bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved procedure for the nitration of benzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazoles and their reduction to ortho‐phenylenediamines
Authors: Wright S. W. , Mcclure L. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA method for the nitration of benzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazoles using nitric acid dissolved in a mixture of methanesulfonic acid and phosphorus pentoxide at room temperature is presented. The SN2Ar displacement of fluoride that is observed when sulfuric acid is used as solvent is prevented and yields are high. Sodium nitrate could be used in place of nitric acid with no loss in yield. Following nitration, the 2,1,3‐selenadiazole ring is cleaved with hydriodic acid to afford a 3‐nitro‐ortho‐phenylenediamine. The method is applied to the multi‐gram preparation of 4‐fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzene‐1,2‐diamine.
Finite length effects on first hyperpolarizability tensor for chiral carbon nanotubes with application to second harmonic far‐field radiation pattern
Authors: De Dominicis L. , Fantoni R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe general form of the first hyperpolarizability third‐rank tensor β for chiral carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with symmetry Lnp22 is calculated with group projector technique method. For this purpose, the group natural factorization has been adopted and the associated irreducible representations, parameterized in terms of suitable quantum numbers, then used to construct the group projector operator in the relevant vector space. The followed approach allows to model the finite length effects on the tensor and to study its convergence to the invariant form as a function of CNT topology. As an applicative example, to elucidate the role played by finite length effects, the obtained results are applied to the study of second harmonic (SH) far‐field radiation pattern emitted by a chiral CNT within the linear dielectric homogeneity approximation. The particular case of a tube forming an angle of π/4 with the propagation direction of the linearly polarized exciting laser beam is treated. It is demonstrated that the radiation pattern consists of two main lobes with high directivity along the specular reflected and transmitted directions. According to the model developed and for the cases considered, finite length effects introduce asymmetries in the intensity distribution of the two lobes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of flowering stage of Lonicera japonica Thunb. on variation in volatiles and chlorogenic acid
Authors: Wang Li‐mei , Li Mao‐teng , Yan You‐yu , Ao Ming‐zhang , Wu Geng , Yu Long‐jiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The volatile oil of Lonicera japonica Thunb. is an edible natural perfume that is often used in foods, cigarettes and cosmetics. Chlorogenic acid, a major bioactive component of L. japonica, has received much attention recently owing to its antiviral, anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activities. However, to date, few reports have focused on the variation in volatile oil and chlorogenic acid at different flowering stages of L. japonica.RESULTS: Obvious variations in components of the volatile oil were observed at six different developmental stages. The primary components of the volatile oil were linalool, linalool oxide, geraniol and α‐terpineol, which reached their highest levels at the silver flowering stage. The highest levels of chlorogenic acid were found at the second white and complete white flowering stages.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the best times to harvest L. japonica flowers for volatile oil and chlorogenic acid extraction are the silver flowering stage and the second white or complete white flowering stage respectively. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure–property relationship of photoactive liquid crystalline polyethers containing benzylidene moiety
Authors: Rao V. Srinivasa , Samui A. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of main chain photoactive liquid crystalline polyethers, containing rigid bisbenzylidene photoactive mesogen and flexible methylene spacers, were synthesized by polycondensation of bisbenzylidene diols and dibromoalkanes. The polyethers were characterized with 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and polarized light optical microscopy. The individual and combined effects of spacer length and number of methoxy substituents on mesogenic and photoactive properties were investigated. Both first order and second order transition temperatures decreased with increased spacer length and the number of substituents. The combined effect of spacers and substituents drastically reduced the transition temperatures. All monomers and polymers showed mainly the smectic mesophase. In a few cases, nematic droplets along with the smectic phase were observed. The width of the liquid crystalline phase reduced with an increasing number of methoxy substituents on mesogenic unit. Variation of spacer length has a negligible effect on photocycloaddition. However, steric hinderance caused by the substituents decreased the photoactivity as the number of substituents increased. Total energies of crosslinked dimers calculated from modeling studies supported the above findings. Intermolecular photocycloaddition was also confirmed by photoviscosity measurement. The refractive index change was found to be in the range of 0.017–0.031. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2143–2155, 2009
Synthesis of glycopolymers bearing mannaric pendants as inhibitors on the β‐glucuronidase activity: The inhibition mechanisms of mannaric‐ and glucaric‐compounds
Authors: Kawaguchi Asei William , Okawa Haruki , Hashimoto Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new styrene derivative having D‐mannaric moiety, N‐p‐vinylbenzyl‐D‐mannaramic acid (VB‐D‐ManaH, 8) was synthesized though the ring‐opening reaction of D‐mannaro‐1,4:6,3‐dilactone (D‐MDL) with p‐vinylbenzylamine. VB‐D‐ManaH was copolymerized with acrylamide (AAm) to give novel polymers having D‐mannaric moiety in the pendants, P(VB‐D‐ManaH‐co‐AAm), 10. The resulting glycomonomer and polymer (8 and 10) bearing D‐mannaric pendants were found to inhibit the β‐glucuronidase activity, although the inhibition ability of the corresponding saccharodilactone (D‐MDL) was known to be low. Additionally, the inhibition ability of P(VB‐D‐ManaH‐co‐AAm), 10, was almost the same as that of the glycopolymer having D‐glucaric pendants, P(VB‐6‐D‐GlcaH‐co‐AAm), 1, which was one of the most effective inhibitors for β‐glucuronidase, reported in our previous work. Thus, 10 and 8 may be the first D‐mannaric strong inhibitors to the β‐glucuronidase activity. The Lineweaver–Burk plot suggested that the inhibition mechanisms of 10 and 8 were more complicated than in the case of the competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of N‐p‐(vinylbenzyl)‐6‐D‐glucaramic (11) and N‐p‐(vinylbenzyl)‐1‐D‐glucaramic acids (12), respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2032–2042, 2009
Thermal stability of a star‐shaped poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA star‐shaped poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) with a fullerene‐C60 (C60) core (C60‐PCHD) was prepared to examine the thermal stability of the covalent bond between the C60 and PCHD arm in the C60‐PCHD. The covalent bond between the C60 and PCHD arm formed by a 1,2‐cyclohexadiene (CHD) unit on the C60 was stronger than that formed by a 1,4‐CHD unit. The double bond in the CHD unit adjoining the C60 core was a key structure for the stability of that covalent bond. The hydrogenated C60‐PCHD, which did not contain a double bond, possessed significantly higher thermal stability compared to C60‐PCHD. The mechanism of elimination of PCHD arm molecules from the C60 core was thought to proceed via a 1,5‐sigmatropic H‐shift. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2132–2142, 2009
Four successful pregnancies in a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type I treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Remérand G. , Merlin E. , Froissart R. , Brugnon F. , Kanold J. , Janny L. , Deméocq F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTo date, little is known about the fertility of women suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). We report on a female patient with MPS I treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at the age of 4 years (after a conditioning regimen containing busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg) who had four successful pregnancies without any reproductive assistance. Clinical and biological examinations of the children were normal. On the basis of this case, we discuss the fertility counselling of female MPS I patients at the time of BMT.
TransFatty Acids and Fatty Acid Composition of Mature Breast Milk in Turkish Women and Their Association with Maternal Diet's
Authors: Samur Gülhan , Topcu Ali , Turan Semra 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition andtransfatty acid and fatty acid contents of breast milk in Turkish women and to find the effect of breastfeeding mothers’ diet ontransfatty acid and fatty acid composition. Mature milk samples obtained from 50 Turkish nursing women were analyzed. Total milk lipids extracts were transmethylated and analyzed by using gas liquid chromatography to determine fatty acids contents. A questionnaire was applied to observe eating habits and 3 days dietary records from mothers were obtained. Daily dietary intake of total energy and nutrients were estimated by using nutrient database. The mean totaltransfatty acids contents was 2.13 ± 1.03%. The major sources oftransfatty acids in mothers’ diets were margarines‐butter (37.0%), bakery products and confectionery (29.6%). Mothers who had high level oftransisomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. Saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids of human milk constituted 40.7 ± 4.7%, 26.9 ± 4.2% and 30.8 ± 0.6% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The levels of fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy. Margarines, bakery products and confectionery are a major source oftransfatty acids in maternal diet in Turkey.
Quality Assessment of Tandem Mass Spectra by Using a Weighted K-Means
Authors: Ding Jiarui , Shi Jinhong , Wu Fang-Xiang 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Introduction
The tandem mass spectrometer is a powerful tool with which to generate peptide (tandem) mass spectrum data for the analysis of complex biological protein mixtures in genomic-related disease cell lines. However, the majority of experimental tandem mass spectra cannot be interpreted by any database search engines. One of the main reasons this happens is that majority of experimental spectra are of quality too poor to be interpretable. Interpreting these “un-interpretable” spectra is a waste of time. Therefore, it is worthwhile to determine the quality of mass spectra before any interpretation.

Objectives
This paper proposes an approach to classifying tandem spectra into two groups: one with high quality and one with poor quality.

Methods
The proposed approach has two steps. First, each spectrum is mapped to a feature vector which describes the quality of the spectrum. Then, a weighted K-means clustering method is applied in order to classify the tandem mass spectra.

Results and Conclusion
Computational experiments illustrate that one cluster contains the majority of the high-quality spectra, while the other contains the majority of the poor-quality spectra. This result indicates that if we just search the spectra in the high-quality cluster, we can save the time for searching the majority of poor-quality spectra while losing a minimal amount of high-quality spectra. The software created for this work is available upon request.
Differential expression of three T-type calcium channels in retinal bipolar cells in rats
Authors: HU CAIPING , BI ANDING , PAN ZHUO-HUA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRetinal bipolar cells convey visual information from photoreceptors to retinal third-order neurons, amacrine and ganglion cells, with graded potentials through diversified cell types. To understand the possible role of voltage-dependent T-type Ca2+ currents in retinal bipolar cells, we investigated the pharmacological and biophysical properties of T-type Ca2+ currents in acutely dissociated retinal cone bipolar cells from rats using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. We observed a broad group of cone bipolar cells with prominent T-type Ca2+ currents (T-rich) and another group with prominent L-type Ca2+ currents (L-rich). Based on the pharmacological and biophysical properties of the T-type Ca2+ currents, T-rich cone bipolar cells could be divided into three subgroups. Each subgroup appeared to express a single dominant T-type Ca2+ channel subunit. The T-type calcium currents could generate low-threshold regenerative potentials or spikes. Our results suggest that T-type Ca2+ channels may play an active and distinct signaling role in second-order neurons of the visual system, in contrast to the common signaling by L-rich bipolar cells.
The tspair package for finding top scoring pair classifiers in R
Authors: Leek Jeffrey T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Summary: Top scoring pairs (TSPs) are pairs of genes whose relative rankings can be used to accurately classify individuals into one of two classes. TSPs have two main advantages over many standard classifiers used in gene expression studies: (i) a TSP is based on only two genes, which leads to easily interpretable and inexpensive diagnostic tests and (ii) TSP classifiers are based on gene rankings, so they are more robust to variation in technical factors or normalization than classifiers based on expression levels of individual genes. Here I describe the R package, tspair, which can be used to quickly identify and assess TSP classifiers for gene expression data.
Availability: The R package tspair is freely available from Bioconductor: http://www.bioconductor.org
Contact: jtleek@jhu.edu
Statolith Sedimentation Kinetics and Force Transduction to the Cortical Endoplasmic Reticulum in Gravity-SensingArabidopsisColumella Cells
Authors: Leitz Guenther , Kang Byung-Ho , Schoenwaelder Monica E.A. , Staehelin L. Andrew 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe starch statolith hypothesis of gravity sensing in plants postulates that the sedimentation of statoliths in specialized statocytes (columella cells) provides the means for converting the gravitational potential energy into a biochemical signal. We have analyzed the sedimentation kinetics of statoliths in the central S2 columella cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. The statoliths can form compact aggregates with gap sizes between statoliths approaching &lt;30 nm. Significant intra-aggregate sliding motions of individual statoliths suggest a contribution of hydrodynamic forces to the motion of statoliths. The reorientation of the columella cells accelerates the statoliths toward the central cytoplasm within &lt;1 s of reorientation. During the subsequent sedimentation phase, the statoliths tend to move at a distance to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) boundary and interact only transiently with the ER. Statoliths moved by laser tweezers against the ER boundary experience an elastic lift force upon release from the optical trap. High-resolution electron tomography analysis of statolith-to-ER contact sites indicate that the weight of statoliths is sufficient to locally deform the ER membranes that can potentially activate mechanosensitive ion channels. We suggest that in root columella cells, the transduction of the kinetic energy of sedimenting statoliths into a biochemical signal involves a combination of statolith-driven motion of the cytosol, statolith-induced deformation of the ER membranes, and a rapid release of kinetic energy from the ER during reorientation to activate mechanosensitive sites within the central columella cells.
Bone marrow necrosis related to paracoccidioidomycosis: the first eight cases identified at autopsy
Authors: Resende Lucilene S R , Mendes Rinaldo P , Bacchi Maura M , Marques Sílvio A , Barraviera Benedito , Souza Lenice R , Meira Domingos A , Niéro‐Melo Lígia 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To report the first eight bone marrow necrosis (BMN) cases related to paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) from patient autopsies with well‐documented bone marrow (BM) histology and cytology.Methods and results:  A retrospective evaluation was performed on BM specimens from eight autopsied patients from Botucatu University Hospital with PCM‐related BMN. Relevant BMN literature was searched and analysed.Conclusions:  All eight patients had acute PCM. Six had histological only (biopsies) and two cytological only (smears) specimens. Five biopsy specimens revealed severe and one mild coagulation patterned necrotic areas. Five had osteonecrosis. The cytological specimens also showed typical BMN patterns. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast forms were visible within necrotic areas in all cases.
Bcl‐10 protein highly correlates with the expression of phosphorylated p65 NF‐κB in peripheral T‐cell lymphomas and is associated with clinical outcome
Authors: Briones Javier , Moga Esther , Espinosa Iñigo , Vergara Carmen , Alvarez Eva , Villa Juliana , Bordes Ramón , Delgado Julio , Prat Jaime , Sierra Jorge 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  In T cells, protein kinase C (PKC) θ plays a major role in T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐mediated activation of a novel nuclear factor (NF)‐κB pathway that involves phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 (Pp65Ser536). Bcl‐10 acts along the same pathway downstream of PKC θ to activate NF‐κB. The aim was to investigate the relationship between the expression of PKC θ, Bcl‐10 and P‐p65Ser536 proteins and their prognostic significance in peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCLs).Methods and results:  Paraffin‐embedded tissues from 30 patients with PTCLs treated with curative intention were evaluated retrospectively. Expression of PKC θ, Bcl‐10 and P‐p65Ser536 proteins was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Expression of PKC θ was detected in 22 of 30 cases (73%), Bcl‐10 in 20 of 30 (67%) and P‐p65Ser536 in 21 of 30 (70%). Bcl‐10+ tumours were associated with PKC θ (18 of 22) (P < 0.0001) and Pp65Ser536 (19 of 21) expression (P < 0.0001). Patients with Bcl‐10+ or P‐p65Ser536+ tumours fared better, with a 5‐year overall survival of 48 and 45%, respectively, versus 0% for negative tumours (P = 0.029 and P = 0.04, respectively).Conclusions:  Bcl‐10 is expressed in PTCLs, correlates with PKC θ and Pp65Ser536 expression and seems to be associated with better survival.
The upregulation of receptor activator NF‐κB ligand expression by interleukin‐1α and Porphyromonas endodontalis in human osteoblastic cells
Authors: Chen S.‐C. , Huang F.‐M. , Lee S.‐S. , Li M.‐Z. , Chang Y.‐C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL) in osteoblastic cells stimulated with inflammatory mediators.Methodology  The expression of RANKL in human osteoblastic cell line U2OS stimulated by pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1α and black‐pigmented bacteria Porphyromonas endodontalis was investigated by Western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The significance of the results obtained from control and treated groups was statistically analysed by the paired Student’s t‐test.Results  IL‐1α was found to upregulate RANKL production in U2OS cells (P < 0.05). Investigations of the time dependence of RANKL expression in IL‐1α‐treated cells revealed a rapid accumulation of RANKL protein after 1 h of exposure; it remained elevated throughout the 24‐h incubation period shown by Western blot and ELISA. In addition, P. endodontalis also increased RANKL expression in U2OS cells after 4‐h incubation period demonstrated by Western blot and ELISA (P < 0.05).Conclusions  IL‐1α and P. endodontalis may be involved in developing apical periodontitis through the stimulation of RANKL production.
Providing psychosocial and physical rehabilitation advice for patients with burns
Authors: Reeve Jeanne , James Frances , McNeill Rob 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Providing psychosocial and physical rehabilitation advice for patients with burns. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study evaluating the perceived skills of nursing and allied healthcare professionals in providing psychosocial and physical rehabilitation advice, including the effect of years of burn injury experience.Background.  Recovery from burn injuries is a complex mix of physical and psychosocial rehabilitation, yet research in the UK has demonstrated that healthcare professionals feel more competent at giving advice to patients on issues of physical rehabilitation than psychosocial rehabilitation.Methods.  This was a replication study with a cross‐sectional design. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a convenience sample of healthcare professionals in a large urban hospital with specialist burn and plastic services in New Zealand. The data were collected in 2005.Results.  Consistent with the UK results, New Zealand healthcare professionals rated their skills in advising patients about physical items of burn rehabilitation higher than their skills for psychosocial items. Years of experience working with burns was related to greater perceived skill in advising patients on physical rehabilitation. In contrast, no relationship between years of experience and perceived skill in the provision of psychosocial rehabilitation advice was found.Conclusion.  Strategies to enhance effective staff/patient communication should form an integral part of staff education. The psychosocial needs of patients must be incorporated as an essential part of such strategies.
Protocolized vs. non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: Cochrane review protocol
Authors: Blackwood Bronagh , Alderdice Fiona , Burns Karen E.A. , Cardwell Chris R. , Lavery Gavin G. , O’Halloran Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Protocolized vs. non‐protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: Cochrane review protocol. Aim.  This paper is a report of the protocol for a review to identify, critically appraise and synthesize the best current evidence supporting the use of weaning protocols compared to non‐protocolized practice in liberating patients from mechanical ventilation.Background.  Patients experiencing difficulty in weaning require a longer hospital stay and have higher morbidity and mortality. Consequently, efforts to reduce weaning time are desirable to reduce the duration of ventilation and related complications. Standardized weaning protocols are safe and effective in reducing the time spent on mechanical ventilation. Notwithstanding, the evidence supporting their use in practice is inconsistent. The discordant results of studies may reflect the fact that protocols vary in composition and are implemented in different environments by various healthcare providers.Design.  The objectives of this review are to compare the total duration of mechanical ventilation between patients weaned using protocols vs. non‐protocolized practice; to ascertain differences between protocolized and non‐protocolized weaning with regards to mortality, adverse events, quality of life, weaning duration, ICU and hospital stay; and to explore variation in outcomes by the type of ICU, the type of protocol and approach to delivering the protocol. We will search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science and LILACS. In addition, we will endeavour to identify unpublished data and contact first authors of studies included in the review to obtain information on unpublished studies or work in progress.Conclusion.  This review will provide much needed direction for healthcare professionals in intensive care in terms of both research and practice.