bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity Conservation in the Real World: Incentives, Disincentives, and Disconnects
Authors: Kiss Agnes 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of why, when most agree that a healthy environment is essential to human health and well-being, we act in ways that degrade the environment on a daily basis. It identifies four human traits at the root of this disconnect between how we know we should act and how we actually act. It describes two major approaches to preventing environmental degradation in the developing world: (1) separating people from the biodiversity in question and (2) giving people incentives to protect the biodiversity.
An Epistle
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA passage in Halevi’s epistle to Samuel ben Ḥanania explains Halevi’s motives for his pilgrimage. Judaism, he says, provides four dimensions of contact with the divine: a specific site and a specific ritual performed by a specific caste at a specific time. Religious fulfillment is unattainable while the place is in ruins, the caste scattered, and the ritual paraphernalia buried beneath the rubble; yet there is value in longing for their restoration. While all Jews pray for relief from exile, few are concerned with the Land and God’s presence in it. Halevi’s intention is to devote himself to this longing and to situate himself at the intersection of those four dimensions of contact with the divine, there to await the redemption, resurrection, and the restoration of prophecy. He quotes Ps. 102:14-15 as an expression of love for the Land of Israel in its most concrete and humble manifestation.
In Imagination
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe chapter studies four poems in which Halevi, still in al-Andalus, describes his longing for and vision of the Land of Israel. Among these poems is Halevi’s most famous poem, the Ode to Jerusalem. It is interpreted as speaking not, as usually understood, on behalf of the people as a whole, but as the voice of an individual who, toward the end, becomes the spokesman of a small, elite group of Zion’s true devotees.
Growth and Welfare Effects of Fiscal Policy
Authors: Greiner Alfred , Semmler Willi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes how fiscal policy affects both growth rate and welfare in our economy. In particular, it analyzes how the long-run balanced growth rate reacts to fiscal policy and to the introduction of a less polluting technology. It studies the effects of fiscal policy, taking into account transition dynamics, and analyzes welfare effects of fiscal policy on the environment and on the balanced growth path as well as the social optimum.
Pollution as a Stock
Authors: Greiner Alfred , Semmler Willi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents an extension of the model analyzed in Chapter 4. The model is studied assuming that production leads to emissions that build up a stock of pollution that negatively affects utility. It focuses on the question of whether ongoing growth is feasible with a constant or even declining stock of pollution, and both growth effects in the long run are derived based on four different scenarios: a scenario with a constant stock of pollution; a scenario with an improving environmental quality; a scenario in which environmental pollution grows at the same positive rate as all other endogenous variables; and a scenario in which environmental pollution grows at the same positive rate as all other endogenous variables.
Nonrenewable Resources
Authors: Greiner Alfred , Semmler Willi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on dynamic models with exhaustible resources. It discusses protype growth models that incorporate and study the consequences of finitely available exhaustible resources. Some of the problems studied here will also arise in the case of renewable resources, for example, the problem of intergenerational justice. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 14.2 surveys growth models with natural resource constraints. Section 14.3 discusses the problem of intergenerational justice. Sections 14.4 and 14.5 present stylized facts of exhaustible resources. Section 14.6 presents the estimation of our growth model.
Renewable Resources
Authors: Greiner Alfred , Semmler Willi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on renewable resources and studies the interaction of economic agents, extracting renewable resources, and the resource dynamics as well as the fate of the resources in the long run. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 15.2 introduces the model and various specifications of the model as well as two theorems. The theorems reveal the relation between zero horizon optimization where the discount rate tends to infinity, and infinite time horizon optimization, where the discount rate is finite. In Section 15.3, analytical results for the open access regime — in the literature typically viewed as a zero horizon optimization problem — are gathered concerning the systems of predator-prey and competitive interactions. Both interactions allow for limit cycles in the optimal trajectories. Section 15.4 presents numerical results for the monopoly problem.
The Complexity of Information and Assimilation
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter lays the foundations for a historical-contextual decision making that aims beyond tactics and information toward understanding and sensemaking. It does so by looking closely at managerial information processing: what constitutes knowledge; how knowledge is communicated around an organization; and how cultivated expertise can fill in for uncertain or incomplete knowledge.
Expecting the Unexpected
Authors: Gilpin Dawn R. , Murphy Priscilla J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMost crisis experts agree that there are two essential areas that an organization must address before a crisis strikes. First, the organization needs to cultivate and maintain good relationships with important constituencies such as employees, the community, suppliers, customers, stockholders, and media. Second, the organization needs to monitor its environment to ensure that it becomes aware of emerging problems and resolves them before they reach crisis proportions. This chapter considers each of these two efforts, showing how a complexity perspective enhances mainstream crisis management thinking.
The Black Jews of Africa
Authors: Bruder Edith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Over the last several decades, an astonishing phenomenon has developed: a Jewish rebirth of sorts occurring throughout Africa. Different ethnic groups proclaim that they are returning to long forgotten Jewish roots and African clans trace their lineage to the Lost Tribes of Israel. This book addresses the elaboration and the development of Jewish identities by Africans. Africans have encountered Jewish myths and traditions in multiple forms and under a number of situations. The context and circumstances of these encounters produced a series of influences that gradually led, within some African societies, to the elaboration of a new Jewish identity connected with that of the Diaspora. The book presents one by one the different groups of Black Jews from western central, eastern, and southern Africa, and the ways in which they have used and imagined their oral history and traditional customs to construct a distinct Jewish identity. The purpose of the book is to review the processes and immensely complex interactions which shaped these new religious identities. It explores the way in which Africans have interacted with the ancient mythological sub-strata of both western and Africans idea of Jews in order to create a distinct Jewish identity. It particularly seeks to identify and to assess colonial influences and their internalization by African societies in the shaping of new African religious identities. Along with these notions the book examines how, in the absence of recorded African history, the eminently malleable accounts of Jewish lineage developed by African groups inspired by Judaism co-exist with the possible historical traces of a Jewish presence in Africa.
6 Afterglow
Authors: Heise Ursula K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter, building on Chs. 4 and 5, focuses on two German novels about the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Christa Wolf’s Accident: A Day’s News and Gabriele Wohmann’s Sound of the Flute. Both texts portray this transnational risk scenario in its impact on the local, ordinary lives of protagonists in East Germany and West Germany, respectively. Wolf emphasizes the way in which transnational technological risk of the kind instantiated by Chernobyl transcends disrupts and alters the experience of the local, which cannot offer adequate linguistic and cultural resources to imagine and describe this kind of hazard. Modernist literary innovations, in Wolf’s approach, become a way of bridging this gap. Wohmann, by contrast, emphasizes how even the most dangerous and large-scale risk scenarios are gradually integrated into the texture of everyday language and experience, challenging established modes of inhabitation but also giving rise to new ones. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of how Chernobyl itself has been normalized by becoming a popular tourist destination.
In Defense of Self
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The immune system is the only thing standing between us and a world of microbial predators that could send us to an early and ugly death. It would be our only defense during the first hours of a bioterrorist attack using some of these very microbes. Evolved over millions of years of to keep us alive long enough to reproduce, the immune system has developed an impressive armamentarium of powerful chemical and cellular weapons that make short work of hostile viruses and bacteria. It has also evolved amazing genetic strategies to keep pace with invading microbes that can reproduce — and thus alter their genetic blueprint — in under an hour. But this same system prevents us from accepting life-saving organ transplants. It is also capable of over-reacting, leading to immunopathologies and causing serious, even lethal, damage to our tissues and organs. Worse yet, our immune systems may decide we ourselves are foreign and attack otherwise healthy tissues, resulting in autoimmune disease. And finally, it is itself the target of one of the most deadly viruses humans have ever known: HIV, the agent of AIDS. Part I of this book describes the structure and function of the immune system at a biological and biochemical level. Part II examines the role of the immune system in a range of human diseases — many caused by the immune system itself.
Europa and the Bull: Sex, Society, and Politics
Authors: Ziolkowski Theodore 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the tale of Europa and the bull—in poetry, drama, and art, but also in cartoons, advertising, and currency—was initially seized upon by artists around the turn of the century and by Expressionist poets as a parable of sexual awakening and of the essential animality of sex. In the 1920s it emerged as a vehicle for social commentary and political satire; later exile artists used the myth to suggest the descent into social depravity and political chaos in Europe. Long a popular subject for works of artistic kitsch, it triumphed as a widespread symbol of European unity after World War II.
The Minotaur: The Beast Within and the Threat Outside
Authors: Ziolkowski Theodore 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers how the minotaur emerged during the 1930s as an image of the artist's sense of alienation, while the labyrinth suggested to many writers the hostile sociopolitical world of the twentieth century. The popularity of the image suggested the name Minotaure for a major avant-garde cultural journal of the decade—to which Pablo Picasso, long obsessed with the minotaur as a symbol of the artist-outsider and sexual violence, contributed the first cover illustration. Among the many writers attracted by the theme, the artist and dramatist Friedrich Dürrenmatt used the minotaur throughout his career as an image of human alienation, while many writers of the 1940s and 1950s focused on the labyrinth as an image of a dark chaotic world and of emerging totalitarianism.
The Gun and the Pen
Authors: Gandal Keith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This book demonstrates that Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner were motivated, in their famous postwar books, not by their experiences of the horrors of the war but rather by their failure to have those experiences. These “quintessential” male American novelists of the 1920s were all deemed unsuitable as candidates for full military service or command and the result was that they felt themselves “emasculated”: not, as the usual story goes, because of their encounters with trench warfare in a mechanized army, but because either they got nowhere near the trenches or because they got to them in “trivial,” noncombat roles. By bringing to light previously unexamined archival records of the Army, the book shows that the frustration of these authors' military ambitions took place in the forgotten context of a whole new set of methods employed in the mobilization for World War I, unprecedented procedures that had as their aim the transformation of the Army into a meritocratic institution, indifferent to ethnic and class difference (though not black-white difference). So, for these writers, the humiliating failure to get into or to be promoted in the Army was also a failure to compete successfully in a rising social order and against a new set of people. And it is that social order and those people — these effects of mobilization, and not other effects supposedly produced by mass war and a mass army — that The Sun Also Rises, The Great Gatsby, and The Sound and the Fury register and re-imagine.
Rethinking Post–World War I Classics
Authors: Gandal Keith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter lays out the book's argument and is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the literary-historical thesis that American modernist fiction by Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Faulkner reflects — in its plot and characters, the history of the mostly meritocratic mobilization for World War I. At the heart of the three 1920s novels by these authors are “love triangles” involving Anglo-male characters bested in love and war and thus compromised in their masculinity; desirable and promiscuous Anglo females whom the Anglo males cannot have; and ethnic or outsider upstart competitors (of the Anglos) who have ties to the military and get the Anglo girls. The second part of the chapter discusses the history of the mobilization, which is today partly forgotten, and it argues with “received ideas” about modernism and the wartime era that are mistaken or misleading. Specifically, it addresses received ideas about intelligence testing during the war and, more generally, treatment of immigrants and ethnic Americans in the period; it also discusses the military's treatment of blacks. The third part addresses the relevant personal histories of these authors: Fitzgerald was denied promotions he expected and never saw action; Hemingway and Faulkner were disqualified from service on physical grounds.
7 Postmobilization Kinkiness
Authors: Gandal Keith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
By the 1930s, the postmobilization tale of Fitzgerald, Faulkner, and Hemingway (the racist promiscuity plot) was already being subverted, while still being utilized. In Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller, Nightwood by Djuna Barnes, and The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West, there is still a central promiscuous Anglo woman; there are love relationships with ethnic Americans, and often with Jews; there are obsessed romantics; there are sometimes mentally deficient characters, and there are lovers who have special relationships with a promiscuous woman. But now the ethnic character is not scapegoated; the masculine soldierly ideal comes under attack; the figure of the charity girl is parodied, and the military is openly criticized, its concern over venereal disease mocked. The postmobilization novels of the thirties are no longer haunted by sexual liaisons between military figures and women — as were the twenties novels, as well as the 1917-1918 military authorities; rather, the figures of the prostitute and the charity girl are now fetishized, not romanticized or problematized.
8 The Sound and the Fury Redux and the End of the World War I Mobilization Novel
Authors: Gandal Keith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
When anti-Semitism becomes untenable after the Holocaust is revealed toward the end of World War II, Faulkner himself revises The Sound and the Fury in an Appendix that strikingly demonizes his once beloved promiscuous heroine Caddy. He has her become involved with a German officer in Paris during World War II, and he does so in 1945 and 1946, just as the American public is reeling from the revelation of Nazi “death camps.” Thus, Faulkner's Appendix marks an end to the modernist promiscuity novel: with it, Faulkner distances himself from the casual anti-Semitism of his 1929 text and from a female sexual freedom he seemed to embrace or tolerate in Caddy. The outlook of the Appendix, with regard to women, dovetails with that of the military in the world wars. The Appendix is part of a growing backlash against the new woman of the post-World War I era; the promiscuous female is once again, as in the vamp story that became popular in the 1910s, a fiend.
Pilgrimage and Power
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This book is a historical study of the largest pilgrimage festival in the world, the Kumbh Mela. Focusing on the festival in a key northern Indian political town, Allahabad, the book traces the historical changes in the nature of the mela from the 1700s onward, with particular reference to the influence of British colonialism and the growth of Indian nationalism in the region. It charts the early nationalists' active construction of religion as a sphere of sovereignty, and the attendant changes to religious and social practices at the mela. Further, the book traces the links between the religious community that the mela fostered and the spread of nationalism in the early twentieth century. It also follows and analyzes debates about the role of religion – so often described as modernity's other – in the creation of notions of citizenship and civil society in the late colonial and postcolonial Indian nation.
The Power of Discourse
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents a historiographical review and critique of textual sources documenting the mela (premodern, colonial Oxford, and contemporary accounts of the mela in a range of languages, but predominantly written by observers, as opposed to participants), in the interests of delineating the discursive nature of power. A discernible discourse of danger emerges, underpinning the administration and management of the mela; it was heavily informed by records of deadly battles between sadhu akharas in 18th century Haridwar and sealed with 19th century experiences with epidemic diseases, unregulated crowds, and what was perceived as esoteric or mysterious Hindu practices. The chapter draws attention to the power and prevalence of such representations and concludes with a consideration of the politics of photographic representation at the 2001 Kumbh Mela, when the High Court of Allahabad enforced a ban on photography at the bathing ghats, limiting the ability of freelance and agency photographers from all over the world to photograph the bathing rituals. It is argued that the representations of the mela, in writing and in photography, have served to historically constrain it, and often, by extension, India, for it was frequently argued that the scale of the crowds attending the Kumbh reflected a microcosm of India, neatly representing a cross‐section of its diverse regional, linguistic, and caste communities.
Sovereign Spaces
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to the fort of Allahabad, built by Akbar at the sangam next to the mela grounds, and charts the tensions that characterized the coexistence of these highly charged arenas of devotional expression and military security. Drawing on oral histories and Hindu traditions relating to the sangam site and the fort, the chapter describes how locals have understood and incorporated the presence of the fort, and the British, into their devotional landscape. It also delineates the changes in pilgrimage activity in the 18th century, as the East India Company inserted itself into key pilgrimage cities in north India, attempting to manage pilgrimage as a matter of diplomacy and limiting pilgrim access to a key shrine in the fort, while profiting handsomely from pilgrim taxes. This intervention was resented and resisted by pilgrimage priests in Allahabad, Prayagwals, who traditionally played an important role in the management of piety at the sangam in Allahabad. This reached its height when the Prayagwals lent their support to the rebellion in 1857, in which the fort of Allahabad, as the base of British military organization and refuge, was a key site.
Mela as Resistance
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter points out that while the tradition of an annual Magh Mela is very old, and is attested to in several historical accounts, a complete absence of any record or any other evidence of a quinquennial “Kumbh” festival suggests that it is a relatively recent phenomenon in Allahabad. The chapter then contends that the Kumbh genre of festivals was adapted from Haridwar, where it was a recognized and celebrated tradition, and that this was carried out primarily by Allahabad's pilgrimage priests, who saw the disjuncture created by the change of power after the rebellion as an opportunity to establish, through the institution of a religious festival, an arena of sovereignty, as had been guaranteed by Queen Victoria's Proclamation after the 1857 rebellion. A careful analysis of these changes reveal the extent to which colonized people understood, and made sophisticated use of, the discourses, dynamics, and constraints of colonialism.