bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Richard II and the Invention of the Pocket Handkerchief
Authors: Stow George B. 
Published: November 2007

It has long been thought that the deposition and murder of King Richard II was a personal tragedy, and that “Richard's personality—his natural or inherited character considered apart from the important actions of his life—was the chief cause of his downfall.” In more recent years the aesthetic side of his Richard's character has assumed a new importance in explanations of his fall. Richard H. Jones, for example, has noted that “in any case the fundamental obligation of the medieval king was that he should lead his arrays on the field of battle. Yet, Richard was slight of frame and sensitive of disposition. His tastes were aesthetic rather than athletic.” As well, in the view of Bertie Wilkinson,the reign of King Richard II…ended in utter failure…because he himself was lacking in precisely the qualities he most needed and which his grandfather fortunately had….Instead of the instincts of the warrior he possessed only the more exotic and less popular qualities of the aesthete, loving art, literature, and music, and the pleasures of the mind.
“God and the Atom”: British Churchmen and the Challenge of Nuclear Power 1945–1950
Authors: Willis Kirk 
Published: November 2007

The nuclear age opened in prayer:
Almighty Father, who wilt hear the prayers of them who love Thee, we pray Thee to be with those who brave the heights of Thy heavens and who carry the battle to our enemies. Guard and protect them, we pray Thee, as they fly their appointed rounds. May they, as well as we, know Thy strength and power, and armed with Thy might may they bring this war to a rapid end. We pray Thee that the end of war may come soon, and that once more we may know peace on earth.May the men who fly this night be kept safe in Thy care, and may they be returned safely to us. We shall go forward trusting in Thee, knowing we are in Thy care now and forever. Amen.Thus did United States Army Chaplain William B. Downey bless the anxious crew of the Enola Gay in the quiet, early hours of 6 August 1945. After the aircraft's successful mission and return to the tiny island of Tinian, both President Harry Truman and former Prime Minister Winston Churchill ended their official announcements of the “mastery” of nuclear power and the destruction of Hiroshima with their own benedictions. To Truman, preoccupied with the imminent close of the war, the chief blessings to be offered were strategic: “We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.” For Churchill, now uncomprehendingly in political opposition, the appropriate prayers were far more ambiguous:
This revelation of the secrets of nature, long mercifully withheld from men, should arouse the most solemn reflections in the mind and conscience of every human being capable of comprehension. We must indeed pray that these awful agencies will be made to conduce to peace among the nations, and that instead of wreaking measureless havoc upon the entire globe they may become a perennial fountain of world prosperity.
The Conservative Historical Imagination in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: November 2007

In 1935, R. G. Collingwood defined the historical imagination as an innate or a priori part of thinking that allows students of history to reconstruct the past. Whether stored in the furniture of the mind, learned through practice, or inherited as genetic inclinations, imagination is indispensable to the historian's craft. The historian's imagination may be richer, more diverse, more inventive than that, say, of an orthopedist, because the historian's present is the surviving but elusive past. Historians have to imagine more because they can never know what actually happened. Like orthopedists and everyone else, historians enter their professions hauling baggage packed haphazardly with images drawn from cultural, personal, religious, moral and practical experience. An orthopedist checks his psychological and social luggage when treating anesthetized muscle and bone in the controlled atmosphere of an operating room. For the orthopedist, the only images relevant for diagnosis and remedy are those produced precisely by x-rays or magnetic resonance. A historian neither diagnoses nor remedies. Instead, relying upon recalcitrant evidence, she tries to explain events that occurred in a dynamic, unpredictable, uncontrollable world already finished.When historians conduct research and then interpret what they find, they are unwilling and unable to lay aside their every day images of human nature and society. Such concepts, even when wrong, are logically necessary to explanation. Historical imagination organizes the categories that provide a historian with a match between her expectations and the subjects of her inquiry. The historian's juxtaposition, unlike the orthopedist's realistic image, is impressionistic. It becomes satisfying only when it fulfills a cultivated sense of propriety. Although honest historians are persuaded by the information they discover, there are few experiences more pleasing than that frisson of recognition when initial impressions are validated by the historical records. That pleasure is far more agreeable than disappointment. If the records repudiate anticipations then the historian must search for a more adequate explanatory scheme that approximates the truth more closely.
Anarchy in the U.K.? Ideas of the City and the Fin de Siècle in Contemporary English Film and Literature
Authors: Brooke Stephen , Cameron Louise 
Published: November 2007

“…before I die I must know my beloved London again: for me it is the centre of civilization—tolerant, intelligent and completely out of control now, I hear”—Hanif Kureishi, Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (1988)“D'you want me to go on? The end of the world is nigh, Bri. The game is up!”—Mike Leigh, Naked (1993)In an essay published in 1969, Alastair Macintyre reflected upon the contradictory place of faith in the modern world, caught between absence and presence, absent because it is apparently no longer central to life, present because its structures still lie all around us. Macintyre suggests that it is at the moment when faith is lost that it becomes more easily, if trivially, incorporated into modern life: “[o]nly since the crisis of belief in the last century, however, has theism so emptied itself of any content that might affront us culturally that it has proved wholly assimilable.”From the contemporary perspective, one might make the same observation of the secular creed of “Englishness.” It has been suggested that the post-1945 crisis of confidence in the pillars of that mythic “Englishness”—imperial greatness, economic strength, a uniform national and racial identity—can be set against the relatively easy and successful assimilation of past notions into perceptions of the present, perceived, for instance, in the “heritage” industry, whether in tourism or in film. If, as Macintyre remarks of faith in the modern world, we are saddled with “an identity that we can now neither fully recover nor yet quite disown,” it might be argued that England enjoys or endures the same predicament with regard to its national identity.
The Lancashire “Rising” of 1826
Authors: Walsh David 
Published: November 2007

In early April 1826, William Huskisson, President of the Board of Trade, wrote to the Home Secretary, Robert Peel, a gloomy picture of the state of essential foodstuffs in the domestic market: “there is a very serious deficiency in every article of produce even in Great Britain. Unfortunately, that deficiency is most alarming in those crops which are the food of the lowest classes—potatoes and oats. It is further unfortunate that the falling off is likely to be greatest in the parts where the lowest classes most abound…my opinion, founded on these and other considerations, is that some immediate measures ought to be taken.” In the industrial north west this dearth of essential foodstuffs coincided with one of the sharpest downturns in the trade cycle seen thus far in the nineteenth century. What Huskisson sought was some lessening in the application of the Corn Laws “immediately,” and that the question be given priority in Cabinet discussions. But his warning was ignored, the government failed to act, and the result was one of the most serious industrial disturbances of the early nineteenth century.This article recounts the details of the disturbances themselves, but it also attempts to locate the context of the disputes in a wider historical framework than a traditional one offered by historians, namely, the imposition of new machinery. Although scholars have noted the deteriorating conditions facing industrial workers at this time their narratives have focused on the destruction of machinery. John Stevenson, for example, concedes that the disturbances were not the “blind violence they have been painted,” however, it is implicit in his approach that he views the machines as the weavers' sole target, for he ends by saying that the riots were “ineffective” as the manufacturers quickly brought in new looms. It is important to show that this episode was not mere mindless violence; it was linked to a wider set of circumstances that affected the lives of working people. Although the power looms were the physical representation of the plight of the weavers, and thus rife for attack, their targets were not only the employers and governors of their locality.
“Such Masculine Strokes”: Aphra Behn as Translator ofA Discovery of New Worlds
Authors: Goodfellow Sarah 
Published: November 2007

Aphra Behn (1640–89) stands simultaneously at the center and on the edge of Restoration literature. As one of its most prolific writers, her success as a playwright was rivaled only by Dryden; however, as a woman, she defied and challenged contemporary ideas about sex, gender, and authorship. Behn was remarkably aware of the ambiguity of her position; a widow, a writer, and a professional, she inhabited and personified the grey areas of seventeenth-century gender roles. For these reasons, her work provides an interesting window through which to view the relationship between gender and literature in the late seventeenth century.The subject of several book-length studies and many more articles, Behn has experienced a renaissance in the academic community during the last ten to fifteen years and has been installed in the seventeenth-century literary canon. Two related aspects of her career however have been overlooked. The first is her interest in natural philosophy, including her criticism of philosophers for not sharing their knowledge. The second aspect is her work as a translator, especially as a translator of scientific texts. Perhaps the enduring perception of translation as an essentially derivative activity has led scholars to dismiss Behn's translations as uninteresting or unoriginal. In so far as natural philosophy was a “masculine” discipline, however, Behn's translations demonstrated her ability to participate in and translate between elite natural philosophy, often written in Latin (the most “masculine” language), and a general or female audience.
Conflict and Sacred Space in Reformation-Era Scotland
Authors: Graham Michael F. 
Published: November 2007

On Whitsunday in June 1593 William Sinclair of Galwaldmuir and two of his sons attended a kirk near Stirling to hear the Sabbath day's sermon. Perhaps they and some of their fellow parishioners were inspired by hearing the word of God, but not everyone in the neighborhood was in a forgiving mood. Just after they left the kirk, “immediatlie aftir sermond,” the Sinclairs were attacked by Sir Archibald Stirling of Keir and several of his followers. When the melee was over, the three Sinclairs lay dead. This was no random act of violence. Rather, it was part of an ongoing feud; Sinclair of Galwaldmuir had earlier been involved in the killing of Stirling of Keir's brother James. The discord originated with a disputed title to the lands of Auchinbie in the parish of Dunblane. The Sinclairs claimed that they held it in feu from the king, while the Stirlings countered that they held it on similar terms from their kinsman William Chisholm, bishop of Dunblane, and they had backed this with a royal confirmation of the feu charter the previous December. The attack was also a significant incursion of profane activity into sacred space—an act situated in such a way as to maximize its dramatic impact.By following the course of the Sinclair-Stirling feud to its conclusion and also drawing on other examples in which officials of Scotland's Reformed Kirk became involved in conflicts, either as peacemakers or antagonists, this article will examine two related issues.
Open Elites: Recruitment to the FrenchNoblesseand the English Aristocracy in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: McCahill Michael W. 
Published: November 2007

Over the past fifteen years historians of Britain have debated the degree to which the nation's aristocracy was open to newcomers. First, W. D. Rubinstein suggested that the new rich of the nineteenth century broke with the pattern of centuries and refrained from large-scale land purchases, in part because the established aristocracy had assumed a more “caste-like” mentality that held outsiders at bay. Then in 1984 two important works extended the challenge to earlier centuries. John Cannon demonstrated that throughout the eighteenth century recruits to the peerage were chosen from among the upper reaches of the landed aristocracy, a fact that suggested to him that the British nobility was a closed group, more closed than its continental counterparts. More significantly, Lawrence and Jeanne Stone completed an immense study of the elite of three counties over a 340-year period; they concluded that the proportion of newcomers was small and that new recruits were drawn mainly from groups already affiliated with the aristocracy. It was not businessmen but small gentry, office holders, and members of the professions who dominated the ranks of newcomers to their county elites.Other leading students of the British aristocracy of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have taken exception to the claims of these iconoclasts. Sir John Habakkuk concluded in his Ford Lectures that “there was no weakening among new men in the eighteenth century of the desire to acquire landed estates. Almost all the wealthiest (or their descendants in the next generation) joined the landed elite….” In greater detail F. M. L. Thompson called into question Rubinstein's findings by challenging the usefulness of his probate data and by showing that millionaire Victorian businessmen or their direct heirs made substantial land purchases.
Sex in the Cinema: War, Moral Panic, and the British Film Industry, 1906–1918
Authors: Rapp Dean 
Published: November 2007

The film era in Britain commenced in early 1896, but its moral impact on viewers was not considered very much during its first decade. This was primarily because film was dispersed in a variety of venues like music halls and fairgrounds where other entertainment was provided, or in unused shops and other premises that were temporarily rented. Film thus had no permanent, separate identity as a leisure activity that took place in one particular type of public space, hence it was difficult for moralists to recognize, much less discern and evaluate its moral influence. Moreover, many of the middle class (from whom most moralists came) dismissed the early film industry as a passing, vulgar fad of the working class that need not be taken seriously.But moralists did begin to notice the impact of the industry when film acquired a conspicuous new identity of its own in the years after 1906 when thousands of purpose-built cinemas were constructed. The tremendous growth of both the cinemas and their mostly working-class, youthful audiences led some middle-class moralists to focus their attention on film for the first time. They soon concluded that the cinemas undermined the morality of their young audiences and launched a crusade against the film industry. The general outlines of the campaign are well known. Moralists charged that the darkened cinemas provided cover for couples to court and for some men to abuse children. They also asserted that many films were sensational ones about sexual indecency, crime, and violence. Such fare, they contended, encouraged immorality and incited juvenile delinquency among youth who imitated the crimes they saw enacted on screen. The moralists therefore demanded censorship of the films, brighter lighting in the cinemas to discourage sexual misbehavior, and police action against indecency. Moreover, Sabbatarians opposed the opening of the cinemas on Sundays as a further desecration of that holy day of rest.
Influence of Flickering Light on the Retinal Vessels in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Mandecka Aleksandra , Dawczynski Jens , Blum Marcus , Müller Nicolle , Kloos Christoph , Wolf Gunter , Vilser Walthard , Hoyer Heike , Müller Ulrich Alfons 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Stimulation of the retina with flickering light increases retinal vessel diameters in humans. Nitric oxide is a mediator of the retinal vasodilation to flicker. The reduction of vasodilation is considered an endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the response of retinal vessels to flickering light in diabetic patients in different stages of diabetic retinopathy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 53 healthy volunteers, 68 type 1 diabetic patients, and 172 type 2 diabetic patients. The diameter of retinal vessels was measured continuously online with the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA). Diabetic retinopathy was classified using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria. Changes in vasodilation are expressed as percent change over baseline values.
RESULTS—After adjustments for age, sex, and antihypertensive treatment, the response of retinal arterioles to diffuse luminance flicker was significantly diminished in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy volunteers. The vasodilation of retinal arterioles and venules decreased continuously with increasing stages of diabetic retinopathy. The retinal arterial diameter change was 3.6 ± 2.1% in the control group, 2.6 ± 2.5% in the no diabetic retinopathy group, 2.0 ± 2.7% in the mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, 1.6 ± 2.2% in the moderate NPDR group, 1.8 ± 1.9% in severe NPDR group, and 0.8 ± 1.6% in proliferative diabetic retinopathy group.
CONCLUSIONS—Flicker responses of retinal vessels are abnormally reduced in diabetic patients. This decreased response deteriorated with increasing stages of retinopathy. The response was already reduced before clinical appearance of retinopathy. The noninvasive testing of retinal autoregulation with DVA might prove to be of value in early detection of diabetic vessel pathological changes.
Les verbes psychologiques
Authors: Bouchard Denis 
Published: November 2007

D. Bouchard
It is incorrect to attribute a particular Deep Structure or special theta roles to these constructions because they are very productive. Moreover, the Experiencer and Theme can hold many different Grammatical Functions, so that a transformational analysis based on regularities of theta assignment cannot be maintained. It is proposed that the peculiarities of these constructions are not due to special syntactic properties, but rather to the fact that one of the arguments is a psy-chose , which receives a particular type of referential interpretation in mental space.
Le contrôle de l'espace psychologique
Authors: Van Voorst Jan 
Published: November 2007

J. van Voorst
Psychological constructions in French typically exclude the subject's control of the psychological process that affects the direct object. This important factor in the analysis of these verbs corresponds with a position on a continuum that can be used to characterize verbs semantically. The continuum describes the relationship between the subject and the direct object in terms of the increasing level of closeness that can exist between them in the course of an event. Most verbs can occupy a number of positions on this continuum. The psychological interpretation of many action verbs is possible only when this relationship does not imply the control of the process affecting the direct object. When there is control, we usually encounter an agentive interpretation, which can be, sometimes, psychological. This article shows that psychological verbs are not a separate class, as their semantic behaviour overlaps with that of a large number of verbs that are not psychological.
Morphologie et représentation événementielle : le cas des noms de sentiment et d'attitude
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2007

J. C. Anscombre
Among the so-called "psych-nouns", feelings and attitudes represent an intuitive point of view. In fact, a more careful examination of their linguistic properties clearly shows that such notions as feelings and attitudes might very well be unfounded linguistically speaking. This paper is an attempt to establish such a classification on aspectual grounds, in terms of event representation. Another claim is that morphology is relevant, that is noun and adjective formation give some access to the event representation above mentioned.
Pourquoi peut-on dire Max est en colère mais non *Max est en peur ? Hypothèses sur la construction être en N
Authors: Leeman Danielle 
Published: November 2007

D. Leeman
Fear and anger are usually classified as "nouns of feeling", but whereas it is possible to say Max est en colère we cannot say Max est en peur : we could then propose the hypothesis according to which/èar and anger do not refer to the same type of feeling. Rather than trying to define the noun, it seems more appropriate to characterize the structure in which it occurs : so we propose a hypothesis for the construction be in N which takes into consideration its two constituents in and be. It allows us to explain why a definite list of nouns can appear in this context. The criteria generally advanced to define a class "nouns of feeling" are then questioned. according to which/èar and anger do not refer to the same type of feeling. Rather than trying to define the noun, it seems more appropriate to characterize the structure in which it occurs : so we propose a hypothesis for the construction be in N which takes into consideration its two constituents in and be. It allows us to explain why a definite list of nouns can appear in this context. The criteria generally advanced to define a class "nouns of feeling" are then questioned.
Une étude de la combinatoire des noms de sentiment dans une grammaire locale
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette 
Published: November 2007

A. Balibar-Mrabti
The aim of this paper is to establish a list of "nouns of feeling" within the theory of support verbs of Zellig Harris and to construct a lexicon-grammar expressing "feelings". We study in simple sentences combinatorial constraints between these nouns and specific verbs, which we have also listed. We consider two syntactic positions : subject and complement. About thirty nouns combine with about sixty verbs. We pay a particular attention to a relation between causative sentences and sentences with an "instrumental" complement.
Verbes psychologiques et interprétation sémantique
Authors: Mathieu Yvette Yannick 
Published: November 2007

Y. Y. Mathieu
FEELING is a system for understanding French psychological verbs. Given a sentence with such a verb, we examine how to infer the semantics of the subject and of the object. We describe the knowledge representation used by FEELING. The semantic interpretation is given by production rules like &lt;if condition(s) then conclusion(s)&gt;.