bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptom Expression in Coronary Heart Disease and Revascularization Recommendations for Black and White Patients
Authors: Hravnak Marilyn , Whittle Jeff , Kelley Mary E. , Sereika Susan , Good Chester B. , Ibrahim Said A. , Conigliaro Joseph 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined whether symptoms of coronary heart disease vary between Black and White patients with coronary heart disease, whether presenting symptoms affect physicians’ revascularization recommendations, and whether the effect of symptoms upon recommendations differs in Black and White patients. Methods. We interviewed Black and White patients in Pittsburgh in 1997 to 1999 who were undergoing elective coronary catheterization. We interviewed them regarding their symptoms, and we interviewed their cardiologist decision-makers regarding revascularization recommendations. We obtained coronary catheterization results by chart review. Results. Black and White patients (N=1196; 9.7% Black) expressed similar prevalence of chest pain, angina equivalent, fatigue, and other symptoms, but Black patients had more shortness of breath (87% vs 72%, P=.001). When we considered only those patients with significant stenosis (n=737, 7.1% Black) and controlled for race, age, gender, and number of stenotic vessels, those who expressed shortness of breath were less likely to be recommended for revascularization (odds ratio=0.535; 95% confidence interval=0.375, 0.762; P<.001), but there was no significant interaction with race. Conclusions. Black patients reported shortness of breath more frequently than did White subjects. Shortness of breath was a negative predictor for revascularization for all patients with significant stenosis, but there was no difference in the recommendations by symptom by race.
Children’s Health Initiatives in California: The Experiences of Local Coalitions Pursuing Universal Coverage for Children
Authors: Stevens Gregory D. , Rice Kyoko , Cousineau Michael R. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Many county coalitions throughout California have created local health insurance programs known as Healthy Kids to cover uninsured children ineligible for public programs as a result of family income level or undocumented immigrant status. We sought to gain an understanding of the experiences of these coalitions as they pursue the goal of universal coverage for children. Methods. We conducted semistructured telephone-based or in-person interviews with coalition leaders from 28 counties or regions engaged in expansion activities. Results. Children’s Health Initiative coalitions have emerged in 31 counties (17 are operational and 14 are planned) and have enrolled more than 85000 children in their health insurance program, Healthy Kids. Respondents attributed the success of these programs to strong leadership, diverse coalitions of stakeholders, and the generosity of local and statewide contributors. Because Healthy Kids programs face major sustainability challenges and difficulties with provider capacity, most are cautiously looking toward statewide legislative solutions. Conclusions. The expansion of Healthy Kids programs demonstrates the ability of local coalitions to reduce the number of uninsured children through local health reform. Such local programs may become important models as other states struggle with declines in employer-based coverage and increasing immigration and poverty rates.
Eat Better & Move More: A Community-Based Program Designed to Improve Diets and Increase Physical Activity Among Older Americans
Authors: Wellman Nancy S. , Kamp Barbara , Kirk-Sanchez Neva J. , Johnson Paulette M. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We assessed outcomes of an integrated nutrition and exercise program designed for Older Americans Act Nutrition Program participants as part of the Administration on Aging’s You Can! campaign. Methods. A 10-site intervention study was conducted. Preintervention and postintervention assessments focused on nutrition and physical activity stages of change, self-reported health status, dietary intakes, physical activity, and program satisfaction. Results. Of 999 enrollees, the 620 who completed the program were aged 74.6 years on average; 82% were women, and 41% were members of racial/ethnic minority groups. Factors associated with program completion were site, health conditions, and nutrition risk. Seventy-three percent and 75% of participants, respectively, made a significant advance of 1 or more nutrition and physical activity stages of change; 24% reported improved health status. Daily intake of fruit increased 1 or more servings among 31% of participants; vegetables, 37%; and fiber, 33%. Daily steps increased 35%; blocks walked, 45%; and stairs climbed, 24%. Program satisfaction was 99%. Conclusions. This easy-to-implement program improves diets and activity levels. Local providers should offer more such programs with the goal of enabling older Americans to take simple steps toward successful aging.
Reporting Implementation in Randomized Trials: Proposed Additions to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement
Authors: Mayo-Wilson Evan 
Published: March 2007

Randomized controlled trials of public health interventions are often complex: practitioners may not deliver interventions as researchers intended, participants may not initiate interventions and may not behave as expected, and interventions and their effects may vary with environmental and social context. Reports of randomized controlled trials can be misleading when they omit information about the implementation of interventions, yet such data are frequently absent in trial reports, even in journals that endorse current reporting guidelines. Particularly for complex interventions, the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement does not include all types of information needed to understand the results of randomized controlled trials. CONSORT should be expanded to include more information about the implementation of interventions in all trial arms.
Synaptic Transmission: Intercellular Signaling
Authors: Jentsch J. David , Roth Robert H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Within the central nervous system, inter‐neuronal signaling largely involves the activity‐dependent secretion of neural signaling molecules which produce electrophysiological, biochemical or transcriptional changes in target cells. In many, but not all, cases, these chemical messengers are released and have their effects within synapses, which are anatomically specialized appositions between neurons. Synaptic signaling involves the complex biochemical mechanisms involved the synthesis, sequestration, release and inactivation of the chemical signal by the releasing neuron and the response to that signal through its effects on a receptor protein expressed by the target neuron. In this chapter, we identify a set of chemical signaling molecules that have been identified as synaptic messengers, and we describe the mechanisms underlying their genesis, use and disposition. Critical points for modulation of these processes are discussed. In addition, recently discovered molecules that participate in inter‐cellular signaling but which defy conventional rules governing synaptic transmission are described.
Parkinson's Disease: Genetics and Pathogenesis
Authors: Testa Claudia M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Current treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is entirely symptomatic. The extremely effective therapies aimed at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and motor symptoms fail to address non‐motor symptoms and their underlying neurobiology. Even with a renewed focus on non‐motor symptoms, PD therapeutics still lacks the ultimate therapy: a curative or neuroprotective agent. Such compounds will come out of a nuanced understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease. New, rapid advances in medical genetics, neuroepidemiology, and neuroscience are driving interlocking theories of PD pathogenesis that may ultimately change the definition of disease to reflect biologic pathways in addition to clinical features. The list of PD‐related (PARK) loci and associated genes will change as PARK loci syndromes move away from PD definitions by clinical signs, neuropathology, or potential cause, or new syndromes fit into PD disease pathways. The current PARK loci, including disease‐causing genetic mutations, loci without specific mutations, and unconfirmed mutations, add up to a complex but interrelated group of neurobiologic pathways. Protein aggregation, proteasome dysfunction, mitochondrial inhibition and oxidative stress are some of the major theories of PD pathogenesis. Much of this information comes from working forward from disease‐causing genetic mutations. At the same time, toxin models of disease, human toxin exposure parkinsonism, and neuroepidemiology are also converging on a set of disease mechanisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is an example of how data from environmental exposure models and epidemiology fits with disease‐causing mutations and their protein products. Cutting edge PD neurotherapeutics will exploit targets in pathways clearly relevant to both inherited and sporadic parkinsonisms.
Novel Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Weber Martin S. , Zamvil Scott S. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
As all currently approved drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially effective and administered parenterally, the search for more efficient and preferentially oral treatment options must continue. Recent developments target specific inflammatory aspects in MS pathogenesis focusing on systemic immune dysfunction, blood‐brain barrier permeability and the inflammatory process within the CNS itself. In this chapter we will discuss the potential of newly developed monoclonal antibodies, which inhibit recruitment of activated immune cells into the CNS. The authors will also evaluate novel oral immunomodulators, which are primarily acting on the overactive immune system as the anticipated source of myelin‐reactive immune cells.
Bidirectional Ring‐Opening and Ring‐Closing of Cationic 1,2‐Dithienylcyclopentene Molecular Switches Triggered with Light or Electricity
Authors: Gorodetsky B. , Branda N. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEither light or electricity can be used to trigger the reversible cyclization reactions of three bis(N‐methylpyridinium)dithienylethene derivatives that differ from each other by the presence of either thiophene rings or methyl groups at the two carbon atoms of the photoresponsive hexatriene system involved in forming the new C–C bond. All three derivatives undergo ring‐closing isomerization reactions when irradiated with UV light (365 nm) or when electrochemically reduced (–1.0 V). All three derivatives can also be ring‐opened by irradiating them with visible light (> 490 nm) or by electrochemically oxidizing them (+1.5 V). The presence of additional thiophene rings attached to the two C2 ring positions of the dithienylethene (DTE) backbone enhances the electrochromic behavior, while methyl groups in these positions results in improved photochromic performance. The nature of these groups also greatly affects the thermal properties of the compounds in their ground states. Replacing each methyl group at the C2 ring positions with a thiophene ring systematically lowers the activation energy of spontaneous ring‐opening by 8 kJ mol–1, which correlates with the enhanced efficiency of the oxidative ring‐opening reactions and with the limited photochromism of the thiophene‐functionalized derivative.
When Small Is Different: Some Recent Advances in Concepts and Applications of Nanoscale Phenomena
Authors: Hodes G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReduction in size often does more than simply make things smaller. There are many properties of materials that undergo qualitative, often sudden, changes below a certain size scale. This Report first describes some of these size‐dependent properties. Following this general description, recent developments in a number of selected topics in nanoscience are covered. These topics are: luminescence from Au nanoparticles; Si (and related) nanoparticle luminescence; modification of optical absorption by surface adsorption on nanoparticles; and transistors (and some other devices) based on nanotubes and nanowires.
Time‐dependent behavior of a catalyst in a fluidized bed/cyclone circulation system
Authors: Klett Cornelis , Hartge Ernst‐Ulrich , Werther Joachim 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe performance of a catalytic fluidized‐bed reactor is strongly dependent on the properties of the catalyst of which the particle‐size distribution is one. The main influences on the particle‐size distribution are attrition of the catalyst particles, and the classifying effect of the solids recovery system. In a fluidized‐bed reactor a particle will be subjected to attrition due to different mechanisms in different parts of the system, namely attrition by gas jets near the bottom of the fluidized bed, bubble‐induced attrition in the fluidized bed itself, and attrition during the passage through a cyclone. All these different attrition mechanisms are considered in this work by different mathematical models. It is known that a fresh catalyst is much more fragile and exhibits a much higher attrition rate at the beginning of exposure to mechanical stress than under steady‐state conditions. Depending on the mechanism the particles need different times or in the case of attrition in a cyclone a certain number of passages to reach a constant value of the attrition rate. In the fluidized‐bed system a particle will during its aging experience all the different attrition mechanisms. In order to summarize the effect of these stresses on the particle within the different parts of the fluidized‐bed system, the concept of the “stress history” has been developed, which allows a uniform treatment of the different attrition mechanisms. This concept has been implemented into an existing population balance model. Experiments with a FCC‐catalyst in a fluidized/bed‐cyclone circulation system are well described by this model. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Mean‐field model for heat transfer in multichannel microreactors
Authors: Hardt Steffen , Baier Tobias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA reduced‐order model is developed, allowing for a fast computation of the temperature field in multichannel microreactors. The model regards the fluid and the solid phase as interpenetrating continua and incorporates heat exchange between the two phases via a heat‐transfer coefficient, characteristic for the channel geometry under study. The geometry of the channel walls determines the components of the thermal conductivity tensor, which govern conductive heat transfer to the envelope of the reactor. The mean‐field model is solved numerically for a test case inspired from practical applications. Parallel to that, a detailed model based on standard methods of computational fluid dynamics is set up with the purpose to benchmark the results of the mean‐field model. This full model incorporates the geometric details of the multichannel reactor and contains considerably more degrees of freedom than the mean‐field model, resulting in a computational effort that is larger by at least a factor of several hundred. It is found that the temperature fields computed with the two models agree up to maximum deviations of about 3 K on a scale of 35 K. Thus, the mean‐field model appears as an efficient tool to evaluate the thermal performance of multichannel microreactors, especially in the context of parameter studies or system optimization. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Inflammatory progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus–negative patients
Authors: Huang DeRen , Cossoy Michael , Li Meizhang , Choi Dean , Taege Alan , Staugaitis Susan M. , Rehm Susan , Ransohoff Richard M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveInflammatory progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (iPML) with enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions and leukocyte infiltration occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment. MRI diagnostic criteria for PML suggest that iPML does not occur in HIV‐negative individuals.MethodsWe studied pathologically proved PML (12 by biopsy, 9 with MRI, 32 at autopsy).ResultsHIV‐negative (2/5) and ‐positive (2/4) PML patients had enhancing MRI lesions, correlated with CD3+ lymphocyte infiltration. Inflammatory infiltrates occurred in the majority of HIV‐negative (7/8) and HIV‐positive/HAART (17/20) cases (p > 0.2), but in only 2 of 16 HIV‐positive/non‐HAART cases (p < 0.001).InterpretationiPML showed radiographic and pathological similarity in HIV‐positive/HAART and HIV‐negative patients. HIV‐negative iPML necessitates further consideration of MRI criteria for PML. Ann Neurol 2007
Tribological behavior of epoxy composites containing reactive SiC nanoparticles
Authors: Luo Ying , Zhi Rong Min , Qiu Zhang Ming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present article evaluated the sliding wear behaviors of epoxy and its composites filled with SiC nanoparticles. Polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) and a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate and styrene were grafted onto the nanoparticles as a measure of surface pretreatment, respectively. The grafted polymers were selected because the epoxide groups on PGMA would take part in the curing reaction of epoxy resin and covalently connect the nanoparticles with the matrix, while styrene acted as a copolymerized monomer to adjust the amount of the reactive groups of the grafted macromolecular chains, and hence the compatibility between the grafted polymers and the matrix. In comparison to the composites filled with untreated nano‐SiC particles, the composites with the grafted nano‐SiC exhibit improved sliding wear resistance and reduced frictional coefficient owing to the chemical bonding at the filler/matrix interface. The results were analyzed in terms of structure‐properties relationship of the composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2608–2619, 2007
Preparation and surface activity of biodegradable polymeric surfactants II: Dyeing properties of biodegradable dextrin derivatives in cotton dyeing
Authors: Wang Hong‐Jung , Chen Keng‐Ming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability and dyeing properties of a series of dextrin‐derivative surfactants in direct‐dye cotton‐dyeing systems have been studied. It was found that these surfactants have good biodegradability, which is lacking in traditional dyeing auxiliaries. In dye‐surfactant systems, the degree of aggregation of direct dyes with surfactants was found to influence the rate of cotton dyeing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2620–2624, 2007
Comb‐type methylsiloxane copolymers with diorganosilylene fragments as a lateral group
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Tatrishvili T. , Mukbaniani N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe catalytic dehydrocondensation reaction of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane and of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane‐dimethylsiloxane with α‐hydroxy‐ω‐trimethylsiloxydiorganosilylenes, in the presence of anhydrous caustic potassium, at 1:35 and 1:33 ratio of initial compounds has been investigated and polyorganosiloxanes with rigid polydiorganosilylenes fragment in the side chain, completely soluble in organic solvents, have been obtained. The catalytic dehydrocondensation reaction order, activation energies, and rate constants have been determined. The synthesized copolymers were characterized by thermogravimetric, gel permeation chromatographic, differential scanning calorimetric, and wide‐angle X‐ray analyses. It was shown that during modification of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane‐dimethylsiloxane with α‐hydroxy‐ω‐trimethylsiloxydiorganosilylenes in synthesized block‐copolymers, microdomain structure (phase incompatibility) was observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2161–2167, 2007
Shear rate dependence of viscosity and first normal stress difference of LCP/PET blends at solid and molten states of LCP
Authors: Hashmi S. A. R. , Kitano Takeshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were blended in an elastic melt extruder to make samples having 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 wt % of LCP. Morphology of these samples was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The steady state shear viscosity (η), dynamic complex viscosity (η*) and first normal stress difference (N1) were evaluated and compared at two temperatures: 265°C, at which LCP was in solid state, and 285°C, at which LCP was in molten state. The PET was in molten state at both the temperatures. The shear viscosity of the studied blends displayed its dependence on composition and shear rate. A maxima was observed in viscosity versus composition plot corresponding to 80/20 LCP/PET blend. The N1 increased with LCP loading in PET and with the increased asymmetry of LCP droplets. The N1 also varied with the shear stress in two stages; the first stage demonstrated elastic deformation, whereas second stage displayed dominant plastic deformation of LCP droplets. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2212–2218, 2007
Formation of new thermoreactive polysiloxanes
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Tatrishvili T. , Titvinidze G. , Mukbaniani N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHydrosilylation of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane to propargyl alcohol in the presence of catalyst, platinum hydrochloric acid, was performed at several temperatures. Comb‐type methylsiloxane oligomers with substituted reactive groups in the side chain have been obtained. At the high stages of reaction, gelation takes place. Except hydrosilylation, also proceeds dehydrocondensation reaction with low yield. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Calculations by quantum‐mechanical semiempirical AM1 method for modeling reaction between methyldimethoxysilane [Me(MeO)2SiH] and propargyl alcohol were performed for fully characterization of hydride addition of polymethylhydrosiloxane to propargyl alcohol. For all initial, intermediate, and final products enthalpies of formation as a function of the distance between CSi bonds are calculated. Comb‐type oligomers were characterized by gel‐permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometry analyses. Crosslinking of synthesized oligomer using γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane was investigated and studied using DSC and TGA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2168–2173, 2007
Synthesis of poly(o‐toluidine) in the presence of magnetic field and dysprosium chloride
Authors: Kan Jinqing , Tang Rong , Zhang Ya 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe poly‐o‐toluidine (POT) was prepared under different magnetization in solution containing 0.5 mol dm−3o‐toluidine, 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl with and without 0.5 mol dm−3 DyCl3, respectively. Their conductivity, UV–vis, FTIR spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated. The results of conductivity showed that magnetic field and the cooperative effect of Dy3+ and magnetic field do obvious effect to conductivity of POT. Meantime, they also can make the energy for the π–π* transitions and quinoid ring transition in UV–vis spectra smaller. At high magnetization the peaks of POT due to QNH+B or BNH+B and CH out of plane on 1,4‐ring or 1,2,4‐ring disappeared in FTIR spectra. Magnetic field and Dy3+ can make three dimensions morphologies of the POT clear, but they scarcely affect the crystallinity of POT. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2174–2179, 2007