bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of nitric oxide on reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in kiwifruit during storage
Authors: Zhu Shuhua , Sun Lina , Liu Mengchen , Zhou Jie 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in kiwifruit can cause oxidative damage during storage. Little research has been carried out on the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on oxidative damage to kiwifruit. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of 0.5, 1 and 2 µmol L−1 NO aqueous solutions to alleviate oxidative damage to kiwifruit during storage.RESULTS: The most marked effect was obtained with 1 µmol L−1 NO solution, which significantly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, delayed the decrease in vitamins C and E, maintained the content of soluble solids, inhibited the activity of lipoxygenase and peroxidase and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in kiwifruit during storage. The 0.5 µmol L−1 NO solution was too weak to significantly affect the content of ROS and the activity of enzymes. However, treatment with 2 µmol L−1 NO solution promoted the accumulation of ROS, decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and accelerated peroxidation in kiwifruit during storage.CONCLUSION By increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining the content of vitamins C and E, treatment with 1 µmol L−1 NO aqueous solution could protect kiwifruit against oxidative damage caused by ROS during storage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of trypsin‐immobilised chitosan beads and their application to the purification of soybean trypsin inhibitor
Authors: Zhang Li , Zhang Bin , Lin Hong , Liu Pei‐Pei , Yu Li‐Na , Wang Dong‐Feng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Trypsin inhibitors are among the most important antinutritional factors in legumes. Recent research has shown that soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) exhibits multiple bioactivities, but very few studies on the purification of SBTI are available. Enzymes are commonly used as biospecific ligands in affinity purification of their substrates or inhibitors. The aim of the present study was to prepare trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4)‐immobilised chitosan beads and use them to purify trypsin inhibitor from soybean whey.RESULTS: Compared with free trypsin, the immobilised trypsin had higher thermal and pH stability. The adsorption ratio of SBTI from crude SBTI aqueous solution by trypsin‐immobilised chitosan beads was 33.3%. The purified SBTI obtained by affinity chromatography was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a single polypeptide band with an Mr of 8.3 kDa belonging to the Bowman–Birk family.CONCLUSION: Trypsin‐immobilised chitosan beads were effectively used in the affinity separation of trypsin inhibitor from soybean seeds, thus indicating that immobilised trypsin may have practical application in the soybean‐processing industry. The results of this study provide a background for further investigation of potential applications of soybean bioactive constituents in the areas of agriculture and food. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Milk production of dairy goats fed diets with different legume seeds: Effects of amino acid composition of the rumen undegradable protein fraction
Authors: Morales E Ramos , Alcaide E Molina , Sampelayo MR Sanz 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: To establish the effect of the nature of four different legume seeds, lupins (L), faba beans (FB), bitter vetch (BV) and vetch (V) on the production and composition of goat milk, we studied the ruminal degradation of these legumes, and the amino acid (AA) composition of the seeds and that of the undegradable fractions of the protein sources. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were designed, and in each case 30% of the protein was supplied by one of the different legume seeds. A group of eight Granadina goats was used to study the utilisation of these diets for milk production. The goats were allocated to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square.RESULTS: Ruminal fermentation modified the AA profile of the protein of the legume seeds which was different in each case. However, milk production remained unchanged irrespective of the diet consumed. On the contrary, and despite the high level of degradability of the protein in the different legumes, the concentration of total protein, casein (CN) and overall αS1‐CN and αS2‐CN in milk depended on the protein source used.CONCLUSION: The concentration of total protein in milk, as well as its composition, was apparently determined by the AA composition of the corresponding fraction of the rumen‐undegradable protein. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Models of growing season weather impacts on breadmaking quality of spring wheat from producer fields in western Canada
Authors: Jarvis Chad K , Sapirstein Harry D , Bullock Paul R , Naeem Hamid A , Angadi Sangamesh V , Hussain Akhtar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to quantify growing season weather and wheat quality at individual producer fields to understand weather impacts and develop weather‐based models of spring wheat quality.RESULTS: Ninety‐six hard red spring wheat samples of two genotypes supplied by western Canadian producers in 2003 and 2004 underwent comprehensive analysis for breadmaking quality. For each individual field, daily rainfall, maximum and minimum air temperature were observed and used to calculate several measures of heat. Modeled water use, demand and stress were also calculated and all weather variables were accumulated over different phenological stages. Relationships between weather variables and wheat quality variables were determined by multivariate regression analysis separated into four steps, each adding more complex information into the models. There was substantial variation in weather conditions and wheat quality between years with generally higher quality and stronger dough in the warmer and drier year, 2003. The two genotypes displayed many differences in response to the environment. Prediction of wheat quality improved with increasing complexity of weather models and close to 50% of the variation in quality could be explained by multivariate models.CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that even for top‐grade milling wheat of similar protein content, significant differences exist in breadmaking quality of wheat from different farms. The improvement in r2 when using modeled environmental variables indicates that crop water use and water stress are important for wheat quality. The development of Canada Western Red Spring quality prediction models for western Canada based on growing season weather shows promise. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Ruminal micro‐organisms do not adapt to increase utilization of poly‐phenol oxidase protected red clover protein and glycerol‐based lipid
Authors: Lee Michael RF , Tweed John KS , Scollan Nigel D , Sullivan Michael L 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) reduces the extent of proteolysis and lipolysis within red clover fed to ruminants with subsequent increases in the efficiency of N utilization and the level of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in their products (meat and milk). It has also been reported that red clover feeding alters the rumen microbial population compared to grass feeding. This study investigated whether the observed shifts in the microbial population of the rumen when ruminants are fed red clover silage (RC) as opposed to grass silage (G) represented an adaptation by the micro‐organisms to increase the utilization of PPO‐protected protein and glycerol‐based lipid.RESULTS: The experiment consisted of two periods where ruminally fistulated dairy cows were offered either RC or G for 2 weeks, followed by collection of rumen fluid, which was then used in in vitro incubations to investigate lipolysis and proteolysis over time in plant material derived from red clover plants with either wild type PPO expression (PPO+) or PPO expression reduced to undetectable levels by gene silencing (PPO−). Proteolysis and lipolysis (P < 0.05) were lower after 24 h of incubation in the PPO+ treatment than the PPO− treatment irrespective of rumen fluid. Biohydrogenation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids was also lower on the PPO+ treatment than the PPO− treatment, with no effect of rumen fluid.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that microbial changes to red clover feeding did not result in an increased ability of the micro‐organisms in the present study to utilize either PPO‐protected protein or glycerol‐based lipid. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of alkali, alkaline earths and ammonium in natural waters by ion chromatography
Authors: Bruzzoniti Maria Concetta , De Carlo Rosa Maria , Fungi Martino 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn ion chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of alkali (Li+, Na+, K+), alkaline earths (Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+) and ammonium ion in waters. The usual difficulties encountered during traditional cation‐exchange separations (incomplete resolution for Na+ and NH4+ present in disproportionate concentration ratios) have been overcome tuning the selectivity of the separation by the introduction of 18‐crown‐6 ether in the mobile phase using an IonPac CS12A (150×3 mm id) column. After a detailed study of the effect of mobile phase components on separation, a gradient elution from 26 mM methanesulphonic acid (MSA) with a step change at 9 min to 60 mM MSA (0.5 mM 18‐crown‐6) provided the required baseline separation for the eight selected analytes. The method developed provides the advantage of the determination, in the same analytical run, also of strontium and barium, which is usually performed by spectroscopic techniques. Within‐day and between‐day repeatability have been assessed, observing between‐day RSD included between 0.3 and 1.8% for retention times and 0.6 and 7.2% for peak areas. The method has been finally tested for the analysis of water samples of different provenience (well, tanks, water system) and results compared with those obtained by the laboratory in charge of the control of drinking water for the city of Torino (Italy).
The integration of film‐induced tourism and destination branding in Yorkshire, UK
Authors: O'Connor Noelle , Flanagan Sheila , Gilbert David 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper identifies the integration of film induced tourism and destination branding on destinations featured in television series' such as Yorkshire, which is the film location for many popular English television series'. The review of the existing literature identified a gap in previous investigations and in response, a tourist survey and strategic conversations with the key stakeholders were an initial attempt to fill this gap. The issues which arose from these and the literature review highlighted some implications for the future development of these destinations, namely the use of destination branding in the promotion of a film location. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human resource development issues for the hotel sector in Libya: a government perspective
Authors: Naama Ahmed , Haven‐Tang Claire , Jones Eleri 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Libyan government emphasises the importance of tourism in economic diversification through its Libyan Tourism Master Plan identifying various initiatives to develop the Libyan tourism industry, including human resource development (HRD). Hotels are key to an internationally competitive industry and human resources critical to perceptions of service quality. This paper analyses issues relating to the Libyan hotel sector, including the need to strengthen the private sector; to match education/training programmes to industrial needs, and to address cultural and religious dimensions which exacerbate poor industry image. The paper identifies a partnership approach between governmental, educational and hotel sectors to address HRD issues through workforce planning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced kinetic mechanism for high‐temperature propane ignition
Authors: Prince J. C. , Treviño C. , Williams F. A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe high‐temperature ignition (above 1100 K) of propane and air mixtures is studied in this work. The initial detailed mechanism consists of 177 elementary reactions with 40 species, which reproduces the ignition time of propane under a wide range in the parametric space (initial temperature, equivalence ratio, pressure). Through a systematic reduction strategy, using the classical normalized sensitivity analysis, the minimal set of elementary chemical reactions can be reduced to 43 with 27 species, reproducing the ignition conditions. Basically, the ignition delay time corresponds to the depletion time of the propane fuel, attacked by radicals, which produces secondary fuels such as ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), and acetylene (C2H2), among others, which are consumed in times much shorter than the consumption time of the primary fuel. Thus, the radical concentrations must be properly deduced to describe correctly the ignition delay time. A 15‐step global reaction mechanism is proposed and tested successfully. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 721–729, 2008
Supramolecular Structure and Properties of High Strength Regenerated Cellulose Films
Authors: Liu Shilin , Zhang Lina , Sun Yunxia , Lin Yi , Zhang Xianzheng , Nishiyama Yoshiharu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWater‐swollen cellulose films prepared from LiOH/urea solution were uniaxially drawn to investigate the effect of orientation on their supramolecular structure and properties. Their structures and properties were investigated with X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and tensile testing. The results revealed that the drawing process led to substantial reorientation of the cellulose molecular chains, resulting in a significant improvement of their mechanical properties and water‐resistance. With an increase of the drawn ratios from 1 to 1.22, the tensile strength of the films at dry and wet states increased from 89 to 213 MPa and 2.9 to 33.9 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the drawn cellulose films also exhibited good biocompatibility with the capability of supporting cell adhesion and proliferation.magnified image
Electrochemical and mechanical behaviour of Sn‐2.5Ag‐0.5Cu and Sn‐48Bi‐2Zn solders
Authors: Montesperelli G. , Rapone M. , Nanni F. , Travaglia P. , Riani P. , Marazza R. , Gusmano G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this paper, two tin‐based alloys (Sn‐2.5Ag‐0.5Cu and Sn‐48Bi‐2Zn) are proposed as new lead‐free solders. Alloys have been developed by melting pure elements. Samples have been evaluated in terms of microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical features. Corrosion tests have been performed in 3% NaCl solution by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM observations and EDS analysis were carried out on samples before and after corrosion tests. Static monotonic tensile tests have been performed on three specimens for each alloy. SEM and EDS analysis revealed the presence of Sn‐Ag and Sn‐Cu intermetallic compounds within the Sn‐Ag‐Cu alloy. As a result of corrosion test, the Sn‐Ag‐Cu alloy showed a better corrosion resistance with respect to Sn‐Bi‐Zn. Both alloys evidenced good mechanical properties higher than the traditional Sn‐Pb system. Sn‐Ag‐Cu seems to be a suitable soldering material.
Uniform corrosion and intergranular corrosion behavior of nickel‐free and manganese alloyed high nitrogen stainless steels
Authors: Wu X. Q. , Xu S. , Huang J. B. , Han E. H. , Ke W. , Yang K. , Jiang Z. H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe uniform and intergranular corrosion behavior of two kinds of nickel‐free and manganese alloyed high nitrogen stainless steels (HNSSs) were investigated. A type of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) was also included for comparison purpose. Both solution annealed (SA) and sensitization treated (ST) steels were examined. It was found that the SA HNSSs had much weaker resistance to uniform corrosion compared to the SA 316L SS. The addition of molybdenum, to some extent, improved the uniform corrosion resistance of the HNSSs. The sensitization treatment had little influence on the uniform corrosion resistance of all the steels. The HNSSs showed an obvious susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, in particular the ST HNSSs. The intergranular corrosion rates of the sensitized HNSSs were much higher than that of the sensitized 316L SS. The degree of interganular attack for the ST HNSSs was much more serious than that for the 316L SS. The addition of molybdenum obviously improved the resistance of the ST HNSSs to intergranular corrosion. The double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests also proved that the HNSSs were rather susceptible to the sensitization treatment compared to the 316L SS. The relatively weak resistance of the HNSSs to uniform and intergranular corrosion may be due to high manganese promoted anodic dissolution. The improvement of uniform and intergranular corrosion resistance caused by the addition of molybdenum could be attributed to the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen in the HNSSs on the formation and stability of passive film.
Experimental and theoretical structural analysis of Zn(II)‐1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid corrosion inhibitor films in chloride ions solution
Authors: Reznik L. Y. , Sathler L. , Cardoso M. J. B. , Albuquerque M. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis work aims to analyze, through weight loss and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods, the inhibitive films of 1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid, HEDP) and zinc(II) ions formed on AISI 1020 carbon steel when immersed in solutions containing 30 ppm of chloride ions, 50 ppm of HEDP, and three different concentrations of zinc(II) ions (14, 20, and 30 ppm). Moreover, the results of the experimental surface analyses were compared to molecular modeling studies of the proposed HEDP–Fe(III)/Zn(OH)2/HEDP–Zn(II) protective film. The film presented dissimilar structures responsible for the different levels of metallic protection for each particular zinc(II) concentration. In general, the increase in Zn(II) concentration leads to more compact and adherent film formation, with decreased corrosion rates of carbon steel.
The influence of copper content on intergranular corrosion of model AlMgSi(Cu) alloys
Authors: Zhan H. , Mol J. M. C. , Hannour F. , Zhuang L. , Terryn H. , de Wit J. H. W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractApplication prospects in automotive and aerospace industry have led to extensive studies on AA6xxx alloys in recent years. Varying amounts of Mg, Si and Cu and heat treatments are used to achieve the desired mechanical properties in these alloys. In this investigation, a series of tests have been designed and carried out on model AlMgSi(Cu) alloys to investigate the effects of Cu, Mg and Si composition and heat treatments on the corrosion properties for a range of Cu content levels (0.03, 0.15 and 0.80 wt%, respectively). The results indicate that the localized corrosion susceptibility of the model alloys primarily increased with Cu content. The Si and Mg content and ratio do not appear to have a significant effect on the local corrosion behaviour. Heat treatment can improve the corrosion resistance. However, this effect is small compared to that of the Cu content for the range of model alloys investigated. Intergranular corrosion will occur by micro‐galvanic coupling between the cathodic AlMgSi(Cu) (Q) phase precipitates and the aluminum matrix adjacent to the particles. The increasing susceptibility to intergranular corrosion with Cu content can be attributed to an increased formation of Q phase particles.
Improvement of pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 444 stainless steel to make it a possible substitute for AISI 304L and 316L in hot natural waters
Authors: Bellezze T. , Roventi G. , Quaranta A. , Fratesi R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 444, 304L and 316L stainless steels in two tap waters with different chloride concentrations at 80 °C was studied. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) tests were carried out starting from Ecorr − 30 mV until the current density reached 0.1 mA/cm2 (scan rate 0.166 mV/s); the scan was then reversed and continued until new passivity conditions were achieved. The corrosion potential was measured before the polarization experiments. From the E‐log i plots, the values of pitting and protection potential were obtained; from these potentials, the perfect and the imperfect passivity regions were defined to compare the corrosion resistance of the studied steels. CPP tests were performed both on as received stainless steel samples and on samples submitted to different cleaning–passivation treatments to improve their corrosion resistance. The results indicate that, for industrial production, AISI 444 stainless steel can substitute the more expensive AISI 304L or 316L after a cleaning–passivation treatment that reduces the presence of inclusions.magnified image
The electrochemical behaviour of Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr alloy in various solutions
Authors: Assis S. L. , Wolynec S. , Costa I. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe electrochemical behaviour of a near‐β Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr alloy for the application as implants was investigated in various solutions. The electrolytes used were 0.9 wt% NaCl solution, Hanks' solution and a culture medium known as minimum essential medium (MEM) composed of salts, vitamins and amino acids, all at 37 °C. The electrochemical behaviour was investigated by the following electrochemical techniques: open circuit potential measurements as a function of time, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and determination of polarisation curves. The obtained results showed that the Ti alloy was passive in all electrolytes. The EIS results were analysed using an equivalent electrical circuit representing a duplex structure oxide layer, composed of an inner barrier layer, mainly responsible for the alloy corrosion resistance, and an outer and porous layer that has been associated to osteointegration ability. The properties of both layers were dependent on the electrolyte used. The results suggested that the thickest porous layer is formed in the MEM solution whereas the impedance of the barrier layer formed in this solution was the lowest among the electrolytes used. The polarisation curves showed a current increase at potentials around 1300 mV versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE), and this increase was also dependent on the electrolyte used. The highest increase in current density was also associated to the MEM solution suggesting that this is the most aggressive electrolyte to the Ti alloy among the three tested solutions.