bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wellness Self‐care by Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Clark Carolyn Chambers 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine self‐care behaviors in healthy older adults. The number of older adults continues to increase. Nurses need a framework for understanding and supporting healthy behaviors in this population.Design: Descriptive.Method: Data about self‐care behaviors were elicited in 1997 about how healthy older adults stay well. Using a key‐informant criterion and critical case approach, a small convenience sample of 28 older adults (ages 57–83) responded to a questionnaire based on a self‐care wellness model.Findings: Age was not related to differences in healthy behaviors. Many informants reported no digestive or sleep difficulties. All were active, regularly kept in touch with family and friends, were confident their environment was safe, obtained sufficient sleep and rest, and managed stress well. All but one attributed their quality of life and zest for living to remaining active, eating healthy food, exercising, pacing themselves, doing preferred activities, and reading the Bible, or “feeding the life of the mind.”Conclusions: Participant statements of actions can provide inspiration for less‐active seniors and a beginning framework for nurses for understanding and supporting wellness self‐care behaviors in older adults.
Historic and Future Health Promotion Contexts for Nursing
Authors: Morgan Irene S. , Marsh Gene W. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Health promotion in the United States has been narrowly defined focusing primarily on individual behaviors, risk factors, and lifestyle. This article traces the historic and conceptual roots of health promotion care in the United States and critically examines the direction nurses have taken in health promotion.Scope: Health promotion care in Western ideology emphasizes the value of individuals and the importance of personal responsibility for success or failure.Conclusions: Health promotion nursing interventions, based on the tenets of individual choice and knowledge, restrict the range of interventions. The complex nature of health promotion requires that nurses consider the economic, sociopolitical, and cultural context in which health care takes place. Recommendations are made for an expanded nursing role in health promotion, one that is consistent with nursing's underlying contextual focus and concern with environments.
Ocular and systemic distribution, and excretion of radioactivity following topical ocular administration of 14C‐TG100801 to pigmented rabbits
Authors: STRUBLE C , CHOINSKI R , MARTIN M 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the ocular distribution, systemic exposure, and routes of excretion of single 0.44 mg/eye topical ocular doses of 14C‐TG100801 to pigmented rabbits. Methods: Dutch Belted rabbits received single topical ocular doses of 14C‐TG100801. One group received bilateral doses; urine and feces were analyzed by LSC. Two groups received unilateral doses and were analyzed by quantitative autoradiography. Transverse and sagittal sections, respectively, were used to determine ocular and whole‐body distribution. Results: There was considerable local absorption of 14C‐TG100801 into ocular tissues and no appreciable systemic or contralateral eye exposure. Highest levels were in tissues of the anterior globe and radioactivity was translocated to the posterior globe (posterior sclera, choroid, and retina) for up to 96 hours. Little or no radioactivity was detected in the iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous humor, or optic nerve head. In the whole body, radioactivity was primarily confined to the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary route of elimination of was via feces. Conclusions: The results of this investigation demonstrate the efficiency of topical ocular instillation of TG100801 for treatment of local tissue while circumventing systemic exposure; there was considerable local ocular absorption of 14C TG100801 into the anterior globe, progressing to the tissues of the posterior globe (posterior sclera, choroid, and retina). Radioactivity in the posterior globe was likely absorbed and translocated to this location because it is beyond the conjunctival fornix. There was no appreciable systemic or contralateral eye exposure and radioactivity was primarily excreted via the feces.
Effectiveness of intraocular pressure phasing
Authors: ARIF FARIS , HARDING A , HENSON D , SPENCER F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the value of intraocular pressure phasing during normal working hours in patients with and without anti‐glaucoma treatment. Methods: This study is a retrospective case note review of 61 patients referred for intraocular pressure phasing (every 2 hours from 8.00am to 4.00pm).Comparison between pre‐phasing intraocular pressure measurements (mean and range) taken during earlier routine visits (5 measurements) and phasing intraocular pressure (mean and range) for each eye was performed using paired t‐test. Scatter plots were used to display the relationship of pre‐phasing and phasing intraocular pressure.Subgroup analysis of 119 eyes into untreated and medically treated groups was performed. Results: Eyes in the untreated group (51 eyes) showed no difference between the mean intraocular pressure at pre‐phasing and phasing (p value=0.8) but a significant difference between the intraocular pressure range (p value=0.007).For the medically treated group (68 eyes), there was no significant difference between the mean intraocular pressure at pre‐phasing and phasing (p value=0.9) and no significant difference between the intraocular pressure range (p value=0.66). In the total 119 eyes the peak intraocular pressure was found to occur at 10‐11am. Conclusions: Intraocular pressure phasing is most useful on untreated patients. Intraocular pressure phasing is less likely to give much additional data, compared to pre‐phasing intraocular pressure measurements, in treated patients.If a clinician wanted to identify the peak intraocular pressure the best time is between 10‐11 am.
Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: PINNA A , MASIA C , SOLINAS G , ZINELLU A , CARTA A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The reported incidence of G6PD deficiency in Sardina, Italy, ranges from 10% to 15%. Evidence indicates that patients with G6PD deficiency are protected against ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease and retinal vein occlusion. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of G6PD deficiency in Sardinian patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and ascertain whether G6PD deficiency may have a protective effect against these vascular disorder. Methods: G6PD blood levels were measured in 153 patients (70 males, 83 females) with AION. 306 age‐ and sex‐matched subjects undergoing cataract surgery and having no history of AION served as controls. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between G6PD deficiency and AION. Results: G6PD deficiency was found in 7 (4.6%) out of 153 patients with AION and in 37 (12.1%) out of 306 controls. Differences between AION patients and controls were statistically significant (odds ratio: 0.35, 95% confidence interval: 0.15‐0.81, P=0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of G6PD deficiency in Sardinian patients with AION was lower than expected. Results suggest that patients with G6PD deficiency have a significantly lower risk of developing AION.
Experimental glaucoma development in albine rabbits
Authors: GUERRI N , EGEA ESTOPINAN MC , GARCIA MA , PEREZ‐OLIVAN S , LOU JM 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To compare four different glaucoma development models in albine rabbits, based on achieving a chronic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods: A total of 16 animals were used for the glaucoma development model. Rabbits were divided in four groups: Cautery of three vortex veins was performed in the first group (four animals) and cautery of four vortex veins in the second group (four animals). Three vortex veins were ligated in the third group (four animals) and ligation of four vortex veins was performed in the last group (four animals). IOP was measured by Tonovet rebound tonometer during six weeks follow up. The opposite unoperated eye served as control. Results: Cauterization of four vortex veins (second group) and ligation of four vortex veins (fourth group) achieved IOP elevation (40mmHg) but only for the first twenty four hours. The others groups IOP did not reach statistical differences between treated and control eye. None of the methods developed chronic elevation of IOP. Conclusions: Vortex vein surgery in albine rabbits was not able to achieve chronic elevation of IOP. Therefore, none of this methods showed capacity to develop a glaucoma experimental model.
Characterization of efflux proteins in human corneal epithelial cells
Authors: VELLONEN KS , MANNERMAA E , TURNER H , TOROPAINEN E , URTTI A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Corneal epithelium is the main barrier for absorption of drugs into intraocular tissues after topical administration and part of this barrier may be formed by efflux proteins which translocate molecules from the cell interior to the extracellular space. The aim of this study was to characterize the gene expression and the activity of the efflux transporters in the cell culture model of immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCE cells), in primary cell line (HCEpiC), and in the human corneal epithelium. Methods: The mRNA levels of MDR1, MRP1‐MRP6, and BCRP were determined by the quantitative RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to study protein expression and localization of efflux transporters. Functionality of these proteins was assessed with calcein‐AM efflux assay and by measuring the efflux of CDCF. Furthermore, bidirectional permeability of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) was studied. Results: The mRNA of MRP1 and MRP5 were detected in the human cornea and in both cell lines. These efflux proteins were found in the cell membranes of the human corneal epithelium. At mRNA level some efflux proteins were over‐expressed in the HCE and the primary cell lines. Increased calcein retention and decreased CDCF efflux in the presence of inhibitors suggested efflux protein activity in both primary and HCE cells. Likewise, directionality in Rh123 permeability was diminished in the presence of verapamil in HCE model. Conclusions: Functionality of the efflux proteins was demonstrated in the human corneal epithelial cells. MRP1 and MRP5 proteins may have important protecting role in corneal surface by transporting molecules out from the epithelial cells. It seems that the efflux activity in the HCE model differs from that of the corneal epithelium in vivo
Scleroplasty with posterior pole buckling for the treatment of high myopia
Authors: TARUTTA EP , MARKOSSIAN GA , IOMDINA EN , IVASHCHENKO ZHN , KRUZHKOVA GV 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: The main pathogenetic factor of the dystrophic process which develops in macular zone of a highly myopic eye is the extension of shells of the posterior eye pole accompanying the damage of vascular and nervous structures and Bruch’s membrane. Purpose: to develop and assess clinical results of a simplified technique of scleroplasty combined with the posterior pole buckling using a new implant directed to support the posterior pole and decrease the stress in the eye shells. Methods: Surgery was made by a modified technique of Snyder‐Tompson using biologically active polyether buckle sutured to a scleral graft. The buckle was located on the posterior pole; the ends of the graft were fixed with some tension. 14 surgeries were performed on 12 patients aged 13‐40 with myopia of 11.0‐31.0 D. In the first 5‐7 days after surgery, instillations of 0.5% timolol solution were used. The observation period was 3 years. The shape and stage of staphyloma before and after surgery were determined by ophthalmoscopy and using ultrasound B‐scan. Results: In the immediate postsurgical period, B‐scan determined flattening of staphyloma; a shortening of the anterio‐posterior axis by 1.0–1.5 mm, and an increase in visual acuity by 0.1‐0.2. A 5.3 db increase of posterior pole sclera acoustic density was observed. In the late observation period, staphyloma stabilization was achieved, accompanied by the inhibition of the dystrophic process in the macula. Conclusions: Flattening of staphyloma and shortening of the anterio‐posterior axis evidently bring about a reduced posterior pole shell stress and a decrease of vitreoretinal tractions. This confirms a favorable effect of the surgery on the biomechanics and trophism of posterior eye pole shells.
Correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer measurements obtained with the GDx VCC and standard automated perimetry
Authors: LOPEZ MJ , FERRERAS A , POLO V , LARROSA JM , ALIAS EG , BORQUE RODRIGUEZ E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To correlate the structural parameters of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) obtained by using the scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx‐VCC) and the results of automated perimetry (SAP), in normal, ocular hypertensive, preperimetric glaucomas and glaucoma subjects. Methods: 423 eyes of 423 consecutive subjects were prospectively included in the study and classified depending on baseline intraocular pressure, optic nerve head appearance and SAP results into four groups: 87 normal eyes, 192 ocular hypertensive eyes, 70 preperimetric glaucomas and 74 glaucomatous eyes. In the different diagnostic groups, Pearson`s correlations were calculated between mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation, and the fifty two threshold points of SAP and structural parameters of RNFL obtained with the GDx VCC. Regression`s curves for the strongest correlations were also calculated. Results: Mild or no significant correlations were found in the normal, ocular hypertensive and preperimetric glaucoma groups. Nevertheless, the glaucoma group presented mild to moderate correlations between several GDx VCC parameters and the analyzed SAP variables. The strongest correlations were observed between the standard deviation TSNIT and the MD (0.460) and between superior average with the threshold point number 45 (0,496). Conclusions: RNFL parameters measured with the GDx VCC presented mild to moderate correlations with the visual field indices and the threshold values of SAP in the glaucoma group.
Changes in the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains in the corneas of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy patients
Authors: MERJAVA S , LISKOVA P , JIRSOVA K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To determine the changes in the expression and localization of the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains in Czech patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). Methods: 12 corneal buttons from 10 PPCD patients, as well as 8 corneal buttons obtained from healthy donors, were used. The tissues were snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –70°C until processed. Indirect enzymatic immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains. The intensity of the signal was graded under a light microscope using a scale: ‐ negative, + mild, ++ moderate, and +++ intense positivity. The localization of the signal was examined in all corneal layers, especially in the basal membrane (BM), stroma and Descemet’s membrane (DM). Results: Staining for the α1 and α2 collagen IV chains was increased in DM of PPCD corneas and was shifted from the stromal side (in control tissue) to the endothelial side (in PPCD patients) of DM. We detected a more intense staining of α1 and α2 chains in the posterior stroma of PPCD patients. We detected α1 and α2 collagen IV chains in BM of cornea of PPCD patients. Staining for the α3 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains did not differ significantly between control and PPCD specimens. Conclusions: The α collagen IV chains show great heterogeneity in their localization in distinct corneal layers. The α1 and α2 collagen IV chains accumulate in DM, the stroma and the BM of PPCD patients. The increased expression of the α1 and α2 collagen IV chains and the change in their localization can contribute to the increased endothelial proliferative capacity observed in PPCD patients.
Effects of (‐)bicuculline and gamma‐aminobutyric acid on the NiCl2 mediated stimulation of the ERG b‐wave amplitude from the isolated superfused vertebrate retina
Authors: SCHNEIDER T , SIAPICH SA , BANAT M , HESCHELER J , LÜKE M , SCHNEIDER T 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: NiCl2 (15 μM) stimulates the b‐wave amplitude of vertebrate retina, up to 1.5‐fold through its blocking of E/R‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. Assuming that these channels may trigger the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, we tested the effect of (‐)bicuculline and GABA itself. Methods: We have used a superfused vertebrate retina assay, testing retina from bovine (Lüke et al., 2005: Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 16 : 27‐36).The retina was separated from the underlying pigment epithelium and mounted on a mesh occupying the center of the perfusing chamber. The electroretinogram was recorded in the surrounding nutrient medium via two silver/silver‐chloride electrodes on either side of the retina. The recording chamber containing a piece of retina was placed in an electrically and optically insulated air thermostat. The retina was dark‐adapted and the electroretinogram was elicited at intervals of five min using a single white flash for stimulation. Results: (‐)Bicuculline increased the b‐wave amplitude to a similar extent as observed in parallel recordings for low NiCl2 (15 μM). The GABA effect was biphasic, and let to a transient stimulation after NiCl2 application. Those retina segments which did not respond to NiCl2 (15 μM), also could not be stimulated by bicuculline and vice versa. Conclusions: The stimulatory effect of NiCl2 on the ERG b‐wave amplitude is mediated by a NiCl2‐sensitive, probably Cav2.3 / voltage‐gated Ca2+‐channel triggered GABA‐release, and GABA itself may act on at least two different receptors.
Visualisation of reverse pupillary block using AC‐OCT in primary pigment dispersion syndrome
Authors: LAEMMER R , MARDIN CY , JUENEMANN AGM 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: To describe morphologic characteristics associated with secondary IOP elevation due to pigment release after pupil dilation in primary melanin dispersion syndrome. Methods: The history of a 49 year old male patient with primary pigment dispersion syndrome and secondary ocular hypertension is described. Besides detailed ophthalmologic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy as well as IOP and Laser‐Flare measurement (KOWA FC‐1000; Kowa, Tokyo, Japan) before and after pupil dilation, anterior segment optical coherence tomography was performed before and after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy and in medical miosis. Results: After pupil dilatation IOP increased up to 46 mmHg at the right eye but no IOP elevation was recognised at the left eye. Measurement by Laser‐Flare Cell Meter revealed no cells in undilated state but 13.4 cells/ 0.075 μl at the right and 4.0 cells/ 0.075 μl at the left eye after mydriasis. Nd:YAG laser iridotomy was recommended for the right eye to the patient recently. Iris configuration detected by OCT demonstrates a concave shape before iridotomy more pronounced temporal than nasal which resolves after application of pilocarpin as well as after performance of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. Conclusions: The effect of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy as a prophylactic but potentially causal treatment in pigmentary glaucoma can be easily visualized by OCT as a fast and non‐contact procedure.
Silent squamous cell carcinoma invaded into the orbit via the perineural space of the zygomatemporal nerve
Authors: DE KEIZER RJW , SLUIMERS J , DE WOLFF ROUENDAAL D 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Describing two patients who presented with a silent skin tumour invaded into the orbit via an unusual route. Methods: Retrospective case report. We present two patients, one with an immunosuppressive medical history, the other without a relevant history. Results: The two patients present with a tumour which appears to be a tear gland carcinoma. After histology of the biopsies in both patients a squamous cell carcinoma was found. Reviewing original pathology taken two years before admission taken from the patients because of (benign) skin tumours of the temporal side of the orbit demonstrated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Analysis of possible invasion routes no skin or bone involvement was found neither on CT or MRI. But the lateral fossa near the entrance of the zygomatico‐temporal channel showed very small tumours. The course of the zygomatico‐temporal nerve is exactly in line with the original skin tumour, the channel and the orbital tumours. The extension of the tumour was in both cases up to the infraorbital fissure, so radical surgery was an illusion. We gave extended radiotherapy involving the cavernous sinus. Conclusions: We found a special route of invading the orbit by a common skin tumour using the course of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. The time elapsed between removing the original tumour and the extension in the orbit took more than two years.
Characterization of COX‐1 and ‐2 inhibition by nepafenac and its metabolite, amfenac
Authors: KULMACZ RJ , GRAFF G 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Purpose: Nepafenac is a novel NSAID and a constituent of Nevanac® ophthalmic suspension. We characterized the inhibition kinetics of prostaglandin H synthase‐1 and ‐2 (COX‐1 and ‐2) by nepafenac and its hydrolytic metabolite, amfenac. Methods: Purified ovine COX‐1 and human COX‐2 were reacted in 0.1 M KPi/pH 7.2, 1 mM phenol, 1 μM heme and 0.075% Tween‐20 at 30oC, monitored with an O2 electrode. Instantaneous (reversible) inhibition was assessed in enzyme‐initiated reactions containing inhibitor and arachidonate (10 μM). Time‐dependent inhibition was assessed in reactions initiated with arachidonate (100 μM) after timed preincubation of enzyme with inhibitor. Results: Nepafenac and amfenac produced instantaneous (reversible) inhibition of both COX isoforms. Estimated Ki values were 2.3 μM (nepafenac) and 3.9 μM (amfenac) for COX‐1 and 12 μM (nepafenac) and 26 μM (amfenac) for COX‐2. The inhibitory potency of nepafenac did not increase when preincubated with either isoform, indicating that nepafenac is not a time‐dependent inhibitor of COX‐1 or ‐2. Amfenac exhibited time‐dependent inhibition of both isoforms; the rate constants for the EI‐>EI' transition were 46 and 45 min‐1 for COX‐1 and ‐2, respectively. Conclusions: Nepafenac is a potent reversible inhibitor of COX‐1 and ‐2. Amfenac also exhibits rapid, reversible inhibition, which progresses to time‐dependent inhibition of both COX isoforms. This suggests that nepafenac, which rapidly accumulates in the aqueous humor after topical application, contributes to the initial suppression of ocular inflammation and prostaglandin formation, whereas amfenac generated by tissue hydrolases accounts for the sustained suppression of prostaglandin formation.