bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diploid Male Frequencies in Colombian Populations of Euglossine Bees
Authors: López‐Uribe Margarita M. , Almanza Maria T. , Ordoñez Marina 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSome studies have recently reported high diploid male frequencies in euglossine bees indicating possible population declines. We estimated the genetic variability and frequency of males that are diploid in five Colombian species of euglossine bees using allozyme markers. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.10 to 0.23. Diploid males were found in three species with frequencies ranging from 8 to 32 percent. Our results suggest that some species are more susceptible to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressure.
Disturbance‐Mediated Drift in Tree Functional Groups in Amazonian Forest Fragments
Authors: Michalski Fernanda , Nishi Ivone , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe interactive effects of forest disturbance and fragmentation on tropical tree assemblages remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of forest patch and landscape metrics, and levels of forest disturbance on the patterns of floristic composition and abundance of tree functional groups within 21 forest fragments and two continuous forest sites in southern Brazilian Amazonia. Trees were sampled within 60 (10 × 250 m) plots placed in the core areas of the fragments. Tree assemblage composition and abundance were summarized using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Forest patch size explained 36.2 percent and 30 percent of the variance in the proportion of small‐seeded softwood and hardwood stems in the 21 forest patches, respectively. Large fragments retained a higher abundance of hardwood tree species whereas small‐seeded softwood trees appear to proliferate rapidly in small disturbed fragments. Generalized linear mixed models showed that time since fragmentation had both positive and negative effects on the density of different functional groups of trees and on the ordination axes describing tree abundance. The composition and abundance of different tree genera were also related to time since fragmentation, distance to the nearest edge, and fire severity, despite the recent post‐isolation history of the forest patches surveyed. Both the proliferation of fast‐growing pioneer trees and the decline of hardwood trees found in our forest plots have profound consequences on the floristic composition, forest dynamics, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling in Amazonian forest fragments.
EFFECT OF ADJUNCTS ON THE COLOR STABILITY OF BOLOGNA AND FRESH BEEF SAUSAGES
Authors: FAROUK M. M. , BOLES J. A. , MIKKELSEN V. L. , McBETH E. E. , DeMANSER G. C. , SWAN J. E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAlpha tocopherol (a‐T), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), ascorbic acid (AA), copper gluconate (CG), sodium suljite (SS), sodium erythorbate (SE), citric acid (CA) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TS) were added in various combinations to formulations of fresh beef sausage and bologna. Fresh beef sausages containing SS had higher (P < 0.05) Hunter a* values during storage under light at 4C. Bologna containing AA + CG had higher (P < 0.05) Hunter a* values, lower (P < 0.05) Hunter L* and b* values and hue angle, and a slower (P < 0.05) decline in a* and increase in b* values and hue angle during storage. Bologna containing AA + CG had a lower (P < 0.001) cook yield and higher (P < 0.05) compressive strength. Bologna containing phosphates had a higher cook yield and pH, and lower (P < 0.05) compressive strength.
CHEMICAL AND COLOR CHARACTERISTICS OF “LOMO EMBUCHADO” DURING SALTING SEASONING
Authors: PEREZ‐ALVAREZ J. A. , SANCHEZ‐RODRÍGUEZ E. , FERNANDEZ‐LOPEZ J. , GAGO‐GAGO M. ASUNCIÓN , RUÍZ‐PELUFFO C. , ROSINI M. , PAGAN‐MORENO M. J. , LOPEZ‐SANTOVENA F. , ARANDA‐CATALÁ V. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT“Lomo embuchado” is a traditional Spanish dry‐cured meat product with two principal stages (salting‐seasoning and dry‐maturation) in its process. The evolution of chemical (moisture, nitrite, pH and lactic acid) and physical parameters: (CIELAB color space, chroma and hue, a*/b*, ΔE* and reflectance ratios R560/R500, R650/R570 and R630/RS80), during the salting‐seasoning stage were measured. Three zones in the salted‐seasoned loins were identified, and all parameters in each zone were analyzed. ANOVA and regression analyses were conducted. Moisture, pH and residual nitrite decreased with time (P<0.01), and lactic acid increased (P<0.05). Only moisture showed differences between zones (P<0.05). Color parameters changed during the salting‐seasoning stage. Lightness (P<0.01), redness (only during the first 24 h (P<0.05)), and a*/b* ratio (P<0.01) increased. Yellowness (P<0.01), hue (P<0.01) and chroma (P<0.05) decreased during the process. The only parameter that was not affected by time and zone was reflectance ratio R630/R580 (P>0.05). Moisture and reflectance ratio R560/R500 were affected by zones (PCO.05). An excellent cured color was obtained during salting and seasoning.
EFFECTS OF ULTRA‐RAPID CHILLING AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON THE TENDERNESS OF LAMB CARCASS MUSCLES
Authors: SHERIDAN J.J. , McGEEHIN B. , BUTLER F. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTForty lambs were slaughtered in chilling experiments which used air temperatures of 4C and ‐20C. Low voltage electrical stimulation was used on 20 of the carcasses. Tenderness assessment was done on leg carcass muscles (M. biceps femoris, M. gluteus medius and M. semimembranosus) and on the M. longissimus lumborum. Muscle tenderness from ultra‐rapid chilling was not different from conventional chilling. Electrical stimulation had no effects on the tenderness of leg muscles but it resulted in more tender M. longissirnus lumborum than nonelectrically stimulated carcasses on day I postmortem. After further aging to day 5, these differences were no longer present. Muscle sarcomere length was a poor predictor of tenderness.
A RESEARCH NOTE DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN E AFFECTS THE PEROXIDE VALUE OF SUBCUTANEOUS LAMB FAT
Authors: LI C.‐T. , WICK M. , MARRIOTT N.G. , McCLURE K.E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLipid oxidation is a major problem causing flavor deterioration in meat products. The objective of this research was to utilize an iodometric peroxide value method (PV) to analyze the effects of dietary Vitamin E on lipid oxidation of subcutaneous lamb fat. Peroxide value analyses demonstrated lower lipid oxidation in the fat from animals fed 300 IU (7 days and 21 days) of Vitamin E than in the fat from animals fed diets supplemented with 15 IU (control) (P < 0.05). At 9 and II days of storage, PV analyses also demonstrated a greater rate of increase (P < 0.05) in lipid oxidation in fat from lambs fed control diets than in fat from animals fed 300 IU of Vitamin E. Results indicate that higher dietaty Vitamin E for either 7 days or 21 days antemortem reduced the rate and initiation of lipid oxidation in subcutaneous lamb fat.
UTILIZATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE MODELING TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF NONMEAT ADJUNCTS AND COMBINATIONS OF PSE AND RFN PORK ON THE TEXTURE OF BONELESS CURED PORK
Authors: SCHILLING M. W. , MARRIOTT N. G. , ACTON J. C. , ANDERSON‐COOK C. , DUNCAN S. E. , ALVARADO C. Z. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCombinations of pale, sop, and exudative (PSE) and red, firm. and nonexudative (RFN) semimembranosus muscle were utilized to manufacture chunked and formed, cured pork. Response Surface Methodology was utilized to investigate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC), sodium caseinate (SC), and modified food starch (MFS) on bind and texture profile analysis. Fifteen adjunct formulations for five PSE and RFN combinations provided 75 treatments for each of three replications. As CIE L* values of raw muscle increased, protein‐protein bind decreased (P<0.05). MFS, SC, and SPC decreased (P<0.05) cohesiveness. MFS and SC decreased (P<0.05) chewiness, and MFS decreased (P<0.05) hardness. Utilizing these adjuncts demonstrated that MFS improved texture in PSE and RFN pork. This research demonstrated that diluting RFN pork with no more than 25% PSE pork permits the formation of a high quality boneless deli ham roll.
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACID MARINATION ON TENDERNESS, COOKING LOSS AND BOUND WATER CONTENT OF BEEF
Authors: AKTAŞ N. , AKSU M. I. , KAYA M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLongissimus muscle obtained from beef carcasses was used in this research. Initially, 0.596, 1.0% and 1.5% lactic and citric acid solutions were prepared. Meat was marinated in these solutions (1:4 w/v) in polyethylene bags at 4C for 72h. Bound water, pH, weight gain, cooking loss and Warner Bratzler shear (WBS) were evaluated. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the bound water content in meat samples. The latent heat of melting (ΔHm) and bound water were found to be functions of moisture content of marinated meat. There was a significant decrease in pH due to marination. Compared to lactic acid, the samples marinated with citric acid held less water. The WS values in control samples were higher than in marinated samples. Cooking loss was lower in samples marinated with lactic acid compared to citric acid marinated samples.
EFFECT OF RN GENOTYPE ON YIELD AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ENHANCED LONGISSIMUS SECTIONS
Authors: BIDNER B. S. , ELLIS M. , BREWER M. S. , ROMANS J. , MCKEITH F. K. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPumping treatments with water or 4.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) were evaluated on the fresh longissimus from pigs of different Rendement Napole genotypes. The longissimus muscle (32 RN/rn, 32 rn+/rn+) was divided into 3 sections and allocated to the: nonpumped, water pumped, and 4.5% STP, treatments. Following aging (14 days) chops were cut, packaged, and frozen. Boneless loin chops were cooked to internal temperatures of either 70C or 80C. Nonpumped loins resulted in the least amount of purge loss, whereas STP loins had the highest raw yield. Pumping loin sections with water and STP increased raw and cooked moisture contents. Pumping with STP increased juiciness and tenderness ratings. Increasing the endpoint temperature decreased juiciness and cooked moisture percentage. Pork from RN/rn+ pigs had lower shear force and higher tenderness and juiciness. These data indicate that increasing end point cooking temperature reduced pork palatability while STP pumping and the RN gene improved sensory properties.
COMPARISON OF MUSCLE COMPOSITION AND MEAT QUALITY TRAITS IN DIVERSE COMMERCIAL LAMB TYPES1
Authors: BERGE P. , SAÑUDO C. , SANCHEZ A. , ALFONSO M. , STAMATARIS C. , THORKELSSON G. , PIASENTIER E. , FISHER A. V. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐two groups of lambs representative of local production were selected from six European countries. Considerable differences were observed between lamb types in the chemical composition (pigment, total lipids, collagen) and the textural traits (instrumental) of the meat in the M. longissimus muscle. Collagen heat solubility also differed among lamb types (range 21 to 50%) and showed a close relationship with animal age (r =−0.67; P < 0.001). Cooked meat toughness ranged from 1.6 to 4.1 kg. cm−2 peak shear stress value. The toughest lamb types included the oldest lambs (age 12 months) and three types of milk fed lamb that were among the four youngest types studied (age < 2.5 months). The data showed that the occurrence of tough lamb was associated with the combination of at least two of the following muscle characteristics: high myofibrillar strength or low extent of postmortem tenderization, high ultimate pH value, high collagen content and short sarcomeres. No evidence was found, however, that meat toughness was related to muscte lipid content or collagen heat stability.
EFFECT OF CHLORINATED WASH WATER ON QUALITY OF HEAT SHOCKED MUSSEL MEAT
Authors: AZANZA MA. PATRICIA V. , AZANZA RHODORA V. , VENTURA SHARON R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTChlorine‐assisted chilled tumble washing of green mussel meats was done using 5 and 10ppm chlorine solutions maintained at 5 and 10C for 3 min. No significant difference (P < 0.05) was established in terms of meat yield, pH, Aw or sensory qualities for tumble washed samples. The mussel meats were given sensory acceptance ratings of up to “like slightly”. A 2% weight gain of mussel meats was established after washing. Heat shocking in tandem with tumble washing affected 1–3 unit log reduction in TPC and coliform counts and about a 4 log reduction in Vibrio spp. counts of mussel meats. The 2 protocols were presented as value‐adding steps to improve mussel meat quality. Philippine micro‐ and small‐scale shellfish processors and vendors were identified as potential users of the technology presented in the study.
Stochastic Hydrogeology: What Professionals Really Need?
Authors: Renard Philippe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractQuantitative hydrogeology celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2006. Geostatistics is younger but has had a very large impact in hydrogeology. Today, geostatistics is used routinely to interpolate deterministically most of the parameters that are required to analyze a problem or make a quantitative analysis. In a small number of cases, geostatistics is combined with deterministic approaches to forecast uncertainty. At a more academic level, geostatistics is used extensively to study physical processes in heterogeneous aquifers. Yet, there is an important gap between the academic use and the routine applications of geostatistics. The reasons for this gap are diverse. These include aspects related to the hydrogeology consulting market, technical reasons such as the lack of widely available software, but also a number of misconceptions. A change in this situation requires acting at different levels. First, regulators must be convinced of the benefit of using geostatistics. Second, the economic potential of the approach must be emphasized to customers. Third, the relevance of the theories needs to be increased. Last, but not least, software, data sets, and computing infrastructure such as grid computing need to be widely available.
Use of decision rules for osteoporosis prevention and treatment: Implications for nurse practitioners
Authors: Anders Michael , Turner Lori , Wallace Lorraine Silver 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose: To describe the current literature regarding the benefits of bone mineral density (BMD) screening and to discuss clinical decision rules for BMD screening.Data sources: Extensive review of the scientific literature regarding osteoporosis, BMD screening, and current clinical decision rules.Conclusions: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by deterioration of bone and increased susceptibility to fractures, crippling, and disfigurement. BMD testing is the best predictor for osteoporosis and associated fractures; however, routine global BMD testing is cost‐prohibitive. A need exists for a selective and practical clinical decision rule for referral for testing.Implications for practice: Several effective clinical decision rules are presented, and their uses and applications are described. The osteoporosis self‐assessment tool is recommended by the authors because of its predictive power and ease of use.
Does border enforcement deter unauthorized immigration? The case of Mexican migration to the United States of America
Authors: Cornelius Wayne A. , Salehyan Idean 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper asks whether the migration decisions of unauthorized Mexican immigrants to the USA have been influenced by stronger US border enforcement efforts since 1993 that have sharply increased the physical risk and financial cost of illegal immigration. These measures were supposed to have decreased the probability of successful entry, thereby lowering the expected benefits of migration. We carried out a logistic regression analysis of data from a recent survey of 603 returned migrants and potential first‐time migrants in rural Mexico. Our findings indicate that tougher border controls have had remarkably little influence on the propensity to migrate illegally to the USA. Political restrictions on immigration are far outweighed by economic and family‐related incentives to migrate. An alternative, labor‐market approach to immigration control with higher probability of effectiveness is outlined.
Meat and Bone Meal as Partial Substitute for Fish Meal in Nursery Diet for Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)
Authors: Arshad Hossain M. , Farzana Islam S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract An experiment was conducted for 60 d in a recirculatory system consisting of 20 glass aquariums (each of size 41 × 41 × 46 cm) to evaluate meat and bone meal (MBM) as partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae (PLs) with a view to develop an inexpensive nursery diet. Three nursery diets were formulated to contain 32% protein and to be as isoenergetic as possible. FM in these diets was progressively replaced with MBM (Diet 1 contained 25% FM and 14% MBM, Diet 2 contained 20% FM and 20% MBM, and Diet 3 contained 15% FM and 26% MBM). Inclusion levels of mustard oilcake and sesame meal in diets were kept fixed at 10%. A commercial shrimp nursery diet (30% protein) from Saudi Bangla Fish Feed Ltd., Mymensingh, was used as the reference diet (Diet 4). Each treatment had three replicates. PLs of M. rosenbergii (26 ± 0.02 mg) were stocked at the rate of 60 PLs (1 PL/L) in each aquarium. At the beginning, PLs were fed three times daily at a rate of 20% of the body weight and it was gradually reduced to 10% at Day 30. The ranges of water quality parameters in the system were as follows: temperature, 27–29 C; dissolved oxygen, 6.5–8.4 mg/L; pH, 6.8–8.3; and total ammonia, 0.01–0.15 mg/L. The result of the study showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the weight gains of PLs fed Diet 1 (containing 14% MBM) and Diet 4 (reference diet) but was significantly higher than other dietary groups containing higher levels of MBM. Diets 1 and 4 showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) apparent food conversion ratios (1.74 and 1.73, respectively). The survival (%) of PLs ranged between 62 and 76% with PLs fed Diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival. The result of the study demonstrated that the MBM could be included at 14% level in a nursery diet, and a diet containing 25% FM, 14% MBM, 10% sesame meal, and 10% mustard oilcake may be recommended for profitable production of PLs of M. rosenbergii.
Catchment Classification and Hydrologic Similarity
Authors: Wagener Thorsten , Sivapalan Murugesu , Troch Peter , Woods Ross 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrology does not yet possess a generally agreed upon catchment classification system. Such a classification framework should provide a mapping of landscape form and hydro‐climatic conditions on catchment function (including partition, storage, and release of water), while explicitly accounting for uncertainty and for variability at multiple temporal and spatial scales. This framework would provide an organizing principle, create a common language, guide modeling and measurement efforts, and provide constraints on predictions in ungauged basins, as well as on estimates of environmental change impacts. In this article, we (i) review existing approaches to define hydrologic similarity and to catchment classification; (ii) discuss outstanding components or characteristics that should be included in a classification scheme; and (iii) provide a basic framework for catchment classification as a starting point for further analysis. Possible metrics to describe form, hydro‐climate, and function are suggested and discussed. We close the discussion with a list of requirements for the classification framework and open questions that require addressing in order to fully implement it. Open questions include: How can we best represent characteristics of form and hydro‐climatic conditions? How does this representation change with spatial and temporal scale? What functions (partition, storage, and release) are relevant at what spatial and temporal scale? At what scale do internal structure and heterogeneity become important and need to be considered?
The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates
Authors: Hoyt Lorlene , Gopal‐Agge Devika 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the burgeoning literature on business improvement districts (BID) by highlighting its historical underpinnings, identifying the economic and political factors that explain its transnational proliferation, and demonstrating how the model varies within and across nations. It also provides a balanced review of the key debates associated with this relatively new urban revitalization strategy by asking the following questions: Are BIDs democratic? Are BIDs accountable? Do BIDs create wealth‐based inequalities in the delivery of public services? Do BIDs create spillover effects? Do BIDs over‐regulate public space?
Views regarding the training of ethics consultants: a survey of physicians caring for patients in ICU
Authors: Chwang Eric , Landy David C , Sharp Richard R 
Published: May 2007

Background:Despite the expansion of ethics consultation services, questions remain about the aims of clinical ethics consultation, its methods and the expertise of those who provide such services.Objective:To describe physicians’ expectations regarding the training and skills necessary for ethics consultants to contribute effectively to the care of patients in intensive care unit (ICU).Design:Mailed survey.Participants:Physicians responsible for the care of at least 10 patients in ICU over a 6-month period at a 921-bed private teaching hospital with an established ethics consultation service. 69 of 92 (75%) eligible physicians responded.Measurements:Importance of specialised knowledge and skills for ethics consultants contributing to the care of patients in ICU; need for advanced disciplinary training; expectations regarding formal-training programmes for ethics consultants.Results:Expertise in ethics was described most often as important for ethics consultants taking part in the care of patients in ICU, compared with expertise in law (p<0.03), religious traditions (p<0.001), medicine (p<0.001) and conflict-mediation techniques (p<0.001). When asked about the formal training consultants should possess, however, physicians involved in the care of patients in ICU most often identified advanced medical training as important.Conclusions:Although many physicians caring for patients in ICU believe ethics consultants must possess non-medical expertise in ethics and law if they are to contribute effectively to patient care, these physicians place a very high value on medical training as well, suggesting a “medicine plus one” view of the training of an ideal ethics consultant. As ethics consultation services expand, clear expectations regarding the training of ethics consultants should be established.
Spectral absorbance, structure, and population density of photoreceptors in the retina of the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Authors: Sillman A.J. , Ong E.K. , Loew E.R. 
Published: May 2007

Lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) photoreceptors were studied with scanning electron microscopy and microspectrophotometry. The retina contains both rods and cones, with cones estimated composing about 30% of the photoreceptor population. Only large single cones were identified and they are similar to those found in other species of the order Acipenseriformes. The rods are large, with long, broad outer segments, and are similar to the dominant rod found in other sturgeons and the North American paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792)). Mean (SD) rod packing density at 22 624 ± 3 509 rods/mm2 is low compared with those of other animals that function primarily in dim light. The visual pigment of the rods has a mean (SD) peak absorbance (λmax) at 541 ± 2 nm. Three different cone populations were identified: a long wavelength sensitive cone containing a visual pigment with λmax at 619 ± 3 nm; middle wavelength sensitive cone with λmax at 538 ± 1 nm; and short wavelength sensitive cone with λmax at 448 ± 1 nm. All the visual pigments are based on the vitamin A2 chromophore.