bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoaggression and Tactile Communication in Pairs of Adult Stumptailed Macaques
Authors: Goosen C. , Ribbens L.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAutoaggression (fighting behaviour directed to one's own body) is a trait quite commonly observed in captive macaques and is presumably induced by separate housing of the animals which prevents fighting between different individuals. Laboratory experiments in pairs of female stumptailed macaques noted for showing autoaggression were aimed at studying how the amount of time spent in autoaggression is affected by tactile interaction with a partner. Six different animals were used as subject as well as partner. Behaviour recording occurred during a subject's stay in the observation cage. Three experimental situations each lasting 15 minutes were used: t) tactile partner situation in which the partner was also present in the observation cage; v) visual partner situation: subject and partner were separated by a plexiglass sheet; n) no partner: the subject was alone. These situations were established during two immediately following observation periods so as to enable study of 1) effects of difference in immediate situation and 2) effects of difference in previous experience. Results showed that, during the tactile partner situation, the time spent in autoaggression was less than in the visual and no partner situations; the latter two did not differ consistently. The relatively small amount of autoaggression shown in the tactile situation was primarily due to the occurrence of allogrooming between subject and partner. There was no marked occurrence of alloaggression, so that there is no basis for the assumption that a shift from auto- to alloaggression is the primary cause of the relatively low level of autoaggression in the tactile partner situations. An effect on, i. e. a reduction of, the amount of time spent in autoaggression from having had an allogrooming experience was observed only in the situation in which the partner remained visually present. The present results suggest that prevention of allogrooming in separately housed macaques might also be a causal factor for development of autoaggression in captivity. In agreement with suggestions by others concerning the function of allogrooming in socially living monkeys, it might be that prevention of allogrooming abolishes suppression of aggression. Aggression is then directed to the subject's own body because fighting with another is also prevented. The fact that autoaggression continues to occur after tactile contact with partners is again possible suggests that it could also serve as avoiding the elicitation and receipt of social aggression.
Response To Con- and Heterospecific Male Odours By the Voles Micro Tus a Grestis, M. Arvalis and Clethrionomys Glareolus With Respect To Competition for Space
Authors: De Jonge Gerrit 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdults of Microtus agrestis, M. arvalis and Clethrionomys glareolus were offered the opportunity to explore an experimental alley, a section of which contained male odours of either of the three species. Neither of the species explored one of the sections of the alley more than the other one if the choice was between a section with conspecific odour and a non-odorous section. Both M. agrestis and C. glareolus preferred the non-odorous section when the choice was between M. arvalis odour and a non-odorous section. If an encounter with another vole was arranged in the alley before the opportunity was given to explore the partly odorous alley, then some additional avoiding responses to odours were assessed. M. agrestis now avoided both alien male conspecific odours and its own home cage odours. M. arvalis now avoided both the odours of C. glareolus and M. agrestis. Other responses to odours were not affected by an encounter. An encounter per se did not lead a vole to avoid the place where it had taken place. The survival value and the possible role of the avoiding tendencies in intra- and interspecific competition for space are discussed. Probably, odour avoidance is only an additional way in the communication between voles.
Weight Changes in Relation To Social Hierarchy in Captive Flocks of Silvereyes, Zoster Ops La Teralis
Authors: Kikkawa Jiro 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. A flock of ten silvereyes kept under regular food deprivation of one hour per day exhibited a dominance hierarchy resulting from aggressive encounters. The weight gain of these birds in six weeks of winter was significantly less than that of the control flock of ten birds kept with uninterrupted food supply. 2. In the experimental flock the omega bird lost weight whereas the two most aggressive birds gained considerably less weight than the others. This was interpreted to mean that both agonistic behaviour and the resultant social organisation have biological significance in the survival of individuals. 3. It is proposed that winter flocking serves a conservation function in exploiting limited food sources and that agonistic behaviour is an integrating factor in the organisation of the flock.
Naive Ducklings Show Different Cardiac Response To Hawk Than To Goose Models
Authors: Mueller Helmut C. , Parker Patricia G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Naive mallard ducklings were exposed to overflights of a silhouette of either a hawk or a goose on one day and the other configuration on the next day. An audio record of the heart rate was recorded utilizing a small transducer. Most of the ducklings (14 of 20) showed a greater variance in heart rate in response to the hawk than to the goose (p<0.01 ). These results indicate that the ducklings without prior, specific experience can differentiate between a goose and a hawk and show a greater emotional response to the latter. This constitutes evidence for the recognition of configurational stimulus without prior, pertinent experience. The use of cardiac responses as a measure of emotionality or fear is discussed, as are the merits of various measures of changes in heart rate. We conclude that variance in heart rate is an excellent measure of emotional response to a stimulus.
Factors Affecting Flock Size Mean and Variance in a Winter Population of House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus L.)
Authors: Barnard C.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. In a field experiment with a winter population of house sparrows at a farm, flock size at a given feeding site appeared to be positively related to seed density. 2. The positive relationship between flock size and seed density resulted from individual birds spending longer in areas where seed density was high and from birds being recruited from elsewhere on the farm to experimental sites. 3. Mean flock size was positively related to and the variance of flock size negatively related to the time of day and both showed a tendency to be negatively correlated with the amount of human disturbance. Mean flock size was also positively related to ambient temperature and flock size variance negatively related to daylength. 4. The rate of fighting per bird increased with flock size and time of day but decreased with increasing ambient temperature. 5. The pattern of flock size distribution in house sparrows is compared to that in juncos and some differences between the two may be attributable to differences in the type of food supply and temperature range over winter.
The Relationship Between Sex and Aggression in Convict Cichlids (Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum Günther)
Authors: Cole Harry W. , Figler Michael H. , Parente Frederick J. , Peeke Harman V.S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
C. nigrofasciatum have been widely used as a preparation in the investigation of aggressive (threat/attack) behavior because of their reputation as a highly aggressive species. They have also frequently been used in studies of learning processes, especially habituation. The reproductive and aggressive behaviors of the family Cichlidae have been described extensively, however, the sexual behavior of C. nigrofasciatum has been treated only cursorily. Several investigators have postulated a mutually inhibitory relationship between sex and aggression such that any decrease in the level of one of these motivational states results in an increase in the level of the other. In order to test this hypothesized relationship between sex and aggression, male and female C. nigrofasciatum were exposed to either male or female stimulus fish for 24 consecutive hours. In the present investigation, performance of sexual behavior was found to inhibit performance of aggressive behavior and vice versa. A principle components statistical analysis was performed in order to reduce the number of dependent variables to a smaller number of underlying clusters of variables referred to as factors. The principle components analysis indicated that the data were characterized by two orthogonal factors, the first of which reflected qualitative differences between the sex and aggression variables, suggesting that a mutually inhibitory relationship exists between sex and aggression. Discriminant analyses indicated that females initiate courtship and perform more aggressive behaviors than males, males elicit more aggression than females, opposite sex dyads perform more sexual behaviors than same sex dyads, and same sex dyads perform more aggressive behaviors than opposite sex dyads. Habituation of aggression was demonstrated in all dyads. Significant decrements in sexual behaviors were not observed.
Mate Selection By Asellus (Crustacea: Isopoda)
Authors: Thompson D.J. , Manning J.T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have investigated how male Asellus decide whether to enter into precopulatory mate guarding with a female. The presence of a male in precopula does not influence the timing of oviposition in female Asellus aquaticus. Male Asellus are able to distinguish which of two females of identical size is closer to her moult. Males enter precopula with females before the female's ovipository moult but not before moults that are not followed by oviposition. This suggests that the cue that male Asellus use in assessing females is not a substance directly related to the moult cycle, and is possibly a sex hormone. Male Asellus seem to balance the cues of large female size and closeness to oviposition; in this way they are probably able to maximize the number of eggs fertilized per unit time.
Vigilance Behaviour in Grazing African Antelopes
Authors: Underwood R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfrican antelope may devote a large proportion of their foraging time to looking around. The factors affecting such vigilance behaviour are examined for grazing antelope, five species being studied in detail. The proportion of time spent looking decreased as species body weight increased. Within species, animals in closed habitats, those with dense vegetation, tended to spend more time in looking than did animals in the open. There was some evidence that vigilance, presumably for predators, was shared by group members, but in one species, impala, vigilance apparently increased with group size and with proximity to neighbours. Time spent looking varied with position within the group; this effect was strongest in closed habitats, where central animals tended to scan least and feed most. Vigilance increased as feeding success decreased, partly due to mutual interference between looking and feeding. The possible social, foraging and predator-detection values of vigilance are discussed. A simple model is introduced to help explain the effects of cover and to facilitate further discussion.
Altruism Among Female Macaca Radiata: Explanations and Analysis of Patterns of Grooming and Coalition Formation
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnalysis of the observed patterns of two forms of putative altruism (grooming and coalition formation) among adult female members of a group of captive bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) indicates that both kinship and dominance rank influence the distribution and rate of these behaviors. Females groom their adult relatives more often and more reciprocally than they groom unrelated females of similar ranks. In addition, females are more likely to support their relatives than nonrelatives and are likely to incur greater risks when they do so. Grooming and coalition formation do not occur exclusively among kin. Females primarily groom higher ranking females and support unrelated females against females lower ranking than themselves. Although females do not preferentially support unrelated females that groom or support them most, they do refrain from harassing lower ranking females that are currently grooming them or a female higher ranking than themselves. Thus, by grooming a higher ranking female a female reduces the probability that she will be harassed by other females. The relationship of these results to predictions derived from several different sociobiological hypotheses is discussed.
Mating Behaviour and Its Relationship To Territoriality in Platycypha Caligata (Selys) (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae)
Authors: Robertson Hugh M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe damselfly Platycypha caligata has males with abdomens coloured blue dorsally, and laterally expanded tibiae coloured white anteriorly and red posteriorly. The females are cryptically brown coloured. The males are strongly territorial and centre their territories around potential oviposition sites (driftwood or treeroots in the water). Territorial interactions involve a complex, hierarchical series of flights which include flash displays of the white and red surfaces of the tibiae. Most successful mating interactions followed a central sequence: (1) a male intercepts a female passing through his territory, (2) by displaying his blue abdomen behind him he attracts her to his oviposition site, (3) she lands and makes probing oviposition movements on it, apparently testing its suitability for oviposition (possibly on the basis of softness), while he courts her by displaying his white tibiae while hovering around her, (4) if she accepts the site she flies up slowly, perches, and they copulate, whereafter he returns her in tandem to the site to oviposit. Females apparently rejecting the site decamped rapidly. Sometimes males courting already ovipositing females were successful. All other interactions, especially those away from oviposition sites were unsuccessful (only 104 of 564 observed interactions led to copulation). This mating behaviour is compared with that of other Odonata, and especially Calopteryx maculata. It is speculated that the evolution of this female choice of oviposition site prior to mating and the elaborate male courtship resulted from male territorial defence of the only available suitable oviposition sites. The adaptation of Platycypha caligata to oviposition on driftwood and treeroots (the discreet, scarce, defendable sites invoked as the first step in this theory) may have been associated with their occupation of mountain streams which have no emergent vegetation.
Social Organization of Wintering Blue Jays
Authors: Racine Richard N. , Thompson Nicholas S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) differ from most New World jays by not breeding communally. Thus, blue jays have been considered less social than other New World jays. This study re-examined blue jay sociality by determining the extent of social organization in the non-breeding season. Color-banded blue jays were observed for 3 years at the Wachusett Meadows Wildlife Sanctuary in central Massachusetts. Of 413 jays that were banded, 78 were present in the Sanctuary at least 4 weeks after their inititial banding and 7 others were observed at an adjacent Farm, about 600 m from the main study site. During winter, a jay group centered its activities around a backyard birdfeeder. This group remained distinct from a neighboring group. Many jays returned to the group in successive winters. Replacement of parents by their offspring also occurred. A stable dominance hierarchy was established in the group and this hierarchy showed some stability over successive winters. A blue jay vocalization, the bell call, showed both inter- and intragroup variation in some call parameters. This variation was sufficient to allow for the identification of groups as well as the individuals within groups. Thus, blue jays are highly social during the non-breeding season. Furthermore, this sociality does not appear to diminish in the breeding season.
Perceptual Imprinting: Genetically Variable Response Tendencies, Selective Learning, and the Phenotypic Expression of Colour and Pattern Preferences in Quail Chicks (C. Coturnix Japonica)
Authors: Kovach Joseph K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEighteen generations of bidirectional genetic selection of quail for early approach preferences between two colours resulted in nearly perfect preferences of blue over red in one and red over blue in another genetic line. This selection also enhanced, over performance of unselected controls, the preference of a grated over a dotted pattern in both genetic lines. In the choices between composite stimuli colour effects dominated over pattern effects. Imprinting to blue or red resulted in robust modification of colour choices. Imprinting to composite stimuli of colours and patterns likewise modified colour but did not change or only marginally changed pattern choices, suggesting colour dominance in learning as well. However, imprinting to achromatic patterns also left pattern choices unchanged, or modified them only marginally. Joint imprinting to blue and red in variable temporal ratios modified colour choices in ways that reflected influences from both the genetically manipulated initial preference values and the exposure dosages of particular colours. The genetically manipulated preference values and preference combinations of stimuli thus influenced the outcome of imprinting by setting the baselines upon which selective learning acted, by underlying perceptual dominance of particular stimuli, and by facilitating or inhibiting the phenotypic expression of what had been learned.
The Significance of Song Variation in a Population of Darwin's Finches
Authors: Grant B.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMales of Geospiza conirostris, the large cactus finch, on Isla Genovesa, Galápagos, sing a single, precisely copied song. There are two song types in the population, and these are sub-divided into 3 and 5 discrete song sub-types respectively. Adult males sing only one song sub-type throughout life. Sons sing the same song sub-type as their fathers' and do not copy the songs of either natal or breeding territory neighbours. Significantly more of the males holding territories with neighbours of unlike (heterotypic) song type obtain a female than males in territories with no heterotypic neighbour. Pairs in territories with a heterotypic neighbour fledge significantly more young than do pairs in territories with no heterotypic neighbour. Significantly more of those young born on territories with a heterotypic neighbour, that survive to become adults, obtain a mate, than do those surviving young born on territories with no heterotypic neighbour. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the relative greater importance of song for species recognition in this population has made it advantageous for males to have a single, short, distinct, precisely copied and stable song. The necessity for recognizing both song types as conspecific has produced a unique mating pattern which favours pairs in territories with a heterotypic song neighbour. This allows young to associate visual and auditory cues of father and neighbouring male during the short period of imprinting. A small effective population size, combined with the observation that no female has been known to mate with a male of the same song sub-type as her father's, suggests a possible kin recognition system to avoid inbreeding.
Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks
Authors: Sullivan Kimberly A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDowny woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) benefit from foraging in mixed-species winter flocks by decreasing their vigilance level and increasing their feeding rate. I investigated one mechanism, auditory cues, downy woodpeckers use to obtain information on the presence of other flock members and potential predators. Experiments with predator models and with recorded alarm calls and contact calls from flock members yielded the following results. Downy woodpeckers use the contact calls of other flock members to assess the presence of flocks members. Woodpeckers foraging alone but with the recorded contact calls of flock members showed lower vigilance levels and higher feeding rates than woodpeckers foraging alone with no recordings or with the control recordings. Woodpeckers respond to the other species' alarm calls as an indication of potential predators and also to their contact calls as an all clear signal afterwards. Downy woodpeckers decreased their vigilance levels and resumed foraging faster when the contact calls followed the presentation of predator models or alarm calls than when these were presented alone.
Loud Calls of the Gibbon (Hylobates Lar): Repertoire, Organisation and Context
Authors: Raemaekers Jeremy J. , Raemaekers Patricia M. , Haimoff Elliott H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe describe and illustrate with sonograms the loud calls of a monogamous, territorial ape, the lar gibbon (Hylobates lar). We attempt an overview of its repertoire of loud calls, their organisation, contexts and functions. The description is based on a two year study of a wild population in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We distinguish seven classes of call bout: male solo, male dispute calls, female solo, normal duet by bonded pair, ooaa duet (similar to normal duet, but more infectious to other groups), disturbed calls and contact calls. The organisation of the normal duet is described in detail, showing the coordination of the sexes, the development of the male part through the call bout, and the presence of individual and pair differences. The discussion considers the possible functions of duets, of male solos, and of disturbed calls given in reaction to man.
Comparative Aspects of Behavioural Development in Two Species of Free-Living Hyrax
Authors: Caro T.M. , Alawi R.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour measures of play behaviour of two species of sympatrically living hyrax Heterohyrax brucei and Procavia johnstoni, were studied on three rocky outcrops or kopjes in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The amount of play shown by young of both species, born in 1981, declined during the study. Procavia played at a significantly higher rate than did Heterohyrax throughout this period. This was true even after differences in species' activity were taken into account. Procavia did not show higher rates of behaviour because they had more conspecifics with which to interact. The young of both species of hyrax played with members of the other species; Procavia significantly more so than Heterohyrax. The high rates of interspecific play in Procavia could be explained by their relatively low numbers compared to Heterohyrax on one kopje, but on the other two kopjes they appeared to actively seek out interactions with Heterohyrax. Interspecific differences in the behaviour of young of the two hyrax species were then related to interspecific differences in their adult behaviour. Adult Procavia exhibited higher scores than adult Heterohyrax on three measures of behaviour, reflecting corresponding differences in the play of the young of these species. These differences were found even when adult behavioural scores had been standardised for activity. Furthermore, adult Procavia showed more interspecific behaviour than adult Heterohyrax; a result similar to that found in the play of the young of the two species of hyrax.