bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial population structure in an obligate plant pathogen colonizing oakQuercus robur
Authors: ROSLIN TOMAS , LAINE ANNA‐LIISA , GRIPENBERG SOFIA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe spatial population structure of parasites may have profound effects on both ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Strong gene flow among local populations has been hypothesized to prevent differential performance on local and foreign hosts.We studied the spatial population structure of an obligate pathogen, the oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides) on the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Patterns of distribution and colonization–extinction dynamics were recorded in a set of 113 trees over 3 years, and in an additional set of 77 trees over 2 years. Colonization of uninfected hosts was examined in a set of 100 experimentally transplanted hosts, and differential performance on local and foreign hosts tested by reciprocal inoculations conducted in the laboratory.Across years, the mildew occupied a high proportion of host trees ( ≥ 2/3). Patterns of mildew infection showed either no spatial aggregation (years 2003, 2005), or aggregation at a large spatial scale (up to 400 m; year 2004). High and even incidence of infection reflects efficient dispersal: during a single year, transplanted uninfected host plants were rapidly colonized in all parts of the landscape.Local mildew populations still performed best on their original hosts: in reciprocal inoculations conducted on mature foliage, local mildew populations infected a significantly higher proportion of leaves from their original host tree than from other trees. Yet, even on the local host less than half of the leaves were infected.To account for the observed patterns, two selection processes are invoked. The colonization experiment suggests that mildew spores are spread widely, with selection filtering out the genotypes that cannot infect the focal host. Local mildew populations are subject to further selection events later in the summer, favouring the strains best adapted to phenological changes in the local environment.In conclusion, the patterns observed and processes inferred inM. alphitoidessuggest that complex selection pressures may affect local parasite populations, blurring any clear‐cut relation between gene flow and performance on local and foreign hosts.
Cow's milk‐specific cellular and humoral immune responses and atopy skin symptoms in infants from atopic families fed a partially (pHF) or extensively (eHF) hydrolyzed infant formula
Authors: Nentwich I. , Michková E. , Nevoral J. , Urbanek R. , Szépfalusi Z. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Hydrolyzed milk formulas are recommended to feed infants at high risk of atopy if breast‐feeding is not possible. We studied the specific cellular and humoral immune response to cow's milk proteins and occurrence of atopic dermatitis under different feeding regimens: two hydrolyzed infant milk formulas (partially [pHF] and extensively hydrolyzed [eHF]) and under exclusive breast‐feeding (BF). Methods: Seventy‐two infants from families with atopic symptoms were randomized in the pHF and eHF groups, respectively. At 6 and 12 months of age, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation along with specific IgG and IgE to cow's milk proteins was determined in infants fed pHF or eHF, respectively, and those who had not yet received any formula at 6 months of age (BF). Cases of atopic dermatitis were recorded throughout the first 12 months of life, and their severity was evaluated with SCORAD points. Results: A significantly decreased proliferation to cow's milk caseins was found in the pHF group compared to the exclusively breast‐fed group. Medians of stimulation indexes for CAS at 6 months were as follows: pHF 1.18; n=24; BF 1.70; n=24 (P=0.033, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). Higher levels of plasma IgG antibodies to BCAS were found in infants fed pHF than in those fed eHF at 12 months. Optical density (OD): (25th percentile; median; 75th percentile): pHF: 0.00; 0.14; 0.38; n=30; eHF: 0.00; 0.03; 0.14; n=28; P=0,089, Mann‐Whitney U‐test. Cow's milk‐specific IgE was detected at 6 months as follows: BF: 3 of 24; eHF: 2 of 21; pHF: 0 of 23. The number of cases of atopic dermatitis and their severity did not differ among the groups during the first 12 months. Conclusions: Feeding pHF appears to suppress cow's milk‐specific cellular responses and stimulate specific IgG production. Specific IgE sensitization can occur also with breast‐feeding.
Modelling the genetics and demography of step cline formation: gastropod populations preyed on by experimentally introduced crabs
Authors: BOULDING E. G. , HAY T. , HOLST M. , KAMEL S. , PAKES D. , TIE A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhether a prey population goes extinct or adapts in response to an invading predator may depend on the number of contiguous populations that experience increased predation. We created invaded snail populations by building shelters for predatory shore crabs on a rocky intertidal bench. The crabs preyed selectively on thin‐shelled snails tethered next to the shelters but did not prey on those more than 2 m away. This caused strong directional selection for increased shell thickness in populations close to the shelters but did not change selection in those farther away. The field experiment was used to parameterize a new individual‐based quantitative genetic model that included demography. In the model a detectable step cline in shell thickness evolved rapidly even though the region of increased predation was shorter than Slatkin's characteristic length. The cline's step size in the model was similar to that measured in the field 10 years after the experiment began.
Sympatric host races of the European corn borer: adaptation to host plants and hybrid performance
Authors: CALCAGNO V. , THOMAS Y. , BOURGUET D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis, is a major pest of maize crops. In Europe, two sympatric host races are found: one feeds on maize (Zea mays) and the other mainly on mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). The two host races are genetically differentiated, seldom crossing in the laboratory or in the field, and females preferentially lay eggs on their native host species. We conducted two independent experiments, in field and greenhouse conditions, to determine whether the two host races are locally adapted to their host species. The effect of larval density and the performance of hybrids were also investigated. Despite some differences in overall larval feeding performance, both experiments revealed consistent patterns of local adaptation for survival and for larval weight in males. In females the same trend was observed but with weaker statistical support. F1 hybrids did not seem to be disadvantaged compared with the two parental races. Overall, our results showed that both host races are physiologically adapted to their native host. The fitness trade‐off between the two host plants provides a potential driving force for ecological speciation in this species.
Using measurements of neutralizing antibodies: the challenge of IFN‐β therapy
Authors: Hesse D. , Sørensen P. S. 
Published: July 2007

Although the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to interferon (IFN)‐β has been acknowledged since the pivotal trials of IFN‐β in multiple sclerosis (MS), the effect of these antibodies has for several reasons been debated. The main reason for the controversies has been insufficient knowledge of the fact that clinically relevant NAbs do not appear until 12–18 months after initiation of IFN‐β therapy which make studies of 2 years or less unsuited to assess the clinical relevance of NAbs. Further, changes in NAb affinity occur and contribute to increase NAb effects by time.The present paper reviews our current knowledge of NAbs and stresses the importance of using measurements of NAbs routinely. It is concluded that NAb titres are important for the biological response to IFN‐β. Patients with low or intermediate titres may have preserved a full or partial biological response and might still benefit from IFN‐β therapy. However, persistent high titres of NAbs indicate an abrogation of the biological response and, hence, absence of therapeutic efficacy, and this observation should lead to a change of therapy. The application of the existing information about NAbs in clinical practice would lead to improved efficacy of IFN‐β treatment for the benefit of patients with MS.
THE CONSUMER'S INTEREST IN COMPETITION POLICY: 1.
Authors: JONES T. T. , PICKERING J. F. 
Published: July 2007

The authors were invited to prepare a paper for the National Consumer Council to discuss the consumer interest in competition policy. While the analytical basis of competition policy has been extensively discussed in various places and empirical evidence on structure‐conduct‐performance relationships in industry is available, they have not found any material which deals systematically with a possible con sumer oriented approach to competition policy. Before offering specific policy suggestions they have therefore found it necessary to establish a theoretical basis for the identification of the consumer's interest in these matters. This is then used to guide their comments on the particular implications for competition policy.By competition policy they refer to that area of government policy which seeks to control the creation or conduct of dominant firms and other forms of restraint on competition. The analytical model is developed primarily in terms of a consideration of the effects of monopoly, to simplify the discussion it is therefore assumed that cartels can be viewed as a special case of monopoly.In the paper they have treated the consumer as a household‐based purchaser and they do not therefore take into account the interests of industrial purchasers.
CHILD CARE COURSES IN THE CURRICULUM
Authors: WARING PATRICIA J. 
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the relevance of child care courses for adolescents in the light of the recent debate on the curriculum and argues that despite indications to the contrary, such courses are more important than they ever were and have a fundamental role to play in the formation of future generations.Support for this can be found in recent research into the needs of the young child. The author questions the new emphasis and the non‐family role of women in relation to the child's welfare and suggests that it is a misunderstanding both of women's position and the nature of child care courses.
PILE UPHOLSTERY FABRICS–CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE
Authors: LEVY MARILYN JOAN , KING ROSALIE ROSSO 
Published: July 2007

Pile fabrics are currently enjoying a renewed popularity. They are not only an important upholstery fabric but also are gaining importance in other textile end‐uses such as apparel, footwear, toys and accessories. Pile fabrics are made in both natural and synthetic fibres as well as natural and synthetic fibre blends.The study was an attempt to develop a procedure to evaluate the physical properties of pile fabrics to determine their suitability for specific end‐uses. The study defined and tested different pile fabric samples which were representative of the 1979 interior textile fabric lines. Six pile fabrics, each with different fibre contents were subjected to seven separate tests and the results reported. The tests included fibre identification, fabric weight determination, fabric thickness determination, breaking load determination, tearing strength determination, and abrasion resistance determination.The results found that pile upholstery fabrics of different generic fibres performed differently when subjected to physical testing. The results obtained from the physical properties tests gave results which can be used to compare pile fabrics of different generic fibre content.
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE OXIDATION REACTION OF SODIUM PERBORATE ON THE CLEANING OF TEXTILES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY
Authors: JOKELAINEN AILI , HEINO HANNELE 
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bleaching efficiency of activated sodium perborate at low washing temperatures and the resulting energy saving.The comparison of the washing efficiency of basic and activated detergent was based on practical washing tests. The types of dirt used were coffee, fruit juice, tea, blood and a soot‐oil mixture. The washing temperatures were 50, 60, 70 and 80°C. The cleanness of the washing was determined by a whiteness measurement. The consumption of electrical energy was measured with a kWh‐meter.The higher the temperature, the more effectively all the types of dirt were removed from the textiles. With activated detergent a cleanness was obtained at 50°C and 60°C that was almost as good as with basic detergent at 80°C. The coloured types of dirt washed out more easily than blood or the soot and oil mixture.An average saving of 20% in the consumption of energy was obtained when the washing temperature was lowered by 10°C. With activated detergent, 45% of the energy consumed using basic detergent was saved with no reduction in the final cleanness.
IMPLEMENTING A PROFESSIONAL ON‐CAMPUS WORK EXPERIENCE FOR CLOTHING AND TEXTILE STUDENTS
Authors: HATCH KATHRYN L. , ORLICH PATRICIA , KEARNEY KATHLEEN , ROGERS JEAN C. 
Published: July 2007

A Clothing and Textile course is described which provided a transition from classroom education to the world of work, improved students’ interpersonal skills and assisted in helping women students establish identities as professional people. In addition, the experience described demonstrates how concepts and skills from a large number of other courses are integrated when a specific real‐life clothing problem must be solved.Through an on‐campus experience, twenty‐eight jackets for the Washington State University Men's Ski Team were designed and produced. Students were organized into a design team and a management team. The design team designed the jacket to meet the requirements of the ski team, made the the patterns, fitted the basic shells, reworked the pattern, wrote the assembly instructions and determined the most efficient layout. The management team investigated and purchased the materials and equipment needed, including a Babylock serger, determined jacket cost, organized and conducted meetings with the clients, and wrote the contract. All students participated in the construction of the jackets, a process organized as a factory assembly line.Students were enthusiastic about this practical opportunity to apply design and management principles and the chance to work with others towards a common goal. The approach used with this class is applicable to numerous functional clothing design problems.
PECTIN METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY AND THE TEXTURE OF CARROT SLICES COOKED IN AN ELECTRIC CASSEROLE*
Authors: CHINNERY MARY J. 
Published: July 2007

Carrot slices cooked for 11 hours on the LOW setting of an electric casserole were firmer and less acceptable than those which had been boiled for 25 minutes; when slices were cooked on the HIGH setting of the casserole for 6 hours they became as soft as boiled slices. Short periods of heat treatment in the casserole on LOW, followed by boiling for 25 minutes, produced slices which were firmer and less acceptable than those which had simply been boiled.These observations may be explained in terms of the action of the enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) which at certain temperatures can cause firming of plant tissue. During the early stages of casserole treatment on LOW, considerable PME activity could be detected in carrot slices whereas on the HIGH setting, thermal inactivation was more rapid. When using the casserole on LOW, undesirable firmness in carrot tissue could be prevented by subjecting slices 1 cm thick to a preliminary 2 minute blanch in boiling water.
DIAL‐A‐RIDE
Authors: ROBERTS EIRLYS 
Published: July 2007

One of the worst things about being disabled is the loneliness. Able‐bodied people do not have to wait for busy friends to find time to visit them. They can get on to a bus or a tube or a train and go visiting, or to the shops or a cinema or club, as the mood takes them. If you are in a wheelchair, you can't. You will get taken to hospital or a day centre or to your doctor, if need be, but nowhere for fun.The idea has arisen in several countries that there should be a special service for people with disabilities, who cannot use public transport and cannot drive or use friends' cars. This would be the equivalent of what taxis provide for the able‐bodied — the possibility of getting out and going where you want, when you want, when there is no public transport, or car, available to take you.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE UTILIZATION OF FINANCIAL COUNSELLING SERVICES
Authors: HECK RAMONA K. Z. 
Published: July 2007

Conceptual models were developed to explain the probability of seeking financial counselling services and the amount of time spent utilizing them. The models were estimated using a two‐stage estimation procedure which corrects for sample selection bias. The sample included 912 undergraduate students enrolled at three institutions of higher education in the central New York State area during the fall semester of 1979.In the visitation model, non‐white students, and students who lived in apartments, who attended private educational institutions, who received financial aid and who perceived their incomes to be inadequate were more likely to seek the financial counselling services offered by the Financial Aid Office. Seniors, students majoring in the natural sciences, students with higher total incomes and students who were dependent on their parents for financial support were less likely to visit the Financial Aid Office.The amount of time equation also showed that non‐white students, students who were enrolled in private schools, who received high levels of financial aid and who perceived their incomes as inadequate spent more time in utilizing the financial counselling services on their campuses. On the other hand, students who lived with their parents, who had higher sources of non‐financial aid income and who were dependent on their parents financially, spent less time utilizing the services of the Financial Aid Office.
SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FABRIC COMFORT BY SENSORY HAND
Authors: PAEK SOAE L. 
Published: July 2007

Current economic pressure and high energy cost brought about consumer demands for functional qualities from textile products they purchase. Fabrics are styled in a wide range of tactile and physical properties to meet consumer wants. This study investigated subjective and objective assessment of comfort properties of blouse fabrics which represent various fibre content and fabric structure. Subjective ratings showed that blend and natural fibres were preferred to man‐made for all comfort attributes except smoothness and woven was chosen over knit for smoothness, thickness, and openness.Spearman correlation between subjective rating and objective measurements showed good association for warmth and absorbency but the dearth of relationship for openness, smoothness, and thickness. This may indicate the panel's acceptance of both polar opposites of those hand attributes for blouse fabrics. Multiple regression analyses showed that five subjective attributes entered contributed 47.9% to overall comfort variability, whereas five objective properties chosen explained 53.2% of overall comfort ratings.
Experts' assessment of the impact of electronic control on the operation of household appliances
Authors: TURKKI KAIJA M. 
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to find out what effects electronics have on the operating characteristics of household appliances, and to analyse the differences' in attitudes towards these between male and female groups. The study method used was an expert inquiry. The experts represented different fields involved with household appliances.Nearly all the respondents agreed that the use of electronics in household appliances is likely to increase. Men took a much more positive attitude toward the prospect of using more electronics than women and were additionally more willing to choose an electronic model than an electromechanical one. Men considered that electronics allowed the development of more versatile, changeable and automatic appliances; while women were more likely to value safety, reliability and ease of operation.Results indicate that electronic appliances do not comply with all user demands today and most users need more and more advice in buying and using modern appliances.
Family choices in household production
Authors: ORMSBY TRICIA 
Published: July 2007

Families can maintain or raise their standard of living by using their own human resources to produce goods and services for their families' use. Using descriptive methodologies, this study examines household production performed by a random sample of 107 husbands and wives in mid‐Michigan, whose oldest child was between the ages of 6 and 12, and who responded to a self‐administered questionnaire. Given production choices on 54 household production activities, respondents indicated the family chose to perform many activities, purchased less, and omitted few activities. Husbands' and wives' perception of production choices differed significantly. The choices analysed by location of residence, family income, family employment and household size also showed significant differences.Summary and ImplicationsHusbands and wives responded that the family participated in 63–45% of the 54 production activities presented, illustrating that families do consider household production as a viable way to meet their needs. Most reported hiring or buying one‐third less than they produced (17–21%). Slightly less reported that the activities did not apply to them in their family situation (12–28%), and only a few husbands and wives reported consciously omitting activities (1–2%). Husbands' and wives' responses to the questions on the number and type of production choices differed significantly, suggesting that there is generally reduced communication and understanding by the couples as to who is doing what in the household. The decisions on task performance may possibly also be assumed by one spouse or the other (perhaps through traditional sex roles) and little discussion or negotiation on the issues exists.