bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stomatal Patterning
Authors: MacAlister Cora A , Bergmann Dominique C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Stomatal development is a model for understanding the integration of multiple inputs into a simple cell fate choice. A small but growing network of genes has been identified that are responsible for stomatal development in the model plant
Arabidopsis
: a set of transcription factors control the final stages of guard cells production and proteins suspected to play a role in cell–cell communication affect how many stomata are formed and their distinct distributions in various organs.
Senescence in Plants
Authors: Buchanan‐Wollaston Vicky 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of plant development during which the plant reclaims the valuable cellular building blocks that have been deposited in the leaves and other parts of the plant during growth. Maintaining an efficient senescence process is essential for survival of the plant or its future generations. Senescence is a complex highly regulated process that requires new gene expression and involves the interactions of many signalling pathways.
Cell Signalling Mechanisms in Plants
Authors: Bögre László 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Plants use cell surface receptors belonging to histidine kinases or receptor‐like serine/threonine kinases to sense signals and to trigger responses through phosphorylation cascades. Signal‐dependent protein degradation is a prevalent regulatory mechanism in plants. Some of the plant hormones can directly modulate intracellular signalling components to exert their effect.
New Generation Vaccine Adjuvants
Authors: O'Hagan Derek T 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Vaccines represent an outstanding success story in modern medicine and are responsible for a huge reduction in morbidity and mortality worldwide, but it is clear that improvements are necessary to enable the development of successful vaccines against some difficult pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Vaccine improvements may include the addition of new adjuvants, which are able to induce higher immune responses, or immune responses with greater breadth, to cover the broad antigenic diversity of some pathogens. New generation adjuvants are starting to become available which may enable the development of new generation vaccines.
Glycolipid Presentation by CD1
Authors: De Libero Gennaro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
T cells recognize lipid antigens as complexes associated with CD1 antigen‐presenting molecules. The biophysical properties of lipids impose unique mechanisms for lipid delivery, cell internalization, membrane trafficking, processing of large glycolipid antigens and loading of CD1 molecules. T cells specific for lipid antigens participate in the regulation of immune response, protection during infections and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Evolution of Protein Domains
Authors: Yeats Corin A , Orengo Christine A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Analysis of protein structures reveals that they are made up from independent globular substructures known as protein domains. The fold that these domains assume is typically the same in evolutionarily related proteins. However, exceptions to this rule allow us to begin to determine the process by which novel folds can develop from ancestral folds and possibly even how the first folds came into existence. Various lines of research have shown that thermodynamic stability, designability, functional flexibility and structural drift all play important roles in shaping the distribution and variation of structural families in nature.
Normal Mode Analysis Techniques in Structural Biology
Authors: Miyashita Osamu , Tama Florence 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Normal mode theory originates from classical mechanics and has been used in several fields such as mechanical engineering and spectroscopy. It was first applied 20 years ago to investigate dynamical properties of small biological systems. Today, due to advancement in computational techniques as well as processing power, normal mode analysis has emerged again as a very powerful method to study motions of large macromolecular machines that are critically important for sustaining most biological functions in our bodies.
Lissencephaly, Genetics of
Authors: Passemard Sandrine , Challard François , Verloes Alain , Gressens Pierre 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe term lissencephaly (literally ‘smooth brain’) covers rare malformations which have in common a reduction of the cortical gyration and an abnormal cortical layering. Different forms of lissencephalies have been described: classical lissencephalies (also called type I) and its variants, and cobblestone lissencephalies (also called type II). Classical lissencephalies include lissencephalies with abnormalities in genesLIS1,DCXorARX, isolated lissencephalies without any identified genetic defect, lissencephalies with severe microcephaly (microlissencephaly), and lissencephalies associated with syndromes of multiple malformations. The cobblestone lissencephaly is observed in three related syndromes: Walker–Warburg, Fukuyama and muscle‐eye‐brain (MEB) syndromes.
Relevance of Copy Number Variation to Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Kehrer‐Sawatzki Hildegard 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Copy number changes involving dosage‐sensitive genes are well‐known causes of human genetic diseases and syndromes. Genome‐wide analytical techniques such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping have revealed that polymorphic copy number variations (CNVs), manifesting as duplications or deletions, represent normal variants that contribute to human genomic diversity. Not all CNVs in the human genome have so far been discovered, however it is already clear that CNVs contribute much more to human genomic variation than SNPs. Since many human CNVs contain genes, the expression differences associated with these genes are very likely to influence normal phenotypic variation. Further, since not all CNVs are going to be neutral variants, at least some CNVs are expected to alter drug metabolism or to influence disease predisposition as is already evident in the context of HIV/AIDS susceptibility, Crohn disease and immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis.
Taste: Central Processing
Authors: Scott Thomas R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The taste system monitors the chemical environment to detect carbohydrates, proteins, fats and salt to be consumed and toxins to be avoided. It activates reflexes for swallowing or rejection, and powerful hedonic mechanisms of pleasure or disgust. Electrophysiological studies are revealing taste's neural organization. The weight of evidence implies that there are gustatory neuron types that may function as coherent subgroups within the system, that there are primary tastes whose number and identity remain uncertain, and that taste qualities are not represented topographically across the cortex. A cardinal property of taste neurons is their broad sensitivity across an array of chemicals. This breadth implies that the taste code must involve a comparison of the activity across different neuron types in a fashion most closely analogous to the code for colour vision.
Olfaction: Central Processing
Authors: McGann John P , Wachowiak Matt 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOlfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium detect a huge variety of airborne chemicals (termed ‘odorants’) and encode information about these stimuli in the form of action potentials. This code is then transmitted to the brain, where patterns of neural activity represent the identity, concentration and temporal dynamics of the odorants. Neural processing of olfactory information at multiple levels in the brain mediates odour recognition, synthetic olfactory perceptions and provides feedback control to the initial stages of the olfactory pathway. This article presents some of the challenges in olfactory information processing and then reviews our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex represent odours and analyse olfactory information.
Restoration Ecology: Principles
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

The U.S. National Research Council (1992, p. 18) defines ‘restoration’ as

… the return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance… . Both the structure and the functions of the ecosystem are recreated. Merely recreating the form without the functions, or the functions in an artificial configuration bearing little resemblance to a natural resource, does not constitute restoration. The goal is to emulate a natural, functioning, self‐regulating system that is integrated with the ecological landscape in which it occurs.
Amidohydrolase Superfamily
Authors: Aimin Liu , Tingfeng Li , Rong Fu 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

The amidohydrolase superfamily is a structure‐based cluster of enzymes that contain a sturdy and versatile triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)‐like β‐barrel embracing a mono‐ or dinuclear
d
‐block metal cofactor essential for catalysis. Up to date, it has had several thousand members catalysing a wide range of hydrolytic and nonhydrolytic metabolic reactions important in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism as well as biodegradation of agricultural and industrial compounds.
Glycosidases: Functions, Families and Folds
Authors: Hancock Susan M , Withers Stephen G 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The classification of glycosidases into families and clans on the basis of amino acid sequence has provided a foundation for the analysis of the structures and mechanisms of these important enzymes. This confluence of bioinformatic, structural and mechanistic studies has greatly advanced glycosidase engineering and the development of specific inhibitors.
Density Functional Theoretical Studies on Polyaniline/HNb3O8 Layered Nanocomposites
Authors: Yang G. , Hou W. , Feng X. , Jiang X. , Guo J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA theoretical study of polyaniline (PANI)/HNb3O8 layered nanocomposites has been performed based on ab initio calculations and experimental data. The Brønsted acidity of the layered niobic acid, and the interaction between the interlayered polyaniline molecules and the inorganic slabs in PANI/HNb3O8 nanocomposites, have been investigated. For the intercalation process of organic species into layered niobic acid, it is important to clarify whether the source of Brønsted acidity arises from the interlayered or hydrated protons. Thus, three inorganic layer structures, KNb3O8, HNb3O8, and HNb3O8·H2O, are evaluated, and the results show that there is only a minor contribution to the total acidity if the hydrogen is tightly bound by the inorganic slab. After the interlayered aniline monomers are polymerized within the acidic inorganic layers, two orientated structures of PANI molecules are calculated in which the interlayered C6 rings are perpendicular and parallel to the inorganic slabs, respectively, based on the experimental results. In comparison, PANI molecules in the latter orientation are placed in a relatively narrower interlayer space, and the hydrated proton cannot simultaneously form two effective hydrogen bonds with the O atom of Nb3O8– and an N atom of the PANI molecule because of the orientation requirement of the hydrogen bond. The interlayered hydrated proton cannot effectively transfer electrons between the PANI molecule and the inorganic slab. A similar conclusion is also reached from a detailed analysis of band structure and density of states (DOS). The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental fact that a relatively higher conductivity is apparent in the former rather than in the latter.
Selective Nucleation of Organic Single Crystals from Vapor Phase on Nanoscopically Rough Surfaces
Authors: Mannsfeld S. C. B. , Briseno A. L. , Liu S. , Reese C. , Roberts M. E. , Bao Z. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are attractive for microelectronic applications such as sensor arrays or flexible displays, due to their adequate performance and relatively low production costs. Organic single‐crystal transistors have emerged as benchmark devices for studying the intrinsic charge‐transport properties in organic semiconductor materials. Conventional approaches for growing organic single crystals result in uncontrollable dimensions and the formation of extremely fragile crystals. In addition, the hand‐selection and placement of individual crystals on a device structure represents a severe limitation for producing arrays of single‐crystal transistors with high density and reasonable throughput. As a result, the application of organic single‐crystal transistors has been restricted to fundamental charge transport studies, with their commercial application not yet realizable.We recently reported a materials‐general method of fabricating large‐area arrays of patterned organic single crystals. Microcontact‐printed octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTS) film domains on smooth, inert substrates were found to act as preferential nucleation sites for single crystals for a broad range of organic semiconductor materials, such as pentacene, tetracene, rubrene and C60. In order to understand the underlying mechanism of preferential nucleation, the stamped OTS domains and the contact plane between the OTS domains and the organic crystals were inspected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy. Our analysis suggests that crystals nucleate at the base of tall OTS pillars that form the significantly rough surface in the stamped domains. The selective nucleation inside the rough surface regions is discussed by means of a rate‐equation model of the growth process.
Assembling DNA into Advanced Materials: From Nanostructured Films to Biosensing and Delivery Systems
Authors: Johnston A. P. R. , Zelikin A. N. , Caruso F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed a rapid expansion in the design and assembly of engineered materials for biological applications. However, such applications place limitations on the molecular building blocks that can be used. Requirements for polymer‐based building blocks include biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stimuli‐responsive behavior. Many traditional polymers used in materials science are limited in at least one of these areas, so new polymers need to be explored. As we outline here, DNA is one such polymer that shows promise in developing the next generation of ‘smart’ materials for biomedical and diagnostic applications.
The Synthesis of Spirobitetraline Phosphoramidite Ligands and their Application in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Huo Xiang‐Hong , Xie Jian‐Hua , Wang Qiu‐Shi , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA racemic 1,1′‐spirobitetralin‐8,8′‐diol (SBITOL) was conveniently synthesized from 3‐methoxybenzaldehyde in 26 % yield over 9 steps and resolved via its bis‐(S)‐camphorsulfonates. The corresponding chiral spirobitetraline monophosphoramidite ligands have been prepared and their rhodium complexes were applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino esters with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.3 % ee).
Application of the corresponding states principle to the diffusion in CO2
Authors: González Luis M. , Suárez‐Iglesias Octavio , Bueno Julio L. , Pizarro Consuelo , Medina Ignacio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBinary diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution in supercritical carbon dioxide, DAB, have been measured for the four monohalogenated benzenes (fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene) with the Taylor–Aris technique in a chromatographic apparatus as a function of temperature and pressure. The ranges covered for these two variables were 313–333 K and 15.0–35.0 MPa, respectively. As the four solutes are similar molecules, the corresponding states principle (CSP) has been tested, together with the results of several predictive equations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
On the role of microeconomics, planning, and finances in product design
Authors: Bagajewicz Miguel J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article it is claimed that in order to obtain the right composition, structure, and functionality for a new product, one needs to anticipate what the demand of the product will be and take into account all costs involved (associated manufacturing and supply chain). To obtain the demand, one needs a pricing model, which in turn relies on consumer preferences that are connected to the product composition, structure, and functionality. Thus, a model, including the varying characteristics of the product, the manufacturing capacity and site, the supply chain and ultimately, the markets, is proposed. I use a very simple case of insect repellent to illustrate how the best repellent, identified as the one that consumers will prefer the most, is not the most profitable one and how one can obtain the insect repellent composition that maximizes profit. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Liquid–liquid two‐phase mass transfer in the T‐junction microchannels
Authors: Zhao Yuchao , Chen Guangwen , Yuan Quan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this work, the mass transfer characteristics of immiscible fluids in the two kinds of stainless steel T‐junction microchannels, the opposing‐flow and the cross‐flow T‐junction, are investigated experimentally. Water‐succinic acid‐n‐butanol is chosen as a typical example of liquid–liquid two‐phase mass transfer process. In our experiments, the mixture velocities of the immiscible liquid–liquid two phases are varied in the range from 0.01 to 2.5 m/s for the 0.4 mm microchannel and from 0.005 to 2.0 m/s for the 0.6 mm microchannel, respectively. The Reynolds numbers of the two‐phase mixture vary between 19 and 650. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients are determined quantitatively in a single microchannel, and their values are in the ranges of 0.067–17.35 s−1, which are two or three orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional liquid–liquid contactors. In addition, the effects of the inlet configurations, the fluids inlet locations, the height and the length of the mixing channel, the volumetric flux ratio have been investigated. Empirical correlations to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficients based on the experimental data are developed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
The changing pattern of consanguinity in a selected region of the Israeli Arab community
Authors: Sharkia Rajach , Zaid Muhamad , Athamna Abed , Cohen Dani , Azem Abdussalam , Zalan Abdelnaser 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of consanguinity within the Israeli Arab community is relatively high, and is associated with high rates of inherited disorders that lead to a high frequency of morbidity and mortality. Data on consanguinity between couples were recorded during two periods (1980–1985 and 2000–2004) in relation to socioeconomic status of 4 selected villages. Two of the villages (A and B) are known to have high socioeconomic status, and the other two (C and D) are known to have low socioeconomic status. The average incidence of consanguineous marriages has slightly decreased from 33.1% in the first period to 25.9% in the second period (P = 0.0218) in all of the 4 villages. Marriages between first cousins showed a more significant decrease, from 23.9% in the first period to 13.6% in the second period (P < 0.0001). The average consanguinity rates of villages A and B were found to decrease from 22.3 to 16.2% respectively (P < 0.001) between the two observation periods, whereas those of villages C and D were found to decrease from 42.3 to 37.2%, (P < 0.001) during the same two periods. Thus, there has been a change in the pattern of consanguinity within the selected Israeli Arab villages, between the two study periods. This change seems to correlate with the sociodemographic status of the villages. Therefore, improving the socioeconomic status of the villages, as well as implementation of proper health education programs, is expected to have a positive effect in reducing consanguinity. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multifocal rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma: A link to chorangioma
Authors: Mulliken J.B. , Bischoff J. , Kozakewich H.P.W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCommon infantile hemangioma is intriguing because of its variable presentation, rapid postnatal growth and slow regression in childhood. Interest in this tumor has increased with the recognition that it can be associated with structural anomalies in the craniofacial and ventral‐caudal regions. The phenotype has expanded by characterization of rare vascular tumors that arise in the fetus and manifest at birth as rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) or non‐involuting congenital hemangioma (NICH). We describe a boy born with three RICH on the abdominal wall; one extended into the base of the umbilical cord. Two weeks later a small, infantile hemangioma arose on his neck. This patient stimulated a review of what is known about placental vascular tumors and their possible relationship to fetal and infantile hemangiomas. We suggest that chorangioma and umbilical cord hemangioma are clinically and histopathologically similar to cutaneous and hepatic RICH. These placental vascular tumors can also occur in conjunction with solitary and multiple infantile hemangiomas. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis: Implications for severity with special reference to Mongolian spots associated with Sturge–Weber and Klippel–Trenaunay syndromes
Authors: Hall Bryan D. , Cadle Ronald G. , Morrill‐Cornelius Shannon M. , Bay Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn 1947 the term phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) was coined to represent the association of widespread, aberrant, and persistent nevus flammeus and pigmentary abnormalities. Four types of PPV have been recognized with type II (nevus flammeus and Mongolian spots) being the most common. Most early cases were of Asian or African descent. Many cases were subsequently associated with Sturge–Weber (S‐W) and Klippel–Trenaunay (K‐T) syndromes. Almost no literature reports have appeared in the genetic or dysmorphology literature! We present six cases of PPV in which five were either African, Asian or Hispanic, and five of six had an admixture of K‐T and S‐W. Four had macrocephaly, and one had microcephaly. Four had CNS abnormalities (three with hydrocephalus, one with Arnold–Chiari and one with polymicrogyria), three had mental retardation, and one had seizures. One each had thumb hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, glaucoma, coronal synostosis, and 3–4 finger syndactyly. It is our suspicion and hypothesis that in the presence of persistent, extensive and aberrant Mongolian spots, vascular abnormalities as are seen in K‐T and S‐W carry a worse prognosis. This may be particularly true either of children of Asian, Hispanic or African heritage or any individuals from darker pigmented skin groups. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.