bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morbidity, mortality, and parental grief: A review of the literature on the relationship between the death of a child and the subsequent health of parents
Authors: Hendrickson Karrie Cummings 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:This review was undertaken to analyze the research to date and identify areas for future research regarding the associations between parental grief after the death of a child and the subsequent health of the parents, including both their mortality and morbidity risks.Methods:Relevant literature was identified through a search of OVID-Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO using variations of the terms “parental grief and bereaved parents” combined with “health,” “illness,” “morbidity,” and “mortality.” Additionally, bibliographies of selected articles were reviewed to identify additional sources. The final sample includes 17 articles.Results:The literature search revealed a paucity of publications on the topic. However, it also showed that the studies that have been done examining the relationship between parental grief and health outcomes have produced conflicting results in almost every disease state examined. Additionally, several concerns with the quality of existing studies came to light that may bring their results into question. Three primary areas of concern surfaced including lack of consistency in measurement for psychological variables and “soft” self-report health outcomes, questionable methodologies in bereavement research in general, and the lack of a uniform definition of bereaved parents.Significance of results:Based on these findings, it is clear that more methodologically sound research is necessary to clarify the relationship between parental grief after the death of a child and the parents' subsequent morbidity and mortality risks.
Cultural Considerations in Assessing and Treating African Americans Who Stutter
Authors: Tellis Glen 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide speech-language pathologists with information that addresses cultural perceptions about stuttering and suggestions for assessment and treatment of stuttering in African Americans. The psychometric properties of the Stuttering Inventory for African Americans are discussed. Results indicate that this scale is reliable and valid. Overall, African Americans had positive perceptions about stuttering. Suggestions for evaluation and treatment of stuttering are provided.
Clinical trial: a randomized trial comparing fluoroscopy guided percutaneous technique vs. endoscopic ultrasound guided technique of coeliac plexus block for treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis
Authors: SANTOSH D. , LAKHTAKIA S. , GUPTA R. , REDDY D. N. , RAO G. V. , TANDAN M. , RAMCHANDANI M. , GUDA N. M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  Coeliac plexus block (CPB) is a management option for pain control in chronic pancreatitis. CPB is conventionally performed by percutaneous technique with fluoroscopic guidance (PCFG). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is increasingly used for CPB as it offers a better visualization of the plexus. There are limited data comparing the two modalities.Aim  To compare the pain relief in chronic pancreatitis among patients undergoing CPB either by PCFG technique or by EUS guided technique.Methods  Chronic pancreatitis patients with abdominal pain requiring daily analgesics for more than 4 weeks were included. Fifty six consecutive patients (41 males, 15 females) participated in the study. EUSG‐CPB was performed in 27 and PCFG‐CPB in 29 patients. In both the groups, 10 mL of Bupivacaine (0.25%) and 3 mL of Triamcinolone (40 mg) were given on both sides of the coeliac artery through separate punctures.Results  Pre and post procedure pain scores were obtained using a 0‐10 visual analogue scale. Improvement in pain scores was seen in 70% of subjects undergoing EUS‐CPB and 30% in Percutaneous‐ block group (P = 0.044).Conclusions  EUS‐guided coeliac block appears to be better than PCFG‐CPB for controlling abdominal pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Basic principles of neuromuscular transmission
Authors: Martyn J. A. J. , Fagerlund M. Jonsson , Eriksson L. I. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryNeuromuscular transmission at the skeletal muscle occurs when a quantum of acetylcholine from the nerve ending is released and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the postjunctional muscle membrane. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the endplate respond by opening channels for the influx of sodium ions and subsequent endplate depolarisation leads to muscle contraction. The acetylcholine immediately detaches from the receptor and is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Suxamethonium is a cholinergic agonist stimulating the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors prior to causing neuromuscular block. Non‐depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors preventing the binding of acetylcholine. Non‐depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs also inhibit prejunctional α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine autoreceptors, which can be seen in the clinical setting as train‐of‐four fade. In some pathological states such as denervation, burns, immobilisation, inflammation and sepsis, there is expression of other subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with upregulation of these receptors throughout the muscle membrane. The responses of these receptors to suxamethonium and non‐depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs are different and explain some of the aberrant responses to neuromuscular blocking drugs.
UV radiation and phosphorus interact to influence the biochemical composition of phytoplankton
Authors: VILLAR‐ARGAIZ MANUEL , MEDINA‐SÁNCHEZ JUAN M. , BULLEJOS FRANCISCO J. , DELGADO‐MOLINA JOSÉ A. , PÉREZ OLGA RUÍZ , NAVARRO JUAN C. , CARRILLO PRESENTACIÓN 
Published: February 2009

Summary1. Numerous laboratory studies have shown that food quality is suboptimal for zooplankton growth. However, little is known about how food quality is affected by the interaction of potential global change factors in natural conditions. Using field enclosures in a high altitude Spanish lake, seston was exposed to increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations in the absence and presence of UV radiation (UVR) to test the hypothesis that interactions between these factors affected the biochemical and stoichiometric composition of seston in ways not easily predicted from studies of single factors.2. Phosphorus enrichment increased the content of total fatty acids (TFA), ω3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3‐PUFA) and chlorophyll‐a : carbon (Chl‐a : C) and C : N ratios in seston. The pronounced increase in ω3‐PUFA was largely explained by the enhancement of 18:3n‐3 (α‐linolenic acid). In contrast, P‐enrichment lowered the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), the HUFA : PUFA ratio and, at high P loads, seston C : P ratio. Although phytoplankton assemblages dominated by Chlorophytes were not rich in HUFA, seston in the control had substantially higher 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) content (79% of HUFA) than did P‐enriched enclosures.3. The UVR increased the content of ω3‐PUFA and TFA in seston at the two ends of the trophic gradient generated at ambient and high concentrations of P, but decreased seston C : P and HUFA at all points on this gradient. ARA was not detected in the presence of UVR.4. The interaction between P and UVR was significant for seston HUFA and C : P ratios, indicating that the effect of UVR in reducing HUFA (decreased food quality) and C : P ratios (enhanced food quality) was most pronounced at the low nutrient concentrations characteristic of oligotrophic conditions and disappeared as P increased. Therefore, any future increase in UVR fluxes will probably affect most strongly the food quality of algae inhabiting oligotrophic pristine waters although, at least in the Mediterranean region, these effects could be offset by greater deposition of P from the atmosphere.
Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic, etidronic and peracetic acid irrigation on human root dentine and the smear layer
Authors: Lottanti S. , Gautschi H. , Sener B. , Zehnder M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To evaluate the effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), etidronic (EA) and peracetic acid (PA) when used in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as root canal irrigants on calcium eluted from canals, smear layer, and root dentine demineralization after instrumentation/irrigation.Methodology  Single‐rooted human premolars were irrigated as follows (n = 12 per group): (1) 1% NaOCl during instrumentation, deionized water after instrumentation, (2) 1% NaOCl during, 17% EDTA after instrumentation, (3) a 1 : 1‐mixture of 2% NaOCl and 18% EA during and after instrumentation, and (4) 1% NaOCl during, 2.25% PA after instrumentation. Irrigant volumes and contact times were 10 mL/15 min during and 5 mL/3 min after instrumentation. The evaluated outcomes were eluted calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy, smear‐covered areas by scanning electron microscopy in secondary electron mode and apparent canal wall decalcifications on root transsections in backscatter mode. For the smear layer analysis, sclerotic dentine was taken into consideration. Results were compared using appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests, alpha = 0.05.Results  The statistical comparison of the protocols regarding calcium elution revealed that protocol (1) yielded less calcium than (3), which yielded less than protocols (2) and (4). Most of the instrumented canal walls treated with one of the decalcifying agents were free of smear layer. Protocols (1) and (3) caused no decalcification of root dentine, whilst (2) and (4) showed substance typical demineralization patterns.Conclusions  The decalcifying agents under investigation were all able to remove or prevent a smear layer. However, they eroded the dentine wall differently.
Effectiveness of different laser systems to kill Enterococcus faecalis in aqueous suspension and in an infected tooth model
Authors: Meire M. A. , De Prijck K. , Coenye T. , Nelis H. J. , De Moor R. J. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To assess the antibacterial action of laser irradiation (Nd:YAG, KTP), photo activated disinfection (PAD) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on Enterococcus faecalis, in an aqueous suspension and in an infected tooth model.Methodology  Root canals of 60 human teeth with single straight canals were prepared to apical size 50, autoclaved, inoculated with an E. faecalis suspension and incubated for 48 h. They were randomly allocated to four treatment and one control groups. After treatment, the root canals were sampled by flushing with physiological saline, and the number of surviving bacteria in each canal was determined by plate count and solid phase cytometry. The same experimental or control treatments were completed on aqueous suspensions of E. faecalis, and the number of surviving bacteria was determined in the same way.Results  In aqueous suspension, PAD and NaOCl resulted in a significant reduction in the number of E. faecalis cells (P < 0.001), whilst Nd:YAG or KTP had no effect. In the infected tooth model, only the PAD and NaOCl treated teeth yielded significantly different results relative to the untreated controls (P < 0.001).Conclusions  The laser systems as well as PAD were less effective than NaOCl in reducing E. faecalis, both in aqueous suspension and in the infected tooth model.
The mysterious appearance of enterococci in filled root canals
Authors: Zehnder M. , Guggenheim B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this narrative review, the potential reasons for the high occurrence of enterococci in filled root canals are explored. The pulpless root canal appears to be a habitat for these bacteria, particularly for Enterococcus faecalis. However, re‐surveying the literature in caries research, it can be concluded that, contrary to earlier belief, enterococci are rare if ever found at the advancing front of dentinal lesions. The same is the case for true primary endodontic infections, but some uncertainty remains, because the coronal seal and the history of teeth harbouring enterococci have rarely been accurately investigated. Furthermore, from longitudinal studies with a known infection at the initiation of treatment, which was carried out under controlled asepsis, it is questionable whether enterococci are as difficult to eliminate from the canal system as is commonly held. A more likely explanation for the high occurrence of enteroccci in filled root canals is that they enter after treatment, but from which source? The intriguing finding in this context is that enterococci do not appear to be colonizers of the oral cavity. They are merely transient oral bacteria, unless there is a predilection site such as the unsealed necrotic or filled root canal. The origin of this infection is most likely food. Using the example of enterococci in filled root canals, this paper highlights the possible importance of transient microorganisms in the oral cavity and changes in a microenvironment that can create favourable conditions for infection.
Convective heat transfer in herb and spices during open sundrying
Authors: Prasad Jaishree Akhilesh 
Published: February 2009

Summary Tinospora cordifolia (herb), Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale (spices) were dried in the open sun and their thermal behaviours investigated. Important thermal parameters, such as product temperature, temperature surrounding the product surface and the moisture removal, were studied during the open sundrying. The effect of the temperature difference between the product temperature and the temperature surrounding the product surface on the convective heat transfer coefficient was studied. The maximum values of convective heat transfer coefficient were 3.9, 3.4 and 3.3 W m−2 K−1 with experimental errors of 23%, 19% and 17% for T. cordifolia, C. longa L. and Z. officinale under open sundrying, respectively. The predicted values of the temperature and the moisture removal for T. cordifolia, C. longa L. and Z. officinale were close to the experimental values, the coefficients of correlation (R2) and root mean square percent errors (e) varying from 0.986 to 0.999 and 0.42 to 6.55, respectively.
Effect of gamma‐ray irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure for wheat
Authors: Wang Jun , Yu Yong 
Published: February 2009

SummaryEffect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure of wheat was compared to non‐irradiated wheat. The moisture content of wet gluten and titratable acidity of wheat flour were significantly affected by gamma irradiation. This treatment also destroyed the starch granules of wheat grain and their breakage augmented as the dose of gamma irradiation increased, apparently resulting in the increase of small starch granules. Probably, these results were due to the disruption of large molecule, such as proteins, lipids and starch. The irradiated wheat flour for RVA pasting properties (flour viscosity) was also evaluated. Besides the difference in RVA profile, starch pasting curves showed a considerable decrease for six main parameters as gamma irradiation dose at different velocity increased.
Effect of various heat treatments on plasminogen activation in bovine milk during refrigerated storage
Authors: Lu Rongrong , Stevenson Clint D. , Guck Shannan E. , Pillsbury Laura A. , Ismail Baraem , Hayes Kirby D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPlasmin and plasminogen‐derived plasmin activities were measured in heated milk with and without the addition of plasminogen activator, before and after storage at 4 °C for 96 h. The effect of a free sulfhydryl group donor, β‐lactoglobulin or cysteine, on plasminogen activation was investigated in a model system and milk. Heating milk to 75 °C enhanced plasminogen activation that was marked by a considerable increase in plasmin activity. Heating at 85 and 90 °C caused a significant decrease in plasmin and plasminogen‐derived plasmin activities. However, after storage, significant plasmin levels were restored because of the activation of remaining unfolded plasminogen. Both β‐lactoglobulin and cysteine significantly decreased plasmin and plasminogen‐derived plasmin activities in a model system. While endogenous β‐lactoglobulin was not sufficient to completely eliminate plasminogen activation in milk, cysteine addition prior to pasteurisation significantly decreased plasmin and plasminogen‐derived plasmin activities. Results highlighted the importance of the remaining plasminogen in heated milk systems.
Physicochemical properties of Kalahari melon seed oil following extractions using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods
Authors: Nyam Kar Lin , Tan Chin Ping , Che Man Yaakob B. , Lai Oi Ming , Long Kamariah 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe physico‐chemical properties of oil from Kalahari melon seed were determined following extraction with petroleum ether and aqueous‐enzymatic methods. Two different enzymes Flavourzyme 1000 L and Neutrase 0.8 L were separately used during aqueous‐enzymatic method. The free fatty acid, peroxide, iodine and the saponification values of the oils extracted using the methods were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different. The melting point of the oils extracted was in the range of −18.7 °C to −17.5 °C and no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the oil obtained from solvent and aqueous‐enzymatic extractions was observed. Enzyme‐extracted oil tended to be light‐coloured and more yellow in colour compared with solvent‐extracted oil. The predominant fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid (62.2–63.1%), with some oleic (16.8–17.1%), palmitic (11.4–12.4%), stearic (7.5–8.1%), linolenic (0.7–1.2%) and eicosenoic (0.3%). Phenolic acids in enzyme‐extracted oils were comparable to the solvent‐extracted oil. The oils extracted with these two methods were differed in the composition of their phytosterol and tocopherol contents, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two enzyme‐extracted oils was observed.
Partial replacement of NaCl by KCl in salted mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fillet products: effect on sensory acceptance and lipid oxidation
Authors: Park Jae N. , Hwang Keum T. , Kim Sook B. , Kim Sung Z. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMackerel fillets were salted with NaCl and/or KCl to determine the most acceptable level by sensory evaluation. Additionally, the effects of ascorbic acid, vacuum packaging, and cold storages on lipid oxidation were determined for the salted mackerel fillets. Appropriate level of NaCl was ≤2%. Fifty percent replacement of NaCl by KCl reduced NaCl level with minimal impact on sensory quality. The higher the level of ascorbic acid (0–0.5%, weight basis), the higher the antioxidant effect observed with thiobarbituric acid value and peroxide value. There was no significant difference in sourness (α = 0.05) between the salted mackerel samples treated with and without ascorbic acid (0.25%). Vacuum packaging and storage at −18 °C along with ascorbic acid was most effective in retarding lipid oxidation in the salted mackerel. Vacuum‐packaged sample with ascorbic acid stored at 2 °C was least oxidised, followed by vacuum packaging without ascorbic acid and then ascorbic acid without vacuum.
Rapid identification of grouper and wreck fish meals by ELISA: a field study in restaurants
Authors: Asensio Luis , Samaniego Lourdes 
Published: February 2009

SummaryGrouper (Epinephelus marginatus) and wreck fish (Polyprion americanus) are two costly and demanding fish species which are subjected to substitution in the restaurant industry. In our study, 44 purported grouper and wreck fish meals (24 from school and university lunch rooms and 20 from restaurants) were analysed using an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (microtiter plates and immunostick format) and a MAb specific to these fish species. The results showed that 29 out of 44 meal samples were misdescribed in the restaurant menus. This ELISA procedure, which has proved to be specific, sensitive, cheap and very simple to develop, could be very useful for accurate authentication of meals in the restaurant industry.
Status, trends, and patterns of covariation of breeding seabirds at St Lazaria Island, Southeast Alaska, 1994–2006
Authors: Slater Leslie , Byrd G. Vernon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  We examined patterns of covariation among piscivorous and planktivorous seabirds breeding at St Lazaria Island in order to evaluate their responses to interannual changes in sea surface temperature, a variable that affects marine food webs. In addition, we evaluated seabird population trends for responses to decadal‐scale changes in the marine ecosystem.Location  St Lazaria Island, Sitka Sound, Alaska.Methods  Established seabird monitoring protocols for the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge were followed in estimating population trends, the timing of nesting events and the reproductive success of eight species of seabirds between 1994 and 2006.Results Population increases were noted for storm‐petrels (Oceanodroma furcata and O. leucorhoa), rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) and glaucous‐winged gulls (Larus glaucescens). We found no population trend for pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus), but it appeared that populations of common (Uria aalge) and thick‐billed (U. lomvia) murres and of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) declined. We detected no linear trends in either breeding chronology or reproductive success over the study period for any seabird. All species of piscivorous seabirds apparently responded similarly to environmental cues as there was a positive covariation among species in the timing of nesting. Piscivores tended to nest earlier, and most species had higher rates of reproductive success in years with relatively warm spring sea temperatures. In contrast, planktivorous Leach’s storm‐petrels (O. leucorhoa) tended to nest earlier when spring and summer sea temperatures were relatively cool. Clearly, seabirds at St Lazaria were responding to interannual changes in sea temperatures near the breeding colony, probably as a result of effects on the food webs.Main conclusions  Every seabird species we monitored at St Lazaria exhibited significant population trends between 1994 and 2006. For most species there appeared to be a relationship between both the timing of nesting and reproductive rates and spring or summer sea surface temperatures. Responses at both decadal (populations) and interannual (timing and reproductive success) scales make seabirds useful candidates for helping to monitor change in the marine environment.