bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipose Tissue Quantification by Imaging Methods: A Proposed Classification
Authors: Shen Wei , Wang ZiMian , Punyanita Mark , Lei Jianbo , Sinav Ahmet , Kral John G. , Imielinska Celina , Ross Robert , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent advances in imaging techniques and understanding of differences in the molecular biology of adipose tissue has rendered classical anatomy obsolete, requiring a new classification of the topography of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is one of the largest body compartments, yet a classification that defines specific adipose tissue depots based on their anatomic location and related functions is lacking. The absence of an accepted taxonomy poses problems for investigators studying adipose tissue topography and its functional correlates. The aim of this review was to critically examine the literature on imaging of whole body and regional adipose tissue and to create the first systematic classification of adipose tissue topography. Adipose tissue terminology was examined in over 100 original publications. Our analysis revealed inconsistencies in the use of specific definitions, especially for the compartment termed “visceral” adipose tissue. This analysis leads us to propose an updated classification of total body and regional adipose tissue, providing a well‐defined basis for correlating imaging studies of specific adipose tissue depots with molecular processes.
Obesity and Quality of Life: Mediating Effects of Pain and Comorbidities
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Allison David B. , Faith Myles S. , Zhu Shankuan , Fontaine Kevin R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To estimate the association between body mass index (BMI) and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and examine whether joint pain and obesity‐related comorbidities mediate the BMI‐HRQL association.Research Methods and Procedures: Population‐based survey data from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Adults (N = 155, 989) were classified according to BMI as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), desirable weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2), obese class I (30 to 34.9 kg/m2), obese class II (35 to 39.9 kg/m2), and obese class III (≥40 kg/m2). Data including general health status, unhealthy days in the past 30 caused by physical problems and mental problems, and total unhealthy days in the past 30 were collected.Results: After adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking, education, and income, we observed J‐shaped associations between BMI and HRQL. Compared with desirable weight adults, underweight, overweight, and obesity classes I, II, and III adults [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57, 1.19, 1.95, 2.72, and 4.36, respectively] were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to report fair/poor general health status. For unhealthy days caused by physical problems, the corresponding ORs were 1.51, 1.15, 1.66, 2.27, and 3.61 (p < 0.001). For unhealthy days caused by mental problems, the ORs were 1.35, 1.14 1.43, 1.57, and 2.25 (p < 0.001). For total unhealthy days, the corresponding ORs were 1.27, 1.09, 1.37, 1.73, and 2.46 (p < 0.01). Adding joint pain and obesity‐related comorbidities into models attenuated BMI‐HRQL associations.Discussion: Associations between BMI and HRQL indices were J‐shaped. Joint pain and comorbidities may mediate BMI‐HRQL associations.
Volume Estimates by Imaging Methods: Model Comparisons with Visible Woman as the Reference
Authors: Shen Wei , Wang ZiMian , Tang Haiying , Heshka Stanley , Punyanitya Mark , Zhu Shankuan , Lei Jianbo , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the accuracy of four volume estimation models to actual tissue and organ volumes measured in the visible woman.Methods: Actual volumes were calculated from 1‐mm‐thick visible woman images that were segmented for five major components including subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue across the 1730 available slices. Four available models resolved to two equations: truncated cone/truncated pyramid vs. two‐column/parallel trapezium. Between‐slice interval and initial slice were systematically varied when deriving component volumes using the two equations in four regions.Results: For each compartment and each between‐slice interval, the means of the two‐column model were always the same as the corresponding reference volumes, whereas those of the truncated cone model were smaller than the reference volumes. Similarly, the coefficient variation for the two‐column model was always smaller than for the truncated cone model.Discussion: The equation based on the parallel trapezium and the two‐column models is more accurate in estimating tissue volumes than the corresponding equation for truncated pyramid and truncated cone models. This finding has important implications for the volume calculations of imaging‐based body compartments such as adipose tissue.
Insulin‐ and Exercise‐Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow and Glucose Uptake in Obese Men
Authors: Hällsten Kirsti , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Peltoniemi Pauliina , Oikonen Vesa , Takala Teemu , Kemppainen Jukka , Laine Hanna , Bergman Jörgen , Bolli Geremia B. , Knuuti Juhani , Nuutila Pirjo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Insulin resistance in obese subjects results in the impaired use of glucose by insulin‐sensitive tissues, e.g., skeletal muscle. In the present study, we determined whether insulin resistance in obesity is associated with an impaired ability of exercise to stimulate muscle blood flow, oxygen delivery, or glucose uptake.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine obese (body mass index = 36 ± 2 kg/m2) and 11 age‐matched nonobese men (body mass index = 22 ± 1 kg/m2) performed one‐legged isometric exercise during hyperinsulinemia. Rates of femoral muscle blood flow, oxygen consumption, and glucose uptake were measured simultaneously in both legs using [15O]H2O, [15O]O2, [18F]fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose, and positron emission tomography.Results: The obese subjects exhibited resistance to insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in resting muscle, regardless of whether glucose uptake was expressed per kilogram of femoral muscle mass (p = 0.001) or per the total mass of quadriceps femoris muscle. At similar workloads, oxygen consumption, blood flow, and glucose uptake were lower in the obese than the nonobese subjects when expressed per kilogram of muscle, but similar when expressed per quadriceps femoris muscle mass.Discussion: We conclude that obesity is characterized by insulin resistance of glucose uptake in resting skeletal muscle regardless of how glucose uptake is expressed. When compared with nonobese individuals at similar absolute workloads and under identical hyperinsulinemic conditions, the ability of exercise to increase muscle oxygen uptake, blood flow, and glucose uptake per muscle mass is blunted in obese insulin‐resistant subjects. However, these defects are compensated for by an increase in muscle mass.
A Genome‐Wide Scan for Body Mass Index among Nigerian Families
Authors: Adeyemo Adebowale , Luke Amy , Cooper Richard , Wu Xiaodong , Tayo Bamidele , Zhu Xiaofeng , Rotimi Charles , Bouzekri Nourdine , Ward Ryk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Interest in mapping genetic variants that are associated with obesity remains high because of the increasing prevalence of obesity and its complications worldwide. Data on genetic determinants of obesity in African populations are rare.Research Methods and Procedures: We have undertaken a genome‐wide scan for body mass index (BMI) in 182 Nigerian families that included 769 individuals.Results: The prevalence of obesity was only 5%, yet polygenic heritability for BMI was in the expected range (0.46 ± 0.07). Tandem repeat markers (402) were typed across the genome with an average map density of 9 cM. Pedigree‐based analysis using a variance components linkage model demonstrated evidence for linkage on chromosome 7 (near marker D7S817 at 7p14) with a logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 3.8 and on chromosome 11 (marker D11S2000 at 11q22) with an LOD score of 3.3. Weaker evidence for linkage was found on chromosomes 1 (1q21, LOD = 2.2) and 8 (8p22, LOD = 2.3). Several candidate genes, including neuropeptide Y, DRD2, APOA4, lamin A/C, and lipoprotein lipase, lie in or close to the chromosomal regions where strong linkage signals were found.Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that, as in other populations with higher prevalences of obesity, positive linkage signals can be found on genome scans for obesity‐related traits. Follow‐up studies may be warranted to investigate these linkages, especially the one on chromosome 11, which has been reported in a population at the opposite end of the BMI distribution.
Epicardial Fat from Echocardiography: A New Method for Visceral Adipose Tissue Prediction
Authors: Iacobellis Gianluca , Assael Filippo , Ribaudo Maria Cristina , Zappaterreno Alessandra , Alessi Giuseppe , Di Mario Umberto , Leonetti Frida 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To validate transthoracic echocardiography as an easy and reliable imaging method for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) prediction. VAT is recognized as an important indicator of high cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Several methods are applied to estimate VAT, with different results.Research Methods and Procedures: We selected 60 healthy subjects (29 women, 31 men, 49.5 ± 16.2 years) with a wide range of body mass indexes. Each subject underwent transthoracic echocardiogram and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure epicardial fat thickness on the right ventricle. Measurements of epicardial adipose tissue thickness were obtained from the same echocardiographic and MRI views and points. MRI was also used to measure VAT cross‐sectional areas at the level of L4 to L5. Anthropometric indexes were also measured.Results: Subjects with predominant visceral fat accumulation showed higher epicardial adipose tissue thickness than subjects with predominant peripheral fat distribution: 9.97 ± 2.88 vs. 4.34 ± 1.98 (p = 0.005) and 7.19 ± 2.74 vs. 3.43 ± 1.64 (p = 0.004) in men and women, respectively. Simple linear regression analysis showed an excellent correlation between epicardial adipose tissue and waist circumference (r = 0.895, p = 0.01) and MRI abdominal VAT (r = 0.864, p = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that epicardial adipose tissue thickness (r2 = 0.442, p = 0.02) was the strongest independent variable correlated to MRI VAT. Bland test confirmed the good agreement between the two methods.Discussion: Epicardial adipose tissue showed a strong correlation with anthropometric and imaging measurements of VAT. Hence, transthoracic echocardiography could be an easy and reliable imaging method for VAT prediction.
Relationship of Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations with Body Fat Distribution in Humans
Authors: Staiger Harald , Tschritter Otto , Machann Jürgen , Thamer Claus , Fritsche Andreas , Maerker Elke , Schick Fritz , Häring Hans‐Ulrich , Stumvoll Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We investigated whether serum concentrations of adiponectin are determined by body fat distribution and compared the findings with leptin.Research Methods and Procedures: Serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin were measured by radioimmunoassay (n = 394) and analyzed for correlation with sex, age, and body fat distribution, i.e., waist‐to‐hip ratio, waist and hip circumference, and subcutaneous adipose tissue area of the lower leg as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.Results: After adjusting for sex and percentage of body fat, adiponectin was negatively (r = −0.17, p < 0.001) and leptin was positively (r = 0.22, p < 0.001) correlated with waist‐to‐hip ratio. Leptin, but not adiponectin, correlated with both waist (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and hip circumference (r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Furthermore, leptin, but not adiponectin, correlated with the proportion of subcutaneous fat of the lower leg cross‐sectional area (r = 0.37, p < 0.001).Discussion: These data suggest that both adipocytokines are associated with central body fat distribution, and serum adiponectin concentrations are determined predominantly by the visceral fat compartment.
Genetic Variation in the Leptin Receptor Gene, Leptin, and Weight Gain in Young Dutch Adults
Authors: van Rossum Caroline T.M. , Hoebee Barbara , van Baak Marleen A. , Mars Monica , Saris Wim H.M. , Seidell Jacob C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the association between leptin levels, polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene, and weight gain.Research Methods and Procedures: From two large prospective cohorts in The Netherlands (n = 17, 500), we compared the baseline leptin of 259 subjects who had gained an average of 12.6 kg (range 5.5 to 33 kg) with 277 subjects who kept stable weight (range −2.6 to 3.1 kg) after a mean follow‐up of 6.8 years. Three polymorphisms in the LEPR gene (Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, and Lys656Asn) were determined.Results: Weight gainers had significantly higher baseline leptin levels than those who kept stable weight (odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.5, per SD increase in loge‐transformed leptin). Weight gainers with the Arg109 or the Arg223 alleles had higher leptin levels compared with the noncarriers of these alleles. Only among men, the association between leptin and weight gain tended to be stronger among those with an Arg223 allele compared with those without this mutation.Discussion: Relatively high leptin levels predict weight gain, suggesting that leptin resistance plays a role in the development of obesity in the general population. Higher leptin levels for those with a Lys109Arg or Gln223Arg mutation (or a linked other marker) may imply that these subjects have a modified functional leptin receptor. However, the role of these mutations on weight gain is limited.
High Dietary Calcium Reduces Body Fat Content, Digestibility of Fat, and Serum Vitamin D in Rats
Authors: Papakonstantinou Emilia , Flatt William P. , Huth Peter J. , Harris Ruth B.S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study investigated which aspect of energy balance was responsible for the decrease in body fat content of rats fed a high‐calcium, high—dairy protein diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet (25% kcal fat, 14% kcal protein from casein, 0.4% by weight calcium) or high‐calcium diet (25% kcal fat, 7% kcal protein from nonfat dry milk, 7% kcal protein from casein, 2.4% calcium) for 85 days. Body weights, digestible energy intakes, energy expenditures, rectal temperatures, body composition, and serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D were measured.Results: Rats fed high‐calcium diet gained significantly less weight than controls and had 29% less carcass fat. Gross energy intake was not significantly different between groups, but digestible energy was 90% of gross energy in the high‐calcium diet compared with 94% in the control diet because of increased fecal excretion of dietary lipid. The difference in digestible energy intake accounted for differences in carcass energy. Body temperatures and energy expenditures of the rats were not different. The high‐calcium diet reduced serum triglycerides by 23% and serum 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D by 86%.Discussion: These results confirm that a high‐calcium diet decreases body weight and fat content due to a lower digestible energy intake caused by increased fecal lipid and a nonsignificant reduction in gross energy intake.
Phenylethanolamine N‐Methyltransferase G‐148A Genetic Variant and Weight Loss in Obese Women
Authors: Peters Warren R. , MacMurry James P. , Walker Jennifer , Giese Russell J. , Comings David E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To understand the impact of the phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) G‐148A gene and nutritional variables on weight loss in obese women.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred forty‐nine women, ages 45 to 65 with a body mass index of >30 kg/m2, participated in a 6‐month, open‐label intervention that included sibutramine (15 mg/d) and a monthly health‐education class. Anthropometric measurements, vital signs, food frequency, exercise log, medication compliance, and psychological and sociological questionnaires were completed each month. Genetic polymorphisms of PNMT were determined.Results: Univariate analysis of G/G, G/A, and A/A genotypes against tertiles of percentage of weight loss were significant at 3 but not at 6 months (Pearson χ2: p < 0.006; homozygous/heterozygosity: p < 0.002, p < 0.253, and p < 0.122, respectively). A regression model that included the PNMT genetic variation and certain nutrition and exercise variables demonstrated that only the PNMT gene (β = 0.360, SE 0.585, and p = 0.003) was statistically significant at 6 months, and the total calories (β = −0.925, SE = 0.004, and p = 0.009), fiber intake (β = 0.621, SE = 0.124, and p = 0.000), and PNMT (β = 0.262, SE = 1.415, and p = 0.024) were significant.Discussion: The homozygosity/heterozygosity of the PNMT gene was highly predictive of significant weight loss with sibutramine during the first 3 months, which highlights the need for specific pharmacotherapy. The early weight‐loss success of those subjects who were homozygous for PNMT may have motivated and selected those that would make further dietary changes, which then augmented their final weight loss.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity in a Representative Sample of 3‐ to 4‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Jackson Diane M. , Reilly John J. , Kelly Louise A. , Montgomery Colette , Grant Stan , Paton James Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study aimed to describe levels of physical activity in a representative sample of preschool children and to quantify tracking of activity over 1 year.Research Methods and Procedures: Physical activity (mean accelerometry counts/minute) was assessed over 3 days using the Computer Science and Applications accelerometer in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children (n = 104; 52 boys; mean age, 3.7 ± 0.4 years). In 60 children (30 boys), measurements were repeated 1 year later.Results: Mean total activity at baseline was 777 ± 207 counts/minute in boys and 657 ± 172 counts/minute for girls; this gender difference was significant (p < 0.001). In the cross‐sectional analysis, total activity was significantly positively related to age (r = 0.37, p = 0.007). In the sample followed up for 1 year, mean total activity was 849 ± 252. The longitudinal analysis confirmed that total physical activity increased over the 1‐year period (paired Student's t test, p < 0.001). The tracking rank order correlation coefficient of total activity count over 1 year was r = 0.40 (p < 0.001).Discussion: This study suggests that total activity increases during the preschool period in Scottish children and that gender differences in total activity are present early in life. Tracking of total activity was only modest, but adequate assessment of tracking requires methodological research aimed at elucidating the biological meaning of accelerometer output.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity and the State and Development of Obesity in Japanese School Children
Authors: Nagai Narumi , Matsumoto Tamaki , Kita Hiroko , Moritani Toshio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in regulating energy expenditure and body fat content; however, the extent to which the ANS contributes to pediatric obesity remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sympathetic and/or the parasympathetic nerve activities were altered in an obese pediatric population. We further examined a physiological association between the duration of obesity and the sympatho‐vagal activities to scrutinize the nature of ANS alteration as a possible etiologic factor of childhood obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐two obese and 42 non‐obese healthy sedentary school children were carefully selected from 1080 participants initially recruited to this study. The two groups were matched in age, gender, and height. The clinical records of physical characteristics and development of the obese children were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the onset and progression of obesity. The ANS activities were assessed during a resting condition by means of heart rate variability power spectral analysis, which enables us to identify separate frequency components, i.e., total power (TP), low‐frequency (LF) power, and high‐frequency (HF) power. The spectral powers were then logarithmically transformed for statistical testing.Results: The obese children demonstrated a significantly lower TP (6.77 ± 0.12 vs. 7.11 ± 0.04 ln ms2, p < 0.05), LF power (6.16 ± 0.12 vs. 6.42 ± 0.05 ln ms2, p < 0.05), and HF power (5.84 ± 0.15 vs. 6.34 ± 0.07 ln ms2, p < 0.01) compared with the non‐obese children. A partial correlation analysis revealed that the LF and HF powers among 42 obese children were negatively associated with the duration of obesity independent of age (LF: partial r = −0.55, p < 0.001; HF: partial r = −0.40, p < 0.01). The obese children were further subdivided into two groups based on the length of their obesity. All three spectral powers were significantly reduced in the obese group with obesity of >3 years (n = 18) compared to the group with obesity of <3 years.Discussion: Our data indicate that obese children possess reduced sympathetic as well as parasympathetic nerve activities. Such autonomic depression, which is associated with the duration of obesity, could be a physiological factor promoting the state and development of obesity. These findings further imply that preventing and treating obesity beginning in the childhood years could be an urgent and crucial pediatric public health issue.
Getting Worse: The Stigmatization of Obese Children
Authors: Latner Janet D. , Stunkard Albert J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The prevalence of childhood obesity more than doubled in the period from 1961 to 2001. We replicated a 1961 study of stigma in childhood obesity to see what effect this increased prevalence has had on this stigma.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 458 5th‐ and 6th‐grade children attending upper‐middle and lower‐middle income U.S. public schools. Children ranked six drawings of same‐sex children with obesity, various disabilities, or no disability (“healthy”), in order of how well they liked each child.Results: Children in both the present and the 1961 study liked the drawing of the obese child least. The obese child was liked significantly less in the present study than in 1961 [Kruskal‐Wallis H (1) = 130.53, p < 0.001]. Girls liked the obese child less than boys did [H (1) = 5.23, p < 0.02]. Children ranked the healthy child highest and significantly higher than in 1961 [H (1) = 245.40, p < 0.001]. The difference in liking between the healthy and obese child was currently 40.8% greater than in 1961.Discussion: Stigmatization of obesity by children appears to have increased over the last 40 years.