bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘forbidden theory of mountain uplift’ of Charles Taylor Trechmann (1884–1964): a tectonic theory of the 1950s in context
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractC.A. Matley (1866–1947) recognised a Precambrian or Palaeozoic Basal Complex under Jamaica and the Caribbean, analogous to the Mona Complex he had mapped in northwest Wales. However, the existence of a Basal Complex in Jamaica remains unproven and unlikely. The principal opponent to the Basal Complex hypothesis was the only other major expert on the geology of Jamaica at this time, the independently wealthy amateur C.T. Trechmann (1884–1964). Subsequent to his debate with Matley, Trechmann changed the subject of his Caribbean research from stratigraphy and mollusc systematics to tectonics, and the formulation of his Theory of Mountain Uplift in competition with Matley's Basal Complex. Trechmann's theory suggested that uplift of mountains was the product of lunar attraction, reinforced by pressure produced by deep columns of ocean water which also induced metamorphic changes at relatively shallow crustal depths. Unfortunately, Matley died after the appearance of the first of four privately published monographs on mountain uplift, depriving Trechmann of the target audience for his theory. The Theory of Mountain Uplift was widely ignored at a time when the status of the amateur in geology was waning and Trechmann lacked disciples to spread his ideas. His was the last parochial theory of Antillean tectonics and is remembered for its errors, as seen from a present where plate tectonics provide the framework for all geology, rather than its adherence to the fixist research programmes of the first half of the 20th Century. Trechmann's theory was not just wrong, but it was wrong at the wrong time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the German reference drug program on ex‐factory prices of prescription drugs: a panel data approach
Authors: Augurzky Boris , Göhlmann Silja , Greß Stefan , Wasem Jürgen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper examines effects of the German social health insurance system's reference drug program (RDP) for prescription drugs on ex‐factory prices. Moreover, we analyze whether manufacturers adapt prices of their products that are not subject to reference pricing as a consequence of changes in reference prices of their products that are subject to reference pricing. We use econometric panel data methods based on a large panel data set of nearly all German prescription drugs on a monthly basis between October 1994 and July 2005. They provide information on ex‐factory prices, reference prices, manufacturers, type of prescription drug, and market entries and exits. Our results show that there is no full price adjustment: A 1%‐change in reference prices leads to a 0.3%‐change in market prices. Price adjustment, however, is fast – it mostly happens in the first month. Furthermore, the first introduction of a reference price reduces market prices of the affected products by approximately 7%. Finally, we observe a significant time effect that is positive in the market without reference prices and negative in the market with reference prices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weight and wages: fat versus lean paychecks
Authors: Han Euna , Norton Edward C. , Stearns Sally C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPast empirical work has shown a negative relationship between the body mass index (BMI) and wages in most cases. We improve on this work by allowing the marginal effect of non‐linear BMI groups to vary by gender, age, and type of interpersonal relationships required in each occupation. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (1982–1998). We find that the often‐reported negative relationship between the BMI and wages is larger in occupations requiring interpersonal skills with presumably more social interactions. Also, the wage penalty increases as the respondents get older beyond their mid‐twenties. We show that being overweight and obese penalizes the probability of employment across all race–gender subgroups except black women and men. Our results for the obesity–wage association can be explained by either consumers or employers having distaste for obese workers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding therapeutic pitfalls: The rational use of specifically targeted agents against hepatitis C infection
Authors: McGovern Barbara H. , Abu Dayyeh Barham K. , Chung Raymond T. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The development of specifically targeted antiviral agents against hepatitis C is a major therapeutic advance that promises to markedly improve treatment response rates in patients with chronic infection. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance has already been described, the consequences of which are not yet understood. Although there are important differences between hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the judicious use of candidate agents against HCV should be guided by principles that have been established in the HIV therapeutic arena. In this review, we attempt to draw useful parallels between the development of antiretroviral therapy for HIV and preliminary data on antiviral agents for hepatitis C virus infection. Applying concepts learned in HIV therapeutics will hopefully lead to a prudent and cautious path in HCV treatment paradigms, particularly with respect to drug resistance. (Hepatology 2008;48:1700–1712.)
Serum and ascitic fluid bacterial DNA: A new independent prognostic factor in noninfected patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Zapater Pedro , Francés Rubén , González-Navajas José M. , de la Hoz Maria A. , Moreu Rocío , Pascual Sonia , Monfort David , Montoliu Silvia , Vila Carmen , Escudero Amparo , Torras Xavier , Cirera Isabel , Llanos Lucía , Guarner-Argente Carlos , Palazón José M. , Carnicer Fernando , Bellot Pablo , Guarner Carlos , Planas Ramón , Solá Ricard , Serra Miguel A. , Muñoz Carlos , Pérez-Mateo Miguel , Such José 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that the presence of bacterial DNA (bactDNA) in ascitic fluid and serum is associated with decreased survival in patients with cirrhosis. In a prospective, multicenter study, we analyzed the clinical evolution of 156 patients with cirrhosis and ascites (first or recurrence) with lower than 250 polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)/μL, negative ascites bacteriological culture, and absence of other bacterial infections being admitted for evaluation of large-volume paracentesis, according to the presence of bactDNA at admission. Survival, causes of death, and successive hospital admissions were determined during a 12-month follow-up period. BactDNA was detected in 48 patients. The most prevalent identified bactDNA corresponded to

Escherichia coli

(n = 32/48 patients, 66.6%). Patients were followed for 12 months after inclusion and in this period 34 patients died: 16 of 108 (15%) bactDNA negative versus 18 of 48 (38%) bactDNA positive (

P

= 0.003). The most frequent cause of death was acute-on-chronic liver failure in both groups (7/16 and 9/18 in patients without or with bactDNA, respectively), although more prevalent in the first month of follow-up in patients with presence of bactDNA (0 versus 4/7). When considering patients with model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score less than 15, mortality was significantly higher in those with presence of bactDNA. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis developed similarly in patients with or without bactDNA at admission.

Conclusion

: The presence of bactDNA in a patient with cirrhosis during an ascitic episode is an indicator of poor prognosis. This fact may be related to the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure at short term and does not predict the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. (Hepatology 2008;48:1924-1931.)
Levothyroxin restores hypothyroidism‐induced impairment of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular studies
Authors: Alzoubi Karem H. , Gerges Nashaat Z. , Aleisa Abdulaziz M. , Alkadhi Karim A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHypothyroidism induces cognitive impairment in experimental animals and patients. Clinical reports are conflicting about the ability of thyroid hormone replacement therapy to fully restore the hypothyroidism‐induced learning and memory impairment. In this study, we investigated the effects of L‐thyroxin (thyroxin) treatment on hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory in thyroidectomized adult rats. In the radial arm water maze (RAWM) task, thyroxin treated thyroidectomized animals made significantly fewer errors than the untreated hypothyroid animals in Trial 3 of the acquisition phase, short‐term memory and long‐term memory tests. In addition, the number of errors made by the thyroxin treated thyroidectomized animals was not different from that of the control group. Furthermore, the days‐to‐criterion (DTC) values for thyroxin treated thyroidectomized animals were not different from those of the control group but significantly lower than those of the untreated hypothyroid animals. In anesthetized rats, extracellular recording from hippocampal area CA1 of hypothyroid rats shows that thyroxin treatment restores impaired Late‐phase long‐term potentiation (L‐LTP). Immunoblot analysis of signaling molecules, including cyclic‐AMP response element binding protein (CREB), mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKp44/42; ERK1/2), in area CA1 revealed that thyroxin treatment reversed hypothyroidism‐induced reduction of signaling molecules essential for learning and memory, and L‐LTP. This study shows that thyroxin treatment reverses hypothyroidism‐induced impairment of hippocampus‐dependent cognition, and L‐LTP, probably by restoring the levels of signaling molecule important for these processes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyridoxine 5′‐phosphate oxidase, not pyridoxal kinase, involves in long‐term potentiation induction in the rat dentate gyrus
Authors: Kwak Sung‐Eun , Kim Ji‐Eun , Kim Dae‐Won , Kwon Oh‐Shin , Choi Soo‐Young , Kang Tae‐Cheon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether the expression of pyridoxal kinase (PLK) and pyridoxine‐5′‐phosphate oxidase (PNPO) are altered following long‐term potentiation (LTP) induction, and whether Tat‐PLK and Tat‐PNPO transductions affect LTP induction and paired‐pulse responses in the rat dentate gyrus (DG). PNPO immunoreactivity was markedly increased in dentate granule cells after the induction of LTP, but that of PLK was not. Tat‐PNPO (20 and 200 μg/kg), but not Tat‐PLK or vitamin B6 precursors, treatments, increased the efficiency of high frequency stimulus‐induced potentiation of populations spike amplitude when compared with saline‐, or Tat‐protein‐treated animals. These changes correlated with the alterations in PNPO activity and its immunoreactivity. In addition, Tat‐PNPO transduction increased paired‐pulse facilitation but had no effect on the fast and late paired‐pulse inhibitions. These findings suggest that PNPO may play a role in activity‐dependent regulation of PLP level in the brain, which is involved in LTP induction and paired‐pulse facilitation but not in enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β1‐ and β2‐Adrenoceptors in basolateral nucleus of amygdala and their roles in consolidation of fear memory in rats
Authors: Qu Li‐Li , Guo Nan‐Nan , Li Bao‐Ming 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIt is known that β‐adrenoceptor (AR) in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) plays an essential role in fear memory formation. However, the cellular and subcellular distributions of β1‐ and β2‐ARs in the BLA and their roles in fear memory formation are poorly understood. Here, we report that both β1‐ and β2‐ARs are predominantly expressed in BLA neurons but not in astrocytes. β1‐AR is distributed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of neurons, whereas β2‐AR is localized not only in the cell membrane and cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. Intra‐BLA infusion of the β1‐AR antagonist metoprolol and atenolol or the β2‐AR antagonist ICI118551 and butoxamine produces a severe deficit in 24‐h auditory fear memory, leaving 1‐h memory intact. Western‐blot analysis reveals that the protein level of cytoplasmic β1‐AR significantly increases 2‐ and 4‐h postconditioning, whereas that of cytoplasmic or nuclear β2‐AR is unchanged. The present results indicate that β1‐ and β2‐ARs in the BLA have differential subcellular localizations and both are required for the consolidation of auditory fear memory. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampus, aging, and segregating memories
Authors: Manrique Tatiana , Morón Ignacio , Ballesteros María Angeles , Guerrero Rosa María , Fenton André A. , Gallo Milagros 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRats use time‐of‐day cues to modulate learned taste aversion memories. If adult rats are accustomed to drinking saline in the evening and they receive a lithium chloride injection after drinking saline in the morning, they form a stronger aversion to saline than rats that were conditioned after drinking saline at the familiar time. The difference indicated that the rats formed segregated representations of saline taste and the time of day the saline was consumed. This was inferred because the modulation of learning by time of day was observed when the aversions were tested at the familiar evening drinking time. If the rats had formed a compound representation of saline taste and the time of day it was consumed, the opposite pattern of differences would be expected. We used this modulation of learning by time of day to assay whether aged rats have an impaired ability to form segregated representations of experience. We find that aged rats had similar saline aversions if they were conditioned at either the familiar or the unfamiliar time of day. Furthermore, dorsal hippocampal lesions affecting also the overlying parietal cortex in the aged rats caused greater saline aversions if the rats were conditioned after drinking saline at the familiar time of day. This indicated that aged rats are aware of the time of day but after the lesion, they act as if they do not segregate saline taste from the time of day it was consumed. The results suggest that the ability to form segregated representations of a complex experience is impaired in aging and abolished by hippocampal lesions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy and convergence of free energy differences calculated from nonequilibrium switching processes
Authors: Goette Maik , Grubmüller Helmut 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe molecular‐dynamics‐based calculation of accurate free energy differences for biomolecular systems is a challenging task. Accordingly, convergence and accuracy of established equilibrium methods has been subject of many studies, often focusing at small test systems. In contrast, the potential of more recently proposed nonequilibrium methods, derived from the Jarzynski and Crooks equalities, has not yet fully been explored. Here, we compare the performance of these methods by calculating free energy differences for test systems at different levels of complexity and varying extent of the involved perturbations. We consider the interconversion of ethane into methanol, the switching of a tryptophane‐sidechain in a tripeptide, and the binding of two different ligands to the globular protein snurportin 1. On the basis of our results, we suggest and assess a new nonequilibrium free energy method, Crooks Gaussian Intersection (CGI), which combines the advantages of existing methods. CGI is highly parallelizable and, for the test systems considered here, is shown to outperform the other studied equilibrium and nonequilibrium methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
A molecular mechanics force field for lignin
Authors: Petridis Loukas , Smith Jeremy C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameterization is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived using the RESP electrostatic potential fitting method supplemented by the examination of methoxybenzene:water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. Finally, the force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation‐derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this lignin force field will enable full simulations of lignocellulose. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
CHOP T/C and C/T haplotypes contribute to early‐onset type 2 diabetes in Italians
Authors: Gragnoli Claudia 
Published: August 2008

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, insulin insensitivity and decreased beta‐cell mass. Multiple genes contribute to T2D. The chromosome 12q13.1 region is in linkage to T2D in different populations, including our Italian dataset. CHOP is a candidate gene for the linkage, as it is located in the chromosome 12q13.1 region, and may contribute to T2D by increasing beta‐cell apoptosis susceptibility and by impairing insulin sensitivity. Our goal was to identify any potential CHOP gene variants contributing to T2D in our Italian early‐onset T2D families, which show linkage to the CHOP region. We directly sequenced the CHOP gene in 28 Italian probands of the linked T2D families and in 115 control subjects. We performed genotype and haplotype association tests with T2D of the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We performed model‐free and parametric association haplotype tests with T2D. We identified three SNPs [5′UTR‐c.279T > C, 5′UTR‐c.120A > G and + nt30C > T (F10F)] in CHOP. These SNPs are in complete linkage disequilibrium. The genotype association test showed an association trend with T2D of TT (F10F) and AG (‐c.120A > G). The haplotype association test provided significant results for the haplotypes T/C (frequency = 0.33) and C/T (frequency = 0.01) (at 5′UTR‐c.279T > C and + nt30C > T, respectively) under non‐parametric analysis (P‐value = 0.0000), recessive model (P‐value = 0.0000) and additive model (P‐value = 0.0014). Our data show that CHOP described haplotypes T/C and C/T, as an additive and as a homozygous variant, contribute significantly to T2D in our Italian early‐onset group. We conclude that the CHOP T/C and C/T haplotype contributes to our T2D linkage signal on chromosome 12q13.1. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 291–295, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Batch treatment of saline wastewater by Halanaerobium lacusrosei in an anaerobic packed bed reactor
Authors: Kapdan Ilgi Karapinar , Boylan Burcu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study considers batch treatment of saline wastewater in an upflow anaerobic packed bed reactor by salt tolerant anaerobic organisms Halanaerobium lacusrosei.RESULTS: The effects of initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration (COD0 = 1880–9570 mg L−1), salt concentration ([NaCl] = 30–100 g L−1) and liquid upflow velocity (Vup = 1.0–8.5 m h−1) on COD removal from salt (NaCl)‐containing synthetic wastewater were investigated. The results indicated that initial COD concentration significantly affects the effluent COD concentration and removal efficiency. COD removal was around 87% at about COD0 = 1880 mg L−1, and efficiency decreased to 43% on increasing COD0 to 9570 mg L−1 at 20 g L−1 salt concentration. COD removal was in the range 50–60% for [NaCl] = 30–60 g L−1 at COD0 = 5200 ± .100 mg L−1. However, removal efficiency dropped to 10% when salt concentration was increased to 100 g L−1. Increasing liquid upflow velocity from Vup = 1.0 m h−1 to 8.5 m h−1 provided a substantial improvement in COD removal. COD concentration decreased from 4343 mg L−1 to 321 mg L−1 at Vup = 8.5 m h−1, resulting in over 92% COD removal at 30 g L−1 salt‐containing synthetic wastewater.CONCLUSION: The experimental results showed that anaerobic treatment of saline wastewater is possible and could result in efficient COD removal by the utilization of halophilic anaerobic bacteria. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Density functional theory calculations and vibrational spectra of 3,5 dichloro hydroxy benzaldehyde and 2,4 dichloro benzaldehyde
Authors: Krishnakumar V. , Mathammal R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe solid‐phase Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and FT‐Raman spectra of 3,5 dichloro hydroxy benzaldehyde (DHB) and 2,4 dichloro benzaldehyde (DB) have been recorded in the regions 4000–400 and 4000–0 cm−1, respectively. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational wavenumbers as well as infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP/6–31G** level. This information was used in the assignment of the various fundamentals. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of protoberberine alkaloids
Authors: Cañamares M. V. , Lombardi J. R. , Leona M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractQuaternary protoberberine alkaloids are a class of natural dyes characterized by bright colors ranging from yellow to orange. As they present a strong fluorescence emission, their analysis by Raman spectroscopy is limited to specific techniques such as Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman and spectral shift Raman techniques such as shifted subtracted Raman difference spectroscopy (SSRDS) and shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS). In a previous article, we successfully used surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in the analysis of the alkaloid dye berberine in an ancient textile. The examination of the Raman and SERS spectra of berberine in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated a flat adsorption geometry of the molecule on the Ag surface. In this article we extend that work to the study of related protoberberine alkaloids, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and coptisine. The same adsorption geometry as in berberine was deduced. We found that the four alkaloids, although minimally different in their chemical structures, could be differentiated by the position of marker bands. Those bands are the most enhanced ones in the SERS spectra, which appear in the 700–800 cm−1 region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast vibrational dynamics and solvation complexes of methyl acetate in methanol studied by sub‐picosecond infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Banno Motohiro , Ohta Kaoru , Tominaga Keisuke 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe vibrational dynamics of the CO stretching mode of methyl acetate (MA) in methanol was studied by time‐resolved infrared (IR) pump‐probe spectroscopy. The vibrational energy relaxation (VER) process includes two components with time constants of 1.3 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.2 ps. These components result from the vibrational excitations of the hydrogen‐bonding complex of MA with one methanol and the MA monomer, respectively. The difference in the VER time is explained by the increase of the vibrational density of states (VDOS) by the intermolecular hydrogen bond. The time constants and the decay‐associated spectra are almost identical between the CH3OH and the CH3OD solutions. The vibrational modes localized in the intramolecular OH/OD bond of the solvent methanol have little effect on the vibrational dynamics of MA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.