bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A theoretical synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. An overview of Evolutionary Phonology

1.1. Explaining sound patterns

Phonology is the study of sound patterns of the world's languages. In all spoken languages, we find sound patterns characterizing the composition of words and phrases. These patterns include overall properties of contrastive sound inventories (e.g. vowel inventories, consonant inventories, tone inventories), as well as patterns determining the distribution of sounds or contrastive features of sounds (stress, tone, length, voicing, place of articulation, etc.), and their variable realization in different contexts (alternations). A speaker's implicit knowledge of these patterns is often evident in their extension to novel items and in experiments probing phonological well-formedness. This implicit knowledge – its content, formalization, and representation, – is the central focus of modern theoretical phonology, including generative phonology and many of its derivatives (natural phonology, government phonology, dependency phonology, optimality theory).
On the typology of final laryngeal neutralization: Evolutionary Phonology and laryngeal realism
Authors: Iverson Gregory K , Salmons Joseph C 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Introduction

This commentary outlines a typology of final laryngeal neutralization under the assumptions of ‘laryngeal realism’, an approach to feature representation which distinguishes structurally the two-way contrasts of ‘voice’ languages (Dutch, Polish, Spanish) from those of ‘aspiration’ languages (German, Somali, Washo). The typology in turn opens the door to a fresh test for what has emerged as a central debate about Evolutionary Phonology (EP), namely, the status of ‘unnatural’ developments, in particular, the possible occurrence of ‘final voicing’ patterns. While EP allows for the existence of such systems, Kiparsky (this volume) argues vigorously that the proposed cases should all be reanalyzed, and that final voicing is actually unattested because it is impossible in human language.
Reply to commentaries
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Evolutionary Phonology

The primary goal of Evolutionary Phonology is to explain recurrent sound patterns in spoken languages across time and space. One domain of explanation is diachronic, and much of my own work has focused on diachronic explanations (e.g. Blevins 2004, 2006a, to appear a, to appear b, to appear c, this volume). Another domain of explanation is synchronic. A range of synchronic factors, from the mechanics of speech perception and production (e.g. Myers and Hansen 2005, To appear), to aspects of languages use (e.g. Blevins 2005a, 2005b), to general cognitive strategies in learning, categorization, and pattern-matching (e.g. Wedel 2004a, 2004b, to appear a, to appear b), are likely to play a major role in defining recurrent aspects of sound patterns.
Germanic V-in-C: Some Riddles
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Introduction

Usually, the Germanic languages are classified syntactically as V2-languages (see König and van der Auwera 1994). This is clearly due to the fact that they coincide wrt predominance of V-in-C clauses in root positions. Given this V-in-C/root correlation, it is highly plausible that a proper linguistic account of the exact distribution of Germanic V-in-C should at some level of analysis make appeal to the one characteristic property of root clauses, i.e. illocutionary force potential. Such an intuition has repeatedly guided research on V2, work inspired by Hooper & Thompson (1973) such as Andersson (1975) being among the early examples. However, this kind of work remained on a rather informal level, so Hubert Truckenbrodt (henceforth HT) deserves full credit for having put forth an explicit and non-trivial proposal for the analysis of German V-in-C that integrates syntax, discourse semantics, and pragmatics. Integration is guaranteed by so-called “context indices” and formulated as follows (cf. HT's (17)).
Methylation Status of Imprinting Centers for H19/IGF2 and SNURF/SNRPN in Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mitalipov Shoukhrat , Clepper Lisa , Sritanaudomchai Hathaitip , Fujimoto Akihisa , Wolf Don 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold promise for cell and tissue replacement approaches to treating human diseases based on their capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of somatic cells and tissues. However, long-term in vitro culture and manipulations of ESCs may adversely affect their epigenetic integrity, including imprinting. We have recently reported aberrant biallelic expression of IGF2 and H19 in several rhesus monkey ESC lines, whereas SNRPN and NDN were normally imprinted and expressed predominantly from the paternal allele. The dysregulation of IGF2 and H19 that is associated with tumorigenesis in humans may result from improper maintenance of allele-specific methylation patterns at an imprinting center (IC) upstream of H19. To test this possibility, we performed methylation analysis of several monkey ESC lines by genomic bisulfite sequencing. We investigated methylation profiles of CpG islands within the IGF2/H19 IC harboring the CTCF-6 binding site. In addition, the methylation status of the IC within the promoter/exon 1 of SNURF/SNRPN known as the Prader-Willi syndrome IC was examined. Our results demonstrate abnormal hypermethylation within the IGF2/H19 IC in all analyzed ESC lines, whereas the SNURF/SNRPN IC was differentially methylated, consistent with monoallelic expression.
CpG Methylation Profiles of Endothelial Cell-Specific Gene Promoter Regions in Adipose Tissue Stem Cells Suggest Limited Differentiation Potential Toward the Endothelial Cell Lineage
Authors: Boquest Andrew C. , Noer Agate , Sørensen Anita L. , Vekterud Kristin , Collas Philippe 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In vivo endothelial commitment of adipose stem cells (ASCs) has scarcely been reported, and controversy remains on the contribution of ASCs to vascularization. We address the epigenetic commitment of ASCs to the endothelial lineage. We report a bisulfite sequencing analysis of CpG methylation in the promoters of two endothelial-cell-specific genes, CD31 and CD144, in freshly isolated and in cultures of ASCs before and after induction of endothelial differentiation. In contrast to adipose tissue-derived endothelial (CD31+) cells, freshly isolated ASCs display a heavily methylated CD31 promoter and a mosaically methylated CD144 promoter despite basal transcription of both genes. Methylation state of both promoters remains globally stable upon culture. Endothelial stimulation of ASCs in methylcellulose elicits phenotypic changes, marginal upregulation of CD31, and CD144 expression and restrictive induction of a CD31+CD144+ immunophenotype. These events are accompanied by discrete changes in CpG methylation in CD31 and CD144 promoters; however, no global demethylation that marks CD31+ cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells occurs. Immunoselection of CD31+ cells after endothelial stimulation reveals consistent demethylation of one CpG immediately 3′ of the transcription start site of the CD31 promoter. Adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation maintains CD31 and CD144 methylation patterns of undifferentiated cells. Methylation profiles of CD31 and CD144 promoters suggest a limited commitment of ASCs to the endothelial lineage. This contrasts with the reported hypomethylation of adipogenic promoters, which reflects a propensity of ASCs toward adipogenic differentiation. Analysis of CpG methylation at lineage-specific promoters provides a robust assessment of epigenetic commitment of stem cells to a specific lineage.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is an Optimal Approach for Plastic Surgery
Authors: Fang Dianji , Seo Byoung-Moo , Liu Yi , Sonoyama Wataru , Yamaza Takayoshi , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Songlin , Shi Songtao 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into a variety of cell types, offering promising approaches for stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration. Here, we explored the potential of utilizing MSCs to reconstruct orofacial tissue, thereby altering the orofacial appearance. We demonstrated that bone marrow MSCs were capable of generating bone structures and bone-associated marrow elements on the surfaces of the orofacial bone. This resulted in significant recontouring of the facial appearance in mouse and swine. Notably, the newly formed bone and associated marrow tissues integrated with the surfaces of the recipient bones and re-established a functional bone marrow organ-like system. These data suggested that MSC-mediated tissue regeneration led to a body structure extension, with the re-establishment of all functional components necessary for maintaining the bone and associated marrow organ. In addition, we found that the subcutaneous transplantation of another population of MSCs, the human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), could form substantial amounts of collagen fibers and improve facial wrinkles in mouse. By contrast, bone marrow MSCs failed to survive at 8 weeks post-transplantation under the conditions used for the PDLSC transplantation. This study suggested that the mutual interactions between donor MSCs and recipient microenvironment determine long-term outcome of the functional tissue regeneration. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Evaluation of the rate of development of septic arthritis after elective arthroscopy in horses: 7 cases (1994–2003)
Authors: Olds Ashleigh M. , Stewart Allison A. , Freeman David E. , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the rate of development of septic arthritis after elective arthroscopy and evaluate associations between various factors and development of this complication in horses.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—682 horses that underwent arthroscopic procedures at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1994 to 2003.
Procedures—Information pertaining to signalment, joints treated, whether antimicrobials were administered, and development of postoperative septic arthritis was collected from medical records. Horses with a primary problem of septic arthritis or wounds involving joints were excluded. The following factors were evaluated to determine their roles in joint sepsis: breed, sex, joint, and preoperative and intra-articular administration of antimicrobials. Telephone interviews with clients were used to determine whether unreported septic arthritis had developed.
Results—8 of 932 (0.9%) joints in 7 of 682 (1.0%) horses that underwent arthroscopy developed postoperative septic arthritis. Follow-up information after discharge from the hospital was available for 461 of the 682 horses, and of those, 8 of 627 (1.3%) joints in 7 of 461 (1.5%) horses developed septic arthritis. Breed and joint treated were significant risk factors for development of postoperative septic arthritis, with draft breeds and tibiotarsal joints more likely than others to be affected. Sex, preoperatively administered antimicrobials, and intra-articularly administered antimicrobials were not associated with development of postoperative septic arthritis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results can be used for comparison with data from other institutions and surgical facilities. Additional precautions should be undertaken when arthroscopic surgery involves draft breeds and tibiotarsal joints.
Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of trans‐5‐Aryl‐2‐substituted Cyclohexanones by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Arylation of Racemic 6‐Substituted Cyclohexenones
Authors: Chen Qian , Soeta Takahiro , Kuriyama Masami , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Tomioka Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric conjugate arylation of racemic 6‐substituted cyclohexenones with arylboronic acids was catalyzed by 3 mol % of chiral amidophosphane‐[RhCl(C2H4)]2 in a 10:1 mixture of 1,4‐dioxane and water at 70 °C to afford a nearly 1:1 mixture of trans‐ and cis‐5‐aryl‐2‐substituted cyclohexanones in high enantioselectivity, which was subsequently epimerized with sodium ethoxide in ethanol to give thermodynamically stable trans‐5‐aryl‐2‐substituted cyclohexanones with 99–97 % ee in high two‐step yields.
A dynamic assessment of offender risk, needs, and strengths in a sample of pre‐release general offenders
Authors: Miller Holly A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStatic, dynamic, and protective factors have been identified as three focal domains significantly related to offender recidivism. However, few measures include comprehensive and inclusive assessment of these variables. The Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs, and Strengths (IORNS) was developed to fill a void in the assessment of risk and needs for offenders. The current study examines the reliability and initial validity of the IORNS in a sample of pre‐release offenders assessed for risk and treatment need. Results indicate moderate to high levels of internal consistency and identical IORNS scale results across race, and that the IORNS indexes, scales, and subscales display good convergent validity with self‐report and interview measures of static risk, dynamic risk, antisocial behavior, psychopathy, personality pathology, substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. Initial predictive validity examination of the IORNS indicates that several of the indexes, scales, and subscales were able to differentiate offenders who were sent back to prison for half‐way house rule violations from those who did not violate rules. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metallo‐Organic Domino Reactions: CH versus CC Bond Breaking
Authors: Tocher Derek A. , Drew Michael G. B. , Nag Samik , Pal Pankaj K. , Datta Dipankar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHL and MeL are prepared by condensing benzil dihydrazone with 2‐formylpyridine and 2‐acetylpyridine, respectively, in 1:2 molar proportions. While in a reaction with [Ru(C6H6)Cl2]2, HL yields the cation [Ru(C6H6){5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazine}Cl]+, MeL gives the cation [Ru(C6H6)(MeL)Cl]+. Both the cations are isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts and characterised by X‐ray crystallography. In the case of HL, double domino electrocyclic/elimination reactions are found to occur. The electrocyclic reaction occurs in a CNNCCN fragment of HL and the elimination reaction involves breaking of a CH bond of HL. Density functional calculations on model complexes indicate that the identified electrocyclic reaction is thermochemically as well as kinetically feasible for both HL and MeL in the gas phase. For a double domino reaction, similar to that operative in HL, to occur for MeL, breaking of a CC bond would be required in the elimination step. Our model calculations show the energy barrier for this elimination step to be much higher (329.1 kJ mol−1) for MeL than that for HL (96.3 kJ mol−1). Thus, the domino reaction takes place for HL and not for MeL. This accounts for the observed stability of [Ru(C6H6)(MeL)Cl]+ under the reaction conditions employed.
Arene Complexes of β‐Diketiminato Supported Organoscandium Cations: Mechanism of Arene Exchange and Alkyne Insertion in Solvent Separated Ion Pairs
Authors: Hayes Paul G. , Piers Warren E. , Parvez Masood 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA family of isolable solvent separated organoscandium methyl cations stabilized by β‐diketiminato ligands (Ar)NC(CH3)CHC(CH3)N(Ar) (Ar=2,6‐iPr‐C6H3, LMe) has been prepared by reaction of LMeScR2 with [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] in the presence of an arene solvent. Arenes such as bromobenzene, benzene, toluene, para‐xylene and mesitylene bind the scandium center in an η6‐bonding mode, yielding cations 1 a–e. Their solution and solid‐state structures have been explored using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. Mechanistic studies on arene exchange reactions and the insertion of diphenylacetylene indicate that these processes occur via arene intermediates of lower hapticity, followed by binding of the incoming reagent. Which of the two steps is rate limiting depends on the arene being displaced and/or the nature of the incoming substrate. The experiments present a unified view of these mechanisms, which have relevance to propagation processes in olefin polymerizations mediated by such cations.
Osmium‐Mediated CH and CC Bond Cleavage of a Phenolic Substrate: p‐Quinone Methide and Methylene Arenium Pincer Complexes
Authors: Gauvin Régis M. , Rozenberg Haim , Shimon Linda J. W. , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Milstein David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe diphosphine 2,4,6‐(CH3)3‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6OH (1) reacts with [OsCl2(PPh3)3] in presence of an excess of triethylamine to yield the isomeric para‐quinone methide derivatives [Os{4‐(CH2)‐1‐(O)‐2,6‐(CH3)2‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)(H)(PPh3)] (2 and 3), which differ in the positions of the mutually trans hydride and chloride ligands. Complex 2 reacts with CO to afford the dicarbonyl species [Os{1‐(O)‐2,4,6‐(CH3)3‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)(CO)2] (4), which results from hydride insertion into the quinonic double bond. Protonation of 2 and 3 leads to the formation of the methylene arenium derivative [Os{4‐(CH2)‐1‐(OH)‐2,6‐(CH3)2‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)(H)(PPh3)][OSO2CF3] (5 a). The diphosphine 1 reacts with [OsCl2(PPh3)3] at 100 °C under H2 to afford [Os{1‐(OH)‐2,6‐(CH3)2‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)(H2)(PPh3)] (6), a PCP pincer complex resulting formally from C(sp2)C(sp3) cleavage of the CCH3 group in 1. CC hydrogenolysis resulting in the same complex is achieved by heating 2 under H2 pressure. Reaction of the diphosphine substrate with [OsCl2(PPh3)3] under H2 at lower temperature allows the observation of a methylene arenium derivative resulting from CH activation, [Os{4‐(CH2)‐1‐(OH)‐2,6‐(CH3)2‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)2(H)] (7). This compound reacts with PPh3 in toluene to afford the ionic derivative [Os{4‐(CH2)‐1‐(OH)‐2,6‐(CH3)2‐3,5‐(iPr2PCH2)2C6}(Cl)(H)(PPh3)]Cl (5 b). X‐ray diffraction studies have been carried out on compounds 2, 3, 4, 5 b, 6, and 7, which allows the study of the structural variations when going from methylene arenium to quinone methide derivatives.
Whole, Turret and step methods of rapid rescreening: Is there any difference in performance?
Authors: Montemor Eliana Borin Lopes , Roteli‐Martins Cecilia M. , Zeferino Luiz Carlos , Amaral Rita Goreti , Fonsechi‐Carvasan Gislaine Aparecida , Shirata Neuza Kasumi , Utagawa Maria Lúcia , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Syrjanen Kari J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe compared the performance of the Whole, Turret and Step techniques of 100% rapid rescreening (RR) in detection of false‐negatives in cervical cytology. We tested RR performance with cytologists trained and among those without training. We revised 1,000 consecutive slides from women participating in an ongoing international screening trial. Two teams of experienced cytologists performed the RR techniques: one trained in RR procedures and the other not trained. The sensitivities in the trained group were Whole 46.6%, Turret 47.4% and Step 50.9%; and in the non‐trained group were 38.6, 31.6 and 47.4%, respectively. The κ coefficient showed a weak agreement between the two groups of cytologists and between the three RR techniques. The RR techniques are more valuable if used by trained cytologists. In the trained group, we did not observe significant differences between the RR techniques used, whereas in the non‐trained group, the Step technique had the best sensitivity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:57–60. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weeding atypical glandular cell look‐alikes from the true atypical lesions in liquid‐based Pap tests: A review
Authors: Wood Moira D. , Horst Julie A. , Bibbo Marluce 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to identify features that separate atypical glandular cells (AGC) associated with glandular neoplasia from its mimickers, both benign and neoplastic. We reviewed cases of AGC diagnosed on liquid‐based Pap tests (LBP) for which corresponding histological follow‐up was available. A review of the literature for similar studies in LBP tests was also conducted. We find that certain benign mimics can be reliably separated from AGC, but recommend caution in attempting to increase specificity at the risk of losing sensitivity.Although accounting for only a small percentage of diagnoses AGC require a thorough clinical evaluation, including colposcopy. Most cases are ultimately found to be benign. When evaluating smears suspicious for AGC, it is important to examine the subtle features which make truly atypical cells discernible from their numerous benign mimickers. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:12–17. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fischer Indole Synthesis in Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids: A Green, Mild, and Regiospecific Reaction System
Authors: Xu Dan‐Qian , Yang Wen‐Long , Luo Shu‐Ping , Wang Bing‐Tao , Wu Jian , Xu Zhen‐Yuan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA novel one‐pot Fischer indole synthesis approach has been developed by using Brønsted acidic ionic liquids as dual solvent‐catalysts. Yields of 83–97 % were obtained after reaction in BMImHSO4 at 70–110 °C in 0.5–6 h, and exclusive formation of 2,3‐disubstituted indoles was observed in the reaction of alkyl methyl unsymmetrical ketones. The indoles produced could be conveniently separated from the reaction mixture without any volatile organic solvents, and the BMImHSO4 could be readily reused without efficiency loss after simple treatment involving only 1 equiv. of HCl for neutralization followed by filtration.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Three New Serratane Triterpenoids from Phlegmariurus squarrosus
Authors: Yan Jian , Cheng Bao‐Hui , Zhang Xian‐Min , Qiu Ming‐Hua 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThree new serratane triterpenoids, (3α,14α,15α,21α)‐3,14,15,21,29‐pentahydroxyserratan‐24‐oic acid (1), (3α,21β)‐serrat‐14‐ene‐3,21,24,30‐tetraol (2), and (3α,21α)‐serrat‐14‐ene‐3,21,24,29‐tetraol (3), were isolated from Phlegmariurus squarrosus, together with eight known compounds. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of in‐depth spectroscopic analyses.
Cadinene Derivatives from Eupatorium adenophorum
Authors: Wang Ming‐Zhong , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Li Shun‐Lin , Cai Xiang‐Hai , Luo Xiao‐Dong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA new norsesquiterpene named eupatorone (= (4S,4aR,6R)‐1‐acetyl‐6‐(acetyloxy)‐4,4a,5,6‐tetrahydro‐4,7‐dimethylnaphthalen‐2(3H)‐one; 1) and a new sesquiterpene derivative named 2‐deoxo‐2‐(acetyloxy)‐9‐oxoageraphorone (= (1R,4S,4aR,6R,8aS)‐6‐(acetyloxy)‐3,4,4a,5,6,8a‐hexahydro‐4,7‐dimethyl‐1‐(1‐methylethyl)naphthalen‐2(1H)‐one; 2), together with the five known cadinene derivatives 3–7 were isolated from the flower of Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.). Their structures were established by extensive NMR experiments, including 1D and 2D NMR.
RNAs everywhere: genome‐wide annotation of structured RNAs
Authors: Backofen Rolf , Bernhart Stephan H. , Flamm Christoph , Fried Claudia , Fritzsch Guido , Hackermüller Jörg , Hertel Jana , Hofacker Ivo L. , Missal Kristin , Mosig Axel , Prohaska Sonja J. , Rose Dominic , Stadler Peter F. , Tanzer Andrea , Washietl Stefan , Will Sebastian 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStarting with the discovery of microRNAs and the advent of genome‐wide transcriptomics, non‐protein‐coding transcripts have moved from a fringe topic to a central field research in molecular biology. In this contribution we review the state of the art of “computational RNomics”, i.e., the bioinformatics approaches to genome‐wide RNA annotation. Instead of rehashing results from recently published surveys in detail, we focus here ontheopen problem in the field, namely (functional) annotation of the plethora of putative RNAs. A series of exploratory studies are used to provide non‐trivial examples for the discussion of some of the difficulties.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.