bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute toxicosis of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by pyrolysis products from heated polytetrafluoroethylene: Clinical study
Authors: Wells R. E. , Slocombe R. F. , Trapp A. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe), a synthetic polymer widely used as a nonstick surface in cookware, releases toxic pyrolysis products when exposed to excessive heat. Thirty-two budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were exposed to pyrolysis products of either heated ptfe cookware or plain aluminum cookware in a specially designed exposure chamber for given periods. Clinical signs were recorded and necropsies were done on all birds at the termination of each exposure period. The ptfe products caused acute respiratory distress and rapid death in many of the exposed birds. At necropsy, lesions were seen only in the respiratory tract—extensive pulmonary hemorrhage and congestion.
Pneumatically powered vertebral displacement device for dogs
Authors: Fialho Sergio A. G. , Lumb William V. , Scott Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A pneumatically powered trauma device was developed to produce vertebral displacement and spinal cord injury in dogs. After surgical exposure of the spine, displacement was done without laminectomy or cutting of the intervertebral disc.
Trauma resulted in luxation between L1 and L2 or fractures of L1 and L2. Force required to cause displacement was recorded via a load sensing system and ranged between 1,848 and 2,666 newtons. In a few dogs, there was partial return of the displaced segment upon pressure release from the device at posttrauma hour 4. The device was an effective means of producing spinal injuries in dogs, and provides a method for studying spinal column and spinal cord injuries.
Canine bladder epithelial cells in culture: Susceptibility to canine distemper and measles viruses
Authors: Bui Hong Dang , Tobler Leslie H. , Van Pelt Lloyd F. , Howard Edwin B. , Imagawa David T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A canine bladder epithelial cell strain was established in culture for the study of canine distemper virus. Epithelial cells were scraped off the bladder with a scalpel and were cultured in enriched Eagle’s medium. Cells were enzymatically dispersed and passed over 46 population doublings which covered a period of more than 3 years. The cells were heteroploid when karyotyped at passage level 5 and 42. This cell strain permitted direct isolation of canine distemper virus and also showed susceptibility to laboratory strains of measles virus. Seemingly, establishment of cell strains from canine bladder epithelium can be accomplished without difficulty.
Noninvasive measurement of systemic arterial pressure in dogs by automatic sphygmomanometry
Authors: Hamlin R. L. , Kittleson M. D. , Rice D. , Knowlen G. , Seyffert R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mean, systolic, and diastolic systemic arterial blood pressures were recorded by indirect automatically inflating and deflating sphygmomanometry, using an oscillometric principle in 9 anesthetized dogs whose blood pressures were varied by infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Blood pressures fluctuated between a diastolic pressure of 40 mm of Hg and a systolic pressure of 210 mm of Hg. A total of 147 blood pressures, measured by indirect sphygmomanometry, were compared with those obtained from a cardiac catheter within the artery of the contralateral limb. The device also indicated heart rate. Correlation coefficients between actual pressures from the cardiac catheter and those registered by the oscillometric device were > 0.9 for all pressures, and correlation coefficient for heart rate was 0.827. The lower correlation for heart rate was a consequence of (i) the slow sinus arrhythmia produced in response to phenylephrine and (ii) the device recognizing catacrotic waves as primary pulsations. In the anesthetized dog, this device is reliable, simple to use, and may be of value for monitoring dogs during surgery. Preliminary subjective evaluation indicated that the device is useful for measuring systemic arterial pressures in unanesthetized dogs as well, as long as motion of the limb around which the cuff is placed is minimal.
Enterotoxin production and resistance to antimicrobial agents in porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains
Authors: de Lopez Aura G. , Kadis Solomon , Shotts Emmett B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A select group of porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains capable of causing diarrheal disease in neonatal pigs and calves, respectively, were tested for enterotoxin production and resistance to 23 different antimicrobial agents. Thirty-four of the 39 porcine strains tested were enterotoxigenic; that is, they synthesized heat-stable (st), together with heat-labile (lt), enterotoxin; st toxin alone, or lt toxin alone. Fourteen of the 15 bovine strains tested produced st toxin only, whereas 1 strain elaborated lt toxin only. All of the strains were multiple-drug resistant. Among the porcine strains, 2 were resistant to 6 of the antimicrobial agents, and 1 was resistant to 18 of the drugs. All of these strains were resistant to cloxacillin, lincomycin, and penicillin G. None of them was resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, or nalidixic acid. One of the bovine strains was resistant to 7 of the drugs, and 1 strain was resistant to 17 of these antimicrobial agents. All of the bovine strains exhibited resistance to cloxacillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, pencillin G, sulfathiazole, sulfamethizole, and triple sulfa (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine). None of these strains showed resistance to gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurazone, or nitrofurantoin.
Host defense systems in cattle exposed to polybrominated biphenyl
Authors: Kateley John R. , Insalaco Robin , Codere Susan , Willett L. B. , Schanbacher F. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In vivo and in vitro immunologic studies were undertaken in 114 Holstein cattle, 60 of which had detectable polybrominated biphenyls (pbb) in adipose tissue. The tissue pbb concentrations were between 0.02 and at least 1,000 mg/kg. An immunologic test profile was used to evaluate the influence of pbb on bovine immune competence. The profile included serum immunoglobulin determinations, autoantibody studies, lymphocyte subpopulation determinations, lymphoblastogenesis assays, delayed hypersensitivity skin testing, and neutrophil function studies.
The results of the evaluation indicated that the host defenses are intact, both in quantity and function, in cattle with pbb body burdens ranging from 0.02 to 24.0 mg/kg for at least 2 years. Cattle fed 25 g of pbb daily during the acute toxicity study exhibited usual immune competence until they accumulated 500 g of pbb (tissue concentrations exceeding 1,000 mg/kg). Cattle that were fed more than 500 g of pbb became moribund and exhibited changes in neutrophil function tests and serum antibody titers.
Effect of levamisole in immune responses to bovine herpesvirus-1
Authors: Babiuk L. A. , Misra V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of levamisole on bovine immune responses to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was assessed under laboratory and commercial feedlot situations. In all instances, levamisole appeared to have a beneficial effect on antibody responses of the cattle after vaccination. In the smaller scale pilot trials, levamisole appeared to be more efficacious when given 7 days after vaccination, presumably when a large amount of viral antigen was present as a result of viral replication. In the larger feedlot trial, however, response to administration of levamisole at the time of vaccination appeared to be slightly better than if given 7 days later. In all instances that animals had an antibody response before they were challenge-exposed with virulent virus, rectal temperature responses remained below 40 C, indicating that a threshold level of immunity may be acquired after the vaccination and that elevation of this threshold level does not necessarily alter the clinical disease. However, the amount of virus replication and shedding after challenge exposure seemed to be correlated with the level of immunity. These results are discussed in relationship to the role of immunity levels to spread of virus within a feedlot.
Bovine anaplasmosis: Clinical, hematologic, and serologic manifestations in cows given a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in the prepatent period
Authors: Lincoln S. D. , Eckblad W. P. , Magonigle R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prophylactic efficacy of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was determined in 36 susceptible cows experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale. Each of 10 cows in 3 treatment groups (T2, T3, T4) were given im injections of 20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of body weight once, twice, or three times during the prepatent period. The T2 group was treated once at 1 week after experimental inoculation, the T3 group was treated 2 times (at 1 and 2 weeks) after exposure, and the T4 group was treated 3 times (at 1, 2, and 3 weeks) after exposure. Six cows comprising group T1 served as nonmedicated controls.
Treatment of cattle in the prepatent period with the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation produced significantly fewer clinical anaplasmosis cases. This reduction in frequency was proportional to the number of weekly treatments given. In cattle which developed clinical disease, only 1 im injection of 20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg was necessary to induce recovery. The prepatent period in the treated cattle was extended approximately 30 days beyond the prepatent period of the control cattle after their final treatment. Humoral rapid card agglutinating and complement fixing antibodies regularly were present in the cows 10 days after they were inoculated; however, neither the presence of antibody nor that of the antibiotic was sufficient to prevent establishment of the carrier state in the principals.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever in areas of high and low prevalence: Survey for canine antibodies to spotted fever rickettsiae
Authors: Kelly D. J. , Osterman J. V. , Stephenson E. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sera from 149 of 467 dogs (32%) examined from 4 military installations located in Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The prevalence at individual installations ranged from 4.3% at Fort Knox, Ky, to 63.4% at Fort Bragg, NC. Most of the seropositive dogs were in the working and sporting groups of dogs. The difference in antibody prevalence between sexes was not significant. Serologic responses were related to R rickettsii infection, although antibodies to R montana also were detected in a few of the sera. Comparison of serodiagnostic methods indicated that the indirect fluorescent antibody test was more sensitive than was the indirect hemagglutination test for obtaining survey data on the prevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an area.
Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin generation in adult cats
Authors: O'Rourke Laurie , Feldman Bernard F. , Ito Ralph K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Screening coagulation tests, coagulation factors, and components of fibrinolysis and kinin generation were examined in 21 healthy adult cats. Observed ranges for screening tests were: prothrombin time, 7.3 to 11.4 s; activated partial thromboplastin time, 10.6 to 14.9 s; and thrombin time, 10.7 to 18.9 s. Functional coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII were assayed and expressed as percentage of normal. Although individual factors varied, the observed range for factors assayed was 37% to 208% of normal. Fibrinogen ranged from 50 to 165 mg/dl. Plasminogen and antithrombin III ranged from 50% to 200% and 89% to 111% of normal, respectively. Plasma kallikrein ranged from 0.3 to 3.9 μkat/L. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrin monomers were examined with variable and inconsistent results.
Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Rouvet D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pineal gland of the mink (Mustela vison) was examined, using light and electron microscopy. Its cellular structure was compared with that of the pineal gland in other mammalian species, including that of a close taxonomic relative, the ferret.
The pineal gland of the mink was composed of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells, as well as numerous neuron cell processes and nerve endings, which provide extensive neural input to the pineal gland. A high degree of vascularity, extent of neural innervation, pinealocyte organelles, and presence of extensive pinealocyte processes with secretory granules indicate an active secretory function. This secretory function is postulated to be associated with the onset of the yearly reproductive cycle in the mink.
Naturally occurring porcine proliferative enteritis: Pathologic and bacteriologic findings
Authors: Lomax Larry G. , Glock Robert D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The lesions of porcine proliferative enteritis were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques in feeder pigs, fattening hogs, bred gilts, sows, and boars.
The characteristic microscopic feature common to all age groups was proliferation of immature crypt epithelial cells, primarily in the ileum and the distal part of the jejunum. Similar changes were also observed in the midjejunum, cecum, and colon of a few swine.
The earliest detectable microscopic lesion was focal proliferation of crypt epithelial cells with accompanying inflammation of the lamina propria and leukocytic exudate within affected crypt lumina. Lesions progressed to diffuse crypt cell proliferation, elongation of crypts, and loss of villi.
Immature epithelial cells contained variable numbers of intracytoplasmic, nonmembrane-bound, curved organisms resembling Campylobacter sp bacteria. Similar organisms were within phagolysosomes of macrophages in the lamina propria and within the cytoplasm of crypt epithelial cells undergoing mitosis.
Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis was isolated from the ileal mucosa in 30 of 58 swine.
Piretanide (HOE 118) in dogs
Authors: Lumb W. V. , Seegmiller J. , Scott R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Piretanide, a “loop” diuretic, was administered orally and iv at 3 dose levels to healthy Beagles. The effects were measured over an 8-hour period. A marked diuresis occurred with both methods of administration at all dose levels. It was characterized by increased excretion of Na+, Cl-, and, to a lesser extent, K+. Urine osmolality and specific gravity decreased significantly, while urine Na+ and K+ concentrations decreased concurrently. Changes from base lines were not detected in hematologic values, except for serum K+ which reached below base line with larger doses.
Piretanide is a potent diuretic and treated patients should be monitored for hypokalemia.
Effect of aspirin on collateral blood flow after experimental thrombosis of the feline aorta
Authors: Schaub Robert G. , Gates Kathy A. , Roberts Royce E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 11 cats, the caudal aorta was occluded with a thrombus to inhibit opening of collateral vessels to the hindlimbs. Five cats were not treated, and 6 cats were given aspirin (650 mg, orally) 1 hour before aortic occlusion. Before the aortas were occluded, platelet counts were measured in the 11 cats, and platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate was assessed in 4 cats scheduled for aspirin treatment. Cats were maintained for 3 hours after surgery, and the tests were repeated. In addition, serum salicylate concentrations were determined for all aspirin-treated cats. Collateral circulation was assessed as the time necessary for contrast media to appear in the iliac arteries caudal to the thrombus during aortography.
Platelet counts were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced in nontreated cats, but not in the aspirin-treated cats. Serum salicylate concentrations indicated that aspirin had reached therapeutic blood concentrations. Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was observed in all postthrombosis aspirin-treated cats. Contrast media did not appear in the iliac arteries of nontreated cats until 7.5 ± 0.5 s after injection. In all aspirin-treated cats, contrast media appeared in the iliac arteries within 2.3 ± 0.3 s after injection. Platelet thromboxane A2 may be the factor promoting collateral inhibition after aortic thrombosis in cats.
Controlled tests of pastes of dichlorvos and thiabendazole against induced Strongyloides westeri infections in pony foals in 1973-1974
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 1973-1974, 4 controlled tests were performed in pony foals (n = 17) raised parasite-free and experimentally infected with Strongyloides westeri. Administration of infective larvae by stomach tube in 1 test resulted in low-grade infections and tended to invalidate the test. Intraoral and percutaneous (intra-aural) administration of larvae resulted in suitable test infections for 1 and 2 tests, respectively. A paste formulation of dichlorvos at 36.3 mg/kg of body weight resulted in variable (71% to 100%) removal from 4 ponies. Treatment of 4 ponies with pastes of thiabendazole at the dosage rate of 44 mg/kg was consistently effective (> 99% to 100%) for eliminating intestinal infections of S westeri.
Activity of ivermectin against canine intestinal helminths
Authors: Anderson Dennis L. , Roberson Edward L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin was tested in 98 dogs against adult ascarids (Toxocara canis, Toxiscaris leonina), hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum, A braziliense), and whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), and against experimentally induced infections (4th-stage larvae) of T canis and 4 caninum. Dosage levels tested were single subcutaneous injections of 50, 100, 200, or 400 μg/kg of body weight with appropriate vehicle-treated controls. A minimum of 4 (usually 5) dogs were tested with each parasite and dosage level. The lowest dosage level, 50 μg/kg, and all higher dosage levels expelled > 99% of the adult forms of both species of hookworms and intesinal larval forms of A caninum, as determined by worm counts at netropsy. A dosage level of 100 μg/kg was required to expel > 99% of whipworms and 200 μg/kg was necessary o expel adult (91%) and larval (97%) stages of T canis. Ivermectin was only marginally effective (34.2%, 46.2%, 69.2% and 53.8%) against Toxascaris leonina at 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/kg, respectively, and had no effect against occasional infections with the tapeworms, Dipylidium caninum (14 logs) and Taenia spp (3 dogs).
Blood volume of nonsplenectomized and splenectomized cats before and after acute hemorrhage
Authors: Breznock E. M. , Strack D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood volume (bv) was determined in awake, nonsplenectomized (nspx) and splenectomized (spx) cats before and after hemorrhage (6 ml/kg). Each nspx cat had a determined bv at least 10 ml/kg greater than the same cat after splenectomy. The mean bv of spx cats was 43.4 ± 8.94. ml kg (4.3% of body weight). The calculated rbc masses of nspx and spx cats were 17.0 ± 4.07 and 12.2 ± 1.12 ml/kg, respectively. Each nspx cat had apparent rbc masses of 5 ml/kg greater than that of the same cat after splenectomy was done. At 1 hour after a hemorrhage, the bv and rbc masses determined in spx cats were 46.7 ± 12.1 and 9.7 ± 1.90 ml/kg, respectively. Extravascular-to-intravascular fluid flux (calculated from rbc masses and plasma protein dilution) was approximately 0.80% of body weight. The indirect method with 51Cr-labeled rbc for bv determination was accurate and precise in awake, spx cats; in awake, nspx cats, the 51Cr-labeled rbc dilution method was precise, but not accurate. The spleen in the cat resulted in marked overestimations of bv and rbc masses.
Isolation of an in vitro-produced soluble Anaplasma-albumin complex
Authors: James Mark A. , Montenegro-James Sonia , Ristic Miodrag 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A soluble Anaplaszna-albumin complex was isolated from supernatants of A marginale cultures by affinity chromatography. Holstein calves inoculated with this fraction introduced anti-A marginale antibodies detected in the indirect fluorescent antibody test at titers similar to those found in cattle immunized with unfractionated culture supernatant. Titers of both groups peaked slightly above 1:2,000 on postinoculation day 46.
Bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotactic response to Pasteurella haemolytica or zymosan-activated serum
Authors: Bruecker K. A. , Schwartz L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The chemotactic influence of Pasteurella haemolytica and of products of its growth was evaluated in vitro, using bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) in an underagarose migration assay system. Pasteurella haemolytica was cultured, quantitated, killed, and lysed by freeze-thawing. The pmn directional migration toward P haemolytica lysate was not significantly (P > 0.9) different from spontaneous random pmn migration. Also, there was no chemotactic effect of viable 6-hour cultures of P haemolytica when tested in the in vitro underagarose system. Directional migration (1.70 ± 0.53 nun) of pmn to zymosan-activated pooled bovine serum was observed and determined to be significantly (P < 0.001) greater than was spontaneous random pmn migration (0.84 ± 1.21 mm).
Electrocardiographic changes in induced hyperkalemia in ponies
Authors: Glazier D. B. , Littledike E. T. , Evans R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 11 crossbred ponies, hyperkalemia was induced by acute intracardiac infusion of a 0.4M solution of potassium chloride. The ecg changes noticed can be assigned to 4 stages: (1) a widening and a lowering of amplitude followed by inversion and final disappearance of the P wave; (2) an increase in the amplitude of the T wave; (3) an increase in the QRS interval, with some irregularity in the ventricular rate; and (4) periods of cardiac arrest that became terminal or were followed by ventricular fibrillation.
At plasma potassium values of > 7.5 mM/L, the T-wave amplitude and duration of QRS increased. In most ponies, a 50% increase in the QRS duration was present when K+ values were 9 to 10 mM/L. The P waves are absent at plasma K+ values of 9.4 to 12.6 mM/L. Sinusoidal-shaped QRS-T complexes and periods of cardiac arrest occurred before the development of the terminal dysrhythmia. At plasma K+ values of 11.3 to 17.3 mM/L, cardiac standstill or ventricular fibrillation occurred.
The Q-0 Tc and Q-Tc intervals were not altered by hyperkalemia.
Case study of a diabetic dog with chronic membranous glomerulopathy treated with continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion
Authors: Janle-Swain Elsa , Thornhill Jerry A. , Carter James M. , Hinsman Edward , Jackson Horace D. , Ash Stephen R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to determine the use of continuous, intraperitoneal insulin infusion over an extended period (in maintaining metabolic control) and to evaluate the benefits of this treatment in reversing the kidney pathology of a chronic diabetic dog with membranous glomerulopathy.
Hyperglycemia was eliminated, but reevaluations of the insulin infusion pattern were necessary. An initial kidney biopsy revealed fusion of the foot processes, thickening of the basement membrane, and subendothelial deposition. After 5 months of infusion, there was less fusion of the foot processes and a decrease in the subendothelial deposition. Urinary protein loss decreased from 17.3 g/day to 625 mg/day after 2 months of infusion. The dog gained weight, muscle wasting was reversed, and his stamina returned while on continuous insulin infusion.
The reduction of a life-threatening urinary protein loss to a tolerable level and the improvement in the microscopic kidney lesions observed indicate that this treatment with insulin infusion may be beneficial in the management of long-term diabetic dogs, affected with advanced kidney lesions secondary to diabetes.