bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are the Lawyer, the Prosecutor and the Court Subjects of Evidence or Participants in Evidence in Criminal Proceedings?
Authors: Konin V. V. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The article examines the issues of participation of a lawyer, prosecutor and court in proving in modern conditions of adversarial proceedings, within the framework of ongoing legal reform. The author comes to the conclusion that the subjects of proof in modern Russian criminal proceedings are only the investigator and the investigator, since they bear the burden of proof. At the same time, the lawyer, the prosecutor and the court are participants in the evidence, whose main task is to examine the evidence collected by the parties. At the same time, the court, being an impartial participant in criminal proceedings, should not take the initiative in collecting evidence and substantiating the accusatory thesis put forward and formulated by the prosecution at the pre-trial stage.Objectives: to continue the consideration of issues arising at the present stage in the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings, and to propose a new gradation of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, in continuation of the ongoing scientific discussion on the modern development of the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings.The purpose of the study is to identify and discuss problematic issues of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal evidence and propose a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence in criminal proceedings.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the universal dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena, general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural and others). In addition, private scientific methods of cognition were used - logical–formal and system analysis.The results of the study are distinguished by both theoretical and applied nature with elements of scientific novelty. The author considers the emerging difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the provisions of the issues of evidence in criminal proceedings, proposes a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, as well as a possible change in the established traditional scientific theory of evidence.Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will allow drawing the attention of the scientific community and the legislator to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in criminal procedural evidence, a more detailed definition of the role of the court, prosecutor and lawyer in criminal proceedings. At the same time, it is suggested that the use of the approach proposed by the author, including the introduction of relevant provisions in criminal procedure legislation, will correct the imbalance in the theory of evidence that exists at the present stage.
Issues of Criminalization of Acts in Relation to Personal Data in the Context of Draft Law № 502113-8
Authors: Khokhlova E. V. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The relevance of the study is dictated by the existing contradictions between the need for direct criminal protection of personal data and the problems of criminalization of relevant acts, which is reflected in the light of Draft law No. 502113-8 «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation» submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on 04.12.2023.The purpose. Resolution of these contradictions through a critical assessment of design structures for their compliance with social and legal needs in criminalizing illegal actions with personal data.The objectives. The study of this draft law, the determination of the quality of draft criminal law prohibitions (their constructive and differentiating features), the resolution of the identified problems of criminalization of acts.Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the universal dialectical method of cognition, logical methods (analysis, synthesis) were also used, in addition, documentary, formal-legal, dogmatic, systematic methods.Results. Draft law No. 502113-8, which proposes criminalization of illegal actions with personal data within the framework of Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Crimes in the field of computer information», has been subjected to critical reflection. The absence of grounds for defining the relevant acts as computer crimes has been proved. Other contradictions and shortcomings of the design structures have been identified.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the specified draft law does not meet modern needs in the criminal law protection of personal data, contradicts the principle of formal certainty and doctrinal ideas about criminalization of acts, differentiation of responsibility, as well as technical and legal rules for the construction of criminal law norms. The author shares the conviction that it is necessary to establish criminal liability for illegal actions with respect to personal data in an independent norm, but believes that it should be placed in Chapter 19 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author's concept of the criminal law prohibition of illegal actions with personal data is proposed.
Association of Rest-Activity Rhythm and Risk of Developing Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Middle-Aged and Older Population: Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Haghayegh Shahab , Gao Chenlu , Sugg Elizabeth , Zheng Xi , Yang Hui-Wen , Saxena Richa , Rutter Martin K , Weedon Michael , Ibanez Agustin , Bennett David A , Li Peng , Gao Lei , Hu Kun 
Published: March 2024

Background
The relationship between 24-hour rest-activity rhythms (RARs) and risk for dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains an area of growing interest. Previous studies were often limited by small sample sizes, short follow-ups, and older participants. More studies are required to fully explore the link between disrupted RARs and dementia or MCI in middle-aged and older adults.

Objective
We leveraged the UK Biobank data to examine how RAR disturbances correlate with the risk of developing dementia and MCI in middle-aged and older adults.

Methods
We analyzed the data of 91,517 UK Biobank participants aged between 43 and 79 years. Wrist actigraphy recordings were used to derive nonparametric RAR metrics, including the activity level of the most active 10-hour period (M10) and its midpoint, the activity level of the least active 5-hour period (L5) and its midpoint, relative amplitude (RA) of the 24-hour cycle [RA=(M10-L5)/(M10+L5)], interdaily stability, and intradaily variability, as well as the amplitude and acrophase of 24-hour rhythms (cosinor analysis). We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the associations between baseline RAR and subsequent incidence of dementia or MCI, adjusting for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, shiftwork status, and genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Results
During the follow-up of up to 7.5 years, 555 participants developed MCI or dementia. The dementia or MCI risk increased for those with lower M10 activity (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% CI 1.14-1.44, per 1-SD decrease), higher L5 activity (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21, per 1-SD increase), lower RA (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.16-1.29, per 1-SD decrease), lower amplitude (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.17-1.49, per 1-SD decrease), and higher intradaily variability (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.24, per 1-SD increase) as well as advanced L5 midpoint (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99, per 1-SD advance). These associations were similar in people aged <70 and >70 years, and in non–shift workers, and they were independent of genetic and cardiovascular risk factors. No significant associations were observed for M10 midpoint, interdaily stability, or acrophase.

Conclusions
Based on findings from a large sample of middle-to-older adults with objective RAR assessment and almost 8-years of follow-up, we suggest that suppressed and fragmented daily activity rhythms precede the onset of dementia or MCI and may serve as risk biomarkers for preclinical dementia in middle-aged and older adults.
An e-Learning Course to Train General Practitioners in Planetary Health: Pilot Intervention Study
Authors: Tourrette Cédric , Tostain Jean-Baptiste , Kozub Eva , Badreddine Maha , James Julia , Noraz Aurore , De Choudens Charlotte , Moulis Lionel , Duflos Claire , Carbonnel Francois 
Published: March 2024

Background
According to the World Health Organization, climate and ecological emergencies are already major threats to human health. Unabated climate change will cause 3.4 million deaths per year by the end of the century, and health-related deaths in the population aged ≥65 years will increase by 1540%. Planetary health (PH) is based on the understanding that human health and human civilization depend on flourishing natural systems and the wise stewardship of those natural systems. Health care systems collectively produce global emissions equivalent to those of the fifth largest country on earth, and they should take steps to reduce their environmental impact. Primary care in France accounts for 23% of greenhouse gas emissions in the health care sector. General practitioners (GPs) have an important role in PH. The course offers first-year GP residents of the Montpellier-Nîmes Faculty of Medicine a blended-learning course on environmental health. An e-learning module on PH, lasting 30 to 45 minutes, has been introduced in this course.

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the e-learning module on participants’ knowledge and behavior change.

Methods
This was a before-and-after study. The module consisted of 3 parts: introduction, degradation of ecosystems and health (based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report and planetary limits), and ecoresponsibility (based on the Shift Project report on the impact of the health care system on the environment). The questionnaire used Likert scales to self-assess 10 points of knowledge and 5 points of PH-related behavior.

Results
A total of 95 participants completed the pre- and posttest questionnaires (response rate 55%). The mean scores for participants’ pretest knowledge and behaviors were 3.88/5 (SD 0.362) and 3.45/5 (SD 0.705), respectively. There was no statistically significant variation in the results according to age or gender. The pretest mean score of participants who had already taken PH training was statistically better than those who had not taken the PH training before this course (mean 4.05, SD 0.16 vs mean 3.71, SD 0.374; P<.001).

Conclusions
The PH module of the Primary Care Environment and Health course significantly improved self-assessment knowledge scores and positively modified PH behaviors among GP residents. Further work is needed to study whether these self-declared behaviors are translated into practice.
Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Loaded Cubosomal Gel for Ocular Delivery
Authors: Bhageerathy A , Prasanth V V 
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to develop and evaluate an ocular, prolonged-release cubogel formulation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MX) to treat conjunctivitis. Using glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407 in varying concentrations, a cubosome containing the antibiotic MX was developed using a top-down approach. Further, by dispersing optimized cubosomes in a cold in-situ gelling system, MX cubogels were prepared. Following Higuchi's release kinetic model, formulations MA4, MA8, MA11, and MA14 released 95.84, 95.77, 97.45, and 97.68% of MX after 12 hours. The in-vitro corneal permeation study showed that the goat cornea absorbed 81% of MX cubogel than conventional formulations. From the results of antibacterial and histopathological studies, the selected formulations were safe for ocular administration. This study concluded that MX cubogel may be a suitable alternative to conventional eye drops due to its increased permeability and sustained release characteristics.
Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Cubosome, Glycerol monooleate, Moxifloxacin hydrochloride Poloxamer 407
Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal gel using Tretinoin and Clindamycin combination
Authors: Palak Palak , Rani Ritu , Kumar Rajesh , Singh Ajeet Pal , Singh Amar Pal 
Published: March 2024

The objective of the present study was to formulate topical Niosomal gel loaded with combination of Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and Clindamycin for the beneficial of acne patients, to provide sustained release effects, to prevent their side effects. Purpose of this study was to develop a stable formulation that allows progressive follicle penetration and increased efficacy. Niosomes was prepared by ether injection method. Preformulation studies such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, solubility, partition coefficient (log P) were performed for both drugs. In preformulation study, FTIR spectrum reveals that drugs were in pure state. Combination of Tretinoin and clindamycin reveal better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance as compared to individual agent. From the research findings, it can be concluded that Tretinoin as well as Clindamycin hydrochloride was successfully integrated into niosomal gel by ether injection method for topical application in the treatment of acne.
Keywords: Niosomes; Tretinoin (ALL TRANS RETINOIC ACID); Clindamycin; Carbopol gel; Acne; Ether injection method.
THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONICATION TIME ON PARTICLE SIZE, POLYDISPERSITY INDEX AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF ANTHOCYANIN LIPOSOMES
Authors: Tungadi Robert 
Published: March 2024

Background: One of the drug delivery systems that acts as a targeting system is liposomes which have good characteristics so they can encapsulate and deliver drug compounds. One of the characteristics that need to be considered in liposomes is the particle size and polydispersity index. Several methods can be used to control these two characteristics, including the extrusion and the ultrasonication method.
Objectives: This research aims to see stability evaluation and effect of ultrasonication time and extrusion on particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of Anthocyanin liposomes.
Methods: The liposome formula was prepared using Anthocyanin: DSPC: cholesterol: DSPE-PEG2000 in a ratio of 1: 1.85: 1: 0.15 using the ethanol injection method. Anthocyanin liposome was divided into 3 treatments of varying ultrasonication times i.e. 5 minutes (L1), 15 minutes (L2), and 30 minutes (L3), and extrusion method as control (L0). All methods of anthocyanin liposomes size and PDI were done the stability evaluation based on storage temperature i.e 4oC and 25oC for 6 weeks
Results: The results of liposome characterization using particle size analyzer (PSA) showed that L0, L1, L2, and L3 had particle sizes of 152.1 nm, 150, 6 nm, 156.2 nm, 169.7 nm with the average PDI 0.379, 0.368, 0.450, 0.366 respectively. The statistical data (T-test) showed that there was no real influence on the particle size and PDI of Anthocyanin liposomes. However, Liposome treatment (L1) produced using the ultrasonication method for 5 minutes produces better particle size and PDI than other time variables. Moreover, the stability evaluation of anthocyanin liposomes size and PDI described the extrusion (control) and sonication method particularly 5 minutes of ultrasonication time were more stable than others due to no change size and PDI significantly at 4oC and 25oC for 6 weeks.
Conclusion: Both methods can reduce the particle size of anthocyanin liposomes and have a homogeneous particle distribution, particularly the ultrasonication treatment time of 5 minutes which is the same as the extrusion method and and also more stable at storage temperatures of 4oC and 25oC for 6 weeks.

Peer Review History:
Received 8 December 2023; Revised 26 January 2024; Accepted 29 February; Available online 15 March 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam, USTC, Chittagong, Bangladesh, S_i_liton@yahoo.com
Dr. Mohammad Tauseef, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, mtauseef@csu.edu
CORRELATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS WITH BREAST CANCER: A CASE CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Al-Shiabani Reham Khaled , Al-Jaufy Ahmed Y , Al-Moyed Khaled Abdulkarim , Al-Shamahy Hassan Abdulwahab 
Published: March 2024

Background and aims: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpes virus and one of the most common infections globally. It has been linked to several health problems, including breast cancer, which is a leading cause of death among females worldwide. In Yemen, breast cancer is one of the top reported cancers in women. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between EBV and breast cancer among Yemeni women in Sana'a city.
Methods: The study is a case-control study that included newly diagnosed, untreated breast cancer patients as cases and healthy women attending the National Cancer Control Foundation as controls. A total of 150 participants were tested for EBV (VCA) IgG using ELISA.
Results: The association between EBV and BC in the case and control groups was found by the investigation. 48 women (64.0%) who tested positive for EBV IgG were included in the control group, whereas 71 women (94.7%) among the patients had the antibody identified. A substantial correlation between EBV and BC was found by statistical analysis; a chi-square value of 21.510 and a p-value of less than 0.001 supported this conclusion. With a 95% confidence interval, the odds ratio was 10.0 (3.3-30.4). Moreover, women above the age of thirty showed a higher risk than women under that age (p=0.006). In addition, compared to the control group, divorced and bereaved women had a significantly higher chance of contracting EBV (p= 0.002).
Conclusions: According to the study's findings, there may be a link between EBV infection and a higher risk of breast cancer. To further understand the underlying mechanisms and potential strategies to reduce this risk, more research is required.

Peer Review History:
Received 1 December 2023; Revised 19 January 2024; Accepted 27 February; Available online 15 March 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Andrzej Szymański, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, andrzej.szymanski@put.poznan.pl
Dr. Fátima Morales Marín, University of Murcia, Spain, fatima.morales@um.es
URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES IN HADHRAMOUT GOVERNORATE, YEMEN
Authors: Bayousuf Fahmi F. , Bin-Hameed Eidha A. , Assakaf Galal M. , Al-Bowri Saeed S. 
Published: March 2024

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a potentially life-threatening public health issue in some areas of Yemen, particularly in Hadhramout rural communities. It is considered as one of the most common neglected tropical parasitic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among school-age males and females in selected rural communities of Hadhramout, Yemen.
Methods: A total of 450 students participated in this cross-sectional study. Urine samples were collected, then examined for haematuria and Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs using urine dipsticks and filtration technique respectively. To assess knowledge and practices regarding the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis, a pre-tested questionnaire was employed.
Results: An overall (66)14.7% of participants tested positive for S. haematobium, and of those, 54 (12.0%) developed haematuria with a statistically significant difference (p=0.001). A total of 35(53.0% eggs/10 ml urine) had heavy intensity of infection, with a significant difference (p=0.001) between the different communities visited: high in Al-Dhulaya'a (18.2 eggs/10 ml urine) and low in Yabaith (6.1 eggs/10 ml urine). S. haematobium infection showed significantly higher (p=0.002) in males (13.8%) than females (0.9%), and increased with age of participants. Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis such as swimming activities (p=0.016), washing clothes (p=0.14), time spent in infested areas more than 15 minutes (p=0.012), habits of defecation/urination in open water sources (p=0.44), self-reported symptoms suggestive of the disease (p=0.03), participants with a history of illness (p=0.014), lack of awareness of schistosomiasis (p=0.050), and no prior treatment with praziquantel (p=0.001).
Conclusions: Urinary schistosomiasis remains highly prevalent among schoolchildren in rural communities in Hadhramaut. The study highlights the urgent need to implement preventive measures, safe drinking water supply, proper sanitation, and vector control programs in order to reduce transmission and morbidity caused by schistosomiasis.

Peer Review History:
Received 3 December 2023; Revised 28 January 2024; Accepted 27 February; Available online 15 March 2024
Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Owanaro Peter, Nigeria, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. owonaropeter@gmail.com
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com
Survey Perkuliahan Pembelajaran Olahraga Jasmani Dan Kesehatan Pada SD Berbasis E-Learning
Authors: Haryanto Andung Dwi 
Published: March 2024

Corona virus disease or covid-19 has spread to various countries and has hampered activities in various fields including education. In order to reduce the spread of Covid-19, the government adopted a policy of switching learning to be implemented online. Likewise with MI/SD physical sports and health learning lectures which are carried out online using e-learning learning media. The purpose of this study was to find out the lecture process for physical sports and health in MI/SD and to find out the evaluation of e-learning learning media used in online lectures. This type of research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The respondents used were the entire population, namely all students who attended lectures on physical sports and health in MI/SD, totaling 132 students and divided into 5 classes. The results show that at the planning stage a percentage of 76.86% is included in the good category, the implementation stage is a percentage of 78.18% which is included in the good category, the evaluation stage is a percentage of 77.55% which is included in the good category, and the evaluation of e-learning lecture media percentage of 74.58% entered into the good category. Overall the lecture process has been going well and e-learning can be an intermediary for delivering good material in online lectures.
Keywords: Physical Sport and Health Learning, e-learning