bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CAVEman: Standardized anatomical context for biomedical data mapping
Authors: Turinsky Andrei L. , Fanea Elena , Trinh Quang , Wat Stephen , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Dong Xiaoli , Shu Xueling , Stromer Julie N. , Hill Jonathan W. , Edwards Carol , Grosenick Brenda , Yajima Masumi , Sensen Christoph W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe authors have created a software system called the CAVEman, for the visual integration and exploration of heterogeneous anatomical and biomedical data. The CAVEman can be applied for both education and research tasks. The main component of the system is a three‐dimensional digital atlas of the adult male human anatomy, structured according to the nomenclature ofTerminologia Anatomica. The underlying data‐indexing mechanism uses standard ontologies to map a range of biomedical data types onto the atlas. The CAVEman system is now used to visualize genetic processes in the context of the human anatomy and to facilitate visual exploration of the data. Through the use of Java™ software, the atlas‐based system is portable to virtually any computer environment, including personal computers and workstations. Existing Java tools for biomedical data analysis have been incorporated into the system. The affordability of virtual‐reality installations has increased dramatically over the last several years. This creates new opportunities for educational scenarios that model important processes in a patient's body, including gene expression patterns, metabolic activity, the effects of interventions such as drug treatments, and eventually surgical simulations. Anat Sci Ed 1:10–18, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Coupled physical and digital cadaver dissection followed by a visual test protocol provides insights into the nature of anatomical knowledge and its evaluation
Authors: Hisley Kenneth C. , Anderson Larry D. , Smith Stacy E. , Kavic Stephen M. , Tracy J. Kathleen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis research effort compared and contrasted two conceptually different methods for the exploration of human anatomy in the first‐year dissection laboratory by accomplished students: “physical” dissection using an embalmed cadaver and “digital” dissection using three‐dimensional volume modeling of whole‐body CT and MRI image sets acquired using the same cadaver. The goal was to understand the relative contributions each method makes toward student acquisition of intuitive sense of practical anatomical knowledge gained during “hands‐on” structural exploration tasks. The main instruments for measuring anatomical knowledge under this conceptual model were questions generated using a classification system designed to assess both visual presentation manner and the corresponding response information required. Students were randomly divided into groups based on exploration method (physical or digital dissection) and then anatomical region. The physical dissectors proceeded with their direct methods, whereas the digital dissectors generated and manipulated indirect 3D digital models. After 6 weeks, corresponding student anatomical assignment teams compared their results using photography and animated digital visualizations. Finally, to see whether each method provided unique advantages, a visual test protocol of new visualizations based on the classification schema was administered. Results indicated that all students, regardless of gender, dissection method, and anatomical region dissected performed significantly better on questions presented as rotating models requiring spatial ordering or viewpoint determination responses in contrast to requests for specific lexical feature identifications. Additional results provided evidence of trends showing significant differences in gender and dissection method scores. These trends will be explored with further trials with larger populations. Anat Sci Ed 1:27–40, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Evaluation of small‐group teaching in human gross anatomy in a Caribbean medical school
Authors: Chan Lap Ki , Ganguly Pallab K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlthough there are a number of medical schools in the Caribbean islands, very few reports have come out so far in the literature regarding the efficacy of small‐group teaching in them. The introduction of small‐group teaching in the gross anatomy laboratory one and a half years ago at St. Matthew's University (SMU) on Grand Cayman appears to have had a significant positive impact on the academic achievement of students in anatomy. This study surveyed the responses of the students to the small‐group learning method in gross anatomy at SMU using a structured questionnaire. The results show that our students prefer this small‐group learning method over a completely self‐directed method in the gross anatomy lab because the study materials were carefully chosen and the study objectives were demonstrated by the resource person. However, teacher‐centered teaching was deliberately avoided by fostering problem‐solving skills in the anatomy lab sessions. Another aim of the small‐group teaching at SMU was to develop the interpersonal and communication skills of the students, which are important in their later education and career. Anat Sci Ed 1:19–22, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Question‐driven segmentation of lecture speech text: Towards intelligent e‐learning systems
Authors: Lin Ming , Zhang Zhu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecently, lecture videos have been widely used in e‐learning systems. Envisioning intelligent e‐learning systems, this article addresses the challenge of information seeking in lecture videos by retrieving relevant video segments based on user queries, throughdynamic segmentationoflecture speech text. In the proposed approach, shallow parsing such as part of‐speech tagging and noun phrase chunking are used to parse both questions and Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) transcripts. A sliding‐window algorithm is proposed to identify the start and ending boundaries of returned segments. Phonetic and partial matching is utilized to correct the errors from automated speech recognition and noun phrase chunking. Furthermore, extra knowledge such as lecture slides is used to facilitate the ASR transcript error correction. The approach also makes use of proximity to approximate the deep parsing and structure match between question and sentences in ASR transcripts. The experimental results showed that both phonetic and partial matching improved the segmentation performance, slides‐based ASR transcript correction improves information coverage, and proximity is also effective in improving the overall performance.
Information retrieval on Turkish texts
Authors: Can Fazli , Kocberber Seyit , Balcik Erman , Kaynak Cihan , Ocalan H. Cagdas , Vursavas Onur M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this study, we investigate information retrieval (IR) on Turkish texts using a large‐scale test collection that contains 408,305 documents and 72 ad hoc queries. We examine the effects of several stemming options and query‐document matching functions on retrieval performance. We show that a simple word truncation approach, a word truncation approach that uses language‐dependent corpus statistics, and an elaborate lemmatizer‐based stemmer provide similar retrieval effectiveness in Turkish IR. We investigate the effects of a range of search conditions on the retrieval performance; these include scalability issues, query and document length effects, and the use of stopword list in indexing.
Bibliometric statistical properties of the 100 largest European research universities: Prevalent scaling rules in the science system
Authors: Raan Anthony F.J. van 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe statistical properties of bibliometric indicators related to research performance, field citation density, and journal impact were studied for the 100 largest European research universities. A size‐dependent cumulative advantage was found for the impact of universities in terms of total number of citations. In the author's previous work, a similar scaling rule was found at the level of research groups. Therefore, this scaling rule is conjectured to be a prevalent property of the science system. The lower performance universities have a larger size‐dependent cumulative advantage for receiving citations than top performance universities. For the lower performance universities, the fraction of noncited publications decreases considerably with size. Generally, the higher the average journal impact of the publications of a university, the lower the number of noncited publications. The average research performance was found not to dilute with size. Evidently, large universities, particularly top performance universities are characterized by being “big and beautiful.” They succeed in keeping a high performance over a broad range of activities. This most probably is an indication of their overall attractive scientific and intellectual power. It was also found that particularly for the lower performance universities, the field citation density provides a strong cumulative advantage in citations per publication. The relation between number of citations and field citation density found in this study can be considered as a second basic scaling rule of the science system. Top performance universities publish in journals with significantly higher journal impact as compared to the lower performance universities. A significant decrease of the fraction of self‐citations with increasing research performance, average field citation density, and average journal impact was found.
Inferences on the Common Mean of Several Log‐Normal Populations: The Generalized Variable Approach
Authors: Tian Lili , Wu Jianrong 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel approach for the confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing of the common mean of several log‐normal populations using the concept of generalized variable. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide confidence intervals with satisfying coverage probabilities and can perform hypothesis testing with satisfying type‐I error control even at small sample sizes. Overall, it is superior to the large sample approach. The proposed method is illustrated using two examples. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pile foundation design using Microsoft Excel
Authors: Canakci Hanifi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article presents a program called Pile‐D developed for the teaching of pile foundation design to undergraduate level geotechnical engineering students. The program performs drained and undrained analysis for frictional resistance of the pile in clay, and uses critical depth approach for the analysis of the pile in sand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 355–366, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20206
Directed Synthesis of a Heterobimetallic Complex Based on a Novel Unsymmetric Double‐Schiff‐Base Ligand: Preparation, Characterization, Reactivity and Structures of Hetero‐ and Homobimetallic Nickel(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes
Authors: Roth Arne , Buchholz Axel , Rudolph Manfred , Schütze Eileen , Kothe Erika , Plass Winfried 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA series of bimetallic zinc(II) and nickel(II) complexes based on the novel dinucleating unsymmetric double‐Schiff‐base ligand benzoic acid [1‐(3‐{[2‐(bispyridin‐2‐ylmethylamino)ethylimino]methyl}‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)methylidene]hydrazide (H2bpampbh) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The metal centers reside in two entirely different binding pockets provided by the ligand H2bpampbh, a planar tridentate [ONO] and a pentadentate [ON4] compartment. The utilized ligand H2bpampbh has been synthesized by condensation of the single‐Schiff‐base proligand Hbpahmb with benzoic acid hydrazide. The reaction of H2bpampbh with two equivalents of either zinc(II) or nickel(II) acetate yields the homobimetallic complexes [Zn2(bpampbh)(μ,η1‐OAc)(η1‐OAc)] (ZnZn) and [Ni2(bpampbh)(μ‐H2O)(η1‐OAc)(H2O)](OAc) (NiNi), respectively. Simultaneous presence of one equivalent zinc(II) and one equivalent nickel(II) acetate results in the directed formation of the heterobimetallic complex [NiZn(bpampbh)(μ,η1‐OAc)(η1‐OAc)] (NiZn) with a selective binding of the nickel ions in the pentadentate ligand compartment. In addition, two homobimetallic azide‐bridged complexes [Ni2(bpampbh)(μ,η1‐N3)]ClO4 (NiNi(N3)) and [Ni2(bpampbh)(μ,η1‐N3)(MeOH)2](ClO4)0.5(N3)0.5 (NiNi(N3)(MeOH)2) were synthesized. In all complexes, the metal ions residing in the pentadentate compartment adopt a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, whereas the metal centers placed in the tridentate compartment vary in coordination number and geometry from square‐planar (NiNi(N3)) and square‐pyramidal (ZnZn and NiZn), to octahedral (NiNi and NiNi(N3)(MeOH)2). In the case of complex NiNi(N3) this leads to a mixed‐spin homodinuclear nickel(II) complex. All compounds have been characterized by means of mass spectrometry as well as IR and UV/Vis spectroscopies. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show significant zero‐field splitting for the nickel‐containing complexes (D=2.9 for NiZn, 2.2 for NiNi(N3), and 0.8 cm−1 for NiNi) and additionally a weak antiferromagnetic coupling (J=−1.4 cm−1) in case of NiNi. Electrochemical measurements and photometric titrations reveal a strong Lewis acidity of the metal center placed in the tridentate binding compartment towards external donor molecules. A significant superoxide dismutase reactivity against superoxide radicals was found for complex NiNi.
Emergence is coupled to scope, not level
Authors: Ryan Alex J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSince its application to systems, emergence has been explained in terms of levels of observation. This approach has led to confusion, contradiction, and incoherence. When the concept of level is replaced by a framework of scope, resolution and state, this confusion is dissolved. We find that emergent properties are determined by the relationship between the scope of macrostate and microstate descriptions. This is formally demonstrated with mathematical examples, including the nonorientable, one sided and one edged emergent properties of the Mbius strip. Emergent properties are identified as nonlocal, because of spatially or temporally extended structure. This establishes normative definitions of emergent properties and emergence, which make sense of previous descriptive definitions of emergence. The central insight that emergence is coupled to scope means that emergence is objective, in the sense that it is independent of the knowledge of the observer. This framework is then used to identify fundamental limits to our ability to capture emergence in formal systems, and propose an alternative approach towards identifying system boundaries.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2007
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Chemical Recycling of Sustainable Polyurethanes
Authors: Yanagishita Yoshio , Kato Makoto , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo novel types of chemically recyclable ester‐containing polyurethanes, namely, a diol‐diacid‐type poly(diester‐urethane) (PDEU) and a hydroxy acid type poly(ester‐urethane) (PEU), were prepared by a green synthetic route that avoids the use of hazardous diisocyanate. The urethane linkage was introduced by the reaction of ethylene carbonate with amino alcohols and amino acids to form urethanediol and urethane‐containing hydroxy acids, respectively. The urethanediol underwent polymerization with dimethyl adipate in the presence of lipase to produce a high‐molecular‐weight PDEU, while PEU was prepared by the lipase‐catalyzed direct polycondensation of the urethane‐containing hydroxy acid monomer. The periodic introduction of ester linkages into the polyurethane chain afforded primary biodegradation points and chemically recyclable segments. Both PDEU and PEU were readily degraded in the presence of lipase into oligomers which were readily repolymerized in the presence of the same enzyme.
Photochemical Conversion of Solar Energy
Authors: Balzani Vincenzo , Credi Alberto , Venturi Margherita 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEnergy is the most important issue of the 21st century. About 85 % of our energy comes from fossil fuels, a finite resource unevenly distributed beneath the Earth’s surface. Reserves of fossil fuels are progressively decreasing, and their continued use produces harmful effects such as pollution that threatens human health and greenhouse gases associated with global warming. Prompt global action to solve the energy crisis is therefore needed. To pursue such an action, we are urged to save energy and to use energy in more efficient ways, but we are also forced to find alternative energy sources, the most convenient of which is solar energy for several reasons. The sun continuously provides the Earth with a huge amount of energy, fairly distributed all over the world. Its enormous potential as a clean, abundant, and economical energy source, however, cannot be exploited unless it is converted into useful forms of energy. This Review starts with a brief description of the mechanism at the basis of the natural photosynthesis and, then, reports the results obtained so far in the field of photochemical conversion of solar energy. The “grand challenge” for chemists is to find a convenient means for artificial conversion of solar energy into fuels. If chemists succeed to create an artificial photosynthetic process, “…︁ life and civilization will continue as long as the sun shines!”, as the Italian scientist Giacomo Ciamician forecast almost one hundred years ago.
Unintentional parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy
Authors: Manouras Andreas , Markogiannakis Haridimos , Lagoudianakis Emmanuel , Antonakis Pantelis , Genetzakis Michael , Papadima Artemis , Konstantoulaki Eleftheria , Papanikolaou Dimitrios , Kekis Panagiotis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackground.Unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy has been evaluated in a few studies. Moreover, the impact of the surgeon's experience and operative technique has not been evaluated. Our aim was to identify the incidence of unintentional parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy, its clinical consequences, and factors affecting its occurrence.Methods.We reviewed all total thyroidectomies during a 2‐year period. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with unintentional parathyroidectomy (parathyroidectomy group) and those without unintentional parathyroidectomy (no‐parathyroidectomy group).Results.Incidental parathyroidectomy occurred in 100 (19.7%) of the 508 patients. The groups were comparable in age, thyroid weight and pathology, operative time, surgeon experience (high/low volume), operative technique (suture‐ligation, LigaSure, or Ultracision), postoperative calcium, and transient hypocalcemia. No permanent hypocalcemia occurred. However, 11% of the parathyroidectomy group was men compared with 22% of the no‐parathyroidectomy group (p =.002).Conclusions.Unintentional parathyroidectomy, although common, has no clinical consequences. Unlike surgeon's experience and operative technique, patient sex was the only factor affecting its occurrence. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
The impact of absenteeism on the quality of assembly line production: The importance of a specialization requirement
Authors: Mateo Ricardo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAbsenteeism among manual workers is without doubt one of the most significant factors that affect the functioning of assembly lines. It is a widely held view that high levels of absenteeism have negative repercussions on the quality and costs of operations. According to the scientific theory of work, workers who temporarily stand in for their absent colleagues affect production quality levels because of a lack of work specialization and experience. However, new and sophisticated automation can eliminate the effect of absenteeism on assembly line production. This article gathered more than 960,000 products produced by different levels of absenteeism. The effects of absenteeism on the quality of products in assembly lines over the course of one year were analyzed. In contrast to established thinking, the empirical evidence presented here confirms that absenteeism does not always produce problems in the quality of products. This evidence can be explained by the need for specialization among manual workers has been reduced by the invention of more sophisticated and specialized machinery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Esophageal cancer and body mass index: Results from a prospective study of 220,000 men in China and a meta‐analysis of published studies
Authors: Smith Margaret , Zhou Maigeng , Whitlock Gary , Yang Gonghuan , Offer Alison , Hui Gei , Peto Richard , Huang Zhengjing , Chen Zhengming 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSeveral epidemiological studies have reported on the association between body mass index (BMI) and risk of esophageal cancer, but these were mostly in Western populations where many are overweight or obese. There is little direct evidence about the relationship in China where the mean BMI is relatively low and the disease rate is high. We examined the data from a population‐based prospective study of 220,000 Chinese men aged 40–79 without a previous history of cancer (mean BMI 21.7 kg/m2), which included 1,082 esophageal cancer deaths during 10 years of follow‐up. Adjusted hazard ratios for death from esophageal cancer by baseline BMI category were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Even among men with good self‐assessed health and BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, there was a strong inverse association between BMI and death from esophageal cancer, with each 5 kg/m2higher BMI associated with 25% (95%CI: 11–36%) lower esophageal cancer mortality. This inverse association persisted when analysis was restricted to men who had never smoked or when the first 5 years of follow‐up were excluded. The strength of the relationship was consistent with the pooled estimate for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a meta‐analysis of prospective studies (31% lower relative risk per 5 kg/m2higher BMI; 95% CI: 25–37%), but contrasted with that for adenocarcinoma which showed a positive association with BMI. Together, these data provide reliable evidence that in many populations low BMI is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.