bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refractive index, static dielectric constant, energy band gap and oscillator parameters of Ga2SeS single crystals
Authors: Qasrawi A. F. , Gasanly N. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe optical properties of Bridgman method grown Ga2SeS crystals have been investigated by means of room‐temperature transmittance and reflectance spectral analysis. The optical data have revealed direct and indirect allowed transition band gaps of 2.49 and 2.10 eV, respectively. The room‐temperature refractive index, which was calculated from the reflectance and transmittance data, allowed the identification of the dispersion and oscillator energies, static dielectric constant and static refractive index as 20.93 eV and 4.01 eV, 6.21 and 2.49, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of one‐dimensional “trenched” GaN nanowires and their interconnections
Authors: Lebedev V. , Cengher D. , Fischer M. , Tonisch K. , Cimalla V. , Niebelschütz M. , Ambacher O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this work, a new approach of nanowire fabrication utilizing selective growth of planar GaN wires embedded into the insulating matrix is reported. The selective growth has been released by means of a Six Ny mask and a metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition. The main advantage of the investigated fabrication process is a planar geometry of the wires allowing the use of conventional interconnection techniques such as optical lithography. Design, fabrication technology and interconnection geometry of some early examples are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation at grain boundaries in metals
Authors: Kuriplach J. , Melikhova O. , Hou M. , Van Petegem S. , Zhurkin E. , Šob M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPositron annihilation at selected tilt and twist grain boundaries in iron and nickel is examined theoretically. First the atomic structure of studied perfect and imperfect grain boundaries is obtained using molecular dynamics simulations. Characteristics of positrons trapped at such GBs are then calculated employing the atomic superposition method and are related to free volumes found at GBs. It is observed that in some cases vacancies introduced into ideal grain boundaries do not result in an increase of the positron lifetime. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approaches to evaluation of treatment effect in randomized clinical trials with genomic subset
Authors: Wang Sue‐Jane , O'Neill Robert T. , Hung H. M. James 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWith the advances in human genomic/genetic studies, the clinical trial community gradually recognizes that phenotypically homogeneous patients may be heterogeneous at the genomic level. The genomic technology brings a possible avenue for developing a genomic (composite) biomarker to predict a genomically responsive patient subset that may have a (much) higher likelihood of benefiting from a treatment.Randomized controlled trial is the mainstay to provide scientifically convincing evidence of a purported effect a new treatment may demonstrate. In conventional clinical trials, the primary clinical hypothesis pertains to the therapeutic effect in all patients who are eligible for the study defined by the primary efficacy endpoint. The aspect of one‐size‐fits‐all surrounding the conventional design has been challenged, particularly when the diseases may be heterogeneous due to observable clinical characteristics and/or unobservable underlying the genomic characteristics.Extension from the conventional single population design objective to an objective that encompasses two possible patient populations will allow more informative evaluation in the patients having different degrees of responsiveness to medication. Building in conventional clinical trials, an additional genomic objective can generate an appealing conceptual framework from the patient's perspective in addressing personalized medicine in well‐controlled clinical trials. There are many perceived benefits of personalized medicine that are based on the notion of being genomically proactive in the identification of disease and prevention of disease or recurrence. In this paper, we show that an adaptive design approach can be constructed to study a clinical hypothesis of overall treatment effect and a hypothesis of treatment effect in a genomic subset more efficiently than the conventional non‐adaptive approach. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odd electrons in molecular chemistry, surface science, and solid state magnetism
Authors: Sheka E. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA unified theoretical or computational odd‐electrons approach is suggested to nanomaterials, making possible their consideration on the same conceptual basis as well as on the same computational footing. The current paper presents the approach application to the chemistry of fullerenes, carbon single‐walled nanotubes, surface science of silicon crystal, as well as to the molecular magnetism of both molecular crystals composed of transitional metal complexes and solid polymerized fullerenes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Catching Remote Administration Trojans (RATs)
Authors: Chen Zhongqiang , Wei Peter , Delis Alex 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA Remote Administration Trojan (RAT) allows an attacker to remotely control a computing system and typically consists of a server invisibly running and listening to specificTCP/UDPports on a victim machine as well as a client acting as the interface between the server and the attacker. The accuracy of host and/or network‐based methods often employed to identifyRATshighly depends on the quality of Trojan signatures derived from static patterns appearing inRATprograms and/or their communications. Attackers may also obfuscate such patterns by havingRATsuse dynamic ports, encrypted messages, and even changing Trojan banners. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework termedRAT Catcher, which reliably detects and ultimately blocksRATmalicious activities even when Trojans use multiple evasion techniques. Employing network‐based methods and functioning ininlinemode to inspect passing packets in real time, ourRAT Catchercollects and maintains status information for every connection and conducts session correlation to greatly improve detection accuracy. TheRAT Catcherre‐assembles packets in each data stream and dissects the resulting aggregation according to known Trojan communication protocols, further enhancing its traffic classification. By scanning not only protocol headers but also payloads,RAT Catcheris a truly application‐layer inspector that performs a range of corrective actions on identified traffic including alerting, packet dropping, and connection termination. We show the effectiveness and efficiency ofRAT Catcherwith experimentation in both laboratory and real‐world settings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the structure and heterogeneity of vegetation and microsite environments with the chronosequence of primary succession on a glacier foreland in Ellesmere Island, high arctic Canada
Authors: Mori Akira S. , Osono Takashi , Uchida Masaki , Kanda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPrimary plant succession was investigated on a well‐vegetated glacier foreland on Ellesmere Island in high arctic Canada. A field survey was carried out on four glacier moraines differing in time after deglaciation to assess vegetation development and microsite modification in the chronosequence of succession. The results showed evidence of directional succession without species replacement, which is atypical in the high arctic, reflecting the exceptionally long time vegetation development. During this successional process, Salix arctica dominated throughout all moraines. The population structures of S. arctica on these moraines implied the population growth of this species with progressing succession. The population density of S. arctica reflected the abundance of vascular plants, suggesting that development of the plant community might be related to structural changes and the growth of constituting populations. Through such growths of the population and the whole community with progressing succession, the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation gradually declines. Moreover, this vegetation homogenization is accompanied by changes in the spatial heterogeneity of microsite environments, suggesting significant plant effects on the modification of microsite environments. Accordingly, it was concluded that the directional primary succession observed on this glacier foreland is characterized by the initial sporadic colonization of plants, subsequent population growths, and the community assembly of vascular plants, accompanied by microsite modification.
Boron and Nitrogen Doped Single walled Carbon Nanotubes as Possible Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Owens Frank J 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The structure of single walled armchair and zig-zag carbon nanotubes having 70 atoms and two carbons replaced by boron or nitrogen is obtained at minium energy using HF/6-31G* molecular orbital theory. The calculations show that the ground state of the zig-zag tubes is a triplet state while for the armchair tubes it is a singlet. In the zig-zag tubes the density of states at the Fermi level is greater for the spin down states compared to the spin up state indicating that the doped tubes could be ferromagnetic.
ON THE FAMILY OF DIOPHANTINE TRIPLES {k− 1,k+ 1, 16k3− 4k}
Authors: BUGEAUD YANN , DUJELLA ANDREJ , MIGNOTTE MAURICE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt is proven that ifk≥ 2 is an integer anddis a positive integer such that the product of any two distinct elements of the setincreased by 1 is a perfect square, thend= 4kord= 64k5−48k3+8k. Together with a recent result of Fujita, this shows that all Diophantine quadruples of the form {k− 1,k+ 1,c,d} are regular.
EXISTENCE OF A SOLUTION FOR A SINGULAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: CABADA ALBERTO , CID JOSÉ ÁNGEL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper we deal with some boundary value problems related with diffusion processes in the presence of lower and upper solutions. Singularities as well as non local boundary conditions are allowed. We also prove the existence of extremal solutions and the uniqueness of solution for a particular case.
BANACH SPACES WITH SEPARABLE DUALS SUPPORT DUAL HYPERCYCLIC OPERATORS
Authors: SALAS HÉCTOR N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLet E be a Banach space such that its dual E* is separable. We show that there exists a hypercyclic bounded operator T on E such that its adjoint T* is also hypercyclic on E*. We also exhibit a new kind of dual hypercyclic operator. Thus answers affirmatively two of the questions raised by Henrik Petersson in a recent paper.
A NOTE ON SIMULTANEOUS AND MULTIPLICATIVE DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION ON PLANAR CURVES
Authors: BADZIAHIN DZMITRY , LEVESLEY JASON 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLet $\mathbb C$ be a non-degenerate planar curve. We show that the curve is of Khintchine-type for convergence in the case of simultaneous approximation in $\mathbb R^2$ with two independent approximation functions; that is if a certain sum converges then the set of all points (x,y) on the curve which satisfy simultaneously the inequalities ||qx|| < ψ1(q) and ||qy|| < ψ2(q) infinitely often has induced measure 0. This completes the metric theory for the Lebesgue case. Further, for multiplicative approximation ||qx|| ||qy|| < ψ(q) we establish a Hausdorff measure convergence result for the same class of curves, the first such result for a general class of manifolds in this particular setup.
L-methionine uptake, incorporation and effects on proliferative activity and protein synthesis in bovine claw tissue explants in vitro
Authors: HEPBURN N. L. , KNIGHT C. H. , WILDE C. J. , HENDRY K. A. K. , GALBRAITH H. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYL-methionine is a sulphur-containing nutritionally essential amino acid. It has a number of important roles in epidermal and dermal tissues of the integument of animals. Failure of normal function of these tissues in the hoof (claw) is a cause of lameness in cattle. Little is known about quantitative relationships between post-absorptive concentrations of nutrients including sulphur-containing amino acids and uptake and utilization by epidermis and dermis of the bovine claw. These parameters were studied at the tissue level by use of an established in vitro claw explant system using tissue from cattle of beef or dairy origin and L-[35S]-labelled methionine as tracer. The results showed that uptake of L-methionine by freshly prepared solear explants in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/F-12 Nutrient Mix (DMEM/F12) (1:1) medium containing 1·0 mmol L-methionine/litre was concentrative after 5–8 min, essentially linear for up to 10 min and became curvilinear thereafter. Maximum uptake and steady state conditions were obtained at approximately 30 min. Further measurements were made following 21 h incubation in culture medium. Under conditions of varying concentrations of L-methionine and measurement of uptake after 30 min, the presence of a saturable curve, that obeyed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, was demonstrated. Values of 3·61 mmol/litre and 5·84 mmol/kg intracellular water/30 min were obtained for KM and Vmax, respectively. Uptake was not influenced by L-cysteine and L-cystine concentrations in the culture media.Similar culture and incubation conditions were used in subsequent studies of DNA and protein synthesis. These showed that rates of incorporation of L-methionine into protein fractions and stimulation of DNA synthesis measured by methyl-thymidine incorporation were dependent on L-methionine concentrations in the medium. Maximal rates occurred at approximately 50 μmol/litre, which is in the normal physiological range, and at 1% of maximum uptake capacity. Examination of histological sections by autoradiography showed localization of L-[35S]-labelled methionine in basal and suprabasal epidermal cells with limited retention in dermis. Measurement, by a range of histological, immunohistochemical, electrophoretic, western blotting and autoradiographic techniques, provided further evidence of L-methionine-dependent regulation of proliferation, differentiation and synthesis of proteins under physiological concentrations, by epidermal horn-forming cells.A key role for L-methionine is suggested in the production of horn in bovine claw. The extrapolation of these in vitro data provides guidance for strategies to optimize methionine supply to claw tissues in vivo. Such extrapolation suggests the appropriateness of delivery of systemic concentrations of 50 μmol L-methionine/litre to maximize proliferative and protein depositional activity in solear epidermis and dermis in vivo.
Anti-proliferative effect of the essential oil ofCymbopogon citratus(DC) Stapf (lemongrass) on intracellular amastigotes, bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture epimastigotes ofTrypanosoma cruzi(Protozoa: Kinetoplastida)
Authors: SANTORO G. F. , CARDOSO M. G. , GUIMARÃES L. G. L. , FREIRE J. M. , SOARES M. J. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYThis study analyses the anti-proliferative effect of lemongrass essential oil and its main constituent (citral) on all 3 evolutive forms ofTrypanosoma cruzi. Steam distillation was used to obtain lemongrass essential oil, with chemical composition determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The IC50/24 h (concentration that reduced the parasite population by 50%) of the oil and of citral uponT. cruziwas determined by cell counting in a Neubauer chamber, while morphological alterations were visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Treatment with the essential oil resulted in epimastigote growth inhibition with IC50=126·5 μg/ml, while the IC50for trypomastigote lysis was 15·5 μg/ml. The IC50/48 h for the Association Index (% macrophage infection×number of amastigotes per cell) was 5·1 μg/ml, with a strong inhibition of intracellular amastigote proliferation. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated cytoplasmic and nuclear extraction, while the plasma membrane remained morphologically preserved. Our data show that lemongrass essential oil is effective againstT. cruzitrypomastigotes and amastigotes, and that its main component, citral, is responsible for the trypanocidal activity. These results indicate that essential oils can be promising anti-parasitic agents, opening perspectives to the discovery of more effective drugs of vegetal origin for treatment of parasitic diseases. However, additional cytotoxicity experiments on different cell lines and tests in aT. cruzi-mouse model are needed to support these data.
Neospora caninuminfection in birds: experimental infections in chicken and embryonated eggs
Authors: FURUTA P. I. , MINEO T. W. P. , CARRASCO A. O. T. , GODOY G. S. , PINTO A. A. , MACHADO R. Z. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYNeospora caninumcauses economical impact in cattle-raising farms since it is implicated as the major cause of bovine abortions. Although infection by the parasite has been widely described in mammals, the role of birds in its life-cycle is still obscure. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the infection byN. caninumin different chicken models. Experimental infections were conducted in 7-day-old chicks, laying hens and embryonated eggs, where samples were analysed for parasite burden, IgG antibodies and lesions promoted. Chickens demonstrated an asymptomatic infection, although with seroconversion and systemic replication of the parasite. In laying hens, no signs of vertical transmission were observed. However, embryonated eggs inoculated by the allantoic cavity route demonstrated susceptibility to infection, with mortality rates around 50% independent of the inoculum dose. Additionally, dogs became infected after ingestion of different amounts of inoculated eggs, producing either oocysts or specific IgG antibodies. The results herein presented demonstrate that chickens may be intermediate hosts ofN. caninumand that embryonated eggs could be a useful model to study the parasite's biology.
A Multi-Sensor Navigation Filter for High Accuracy Positioning in all Environments
Authors: Hide Chris , Moore Terry , Hill Chris 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the SPACE project is to develop a mobile test bed that can position to within centimetres in all conditions and environments. To achieve this goal, a number of different positioning technologies have to be integrated together including GNSS, INS, pseudolites and other technologies such as Ultra Wideband and Bluetooth ranging. The integration of these sensors is achieved by the development of a ‘plug and play’ filter that will optimally combine measurements from each sensor to form an accurate position solution. The filter has been designed so that the sensors are integrated at the measurement level wherever possible, so partial measurements from different systems can be used together.This paper describes the development of the plug and play filter, focussing in particular on how the states are defined, how the measurements are used, and how a generic filter can be developed that can integrate all types of positioning sensor. Some early results from the filter are shown integrating GPS, INS and simulated measurements from an Ultra Wideband system. A prototype version of the mobile test bed is also described.
A common, symptom-based case definition for gastroenteritis
Authors: MAJOWICZ S. E. , HALL G. , SCALLAN E. , ADAK G. K. , GAUCI C. , JONES T. F. , O'BRIEN S. , HENAO O. , SOCKETT P. N. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYNational studies determining the burden of gastroenteritis have defined gastroenteritis by its clinical picture, using symptoms to classify cases and non-cases. The use of different case definitions has complicated inter-country comparisons. We selected four case definitions from the literature, applied these to population data from Australia, Canada, Ireland, Malta and the United States, and evaluated how the epidemiology of illness varied. Based on the results, we developed a standard case definition. The choice of case definition impacted on the observed incidence of gastroenteritis, with a 1·5–2·1 times difference between definitions in a given country. The proportion of cases with bloody diarrhoea, fever, and the proportion who sought medical care and submitted a stool sample also varied. The mean age of cases varied by <5 years under the four definitions. To ensure comparability of results between studies, we recommend a standard symptom-based case definition, and minimum set of results to be reported.
Predictors of Clostridium difficile colitis infections in hospitals
Authors: RICCIARDI R. , HARRIMAN K. , BAXTER N. N. , HARTMAN L. K. , TOWN R. J. , VIRNIG B. A. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYHospital-level predictors of high rates of ‘Clostridium difficile-associated disease’ (CDAD) were evaluated in over 2300 hospitals across California, Arizona, and Minnesota. American Hospital Association data were used to determine hospital characteristics associated with high rates of CDAD. Significant correlations were found between hospital rates of CDAD, common infections and other identified pathogens. Hospitals in urban areas had higher average rates of CDAD; yet, irrespective of geographic location, hospital rates of CDAD were associated with other infections. In addition, hospitals with ‘high CDAD’ rates had slower turnover of beds and were more likely to offer transplant services. These results reveal large differences in rates of CDAD across regions. Hospitals with high rates of CDAD have high rates of other common infections, suggesting a need for broad infection control policies.
What about the children? The experience of families involved in an adult-focused diabetes intervention
Authors: Laroche Helena H , Davis Matthew M , Forman Jane , Palmisano Gloria , Heisler Michele 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveAmong adults with diabetes attempting to change their own diets, we explored how these adults approached providing food for their children and how their children reacted to dietary changes in the household.DesignThe research design used semi-structured parallel individual interviews of adults and a child (aged 10–17 years) in their home. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, coded and analysed for themes.SubjectsSubjects included families in which one inner-city African American or Latino adult with diabetes had completed a diabetes intervention promoting healthy dietary behaviours.ResultsWe completed 29 interviews (14 adult–child pairs and one child). Adults approached making dietary changes for themselves and also providing food for their family in different ways, ranging from expecting everyone to eat the same thing to preparing two separate meals. Many children resisted dietary changes while fewer acquiesced. Among children who went along with changes, some reported resisting initially then adjusting, while others did not resist because the food still tasted good or they could obtain preferred foods outside the house. The intersection of adults’ meal strategies and children’s reactions to the changes can be used to categorise families into different patterns. These patterns highlight the tension between an adult who must make dietary changes to control diabetes and a child who is not necessarily motivated to change.ConclusionFrom this framework we suggest hypotheses about how these patterns might influence dietary behaviour in adults and children. Understanding these patterns could guide interventions to assist parents in successfully including children in their dietary changes.