bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: A Danish Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Mellemkjær Lene , Bigaard Janne , Tjønneland Anne , Christensen Jane , Thomsen Birthe , Johansen Christoffer , Overvad Kim , Olsen Jørgen H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the importance of body fat mass (BFM) and fat free mass (FFM) for the established positive association between BMI and breast cancer among post‐menopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective cohort of 23,788 postmenopausal women included in the Danish study Diet, Cancer, and Health during 1993 to 1997 was linked to the Danish Cancer Registry to identify all cases of breast cancer occurring during 1993 to 2002. Breast cancer incidence rate ratios for anthropometric measurements with adjustment for known risk factors for breast cancer were calculated by Cox regression analyses.Results: Among the most commonly used anthropometric measurements, BMI was positively associated with breast cancer among never users of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). By splitting BMI into two indices, BFM index and FFM index, we found that the incidence rate ratio with each 1 kg/m2 among never users of HRT was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.93 to 1.03) for BFM index and 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.26) for FFM index after mutual adjustment.Discussion: The finding for BMI was in accordance with previous findings. Our results indicate that the FFM component of BMI may play a role for development of breast cancer among never users of HRT.
ABCA1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on High‐Density Lipoprotein‐Cholesterol and Overweight: the D.E.S.I.R. Study
Authors: Porchay Isabelle , Péan Franck , Bellili Naïma , Royer Bernard , Cogneau Joël , Chesnier Marie‐Claude , Caradec Ariane , Tichet Jean , Balkau Beverley , Marre Michel , Fumeron Frédéric 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) gene plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Some ABCA1 gene polymorphisms have been associated with high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of three polymorphisms, C69T, G378C, and G1051A (R219K), on HDL‐C levels and their interaction with BMI in more than 5000 French whites from the D.E.S.I.R. (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome) cohort study. The T allele of the C69T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with higher HDL‐C levels in normal‐weight men (BMI <25 kg/m2). The C allele of the G378C SNP was associated with lower HDL‐C in overweight subjects (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). For the G1051A SNP, in the normal‐weight group, the minor A allele was significantly associated with higher HDL‐C levels. In contrast, in overweight people, the minor allele was associated with lower HDL‐C levels. After accounting for multiple testing, empiric p values remained significant for the associations between G378C SNP and HDL‐C in the overweight group and between G1051A SNP and HDL‐C in the normal‐weight group. This study suggests that ABCA1 gene polymorphisms modulate HDL‐C concentrations, in interaction with BMI, and, thus, they might influence cardiovascular risk in the general population.
Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acids, Adipose Tissue, and Metabolic Markers in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Karlsson Martin , Mårild Staffan , Brandberg John , Lönn Lars , Friberg Peter , Strandvik Birgitta 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Fatty acid (FA) composition has a role in adipogenesis. The objective was to study serum phospholipid (PL) FAs in adolescents and their relation to abdominal adipose tissue (AT) compartments and metabolic markers.Research Methods and Procedures: Abdominal AT was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and FA pattern was determined in serum PL of 10 obese adolescents (5 females), median age 12.0 years (range, 10.4 to 16.4) and BMI 30.7 (26.8 to 40.4), and 15 lean control subjects (9 females), median age 12.6 years (range, 11.3 to 15.4), and BMI 19.5 (17.1 to 23.4).Results: Obese adolescents had relatively higher levels of saturated FA (SFA) and nervonic acid compared with controls. Serum PL concentration of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was lower in the obese vs. lean females (p = 0.01), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p = 0.01). The ratios of arachidonic acid to DHA and total n‐6/n‐3 FA were increased in obese children (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). n‐3 PUFAs were inversely correlated to all subcutaneous AT compartments except visceral AT. The homeostasis model assessment index of β‐cell function related inversely to DHA concentration (p = 0.03). All changes were more marked in the females.Discussion: Serum FA pattern in obese adolescents differed significantly from that in age‐matched lean controls, reflecting a decrease in n‐3 PUFA, especially DHA, and an increase in SFA. The subcutaneous AT, but not visceral AT, correlated to the changes in PUFA and SFA, suggesting an abnormal essential FA metabolism in obese adolescents.
True Fractional Calcium Absorption is Decreased After Roux‐En‐Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Riedt Claudia S. , Brolin Robert E. , Sherrell Robert M. , Field M. Paul , Shapses Sue A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered to be the gold standard alternative treatment for severe obesity. Weight loss after RYGB results primarily from decreased food intake. Inadequate calcium (Ca) intake and metabolic bone disease can occur after gastric bypass. To our knowledge, whether malabsorption of Ca contributes to an altered Ca metabolism in the RYGB patient has not been addressed previously.Research Methods and Procedures: We recruited 25 extremely obese women in order to study true fractional Ca absorption (TFCA) before and 6 months after RYGB surgery, using a dual stable isotope method (42Ca and 43Ca) and test load of Ca (200 mg). Hormones regulating Ca absorption and markers of bone turnover were also measured.Results: In 21 women (BMI 52.7 ± 8.3 kg/m2, age 43.9 ± 10.4 years) who successfully completed the study, TFCA decreased from 0.36 ± 0.08 to 0.24 ± 0.09 (p < 0.001) after RYGB. Bone turnover markers increased significantly (p < 0.01). TFCA correlated with estradiol levels (r = 0.512, p < 0.02) and tended to correlate with 1,25 (OH)2D (r = 0.427, p < 0.06) at final measurement. Stepwise linear regression indicated that estradiol explained 62% of the variance for TFCA at 6 months post‐surgery (p < 0.01).Discussion: TFCA decreases (0.12 ± 0.08) after RYGB surgery but remains within normal range. Although only some patients were estimated to have low Ca absorption after surgery, all of the patients showed a dramatic increase in markers of bone resorption. The alteration in Ca metabolism after RYGB‐induced weight loss appears to be regulated primarily by estradiol levels and might ultimately affect bone mass.
Categorization of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Using Obesity Indices in Non‐smoking Singaporean Women
Authors: Pua Yong‐Hao , Lim Cheng‐Kuan , Ang Adele 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To revisit cut‐off values of BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐stature ratio (WSR) based on their association with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The derived cut‐off points were compared with current values (BMI, 25.0 kg/m2; WC, 80 cm) as recommended by the World Health Organization.Research Methods and Procedures: Anthropometric indices were measured in a cross sectional study of 358 Singaporean female employees of a large tertiary hospital (63% Singaporean Chinese, 28% Malays, and 9% Indians). CRF was determined by the 1‐mile walk test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine cut‐off points.Results: The cut‐off points for BMI, WC, and WSR were 23.6 kg/m2, 75.3 cm, and 0.48, respectively. The areas under the curve of BMI, WC, and WSR were 0.68, 0.74, and 0.74, respectively. For a given BMI, women with low CRF had higher WSR compared with women with high CRF.Discussion: These findings provide convergent evidence that the cut‐off points for Singaporean women were lower than the World Health Organization's criteria but were in good agreement with those reported for Asians.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Testing Treatment Preference and Two Dietary Options in Behavioral Weight Management: Preliminary Results of the Impact of Diet at 6 Months—PREFER Study
Authors: Burke Lora E. , Styn Mindi A. , Steenkiste Ann R. , Music Edvin , Warziski Melanie , Choo Jina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The PREFER study objectives were to examine potential differences in weight loss during a standard behavioral intervention between subjects assigned to one of two calorie‐ and fat‐restricted diets [standard behavior treatment (SBT) and lacto‐ovo‐vegetarian ([SBT+LOV)], with or without regard to their preferred dietary treatment. This article reports the differences in outcomes between diet groups after the first 6 months of the intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: The study used a four‐group design. Subjects (n = 182) were randomized to a treatment preference group and then to a dietary treatment group. For this report, preference groups were combined to permit comparisons by dietary treatment only (SBT, n = 98; SBT+LOV, n = 84). Additional analyses compared SBT+LOV subjects who were 100% adherent (did not consume any meat, fish, or poultry, n = 47) to those who were <100% adherent (n = 24).Results: Significant differences were seen in the baseline to 6‐month change scores between the two groups for carbohydrate consumption (p = 0.013), protein consumption (p < 0.001), polyunsaturated‐to‐saturated fat ratio (p = 0.009), and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) level (p = 0.013). Among SBT+LOV subjects, those who were 100% adherent experienced greater reductions in weight (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p = 0.026), LDL‐C (p = 0.034), and glucose (p = 0.002) and consumed less fat (p = 0.030) compared with those who were <100% adherent.Discussion: Differences between dietary treatment groups at 6 months were minimal, most likely because one‐third of the SBT+LOV group did not follow the vegetarian diet and because both groups had the same calorie and fat restrictions. SBT+LOV subjects who were 100% adherent were more successful at both weight loss and cholesterol reduction than those who were <100% adherent, suggesting that vegetarian diets are efficacious for weight and cholesterol control.
Maternal Feeding Strategies, Child Eating Behaviors, and Child BMI in Low‐Income African‐American Preschoolers
Authors: Powers Scott W. , Chamberlin Leigh A. , van Schaick Kelly B. , Sherman Susan N. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the hypothesis that low‐income African‐American preschool children would have a higher BMI if their mothers reported greater “restriction” and “control” in feeding and if mothers reported that children showed greater “food responsiveness” and “desire to drink.” In addition, to test whether higher maternal “pressure to eat” would be associated with lower child BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: A questionnaire was completed by 296 low‐income African‐American mothers of preschool children. It assessed three constructs on maternal feeding strategies (“restriction,” “pressure to eat,” and “control”) and two on child eating behaviors (“food responsiveness” and “desire to drink”). Children's BMI was measured, and mothers’ BMI was self‐reported.Results: The mean (standard deviation) BMI z‐score of the children was 0.34 (1.5), and 44% of the mothers were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Only maternal “pressure to eat” had a significant overall association with child BMI z‐score (r = −0.16, p < 0.01). Both maternal “restriction” and “control” were positively associated with children's BMI z‐score in the case of obese mothers (r = 0.20, p = 0.03 and r = 0.24, p = 0.007, respectively), but this was not so in the case of non‐obese mothers (r = −0.16, p = 0.05 and r = −0.07, p = 0.39, respectively).Discussion: Among low‐income African Americans, the positive association between maternal restriction and control in feeding and their preschoolers’ BMI was limited to obese mothers. Relations between parent feeding strategies and child weight status in this population may differ on the basis of maternal weight status.
Peptide YY Levels Are Elevated After Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Chan Jean L. , Mun Edward C. , Stoyneva Violeta , Mantzoros Christos S. , Goldfine Allison B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Mechanisms that promote effective and sustained weight loss in persons who have undergone Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery are incompletely understood but may be mediated, in part, by changes in appetite. Peptide YY (PYY) is a gut‐derived hormone with anorectic properties. We sought to determine whether gastric bypass surgery alters PYY levels or response to glucose.Research Methods and Procedures: PYY and ghrelin levels after a 75‐gram oral glucose tolerance test were measured in 6 morbidly obese patients 1.5 ± 0.7 (SE) years after gastric bypass compared with 5 lean and 12 obese controls.Results: After substantial body weight loss (36.8 ± 3.6%) induced by gastric bypass, the PYY response to an oral glucose tolerance test was significantly higher than in controls (p = 0.01). PYY increased ∼10‐fold after a 75‐gram glucose load to a peak of 303.0 ± 37.0 pg/mL at 30 minutes (p = 0.03) and remained significantly higher than fasting levels for all subsequent time‐points. In contrast, PYY levels in obese and lean controls increased to a peak of ∼2‐fold, which was only borderline significant. Ghrelin levels decreased in a symmetric but opposite fashion to that of PYY.Discussion: Gastric bypass results in a more robust PYY response to caloric intake, which, in conjunction with decreased ghrelin levels, may contribute to the sustained efficacy of this procedure. The findings provide further evidence for a role of gut‐derived hormones in mediating appetite changes after gastric bypass and support further efforts to determine whether PYY3–36 replacement could represent an effective therapy for obesity.
Acute Modulation of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis by Intravenous Estrogens
Authors: Van Pelt Rachael E. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Hickner Robert C. , Schwartz Robert S. , Kohrt Wendy M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous (IV) conjugated estrogens (EST) acutely enhance the suppression of whole‐body or regional subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) lipolysis by insulin in postmenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed whole‐body lipolysis by [2H5]glycerol rate of appearance (GlycRA) and abdominal and femoral SAT lipolysis (interstitial glycerol; GlycIS) by subcutaneous microdialysis. Postmenopausal women (n = 12) were studied on two occasions, with IV EST or saline control (CON), under basal conditions and during a 3‐stage (4, 8, and 40 mU/m2/min) hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. Ethanol outflow/inflow ratio and recovery of [13C]glycerol during microdialysis were used to assess blood flow changes and interstitial glycerol concentrations, respectively.Results: Compared with CON, EST did not affect systemic basal or insulin‐mediated suppression of lipolysis (GlycRA) or SAT nutritive blood flow. Basal GlycIS in SAT was reduced on the EST day. However, insulin‐mediated suppression of lipolysis in SAT was not significantly influenced by EST.Discussion: These findings suggest that estrogens acutely reduce basal lipolysis in SAT through an unknown mechanism but do not alter whole‐body or SAT suppression of lipolysis by insulin.
The Growth of Children in Relation to the Timing of Obesity Development
Authors: Papadimitriou Anastasios , Gousi Theodora , Giannouli Olga , Nicolaidou Polyxeni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine whether there is an association between the timing of the development of obesity and children's growth.Research Methods and Procedures: This study investigated 141 prepubertal obese children (76 girls) and 72 healthy non‐obese children (39 girls). The target height standard deviation score (SDS), the percentage weight for height, and the height SDS (H‐SDS) at presentation and at the age of 2 years were calculated. Patients were classified, according to whether obesity developed before or after the age of 3 years, as presenting with early‐onset or late‐onset obesity, respectively.Results: Mean age (±SD) at presentation was 9.4 (2.1) years. At the age of 2 years, the H‐SDS of the children with early‐onset obesity was 1.3 (1.0) vs. 0.9 (1.3) for the late‐onset obese (p > 0.5) and 0.4 (1.0) for controls (p < 0.001), and the children with late‐onset obesity were also significantly taller than controls (p < 0.005). At presentation, children with early‐onset obesity were significantly taller than children with late‐onset obesity [1.1 (0.8) vs. 0.6 (1.0); p < 0.001] and controls [0.2 (0.8); p < 0.001]. There was no increase in H‐SDS after the age of 2 years in the late‐onset obese children (p > 0.05). H‐SDS values were below average in 21% of the children with late‐onset obesity and in only 4% of the children with early‐onset obesity.Discussion: These findings indicate that late development of obesity is not associated with increased stature in prepubertal children; however, it may be preceded by growth acceleration in the early years of life. Growth acceleration in early life may be a predictor for future obesity.
Psychological Status and Weight‐Related Distress in Overweight or At‐Risk‐for‐Overweight Children
Authors: Young‐Hyman Deborah , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Yanovski Susan Z. , Keil Margaret , Cohen Marc L. , Peyrot Mark , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To associate psychological status, weight‐related distress, and weight status during childhood in overweight or at‐risk‐for‐overweight children.Research Methods and Procedures: We associated self‐report of depression, trait anxiety, and weight‐related distress (body size dissatisfaction and weight‐related peer teasing after controlling for the effects of weight) in 164 children (black 35%; age 11.9 ± 2.5 years; girls 51%) who were overweight or at‐high‐risk‐for‐overweight and were not seeking weight loss.Results: Overall, heavier children reported more psychological and weight‐related distress. Black children reported more anxiety and body size dissatisfaction than white children, despite equivalent weights. However, psychological distress was not significantly associated with weight in white children. Girls reported more weight‐related distress than boys. Depression was associated with weight‐related teasing in all predictive models, except in the model using only black subjects. Trait anxiety was associated with report of peer teasing when using all subjects. Depression was also significantly associated with children's report of body size dissatisfaction in models using all subjects, only girls, or white subjects, but not in analyses using only boys or black subjects. For boys peer teasing was associated with body size dissatisfaction. In models including only black children, depression and trait anxiety were not significantly associated with either report of peer teasing or body size dissatisfaction.Discussion: Regardless of race or sex, increasing weight is associated with emotional and weight‐related distress in children. However, associations of psychological status, weight, and weight‐related distress differ for girls and boys, and for black and white children.
New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Petersen Kitt Falk , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInsulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, yet despite much effort, the underlying factors that are responsible for it are poorly understood. In this review, we focus on some recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in humans that have been made using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Development of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Authors: Haffner Steven M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe prevalence of obesity and diabetes has reached pandemic proportions. Obesity, particularly in association with high waist circumference and high BMI, is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes. Several large studies have shown that marginal (5 lb) to moderate (11 to 22 lb) weight gain in adulthood (age 20 to 50 years) increases the risk of chronic disease and negatively affects CHD risk status. The metabolic syndrome, a clustering of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, is increasing among adults and children and is strongly associated with the development of diabetes and CHD. Recent evidence suggests that elevated liver enzymes, an indicator of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, may comprise an additional component of the metabolic syndrome and may serve as a surrogate marker for type 2 diabetes, particularly if used in conjunction with C‐reactive protein.
Fatty Acid Metabolism, the Central Nervous System, and Feeding
Authors: Ronnett Gabriele V. , Kleman Amy M. , Kim Eun‐Kyoung , Landree Leslie E. , Tu Yajun 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA potential role for fatty acid metabolism in the regulation of energy balance in the brain or in the periphery has been considered only recently. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) catalyzes the synthesis of long‐chain fatty acids, whereas the breakdown of fatty acids by β‐oxidation is regulated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, the rate‐limiting enzyme for the entry of fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation. While the question of the physiological role of fatty acid metabolism remains to be resolved, studies indicate that inhibition of FAS or stimulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 using cerulenin or synthetic FAS inhibitors reduces food intake and incurs profound and reversible weight loss. Several hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which these small molecules mediate their effects have been entertained. Centrally, these compounds alter the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides, generally reducing the expression of orexigenic peptides. Whether through central, peripheral, or combined central and peripheral mechanisms, these compounds also increase energy consumption to augment weight loss. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that at least part of C75's effects is mediated by modulation of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, a member of an energy‐sensing kinase family. These compounds, with chronic treatment, also alter gene expression peripherally to favor a state of enhanced energy consumption. Together, these effects raise the possibility that pharmacological alterations in fatty acid synthesis/degradation may serve as a target for obesity therapeutics.