bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Subscapularis Muscle Insufficiency after Primary and Revision Open Shoulder Stabilization
Authors: Scheibel Markus , Tsynman Alexander , Magosch Petra , Schroeder Ralf Juergen , Habermeyer Peter 
Published: June 2006

Background Postoperative subscapularis muscle insufficiency after open shoulder stabilization procedures represents an unrecognized condition. Hypothesis Primary and revision open shoulder stabilization using the inverted L-shaped tenotomy approach impairs subscapularis muscle recovery and affects final clinical outcome. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Twenty-five patients who underwent primary (group 1: n = 13; mean age, 36.5 years; follow-up, 48 months) or revision (group 2: n = 12; mean age, 34.2 years; follow-up, 52 months) open shoulder stabilization procedures were followed up clinically (clinical subscapularis tests and signs, Constant score, and Rowe score) and by magnetic resonance imaging (tendon integrity, defined muscle diameters, and signal intensity analysis [ratio infraspinatus/upper subscapularis muscle and infraspinatus/lower subscapularis muscle]). A third group (group 0) of 12 healthy volunteers served as a control. Results Clinical signs for subscapularis muscle insufficiency were present in 53.8% of cases in group 1 and 91.6% of cases in group 2. There were no significant differences between groups with regard to Constant and Rowe scores (P >. 05). On magnetic resonance imaging, no complete tendon ruptures were found. The mean vertical diameter of the subscapularis muscle and the mean transverse diameter of the upper subscapularis muscle portion were significantly greater in group 0 than in group 1 and greater in group 1 than in group 2 (P <. 05). The mean transverse diameter of the lower subscapularis muscle was comparable in all groups (P >. 05). The signal intensity analysis revealed the infraspinatus/upper subscapularis muscle ratio was greater in group 0 than in group 1 and greater in group 1 than in group 2 (P <. 05). The infraspinatus/lower subscapularis muscle ratio was lower in group 0 than in groups 1 and 2 (P <. 05). Conclusion Open shoulder stabilization using an inverted L-shaped tenotomy approach may lead to atrophy and fatty infiltration, particularly of the upper part of the subscapularis muscle, resulting in postoperative subscapularis muscle insufficiency. Revision procedures using the same approach may further compromise clinical subscapularis muscle function and structure. The lower portion of the subscapularis muscle seems to have a compensating effect that may, in addition to a meticulous capsulolabral reconstruction, account for the uncompromised overall clinical outcome.
A Mixed Finite Element Implementation of a Gradient-enhanced Coupled Damage—Plasticity Model
Authors: Dorgan Robert J. , Voyiadjis George Z. 
Published: June 2006

The numerical implementation of a gradient-enhanced continuum coupled damage—plasticity model as a constitutive framework to model the nonlocal response of materials is presented. By the introduction of “nonlocal, ” gradient-enhanced measures in the plasticity potential function and yield criterion and in the damage potential function and damage criterion, the proposed model introduces microstructural characteristic material length scales, which allow us to predict the size of localized zones based on material constants, as opposed to local models where the loss of ellipticity causes localized zones to be mesh dependent. As numerical methods are used to compute the gradients of the hardening terms, no additional gradient internal state variables are introduced into the Helmholtz free energy. As opposed to previous theories that only incorporate linear hardening, the gradient model proposed here uses coupled nonassociative plasticity — nonassociative damage and can account for a wide range of material models because of the consistently expanded Laplacian evolution equations. However, due to the nonassociative material model, anisotropic hardening, and the corresponding gradients in plasticity, the model becomes highly complex as additional equations have to be introduced for the evolution of the gradients of plastic normal, plastic strains, damage normal, and damage tensor. The numerical implementation uses a small deformation finite element formulation and includes the displacements, plastic multiplier, and damage multiplier as nodal degrees of freedom, thus allowing the three fields to have different interpolation functions. Higher-order elements are used for the plastic multiplier and damage multiplier to enforce continuity of the second gradients, which requires the introduction of additional boundary conditions.
Adhesive properties of Enterobacter sakazakii to human epithelial and brain microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Mange Jean-Philippe , Stephan Roger , Borel Nicole , Wild Peter , Kim Kwang Sik , Pospischil Andreas , Lehner Angelika 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. However, up to now little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity in E. sakazakii. A necessary state in the successful colonization, establishment and ultimately production of disease by microbial pathogens is the ability to adhere to host surfaces such as mucous membranes, gastric and intestinal epithelial or endothelial tissue.
This study examined for the first time the adherence ability of 50 E. sakazakii strains to the two epithelial cell lines HEp-2 and Caco-2, as well as the brain microvascular endothelial cell line HBMEC. Furthermore, the effects of bacterial culture conditions on the adherence behaviour were investigated. An attempt was made to characterize the factors involved in adherence.

Results
Two distinctive adherence patterns, a diffuse adhesion and the formation of localized clusters of bacteria on the cell surface could be distinguished on all three cell lines. In some strains, a mixture of both patterns was observed. Adherence was maximal during late exponential phase, and increased with higher MOI. The adhesion capacity of E. sakazakii to HBMEC cells was affected by the addition of blood to the bacteria growth medium. Mannose, hemagglutination, trypsin digestion experiments and transmission electron microscopy suggested that the adhesion of E. sakazakii to the epithelial and endothelial cells is mainly non-fimbrial based.

Conclusion
Adherence experiments show heterogeneity within different E. sakazakii strains. In agreement with studies on E. cloacae, we found no relationship between the adhesive capacities in E. sakazakii and the eventual production of specific fimbriae. Further studies will have to be carried out in order to determine the adhesin(s) involved in the interaction of E. sakazakii with cells and to enhance knowledge of the pathogenesis of E. sakazakii infection.
Deviation of eyes and head in acute cerebral stroke
Authors: Fruhmann Berger M , Proß RD , Ilg UJ , Karnath H-O 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
It is a well-known phenomenon that some patients with acute left or right hemisphere stroke show a deviation of the eyes (Prévost's sign) and head to one side. Here we investigated whether both right- and left-sided brain lesions may cause this deviation. Moreover, we studied the relationship between this phenomenon and spatial neglect. In contrast to previous studies, we determined not only the discrete presence or absence of eye deviation with the naked eye through clinical inspection, but actually measured the extent of horizontal eye-in-head and head-on-trunk deviation. In further contrast, measurements were performed early after stroke onset (1.5 days on average).

Methods
Eye-in-head and head-on-trunk positions were measured at the bedside in 33 patients with acute unilateral left or right cerebral stroke consecutively admitted to our stroke unit.

Results
Each single patient with spatial neglect and right hemisphere lesion showed a marked deviation of the eyes and the head to the ipsilesional, right side. The average spontaneous gaze position in this group was 46° right, while it was close to the saggital body midline (0°) in the groups with acute left- or right-sided stroke but no spatial neglect as well as in healthy subjects.

Conclusion
A marked horizontal eye and head deviation observed ~1.5 days post-stroke is not a symptom associated with acute cerebral lesions per se, nor is a general symptom of right hemisphere lesions, but rather is specific for stroke patients with spatial neglect. The evaluation of the patient's horizontal eye and head position thus could serve as a brief and easy way helping to diagnose spatial neglect, in addition to the traditional paper-and-pencil tests.
Polymorphisms of XRCC1 genes and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Cantonese population
Authors: Cao Yun , Miao Xiao-Ping , Huang Ma-Yan , Deng Ling , Hu Li-Fu , Ernberg Ingemar , Zeng Yi-Xin , Lin Dong-Xin , Shao Jian-Yong 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in southern China. In addition to environmental factors such as Epstein-Barr virus infection and diet, genetic susceptibility has been reported to play a key role in the development of this disease. The x-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene is important in DNA base excision repair. We hypothesized that two common single nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC1 (codons 194 Arg→Trp and 399 Arg→Gln) are related to the risk of NPC and interact with tobacco smoking.

Methods
We sought to determine whether these genetic variants of the XRCC1 gene were associated with the risk of NPC among the Cantonese population in a hospital-based case control study using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. We conducted this study in 462 NPC patients and 511 healthy controls.

Results
After adjustment for sex and age, we found a reduced risk of developing NPC in individuals with the Trp194Trp genotype (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27–0.86) and the Arg194Trp genotype (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.60–1.05) compared with those with the Arg194Arg genotype. Compared with those with the Arg399Arg genotype, the risk for NPC was not significantly different in individuals with the Arg399Gln genotype (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.62–1.08) and the Gln399Gln genotype (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.69–2.06). Further analyses stratified by gender and smoking status revealed a significantly reduced risk of NPC among males (OR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14–0.70) and smokers (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14–0.82) carrying the XRCC1 194Trp/Trp genotype compared with those carrying the Arg/Arg genotype. No association was observed between Arg399Gln variant genotypes and the risk of NPC combined with smoking and gender.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that the XRCC1 Trp194Trp variant genotype is associated with a reduced risk of developing NPC in Cantonese population, particularly in males and smokers. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings and unravel the underlying mechanisms.
Cancer during pregnancy alters the activity of rat placenta and enhances the expression of cleaved PARP, cytochrome-c and caspase 3
Authors: Toledo Mércia Tancredo , Ventrucci Gislaine , Marcondes Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of cancer makes it difficult to predict the progress of pregnancy and can be deleterious to the maternal-foetal relationship. Apoptosis may affect a range of placental functions and result in the retardation of foetal growth. In this work, we investigated the placental alterations produced by tumour growth and the effects on the expression of apoptotic factors in placental tissue.MethodsAdult female Wistar rats (90 days old, n = 54) were allocated to control (C), tumour-bearing (W), or ascitic fluid-injected (A) groups and were killed on the 16th, 19thor 21stday of pregnancy. Placental tissues were analysed using biochemical and histochemical assays.ResultsThe placental protein content and glutathione-S-transferase activity were decreased in groups W and A. Histochemical analysis showed an increase in the number of cells with cleaved PARP, caspase 3 and cytochrome-c in groups W and A, indicating that the tumour growth clearly damaged placental tissue and affected the levels of apoptotic factors. These results were confirmed by western blotting.ConclusionSince trophoblastic cells are responsible for maintaining a normal placental function, the uncontrolled death of these cells in response to tumour cell growth or substances derived from ascitic fluid could have a negative impact on foetal development. Further knowledge of these events may help to preserve the foetus and placenta during development.
Prospective screening study of 0.5 Tesla dedicated magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of breast cancer in young, high-risk women
Authors: Rubinstein Wendy S , Latimer Jean J , Sumkin Jules H , Huerbin Michelle , Grant Stephen G , Vogel Victor G 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Evidence-based screening guidelines are needed for women under 40 with a family history of breast cancer, a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or other risk factors. An accurate assessment of breast cancer risk is required to balance the benefits and risks of surveillance, yet published studies have used narrow risk assessment schemata for enrollment. Breast density limits the sensitivity of film-screen mammography but is not thought to pose a limitation to MRI, however the utility of MRI surveillance has not been specifically examined before in women with dense breasts. Also, all MRI surveillance studies yet reported have used high strength magnets that may not be practical for dedicated imaging in many breast centers. Medium strength 0.5 Tesla MRI may provide an alternative economic option for surveillance.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized pilot study of 30 women age 25–49 years with dense breasts evaluating the addition of 0.5 Tesla MRI to conventional screening. All participants had a high quantitative breast cancer risk, defined as ≥ 3.5% over the next 5 years per the Gail or BRCAPRO models, and/or a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation.

Results
The average age at enrollment was 41.4 years and the average 5-year risk was 4.8%. Twenty-two subjects had BIRADS category 1 or 2 breast MRIs (negative or probably benign), whereas no category 4 or 5 MRIs (possibly or probably malignant) were observed. Eight subjects had BIRADS 3 results, identifying lesions that were "probably benign", yet prompting further evaluation. One of these subjects was diagnosed with a stage T1aN0M0 invasive ductal carcinoma, and later determined to be a BRCA1 mutation carrier.

Conclusion
Using medium-strength MRI we were able to detect 1 early breast tumor that was mammographically undetectable among 30 young high-risk women with dense breasts. These results support the concept that breast MRI can enhance surveillance for young high-risk women with dense breasts, and further suggest that a medium-strength instrument is sufficient for this application. For the first time, we demonstrate the use of quantitative breast cancer risk assessment via a combination of the Gail and BRCAPRO models for enrollment in a screening trial.
The visible touch: in planta visualization of protein-protein interactions by fluorophore-based methods
Authors: Bhat Riyaz A , Lahaye Thomas , Panstruga Ralph 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Non-invasive fluorophore-based protein interaction assays like fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC, also referred to as "split YFP") have been proven invaluable tools to study protein-protein interactions in living cells. Both methods are now frequently used in the plant sciences and are likely to develop into standard techniques for the identification, verification and in-depth analysis of polypeptide interactions. In this review, we address the individual strengths and weaknesses of both approaches and provide an outlook about new directions and possible future developments for both techniques.
Tuberculous abdominal cocoon – a report of 6 cases and review of the Literature
Authors: Kaushik Robin , Punia RPS , Mohan Harsh , Attri Ashok K 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The abdominal cocoon is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction that is usually diagnosed at the time of laparotomy. It is usually of unknown origin, although at times, it may be seen secondary to a variety of conditions. Tuberculosis is an infrequently implicated cause of abdominal cocoon, and has only occasionally been reported previously in the Literature. This paper presents our experience with tubercular cocoon as a cause of intestinal obstruction, and discusses the surgical implications of the same.
The Influence of Race and Gender on Time to Initial Electrocardiogram for Patients with Chest Pain
Authors: Takakuwa Kevin M. , Shofer Frances S. , Hollander Judd E. 
Published: June 2006

Objectives:
To determine whether race or gender affected time to initial electrocardiogram (ECG) for patients who presented to an emergency department with chest pain.
Methods:
This was a prospective cohort study of patients with chest pain. Patients were divided into three groups based on final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and all others with noncardiac chest pain. Data were analyzed using ranks in a two‐way analysis of covariance adjusted for age.
Results:
A total of 4,358 patients were studied; 58.6% were women and 41.4% men, and 70.3% were African American, 26.0% white, and 3.6% other. Overall, nonwhite patients had longer times to initial ECG compared with white patients. These effects were consistent regardless of ultimate diagnosis. Overall, women had longer times to initial ECG than men. However, ECG time differed by final diagnosis. There were no differences in time to ECG for women compared with men with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina, but women received an ECG significantly slower than men for noncardiac chest pain.
Conclusions:
The first screening test for acute coronary syndrome, the ECG, took longer to obtain for nonwhite patients, regardless of final diagnosis. This was unfortunately consistent with the literature that shows racial disparities in all aspects of emergent cardiac care. For women, the overall delay in ECG time can be explained by delays for those women with noncardiac chest pain.
Equipment, Supplies, and Pharmaceuticals: How Much Might It Cost to Achieve Basic Surge Capacity?
Authors: Hanfling Dan 
Published: June 2006

The ability to deliver optimal medical care in the setting of a disaster event, regardless of its cause, will in large part be contingent on an immediately available supply of key medical equipment, supplies, and pharmaceuticals. Although the Department of Health and Human Services Strategic National Stockpile program makes these available through its 12‐hour “push packs” and vendor‐managed inventory, every local community should be funded to create a local cache for these items. This report explores the funding requirements for this suggested approach. Furthermore, the response to a surge in demand for care will be contingent on keeping available staff close to the hospitals for a sustained period. A proposal for accomplishing this, with associated costs, is discussed as well.
Breast-Conserving Treatment With or Without Radiotherapy in Ductal Carcinoma-In-Situ: Ten-Year Results of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Randomized Phase III Trial 10853—A Study by the EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group
Authors: Bijker Nina , Meijnen Philip , Peterse Johannes L. , Bogaerts Jan , Van Hoorebeeck Irène , Julien Jean-Pierre , Gennaro Massimiliano , Rouanet Philippe , Avril Antoine , Fentiman Ian S. , Bartelink Harry , Rutgers Emiel J. Th. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer conducted a randomized trial investigating the role of radiotherapy (RT) after local excision (LE) of ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) of the breast. We analyzed the efficacy of RT with 10 years follow-up on both the overall risk of local recurrence (LR) and related to clinical, histologic, and treatment factors. Patients and Methods After complete LE, women with DCIS were randomly assigned to no further treatment or RT (50 Gy). One thousand ten women with mostly (71%) mammographically detected DCIS were included. The median follow-up was 10.5 years. Results The 10-year LR-free rate was 74% in the group treated with LE alone compared with 85% in the women treated by LE plus RT (log-rank P < .0001; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.53). The risk of DCIS and invasive LR was reduced by 48% (P = .0011) and 42% (P = .0065) respectively. Both groups had similar low risks of metastases and death. At multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with an increased LR risk were young age (≤ 40 years; HR = 1.89), symptomatic detection (HR = 1.55), intermediately or poorly differentiated DCIS (as opposed to well-differentiated DCIS; HR = 1.85 and HR = 1.61 respectively), cribriform or solid growth pattern (as opposed to clinging/micropapillary subtypes; HR = 2.39 and HR = 2.25 respectively), doubtful margins (HR = 1.84), and treatment by LE alone (HR = 1.82). The effect of RT was homogeneous across all assessed risk factors. Conclusion With long-term follow-up, RT after LE for DCIS continued to reduce the risk of LR, with a 47% reduction at 10 years. All patient subgroups benefited from RT.
Effect of Injector Type on Fuel-Air Mixture Formation of High-Speed Diesel Sprays
Authors: Park Sung Wook , Kim Jae Wouk , Lee Chang Sik 
Published: June 2006

This study was performed to analyse the characteristics of fuel sprays issued from a piezo-driven injector and to compare both experimental results and numerical predictions with those from a solenoid-driven injector. In order to study the effect of the injector type, two injectors with the same specifications - except for their drive type - were used in the experiments. In this work, the profiles of injection rates, processes of spray development, mean droplet size distributions, and mean velocities were obtained using an injection rate meter, a spray visualization system, and a phase Doppler particle analyser (PDPA) system. In order to calculate the atomization process of the injected spray, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability/droplet deformation and break-up ((KH-DDB) model was used, and the prediction accuracies were verified by comparing them with experimental results. For the numerical approach using the KIVA code, the nozzle flow and droplet break-up models were modified to consider the conditions of a common-rail injection system. The input parameters for the KIVA calculations were determined based on the nozzle flow model considering the effect of cavitation. In addition, the effects of injector type on the evaporation characteristics were calculated using the modified Spalding evaporation model. This study reveals that the injection delay of the piezo-driven injector is shorter than that of the solenoid-driven injector by 0.06 ms, and that the atomization and evaporation performances of the fuel spray can be enhanced by using the piezo injector instead of the solenoid injector.