bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating for Productivity: Comparisons of Japanese and English Schooling and Vocational Preparation
Authors: Prais S.J. 
Published: March 2007

The high technical quality and reliability of Japanese manufactures raises questions of how the training and education of their workforce differs from Britain's. The standards reached by Japanese 15-18 year-olds in their technical and vocational secondary schools—and the number of pupils reaching them—are described in this paper and compared with Britain, as well as the standards reached in mathematics during compulsory schooling till 15. This article follows earlier studies of German and French schooling and vocational preparation (see this Review, August 1983, February and May 1985, and May 1986).Japan … can hardly fail to become a teacher ere long. Alfred Industry and Trade, 1923.
Black Power: The Politics of Existence
Authors: Sivanandan A. 
Published: March 2007

"Enclosing an article which appeared in The Liberator in June 1970, A. Sivanandan, a Ceylonese living in England since 1958, wrote a covering letter which ran as follows:" I have written this piece with great trepidation. I am not, in the literal sense of the term, a Black man, or an American. Nor do I merit, in terms of action, that title of revolutionary which might allow me an entry into your parleys. I have, further, no right to talk to you about your problems. But if you will extend to me Malcolm X's definition of color, then I see no dichotomy between your concern for your people and mine-united as we are by a common oppression and a common hope. For too long the peoples of South Asia have kept out of your conference chambers—for too long you have kept them out. America is not only in Vietnam and Laos and Cambodia. America is in our countries too-the power behind all our thrones. And the elites of our countries appear less likely to give up power than those in the countries of Nyerere and Obote and Boumedienne. To be Western and English-speaking is still their ambition. Identity-tribal, communal, linguistic-is a ploy to keep native peoples apart. In these circumstances, the thinking, the experience of Black Americans has become very much a part of our own. You reflect our problems, our concerns, our possible solutions. Your furious debate between cultural and revolutionary nationalism has particular bearing on the linguistic nationalism that threatens to tear my own country (Ceylon) apart. Your problem, you see, is mine-in more ways than one. That is my justification for intruding these reflections on you.
Integrating Concurrent and Conservative Distributed Discrete-Event Simulators
Authors: Hoeger Herbert R. , Jones Douglas W. 
Published: March 2007

There have been many attempts to apply parallel computers to discrete-event simulation. These may be divided into two main approaches, distributed simulation and concurrent simulation. Distributed simulation relies on a spatial decomposition and partitions the simulation model into components that can be executed on different processors. Concurrent simulation is based on a temporal decomposition. This paper focuses on the integration of these two approaches; we call our result an integrated conservative distributed concurrent simulator. This is a distributed simulator with concurrency added to each model component. To do so, a shared- memory environment was used, and both approaches were unified to an event- centered view. We also partitioned the global concurrent pending-event set of the concurrent simulator and provided each model component in the distributed simulator with a local concurrent pending-event set, allowing us to add concurrency to each model component.
Dynamic Simulation of Hanford Tank Waste Remediation System
Authors: Harmsen Robert W. , Zimmerman Bruce D. 
Published: March 2007

Cleaning up and disposing of approximately 50 years of nuclear waste is the main mission at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Nuclear Reserva tion, located in the southeastern part of the State of Washington. A major element of the total cleanup effort involves retrieving, processing, and disposing of radioactive and hazardous waste stored in 177 underground storage tanks. This effort, referred to as the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS), is expected to cost billions of dollars and take approxi mately 25 years to complete. Several computer simulations of this project are being created, focusing on both programmatic and detailed engineering issues. This paper describes one such simulation activity, using the ithink™ computer simulation software. The ithink™ simulation includes a representation of the complete TWRS cleanup system, from retrieval of waste through intermediate processing and final vitrification of waste for disposal. Major issues addressed to date by the simulation effort include the need for new underground storage tanks to support TWRS activities, and the estimated design capacities for various processing facilities that are required to support legally mandated program commitment dates. This paper discusses how the simulation was used to investigate these questions.
Simulation Study of Task Scheduling and Resequencing in a Multiprocessing System
Authors: Karatza Helen D. 
Published: March 2007

The performance of parallel programs such as fork-join jobs is significantly affected by the choice of policy used to schedule tasks. In this paper we present the results of a simulation study comparing three basic policies that schedule independent tasks in conjunction with resequencing of jobs. A closed queuing network model is considered; the CPU consists of homogeneous and independent processors, each serving its own queue. The simulation results reveal that the performance of the three policies is affected by the resequencing delay. It is shown that over a wide range of system parameters the first-come-first-served policy exhibits better performance than the policy that gives priority to tasks of a job having the smallest number of tasks. It is also shown that the policy that gives priority to the smallest task performs best when there are large variations in the task service times.
A Discrete-Event Simulation Model for Seaport Operations
Authors: Nevins Michael R. , Macal Charles M. , Joines Joseph C. 
Published: March 2007

Discrete-event simulation has been used to assess detailed processes at seaports. Seaport operations are labor-intensive and require extensive use of personnel and machinery. The ability to conduct seaport operations efficiently can be improved significantly through proper utilization of seaport assets. The simulation described has been written in MODSIM II and addresses seaport operations in the context of military mobility. The simulation allows for multiple cargo types as well as multiple ship types. The overall goal of the simulation has been to determine seaport throughput capability.
Functional analysis in the sociology of religion
Authors: Tufari P. 
Published: March 2007

Dans ce second article consacré à l'analyse fonction nelle en sociologie religieuse, l'auteur aborde le rôle de la religion dans la personnalité, la société et la culture. Beaucoup de psychologues actuels considèrent la « per sonnalité » comme un système fonctionnel. La religion peut être l'élément dominant qui oriente l'intégration de la personnalité. La fonction de la religion dans le « système social » est de rassembler ceux qui partagent les mêmes valeurs. Cette fonction varie grandement selon les types de sociétés et peut parfois rendre plus difficile l'ajustement du groupe religieux à la société globale rassemblant d'autres groupes. Le « système culturel », défini comme l'ensemble des connaissance, normes, valeurs et croyances, peut aussi être affecté par la religion. Certaines conceptions reli gieuses peuvent être facteurs de dynamisme ou de frein culturel. L'article aborde ensuite la question de l'évaluation de la religion dans la personnalité, la société et la cul ture, c'est-à-dire le jugement que l'on porte sur sa fonction. Tout dépend du point de vue dont on part : la religion comme système ou la réalité profane. Les deux sont légitimes.
Max Scheler's Sociology of Knowledge and his position in relation to Theology
Authors: Holl Adolf 
Published: March 2007

Les travaux de Max Scheler (1874-1929) dans le domaine de la sociologie de la connaissance contiennent certains élé ments pour une sociologie critique de la théologie chrétienne. Si dans son ouvrage Vom Ewigen im Menschen (1921) Scheler présente une analyse phénoménologique de l'essence des contenus religieux - tout en faisant abstraction, dans le sens de Husserl, de leur réalité —, il examine dans Die Wis sensformen und die Gesellschaft (1926) les conditions sociales sous lesquelles la connaissance religieuse peut se développer. Il existe pour Scheler trois formes de connaissance mu tuellement indépendantes et fondamentales pour l'esprit hu main : la connaissance religieuse, la connaissance métaphy sique et la connaissance scientifique. Lorsqu'on analyse ces formes de connaissance dans leur essence, elles ne se contre disent pas ; les contrastes n'apparaissent que lorsqu'on les considère de l'arrière-plan historique et sociologique de leurs formes concrètes. Une de ces formes concrètes est constituée par les différentes Eglises ; celles-ci découlent d'un processus que Scheler appelle la « divinisation du fondateur », et qu'il découvre dans toutes les grandes religions de l'humanité. Seule la formation historique des grandes Eglises, que Scheler appelle également « institutions de salut pour les masses » (Heilsmassenanstalten), rend possible la construc tion de théologies. La condition immédiate de ces théologies est, par contre, la dogmatisation des doctrines religieuses. Scheler affirme que, en général, le « style » de la connais sance se caractérise en Occident par la lutte entre la théologie et la science positive d'une part, et la métaphysique d'autre part; par comparaison à ceci, les échauffourées entre les théologiens et les hommes de la science positive n'ont guère d'importance. Au départ de cette thèse, la sociologie de la théologie chré tienne accède à une place fort importante dans le schéma de la sociologie. de la connaissance de Max Scheler, dont l'in tention de critique sociale est par ailleurs incontestable. L'œuvre globale de Max Scheler est sans doute déterminée par des intérêts d'ordre philosophique ; mais ses thèses con . cernant la théologie dans le domaine de la sociologie de la connaissance sont vérifiables empiriquement. Il n'y a presque pas eu jusqu'à présent de recherches menées dans ce sens ; et pourtant elles pourraient bien s'avérer d'un grand intérêt, non seulement pour les Eglises, mais encore pour la société elle- même:
Linguistique, Analyse du discours, Théories des signes
Authors: Doneux Jean Léonce 
Published: March 2007

Linguistics is currently placed in an uncomfortable position between its colleagues in the social sciences who continue to think of linguistics as a model discipline and those who, in the process of separation, return linguistics to the criticism of its own ideology. The use of linguistic models and concepts in sociology poses problems on several levels : that of the origin of the Linguistic School of terms used, that of the degree of acceptability of a term taken as analogy, that of the pertinence of the concept for the sociologist. Two illustrations from recent sociological works show the difficulty for the linguist to recognize the use of linguistic concepts by the sociologist and make him some times doubt their proper application. But criticism of the separatist sociologists and semioticians sometimes shows a mistrust, both of the whole of the linguistic drift, and the conditions in which these concepts have been elucidated in this discipline. Suggestions are made for introducing new concepts when it is a question of analysing speech, a task for which linguists as well as sociologists are invited to participate.
Dielectric Constant and Conductance Changes in Wool Fibers Produced by Step Changes in the Relative Humidity
Authors: Algie J.E. 
Published: March 2007

The dielectric constant of single wool fibers has been measured at a frequency of 1592 cycles, sec and a temperature of 35° C for a range of relative humidities. Also the changes in dielectric constant that occur when the relative humidity surrounding single fibers is suddenly increased from zero have been examined as a function of time. The conductance of similar fibers has been measured under the same experimental conditions. There was an initial rise in the dielectric constant and conductance, followed by a , decrease to an equilibrium value. Both the dielectric constant and the conductance continued to change after an equilibrium water content had been reached. The impli cations of the results upon theories of the polarization and conductance of keratin are discussed, and the relationships between the electrical results and the shape of the absorption/time curves for the keratin-water system are examined. A practical consideration arising from the study is that transient effects (due to changes in the relative humidity) may cause inaccuracies when electrical methods are used for determining water content.
Studies in the Reaction of Formaldehyde with Unmodified, Modified, and Dyed Celluloses
Authors: Datye Keshav V. 
Published: March 2007

The reaction of formaldehyde with five cellulosic fiber substances has been studied at 30° C. The combined formaldehyde values (CF) at any given time are in the following proportion: Cotton cellulose (native): 1.00 Cotton cellulose (mercerized under tension): 1.31 Cotton cellulose (mercerized without tension): 1.49 Viscose rayon : 1.97 Cuprammonium rayon: 2.31 Values of fiber crystallinity, moisture regain, oxidative susceptibility, and equilibrium uptake of direct dye for these fiber substances have been related with their CF values at given times of reaction. A mechanism has been put forward to explain the anomalous behavior of viscose rayon towards formaldehyde. A method has been suggested for determining the relative accessibility of these fiber substances to formaldehyde.
Light Microscopy of Polymer-Treated Wool
Authors: Hine R.J. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2007

l'hotomicrographs are shown which confirm previous deductions that the effective ness of polymer treatments in reducing felting shrinkage of wool is rdated to the spreading of polymer over the surface of fibers. Chemical pretreatments which increase the critical surface tension of wool allow better spreading so that polymers are then deposited as thin surface films instead of in relatively large lumps as on normal wool. Only small amounts (1-2%; on the weight of wool) of polymer are therefore required when conditions for good spreading of polymer on wool are realized. Shrinkage-time curves of polymer-treated wool have the same shape as those of untreated wool and of wool made shrink-resistant by oxidative treatments. Polymer is not removed during the shrinkage tests. so that the actual mechanism of felting is probably the same in all cases.
Some Effects of Cross-Linking and Carboxymethylation on Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Bullock Austin L. , Guthrie John D. , Mack Charles H. 
Published: March 2007

Samples of partially carboxymethlyated cotton print cloth were cross-linked by treat ment with vapors from a mixture containing hydrochloric acid and paraformaldehyde. Selected properties of these samples were compared with those of samples given the cross-linking treatment first and the carboxymethylation treatment last. It was found that samples cross-linked by this vapor treatment had low values for water of imbibition and that partially carboxymethylated samples had high values. When the samples were cross-linked by the vapor treatment and then carboxymethylated, values for water of imbibition approached those of samples carboxymethylated only. When the cross-linking treatment was last the values for water of imbibition were considerably reduced, although they were still higher than for samples cross-linked only. In general, the order of treatment affected values for wet crease recovery in a similar manner. It is suggested that the results obtained were caused by reaction at different sites in the cellulose chains of the treated samples.
Estimation of Single Yarn Twist and the Relation Between the Estimated and Mechanical Twists
Authors: Rao R.N. 
Published: March 2007

The estimation of twist in a cotton yarn is not easy, as the test results are influenced by the techniques adopted. Various methods of test have been used for this purpose, hut there appears to he little correspondence between the results obtained by them and between the estimated values and the twist inserted in the yarn during spinning. There fore, there has often been a doubt about the twist of a particular yarn. A study of this problem in some detail was; therefore, made and the results obtained are discussed in the present paper. The twist of several yarns, was assessed by the commonly used untwist methods, the untwist-retwist method, and the microscopic method. It was observed that the untwist and untwist-retwist methods would give nearly the same values for even yarns and that the observed twist might be higher than the mechanical twist by a maximum of about 8 percent.
A Study of Count Variation in Commercially Produced Single Yarns of All Types
Authors: Bornet G.M. 
Published: March 2007

Three surveys have been made of the count variation of all types of single yarn. The sampling covered 291 mills in 26 countries; 1155 yarns were inctudcd in counts of 1.7 to 6400 tex, some. filament, the others spun on the worsted,. cotton, bast-fiber, woollen, and condenser systems. Because of the broad coverage, the survey yarns are believed to be representative of general production. Different levels of count variation were observed for the various spinning systems. but, within each system, the prevailing count variation was found to be independent of yarn count and, in most cases, of the fiber used. The observed count variation was analyzed into components of variance, and the ways in which they can arise in a spin ning mill are discussed. A comparison is made of the count variation obtained with "whole" and with "half" (approximately 100-m and 50-m) skeins. Ratings of count variation are proposed.
Experimentally-Determined vs. Theoretical Values of Roving Strength
Authors: Swiech Teresa 
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to assess the agreement of roving strength values, as calculated from Zurck's and Braschler's theoretical formulae, with experimental results. The strength of a roving depends on the elementary ad hesion force of a fiber, the roving geometry parameter, and fiber characteristics. Tests were made on rov ings of cotton, viscose staple, and modified viscose staple. Physical quantities like fiber parameters, density in a rov ing, and an elemen tary adhesion force of the fiber, each of them needed to calculate roving strength on the basis of theoretical formulae, have been determined by experiments. As far as an elementary adhesion force of the fiber is concerned, it has been defined for the untwisted strands which reveal the density adequate to that of the roving. Tenacity values obtained from the theoretical formulae were made the subject of comparisons with experiment results. The effect of the mentioned procedures was that the elementary adhesion force of the fiber depends on the de nsity of fibers in a strand; likewise, the elementary force is not to be taken into consideration as a constant quantity. The strength calculated from Zurek's formula appears to be compatible w ith experimental results in the interv al of tw ists used in rovings that is, up to α m ~ 35. If higher twists of rovings are concerned, the theorotical values of strength become lower than the experimental ones and not consistent, in practice, with theoretical values. When the elementary adhesion force is taken into account as a varying value in the function of density of a roving, values in Braschler's formula seem to be much higher and incompatible with the experimental results, in the w hole interv al of tw ists.
Straightening Out Some of the Lumpen in the Development
Authors: Tenenbaum Barbara A. 
Published: March 2007

Three different historical issues are raised and discussed in this section. Barbara A. Tenenbaum critiques André Gunder Frank's explanation of Latin American history using Mexico (1821-1856) as her example. The basic thesis of this paper is that the post-independ ent "bourgeoisies" in Latin America were not cohesive groups but reflected the overall weakness of their republics. Ms. Tenenbaum teaches history at Vassar College. Mary Kay Vaughan, who teaches history at the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle, treats Mexican primary school policy between 1890 and 1930 and argues that in this period, school programs were designed primarily to mold a labor force equipped with skills and attitudes appropriate to the modernization process and values and beliefs that legitimized bourgeois rule. Finally, we present a study by Juan Felipe Leal of the development of the state in Mexico between 1867 and 1914. This article is a convincing application of a whole proble matique first formulated by Antonio Gramsci: the notion of hegemony, class fractions, and hegemonic power blocs. Juan Felipe Leal is a member of the Facultad de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales of the Universidad Autónoma de México.
Novel Polyurethane Shoe Sole Systems Having Superior Low Temperature Flex Properties
Authors: Galan R.J. , Narayan T. , Markovs R.A. 
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane microcellular shoe sole systems based on polyester polyols have traditionally exhibited superior physical properties as compared to polyether polyol based systems. Only in cold temperature flexibility have polyethers performed better than polyesters. Novel polyester polyol shoe sole systems with vastly improved cold tempera ture flex performance have been developed. These ELASTOPAN systems rely on new methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) prepolymers that can be used to mold unit soles capable of achieving more than 60,000 flexes at —20°F. Liquidity of these sytems at room temperature greatly simplifies storing and handling of material in preparation for production. Once in production, day tanks can operate at lower temperatures and still maintain acceptable material viscosities. Production equipment (pumps, tanks, mix heads) tends to remain cleaner due to exceptional material lubricity and flowability.
Multidimensional Models of Social Perception, Cognition, and Behavior
Authors: Jones Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2007

A common assumption of social psychological theo ries is that interpersonal behavior is mediated by struc tured cognitive representations of self and others, in teraction episodes, interpersonal roles and relation ships, group goals and tasks, as well as more general social environments and situations. A second basic theoretical assumption is that both individual adjust ment and group effectiveness depend on some degree of consensus and stability in conceptions of these do mains; thus, investigation of communalities and differ ences in perception and structuring of social stimuli is an important prerequisite for prediction of both indi vidual differences and intraindividual consistency in social behavior. The present paper reviews theoretical, empirical and methodological work that is relevant to these issues, with an emphasis on research that has employed mul tidimensional scaling, clustering techniques, and re lated multivariate methods to investigate problems in social cognition. Work in three major areas is re viewed : (1) interpersonal perception and attraction in intact groups; (2) perception of political and fictional figures; and (3) perception of social roles, relation ships, and situations. For each area, one or more ex emplary studies are discussed, related work is cited, and relevant theoretical and methodological issues are raised.