bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Apomorphine in the Treatment of Alcoholism and other Addictions: Results of a General Practitioner
Authors: Beil Hanswilhelm , Trojan Alf 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPositive results of apomorphine treatment of alcoholics is reported in the literature; results with opiate addicts or multiple drug abusers also seem encouraging.Two kinds of treatment applied in the author's study are described. The fast consists of injections of apomorphine in emetic doses given subcutaneously three times a day (“high‐dose treatment schedule”). The second consists of low subnauseal doses injected continuously every two hours (“fractional treatment”).123 addicted patients (55 alcoholics, 59 opiate addicts or multiple drug abusers, 9 patients dependent on other psychotropic drugs) were treated with apomorphine. 80 patients (65 per cent) stayed drug free, 50 (41 per cent) were found to stay drug free longer than six months. Treatment was more successful with alcoholics and patients dependent on other psychotropic drugs than with opiate addicts and multiple drug abusers. It is too early to arrive at a definite evaluation of apomorphine treatment. However, results of our study suggest further systematic research on apomorphine in the treatment of addictions.
MMPI and Pyp Prediction compared to Base Rate Prediction of Six‐month Behavioral Outcome for Methadone Patients*
Authors: Ottomanelli Gennaro A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDiscriminant functions, using the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Pyp, a scale measuring psychopathy, were compared with base rate estimates in predicting six‐month outcome for 106 methadone patients. Employment, arrest and attrition were the behavioral categories used for group assignment in the discriminant analysis.The discriminant functions accurately classified 50 per cent of the employed and not arrested group., 57 per cent of the unemployed and not arrested group, 29 per cent of the unemployed and arrested group, and 50 per cent of the discharged group. Consideration was given to the utility of the MMPI and Pyp scales as compared to base rate predictions for each of the group classifications.
Alcoholic Patients' Perception of Treatment Milieu using Modified Versions of the Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and Community Oriented Program Environment Scale(COPES)*
Authors: Fischer Jay 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThirty‐three male and female alcoholic patients in five treatment programmes were given modified versions of the short Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and Community Oriented Program Environment Scale (COPES). Patient WAS (COPES) subscale scores were found to be moderately intercorrelated. A principal component analysis of patient WAS (COPES) subscale scores revealed a three‐dimensional structure. The three components were labelled as Interaction, Treatment Oriented and Control. Alcoholics patients' response to the WAS (COPES) were seen to be similar to those of other psychiatric patients. This might suggest the possibility of using the WAS (COPES) as a means for assessing alcoholism treatment milieux.
Alcoholics’ Perceptions of Group Therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Obitz Frederick W. , Wood James D. , Cantergiani Nick 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixty‐four alcoholics were asked to rate their perceptions of group therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous on thirty variables. Data from half of the subjects were collected by a recovering alcoholic; data from the other half of the subjects were collected by a non‐alcoholic. When the recovering alcoholic served as experimenter, A.A. was rated as more socially desirable than group therapy and group therapy was rated significantly higher on negative attributes than A. A. When the non‐alcoholic served as experimenter, group therapy and A.A. were rated about equally. Subjects significantly reported to the recovering alcoholic that they preferred A. A. as the treatment of choice; conversely they reported to the non‐alcoholic that they preferred group therapy as the treatment of choice. The differences in alcoholics' perceptions of group therapy and A.A. were highlighted and discussed in terms of demand characteristics. How alcoholics perceived treatment was intimately tied to who did the asking.
Apomorphine in Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol Intoxication and Abstinence: A double‐blind study
Authors: Jensen Soeren Buus , Christoffersen Claus B. , Noerregaard Anders 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 40 alcoholics who arrived in state.s of intoxication for out‐patient treatment, the effect of apnmorphine was investigated in a double‐blind cross‐over method on the symptoms of alcohol intoxication and abstinence and compared with the effect of a placebo and a control group (49 persons) with oral routine treatment. A regime is employed with injection treatment first day, followed by oral treatment for 14 days. The investigation revealed significantly greater attendance in sober states (serum alcohol = 0 ‰) on the subsequent day for continued treatment in the group treated with apomorphine as compared with the group receiving the placebo and the group treated in the routine manner.It was observed that the patients treated with apomorphine in connection with detoxication showed a non‐significant tendency to manage better than the placebo group both motorically and mentally. No significant side‐effects could be demonstrated. Assessed 14 days after the commencement of the treatment when the period of abstinence must be considered to be past, significantly more of the patients who had received apomorphine were still attending than in the group receiving routine treatment. This appears to be independent of whether apomorphine or a placebo had been administered orally in the abstinence phase. No definite effect of tablet treatment on the abstinence phase could be demonstrated.The authors find that the preparation is suitable for out‐patient treatment of intoxication. Continued research is recommended in view of more suitable methods of administration and the possibilities of the preparation in long‐term therapy.
Cannabis Use amongst British University Students: II. Patterns of Use and Attitudes to Use
Authors: Kosviner Adele , Hawks David 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThree hundred and five students with experience of cannabis from 2 university colleges in Southern England were classified according to their degree of experience of the drug. Approximately half the sample had used it 10 times or less (‘novices’) and half more than 10 times (‘experienced users’). Forty per cent considered they had now stopped using (63 per cent of novices, 18 per cent of experienced users), and 25 per cent were using once a week or more (‘regular users’), this latter figure including 7 per cent using at least 4 times per week (‘heavy users’). More experienced users were differentiated from less experienced users on a number of other characteristics of their drug use. They differed in the nature of their first experience (with more experienced users being more likely to have it earlier, at school, enjoy it and want it for drug effect rather than curiosity), the attributed importance of the drug in their lives (the heavier the use the more attributed importance), the social role of the drug (with it playing a greater part in the lives of more experienced), the preferred level of intoxication (heavy users tending to aim for higher levels), the effects experienced (greater range with greater experience) the reasons given for using, the reservations about using, and experience with other drugs.Discussion focusses on what the drug may offer individuals by looking at differences between those who decide to stop (and when) and those who continue using, and amongst those who continue, different patterns of use and the costs and benefits associated with them. Questions raised for future analyses include whether use patterns may be predicted by non‐drug variables.
Our Own Opium: Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in Britain, 1740–1823
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper dealt with an historical aspect of narcotic use in this country, It traces attempts to produce opium both experimentally and commercially over a period of eighty years from the mid‐eighteenth century to the 1820s. Methods and areas of cultivation, as well as the problem of finding a suitable labour force, are dealt with. While it is at present uncertain how far cultivation of the opium poppy ever became fully established, details of this experimental stage are indicative both of contemporary medical attitudes towards the use of opium, and to dependence itself, attitudes which differ in many significant respects to those of today.
Program Stability and Resident Turnover in Residential Rehabilitation Programs for Alcoholics and Drug Addicts
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLength of stay data from a residential rehabilitation program for skid row alcoholics was analysed to test the hypothesis that, due to the formation of cliques among established residents, those newly recruited at times when those in residence had accumulated relatively long lengths of stay, would discharge more rapidly than those newly recruited at other times. This hypothesis was confirmed by the data. However, a parallel analysis of length of stay data from a rehabilitation program for drug addicts failed to confirm the hypothesis. It is suggested that program differences account for the different results. Similar analyses for other programs are indicated as is the monitoring of length of stay during experimental manipulations of newer program elements designed to affect length of stay.
Differences in Interpersonal Orientation of Heroin, Amphetamine, and Barbiturate Users*
Authors: Penk W. E. , Robinowitz R. , Fudge J. W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to test the clinical utility of McClelland's (1972) power‐conflict notions in compulsive drug use and Teasdale's (1972) empirical findings that British heroin users characteristically evidence higher ‘power’ orientations in interpersonal interaction than nonheroin drug users, Leary's (1957) measures of ‘dominance’ and eight interpersonal orientation types were compared among three groups of white, male, American veterans voluntarily seeking treatment for drug use problems (heroin, N = 63; amphetamines, N = 45; and barbiturates, N = 34). Drug users scored significantly higher in dominance than normative samples; heroin users scored significantly higher in dominance than either amphetamine‐ or barbiturate‐users. Qualified support was given McClelland's power‐conflict model; Modifications are indicated that take into account differences in measurement perspective (public behavior vs. underlying character structure) as well as differences in interpersonal orientation types both within and between groups of drug users classified by drug‐most‐used.
Patterns of New Drug Detection in the Drug Abuse Warning Network
Authors: Retka Robert L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe structure of the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) a, broadly‐based system designed to collect information an drug‐ related deaths and medical emergencies, is described. Likely reporting patterns for various drugs and a methodology for involves the calculation of the number of days between the fist and fiftieth reports of a drug to DAWN. The value resulting for each drug is considered its ‘Emergence Index’ (EI) EIs for drugs reaching their fiftieth mentions in successive months are compared to detect those substances displaying unusual initial activity patterns. Between July 1973 and February 1976 very few drugs were determined to have atypical EIs. Accordingly, it is concluded that there are relatively free truly ‘new’ drugs appearing on the drug abuse scene.
The Relationships between per capita Consumption, Drinking Patterns and Alcohol Related Problems in a Population Sample, 1965–1974. Part II: Implications for alcohol control Policy
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J. , Shaw S. J. , Spratley T. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAs per capita consumption increased nationally between 1965 and 1974, so did various indices of alcohol related problems. However, theories claiming the inevitability of this connection particularly that of Ledermann, have recently been questioned. Therefore the survey data on increased consumption, together with a problem index of five alcohol related problems measued in both general populatin samples, was used to examine in greater detail the relationships which held between drinking patterns end alcohol related problems as mean consumption intruded.The sample studies verified the hypothesis that an increase in mean consumption implied a redistribution of the drinking population into successively higher consumption category's. Increase scores on the problem index also mirrored this redistribution of consumption. An analysis of variance showed that the increased prevalence of problems in 1974 was due to that sample hating drunk more alcohol, and the relationship between consumption and problems held within demographic sub‐groups.However, different age, sex and occupational status groups reported different numbers of problems for similar levels of total consumption. Higher problem scores were reported by those with higher average drinking day consumption. Even so, when both total consumption and frequency were controlled, there was still some difference in the level of problems reported, which it was assumed might be partly related to individual vulnerability factors. Upper occupational status groups seemed the most protected against experiencing alcohol problems. The findings from the longitudinal survey study suggests that such studies should be further employed to shed more light on these issues, especially as the findings seem to bear out other theories which suggest that the Ledermann model has appeared to work in practice not because of its mathematical logic, but because of the stability of underlying drinking patterns which means that in most cases, a rise, a rise in consumption is likely to be associated with a rise in problems.
Can Television Influence Smoking? Further Evidence
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Sutton Stephen R. , Wober Mallory 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn two postal surveys, cigarette smokers' reactions were assessed to two broadcasting ventures specifically aimed at helping unwilling smokers to give up smoking (a ‘Good Health Show’ programme on Granada TV and BBC TV's ‘Nationwide’ stop smoking campaign starting in February 1976). Neither programme appeared to produce effects of sufficient magnitude to achieve significance for the relatively small number of smokers responding, although the success‐rates claimed by those who said they were trying to stop or reduce their smoking were slightly higher among viewers than non‐viewers. Smokers tended to watch approximately 25% more television programmes per week than those who had never smoked. It is concluded that television may be a useful medium for health education on the smoking issue.
Alcoholism Aftercare and Outcome: Cross‐Lagged Panel and Path Analyses
Authors: Costello Raymond M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough aftercare following a specified treatment event is gaining popularity, its effect on long term outcome is uncertain. Cross‐lagged panel analysis (correlation) and path analysis (standardised partial regression) are two methods to examine the relationship. These methods were used to describe the aftercare—outcome effect at two points in time, one and two years following inpatient treatment of 37 Caucasian male alcoholics. Social stability at intake and behavioural adjustment while hospitalized were added to the path model to help rule out certain confounds of the aftercare variable. Aftercare influenced the outcome system.
Is There a Unidimensional Alcohol Dependence Syndrome?
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe elements of the provisional description of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome were operationalised into a structured interview given to 109 men attending an alcoholism treatment unit. A single underlying dimension could not be demonstrated. The main dimension comprised Subjective Need, Withdrawal, and aspects of Salience. Narrowing of Repertoire and Impaired Control formed separate dimensions.
The attitudes of Helping Agents Towards the Alcoholic Client: The Influence of Experience, Support, Training, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryProposals that future services for the alcoholic client should be based in the community are likely to be obstructed by the negative therapeutic attitudes of the majority of community agents. In seeking to explain such attitudes, this paper considers the relationship between a measure of an overall therapeutic attitude towards the alcoholic client and four independent variables. These are: experience with alcoholic clients; support from colleagues when working with such clients; training in alcohol and alcohol related problems; and self‐esteem. Data collected on three occasions from students attending the Summer Schools on Alcoholism are analysed cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. The analysis suggests that support and experience are independently related to overall therapeutic attitudes, explaining a large proportion of the variance. The effects of training and self‐esteem appear to be contingent upon the agent's level of support and experience.Different levels of the independent variables are seen to explain the differences in therapeutic attitudes of different groups of agents. In particular, it is demonstrated that agents who specialise in working with drinkers have more positive attitudes than those who do not, because they have greater access to these independent variables.The implication of the findings far the development of community services are considered, and related to the action research experiments of the Maudsley Alcohol Pilot Project.
The Case for Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness, Based on the DARP Research Program *
Authors: Sells S. B. , Simpson D. Dwayne 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Drug Abuse Reporting Programme (DARP) is a large‐scale evaluation project focused on the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment, based on almost 44,000 clients admitted to 52 treatment centres located throughout the United States and in Puerto Rico between June 1969 and March 1973. The present paper summarizes research on post‐DARP follow‐up data (representing up to six years after DARP) for a sample of 3,131 persons admitted to treatment during 1969 to 1972. Treatments included methadone maintenance (MM), therapeutic community (TC), out‐patient drug‐free (DF), and out‐patient detoxification programmes (DT); a comparison group of intake only (10) clients with no DARP treatment was also followed up. The data showed in general that three treatments, MM, TC and DF, led to favourable results — MM and TC for heroin and other opioid addicts, and DF for non‐addicts (users of opioids less‐than‐daily, usually in conjunction with other non‐opioid drugs and users of non‐opioids only)
Regional Variations in the Levels of Alcohol–Related Problems in Britain
Authors: Kilich Suna , Plant Martin A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe nature and extent of regional variations in levels of alcohol‐related problem in Britain are reviewed. Results confirm that considerable differences exist in officially recorded levels of alcohol‐related mortality, crimes and alcoholism admissions. The established view, that such rates are much higher in the North‐West, was also confirmed. In England and Wales levels of alcohol‐related problems were all positively intercorrelated and were also positively correlated with unemployment rates. In Scotland mortality data were negatively correlated with alcoholism admissions and crimes. It is suggested that, to a large extent, such official data reflect differences in provision of services or of detection. In particular, the anomalous Scottish data are concluded to be artefacts of regional idiosyncracies of recording alcohol‐related mortality.
Changes in the Dose Levels of Opiates used by Addicts Admitted for Withdrawal Between 1969–1979
Authors: McCafferty Lawrence , Gossop Michael 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBetween 1969 and 1979 there was a significant reduction in the amount of opiates used by addicts admitted for withdrawal to an in‐patient treatment unit. This eleven year period was marked by a gradual decrease in the number of high dose users together with an increase in the number of low dose users. Some implications of these results are discussed.
Multiple Substance Use by Alcoholics
Authors: Sokolow Lloyd , Welte John , Hynes Gerard , Lyons Joseph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUse of drugs by 1,340 alcoholic clients of 17 New York alcoholism rehabilitation units was assessed for pre‐treatment and three and eight month post‐treatment periods. Drug use was reported by 44% of the clients before treatment and about 30% after treatment. Clients who were drinking greater amounts of ethanol before treatment tended to be drug users after treatment. Only a slight substitution of drug use for alcohol use was found from before to after treatment. Alcoholic substance users were more likely to be behaviourally and physiologically impaired than were alcohol users. Greater impairment for alcoholic and substance users was found both before and after treatment. Special categories of pre‐treatment drug use showed differential predictive relationship with alcohol use after treatment. Drug use by alcoholics was shown to be related to a number of dysfunctional behaviours indicating a need for improved assessment and treatment of substance users in alcoholism rehabilitation programmes.
Lithium and the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Critical Review
Authors: McMillan T. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLithium has been tried in many psychiatric conditions but its efficacy has been firmly established only in the case of certain affective disorders. Many alcoholics are also clinically depressed and it therefore seems possible that lithium could be of benefit in treating alcoholics who have concurrent affective disturbances; this suggestion is supported by the results of studies so far reported.For the moment however, evidence from long‐term investigations on alcoholics indicate that therapeutic effects of lithium are not simply caused by an alleviation of associated affective disorders, and the role of the mood disturbance in treatment response is not clear. Observations in acute studies suggest a possible mechanism of action, as lithium can attenuate the mood‐elevating effects of alcohol in subjects who abuse drugs or are depressed. Unfortunately many of these clinical reports are uncontrolled and can be criticized on other methodological grounds, and further double‐blind studies which include comparisons with other drug treatments are required.Studies on rodents show that alcohol drinking is often reduced by lithium, but these results must be interpreted cautiously because lithium may produce conditioned aversion to alcohol and such a mechanism of action is unlikely in long‐term studies on man.
Kava and Prohibition in Tanna, Vanuatu
Authors: Gregory Robert J. , Gregory Janet E. , Peck John G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe drinking of kava is widespread and frequent among adult men on Tanna, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides). Effort to prohibit use of kava created a split between the majority of the people and Western missionary and government influences. The story of prohibition reflects different moral and cultural practices coming in conflict. A declining role of Western influence has led to a resolution of the differences in favour of continued kava use.