bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel transverse gradient coil design for high‐resolution mr imaging
Authors: Maier Cynthia F. , Chu Kenneth C. , Chronik Blaine A. , Rutt Brian K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe authors describe a new gradient coil design for high resolution human, animal, specimen, or phantom imaging with high gradient efficiency and a large region of excellent gradient uniformity. Important features of our new design are the simple analytical description of the wire patterns that comprise the design, and ease of construction. Wires are spaced in a sinusoidal distribution around the circumference of the cylinder, and curved in an arcsin shape along the length of the cylinder. This coil produces a magnetic field pointing in a direction transverse to the axis of the coil with a gradient in the direction parallel to the axis of the coil. The same arcsin coil can be used to create a magnetic field pointing in a direction parallel to its axis with a gradient in a direction perpendicular to the coil axis. A prototype coil was constructed; field and inductance calculations were verified. Geometric variations on this coil design were modeled and their performance characteristics compared. This coil design is ideal for rapid implementation of a transverse gradient coil, since no specialized design software is required.
Relaxation enhancement of the transverse magnetization of water protons in paramagnetic suspensions of red blood cells
Authors: Ye Frank Q. , Allen Peter S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe enhancement of the water proton transverse relaxation, ΔR2, brought about by a difference between intra and extracellular paramagnetic susceptibilities in a suspension of red blood cells (RBC) has been evaluated both experimentally and theoretically in terms of (i) the refocusing interval, Δ180, of a CPMG pulse sequence, (ii) the difference in paramagnetic susceptibility, and (iii) the shape of the cell surface. At a hematocrit of 45, the increase in the relaxation enhancement, ΔR2, with increasing Δ180, was a factor of two greater for the naturally biconcave RBC, than for the quasi‐spherical RBC in hypotonic suspensions. This difference could be modeled in terms of a transmembrane correlation time, τ = 5.5 ms, across an RBC surface characterized by a demagnetizing factor which differs by 0.13 from that of a sphere. The increase in ΔR2 with increasing magentization difference between the RBC and its surroundings was found to be marginally less than quadratic, both experimentally and from the model.
A consistent partly cracked XFEM element for cohesive crack growth
Authors: Asferg J. L. , Poulsen P. N. , Nielsen L. O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPresent extended finite element method (XFEM) elements for cohesive crack growth may often not be able to model equal stresses on both sides of the discontinuity when acting as a crack‐tip element. The authors have developed a new partly cracked XFEM element for cohesive crack growth with extra enrichments to the cracked elements. The extra enrichments are element side local and were developed by superposition of the standard nodal shape functions for the element and standard nodal shape functions for a sub‐triangle of the cracked element. With the extra enrichments, the crack‐tip element becomes capable of modelling variations in the discontinuous displacement field on both sides of the crack and hence also capable of modelling the case where equal stresses are present on each side of the crack. The enrichment was implemented for the 3‐node constant strain triangle (CST) and a standard algorithm was used to solve the non‐linear equations. The performance of the element is illustrated by modelling fracture mechanical benchmark tests. Investigations were carried out on the performance of the element for different crack lengths within one element. The results are compared with previously obtained XFEM results applying fully cracked XFEM elements, with computational results achieved using standard cohesive interface elements in a commercial code, and with experimental results. The suggested element performed well in the tests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust load–frequency regulation: A real‐time laboratory experiment
Authors: Bevrani Hassan , Hiyama Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper addresses a new method for robust decentralized design of proportional‐integral‐based load–frequency control (LFC) with communication delays. In the proposed methodology, the LFC problem is reduced to a static output feedback control synthesis for a multiple delays power system, and then the control parameters are easily carried out using robustH∞control technique. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy, an experimental study has been performed on the Analog Power System Simulator at the Research Laboratory of the Kyushu Electric Power Co. in Japan. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing case load of childhood diabetes (0‐14) in Leicestershire
Authors: Burden A C 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe causes of childhood diabetes in Leicestershire were determined from 1920 onwards. Results demonstrate a statistically significant increase in case numbers since 1950. Three possible reasons for this are given which are: change in ascertainment, involving the development of community‐based care for diabetes in Leicestershire from the 1950s; a possible altered concept of diabetes and its diagnosis; and, most likely, that there has been a real increase in the incidence of diabetes. Given this increased workload on health care services, it is concluded that although diabetes care in Leicestershire was good in the 1960s, more health professionals are needed in Leicestershire and in the UK in order to equal the care given in past years.
Diabetic clinic defaulters — who are they and why do they default?
Authors: Archibald L K , Gill G V 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the problem of diabetic clinic defaulting, we studied patients who had lapsed from follow‐up for at least 12 months and were referred back during one calendar year. Of the 37 investigated in detail, sex distribution, age, diabetes duration, treatment and BMI were not significantly different from a control group of regular clinic attenders. However, defaulters had a higher HbA1 (10.0 ± 2.5% v 8.5 ± 2.0%, p <0.01) and more micro‐and macrovascular complications (20 v 11, p < 0.05). Most complications had not been present at the time of default from clinic (mean period of lapse was 26 ± 14 months).Reasons given for default included: overcrowded clinic; prolonged waiting; seeing different doctors; and not seeing the consultant often enough. Defaulting is thus a common problem and is associated with poor glycaemic control and increased complication rates. Better education and more “user‐friendly” clinics may reduce the problem.
Metformin: Is its use contraindicated in the elderly?
Authors: Chalmers J , McBain A M , Brown I R F , Campbell I W 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeventy NIDDM patients (40⩽65y, 30 > 65y) established on metformin for a mean of five years were studied; in both groups, plasma metformin levels correlated with the serum creatinine concentration but bore no relationship to the age of the patients. There was no correlation between age and the postprandial blood lactate levels. Where the serum creatinine concentration was less than 120μmol/1 in patients aged 65y or less, and 140μmol/1 in those over 65y, then plasma metformin levels were in the accepted therapeutic range (1–5μg/ml) and post‐prandial blood lactate levels were not elevated to any clinically significant degree (mean: 1.66mmol/l ⩽65y, 1.53mmol/l > 65y, normal range 0.3–1.4mmol/l). Selecting patients by renal function as estimated by serum creatinine rather than by age alone is recommended for metformin therapy.
Adolescents' views about glycaemic control
Authors: Challen A H , Davies A G , Baum J D , Williams R J W 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the views of young people aged 10–17 years (n=87) and their parents (n=85) about glycaemic control. Standardised interview schedules and diabetes‐specific psychometric scales were used, and glycaemic control was assessed by the mean glycated haemoglobin during the six months before and after the interview.Glycaemic control was related to the level of blood glucose values the young people aimed for, and the level they found worryingly high. Sixty‐nine per cent reported knowledge of complications: this knowledge was associated with a negative attitude to diabetes but was unrelated to glycaemic control Poor understanding of diabetes was associated with young age at diagnosis, and with paternal manual occupation. The educational implications of these results are discussed.
Case history notes designed as an aid to professional education. Advanced diabetic microvascular disease secondary to impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Chalmers J , Campbell IW , Tan SY , Thomson D , Winney RJ 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA case of advanced diabetic microvascular disease secondary to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with server proliferative retinopathy, end‐stage diabetic nephropathy and chronic peripheral neuropathy is described. There was concomitant large vessel disease with Fournier's gangrene and left below‐knee amputation. The diabetic patient had been informed some 20 years earlier that he had a ‘tendency to diabetes’ but no formal treatment was given and no follow‐up arranged. It is important to avoid the term ‘mild diabetes’ and recognise that patients with IGT require proper dietary advice and follow‐up assessment so that the severe microangiopathy (and macroangiopathy) seen in this case may be prevented.
Diabetes care in the frail elderly
Authors: Tong P , Baillie SP , Roberts SH 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of diabetes increases with age and with increasing age and fralty many elderly people move into residential care. An audit of diabetes care was carried out in 25 trail diabetic patients in residential care comparing them with 25 diabetic patients living in their own homes. The two groups were matched for age, sex and treatment type. Those in residential care received fewer services than those in their own homes, in terms of: annual review (44% vs 84%, p= 0.008); access to a chiropodist (60% vs 96%, p=0.006); an optician (36% vs 70%, p=0.01); a dietitian (48% vs 60%, NS). No significant differences in complication rates were found though more than half in both groups had cataracts. Mean HbA1c and BMI were not significantly different between the two groups. These findings suggest that the provision of diabetes care to frail elderly diabetic patients in residential care is relatively poor, and reappraisal of the provision of health care in this group is needed.
Does the employment of an on‐site dietitian improve the uptake of dietetic care in general practice diabetes clinics?
Authors: Bradshaw C 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe results of a controlled trial of providing up‐to‐date on‐site dietetic advice in primary health care diabetes clinics in a deprived FHSA area in the North of England are described. Performance of these practices are compared with similar practices who utilise the existing open access service in the district. The study was part of a continuing audit cycle involving all practices with diabetes clinics in the district. Data were collected over one month. In the 10 practices that had an on‐site dietitian, 191 patients were offered appointments. There was a 92% attendance rate; in the previous year 89% had a record of an HbA1c, 85% had a record of fundoscopy and 89% had seen the dietitian. By contrast, in the six practices who had open access to a centrally‐based dietitian, 81 patients were offered an appointment, there was a 70% attendance rate (p<0.001), 74% had a record of an HbA1c (p<0.001), and 84% had a record of fundoscopy. Only 52% of this group had seen the dietitian (p <0.001). There was no significant difference in the HbA1c level as a percentage of Hb in either group.It is concluded that there is an association between the placing of a dietitian in general practice diabetes clinics and an improvement in the uptake of dietetic advice.
The human insulin issue: One district's response to individuals. Case studies and lessons learnt
Authors: Robson SC , James PT , Power R , Roberts SH 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA systematic but individual approach was employed in one District with all diabetic patients who requested the change from human insulin to animal insulin. Psychometric assessments and clinical interviews were recorded throughout the process. There are strong suggestions that problems with control were erroneously attributed by the patients to the human insulin, and this view was given validity by the media. Nevertheless, accepting patients' preferences and giving them control led to a good outcome in terms of emotional adjustment. This approach demonstrates a patientcentred approach wherein objective medical evidence is but one source of information upon which to base clinical practice.
Family attitudes to different management regimens in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Forsander G 
Published: March 2007

AbstractConventional treatment of children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in Sweden consists of about three weeks of hospital care. In a prospective, randomised study a new regimen involving early discharge to a training apartment with integrated biomedical and family psychotherapeutic treatment was compared with conventional treatment. Thirty‐eight children, with their parents' consent, were randomised to one or other regimen.One week after discharge, family satisfaction, as measured by closedend questions regarding information (p<0.05), attention received and division of responsibility between parents and staff (p<0.05) and emotional response to the treatment (p<0.05) was significantly higher in the study group. Sevent‐eight per cent of the written comments were entirely positive in the study group compared to 42% of the answers of the control group.The results of this study have implication for the initial delivery of care to children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
Ectopic mineralisation of insulin injection sites
Authors: Yugambaranathan K , Ray S , Jowett N J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLipodystrophy of injection sites is a common complication of insulintreated diabetes often associated with difficulty in glycaemic control. We describe an unusual and previously unreported case of secondary mineralisation of a patient's injection sites which produced a bone‐hard abnormality making subsequent injections there impossible.
Short‐term results of an open trial of very low calorie diet or intensive conventional diet in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Paisey RB , Harvey P , Rice S , Belka I , Bower L , Dunn M , Paisey RM , Frost J , Goldman P , Ash I 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn assessment of short‐term feasibility, safety and efficacy of intensive conventional diet with life‐style advice (ICD) and very low calorie diet (VLCD) has been conducted in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects and obese non‐diabetic patients. The study will continue for three years and comprises 19 non‐diabetic subjects on VLCD, 14 diabetic subjects on VLCD, and 14 diabetic subjects on ICD.At three months both VLCD groups showed significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist measurement, waist/hip ratio, serum cholesterol and triglycerides and serum fructosamine, even though antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic treatments had been discontinued. All the patients had returned to a low fat conventional diet by six months, at which time weight losses were maintained at 11 kg for the diabetic and 21 kg for the non‐diabetic groups. Waist and waist/hip ratio remained significantly improved in the diabetic group, though median systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum fructosamine, cholesterol and triglycerides were less than at baseline but not significantly so.In the non‐diabetic VLCD group, waist, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum cholesterol and triglycerides but not waist/hip ratio were all significantly less at six months compared with baseline.The ICD diabetic group showed significant reductions only in weight (2kg) and BMI (1 unit) at three months, though by six months there was a weight loss of a median of 3kg and a significant fall of 11 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure.One severe hypoglycaemic attack occurred in a diabetic on VLCD and one myocardial infarction in a diabetic in the ICD group.This analysis of the acute phase of the study shows favourable results, and such interventions could readily be incorporated into hospital or primary healthcare diabetes programmes. Long‐term studies of large groups of Type 2 diabetic patients will be required in order to assess effects on outcome.
Predicting DNA‐binding amino acid residues from electrostatic stabilization upon mutation to Asp/Glu and evolutionary conservation
Authors: Chen Yao Chi , Wu Chih Yuan , Lim Carmay 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBinding of polyanionic DNA depends on the cluster of electropositive atoms in the binding site of a DNA‐binding protein. Such a cluster of electropositive protein atoms would be electrostatically unfavorable without stabilizing interactions from the respective electronegative DNA atoms and would likely be evolutionary conserved due to its critical biological role. Consequently, our strategy for predicting DNA‐binding residues is based on detecting a cluster of evolutionary conserved surface residues that are electrostatically stabilized upon mutation to negatively charged Asp/Glu residues. The method requires as input the protein structure and sufficient sequence homologs to define each residue's relative conservation, and it yields as output experimentally testable residues that are predicted to bind DNA. By incorporating characteristic DNA‐binding site features (i.e., electrostatic strain and amino acid conservation), the new method yields a prediction accuracy of 83%, which is much higher than methods based on only electrostatic strain (57%) or conservation alone (50%). It is also less sensitive to protein conformational changes upon DNA binding than methods that mainly depend on the 3D protein structure. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spray deposit patterns and persistence of diflubenzuron in some terrestrial components of a forest ecosystem after application at three volume rates under field and laboratory conditions
Authors: Sundaram Kanth M. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpray deposit patterns and persistence of diflubenzuron [1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐ 3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)urea] in white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) canopies, forest litter and soil were studied after aerial application of a 250 g kg−1 wettable powder formulation, ‘Dimilin® WP‐25’, at 70 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1, using three volume rates (10, 5 and 2.5 liters ha−1) over three blocks in a mixed forest near Kaladar, Ontario, Canada, during 1986. Spray droplets were sampled at ground level using ‘Kromekote®’ cards, and diflubenzuron deposits were collected on glass plates. Droplets were the largest (with a volume median diameter of 250 μm) at the 10 liters ha−1 rate, resulting in the highest number of droplets per cm2 on the Kromekote cards and deposits of diflubenzuron on glass plates. Deposits on foliage, litter and soil were also correspondingly the highest. At the 5.0 and 2.5 liters ha−1 rates, volume median diameter values were smaller (195 and 150 μm, respectively) and deposits on the substrates were markedly lower. In the spray block that received 10 liters ha−1, diflubenzuron persisted in foliage as long as 120 days after treatment, but it lasted for only about a week in forest litter and soil samples. At 5 and 2.5 liters ha−1, diflubenzuron failed to persist in foliage as long, and residues in litter and soil, which were barely above the quantification limit, persisted only for a few days.Laboratory studies, conducted under constant meteorological conditions using different droplet‐size spectra, showed that deposit levels were not affected when the volume median diameter of the spray cloud decreased from 253 μm to 145 μm, but were markedly reduced as this progressively decreased from 92 to 37μm. The dissimilarities between the field and laboratory findings were attributed to meteorological and other factors influencing droplet deposition on tree canopy in aerial applications of pesticides over forests.
Technical and commercial aspects of biocontrol products
Authors: Powell Keith A. , Jutsum Alan R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe global agrochemical market in 1991 was $26800 million, yet biological products were reported to account for only $120 million of sales per annum—less than 0.5 % of the total. The majority of these sales are attributed to bio‐insecticides of which Bacillus thuringiensis accounts for over 90%, but B. thuringiensis could be described as a biologically produced insecticide, rather than a true biocontrol agent. Biological products have technical limitations, including extreme specificity, sensitivity to environmental factors and problems with robustness of the formulations, but ironically, it is these limitations which also give biological control an image of environmental acceptability. Nonetheless, some of the limitations will be overcome and sales will increase, but primarily in niche situations such as the control of soil‐borne diseases and the control of insect pests showing resistance to agrochemicals. In order for significant inroads to be made into such niche markets it is imperative that progress with biological products is not impaired by over‐regulation, and a rational approach by all regulatory bodies is required. Overall, though, agrochemicals are likely to continue to be the major method of crop protection for the foreseeable future, and the biological control field now needs clear, well‐defined goals if current successful niche products can be the basis for future success rather than a limited experiment in alternative technology.
Extended summaries sci pesticides group symposium biological control: Use of living organisms in the management of invertebrate pests, pathogens and weeds.
Authors: Krebs Birgit , Junge Helmut , Ockhardt Andrea , Hoding Birgit , Heubner Dagmar , Erben Ulrike 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe following are extended summaries based on material presented at a meeting of the SCI Pesticides Group, held on 19‐20 October 1992 at the SCI, 14/15 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PS, UK. The summaries published here are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Electron inelastic mean free paths: influence of the modelling energy‐loss function
Authors: de la Cruz W. , Yubero F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAccurate quantitative surface analysis using electron spectroscopies is of paramount importance in nanoscale‐based technology of today. In this context, an appropriate description of the electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFP) is mandatory. We have studied the influence of several model dielectric descriptions of the momentum‐dependent energy‐loss function (ELF), beyond the extensively used Penn's approach, on the calculation IMFP in the 200–2000 eV kinetic energy range. It is found that the theoretical description of the ELF based on the extended Mermin oscillators predicts systematically lower values for IMFP than those obtained by Penn's approach. The deviations are of 6–8% in the 1000–2000 eV energy range and increase up to 10–15% at 200–400 eV, depending upon the particular material and kinetic energy considered. A phenomenological expression is proposed to correct this effect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.