bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The magnetic character of the year 1927 and review of the years 1917–1927
Authors: van Dijk G. 
Published: February 2008

The annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour” for 1927 has been drawn up in the same manner as the preceding years; moreover it contains a review of the collaboration of the observatories during the years 1917–1927.In 1927, 43 observatories contributed to the quarterly reviews; 41 of them sent complete data. Table II of the annual review, containing the mean character of each day and each month, the lists of calm days and of disturbed days and the days, recommended for reproduction, are reprinted here. (It will be recalled that at the meeting of the Commission for Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity of the International Meteorological Committee at Zürich, September 17, 1926, it was agreed that certain days included amongst the five most disturbed days of the month, should not be included amongst the days selected for the calculation of the diurnal irregularities. Days of character 2.0 should be excluded and other highly disturbed days, on which loss of trace has occurred.)
A preliminary list of arctic magnetic determinations
Authors: Weinberg Boris 
Published: February 2008

One of the chief aims of science is the economy of time for obtaining knowledge, and this circumstance justifies the efforts of those who are making summaries of experimental or observational results.The usefulness of a summary depends, however, in a great degree on its completeness, because this quality only permits avoiding the difficulty of recurring to the original investigations and the still greater task of finding them. In the case of the magnetic determinations the attainment of completeness is close to an impossibility. Indeed, such observations are often found in books and articles the titles of which suggest no idea that they contain magnetic determinations. Thus, for example, “Observationes meteorologicæ factæ Petropoli annis MDCCLV. et MDCCLVI. St. V. et consectaria. Auctore I A. Brovn” (Novi. Comm. Acad. Petrop., v. 7, 388–408, 1761) or “Extrait d'une lettre relativement à un tremblement de terre qui a eu lieu à Odessa le 14/26 novembre 1829, adressée au secrétaire perpétuel par M. Hauy, membre correspondant de l'Académie” (Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb., v. 1 (VI sen), Bull. Scient., 4–8, 1830).
James Percy Ault, 1881–1929
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington has suffered an irreparable loss in the untimely death of Captain J. P. Ault, chief of its Section of Ocean Work and Commander of the non‐magnetic ship Carnegie. On November 29, 1929, while a supply of gasoline was being taken on board in the harbor of Apia, Western Samoa, an explosion took place as a result of which Captain Ault lost his life, and the vessel, together with all its instrumental equipment, was destroyed. Thus the extensive program of the seventh cruise of the Carnegie, which up to that time, under the able direction of Captain Ault, had yielded most valuable contributions to our knowledge of the oceans, was brought to an abrupt termination.Captain Ault was born on October 29, 1881, at Olathe, Kansas, and educated at Baker University where he received an A.B. degree in 1904. Even while studying in the University he took an active interest in the work of the then newly established magnetic observatory of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Baldwin, Kansas, where he served as observatory assistant from January 1901 to June 1904. In the latter month he was appointed as magnetic observer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the next year, after receiving the necessary preliminary training on the U.S. Coast Survey vessel Bache on a cruise from Baltimore to Panama, he was assigned to scientific work on the magnetic‐survey vessel Galilee where he remained until November 1906. During the next two years he was engaged at the office of the Department in Washington and on magnetic field work in Mexico and Canada, carrying out in the latter country a difficult exploratory trip in the course of which he secured magnetic results in territory where none had previously been obtained. In order to fit himself more thoroughly for a scientific career he next pursued postgraduate studies at Columbia University from which institution he received an A.M. degree in 1909. In view of his skill and experience gained on earlier expeditions, he was again, in 1912, placed in charge of field parties in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, for the purpose of training new observers in making magnetic determinations under field conditions. In the course of the ever‐broadening scope of the Department's activities, special investigations were early instituted for determining possible variations in the Earth's magnetic and electric fields due to a total solar eclipse, and in the case of the solar eclipse of September 10, 1923, at Point Loma, California, and that of January 24, 1925, at Greenport, Long Island, it was Captain Ault who was selected to assume the responsibility of directing these delicate measurements.
Auroral observations, radio reception, and magnetic conditions at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, July 1928 to June 1929
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. 
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of the reports, begun in 1923, of the investigation concerning the relation between aurora and the Earth's magnetic field, and the effect of the Earth's magnetic field upon radio reception.This year the work is divided into three parts (a) The observation of aurora at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory with a comparison of the Earth's magnetic field; (b) a record of daily radio reception with a comparison of the Earth's magnetic field; and (c) a log of auroral frequency.
A theory of meteors
Authors: Maris H. B. 
Published: February 2008

High Speed Molecular Impacts—The energy of impact between a molecule of atmospheric nitrogen and a meteor moving 4×106 em per sec is sufficient to vaporize 56 molecules of iron from the solid state to a gas at a temperature of 3000°K, or is equal to the energy of an electron dropped through about 200 volts. It is assumed that where such energies are involved, we should expect the impact to result in a miniature explosion, which would drive from 10 to 100 molecules out of the main mass of the meteor.Total Energy of a Meteor—The energy of the average meteor is observed to be dissipated within roughly 1.5 seconds after entering the upper atmosphere. It is shown that the resistance of the air to the solid mass of the meteor can account for only about one per cent of the total energy loss, and that radiation from the surface of the meteor can account for less than one per cent of the total radiation. It is concluded that most of the energy of the meteor is dissipated and changed to radiant energy by the high energy atoms and molecules which escape from the meteor and communicate their energy to the air by collision with air molecules.Development of the trail—The meteor flashes into view when the energy of molecules escaping from it is sufficient to support the radiation of the trail. Impacts between air‐molecules in the path of the meteor and escaping molecules prevent an increase in brilliancy as the meteor moves from the height of appearance to denser strata of air. At a height of about 60 to 80 km a compressed air‐cap is formed in front of the meteor which prevents further direct impacts between stationary air‐molecules and the meteor.
Final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1928 and 1929
Authors: Brunner W. 
Published: February 2008

The following table contains the final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1928 and 1929, for the whole disc of the Sun based on observations made at the Zurich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by other cooperating observatories for days when no observations were made at Zurich. It will be noticed that the mean for the year 1928 (77.8) shows an increase of 8.8 over that for 1927 (69.0) whereas that for 1929 (65.0) indicates a decrease of 12.8 as compared with 1928.The figures below give graphical representation of the daily relative sunspot‐numbers for 1928 and 1929, the times being plotted as abscissas and the relative numbers as ordinales. The limits of the successive solar rotations are indicated by vertical arrows in the upper edge of the figures. A preliminary consideration of the observed and smoothed numbers from 1923 to 1930 indicates the epoch of maximum near 1928.5.
Preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements in the Pacific Ocean as determined from the Carnegie results, 1909–1929, and the Galilee results, 1905–1908
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

This is the third paper giving the preliminary values of the annual changes of the magnetic elements for the various oceans, as deduced from the observations on the Galilee, 1905–1908, and on the Carnegie, 1909–1929. The other papers1 give the results for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans including the observations taken on Cruise VII of the Carnegie to July 28, 1929. The present paper gives the values for the North and Central Pacific Ocean deduced from the further observations of the Carnegie taken previous to her tragic destruction by fire following an explosion in Apia Harbor, Samoa, November 29, 1929.Various stations in the neighborhood of intersections of Cruise VII with previous tracks have been employed. Seventeen positions are used to which the observations are referred; the observations were selected having due regard to the uniformity of the distribution of the magnetic elements around the reference points. The preliminary values for Cruise VII have been used, since the small corrections which will be made in the final reductions will not affect the annual changes given in Table 1. The observations on board the Carnegie were arranged at such times as to make corrections for diurnal variations negligible.
Vorläufiger Bericht über den von der Carnegie‐Institution gestifteten bidlingmaier'schen Doppelkompass
Authors: Von Fanselau G. , Grotewahl M. 
Published: February 2008

Die Aufgabe war, für die Messung der Horizontal‐Intensität ein Bordinstrument zu schaffen, das hauptsächlich auf dem Luftschiff zur Verwendung kommen sollte in Gebieten von0.02 < II < 0.21Γes ist zugleich auch an Bord von Seefahrzeugen verwendbar.Die Wahl fiel auf den Bidlingmaier'schen Doppelkompass1, der sich sowohl an Bord des Schiffes Cecilie2 wie des Luftschiffes Italia3 bewährt hatte. Hierbei war entscheidend, dass die Thomsonrose schon nach Bidlingmaiers Untersuchungen die beste Gestalt der höheren Glieder der Ablenkungen hat und seetüchtig befunden war. Es hatte sich aber damals gezeigt, dass bei dem alten Originalgerät kleine Fehler in der Entfernungseinstellung leicht vorkommen konnten. Da diese nun mit der 3. Potenz eingehen, könnten sie das Resultat stark beeinflussen. Darum wurde von vornherein die Methode mit festen Entfernungen gewählt, und zwar kommen 3 Entfernungen in Anwendung, die jederzeit wieder mit grosser Sicherheit realisiert werden konnten. Es geschieht dies, nach einem Konstruktionsvorschlag der Askania‐Werke, durch Blockieren der beiden Zahnstangen mittels Hineinschrauben s von je einem Konus.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1931
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude, 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)February 13, 1931—There was a short magnetic disturbance on February 13, beginning at 8h 58m (Greenwich mean time), with a rise of 28γ in five minutes in the horizontal‐intensity trace. The disturbance was characterized by several sharp peaks and bays in horizontal intensity and by marked variations in the declination and vertical intensity. There was no sign of the subnormal horizontal‐intensity values that usually mark magnetic storms at this observatory, either during the storm or thereafter. The storm ended February 13 at about 22h. The ranges were 6′.0, 140γ, and 36γ in declination, horizontal intensity and vertical intensity, respectively.
Preliminary summary of data on the present distribution of magnetic declination within the Arctic zone
Authors: Weinberg Boris P. 
Published: February 2008

The determinations of the magnetic elements in the arctic regions are so irregularly distributed over the territory as well as in time that it is very difficult to find their distribution for a definite epoch in a manner sufficiently trustworthy—even for the declination, which up to the present has been determinined about three times as often as the inclination or the horizontal component.For solving this problem I had to operate by the method of successive approximations relating to an element e and to its secular variation (annual change) e′. I used largely the method of reducing the values of e and e′ to angularly equidistant points by means of preliminary values (also successively corrected) of the gradients de/dϕ and de/dλ of the element e, and similar gradients of e′ for latitude ϕ and longitude λ.
Auroral observations and magnetic conditions at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, July 1930 to June 1931
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. 
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of the reports,2 begun in 1923, of the investigation concerning the relation between aurora, the Earth's magnetic field, and radio reception.Instruments and methods—The instruments and methods as outlined in the report for 1923–24 were used during these observations.
Summary of the year's work, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

The year July 1, 1930, to June 30, 1931, was devoted largely to developing undertakings already inaugurated and to the reduction and discussion of accumulated observational material rather than to the launching of new enterprises and extensive acquirement of new data. Accordingly, effort was concentrated on the discussion and preparation for publication of a large amount of material already accumulated in the magnetic survey and at the observatories in Peru and Western Australia and in beginning interpretation of the results. Excellent progress was also made in compiling the vast material pertaining to oceanology, biology, and meteorology secured on Cruise VII of the Carnegie, to the end that the first volume presenting the physical oceanographic results may be issued in 1932.The year was also marked by the active participation of the staff in aiding formulation of plans for one of the greatest international projects for the acquirement of geophysical data yet attempted—the Jubilee International Polar Year proposed in 1932–33. Data in terrestrial magnetism and electricity are sorely needed in the polar regions, where extreme conditions in the variations of the natural phenomena exist, in order to provide more reliable material in the large areas above 60° north and south latitude for extension of the Gaussian harmonic analyses which have heretofore been practically limited to the region between latitude 60° north and 60° south because of the paucity of polar data.
Provisional solar and magnetic character‐figures, Mount Wilson Observatory, October, November, and December 1931
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Elizabeth E. 
Published: February 2008

In addition to the following magnetic storms, in which the total range in H exceeded 100γ, three storms of slightly less intensity were recorded on November 8, 15, and 26, respectively.During the storm from October 4–6 two sunspot‐groups were near the central meridian, but no special activity was observed in either of them. Three very small areas of bright hydrogen within 25° of the center of the solar disk were active at the time of the magnetic storm of October 12–13. Two of these bright areas were near small spots but the third was not associated with any group. The most intense storm of the quarter, that of October 29–31, was probably due to activity associated with an average‐sized group which was more than 50° west of the central meridian at the beginning of the storm.
Louis Agricola Bauer in the progress of science as exemplified in terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

It is indeed fitting that this issue of the International Quarterly JOURNAL OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY should be selected to emphasize that this one, among the instrumentalities fashioned by Louis Agricola Bauer as tools of investigation in those earth‐sciences which cluster about terrestrial magnetism, was the agency designed to be the expression of the record of progress. It was to serve the Olympian purpose—inspiring to him—to find the meaning of Professor Clerk Maxwell's passage, “What cause, whether exterior to the Earth or in its inner depths, produces such enormous changes in the Earth's magnetism, that its magnetic poles move slowly from one part of the globe to another? When we consider that the intensity of the magnetization of the great globe of the Earth is quite comparable with that which we produce with much difficulty in our steel magnets, these immense changes in so large a body force us to conclude that we are not yet acquainted with one of the most powerful agents in Nature, the scene of whose activity lies in those inner depths of the Earth, to the knowledge of which we have so few means of access.”Mirrored in this JOURNAL, which, in its entirety, is a literary memorial to the earnestness of his endeavors, are the gathered means and resources—now monuments to the dignity of his aims—by which he brought into association the work to be done in the magnetic survey of the globe, the institution for doing it, and the men to direct and perform the researches to augment its results—unique shipping engaged in perfecting magnetic surveying on all the oceans, skillful observers penetrating the most remote lands with standardized magnetic instruments, and finally the Department of Research in Terrestrial Magnetism busy with the mathematico‐physical analysis of the magnetic field of the Earth.
Louis A. Bauer and the Zi‐Ka‐Wei Observatory
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

My scientific relations with Bauer extended over nearly four decades, dating from the time when I was appointed director of the Magnetic Service of the Zi‐Ka‐Wei Observatory. It was also about this time that he began the publication of his invaluable international JOURNAL OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. It has now happened that his death has coincided almost exactly with my retirement from active service and this fact has impelled me to contribute a few lines to this special number dedicated to his memory.In addition to the great interest which Bauer has manifested through all these years in our magnetic work in China, I believe that he took a special interest in the series of more or less disconnected studies which I was able to publish from 1918 to the time of my retirement a few months ago. These papers which are of very unequal value, bear the title of “Etudes sur le magnétisme terrestre.” They consist of 39 studies embracing about 350 pages, with a considerable number of graphs. It is not easy to evaluate the debt that these papers owe to Bauer.
Seasonal magnetic variations at Apia
Authors: Glover P. W. 
Published: February 2008

§1—This paper is an account of a preliminary investigation into seasonal changes in the terrestrial magnetic elements as recorded at the Apia Observatory, Western Samoa.§2—Four months—January, April, July, and October representative of the seasons summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively—were selected for study, and the means of the diurnal variations for “all days” for each of the quantities horizontal force, declination, and vertical force over the five‐year period 1916–20 inclusive, were formed from the data given in the Apia Observatory publication “Summary of Magnetic Observations 1912–1920.” It was considered that this selection of months over the period named should be sufficient to show the trend of any seasonal changes and to indicate in a general way, the results to be expected from a more detailed investigation.
Observed air‐Earth current and maintenance of Earth's charge
Authors: Gish O. H. 
Published: February 2008

From an examination of the electrograms obtained at Washington, D.C., Tucson, Arizona, Watheroo, Western Australia, and Huancayo, Peru, it is found that, while with many of the moderate changes in air‐potentials there are no corresponding changes in the air‐conductivity, which undergoes much change within rather restricted limits, yet cases where changes in the air‐conductivity of both signs are in inverse relation to simultaneous changes in the air‐potentials are abundant.In these cases the changes in air‐potential are doubtless dependent upon those in air‐conductivity. Although the converse, a dependence of air‐conductivity upon air‐potential may be expected, yet it does not seem to occur to the extent that theoretical deductions of Schweidler, Behacker, and Swann indicate. On the basis of those deductions, it was thought that on account of the nature of the exposure of the tubes through which air is aspirated from the outside in the conductivity‐measurements, the “electrode‐effect” would be greater than the theory implies. However, from this preliminary examination it appears that conductivity‐changes which are dependent upon the electric field generally become conspicuous only when the electric intensity reaches about ±300 volts or more per meter, although some exceptions have been noted. When these large intensities are of the normal sign (that is, positive potential gradient), then the negative conductivity drops abruptly to approximately zero‐value, whereas the positive conductivity remains quite unchanged. The positive conductivity suffers a similar abrupt drop when the intensity is of opposite sign, whereas the negative conductivity in this case shows no perceptible change. The registrations of air‐potential at such times are, however, not suitable for quantitative study. These should be registered with a less sensitive recorder and a more active collector in order that results such as described above may be more satisfactorily compared with theory. However the data as they stand, seem to justify some qualitative conclusions.
The anomalous mountain‐effect in Earth‐current measurements
Authors: Gish O. H. 
Published: February 2008

Dr. Koenigsberger kindly referred his above note on the vertical component of the earth‐current in mountainous regions to the writer for comment before publication.Such points as he brings out will doubtless be welcomed by all, as an aid toward a better understanding of the anomaly presented by this mountain‐effect in earth‐current measurements. For the observations which he and O. Hecker made in mine‐galleries within a mountain of Jurassic limestone the conditions which he describes are such that to explain the results due to electrochemical action is not easy.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June 1932
Authors: Hartnell Geo. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N.; longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)The principal magnetic storm recorded was that of May 29 to 30, regarding which some notes were published in the June number of the JOURNAL (p. 193). The particulars there given are correct except that more careful later measurements indicate the ranges were: D, 71′; H, 477γ; Z, in excess of 425γ as the record went beyond the sheet.