosphorus (OPPs), carbamates, pyrethroids, triazoles and dicarboximides. A single extraction of 10 g of sample with acetonitrile followed by liquid‐liquid partition formed by the addition of 4 g of MgSO4 and 1 g of NaCl was applied in sample preparation. Cleanup of the extracts was carried out by applying dispersive solid‐phase extraction (D‐SPE) with primary secondary amine (PSA). The analysis time was 21 min. The method was subjected to a thorough validation procedure. The recovery data were obtained by spiking blank samples at two concentration levels (11.5 and 50 µg/kg), yielding recoveries in the range 70–110%. Precision values expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 18% and 22% for the intraday and interday precision, respectively. Linearity was studied in the range 10–200 µg/kg and determination coefficients (R2) were higher than 0.98% for all compounds. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were established as 4 and 10 µg/kg, respectively. The overall uncertainty of the method was estimated at two different concentrations (11.5 and 50 µg/kg), being lower than 25% in both cases. According to the validation data and performance characteristics as well as the high sample throughput and low cost, the proposed method is suitable for routine application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating thein vitrometabolism of fipexide: characterization of reactive metabolites using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Sleno Lekha , Staack Roland F. , Varesio Emmanuel , Hopfgartner Gérard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThein vitrometabolism of the nootropic drug fipexide was studied using different liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques. This drug has been withdrawn from the market due to toxic effects. No previous reports have investigated the possible involvement of reactive metabolites in the toxicity of fipexide. The hydrolysis of this drug leads to the formation of two potentially toxic species, 3,4‐methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBP) and 4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4‐CPA). Here, we investigate thein vitrometabolism of fipexide in human, rat, mouse and dog, as well as of MDBP and 4‐CPA in human and rat, while focusing on the formation of reactive metabolites. A combination of LC/MS analyses on a hybrid quadrupole‐linear ion trap instrument and accurate mass data from QqTOF measurements was employed for the characterization of these metabolites. Microsomal metabolites of fipexide were MDBP, 4‐CPA, fipexideN‐oxide or hydroxyl, demethylenated fipexide and other minor ones, all of which were investigated by tandem mass spectrometry. Reactive metabolites were detected using several trapping procedures with small molecules such as glutathione, its ethyl ester derivative andN‐acetylcysteine. The demethylenated metabolite, a catechol, formed its correspondingortho‐quinone, which readily reacts with these nucleophiles. MDBP was studied in a similar manner, due to its ability to form an analogous catechol. Because of its acidic nature, 4‐CPA was assessed for possible acylglucuronide and acyl‐CoA thioester metabolites, which could also be involved in bioactivation pathways. Several important metabolites were identified as potential mediators of toxicity via protein binding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated assay for the simultaneous determination of the anti‐cancer agent gemcitabine and its metabolite 2′,2′‐difluorodeoxyuridine in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Vainchtein Liia D. , Rosing Hilde , Thijssen Bas , Schellens Jan H. M. , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sensitive and specific high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) assay for the quantitative determination of gemcitabine (dFdC) and its metabolite 2′,2′‐difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) is presented. A 200‐µL aliquot of human plasma was spiked with a mixture of internal standards, didanosine, lamivudine and fludarabine, and extracted using solid‐phase extraction. Dried extracts were reconstituted in 1 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) and 10‐µL volumes were injected onto the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on a 150 × 2.1 mm C18 bonded phase endcapped with polar groups (Synergi Hydro‐RP column) using an eluent composed of 1 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.8)/acetonitrile (94:6, v/v). Detection was performed by positive ion electrospray ionization followed by MS/MS. The assay quantifies a range from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL for gemcitabine and from 5 to 10 000 ng/mL for dFdU using 200 µL of human plasma sample. Validation results demonstrate that gemcitabine and dFdU concentrations can be accurately and precisely quantified in human plasma. This assay is used to support clinical pharmacologic studies with gemcitabine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.