bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimum spacing of pheromone traps for monitoring the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella
Authors: Bacca T. , Lima E.R. , Picanço M.C. , Guedes R.N.C. , Viana J.H.M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPest monitoring with pheromone traps is affected mainly by factors such as trap placement and pest biology. The intertrap distance can affect the capture due to competition among traps that are placed at short distances. We studied the interference among pheromone traps used to monitor males of the coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin‐Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), with traps placed at various distances. Using geostatistical analysis, we determined at what distance captures were independent from other traps. Traps were placed in groups of 12 with distances among traps per group either 2, 5, 10, 15, or 30 m. Traps were checked for males every 4 days during 16 days. We found interference between traps when intertrap distances were shorter than 10 m. The range and magnitude of spatial dependence varied considerably among each sampling date and wind direction. For directions of 45° and 135°, the traps should be placed 110 and 177 m apart, respectively, to obtain spatially independent counts and therefore representative samplings for assessing the insect population in the area. These results have implications for developing sampling plans for managing L. coffeella with pheromone traps; the spatial analysis indicated that a trap density of one pheromone trap for every 3.5–4 ha would be adequate for the monitoring of the coffee leaf miner.
Effect of various pesticides on the non‐target species Microctonus hyperodae, a biological control agent of Listronotus bonariensis
Authors: Addison Paul J. , Barker Gary M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was introduced into New Zealand to control the weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major pest of graminaceous plants. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of various pesticides that are commonly used in the pastoral environments of L. bonariensis and M. hyperodae. Topical applications of aqueous solutions prepared from commercial formulations of five herbicides were not toxic, but the surfactant Silwett L‐77 increased M. hyperodae mortality relative to the water‐treated controls. Laboratory assays showed that M. hyperodae adults were susceptible to chlorpyrifos residues on pasture foliage following application of the insecticide to field plots at ≥5 g a.i. ha−1. Maintenance of L. bonariensis on ryegrass in the laboratory showed that treatment of the food plants with chlorpyrifos at ≥96 g a.i. ha−1 reduced L. bonariensis survivorship and ultimately reduced M. hyperodae prepupal emergence from those hosts. Initially, mortalities of non‐parasitized L. bonariensis were significantly greater than for parasitized L. bonariensis. Maintenance of parasitized L. bonariensis on diflubenzuron‐treated ryegrass plants arrested M. hyperodae larval development in the host and ultimately reduced prepupal emergence of M. hyperodae from those hosts. Despite the arrested development of M. hyperodae, the mortality of L. bonariensis hosts was increased. Adult M. hyperodae successfully reared from hosts maintained on diflubenzuron (12.5 g a.i. ha−1) treated food plants had reduced reproductive potential. The consequences of pasture management strategies that employ pesticides are discussed in relation to biocontrol of L. bonariensis by M. hyperodae.
Relationships of psychosocial factors to dietary intakes of preadolescent girls from diverse backgrounds
Authors: Djuric Zora , Cadwell W. Faye , Heilbrun Lance K. , Venkatramanamoorthy Raghu , Dereski Mary O. , Lan Randi , Casey Rita J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFamily and personal factors that might be related to the development of food selection and eating patterns have not been well studied in children. The aim of this study was to examine whether such psychosocial factors differ in girls from four culturally diverse Girl Scout troops and how these factors are associated with dietary intakes. The social measures and dietary assessments were all obtained at baseline on subjects who were participating in a small nutrition education programme. The programme enrolled girls and one parent for each girl from four Girl Scout troops in Detroit, Michigan. The social factors assessed included girls’ emotionality and use of food to regulate emotions, their general attitudes about health, eating and body image, and self‐perceptions of their competence. Dietary intakes also were assessed in both the girls and their parents. There were large differences between troops in ethnicity and parent education level, and there were differences in dietary intakes as well. The psychosocial factors assessed in this study, however, did not differ significantly by troop. When the psychosocial factors were examined for their relationships to dietary factors, there was an indication that families which reported higher self‐competence and academic competence in their daughters also had healthier eating patterns in their daughters. This was a small study, but the data suggest that simple comparisons between ethnic groups may not adequately capture the complexity of family and psychosocial factors contributing to good dietary practices.
THE EFFECT OF PREHARVEST CALCIUM LOADING ON TENDERNESS OF BEEF LONGISSIMUS, SUPRASPINATUS AND SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLE
Authors: HANSON D.J. , CALKINS C.R. , HORTON J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of administration of water‐soluble calcium sources on tenderness of beef longissimus, supraspinatus and semitendinosus muscle. Cattle were treated immediately prior to harvest, with distilled water control (C), calcium chloride (CC) or calcium propionate (NutroCAL, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) (CP) to provide 150 g of calcium. The meat was aged 2, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days prior to Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBS) determination. Serum calcium levels were higher (P < 0.10) in CC compared with C or CP. The longissimus muscle from CP tended to have higher muscle calcium levels (compared with C and CC steers) and numerically lower shear force values at days 2, 5, 7 and 14, compared with controls. No differences (P > 0.05) in muscle calcium or WBS values were detected among the treatments for semitendinosus and supraspinatus muscles. CP drench, prior to harvest, may decrease shear force in beef longissimus muscle.
SENSORY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DONER KEBAB MADE FROM TURKEY MEAT
Authors: KAYAARDI S. , KUNDAKÇI A. , KAYACIER A. , GOK V. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Sensory and chemical properties of doner kebab made from turkey meat were determined during storage at 4 ± 1C. A sensory panel rated the samples using a hedonic scale for meat color, texture, off‐odor, juiciness, flavor, chewiness and general acceptability of the turkey doner kebab. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, peroxide values and total viable organisms of the samples were determined. It was found that turkey doner kebab would be acceptable for consumption by the panel after 12 days of cold storage and after that time, off‐flavors considerably limited the acceptance. The TBA and peroxide values supported this finding as they increased with time. The TBA values doubled and the peroxide values quadrupled after 12 days when compared to fresh samples. Turkey doner, like beef or chicken doner, could be safely consumed.
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN GOAT MEAT DURING POSTMORTEM AGING
Authors: NAGARAJ N.S. , ANILAKUMAR K.R. , SANTHANAM K. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of postmortem aging on pH, temperature, drip loss, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), myofibrillar protein solubility, released calcium and myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity in longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of goat maintained at 5C up to 20 days postmortem. The results showed that the rates of pH decline, temperature and sarcomere length decreased during aging. There was a significant increase in drip loss of LD, BF, SM and ST at 3, 6 and 9 days, respectively. The increased MFI followed a pattern of LD > ST > BF > SM at 20 days postmortem. The myofibrillar ATPase activity rapidly decreased between 0.1 and 0.2 M ionic strength in all the muscles. The biochemical index of myofibrillar aging (BIMA) value of LD, BF and SM muscles was constant after 9 days postmortem. The results obtained here describe a close relationship between rate of pH decline, decreased sarcomere length and increased MFI and BIMA value during postmortem aging. Therefore, the biochemical indices described in this article could be used as indicators of the degree of aging of the goat myofibrillar structure.
Acetylated Tat Regulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Splicing through Its Interaction with the Splicing Regulator p32
Authors: Berro Reem , Kehn Kylene , de la Fuente Cynthia , Pumfery Anne , Adair Richard , Wade John , Colberg-Poley Anamaris M. , Hiscott John , Kashanchi Fatah 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) potent transactivator Tat protein mediates pleiotropic effects on various cell functions. Posttranslational modification of Tat affects its activity during viral transcription. Tat binds to TAR and subsequently becomes acetylated on lysine residues by histone acetyltransferases. Novel protein-protein interaction domains on acetylated Tat are then established, which are necessary for both sustained transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 promoter and viral transcription elongation. In this study, we investigated the identity of proteins that preferentially bound acetylated Tat. Using a proteomic approach, we identified a number of proteins that preferentially bound AcTat, among which p32, a cofactor of splicing factor ASF/SF-2, was identified. We found that p32 was recruited to the HIV-1 genome, suggesting a mechanism by which acetylation of Tat may inhibit HIV-1 splicing needed for the production of full-length transcripts. Using Tat from different clades, harboring a different number of acetylation sites, as well as Tat mutated at lysine residues, we demonstrated that Tat acetylation affected splicing in vivo. Finally, using confocal microscopy, we found that p32 and Tat colocalize in vivo in HIV-1-infected cells.
Functional Characterization of Heptad Repeat 1 and 2 Mutants of the Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Authors: Chan Woan-Eng , Chuang Chin-Kai , Yeh Shiou-Hwei , Chang Mau-Sun , Chen Steve S.-L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

To understand the roles of heptad repeat 1(HR1) and HR2 of the spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in virus-cell interactions, the conserved Leu or Ile residues located at positions 913, 927, 941, and 955 in HR1 and 1151, 1165, and 1179 in HR2 were individually replaced with an α-helix-breaker Pro residue. The 913P mutant was expressed mainly as a faster-migrating, lower-molecular-weight S
L
form, while the wild type and all other mutants produced similar levels of both the S
L
form and the slower-migrating, higher-molecular-weight S
H
form. The wild-type S
L
form was processed to the S
H
form, whereas the S
L
form of the 913P mutant was inefficiently converted to the S
H
form after biosynthesis. None of these mutations affected cell surface expression or binding to its cognate ACE2 receptor. In a human immunodeficiency virus type 1/SARS S coexpression study, all mutants except the 913P mutant incorporated the S
H
form into the virions as effectively as did the wild-type S
H
form. The mutation at Ile-1151 did not affect membrane fusion or viral entry. The impaired viral entry of the 927P, 941P, 955P, and 1165P mutants was due to their inability to mediate membrane fusion, whereas the defect in viral entry of the 1179P mutant occurred not at the stage of membrane fusion but rather at a postfusion stage. Our study demonstrates the functional importance of HR1 and HR2 of the SARS-CoV spike protein in membrane fusion and viral entry.
Characterization of Two Novel Polyomaviruses of Birds by Using Multiply Primed Rolling-Circle Amplification of Their Genomes
Authors: Johne Reimar , Wittig Walter , Fernández-de-Luco Daniel , Höfle Ursula , Müller Hermann 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Polyomaviruses are small nonenveloped particles with a circular double-stranded genome, approximately 5 kbp in size. The mammalian polyomaviruses mainly cause persistent subclinical infections in their natural nonimmunocompromised hosts. In contrast, the polyomaviruses of birds—avian polyomavirus (APV) and goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV)—are the primary agents of acute and chronic disease with high mortality rates in young birds. Screening of field samples of diseased birds by consensus PCR revealed the presence of two novel polyomaviruses in the liver of an Eurasian bullfinch (
Pyrrhula pyrrhula griseiventris
) and in the spleen of a Eurasian jackdaw (
Corvus monedula
), tentatively designated as finch polyomavirus (FPyV) and crow polyomavirus (CPyV), respectively. The genomes of the viruses were amplified by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification and cloned. Analysis of the FPyV and CPyV genome sequences revealed a close relationship to APV and GHPV, indicating the existence of a distinct avian group among the polyomaviruses. The main characteristics of this group are (i) involvement in fatal disease, (ii) the existence of an additional open reading frame in the 5′ region of the late mRNAs, and (iii) a different manner of DNA binding of the large tumor antigen compared to that of the mammalian polyomaviruses.
Enhanced Local Symmetry Interactions Globally Stabilize a Mutant Virus Capsid That Maintains Infectivity and Capsid Dynamics
Authors: Speir Jeffrey A. , Bothner Brian , Qu Chunxu , Willits Deborah A. , Young Mark J. , Johnson John E. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Structural transitions in viral capsids play a critical role in the virus life cycle, including assembly, disassembly, and release of the packaged nucleic acid.
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus
(CCMV) undergoes a well-studied reversible structural expansion in vitro in which the capsid expands by 10%. The swollen form of the particle can be completely disassembled by increasing the salt concentration to 1 M. Remarkably, a single-residue mutant of the CCMV N-terminal arm, K42R, is not susceptible to dissociation in high salt (salt-stable CCMV [SS-CCMV]) and retains 70% of wild-type infectivity. We present the combined structural and biophysical basis for the chemical stability and viability of the SS-CCMV particles. A 2.7-Å resolution crystal structure of the SS-CCMV capsid shows an addition of 660 new intersubunit interactions per particle at the center of the 20 hexameric capsomeres, which are a direct result of the K42R mutation. Protease-based mapping experiments of intact particles demonstrate that both the swollen and closed forms of the wild-type and SS-CCMV particles have highly dynamic N-terminal regions, yet the SS-CCMV particles are more resistant to degradation. Thus, the increase in SS-CCMV particle stability is a result of concentrated tethering of subunits at a local symmetry interface (i.e., quasi-sixfold axes) that does not interfere with the function of other key symmetry interfaces (i.e., fivefold, twofold, quasi-threefold axes). The result is a particle that is still dynamic but insensitive to high salt due to a new series of bonds that are resistant to high ionic strength and preserve the overall particle structure.
Genetic and Functional Analysis of R5X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Two Individuals Homozygous for the CCR5Δ32 Allele
Authors: Gray Lachlan , Churchill Melissa J. , Keane Niamh , Sterjovski Jasminka , Ellett Anne M. , Purcell Damian F. J. , Poumbourios Pantelis , Kol Chenda , Wang Bin , Saksena Nitin K. , Wesselingh Steven L. , Price Patricia , French Martyn , Gabuzda Dana , Gorry Paul R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT
We characterized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Env) isolated from two HIV-1-infected CCR5Δ32 homozygotes. Envs from both subjects used CCR5 and CXCR4 for entry into transfected cells. Most R5X4 Envs were lymphocyte-tropic and used CXCR4 exclusively for entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), but a subset was dually lymphocyte- and macrophage-tropic and used either CCR5 or CXCR4 for entry into PBMC and monocyte-derived macrophages. The persistence of CCR5-using HIV-1 in two CCR5Δ32 homozygotes suggests the conserved CCR5 binding domain of Env is highly stable and provides new mechanistic insights important for HIV-1 transmission and persistence.
Annual Cycles of Surface Shortwave Radiative Fluxes
Authors: Wilber Anne C. , Smith G. Louis , Gupta Shashi K. , Stackhouse Paul W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The annual cycles of surface shortwave flux are investigated using the 8-yr dataset of the surface radiation budget (SRB) components for the period July 1983–June 1991. These components include the downward, upward, and net shortwave radiant fluxes at the earth's surface. The seasonal cycles are quantified in terms of principal components that describe the temporal variations and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) that describe the spatial patterns. The major part of the variation is simply due to the variation of the insolation at the top of the atmosphere, especially for the first term, which describes 92.4% of the variance for the downward shortwave flux. However, for the second term, which describes 4.1% of the variance, the effect of clouds is quite important and the effect of clouds dominates the third term, which describes 2.4% of the variance. To a large degree the second and third terms are due to the response of clouds to the annual cycle of solar forcing. For net shortwave flux at the surface, similar variances are described by each term. The regional values of the EOFs are related to climate classes, thereby defining the range of annual cycles of shortwave radiation for each climate class.
Nonlinear Principal Predictor Analysis: Application to the Lorenz System
Authors: Cannon Alex J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Principal predictor analysis is a multivariate linear technique that fits between regression and canonical correlation analysis in terms of the complexity of its architecture. This study introduces a new neural network approach for performing nonlinear principal predictor analysis (NLPPA). NLPPA is applied to the Lorenz system of equations and is compared with nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA) and linear multivariate models. Results suggest that NLPPA is capable of performing better than NLCCA when datasets are corrupted with noise. Also, NLPPA modes may be extracted in less time than NLCCA modes. NLPPA is recommended for prediction problems where a clear set of predictors and a clear set of predictands can be easily defined.
The Probability Distribution of Sea Surface Wind Speeds. Part I: Theory and SeaWinds Observations
Authors: Monahan Adam Hugh 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds, w, is considered. Daily SeaWinds scatterometer observations are used for the characterization of the moments of sea surface winds on a global scale. These observations confirm the results of earlier studies, which found that the two-parameter Weibull distribution provides a good (but not perfect) approximation to the probability density function of w. In particular, the observed and Weibull probability distributions share the feature that the skewness of w is a concave upward function of the ratio of the mean of w to its standard deviation. The skewness of w is positive where the ratio is relatively small (such as over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere), the skewness is close to zero where the ratio is intermediate (such as the Southern Ocean), and the skewness is negative where the ratio is relatively large (such as the equatorward flank of the subtropical highs). An analytic expression for the probability density function of w, derived from a simple stochastic model of the atmospheric boundary layer, is shown to be in good qualitative agreement with the observed relationships between the moments of w. Empirical expressions for the probability distribution of w in terms of the mean and standard deviation of the vector wind are derived using Gram–Charlier expansions of the joint distribution of the sea surface wind vector components. The significance of these distributions for improvements to calculations of averaged air–sea fluxes in diagnostic and modeling studies is discussed.
Synoptic-Scale Controls of Summer Precipitation in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Diem Jeremy E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Past climatological research has not quantitatively defined the synoptic-scale circulation deviations responsible for anomalous summer-season precipitation totals in the southeastern United States. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine the synoptic-scale controls of wet and dry multiday periods during the summer within a portion of the southeastern United States as well as to assess the linkages between synoptic-scale circulation and multidecadal variations in precipitation characteristics for the study domain. Daily precipitation data from 30 stations for June, July, and August from 1953 to 2002 were converted into 13-day totals. Using standardized principal components analysis (PCA), the study domain was divided into three precipitation regions (i.e., South, Northwest, and Northeast). Wet and dry periods for each region were composed of the top 56 and bottom 56 thirteen-day periods. Composite circulation maps for 500 and 850 mb revealed the following: wet periods were generally associated with an upper-level trough over the interior southeastern United States coincident with strong lower-tropospheric flow into the Southeast from the Gulf of Mexico, and dry periods were characterized by ridges or anticyclones over the midwestern and southeastern United States coupled with weak lower-tropospheric flow. Many of the wet periods had surface fronts. Over the 50-yr period, increased precipitation was significantly correlated with increased occurrences of midtropospheric troughs over the study domain. Future research can benefit from the main finding of a strong impact of synoptic-scale circulation features on summer precipitation in the southeastern United States.