bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tiling resolution array CGH and high density expression profiling of urothelial carcinomas delineate genomic amplicons and candidate target genes specific for advanced tumors
Authors: Heidenblad Markus , Lindgren David , Jonson Tord , Liedberg Fredrik , Veerla Srinivas , Chebil Gunilla , Gudjonsson Sigurdur , Borg Åke , Månsson Wiking , Höglund Mattias 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is characterized by nonrandom chromosomal aberrations, varying from one or a few changes in early-stage and low-grade tumors, to highly rearranged karyotypes in muscle-invasive lesions. Recent array-CGH analyses have shed further light on the genomic changes underlying the neoplastic development of UC, and have facilitated the molecular delineation amplified and deleted regions to the level of specific candidate genes. In the present investigation we combine detailed genomic information with expression information to identify putative target genes for genomic amplifications.

Methods
We analyzed 38 urothelial carcinomas by whole-genome tiling resolution array-CGH and high density expression profiling to identify putative target genes in common genomic amplifications. When necessary expression profiling was complemented with Q-PCR of individual genes.

Results
Three genomic segments were frequently and exclusively amplified in high grade tumors; 1q23, 6p22 and 8q22, respectively. Detailed mapping of the 1q23 segment showed a heterogeneous amplification pattern and no obvious commonly amplified region. The 6p22 amplicon was defined by a 1.8 Mb core region present in all amplifications, flanked both distally and proximally by segments amplified to a lesser extent. By combining genomic profiles with expression profiles we could show that amplification of E2F3, CDKAL1, SOX4, and MBOAT1 as well as NUP153, AOF1, FAM8A1 and DEK in 6p22 was associated with increased gene expression. Amplification of the 8q22 segment was primarily associated with YWHAZ (14-3-3-zeta) and POLR2K over expression. The possible importance of the YWHA genes in the development of urothelial carcinomas was supported by another recurrent amplicon paralogous to 8q22, in 2p25, where increased copy numbers lead to enhanced expression of YWHAQ (14-3-3-theta). Homozygous deletions were identified at 10 different genomic locations, most frequently affecting CDKN2A/CDKN2B in 9p21 (32%). Notably, the latter occurred mutually exclusive with 6p22 amplifications.

Conclusion
The presented data indicates 6p22 as a composite amplicon with more than one possible target gene. The data also suggests that amplification of 6p22 and homozygous deletions of 9p21 may have complementary roles. Furthermore, the analysis of paralogous regions that showed genomic amplification indicated altered expression of YWHA (14-3-3) genes as important events in the development of UC.
Association of reduced heme oxygenase-1 with excessive Toll-like receptor 4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Behçet's disease
Authors: Kirino Yohei , Takeno Mitsuhiro , Watanabe Reikou , Murakami Shuji , Kobayashi Masayoshi , Ideguchi Haruko , Ihata Atsushi , Ohno Shigeru , Ueda Atsuhisa , Mizuki Nobuhisa , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate signaling that triggers activation of the innate immune system, whereas heme oxygenase (HO)-1 (an inducible heme-degrading enzyme that is induced by various stresses) suppresses inflammatory responses. We investigated the interaction between TLR and HO-1 in an inflammatory disorder, namely Behçet's disease.

Methods
Thirty-three patients with Behçet's disease and 30 healthy control individuals were included in the study. Expression levels of HO-1, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA were semiquantitatively analyzed using a real-time PCR technique, and HO-1 protein level was determined by immunoblotting in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In some experiments, cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or heat shock protein-60; these proteins are known to be ligands for TLR2 and 4.

Results
Levels of expression of HO-1 mRNA were significantly reduced in PBMCs from patients with active Behçet's disease, whereas those of TLR4, but not TLR2, were increased in PBMCs, regardless of disease activity. Moreover, HO-1 expression in PBMCs from patients with Behçet's disease was repressed in the presence of either lipopolysaccharide or heat shock protein-60.

Conclusion
The results suggest that upregulated TLR4 is associated with HO-1 reduction in PBMCs from patients with Behçet's disease, leading to augmented inflammatory responses.
Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in South Africa
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Seedat Soraya , Herman Allen , Moomal Hashim , Heeringa Steven G. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams David R. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundData on the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in South Africa are of interest, not only for the purposes of developing evidence-based mental health policy, but also in view of South Africa's particular historical and demographic circumstances.MethodA nationally representative household survey was conducted between 2002 and 2004 using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to generate diagnoses. The data-set analysed included 4351 adult South Africans of all ethnic groups.ResultsLifetime prevalence of DSM–IV/CIDI disorders was determined for anxiety disorders (15.8%), mood disorders (9.8%), substance use disorders (13.4%) and any disorder (30.3%). Lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders differed significantly across ethnic groups. Median age at onset was earlier for substance use disorders (21 years) than for anxiety disorders (32 years) or mood disorders (37 years).ConclusionsIn comparison with data from other countries, South Africa has a particularly high lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders. These disorders have an early age at onset, providing an important target for the planning of local mental health services.
Influences on young people's stigmatising attitudes towards peers with mental disorders: National survey of young Australians and their parents
Authors: Jorm Anthony F. , Wright AnneMarie 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundLittle is known about the development of stigma towards people with mental disorders.AimsTo investigate stigma in young Australians and the influence of exposure to mental disorders, parental attitudes and information campaigns.MethodA national telephone survey was carried out with 3746 people aged 12–25 years and 2005 co-resident parents. Stigmatising attitudes were assessed in relation to four vignettes (depression, depression with alcohol misuse, social phobia and psychosis).ResultsStigma was found to have multiple components labelled ‘social distance’, ‘dangerous/unpredictable’, ‘weak not sick’, ‘stigma perceived in others' and ‘reluctance to disclose’. Exposure to mental disorders and help-seeking in oneself or others was associated with lower scores on some components of stigma but not on others. Young people's attitudes showed specific associations with those of parents. Exposure to campaigns was associated with reductions in beliefs that the person is ‘weak not sick’.ConclusionsPersonal experiences, parental attitudes and campaigns all affect stigmatising attitudes.
Area factors and suicide: 5-year follow-up of the Northern Ireland population
Authors: O'Reilly Dermot , Rosato Michael , Connolly Sheelah , Cardwell Chris 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundSuicide rates vary markedly between areas but it is unclear whether this is due to differences in population composition or to contextual factors operating at an area level.AimsTo determine if area factors are independently related to suicide risk after adjustment for individual and family characteristics.MethodA 5-year record linkage study was conducted of 1 116 748 non-institutionalised individuals aged 16–74 years, enumerated at the 2001 Northern Ireland census.ResultsThe cohort experienced 566 suicides during follow-up. Suicide risks were lowest for women and for those who were married or cohabiting. Indicators of individual and household disadvantage and economic and health status at the time of the census were also strongly related to risk of suicide. The higher rates of suicide in the more deprived and socially fragmented areas disappeared after adjustment for individual and household factors. There was no significant relationship between population density and risk of suicide.ConclusionsDifferences in rates of suicide between areas are predominantly due to population characteristics rather than to area-level factors, which suggests that policies targeted at area-level factors are unlikely to significantly influence suicides rates.
Childhood and adulthood socio-economic position and midlife depressive and anxiety disorders
Authors: Stansfeld Stephen A. , Clark Charlotte , Rodgers Bryan , Caldwell Tanya , Power Chris 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThis paper investigates how childhood socio-economic position influences the risk for midlife depressive and anxiety disorders at 45 years of age, assessed by the Clinical Interview Schedule in 9377 participants of the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Socio-economic position was measured by Registrar General Social Class in childhood and adulthood. The association of paternal manual socio-economic position with any diagnosis at 45 years of age was accounted for after adjustment for adult socio-economic position. Manual socio-economic position in women at 42 years of age was associated with midlife depressive disorder and any diagnosis; these associations were diminished by adjustment for childhood psychological disorders. Effects of childhood socio-economic position on adult depressive disorders may be mediated through adult socio-economic position.
Capacity assessments on medical in-patients referred to social workers for care home placement
Authors: Ripley Sian , Jones Sarah , Macdonald Alastair 
Published: January 2008

Aims and MethodsTo investigate the feasibility of a clinical algorithm to assess capacity and examine the relationship between its results and the assessments of capacity by others involved in the decision of a patient to permanently enter a care home from a medical ward.ResultsA total of 23 patients out of 38 (60.5%, 95% CI 44–77) had some mention of capacity in any type of record (medical, social work or nursing). At formal assessment 47% of older patients lacked capacity.Clinical ImplicationsThe absence of any recorded assessment in at least a third of patients is worrying, given the importance of the decision to the patients' lives and their financial status. It is to be hoped that the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act (2005) will rectify this situation.
Regulation of polyphenic caste differentiation in the termiteReticulitermes flavipesby interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Authors: Scharf Michael E. , Buckspan Caitlin E. , Grzymala Traci L. , Zhou Xuguo 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYPolyphenism is a key strategy used by solitary insects to adapt to changing environmental conditions and by eusocial insects for existing collaboratively in a social environment. In social insects, the morphogenetic juvenile hormone(JH) is often involved in directing the differentiation of polyphenic behavioral castes. The present study examines the effects of JH, environment and feeding on caste polyphenism in a eusocial insect, the termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Our approach included a combination of model JH bioassays, SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Our findings revealed significant temperature-dependent effects on (1) JH-induced soldier caste differentiation, (2) abundance of soldier-inhibitory hexamerin proteins and(3) JH-sequestration by hexamerin proteins. Additionally, although it appears to be dependent on a complex interaction of factors, feeding apparently plays a significant upstream role in enhancing hexamerin accumulation under normal colony conditions. These findings offer important new information on termite eusocial polyphenism by providing the first mechanistic evidence linking an intrinsic caste regulatory factor (hexamerin proteins) to an upstream extrinsic factor (environment) and a downstream response (caste differentiation). These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the hexamerins serve as an environmentally and nutritionally responsive switching mechanism that regulates termite caste polyphenism.
Taxonomic study of two Sargassum species (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan: Sargassum ryukyuense sp. nov. and Sargassum pinnatifidum Harvey
Authors: Shimabukuro Hiromori , Terada Ryuta , Noro Tadahide , Yoshida Tadao 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Species of the genus Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) belonging to the Schizophycus group (in subgenus Sargassum sensu lato) from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan, were morphologically reinvestigated, and two entities were recognized: Sargassum ryukyuense sp. nov. and Sargassum pinnatifidum. The new species is characterized by: 1) compressed primary branches; 2) simple lanceolate primary and lateral leaves with an undulate and dentate margin in all stages; 3) lateral branches issuing alternate-distichously on the main branches in one plane; 4) long and flattened receptacles arranged alternate-distichously on terminal branches; 5) main and lateral branches on the stem issuing as foliar expansions in the early stage of development; and 6) vesicles with a simple coronal leaf. This new species resembles S. pinnatifidum in features 1), 3) and 5). However, it differs from S. pinnatifidum in features 2), 4) and 6). Furthermore, this new species can be distinguished from all previously described species based on the complete set of diagnostic features above and by the presence of long lingulate receptacles with short stalks. The new species is known to be endemic in the Ryukyu Islands and adjacent waters of southern Japan.
Extractive composition and summative chemical analysis of thermally treated eucalypt wood
Authors: Esteves Bruno , Graça José , Pereira Helena 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Eucalypt wood (Eucalyptus globulus) was heated in an oven for 2–24 h at 170–200°C and in an autoclave with superheated and saturated steam for 2–12 h at 190–210°C. The chemical composition of untreated wood and thermally treated wood with different mass losses in the range of 1.1–11.9% was studied by summative analysis, and the composition of dichloromethane, ethanol and water extracts was determined by gas chromatography mass spectometry (GC-MS). The hemicelluloses degraded first, mainly regarding the arabinose and xylose moieties. Lignin degraded at a slower rate and cellulose was only slightly affected under severe treatment conditions. The extractive content increased first with heat treatment and decreased later on. Almost all of the original extractives disappeared and new compounds were formed, such as anhydrosugars, mannosan, galactosan, levoglucosan and two C5 anhydrosugars. The most prominent lignin derived compounds were syringaldehyde, syringic acid and sinapaldehyde. The main difference between autoclave and oven treated samples was the appearance of more oxidized extractives for the oven treatment.
Pediatric Care as Part of the US Army Medical Mission in the Global War on Terrorism in Afghanistan and Iraq, December 2001 to December 2004
Authors: Burnett Mark W. , Spinella Philip C. , Azarow Kenneth S. , Callahan Charles W. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our objective in this report was to describe the epidemiologic features of and workload associated with pediatric admissions to 12 US Army military hospitals deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.
METHODS. The Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity database was queried for all local national patients &lt;18 years of age who were admitted to deployed Army hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq between December 2001 and December 2004.
RESULTS. Pediatric admissions during the study period were 1012 (4.2%) of 24227 admissions, occupying 10% of all bed-days. The median length of stay was 4 days (interquartile range: 1–8 days). The largest proportion of children were 11 to 17 years of age (332 of 757 children; 44%), although 45 (6%) of 757 children hospitalized were &lt;1 year of age. The majority (63%) of pediatric patients admitted required either general surgical or orthopedic procedures. The in-hospital mortality rate for all pediatric patients was 59 (5.8%) of 1012 patients, compared with 274 (4.5%) of 6077 patients for all adult non-US coalition patients.
CONCLUSIONS. Pediatric patients with injuries threatening life, limb, or eyesight are part of the primary responsibility of military medical facilities during combat and have accounted for a significant number of admissions and hospital bed-days in deployed Army hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq. Military medical planners must continue to improve pediatric medical support, including personnel, equipment, and medications that are necessary to treat children injured during combat operations, as well as those for whom the existing host nation medical infrastructure is unable to provide care.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Iodine, Formalin, Salt, and Hydrogen Peroxide for Control of External Bacteria on Rainbow Trout Eggs
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E , Billman Eric J , Forest Anna , Cavender Wade 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in vivo with eggs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to compare the bactericidal ability of four common disinfectants. A third test compared bacterial abundance estimation methods for fish eggs (use of a vortex mixer for agitating an egg versus rolling the egg across a petri dish). In the first test, the number of colony forming units (CFU) counted on enriched Ordahl's agar with tobramycin (EOT) or trypticase soy agar (TSA) was compared among eggs treated with various doses of iodine, hydrogen peroxide, formalin, or rock salt. A treatment of 1,667 mg of formalin/L of water and all iodine, salt, and hydrogen peroxide treatments had significantly fewer bacteria on EOT than did controls, but CFU counts for a formalin treatment of 500 or 1,000 mg/L did not. All chemical treatments significantly reduced CFU counts on TSA relative to controls except salt at 0.030 mg/L and formalin at 500 mg/L. The least growth was observed on iodine-treated eggs. In the second experiment, we evaluated the effect of keeping the eggs suspended (i.e., constantly tumbling) during disinfection to increase chemical contact. Treatments were (1) static application of iodine at 100 mg/L, (2) suspension in iodine at 100 mg/L, (3) static application of iodine at 500 mg/L, (4) suspension in iodine at 500 mg/L, (5) suspension in formalin at 2,000 mg/L, (6) suspension in hydrogen peroxide at 2,000 mg/L, (7) static control, and (8) suspended control. Bacterial abundance was significantly reduced in suspended eggs in some cases but not others. Formalin and hydrogen peroxide reduced bacterial abundance but were inferior to iodine in some cases. Each chemical treatment resulted in the survival of bacteria despite attempts to attain better chemical contact by egg suspension. Comparison of the methods used to estimate total CFU per egg indicated that agitation recovered 71–100% of the bacteria on the outside of the egg. Hatchery managers should be aware that not all bacteria are killed by chemical treatment of eggs, and therefore a significant number of pathogens could still enter a hatchery via the importation of treated eggs.
The Effect of Juvenile Length in Autumn on 2-Year-Old Male and Adult Coho Salmon Survival Rates at Three Washington Hatcheries
Authors: Tipping Jack M 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
During 3 years at three Washington State hatcheries, a total of six populations of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were length sorted and coded-wire-tagged in autumn using the AutoFish Tagging Trailer (Northwest Marine Technology, Shaw Island, Washington). After tagging, the length-groups were combined at each respective hatchery and reared through spring release. Subsequent recoveries of tagged fish from two hatcheries indicated that juvenile fish with longer fork lengths (FLs) in autumn had a significantly higher incidence of mature 2-year-old males (jacks) than smaller juveniles, indicating that the physiological decision to become jacks was probably made by autumn; the third hatchery produced few jacks. Large autumn juveniles had significantly greater 3-year-old adult survival than small autumn juveniles at one hatchery (one release) and significantly lower survival at a second hatchery (two releases); at a third hatchery (three releases), the two length-groups did not differ in adult survival. These variable results may reflect regional size optima. The proportion of adult males returning to the hatchery was generally not influenced by FL of autumn juveniles.
Adult Returns of Hatchery Steelhead Juveniles Reared in Earthen- and Asphalt-Bottom Ponds
Authors: Tipping Jack M 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
For three consecutive years, postrelease survival was compared between tagged juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss reared from fall until spring release in an asphalt-bottom pond and those reared in an earthen-bottom pond at a Washington State hatchery. The two groups were fed nearly identical rations. At release, fish from the earthen pond were significantly longer and heavier but had a lower condition factor than fish from the asphalt-bottom pond. Adult recoveries were significantly greater (P = 0.009) for fish reared in the earthen pond (0.163%) than for those reared in the asphalt pond (0.115%). Although the greater fork length and lower condition factor may have increased the adult survival of fish reared in the earthen pond, smolt lengths and condition factors were inherent to the rearing pond environment.
Cloning and Expression of Vibrio harveyi OmpK* and GAPDH* Genes and Their Potential Application as Vaccines in Large Yellow Croakers Pseudosciaena crocea
Authors: Zhang Chongwen , Yu Lian , Qian Ronghua 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a causative agent of vibriosis in the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea and causes severe losses to the aquaculture industry in China. The vaccines based on the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the pathogens are considered to be the optimum intervention for this disease. In this study, two V. harveyi OMP genes, OmpK* and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH*), were cloned, sequenced, and characterized. The recombinant proteins (r-OmpK and r-GAPDH) were expressed by the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a(+) and purified with nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Western blots showed that rabbit antisera against purified r-OmpK and r-GAPDH specifically reacted with the native OMP of V. harveyi. Large yellow croakers were immunized with r-OmpK and r-GAPDH. Specific antibody titer assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and phagocytosis assays demonstrated that specific and innate immunity was stimulated in response to the OMPs of V. harveyi. Challenge results indicated that vaccination of large yellow croakers with r-OmpK and r-GAPDH increased relative survival (37.7% and 40.0%, respectively) against wild V. harveyi.