bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oxidation and Alkaline Degradation of Mercerized Cotton: A Morphological Study
Authors: Lewin Menachem , Roldan Luis G. 
Published: March 2008

The morphological changes introduced during slack mercerization of cotton fibers, as detected after oxidation with sodium hypochlorite at pH 7 and after subsequent hot alkaline degradation with sodium bicarbonate, are described. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques were used. Slack mercerization produces, besides the recognized phase transition from Cell. I to Cell. II, a decrease in order inside the crystallites themselves rather than in the low- ordered regions (LOR). The hypochlorite oxidation of the mercerized cotton induces morphological changes which can be understood as the result of a duality in behavior, i.e., as an oxidant, and as a poor intracrystalline swelling agent. The alkaline degradation results in an extraction of the anhydrous glucose units and an increase in crystallinity and morphologi cal order. However, crystallite lateral size is clearly reduced from that of the original Deltapine cotton but increased from that of the mercerized-oxidized sample. A model for the peeling off mechanism is visualized which involves not only those LOR regions associated in series with the crystalline regions, but those associated laterally to their fringes and also those limiting the macrofibrils. Advantage of extraction with a particular alkaline medium over others is explained by the critical swelling effect neces sary for transporting the anhydrous glucose units outside the remaining fibril morphology.
Burning Behavior of Carpets: The Advantages of Wool and Flame-Resistant Wool
Authors: Benisek L. 
Published: March 2008

A comparison of the burning behavior of carpets of very similar construction made from different fibers or blends evaluated by the methenamine tablet test, F.A.R. vertical flame test, British radiant panel test, and the French epiradia teur test shows that wool and particularly flame-resistant wool perform significantly better than the other man-made fibers investigated, especially in the more severe vertical and radiant panel tests. With the latter tests the carpet backing has to be flame resistant, the flame-resistant wool sheared pile density should be above 0.10 g/cm', (0.058 g/in2), and the pile weight and thickness should not exceed a certain value to allow effective heat sink from the pile, thus ensuring short spread of flame. Flame-resistant, wool-rich blends with nylon burn significantly more than comparable flame-resistant, all-wool carpets, when evaluated by the radiant panel tests.
The Use of Open-End Spinning for Short Staple Cottons
Authors: Pillay K.P.R. 
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the use of short staple cottons for open-end spinning. Several cottons and waste mixings 7/8-in. and less in staple length have been spun on the OE and ring-spinning systems to dif ferent counts, and yarn properties have been determined. Some of these yarn samples have been woven into selected fabrics for comparative study.It is shown that the percent reduction of OE yarn strength over corresponding ring-yam strength depends both on the properties of the cotton and the count of yarn spun from it. OE-spun fabrics have significantly lower breaking strength, tearing strength, and bursting strength than ring-spun yarn fabrics; however, the breaking elongation, air permeability, and abrasion resistance are not substantially altered. Thus when using OE yarns, one must consider changes in fabric construction to optimize the properties of the yarn used.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Wrinkling Behavior of Fabrics Part V: Settability and Measurement of the Degree of Set in Yarns and Filaments
Authors: Prevorsek D.C. , Butler R.H. , Lamb G.E.R. 
Published: March 2008

In a previous article in this series it was shown that the ability of a fabric to resist creasing is a function of the fiber- to-fiber coefficient of friction, the fiber modulus, and the settability. The object of the work described in the present article was to obtain quantitative data on the setting behavior of various fibers. An apparatus for the measurement of settability is described. Some of the limits on experimental conditions are derived. Measurements on several types of yarn indicated considerable differences with respect to settability and to retention of set as a function of time. The performance of polyester yarn in both respects was found to be markedly superior, partly explaining the good crease resistance of polyester fabrics.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Scott Marjie G. 
Published: March 2008

The interactions of three chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents with textured polyester yams have been investigated. The solvents perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and methylene chloride differ widely in their ability to interact with polyester fibers. Textralized and Superloft standard and cationic dyeable Dacron yarns have been included in this investigation. The dynamic and isothermal shrinkage behavior of the textured yarns reflects the diffusion of the solvents into the complex structures produced by the texturing process and the rate and extent of their interactions with the polymer. Characteristic shrinkage maxima are observed which are associated with the opening and closing of kinks, especially in the Textralized yam. More or less extensive overall shrinkage as a result of the solvent treatments produces an increase in the bulkiness of the textured yarns. The stability of the additional solvent-induced crimp and of the original thermally-induced crimp were studied. It could be shown that while the original crimp is essentially unaffected by the solvent treatment, the solvent-induced crimp is easily removed upon loading of the yam, and its recovery upon unloading is limited, depending on the nature of the solvent treatment.
Resist Treatment of Wool with Tannic Acids
Authors: Simpson W.S. 
Published: March 2008

The high-molecular-weight gallotannic acid fraction of commercial tannic acid has been identified as the component preferentially absorbed by wool, and in comparison the gallic acid fraction has a rather lower affinity. Chlorination of the wool and an increase in temperature will substantially increase the rate of absorption. The effects of chemical modi fication of tannic acid and pH have also been studied. The application of tannic acids to wool for the purpose of reducing its affinity for acid dyes requires a fixation with metal ions; aluminum salts have been found to be a practical and economical alternative to the traditional antimonyl or tin compounds.
The Influence of Thread Mass and Fabric Mass on Seam Flammability
Authors: Jakes K.A. , Smith B.F. , Spivak S.M. 
Published: March 2008

A nomenclature and procedure is introduced for quantifying the thread mass and fabric mass contained in a given seam. The ratio of thread mass to fabric mass, defined as mass ratio (MR), is compared to seam flammability, as mea sured by DOC FF 3-71 (flammability standard for children's sleepwear). Thread mass values are initially determined by weighting seams before and after thread removal, also permitting subsequent calculation of a characteristic thread length. Fabric mass is calculated from model geometry of simple seams. Preliminary investigations illustrate that the relationship between mass ratio and seam char length varies with the types of fabric and thread used. With FR-thermoplastic fabrics the char length of cotton and corespun thread-sewn seams increases proportionately with increasing MR, while polyester thread-sewn seams are insensitive to MR. For an FR-cotton fabric, seam char length increases with MR for certain seam types with all threads tested.
Time-Lag Technique of Diffusion-Coefficient Measurement in Solution Spinning
Authors: Wu W. , Paul D.R. 
Published: March 2008

A simplified time-lag technique was developed to measure the average diffusion coefficient for solvent extraction during coagulation in wet spinning. The accumulated amount of solvent diffused from the uncoagulated fiber while dry-jet wet spinning into a finite spin bath was measured as a function of time. From this experiment a time-lag θ in the solvent built-up can he measured easily. From this, the average diffusion coefficient D can be determined from D = R2/8θ, where R is the filament radius. Some experimental results using the time-lag technique in a polymer/sulfuric acid/water system were obtained and compared with results using a conventional measuring method.
The Morphology of Regenerated Cellulose
Authors: Kolpak Francis J. , Blackwell John 
Published: March 2008

The morphotogy of three different regenerated celluloses has been investigated using electron microscopy. Fortisan rayon consists entirely of microlihrils, ∼40-50 nm in width, which are usually aggregated into larger fibers. The sub structure of the microfibrils is a parallel array of protofibrils ∼1.5-4.0 nm in width. The cellulose regenerated from a solution of dimethylsulfoxide and paraformaldehyde (DMSO/PF cellulose) exhibits a predominaritly fibrous morphology, but the microfibrits are often less, perfect than those observed for Fortisan. In addition, unoriented mats composed of short rodlets (∼12 nm wide) are occasionaly observed. The cellulose regenerated fromhydrazine (N2H4/H2O cellulose) consists primarily of unoriented mats of rodlets and occasional fihers. Both the mats and fibers are shown to be assemblies of the rodlets. High-magnification micrographs of the latter suggest that they are tiny cellulose crystals of approximate dimensions 2 × 6 × 25 nm. The differences observed in the morphology of the three regenerated celluloses are thought to be more a result of the processing conditions than the chemistry of the regeneration. The morphology of Fortisan is consistent with extended chains, althuugh chains having long, irregular fold periods are also a possibility. The morphologies of the UMSO/PF cellulose and N2H4/H2O cellulose are consistent with chain-folded crystallites, in which case the fold period would be ∼25 nm.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Lamb G.E.R. , Costanza P.A. , O'Meara D.J. 
Published: March 2008

Calculations have been made of the efficiencies with which single fibers should capture aerosol particles when the fibers are placed in an electric field. A field oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of aerosol flow should increase capture efficiency, but the perpendicular orientation should give a larger increase. These findings based on theory have been confirmed by bench-scale experiments using flat, nonwoven fabric filters. In addition, it has been found that the reduction in pressure drop that accompanies the application of electric fields is greater with the perpen dicular field. Experiments designed to find the optimum location for the electrodes with respect to the filter have shown that the greatest enhancement of performance is obtained when they are located just below the upstream surface of the fabric. Electrical stimulation of fabric filtration was further investigated using a one-hag lahoratory baghouse. With a commercial needled polyester fabric bag, a 4.5-kV potential applied between electrodes threaded into the bag fabric 15 mm apart and parallel to the bag axis reduced penetration about 50% and pressure drop about 45%. A pressure-drop reduction of this magnitude would effect significant reductions in energy consumption concomitant with the considerable increase in capture efficiency.
Bilateral Differentiation in the Cuticle of Merino Wool Fibers
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel 
Published: March 2008

An examination by transmission electron microscopy of longitudinal sections of merino wool fibers drawn from 64s top and sectioned in the plane of the crimp and the equatorial plane of the fiber has revealed two significant differences between the cuticular cells on the intrados and extrados of the crimp. (i) The cells on the intrados (paracortical side) overlap each other by lengths that are from 2 to 6 times as great as on the extrados (orthocortical side). (ii) The cells on the intrados are longer, by from 5 to 82% on different fibers, than those on the extrados. Variation between fibers was found to be sig nificant on both sides for overlap, but only on the paracortical side for cell length. No significant difference was found between the sides in either the proportion of "false" scale edges or the scale-edge spacings, except for an indication, based on a small subsample, that a difference in the latter might be developed by chemical treatment. Some other features of the cuticular cells are also described.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Bell Charles E. , Backer Stanley 
Published: March 2008

This reports on an investigation of spontaneous surging of a laboratory model false-twist texturing system during texture of fully-drawn yarns. The cycle of threadline tension and torque is examined and evaluated in terms of rota tional slippage of the threadline at the spindle pin. Study is made of the effect of heater temperature, yarn lubrication, and prior treatment on the frequency of natural surging. Forced disturbances and system response thereto are also studied. Cyclic variations of spindle speed and of draw point location are two system disturbances studied, and threadlinc tension and torque rcsponses are reported. Finally, draw-texturing system disturbances are shown to be related to periodic variations in draw force of POV-PKT feed yarn.
A Solvent-Dyeing Process for Aramid Fibers
Authors: Preston J. , Hofferbert W.L. 
Published: March 2008

A solvent-dyeing process for aramid fibers is described which is capable of producing fiber and fabrics having excellent depth of shades. The brightness of the fibers and fabrics is quite high when the undyed fibers are bright. When properly selected basic dyes are used, and when heavy shades are developed on the fabrics, good dyed lightfastness values are ob tained. Carpet samples of Nomex® dyed via the solvent-dyeing process described are considerably brighter, cleaner, and deeper in shades than commercial carpet samples of Nomex dyed using the producer-recommended dyeing process. More over, the dyed lightfastness values (Gray Scale) are considerably higher for these solvent-dyed carpet samples. Thus. ratings as poor as 2 and 1 after, respectively, 20 and 40 hours in the Fade-Ometer were obtained on the commercial carpet samples, whereas certain of the test samples rated 2—3 even after 320 hours. In addition to the improvement in dyeing obtained with the solvent-dyeing process, it was observed that the aramid fibers based on poly- m-phenyleneisophthalamide (MPD-I) and the polyisophthalamide of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA-I) apparently undergo a certain degree of relaxation. For example, on blank dyeing in pyridine the tenacity of the wet-spun MDA-I fiber decreased only slightly, while the initially somewhat low elongation-to-break value increased significantly. For Nomex 10 dpf staple the average elongation-to-break value increased slightly, but the range of this value narrowed considerably. Two rigid, rod-like, wholly aromatic fibers, the DuPont Company's Kevlar® aramid fiber, and the Monsanto Company's experimental X-500 polyamide-hydrazide fiber, do not show the same type relaxation effects exhibited by either MDA-I or MPD-I ( i.e. Nomex). Thus, the tenacity of the Kevlar increased somewhat, and the initial modulus values for both rod-like fibers increased moderately.
Physical Chemistry of Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers with Reactive Dyes
Authors: Madan G.L. , Shrivastava S.K. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of different electrolytes on the sorption of the hydrolyzed form of four different reactive dyes has been investigated. The electrolytes studied were sodium, ammonium, Jithium, and magnesium chlorides, and ammonium sulfate, which differ widely in their ability to increase the sorption of hydrolyzed reactive dyes by cellulose. Their relative efficiencies were in the order: ammonium chloride > ammonium sulfate > sodium chloride > lithium chloride ~ magnesium chloride. The effect of the electrolytes has been discussed in terms of partial screening of the surface charge on cellulose by the crowding of the cations at the cellulose-water interface, pH of the bath, and the ability to modify the structure of water. The ability of the electrolytes to modify the pH of the solution plays a dominant role in sorption increase at lower con centrations of electrolytes, whereas at higher concentrations the ability of the electrolytes to modify the cellulose-water interface plays a decisive role.
Comparison of Carboxyl-Content Determination in Cellulose Half-Acid Ester Derivatives by Calcium Acetate and Silver Absorption Methods
Authors: Simonson Richard Stephen , Cuculo John A. , Wadsworth Larry C. 
Published: March 2008

Carboxyl content of cellulose half-acid ester derivatives was determined by the calcium acetate method and by the absorption of silver from silver meta-nitrophenolate solutions. Both methods utilize the acidity of the carboxyl proton in an ion-exchange reaction, thereby producing a salt. With both the calcium acetate and the sitver absorption methods, the neutralization of the carboxylie acid groups is incomplete below pH 6.5. Tp compensate for this effect, a correction curve was derived for cellulose half-acid ester derivatives, which agreed fairly closely to a curve previously derived for cellulose half-acid etlter derivatives. No correction curves could be accurately applied to the silver-absorption test, but 0.6 g was selected as the optimum sample size because larger sample sizes usually resulted in a decrease in the carboxyl determination due to lowering of pH and/or exhaustion of the silver, which had orfly limited solubility. Nevertheless, the free degree-of-substitution values obtained with the calcium acetate method, using the new correction curve, and with the silver absorption method utilizing 0.6 g samples, differed on the average by only 0.011.
The Reaction of Wood Pulp with α,β-Amic Acids
Authors: Wadsworth Larry C. , Cuculo John A. , Hudson Sam M. 
Published: March 2008

In this study, liquid anhydrous ammonia has been used as a pre-swelling treatment for wood pulp and as a solvent for the reactants. With the single-step reactions, slightly more crosslinking resulted when the reactant was applied from liquid ammonia than from aqueous media. The multiple bake reactions, however, resulted in higher total degree of substitution (DS) values on the order of 1.0 and greater, but also in disproportionately more crosslinking. Degradation was minimal by the use of aqueous ammonium succinamate from single pad bake reactions, resulting in an average DP of 331. This is compared to the multiple pad-bake reactions with aqueous ammonium succinamate and with suc cinic anhydride in liquid ammonia media, which resulted in very low DP values ranging from 155 to 200. Discoloration of the derivatives accompanied the increases in DS and reductions in DP. Some cellulose derivatives appear to have been dissolved in concentrations to 4% (w/v) in 10 to 13% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 5.5°C and up to 0.7% in DMSO by refluxing. Infrared analyses have shown the material coagulated from the aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions to be pure cellulose, and the coagulant from DMSO solution to be cellulose hemisuccinate. Both infrared crystallinity index determinations and x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the cellulose regenerated from aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was suhstantially crystalline.
A Human Perception Analysis Approach to Clothing Comfort
Authors: Hollies Norman R.S. , Custer Anna G. , Morin Catherine J. , Howard Marilyn E. 
Published: March 2008

Clothing-comfort assessment by human perception analysis provides a sound basis for comparison of apparel garments under combined microclimates and human-activity levels of normal wear. The perception-analysis process attempts to seek out the wearing conditions that produce differences in human sensation and the descriptors used by indixiduals to describe these sensations. Details of the human perception approach to comfort are illustrated by applications to a shirt and a jeans study in volving men and women. The comfort preference for cotton garments in these studies is documented using statistical analysis of the data appropriate to the perception process.
Fiber-Type Elasticity
Authors: Stuart I.M. 
Published: March 2008

This is an elementary introduction to the type of classical elasticity most likely to be exhibited by fibers. It relates to properties that are independent of direction in certain transverse planes, but which may be quite different in the axial direction that is normal to these planes. A number of aspects of such elasticity are considered. Although textile fibers do not generally meet requirements that enable their mechanical behavior to be described by the classical elasticity model, there are valuable applications of this theory in textile physics.
A Statistical Examination of Influences Affecting Lightfastness of Dyed Fibers—The Effect of Fiber Polarity
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Strevens Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2008

Comparisons of the lightfastness (LF) of ranges of dyes, each respectively between a pair of fibers, are described. The data give scattered points when plotted as LF on one fiber vs. LF on another fiber, hut regression lines show significant differences between the slopes of the plots. The differences are interpreted as evidence of the effect of the polarity of the fiber polymer, which, it is suggested, infiuences the charge on the auxochrome groups of the dye molecule. The higher the polarity of the fiber, the more is this charge reduced, the result being to reduce the difference in LF between all the dyes applied to the fiber.The effect is observed with all types of fiber examined: cellulosic, protein, and synthetic-polymer. It may have technical value, by indicating that to achieve more uniform LF of all dyes on a given fiber, the dipole moment of the monomer forming the fiher polymer should be increased.
Evaluation of Cleaning and Washing Processes for Cotton Fiber
Authors: Winch Allen R. 
Published: March 2008

A brief survey of wet-processing equipment of potential interest for washing cotton staple prior to spinning is provided, emphasizing continuous processes for staple-and highlighting a) wool-scouring equipment, b) rayon-washing equipment, and c) various adaptations of the full scour-and-bleach process developed by Cotton Incorporated for cotton staple in continuous batt formation. A series of seven different washing treatments ranging from simple warm- and hot-water washes to a full scour and bleach were applied to cotton in continuous batt formation for subsequent evaluation by other authors of this series of papers. They characterize these washed cottons with respect to dust levels, carding and spinning properties, and the chemical nature and biological activities of the dust remaining on the cotton fiber subsequent to washing. Technical and economic feasibility perspectives are also discussed. The remarkable reduction in biological activity of residual cotton dust remaining on the cotton fiber subsequent to washing, as reported by Battigelli [1] and Fisher [6], indicates that reasonable washing disciplines inherent in continuous-washing systems should be highly effective in qualifying cotton for exemption from the dust standard.