bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prejudice, categorization and particularization: From a perceptual to a rhetorical approach
Authors: Billig Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper seeks to offer an alternative approach to the study of prejudice than that based upon the notion of categorization which is currently influential in cognitive social psychology. It is argued that the categorization approach assumes the inevitability of prejudice and ignores the issue of tolerance. The assumptions of the categorization approach are criticized, and it is suggested that, by focusing on categorization as a cognitive process, it has overlooked an opposing process—that of particularization. The result has been a rather mechanical and bureaucratic model of cognition. A less mechanical view is possible if the relations between the two processes of categorization and particularization are considered from a rhetorical perspective, which examines the argumentative nature of thought. For theoretical and empirical reasons, this perspective does not equate prejudiced thinking with rigid categorization; instead a rhetorical approach permits a distinction between prejudice and tolerance on the basis of content, rather than form, and thereby avoids assuming the inevitability of prejudice.
Social categorization, visual cues, and social judgements
Authors: Clark N. K. , Rutter D. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent research on social cognition suggests that lifelike visual and vocal information about a person may strongly mediate the impact of prior social categorical knowledge on social judgements. Other research, however, on the contribution of visual cues to impression formation, suggests that they have relatively little impact. This study sought to resolve these conflicting findings by examining the effect of visual cues on social judgements when subjects possess prior social categorical knowledge varying in salience to the experimental task. Videotaped target interviews were monitored by observers in either sound and vision or sound only, and measures were taken of the targets' perceived personality, their ‘actual’ and ‘predicted’ social performance, and social acceptance by observers. Whilst salience of categorization strongly influenced the quality of judgements, visual cues had little if any effect. However, visual cues strongly influenced subjects' confidence in all three sets of judgements, sound and vision subjects being consistently more confident than their sound only counterparts. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research in both social cognition and visual cues.
The scope and generality of self‐other asymmetry. In person perception
Authors: Van Heck Guus L. , Dijkstra Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate systematically various explanations focusing on information bias, information‐processing bias, self‐determination, false‐consensus bias, quest for positive regard, and self‐presentation strategies, that have been suggested for the Jones—Nisbett (1971) proposition that people describe their own behaviour as relatively more influenced by situational factors as compared to the actions of others. To test the scope and generality of this self—other asymmetry, a new methodology was introduced. Using Stimulus‐Response Inventories of Hostility and Friendliness, the effects of different degrees of familiarity with target persons, of positivity—negativity of behaviours, and of the public—private nature of the rating context, were studied. Generalizability coefficients were used as indices for a dispositional and a situationist view on personality. The results support only explanations in terms of information‐processing bias and self‐determination strivings. Implications of this finding for the conceptualization of self‐judgments and other‐judgments are discussed.
An extension of heiderian balance theory for quantified data
Authors: Mohazab Farzad , Feger Hubert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn extension of Heiderian triadic balance (Heider, 1946, 1958) for quantitative data is presented and an algebraic formula is developed: M′ = m ‐ s ‐ 1, s, m, 1 denoting the smallest, medium, and largest of the relations of a triad; lower values indicating more positive relations than higher ones. M′ can be interpreted as a natural structural characterization of a triad which covers the idea that balance is an interaction effect of attraction and agreement in a triad. The formula is applied to the sociometric ratings (P‐O‐Q triads) of the members of seven peer‐groups. AS predicted, the higher the value of M′ the more the empirical frequencies of triads exceed their expected chance frequencies. The formula is compared theoretically and empirically with other balance models for quantitative data (Osgood and Tannenbaum, 1955; Morrissette, 1958; Wiest, 1965). In the P‐O‐Q situation the formula presented is shown to be superior to the other models. Finally some substantial problems related to balance are discussed and a second interpretation of M′ is given: M′ is an equal weight linear combination of four functions which can be seen as group forming forces in triads (forces towards group integration, towards tight friendships, and two clique building forces).
A Q‐methodological study of lesbian identities
Authors: Kitzinger Celia , Rogers Rex Stainton 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA Q‐methodological study of lesbian identities is reported, which reveals substantive factors representing identity account clusters explicated as the ‘Personal Fulfilment’ identity, the ‘Special Person’ identity, the ‘Individualistic’ identity, the ‘Radical Feminist’ identity, and the ‘Traditional’ identity. These identities are supported and illuminated by the use of accounts given by the same respondents in tape‐recorded interviews and are related to the rather limited previous literature in the field. Further developments in the investigation of accounts of identity are proposed.
Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review
Authors: Nederhof Anton J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSocial desirability is one of the most common sources of bias affecting the validity of experimental and survey research findings. From a self‐presentational perspective, social desirability can be regarded as the resultant of two separate factors: self‐deception and other‐deception. Two main modes of coping with social desirability bias are distinguished. The first mode comprises two methods aimed at the detection and measurement of social desirability bias: the use of social desirability scales, and the rating of item desirability. A second category comprises seven methods to prevent or reduce social desirability bias, including the use of forced‐choice items, the randomized response technique, the bogus pipeline, self‐administration of the questionnaire, the selection of interviewers, and the use of proxy subjects. Not one method was found to excel completely and under all conditions in coping with both other‐deceptive and self‐deceptive social desirability bias. A combination of prevention and detection methods offers the best choice available.
Thinking about thinking: Causal, evaluative and finalistic cognitions about social situations
Authors: Abele Andrea 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present article is concerned with first considerations and data for a theory of social cognitions. A taxonomy of social cognitions is suggested comprising three classes: causal, evaluative and finalistic thinking. These classes are subdivided according to the social perspective taken, i.e. self‐directed versus other‐directed thinking. The situational preconditions of these social cognition classes are studied in different social episodes each comprising either positive or negative, expected or unexpected events. The results show that the most reasoning about a situation occurs when it is an important private episode with an unexpected and affectively negatively experienced event. The data concerning the natural occurrence of the three cognition classes is interpreted as providing suggestions of their functional meaning: The functions of the three classes of social cognitions are labelled ‘information integration’ (self‐directed evaluative thinking), ‘action planning’ (self‐directed finalistic thinking and other‐directed causal thinking), ‘control of negative feelings’ (self‐directed causal, and finalistic thinking) and ‘understanding’ (other‐directed finalistic and evaluative thinking and self‐directed causal thinking).
Preferences, expectations, and behaviours in interpersonal interaction
Authors: Schul Yaacov , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study is concerned with the relationship between expectations and preferences prior to an interaction, and their effects on behaviours enacted during the interaction. Expectations and preferences of therapists regarding several specific therapist's and client's behaviours were assessed prior to a therapy meeting. After that meeting, the therapists described the behaviours that had occurred during the meeting. It was found that the correspondence between expectations and preferences is affected by the amount of control one has over the behaviours. There seems also to be a clear indication that expectations predict the behaviours better than preferences. Still, it should be noted that preferences do predict behaviours, and this relationship, although weak, holds even after the effect of expectations is removed.
Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect
Authors: Nuttin Jozef M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract‘Mere belongingness to self’ is tested as a sufficient condition for the enhancement of the attractiveness of visual letter stimuli. Experimental evidence is presented that, independent of visual, acoustical, aesthetic, semantic and frequency characteristics, letters belonging to own first and/or family name are preferred above not‐own name letters. The effect is obtained in the absence of awareness of the Gestalt of any name, thus challenging current understanding of fundamental affective processes.
Just world beliefs in an unjust society: A cross cultural comparison
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGroups of matched British students(N = 53) and school‐children (N = 70) and South African students(N = 86) and school‐children(N = 69) completed the Rubin‐Peplau Just World scale which yields three scores: beliefs in a just world (JW), beliefs in an unjust world (UJW), difference between just and unjust scores. A three‐way (2 sex, 2 nationality, 2 education status) ANOVA was computed which showed that although there were no sex, and only one educational status difference, nationality yielded a highly significant difference on both just world, and total scores. The results were interpreted in terms of previous studies of just world beliefs and authoritarianism in South Africa. It was argued that beliefs in a just world help people justify the status quo in unjust societies.
Estimating social and nonsocial utility functions from ordinal data
Authors: Messick David M. , Sentis Keith P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports an experiment testing two hypotheses. The first is that the value or utility associated with a payment to one's self and a payment to a co‐worker can be represented as an additive function of a utility for own payment (nonsocial utility) and a utility for the difference between own and other's payment (social utility). The second hypothesis is that changes in the amount of work accomplished by one's self and/or the other should influence the social, but not the the nonsocial utilities. Support for both hypotheses is reported.
Social categorization and power differentials in group relations
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the independent effects of power differentials on intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of Tajfel's minimal group paradigm (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), subjects were arbitrarily categorized into groups of differing power (0‐100 per cent) at two levels of salience. Subjects were asked to distribute resources to ingroup and outgroup others using Tajfel's matrices. Intergroup perceptions, group identifications and self‐reported strategies constituted our other dependent measures. Minimal group results, replicated in equal power conditions, were systematically eliminated in unequal power conditions on the matrix measures but not on the intergroup perception measures. Dominant group members were more discriminatory, felt more comfortable and satisfied than subordinate group members. Though consistent with Social Identity Theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979), results suggest we may also have identified boundary conditions for minimal group discrimination. Without power, social categorization does not lead to effective discrimination.
The steady Navier–Stokes/energy system with temperature‐dependent viscosity—Part 1: Analysis of the continuous problem
Authors: Pérez Carlos E. , Thomas Jean‐Marie , Blancher Serge , Creff René 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this first part we propose and analyse a model for the study of two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with a temperature‐dependent viscosity. The flow is supposed in a mixed convection regime and considers an outflow region, leading to a strongly coupled problem between the Navier–Stokes and energy equations, which will be justified theoretically. The coupling in the continuous problem is treated by an outer temperature fixed point strategy. Existence results for a particular variational formulation follows from this study. Further, a particular uniqueness result for small data is also obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dispersal processes within the tide‐modulated Changjiang River plume, China
Authors: Lu Li‐Feng , Shi John Z. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe dispersal processes of the tide‐modulated Changjiang River plume, China, are studied by using a three‐dimensional hydrodynamical module of the COHERENS (A COupled Hydrodynamical–Ecological model for REgional and Shelf Seas). The model is driven by the river discharge and the M2 tidal constituent. Modelled results show: (1) the fresh water, which forms the Changjiang River plume expanding southeastwards, is discharged mostly into the North Channel, the North Passage, and the South Passage; (2) the larger horizontal gradient outside the North Channel and the North Passage forms a strong plume front; (3) the Changjiang River plume is homogeneous vertically, and dispersing gradually within the computational domain, with an averaged propagating rate of 3.38 km/day, while the plume front is surface‐to‐bottom type, and trapped between −10 and −18m isobaths; and (4) both the plume length and the plume front intensity vary periodically. The maximum plume length occurs about 2 h after low slack water and the minimum plume length during high slack water. The maximum plume front intensity occurs during high slack water and the minimum plume front intensity during low slack water. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water vapour adsorption on lignin‐based activated carbons
Authors: Bedia Jorge , Rodríguez‐Mirasol José , Cordero Tomás 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLignocellulosic wastes are interesting precursors for carbon products. The high amount of Na observed in kraft lignin makes it a promising precursor for the preparation of activated carbons for desiccant applications. Water adsorption capacity and kinetics of kraft lignin‐based chars and activated carbons with different burn‐off and inorganic matter content have been studied. CO2 partial gasification of lignin char develops a wide porous structure. An increase of the micropore volume can be observed at low to medium burn‐offs. At degrees of higher activation the mesoporous structure develops. For very high burn‐off the porous structure is destroyed by coalescence of the pores and reduction of the carbon material. The carbons obtained show atomic surface concentrations of sodium from 7.6–15.4%, as revealed by XPS analysis. Water vapour adsorption isotherms have been obtained in a thermogravimetric system and have been fitted by a DS model, which properly represents the experimental data. The kinetics of water vapour adsorption follows a linear driving force mass transfer (LDF) model. The presence of sodium and oxygen surface groups on the carbon surface enhances water vapour adsorption at low relative pressure. Activated carbon produced at 41% burn‐off shows the highest water vapour adsorption at low relative pressures, as a consequence of the high sodium dispersion on its surface. The sodium dispersed over the carbon surface undergoes clustering as gasification proceeds, decreasing the number of active centres. For burn‐off higher than 41%, this behaviour produces a decrease in the water adsorbed at low relative pressures. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Catalytic performance of Brønsted acid sites during esterification of acetic acid with ethyl alcohol over phosphotungestic acid supported on silica
Authors: A Said Abd El‐Aziz , Abd El‐Wahab Mohamed M M , Alian Alian Mohamed 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferent ratios of phosphotungestic acid supported on silica gel were prepared by an impregnation method with PWA loadings ranging from 1 to 30% w/w and calcined at 350 and 500 °C for 4 h in a static air atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimety (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurements. The surface acidity and basicity of the catalyst were investigated by the dehydration–dehydrogenation of isopropanol and the adsorption of pyridine (PY) and 2,6‐dimethyl pyridine (DMPY). The gas‐phase estrification of acetic acid with ethanol was carried out at 185 °C in a conventional fixed‐bed reactor at 1 atm using air as carrier gas. The results clearly revealed that the catalyst containing 10% w/w PWA/SiO2 is the most active and delivers reaction selectively to ester with 85% yield. The Brønsted acid site resulting from hydroxylation of tungsten oxide plays the main role in the formation of ester. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
A general approach to the modelling of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners with intact or leaking geomembranes
Authors: El‐Zein Abbas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFinite‐element models of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners require highly refined meshes around the interface between the geomembrane and the clay layer, especially if leakage through holes in the geomembrane is considered. In addition, no general formulation for transport through leaking geomembranes can be found in the literature.The paper develops a general approach to time‐dependent contaminant migration through composite liners with intact or leaking geomembranes. Equations are derived for various combinations of system conditions including Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions in the waste, constant mass of contaminants in the waste, steady state or transient transport in the geomembrane, and steady state or transient seepage velocities in the mineral liner. The effect of the geomembrane on transport in the soil is converted into an equivalent boundary condition applicable at the top of the clay layer. Hence, only the media underlying the top geomembrane are explicitly represented in the numerical model, yielding a computationally efficient algorithm.The new formulation is validated in conjunction with finite‐layer, finite‐element and boundary‐element methods, by comparing its predictions to those of more conventional approaches which represent the geomembrane explicitly. The scope of the method is illustrated by modelling a landfill liner with a geomembrane leaking in five locations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death in the line of duty: late medieval burials at the site of Lepenski Vir, Serbia
Authors: Roksandic M. , Wood C. , Vlak D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour late medieval burials were excavated at the site of Lepenski Vir in the Iron Gates Gorge, Serbia. One of the individuals, Lepenski Vir 62, exhibits evidence of a sharp‐force trauma on the left parietal, consistent with a combat wound. None of the other contemporaneous individuals show any evidence of trauma or other pathology on the few preserved bones. We argue that the skeletons belong to soldiers involved in the border warfare on the Danube which was quite common at the end of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century between Serbian, Hungarian and Turkish forces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residential mobility and resource use in the Chiribaya polity of southern Peru: strontium isotope analysis of archaeological tooth enamel and bone
Authors: Knudson K. J. , Buikstra J. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Chiribaya were a complex polity during the Andean Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 1000–1300) in the Ilo and Moquegua Valleys of southern Peru. Recent research has demonstrated that the Chiribaya polity was a señorío, a confederacy of economically specialised parcialidades. Here we test hypotheses regarding the movement of individuals and resources among the Chiribaya‐affiliated sites of Chiribaya Alta, Chiribaya Baja, San Gerónimo and El Yaral, as well as from outside of the Ilo and Moquegua Valleys. Although archaeological human enamel and bone strontium isotope ratios from Chiribaya Baja and San Gerónimo cluster closely, there is a wider variety of strontium isotope ratios observed at Chiribaya Alta and El Yaral. This indicates that individuals buried in cemeteries at these sites had access to a wider variety of resources, and probably moved between different geological zones throughout their lifetimes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening adult survivors of childhood cancer with the distress thermometer: a comparison with the SCL‐90‐R
Authors: Recklitis Christopher J. , Licht Ilana , Ford Jennifer , Oeffinger Kevin , Diller Lisa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAs the number of cancer survivors continues to grow, identification of brief, valid psychological screening measures will be a critical step in providing them with appropriate psychosocial care. The distress thermometer (DT) is a one‐item distress screening that is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for screening cancer patients, but has not been evaluated for cancer survivors. This study evaluated the validity of the DT compared to the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R) in a sample of 119 adult survivors of childhood cancer aged 18–45 (median=23.5). Results indicated that when using the NCCN suggested cut‐off score of 5, the DT only identified 20 of the 36 SCL‐90‐R‐positive cases of psychological distress (sensitivity 55.6%; specificity 80.7%). Using an alternative DT cut‐off score of 4 identified 23 of the 36 SCL‐90‐R‐positive cases (sensitivity 63.9%; specificity 65.1%). Receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that the DT had only fair diagnostic utility relative to the SCL‐90‐R (AUC=0.72). Results do not support the validity of the DT in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
n‐type conductivity in sublimation‐grown AlN bulk crystals
Authors: Schulz T. , Irmscher K. , Albrecht M. , Hartmann C. , Wollweber J. , Fornari R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlN crystals grown by physical vapour‐phase transport in the presence of a SiC doping source possess n‐type conductivity. The net donor concentration attains up to mid 1017 cm–3. The investigation reveals shallow donors forming an impurity band and acceptor‐like electron traps at about 0.5 eV below the conduction band edge. Thermal electron emission from these traps is responsible for the observed n‐type conductivity. The shallow donors are suggested to be due to Si atoms on Al sites. The majority of them is assumed to be compensated by deep acceptors in the lower half of the band gap. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)