bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sourcing little Colorado white ware: A regional approach to the compositional analysis of prehistoric ceramics
Authors: Douglass Amy A. , Schaller David M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLittle Colorado White Ware (LCWW) is a decorated black‐on‐white ceramic constructed by the Anasazi in the southwestern United States from approximately A. D. 1050 to 1250. LCWW potsherds are found in archaeological sites located throughout the Little Colorado River valley of northern Arizona. Two major volcanic fields which are located on opposite sides of the Little Colorado River, the San Francisco Peaks in the west and the Hopi Buttes in the east, have been proposed as source areas for LCWW production. Petrographic, X‐ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses of this ware's raw material constituents and geologic samples indicate that LCWW could only have been produced in the Hopi Buttes area. This study is presented as an example of a research design whose sample size, geographic scale, and methodologies can be effective in determining the source of prehistoric ceramics from the southwestern United States and elsewhere. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrical resistivity surveys as indicators of site potential: Examples from a rock shelter in Southwestern France and a cave in Southern Albania
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Harrold Francis B. , Petruso Karl M. , Korkuti Muzafer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectrical resistivity surveys have been conducted, in conjunction with follow‐up auger and test excavations, to optimize the excavation potential within two European closed sites. The first site, Pont d'Ambon II rock shelter, is situated on the Dronne River in the Department of the Dordogne, southwestern France. It is located ∼100 m south of Pont d'Ambon I rock shelter, from which late Upper Paleolithic cultural material has been recovered. Auger testing within Pont d'Ambon II yielded results predicted by evaluation of the electrical data, including an area which contains cultural material. A second area contained a large, near‐surface limestone block, which probably resulted from a rock fall. The second site is located in a cave near the town of Konispol, Albania, in the southernmost part of the country. Its cultural deposits range in age from the Iron Age to at least Late Paleolithic times. Interpretation of the electrical resistivity data from Konispol Cave indicates that thick, relatively undisturbed sediments cover the floor in central portions of the cave. Only in one area near the entrance are limestone blocks likely to impair excavation efforts. Results from a test excavation, associated with an anomaly in the electrical data, uncovered a large, carefully constructed hearth. These data indicate that preliminary geophysical surveys at many archaeological sites can optimize excavation potential. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sources of the predynastic grinding stones in the hu‐semaineh region, upper Egypt, and their cultural context
Authors: Mahmoud Abdel‐Moneim A. , Bard Kathryn A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGrinding stones excavated at the Predynastic site of HG in Upper Egypt were analyzed, and consist of igneous rocks (rhyolite porphyry, basalt, granite) and metamorphic rocks (marble, quartzite). These rocks were brought to the site in Predynastic times (ca. 4000–3000 B. C.) from the Dokkan Volcanics located in the Wadi Hammamat, possibly as far away as 150 km. This is further evidence for the widespread exchange network that existed in Predynastic Upper Egypt. Complex economic interaction, as evidenced by artifacts excavated at HG, was a prime force as the early state evolved in Egypt. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeological investigations of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica: The search for the Columbus Caravels and an assessment of 1000 years of human land use
Authors: Waters Michael R. , Giardino John R. , Ryter Derek W. , Parrent James M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA complex interbedded sequence of shallow bay, alluvial fan, and lagoon/marsh facies was revealed during geoarchaeological investigations of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Eighteen radiocarbon ages and time‐diagnostic artifacts were obtained from these sediments. From these data, the landscape evolution of St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, during the last 4800 years is reconstructed. The landscape reconstructions for St. Ann's Bay are used to identify areas where the two caravels abandoned by Christopher Columbus in A. D. 1504 might be located. In addition, two periods of rapid sedimentation, one from A. D. 1000 to 1300 (lagoon filling) and the other between A. D. 1700 and modern times (bay filling), are attributed to human land use around St. Ann's Bay. The earlier period of increased sedimentation corresponds to the introduction and expansion of native peoples to the north side of the island, who brought with them slash‐and‐burn agriculture. The later period of increased sedimentation in the bay corresponds to the intensification of agricultural use of the area by the Spanish and British. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fibrous minerals in 16th‐century iznik ceramics
Authors: Kapur S. , Sakarya N. , Fitzpatrick E. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe presence of uniform orientation patterns of pseudowollastonite indicates a uniform and slow increase of temperature in the furnaces used in the production of the 16th‐century Iznik ceramics. Determination of pseudowollastonite in rounded pores (d = 20–40 μm) in the glaze probably indicates formation of vapor phases in pores. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The landscape context of Anasazi pebble‐mulched fields in the Galisteo Basin, Northern New Mexico
Authors: Lightfoot Dale R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnasazi farmers in northern New Mexico occasionally applied a pebble mulch to their gardens during the 14th and 15th centuries A. D. to increase crop yield and to buffer against drought. Regional variations in surface geology and soils are compared to the distribution of pebble‐mulch gardens near Pueblo San Marcos in the Galisteo Basin, south of Santa Fe. The slope angle and aspect of 96 individual garden plots are also examined to determine the role of microenvironment as a siting consideration within the broader geological‐pedological context. It is found that Anasazi pebble‐mulch gardens were consistently sited on south‐facing, relatively flat slopes of erosional benches, within naturally occurring surface/near surface deposits of gravel. This suggests that the Anasazi intentionally exploited regionally scaled variations in geology and soils in their pursuit of agricultural diversification. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Obsidian provenancing and magmatic fractionation in central oregon
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith D. I. , Kronfeld J. , Strull A. , D'Auria J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn many instances, geologically distinct obsidian flows located within even a relatively small geographic area can be uniquely identified by their chemical composition. This happens to be true for several obsidian sources from central Oregon. Internally each obsidian locality is chemically homogeneous, but the obsidian rocks from different collection sites exhibit chemical differences. Based on the geochemical variations and on K/ Ar dating of the end members of the chemical differentiation trend, these differences are related to the fractionation of a single Late Miocene magma chamber, dated at 6.5 Ma. By understanding the underlying causes of the chemical differences, constraints are disclosed that will govern the possible chemical variations of other, as yet unidentified but related obsidian flows. These can be useful for identifying the possible natural sources of obsidian artifacts which do not match known obsidian sources, and for suggesting possible geographic areas where these as yet undiscovered obsidian flows may be found. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Altiplano comestible earths: Prehistoric and historic geophagy of Highland Peru and Bolivia
Authors: Browman David L. , Gundersen James N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearch on comestible earths utilized in the Andes indicates that they have a history of use of at least 2500 years. A hypothesis proposed for the origin of geophagy suggests a considerably greater time depth. Comestible earths discussed involve those with physiological, cultural, or medicinal components. This analysis includes 27 indigenously recognized earths. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Holocene landscape evolution and the development of models for human interaction with the environment: An example from the mississippi headwaters region
Authors: Mooers Howard D. , Dobbs Clark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntegration of a record of Holocene landscape evolution with the cultural record from a multicomponent archaeological site in northern Minnesota has fostered the development of a regional model of human interaction with the changing physical environment. Excavation of 21‐CA‐169 near Nushka Lake revealed two components, an aceramic Archaic zone where processing of large mammals was the major activity and an upper zone with artifacts suggestive of wild rice processing. Seasonal occupation of the lower zone occurred during a period of falling regional lake levels resulting from natural stream network evolution. The upper zone represents human occupation in a physical and biological setting that was quite different than during earlier occupation. Integration of the geomorphic history of the region along with an interpretation of the types of cultural activities occurring on the changing landscape have provided a model to understand land use and to predict the location of other sites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of prehistoric greenstone artifacts in Northeast Alabama
Authors: Vaughn Danny M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLithic artifacts consisting of celts, atlatls, pipes, knives, scrapers, and ceremonial placards were excavated from 54 archaeological sites throughout four counties of northeast Alabama. An analysis of mineralogy, texture, and structure of the lithic implements was employed. Samples were studied visually and microscopically by thin section. Rock samples indigenous to the study area were also examined and compared to the artifacts to determine similarities and differences. All artifacts analyzed were formed from meta‐morphic rock types derived from outcrops ranging from less than 1 km to 60 km away from a respective archaeological site. Variance in mineralogy was notable; however, the most significant difference was in the texture and internal structure of the minerals within the artifacts. A total of 50 lithic samples were ultimately accepted as actual worked artifacts. Forty‐one (82%) exhibit a texture, structure, and mineralogy indicative of the Hillabee (Greenstone Schist) Formation, while nine (18%) exhibit physical characteristics indicative of the Heflin Phyllite. Trade and migration routes with minimum distances to known outcrops hosting rocktypes most indicative of the artifacts collected from these prehistoric camps and villages are inferred. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geomorphology of tell 'Atij, Northern Syria
Authors: Blackburn Michel , Fortin Michel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSuccint results of recent geomorphological research conducted by a Canadian team from Université Laval (Quebec city) in the Khabur valley of northeastern Syria confirms the hypothesis put forward by one of the authors concerning the function of the tell 'Atij site during the Early Bronze Age period (3000–2500 B. C.). The detailed study of a stratigraphically controlled cross section of 25 m × 6 m, on the abrupt western side of the main tell of the site, combined with observations made in a trench linking the principal tell to the secondary one showed that these two tells, now forming 'Atij, were small islands on the ancient Khabur River. At the time of their occupation, i. e., the first half of the 3rd millenium, the Khabur was wider, deeper and navigable. Another investigation trench, 400 m N. E. of the main tell, disproved the suggested existence of an ancient irrigation canal in the area. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lateglacial, early and middle holocene environments, human occupation, and resource use in the Atacama (Northern Chile)
Authors: Grosjean Martin , Núñez A. Lautaro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPaleoenvironmental data from the Atacama Altiplano (21°–24°S) indicate that water, vegetation and animal resources were more abundant during lateglacial and early Holocene times than today. The rate of precipitation increased above 4000 m elevation to 400–500 mm/yr compared to the present 200 mm/yr. Dry conditions prevailed below 3500 m. Evidence of Paleoindian habitation is still missing, even though there is no evidence for environmental prohibitors during lateglacial time. The early Archaic hunters (10,820 yr B.P.‐ca. 8500 yr B.P.) inhabited the Altiplano (high Puna) and its western slope, where water was available due to higher river runoff from the Altiplano, and the resources in different elevation zones were accessible. Natural resources decreased significantly during the middle Archaic period (8500‐ca. 5000 yr B.P.). Lakes receded to today's levels, pedogenesis in the Altiplano terminated, and human activities were restricted to the most stable sites in the Río Lao and the Río Purifica catchments north of 23°S. The less stable oases south of 23°S (Salar de Atacama and Punta Negra) were abandoned. The climatic changes are best explained by shifts of the (sub)tropical circulation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The diring paleolithic site, Eastern Siberia: Review of geoarchaeological studies
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V. , Krivonogov Sergei K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGeoarchaeological studies using geomorphological, lithological, cryolithological, palynological, paleomagnetic, thermoluminescent, and plant macrofossil analyses have been conducted on the Diring site, eastern Siberia. Mochanov (1988a, 1988b) assumed that the sediments which overlay the Diring cultural layer are synchronous with the Tabaga terrace of the Lena River (Upper Pliocene) and dated the cultural layer 1.8–3.2 My ago. Alekseev et al. (1990b) concluded that the cultural layer could not have dated earlier than the Late Eopleistocene, i.e., 0.8–1.8 My ago. Ranov and Tseitlin (1991) assumed that the cultural layer is of Middle Pleistocene age, 250–300 Ky ago. Based on a review of the geoarcheological analyses and new examination of the site in 1990, it is concluded that the cultural layer at Diring is of Late Pleistocene age. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A method for determination of volcanic glass concentrations in sedimentary sequences and its application to quaternary studies
Authors: Takemura Keiji , Danhara Tohru 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method for determination of volcanic glass concentration in sedimentary sequences is presented. This method consists of two steps: (1) systematic extraction of volcanic glass particles from samples taken at close intervals in a sedimentary section, and the determination of their concentration; (2) precise measurement of the refractive indices of the separated glass particles. A recently developed measuring system (RIMS 86) based on the thermal immersion method permits quick and accurate measurement of the refractive index of a large number of grains within samples. Based on these kinds of data, we typically recognize five types of concentration of volcanic glass shards in sedimentary sequences. The method proposed here enables the simultaneous determination of the refractive index of glass shards and the proportion of glass shards in a sample, which makes it possible to recognize certain ash‐fall‐horizons, even those undetectable through visual observation of a sedimentary column. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seismic tomography: Application for archaeological purposes
Authors: Merlanti Fulvio , Musante Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWork on the excavations at the ancient Etruscan settlement of Marzabotto (Bologna) restarted in 1988. These excavations, as they were worked, brought to light a complete urban layout represented primarily by foundations, courtyards, roads and wells. The site has been the focus of intensive experimentation to assess the feasibility of geophysical remote sensing in exploration archaeology. Different geophysical techniques have been tested at this site: geoelectric, electromagnetic, magnetic, and seismic methods. One of the methods tested was geophysical seismic tomography. This method utilizes straightray algorithms to map subsurface properties by analyzing the first signal arrival time. Seismic tomography treats the problem of identifying a buried structure as a wave propagation process by inverting the linearized wave equation to compute the spatial distribution of the slowness of the velocity. The purpose of our tomographic study is to further test the method and to guide archaeologists in their future excavations by locating and identifying buried structures. In particular, analyses are performed on the geometries, signal characteristics, discretization of the area, and constraints of the inversion algorithm in order to enhance the effectiveness of the tomographic reconstruction process and to reduce costs. A controlled experiment is presented for a typical Marzabotto buried structure with which it is possible to verify the effectiveness of the applied technique. It is demonstrated how proper field measures and an inversion test can provide reliable information that can be used to guide excavation work. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeologic analysis of South Platte River terraces: Kersey, Colorado
Authors: McFaul Michael , Traugh Karen Lynn , Smith Grant D. , Doering William , Zier Christian J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoil‐sediment records and radiometric dating allow the development of environmental histories of three South Platte River alluvial terraces in the vicinity of Kersey, Colorado. These advocate a correlation with Holocene glacial records for the Colorado Front Range (Benedict, 1981, 1985). The archaeological potential of the Kersey fill, the Kuner strath, and the Hardin fill depends upon their age and sediment context. The oldest and most extensive terrace is the Kersey fill. The position of cultural components on the Kersey terrace implies an association of older Paleoindian sites (11,500–10,000 B.P.) with channel banks and bars on the terrace, younger Paleoindian sites (<10,000 B.P.) with terrace margins near the river, and Archaic and younger sites with eolian deposits on the terrace. An association of Clovis components with both Kersey alluvium and adjacent eolian dune fields indicates that eolian deposition began prior to 11,000 B.P. and that sediment availability influenced early Holocene eolian deposition. Examination of 150 cores and 75 backhoe test units along an 8‐km study corridor demonstrates that Paleoindian sites are not as abundant on the Kersey terrace as previous researchers have proposed. Although the incision of the Kuner strath began earlier than 9600 B.P., we propose that its greatest potential is to yield cultural components that postdate ca. 7250 B.P. In turn, the Hardin fill may yield cultural components dating to the Kuner abandonment (ca. 6380 B.P.). However, Hardin sediment and soil records recommend that this fill terrace's highest potential is to yield in situ cultural components dating from ca. 1900 to 120 B.P. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (longshan period) in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China: Paleoenvironmental and cultural implications
Authors: Jiang Qinhua , Piperno Dolores 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (Longshan Culture Period, 4800‐4000 B. P.) in Zhumadian City of Henan Province, environmental and cultural information have been obtained. Phytolith assemblages both from the site and from a nearby ancient lake deposit of the same period indicate a warm and wet climate. Since this area is in an environment outside the natural distribution of wild rice, abundant “scooped” bilobate and special glume epidermal phytoliths found in all of the cultural layers and two samples of the lake deposits suggest that rice was cultivated in this region by the local people. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological geophysics investigation of the Wright Brothers 1910 hangar site
Authors: Butler Dwain K. , Simms Janet E. , Cook Daryl S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn archaeological geophysics investigation was conducted at the site of the Wright Brothers' 1910 hangar near Dayton, Ohio. The hangar was destroyed as part of base renovation during the buildup to World War II, and its exact location is unknown. The purpose of the investigation is to confirm the exact location of the hangar and to locate any buried artifacts from the Wright Brothers occupation of the site. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic, and magnetic surveys were conducted over a 68 × 100 m area, approximately centered on the suspected location of the hangar. Localized anomalies as well as areal anomalies are identified in the geophysical data. Rectangular anomalous areas are identified that are generally consistent with the suspected location of the hangar. A 1924 aerial photograph showing the hangar was digitally scanned and georeferenced to the site survey area. Two of the rectangular geophysical anomalous areas are consistent with the hangar location from the aerial photograph location. A third rectangular area, defined from GPR survey data, is immediately adjacent to the aerial photograph location. It is postulated that base engineers may have bulldozed the hangar debris onto an area adjacent to its original location and either burned it there or buried it in a trench. A prioritized exploratory program is proposed for investigating the sources of the geophysical anomalies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geologic weathering and its implications on the age of the sphinx
Authors: Lal Gauri K. , Sinai John J. , Bandyopadhyay Jayanta K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Great Sphinx of Giza is considered by Egyptologists to have been excavated by the Pharaoh Kephren nearly 4500 years ago. Schoch and West (1991) have suggested that the Sphinx is much older, based primarily upon the rounded profile of the strata of the Sphinx thorax and the deep channels present in the walls surrounding the Sphinx ditch. These features, according to them, are due to “precipitation‐induced weathering” formed when the Sahara still experienced a humid climate at least 7000 years ago. In this article we show how weathering in an arid environment can produce the rounded profile given the gradual change in lithology of the alternating hard and soft limestone strata. We show further that the channels are actually the pre‐Pliocene karst features formed by underground water and exposed due to the excavation of the Sphinx ditch. We propose therefore that, for now, the Sphinx may still be regarded as of pharaonic origin. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.