bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of potassium in mixtures of potassium chloride and basic slag by using natural radioactivity
Authors: Hall Raymond F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid method is described for the determination of potassium in mixtures containing potassium salts and basic slag. Four Geiger Muller tubes connected in parallel are used to measure the natural radioactivity of 40K and the potassium contents of the mixtures are evaluated from a previous calibration. The effects of variation of particle size of both the potassium source and the basic slag are demonstrated, the count rate varying in different directions as the fineness increases in the two cases.Use of the technique in the production of a mixture of potassium chloride and basic slag has shown that the results from the method are comparable with those of the flame photometer.
The yields of leaf protein from various short‐duration crops
Authors: Deshmukh M. G. , Gore S. B. , Mungikar A. M. , Joshi R. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe yields of leaf protein from several short‐duration crops were determined. The yields depended on species, variety, season, fertilisers and frequency of cutting. Many species responded with increased yields to fertilisers. Between 40 and 63% protein nitrogen was extractable from cowpea and the plant produced extractable protein at a rate of 11.2 kg‐ha‐day during the monsoon but only 4.5 kg‐ha‐day during the winter. Good yields were also obtained from the by‐product leaves of cauliflower, cabbage and knolkhol. Some varieties of wheat and Tithonia tagetiflora were also found promising for leaf protein production.
The yields of extracted leaf protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Dev D. V. , Batra Usha Rani , Joshi R. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of fertilisers, frequency of cutting, row spacing and simazine on the yields of dry matter and extractable protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were studied using the laboratory‐scale pulper and press. Between 40 and 65% protein nitrogen was extractable; extractability was not affected by the various treatments but altered with season. Lucerne responded with increased yields of dry matter and extractable protein to fertilisers, simazine (35 g/ha) and rows spaced at 30.5 cm. Six or 8 harvests were found to give greater yields than 5 harvests in 180 days. The annual yields of extractable protein reached 3100 kg/ha and it is felt that better control of pests could lead to even greater yields.
Studies on volatile compounds produced by apples in relation to the development of bitter pit
Authors: Wills Ron B. H. , Carroll Edward T. , Scott Kevin J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApples affected with bitter pit had higher levels of most volatile organic compounds than sound fruit. Reducing the susceptibility of fruit to pit by the application of calcium sprays also resulted in reduced levels of most volatiles. However, it appears that the volatiles are not causatively associated with pit as they did not cause an increase in the incidence of pit when added to the fruit.A significant positive correlation between pre‐harvest levels of acetaldehyde and development of pit was found but the extent of the remaining variation precluded the use of the method for commercial grading of fruit for pit susceptibility.
Chloroanisoles as a cause of musty taint in chickens and their microbiological formation from chlorophenols in broiler house litters
Authors: Curtis R. Frank , Dennis Colin , Gee Jennifer M. , Gee Malcolm G. , Griffiths Nerys M. , Land Derek G. , Peel John L. , Robinson David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cause and origin of musty taint in chicken from broiler systems has been established as 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole formed by microbial methylation of 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol present as a wood preservative on shavings used as litter. At least three of the fungi found in poultry litter (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowi and Penicillium crustosum) can effect this methylation. 2,3,4,6‐Tetrachloroanisole formed in the litter was taken up by the chickens. The levels in various chicken tissues and factors affecting uptake and loss have been investigated.
Residual effects of controlled atmosphere storage on the production of volatile compounds by two varieties of apples
Authors: Patterson Brian D. , Hatfield Stephen G. S. , Knee Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCox's Orange Pippin apples gradually lost their capacity to ripen normally when they were stored in 2% oxygen at 3.5 ºC. When the apples were transferred to air at 20 ºC, volatiles except ethylene were produced in much smaller amounts than from apples which had been stored in air or 5% carbon dioxide in air. When Golden Delicious apples were stored with different combinations of temperature and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the rate of volatile production, its nature and the total amounts produced after storage were affected. There were residual effects also on the rate of chlorophyll loss and softening.
Composition and protein quality of sweet lupin seed
Authors: Hove Edwin L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe proportion of seed coats (hulls) of four varieties of sweet lupin seeds ranged from 19 to 25%. The amount of hull varied inversely with the weight of the seed, within each variety. Lupinus luteus cv Weiko III had 40.1% protein (dry basis); of 3 cultivars of L. angustifolius cv Uniharvest had the highest protein (36.2%), while cv Uniwhite had the lowest (28.6%). The protein content of dehulled lupins was about 20% higher than that of the whole seeds.L. angustifolius cv Uniwhite and L. luteus cv Weiko III were analysed for moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fibre, amino acids, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper and manganese. Whole seed, hulls and kernels were examined. Sulphur amino acids were limiting. The protein efficiency ratios of the two varieties, supplemented with methionine, were 2.40 and 2.56, respectively; these values increased by about 10% when the protein of the dehulled lupin seeds were tested. The requirement for added methionine for maximum p.e.r. was 0.65 g/kg diet. When dehulled lupin seed was steeped in water for a day and boiled and included in the diet of rats, slightly superior growth and p.e.r. resulted.The two varieties of dehulled lupin seeds effectively supplemented the protein of barley meal in the diet of rats, especially when methionine supplements were added, but were less efficient in supplemental value than was casein.
Lipids of potato tubers. III. Effect of growth and storage on lipid content of the potato tuber
Authors: Berkeley Howard D. , Galliard Terence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of physiological changes on the lipid content of six varieties of potato tubers was studied. No significant varietal differences were observed. A marked decrease occurred in the amount of total lipid and fatty acids during the initial weeks of growth, followed by a levelling off during maturation and subsequent storage at 5 ºC. After 6 months' storage, the early maturing varieties revealed a large degree of sprouting with an accumulation in both total lipid and fatty acid content. Palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids represented 95% of the fatty acids and throughout these studies the relative proportions of the major fatty acids remained constant. Chromatographic analysis demonstrated very little change in the polar lipids, but minor trends among the neutral lipid classes were detected. In the early stages of growth of the tuber the triglyceride level fell rapidly, but later, following the break of dormancy in the stored tuber, there was a regeneration of triglyceride accompanied by a noticeable rise in sterol and carotenoid content.
Chemical and nutritive changes in herring meal during storage at different temperatures with and without antioxidant treatment
Authors: El‐Lakany Safaa , March B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHerring meals prepared with and without the addition of 0.025% of 1,2‐dihydro‐6‐ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline (EQ) were stored for ten months at ‐20 ºC and 21 ºC. Storage changes in the biologically determined energy and protein values of the meals were monitored and related to changes in the chemical characteristics of the meal. Antioxidant treatment stabilised the meal lipid against oxidative changes resulting in loss of solubility, decline in iodine value and formation of peroxides and malonaldehyde. The effect of storage temperature on the course of oxidation depended upon whether the meal was treated with EQ. Lipid in meals without EQ tended to show greater change early in the storage period at ‐20 ºC. Antioxidant‐treated meals showed protection of the protein against changes leading to reduced digestibility and lysine availability. Either antioxidant treatment or storage at ‐20 ºC protected the biological availability of the energy‐supplying nutrients present in the meal.
Predicting dry matter digestibility from acid detergent fibre levels in grasses as affected by a pretreatment with neutral detergent
Authors: McLeod Mordaunt N. , Minson Dennis J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcid detergent fibre was determined on 50 grass samples of known in vivo dry matter digestibility with and without a preliminary extraction with neutral detergent. Pretreatment with neutral detergent reduced the mean yield of acid detergent fibre from 41.5 to 36.8%. This decrease in acid detergent fibre was mainly due to a reduction in the level of ash which accounted for 57% of the difference in fibre level.The error in predicting dry matter digestibility of all feeds from acid detergent fibre was ±3.5 digestibility units and was increased to ±3.8 units following neutral detergent pretreatment. When acid detergent fibre was expressed on an ash‐free basis the corresponding residual standard deviations were ±4.4 and ±4.5 units, respectively. It was concluded that a pretreatment with neutral detergent or expressing results on an ash‐free basis did not improve the accuracy in predicting dry matter digestibility from acid detergent fibre.
Prediction of the digestibility of forages by treatment of their cell walls with cellulolytic enzymes
Authors: Hartley Roy D. , Jones Edwin C. , Fenlon John S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the prediction of the in vivo digestibility (d.m.d.) and in vivo cell wall digestibility of grasses: it involves incubating grass cell walls with a commercial cellulase for 16 h and measuring the optical density of the filtrate at 324 nm (O.D.). The prediction equation is based on a highly significant correlation (r = 0.978) between O.D. and d.m.d. using a total of 27 samples of three species of grass with d.m.d. between 60 and 83. The method could not be used for the prediction of d.m.d. of red clover and sainfoin due to their filtrates having low O.D. values. A second method for the prediction of d.m.d. of grasses is also described and is based on a highly significant correlation between d.m.d. and the percentage of cell walls digested by cellulase (r = 0.962): similar comparisons for the legumes gave lower correlation coefficients. Using either the O.D. or gravimetric method, inclusion of cell wall content in the regression equations reduced the S.D. of d.m.d. predictions.
Varietal differences in the amino acid composition of barley grain during development and under varying nitrogen supply
Authors: Rhodes Anthony P. , Mathers John C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amino acid composition of developing grains of the barley varieties Hiproly and Maris Mink was studied from heading to maturity. Hiproly accumulated approximately 50% more nitrogen per seed than Maris Mink, but maintained a balance of amino acids typical of a low nitrogen barley. The effect of varying nitrogen supply on the amino acid composition of Hiproly and a number of commercial varieties was investigated by growing plants in gravel culture in the glasshouse. In the commercial varieties the proportions of glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine in the protein were positively correlated with protein content but the levels of the essential amino acids, particularly lysine, showed a strong negative correlation with protein content. Hiproly, however, deviated significantly from this negative correlation of the essential amino acids with protein content.
Investigations of the chemical form of chromium in lucerne
Authors: Blincoe Clifton 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChromium in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) exists as one or more anionic complexes of approximate molecular weight 2900. They migrate as a single band on paper electrophoresis and during anion exchange chromatography. The properties of the chromium complex(es) from lucerne are different from those reported for the “glucose tolerance factor” and for other trace elements in plants.
Digestion and absorption of lipids by sheep fed chopped and ground dried grass
Authors: Outen George E. , Beever David E. , Osbourn Dennis F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree wether sheep equipped with re‐entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given dried cocksfoot in the chopped or ground form and the samples of duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces obtained for both diets were analysed for individual long‐chain fatty acids. The total quantities of fatty acids entering the proximal duodenum (15.2 and 15.4 g/24 h on chopped and ground feed, respectively) were markedly higher than the amounts consumed (8.7 and 7.8 g/24 h, respectively), whilst losses within the small intestine were 13.9 and 14.2 g/24 h, respectively. None of these effects was found to be significantly influenced by the processing of the diet (P > 0.05). The quantity of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in the two feeds comprised 78% of the total fatty acids but the level of these acids was considerably reduced (19%) in duodenal digesta and was not significantly influenced by diet (P > 0.05), whilst the levels of stearic acid (C18:0) entering the small intestine were markedly increased on both diets.
The effect of short term storage on the albumen quality of shell eggs
Authors: Sills Victor E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCertain physical changes occur naturally in the albumen of shell eggs when stored under cool conditions which cause the thick white to become thin. The whipping characteristics of the albumen are changed during this process but the functional performance of the albumen as measured by the angel food cake method is not affected to any marked degree.Three 10‐day storage trials were undertaken using day‐old shell eggs which demonstrated that a significant loss of albumen performance did not occur until the storage temperature reached 18 ºC. This conclusion clearly indicates the importance of maintaining shell eggs under cool conditions between collection at the farm and commercial distribution by the egg floors, particularly during the summer season.
Automated analysis of available lysine and tyrosine in foodstuffs
Authors: Bailey Christopher J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automated chromatographic procedure for FDNBa‐available lysine determination is presented. “Available tyrosine” values can be obtained from the results and it is suggested that measurement of 100% tyrosine availability is a useful control for complete reaction of feedstuffs with FDNB. Application of the method to a range of feedstuffs confirmed the high availability of lysine in commercial feedstuffs. Using the tyrosine availability figures as a control, it is suggested that low values of lysine availability for fishmeal and meat and bone meal are an artifact but that grassmeal contains incompletely available lysine.
Toxicity of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). to conventional and gnotobiotic rats
Authors: Rattray Edward A. S. , Palmer Robert , Pusztai Arpad 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRaw and irradiated diets containing kidney beans as the sole source of protein and providing 10% crude protein (N × 6.25) produced severe weight loss, followed in some cases by death, in conventional hooded rats. The mean weight loss of the surviving rats exceeded the mean weight loss of control animals fed a non‐protein diet. When fed to gnotobiotic rats the irradiated bean diet produced a slight gain in the mean weight of the animals over the 10 day experimental period and a net protein utilisation (n.p.u.) of 16. This figure fell far short of the value of 52 estimated from the chemical score. Diets containing beans + casein, each providing 5% crude protein gave n.p.u. value of 53 in gnotobiotic rats, a figure which approached that anticipated from the chemical score of the diet (=61). In conventional rats the same diet gave n.p.u. values of 14 (non‐irradiated) and 16 (irradiated).
Batch dry rendering: Influence of processing conditions on meat meal quality
Authors: Herbert L. S. , Dillon J. F. , Macdonald M. W. , Skurray G. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of meat‐and‐bone meal samples was prepared during batch cycles in a commercial dry‐rendering plant, in which offal was cooked to the usual end‐point, then the cooker contents were held at high temperatures for prolonged periods. The expected decrease in nutritive value was not detected by chick assays even for meals that had been heated at 145 ºC for 2 h after end‐point. An apparent increase in nutritive value was detected in meals heated at 115 ºC for up to 80 min after end‐point. Since chick assays were carried out using diets similar to industrial formulations, it is concluded that the experimental processing conditions had no detrimental effect on the meals as feed additives. Available lysine values showed no trends with processing conditions and tended to confirm that the biological value of the meal protein had not suffered. Results of chemical analyses showed some variability, attributable mainly to sampling errors that are hard to avoid when obtaining a small sample representative of the 5 to 10‐kg portions of meal used in chick assays.
Batch dry rendering: Influence of raw materials and processing conditions on meat meal quality
Authors: Skurray G. R. , Herbert L. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEleven meat meals were prepared by batch dry rendering hard and soft offal from sheep and beef cattle. Meat meals prepared from hard offal (sheep heads, calves heads and trotters) had high calcium and collagen contents and low essential amino acid contents. Their nutritive values as determined by chick growth tests were low. On the other hand meat meals prepared from soft offal (sheep guts and rumens) had low calcium and collagen contents and high essential amino acid contents and nutritive values.Pressure cooking for ½ hour at 275 kPa tended to decrease the nutritive value of sheep heads and trotters but prolonged pressure cooking for 1½ hour at 275 kPa reversed the trend.The greater influence of the raw materials on meat meal quality compared to the effects of processing were discussed.
Production of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, by Fusarium graminearum growing on stored grain. I. Grain storage at reduced temperatures
Authors: Sherwood Roger F. , Peberdy John F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe limiting conditions of grain moisture content (m.c.) and storage temperature for growth of Fusarium and production of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, were defined in maize, wheat, barley and oat culture. Grain moisture content was the major influence on establishment of the fungus, but storage temperature directly affected the rate of zearalenone synthesis. All the grains tested were susceptible to invasion by Fusarium above 18% m.c. (calculated on a wet‐weight basis), even when stored at 7 ºC. In the range 15 to 18% m.c. the grain was increasingly at risk as the storage temperature was raised. Maximum zearalenone yields (500 to 2000 μg/g grain) were obtained in cultures stored at 12 and 18 ºC, even though mycelial growth had been reduced. At 25 ºC, where there was rapid mycelial growth and almost total utilisation of grain after two months' storage, toxin yields were seldom higher than 100 μg/g grain.
Rapid concurrent analysis of fruit sugars and acids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Heatherbell D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid and simple procedure for the separation, identification and quantitative analysis of common fruit sugars and non‐volatile organic acids has been developed. Acids were precipitated as their lead salts from fruit ethanolic extracts and the sugars in the remaining supernatant and washings were partitioned into aqueous methanol. These preparations with internal standards were dried and converted to their trimethylsilyl derivatives for analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography. In model studies, conditions which permitted full recovery of sugars from the lead salts of acids, while minimising the loss of acids, were investigated. For fruit acids reported present in measurable amounts (10 mg/100 g of fruit), replicate analysis of aliquots from the same extract was within ±5% for malonic, phosphoric, succinic, malic, citric, ascorbic and galacturonic acids and within ±12% for quinic acid. The use of the method, its advantages and limitations, in determining individual and total sugars and acids is illustrated on some New Zealand grown fruit (New Zealand grapefruit, mountain pawpaw, tangelo, apricot). Total sugars and total acids determined by this procedure gave comparable results with those obtained by using standard A.O.A.C. procedures.
Yield‐nutrient concentration relationships in young maize, as affected by applied nitrogen
Authors: Terman Gilbert L. , Allen Seward E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResponses of maize (Zea mays L.) to several rates of N as ammonium nitrate and urea were determined on Mountview silt loam in greenhouse pots, with other nutrients applied uniformly. Harvests of tip halves of leaves, remaining tops and roots were made at 28, 36 and 47 days after planting. Yields of dry matter and uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn by the maize tops increased markedly with amount of applied N and length of growth period. Concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn both in leaves and entire tops also increased at 28 and 36 days with rate of applied N, but K concentrations decreased. Dilution of other nutrients with response to N was the dominant trend at 47 days. Concentrations of all nutrients in the roots decreased with continuing growth and most nutrients were diluted with increasing response to higher N rates as a result of greater translocation to the tops.
Yields of extracted leaf protein from hybrid Napier grass
Authors: Gore S. B. , Mungikar A. M. , Joshi R. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn connection with the production of leaf protein in quantity, the effects of fertilisers and frequency of cutting on the yields of dry matter and extractable protein were studied with hybrid Napier grass (gajraj) during 1969 to 1973 using a laboratory‐scale extraction unit. The protein N extracted ranged from 21 to 38%: extractability was not affected greatly by fertiliser treatment, but there were seasonal and yearly variations. With liberal dressings of fertilisers, the crop can be expected to yield 40 metric tons of dry matter, 6000 kg of crude protein and about 2000 kg of extractable protein from a hectare per year in India. The fibrous residue, even after two extractions, contains 6 to 12% of crude protein and could still be used as cattle feed.
Determination of the fat content of meat using nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Casey John C. , Miles Christopher A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to measure the fat content of lean meat and the accuracy assessed by comparison with standard chemical methods. There were linear relationships between the nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) fat content and those determined by two standard chemical methods; the residual standard deviations being 0.2 and 0.16% of the wet weight for total and extractable fat methods, respectively.