bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Pharmaceuticals, Pathogens, and Other Organic Waste Water Compounds Persist When Waste Water Is Used for Recharge?
Authors: Cordy Gail E. , Duran Norma L. , Bouwer Herman , Rice Robert C. , Furlong Edward T. , Zaugg Steven D. , Meyer Michael T. , Barber Larry B. , Kolpin Dana W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA proof‐of‐concept experiment was devised to determine if pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water compounds (OWCs), as well as pathogens, found in treated effluent could be transported through a 2.4 m soil column and, thus, potentially reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in arid or semiarid climates. Treated effluent was applied at the top of the 2.4 m long, 32.5 cm diameter soil column over 23 days. Samples of the column inflow were collected from the effluent storage tank at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment, and a sample of the soil column drainage at the base of the column (Bend) was collected at the end of the experiment. Samples were analyzed for 131 OWCs including veterinary and human antibiotics, other prescription and nonprescription drugs, widely used household and industrial chemicals, and steroids and reproductive hormones, as well as the pathogens Salmonella and Legionella. Analytical results for the two effluent samples taken at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment indicate that the number of OWCs detected in the column inflow decreased by 25% (eight compounds) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by 46% while the effluent was in the storage tank during the 23‐day experiment. After percolating through the soil column, an additional 18 compounds detected in Tend (67% of OWCs) were no longer detected in the effluent (Bend) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by more than 70%. These compounds may have been subject to transformation (biotic and abiotic), adsorption, and (or) volatilization in the storage tank and during travel through the soil column. Eight compounds—carbamazapine; sulfamethoxazole; benzophenone; 5‐methyl‐1H‐benzotriazole; N, N‐diethyltoluamide; tributylphosphate; tri(2‐chloroethyl) phosphate; and cholesterol—were detected in all three samples indicating they have the potential to reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in arid and semiarid climates. Results from real‐time polymerase chain reactions demonstrated the presence of Legionella in all three samples. Salmonella was detected only in Tbegin, suggesting that the bacteria died off in the effluent storage tank over the period of the experiment. This proof‐of‐concept experiment demonstrates that, under recharge conditions similar to those in arid or semiarid climates, some pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other OWCs can persist in treated effluent after soil‐aquifer treatment.
Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Steroids: Investigation of Their Release into the Environment and Their Behavior During Bank Filtration
Authors: Zuehlke Sebastian , Duennbier Uwe , Heberer Thomas , Fritz Birgit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA reliable and sensitive analytical method for the determination of estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and the synthetic hormone 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been established. Samples are concentrated using automated solid‐phase extraction and analysis is performed by liquid chromatography with detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of all analytes were between 93% and 107%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.1 and 0.4 ng/L for purified sewage, and surface, ground, and drinking water, and between 1 and 2 ng/L in case of raw sewage. For the investigation of estrogen release into the environment and its behavior during sewage and surface water treatment, and during ground water recharge, samples from municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), a surface water treatment plant, a bank filtration site, and a ground water enrichment (GWE) pond were analyzed. El was found in the raw waste water with an average concentration of 157 ng/L, whereas E2 and EE2 were found with mean concentrations of only 18 and 9 ng/L, respectively. Sewage treatment by municipal WWTPs affected a removal of EE2 (76%), El (92%), and E2 (94%). In the investigated surface water of Berlin, only E1 could be detected at concentrations around or below 1 ng/L. E2 and EE2 were not present in the Berlin surface water above the LOQ of 0.2 ng/L, respectively. Surface water treatment also leads to a significant removal of E1 (> 80%). In the ground water samples from the GWE site near Lake Tegel, only a few samples contained detectable concentrations of E1. These samples were collected from a shallow monitoring well located very close to the bank of the pond. Even a short distance between the bank and observation wells led to concentrations of El below the LOQ showing the potential of ground water recharge systems for the retention of estrogenic steroids depending on the environmental setting.
Estrogenic Activity and Volume Fraction of Waste Water Origin in Monitoring Wells Along the Santa Cruz River, Arizona
Authors: Quanrud David M. , Quast Konrad , Conroy Otakuye , Karpiscak Martin M. , Gerba Charles P. , Lansey Kevin E. , Ela Wendell P. , Arnold Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe fate of estrogenic activity in waste water effluent was examined during surface transport and incidental recharge along the Santa Cruz River in Pima County, Arizona. Based on measurement of boron isotopes, the fractional contribution of reclaimed water in surface waters and ground water wells proximate to the river was determined for a contemporary sample set. Estrogenic activity decreased by −60% over the 25 mi length of the river below effluent discharge points in Tucson. In ground water samples obtained from monitoring wells that are proximate to the Santa Cruz River, both dissolved organic carbon (p= 0.0003) and estrogenic activity (p= 3 × 10−6) were highly correlated to fractional waste water content. Results indicate that proximate ground water quality is sensitive to incidental recharge of reclaimed water in the Santa Cruz River bed. In a few locations, little attenuation of estrogenic activity was apparent during percolation of effluent in the river channel to well withdrawal points.
Fate of Steroidal Hormones During Soil‐Aquifer Treatment
Authors: Mansell Jessica , Drewes Jörg E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is increasing concern that endocrine disrupting compounds such as steroidal hormones present in treated waste water effluents can affect ground water quality where waste water is used to recharge local ground water. Little is known how efficiently steroidal hormones are removed or transformed during percolation through the subsurface. The scope of this study was to examine the fate of hormones during soil‐aquifer treatment (SAT) leading to ground water recharge in controlled laboratory soil‐column studies and at two water reuse field sites where treated waste water is fed to ground water recharge basins. The selected steroidal hormones represented estrogens (17β‐estradiol and estriol) and androgens (testosterone). Composite samples of treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and analyzed for steroidal hormones using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The study revealed that the mobility of the selected hormones in subsurface systems was low, and estriol and testosterone were both not detected (< 0.6 ng/L) in ground water monitoring wells or shallow lysimeters representing water samples after 1.5 m of travel through porous media. 17β‐estradiol, however, was consistently detected at concentrations < 2 ng/L in monitoring wells after travel of 1.5 m through porous media. Results from field sites that have been operational for more than 13 years indicated no breakthrough of the target compounds in ground water samples collected downstream of the surface spreading operation. These findings were confirmed by controlled laboratory studies simulating SAT in soil‐column experiments. It appeared that the majority of attenuation was due to adsorption of the three target compounds to the porous media matrix, and additional attenuation to below the detection limit occurred due to the presence of bioactivity regardless of dominating redox conditions (aerobic vs. anoxic) or the type of organic carbon matrix present (hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic carbon vs. colloidal carbon).
Pharmaceuticals and Other Organic Waste Water Contaminants Within a Leachate Plume Downgradient of a Municipal Landfill
Authors: Barnes Kimberlee K. , Christenson Scott C. , Kolpin Dana W. , Focazio Michael J. , Furlong Edward T. , Zaugg Steven D. , Meyer Michael T. , Barber Larry B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGround water samples collected from the Norman Landfill research site in central Oklahoma were analyzed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program's national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water contaminants (OWCs) in ground water. Five sites, four of which are located downgradient of the landfill, were sampled in 2000 and analyzed for 76 OWCs using four research methods developed by the USGS. OWCs were detected in water samples from all of the sites sampled, with 22 of the 76 OWCs being detected at least once. Cholesterol (a plant and animal steroid), was detected at all five sites and was the only compound detected in a well upgradient of the landfill. N,N‐diethyltoluamide (DEBT used in insect repellent) and tri(2‐chloroethyl) phosphate (fire‐retardant) were detected in water samples from all four sites located within the landfill‐derived leachate plume. The sites closest to the landfill had more detections and greater concentrations of each of the detected compounds than sites located farther away. Detection of multiple OWCs occurred in the four sites located within the leachate plume, with a minimum of four and a maximum of 17 OWCs detected. Because the landfill was established in the 1920s and closed in 1985, many compounds detected in the leachate plume were likely disposed of decades ago. These results indicate the potential for long‐term persistence and transport of some OWCs in ground water.
CETACEAN OCCURRENCE PATTERNS IN THE AMUNDSEN AND SOUTHERN BELLINGSHAUSEN SEA SECTOR, SOUTHERN OCEAN
Authors: Ainley David G. , Dugger Katie M. , Toniolo Viola , Gaffney Ian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe conducted 239.5 h and 3,494 km of cetacean surveys in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas, from 15 February to 31 March 1994; most of the area, the large portion of which was ice covered, had never before nor has it since been surveyed for cetaceans, even to the date when this paper was prepared (2006). Logistic regression and an information‐theoretic approach related the occurrence of Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis (the most abundant species) to whether we were in open‐ or pack‐ice‐covered pelagic or neritic waters, in or out of the marginal ice zone (MIZ), and north or south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current southern boundary. Other variables included date and distance to the MIZ and shelfbreak front. Statistical analysis showed that the probability of sighting a minke, as well as killer whale—but not the case for an index to whale density—was related to the proximity of coastal polynyas in early autumn, switching offshore to the MIZ once waters within the pack began to freeze persistently later in the season. Probability of detection was higher with distance into the MIZ. Supporting these findings, the density index was strongly related to ice concentration in an inverse relationship. The strong relationship to polynyas and the MIZ indicate that sea‐ice divergence altered by decadal or longer‐term climate change, as described in the recent literature, could well affect any apparent, long‐term trends evident in this species' abundance if surveyed only in open or near‐to‐ice waters. We speculate on how the minke whale's pagophilic nature (1) could have been encouraged by large‐scale industrial whaling and by competition with species more characteristic of open waters and the outer MIZ, and (2) may have protected the population somewhat during industrial whaling resulting in the much greater abundance of this species now compared to other targeted species.
Role of α-actin in muscle damage of injured athletes in comparison with traditional markers
Authors: Martínez Amat Antonio , Marchal Corrales Juan Antonio , Rodríguez Serrano Fernando , Boulaiz Houria , Prados Salazar Jose Carlos , Hita Contreras Fidel , Caba Perez Octavio , Carrillo Delgado Esmeralda , Martín Ignacio , Aranega Jimenez Antonia 
Published: February 2007

Objective:In order to identify a reliable marker for the early detection of muscle injuries in sports, α-actin protein and other markers of muscle damage were studied in sera of uninjured sportspeople and those with skeletal muscle injury.Methods:Blood samples were obtained from 20 sportspeople with skeletal muscle injury and 48 uninjured sportspeople. Immunoassays were performed to determine cardiac troponin I (TnI), troponin T, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin concentrations. Western blot and densitometry were used to measure α-actin concentrations. Skeletal muscle damage was diagnosed according to physical examination, MRI findings and the biochemical criterion of a creatine kinase value >500 IU/l (Rosalki method, Beckman Instruments SL, Fullerton, California, USA). Results were also compared with previously obtained data on injured and uninjured non-sportspeople.Results:The mean serum concentration of α-actin was significantly higher in sportspeople with muscle damage (10.49 μg/ml) than in uninjured sportspeople (3.99 μg/ml). Sera from injured sportspeople showed higher levels of α-actin than of troponin or myoglobin. No significant difference in TnI levels was observed between the groups.Conclusions:According to these results, α-actin is a new and reliable marker of skeletal muscle damage in sportspeople which can be used for the detection of muscle injury. Possible cross interference between skeletal and cardiac muscle damage can be discriminated by the combined use of α-actin and TnI. These data suggest that early measurement of α-actin in sportspeople with suspected muscle damage will allow them to receive earlier and more effective treatment and to return sooner to the practice of their sport.
Use of permitted drugs in Italian professional soccer players
Authors: Taioli Emanuela 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:To assess the frequency and quantity of usage of permitted drugs by Italian professional soccer players.Methods:A cohort of 1041 professional soccer players from the two Italian major leagues was assembled during the season 2003–4; 743 of the 785 (94.6%) subjects available on the day of the interview answered an epidemiological questionnaire, which included questions on the type and frequency of use of several permitted drugs.Results:92.6% of players reported having used oral anti-inflammatory products in the previous year, and most of them were current users (86.1%). 36% of the players, mostly current users, reported the use of analgesics. 82.8% of the players reported current use of supplements, and 28% reported using vitamins.Conclusions:The regular use of several permitted drugs is very high among professional soccer players. The description of players’ behaviour is the first step towards regular monitoring of the players’ need for, and use of, vitamins, supplements and other permitted drugs.
Targeting Ligand-Induced Binding Sites on GPIIb/IIIa via Single-Chain Antibody Allows Effective Anticoagulation Without Bleeding Time Prolongation
Authors: Stoll Patrick , Bassler Nicole , Hagemeyer Christoph E. , Eisenhardt Steffen U. , Chen Yung Chih , Schmidt Rene , Schwarz Meike , Ahrens Ingo , Katagiri Yasuhiro , Pannen Benedikt , Bode Christoph , Peter Karlheinz 
Published: February 2007

Objective—Therapeutic anticoagulation is widely used, but limitations in efficacy and bleeding complications cause an ongoing search for new agents. However, with new agents developed it seems to be an inherent problem that increased efficiency is accompanied by an increase in bleeding complications. We investigate whether targeting of anticoagulants to activated platelets provides a means to overcome this association of potency and bleeding.Methods and Results—Ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) on fibrinogen/fibrin-binding GPIIb/IIIa represent an abundant clot-specific target. We cloned an anti-LIBS single-chain antibody (scFvanti-LIBS) and genetically fused it with a potent, direct factor Xa (fXa) inhibitor, tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP). Specific antibody binding of fusion molecule scFvanti-LIBS-TAP was proven in flow cytometry; anti-fXa activity was demonstrated in chromogenic assays. In vivo anticoagulative efficiency was determined by Doppler-flow in a ferric chloride–induced carotid artery thrombosis model in mice. ScFvanti-LIBS-TAP prolonged occlusion time comparable to enoxaparine, recombinant TAP, and nontargeted mutant-scFv-TAP. ScFvanti-LIBS-TAP revealed antithrombotic effects at low doses at which the nontargeted mutant-scFv-TAP failed. In contrast to the other anticoagulants tested, bleeding times were not prolonged by scFvanti-LIBS-TAP.Conclusions—The novel clot-targeting approach of anticoagulants via single-chain antibody directed against a LIBS-epitope on GPIIb/IIIa promises effective anticoagulation with reduced bleeding risk.
Pair duets in the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata): Phonology and syntax
Authors: Dahlin Christine , Wright Timothy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPair duets are acoustically complex communication signals formed jointly by members of a mated pair. Duets may serve multiple communication functions; quantitative studies of the acoustic structure and organization of notes (or 'syntax') within duets are an important step in identifying these functions. This study examined duets of the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata) at two sites in Costa Rica to determine the syntactical rules underlying duet variation. Duets were composed of contact calls and three other note types found only in duets. These latter note types were sex-specific, with one type performed by females and the other two types by males. Sex-specific notes were delivered antiphonally and in distinct pairs, with the male note following and often overlapping that of the female. Note types appeared in a strict sequential order in which each note could be repeated a variable number of times or omitted entirely, a pattern previously termed 'combinatorial syntax'. Additionally, there was considerable variation in acoustic parameters of notes within types. Many of these parameters varied significantly with note order within a duet. These syntactical features suggest a preliminary hypothesis that males and females encode different, and possibly multiple, messages in their respective contributions to duets.
A 6-Year Follow-up of the Effect of Graft Site on Strength, Stability, Range of Motion, Function, and Joint Degeneration after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Keays Susan L. , Bullock-Saxton Joanne E. , Keays Anthony C. , Newcombe Peter A. , Bullock Margaret I. 
Published: February 2007

Background The choice of graft material for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains controversial. Despite the need for well-controlled, long-term outcome studies comparing patellar tendon with hamstring grafting, few studies have followed results for more than 5 years. Hypothesis Graft source will not affect outcome 6 years after reconstruction. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Sixty-two patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and 18 uninjured control subjects were studied over 6 years. Thirty-one patients received patellar tendon grafts, and 31 received hamstring tendon grafts. Assessment included knee joint stability, range of motion, muscle strength, subjective function, objective function (running, sidestepping, carioca, and hop tests), and joint degeneration. Results Clinical stability was restored to all patients other than to the 2 hamstring graft recipients who suffered reinjuries. The KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side differences were similar in the patellar tendon (1.9 mm) and hamstring tendon (2.0 mm) groups but were significantly greater than that of uninjured control subjects (P < .001). There were no significant strength differences between surgical and control groups, although a 6% quadriceps deficit existed after patellar tendon grafting. In the more demanding functional tests (hop and triple-hop indices and carioca), the hamstring graft recipients performed similarly to the control group, whereas a significant difference (P < .05) existed between the patellar tendon graft and the control group. The incidence of early tibiofemoral osteoarthritis was significantly greater after reconstruction using patellar tendon (62%) than after hamstring tendon grafting (33%; P = .002). Conclusion Six-year outcomes were very satisfactory irrespective of graft source. However, reconstruction using the hamstring tendons resulted in improved functional performance and a lower incidence of osteoarthritis.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Minimally Invasive Repairs for Complete Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation
Authors: Wellmann Mathias , Zantop Thore , Weimann Andre , Raschke Michael J. , Petersen Wolf 
Published: February 2007

Background The conventional coracoclavicular ligament augmentation with a single polydioxanone loop has been shown to have some pivotal disadvantages. Hypothesis A minimally invasive flip button/polydioxanone repair provides similar biomechanical properties to the conventional polydioxanone cerclage around the coracoid. However, the authors expected a difference in linear stiffness, ultimate load, and permanent elongation between suture anchor repairs and polydioxanone repairs. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The tensile fixation strength of 4 different minimally invasive repairs was tested in a porcine metatarsal model: (1) 1.3-mm single polydioxanone cerclage with a subcoracoidal flip button fixation, (2) 1.3-mm single polydioxanone cerclage, (3) Twinfix Ti 3.5-mm/Ultrabraid 2-suture anchor, and (4) Twinfix Ti 5.0-mm/Ultrabraid 2-suture anchor. The testing protocol included cyclic superoinferior loading and a subsequent load to failure trial. Results The flip button repair (646 N) and the conventional polydioxanone banding (663 N) revealed significant higher ultimate loads than did the suture anchor repairs (295 and 331 N, respectively; P < .001), whereas no significant differences were found for the elongation behavior under cyclic loading. Conclusion There was no significant difference between the 2 polydioxanone repairs. The ultimate load of the flip button procedure reaches the level of the native coracoclavicular ligament complex as it has been quantified in the literature. Clinical Relevance Although the biomechanical results comparing a minimally invasive flip button procedure versus a conventional polydioxanone cerclage are similar, the authors recommend the flip button procedure because of its minimally invasive approach and the secure subcoracoidal fixation technique with a minimized risk of anterior loop dislocation and neurovascular damage.