bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intertribal gene flow between the Ye'cuana and Yanomama: Genetic analysis of an admixed village
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Smouse Peter E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic exchange with a neighboring village of Ye'cuana Indians had introduced two alleles, Dia and ACPa, into the Yanomama Indian village of Borabuk. After several generations, these alleles had reached frequencies of 0.08 and 0.10, respectively. These frequencies are puzzling because they are higher in Borabuk than in the Ye'cuana village from which they were derived. Single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from either of these traits are biologically unrealistic and suggest that admixture is not a good explanation for genetic variation in Borabuk. Nevertheless, multiallelic admixture models are seen to produce credible estimates of ancestral proportions and to explain a large amount of allele frequency variation in Borabuk. When these results are compared with expectations derived from a formal pedigree analysis, good agreement is seen. Comparison of single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from alleles at 11 loci, with multiallelic estimates obtained from the same 11 loci and with the pedigree‐derived estimates, demonstrates the superiority of the multiallelic approach.
HLA types of mummified Eskimo bodies from the 15th century
Authors: Hansen H. E. , Gürtler H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn 1978 the bodies of eight Eskimos were discovered in two tombs among the rocks at Qilakitsoq in the Umanak District on the west coast of Greenland. By C14 analysis at the Danish National Museum the burial was dated around A.D. 1460. The climatic conditions have been favorable for the preservation of the bodies, which were freeze‐dried by nature to almost the consistency of wood. With skin and muscle tissue from the thigh, a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type determination was carried out by means of a microabsorption method developed in this laboratory on spleen tissue from recently deceased persons (Hansen and Gürtler, 1979, 1982). The aim of the HLA determinations of these mummies was to reveal possible family relationships, and to see whether the HLA antigens found would be typical for nowliving Eskimo populations. The results indicate that two families were buried, one in each of the two tombs.
Formation of the permanent dentition in Arikara Indians: Timing differences that affect dental age assessments
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Jantz Richard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report concerns one problem encountered with application of American white dental formation standards to age assessment of sub‐adults of archaeological context. Dental ages for eight mandibular permanent teeth and maxillary central and lateral incisors of Arikara Indian immature skeletons were determined according to degree of crown or root mineralization. Ages assigned to the various teeth of the same individual were compared. They showed similarities as well as patterned differences. First premolar, second premolar, and mandibular incisor ages closely approximated one another. In relation to this complex, dental ages for maxillary incisors and mandibular second molars were older by 0.5 to 1.1 years. Developmental ages assigned to individuals on the basis of third molars showed relative advancement by more than 2 years. The systematic occurrence of these observations reflects more than just individual variability; it shows the presence of population differences in tooth‐formation timing. Timing differences complicate assessment of dental ages needed for growth or demographic studies.
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: I. Passive joint excursion
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean , Rawlins Richard G. , Denlinger Janet L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately 25° over the first two decades of the macaque life span, and males generally showed less potential for movement than females in all age groups. These results are similar to those obtained for humans and are consistent with patterns of positional behavior, trauma, and osteoarthritis observed in this rhesus monkey population. Thus, to fully describe the locomotor strategy of rhesus monkeys, age‐ and sex‐related variation in locomotor anatomy and functional capacity must be considered.
Dental morphology and odontometry of the Tibetan immigrants
Authors: Sharma J. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental features such as size, shape, cusp number and groove pattern, deflecting wrinkle, protostylid, form and size of dental arch and occlusion pattern, as well as crown diameters of maxillary and mandibular dentition of the Tibetan immigrants in India are described. Sex differences in various measurements are also noted. Overall reduction in size, presence of hypodontia of the third molar, and absence of Carabelli's trait are a distinct progressive/evolutionary trend in the Tibetan dentition, while presence of a shovel‐shaped lingual surface of central and lateral incisors is a retrogressive/primitive condition. In some of the dental features Tibetans resemble Cauca‐soid and modern populations, in certain others they resemble other Mongoloid populations, and in still other features they resemble aboriginal populations and fossil hominids.
The Bacon Chow study: Genetic analysis of physical growth in assessment of energy–protein malnutrition
Authors: Mueller William H. , Pollitt Ernesto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstimates of the prevalence of energy–protein malnutrition almost universally employ physical growth measurements. In this study we focus on this disease and the role of body size of relatives as mediators of responses in individuals to one type of nutrition intervention: supplementation of pregnant and lactating women. In this study, initiated by Dr. Bacon Chow and others in 1967, during gestation of a first infant a mother was untreated, while during the lactation of the first infant and the gestation and lactation of a second infant she was treated with either a calorie supplement or a placebo. Supplement–placebo group differences were sought in sibling and mother–child correlations in growth from birth to 30 months, in order to assess the role of heredity as a mediator of supplement effects.There were 108 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a high‐calorie–high‐protein supplement as described above and 105 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a placebo. Among the latter, sibling correlations for most measurements are statistically significant at birth, and of the same magnitude seen in previous studies (∼0.5), while among supplemented siblings, birth correlations are unusually low and often insignificant. The sibling correlations in Rohrer's index (wt/L3) differed the most between groups (p < 0.01). Group differences in the sibling correlation tended to disappear over the first 2.5 years of life. Correlations between mothers and their second children in subscapular skinfold tended to be higher in the supplemented than in the placebo group, birth to 30 months. Inbothsupplement groups mother–second child correlations for body weight were higher than mother–first child correlations, suggesting the occurrence of secular changes in the environment unconnected with the treatment. The results suggest that: (1) genetic analysis of components of anthropometric variation may be a more sensitive method than the more conventional comparison of group means in detecting supplement effects; and (2) infant relative weight (Rohrer index), particularly the addition of subcutaneous fat, may be more affected by maternal supplementation than growth in weight or length alone.
Cultural and biological inheritance of plasma lipids
Authors: Rao D. C. , Williams W. R. , McGue M. , Morton N. E. , Gulbrandsen C. L. , Rhoads G. G. , Kagan A. , Laskarzewski P. , Glueck C. J. , Russell J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA path analytic model for the analysis of nuclear family data is described and used to analyze the results of two major studies of cholesterol (CH) and triglyceride (TG), the Honolulu Heart Study (HHS) of Japanese–Americans and the Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) study of Caucasians. The studies were first analyzed separately to assess evidence for genetic and cultural transmission, marital resemblance, and maternal environmental effects for the two plasma lipids, and then simultaneously to identify the nature and sources of any between‐study‐heterogeneity. There were significant sources of heterogeneity between the two studies for CH (only marital environmental resemblance and nontransmitted sibling environmental resemblance) and for TG (only non‐transmitted sibling environmental resemblance). The two studies were homogeneous with respect to the magnitude of genetic and cultural effects; for CH genetic heritability was estimated as h2 = .594 ± .041 while cultural heritability was estimated as c2 = .035 ± .008, and for TG the two heritabilities were estimated as h2 = .259 ± .034 and c2 = .108 ± .014. An additional bivariate analysis of the association between the two lipids revealed that all phenotypic resemblance could be explained in terms of an association of non‐transmitted residual environments with little evidence for a genetic association. The relevance of these results for an understanding of the genetic epidemiology of plasma lipids is discussed.
Genetic analysis of manic‐depressive Illness
Authors: O'Rourke D. H. , McGuffin P. , Reich T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo threshold models, a single locus model, and two combined models are fitted to data on familial incidence of bipolar affective disorder in 194 nuclear families ascertained through a bipolar proband. The relative fit of alternative tramsmission models is tested by a likelihood ratio chi‐square with the degrees of freedom defined by the difference in the number of parameters estimated by each model. All parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. The simplest threshold model, permitting only a single background familial correlatiron, is found to provide a statistically poorer fit than any of the alternative models, and may be rejected as a model for the etiology of bipolar affective disorder. The four remaining models are statistically indistinguishable. It is suggested, however, that the involvement of a major locus in the etiology of this disorder deserves further scrutiny since any of the models incorporating a major locus, with or without a multifactorial background, are consistently associated with greater likelihoods than the complex threshold model.It is also noted that diagnostic criteria are critical in the analysis. In the present study, relatives of probands are considered affected if a diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar affective disorder is present. When only bipolar relatives are considered affected, none of the transmission models may be rejected. Finally, the results of these analyses are found to be independent of the ascertainment parameter.
Social selection and evolution of human diseases
Authors: Yokoyama Shozo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDisease incidences in human populations depend on etiology of the disease, the fitness of individuals, and demographic changes of the population. The fitness of an individual is determined not only by the disease but also by other factors such as cultural and social reaction to the disorder and demographic changes of the population. Social selection studies the effect of the social behavior on the incidence of a trait.In studies of Huntington's disease, it has been shown that the fitness of the normal sibling of an affected individual is reduced as much as that of the affected individual himself or herself. A similar social effect has been observed for mental retardation. Thus, even if an individual has a normal genotype, mate finding and fertility may be changed considerably by the presence of affected family members. At the present time, the way in which genetic variabilities are maintained is poorly understood even for clearcut genetic diseases. Studies of social selection indicate that such information should be acquired by considering both the nature of the disease and its social effect.
The human histocompatibility system: Anthropological considerations
Authors: Thomson Glenys 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe human histocompatibility system (HLA) is a linked complex of genes on human chromosome 6. Many of the loci in this region are highly polymorphic. This endows the system with unique differentiating powers, both in terms of the population genetics of the reconstruction of evolutionary trees to assess biological divergences (or affinities) in human populations, and in terms of detecting the genetic component of the many diseases which show an association with certain variants (alleles) of the HLA system.Different racial groups often exhibit different HLA disease associations; that is, a different allele is associated with the disease in different populations, although in some cases the same allele is associated with the disease in all populations. The classical example of this latter situation is the association of B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. This disease will be used as an example to illustrate how population observations allow inferences to be made regarding the evolutionary histories of the HLA‐associated diseases, as well as the genetic mechanisms of the diseases.
Genetic and sociocultural components of high blood pressure
Authors: Ward R. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cardiovascular diseases exert widely differing contributions to the total burden of mortality and morbidity in extant human populations. To a large extent these differences are a reflection of the variable distribution of specific antecedent risk factors. For one such risk factor, blood pressure, there is considerable variability in its distribution between different ethnic groups, especially between traditional and nontraditional societies. Intensive epidemiological studies in Western societies, together with a number of cross‐cultural comparisons, suggest that the major determinants of high blood pressure are likely to be a constellation of sociocultural factors, with genetic determination being limited to the interaction between genotype and environment.Studies of populations in sociocultural transition offer an unique opportunity to identify the relative influence of specific sociocultural factors on the rate of change of blood pressure. In addition, when the study of such populations is placed in a quasi‐experimental context, genetic‐environmental interactions may also be detected. This strategy is illustrated by a study of the changing blood pressure distribution in Tokelauan migrants.Such an approach requires the initial definition of a response variable which measures change in blood pressure as a consequence of migration. The response variable, which identifies the relative influence of concomitants such as weight, age, and obesity, can then be subjected to genetic analysis. In the Tokelau case, blood pressure response tends to be positive in migrants but negative in non‐migrants. Further statistical analysis indicates that there is a small proportion of high responders in both populations and that these cluster in families in the migrant population. However, estimates of the transmission parameter suggest that sociocultural transmission, rather than Mendelian segregation, is responsible. To date there is little evidence that genetic‐environmental interactions have had any impact on the development of hypertension in this migrant population.
Cerumen phenotype and epithelial dysplasia in nipple aspirates of breast fluid
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between presence of dysplastic epithelial cells in nipple aspirates of breast fluid and wet or dry cerumen phenotype was studied in 1,150 white and Asian American women. A statistically significant greater proportion of premenopausal white women of wet cerumen phenotype, compared to women of the dry cerumen type, was found to have cytologic dysplasia (relative risk 6.5 [1.8–22.3]). The effect was not observed in postmenopausal women. The finding offers new support for our hypothesis that an apocrine genetic factor affecting breast gland secretion may influence exposure of the breast epithelium to potential carcinogenic substances of exogenous or endogenous origin.
Genetic and anthropologic factors in gluten‐sensitive enteropathy
Authors: Strober Warren 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGluten‐sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a disease characterized by intestinal villous atrophy and malabsorption, is due to a sensitivity to wheat protein, gliadin, and probably has its basis in an underlying immunologic defect. GSE has a genetic basis in that some 70–80% of north American and northern European patients bear the HLA‐B8 histocompatibility type and about 90% bear the HLA‐DRw3 histocompatibility type. These histocompatibility types are both increased because they are in linkage disequilibrium in normal populations. This suggests that HLA‐B8 and HLA‐DRw3 genes are in linkage disequilibrium with a GSE disease gene, accounting for the association of the disease with certain histocompatibility antigens.A gene coding for a lymphoid surface antigen has been identified which is not HLA‐linked. This gene is distributed at a low frequency in the general population; it has been proposed that both the HLA and non‐HLA genes important to GSE code for different domains of the single surface receptor molecule that somehow predisposes to a heightened immune reaction to gliadin, thus causing the disease.GSE is most prevalent where HLA‐B8 occurs at the highest frequency in the general population and is not seen in populations where HLA‐B8 is not found. One explanation for this is that the gene complex containing HLA‐B8 (and HLA‐DRw3) evolved in response to infectious agents: Individuals bearing this complex were capable of more vigorous antibody response. However, such individuals were also more likely to be hypersensitive to wheat protein; as wheat became domesticated these individuals may have been at a disadvantage. It is only in regions such as northern Europe where wheat domestication occurred relatively late that one finds both a high frequency of HLA‐B8 and a high incidence of GSE.
Population distribution in North and Central America of PGM1 and Gc subtypes as determined by isoelectric focusing (IEF)
Authors: Dykes Dale D. , Crawford M. H. , Polesky H. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGc subtypes of 20 North and Central American populations and PCM1 subtypes in 11 populations were analyzed to identify interpopulation variation of the respective gene frequencies for common alleles. A total of 23,304 phenotypings were done. Absolute heterozygosity levels (D) generally increased twofold when phenotyping by isoelectric focusing was compared with conventional electrophoresis. Graphic representation of the Gc subtypes and multivariate analysis to identify genetic affinities of the populations under study reveal genetic clusters consistent with major historical and geographical groupings of man.
HLA antigen frequency in the Koya tribe of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Wentzel J. , Roberts D. F. , Rao Y. Subba , Habibullah C. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequencies of HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C antigens were studied in a tribal population of Koya from Andhra Pradesh in southern India. No other well‐defined tribal population has been studied with which the present results may be compared. However, the HLA profile of Koya showed distinct differences from the general HLA distribution in India in the frequency of a large number of antigens both at the A and B loci. This study indicates the distinctiveness of this tribal population and suggests the potential importance of the study of HLA frequencies in tribal groups of India.
The measurement of form and variation in form: An application of three‐dimensional quantitative morphology by finite‐element methods
Authors: Cheverud James , Lewis Jack L. , Bachrach William , Lew William D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractD'Arcy Thompson developed a method of coordinates which allowed for a geometrical presentation of form and form change. While his grid transformations have received much attention, little work in the geometry of form and form change has occurred since. We present a three‐dimensional nonhomogeneous finite‐element scaling method which allows for the mathematical and geometrical measurement of form change in addition to the graphical representation of these deformations as D'Arcy Thompson grids. This allows a reconciliation between geometrical and statistical methods for analyzing form. The method involves quantification of the transformation of one form into another in three dimensions without special registration and contains algorithms for obtaining a mean form. The method is applied to an analysis of variation in cranial form among adult male rhesus macaques from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Variation was greatest in the superior‐inferior direction, followed by the anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral directions. The upper facial region is particularly variable. An analysis of allometry relative to local size variation shows that the larger any particular region is, the relatively greater its height, narrower its width, and shorter its length. An analysis of allometry relative to overall size showed that the upper face is positively allometric, the occipital region is strongly negatively allometric, and the other regions are isometric. After within‐group variation is characterized, as described here, between‐group studies, such as growth series and phylogenetic series, can be performed.
Cortical bone growth and dietary stress among subadults from Nubia's Batn el Hajar
Authors: Hummert James R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCortical bone growth is analyzed for 174 children from a Medieval Christian population at Kulubnarti in the Batn el Hajar of Sudanese Nubia (550–1450 AD). Using the tibia as a representative long bone, total subperiosteal area, cortical area, medullary area, and percent cortical area at midshaft were calculated. While growth in total and cortical areas, as well as in length, appear to be fairly well maintained, percent cortical area reveals unusual growth patterns which reflect excessive endosteal resorption.Compared to the relative reduction in bone mass which has been observed in malnourished living children, as well as with previously reported evidence for stress in the Kulubnarti population, the present data support an interpretation of nutritionally related stress and of no major diachronic dietary change.