bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Removal of Odors and Pyrophorics from Produced Water Sites, Sour Water Tanks, and Process Equipment using Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Vella Philip 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the production of oil, the water that is generated contains a number of different organic and inorganic compounds. The compounds that commonly cause problems are those having an odor such as mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Disposal of this water is becoming increasingly difficult due to environmental restrictions, especially concerning sulfides. Previous methods for disposal, such as deep well injection, are no longer acceptable. Other alternatives must be found.
A similar problem exists at a refinery with respect to sour water. Sour water is defined as any water, process or otherwise, that is contaminated with H2S. The sour water is usually cycled between a sour water tank and the unit process requiring the water. At some point in time, the water becomes too contaminated for use in the process, and must be discharged. The water is usually stored in a sour water tank, which can also contain organic sludge, suspended solids, dissolved organics, and other hazardous materials.
In addition to removing sulfides, oil and gas facilities have to contend with pyrophoric materials, e.g. pyrophoric iron sulfide. Pyrophoric iron sulfide is formed when sulfide laden hydrocarbon streams come in contact with any source of iron in the absence of oxygen. During normal plant operations, pyrophoric iron does not cause a problem. However, when specific units are opened for inspection and maintenance, the potential for a pyrophoric iron sulfide fire is significant.
Marine Management Efforts for the Pagerungan Gas Development
Authors: Hamzah Amir , Saleh A. Adjiz , Budhi Takdir Satya 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
ARCO and Pertamina in Indonesia have developed and are producing from gas reserves in the Pagerungan Field. The gas production has provided a clean burning fuel for power plants in East Java that were burning diesel oil and coal in the past. Conversion of these plants to natural gas has been beneficial to local air quality and has economic benefits for the area as a result of reducing operating expenses and diversifying fuel sources. The substantial commercial gas reserves of Pagerungan Field were discovered 1985. The gas producing facilities were built in 1991 -1993 on Pagerungan and were designed for 350 MMSCFD of dry gas and 3,500 bbl/day of condensate. About 9 of the 16 planned wells are producing. The gas and condensate sales commenced on January 1994. In Pagerungan island, the aquatic marine environment plays an important role in sustaining organisms which in turn provide both employment and business opportunities for the local people. The Pagerungan gas development has been completed with a series of environmental studies. The studies point out that the development is likely to have a significant impact on the marine environment. For this reason, the company are responsible for managing and monitoring these possible effects and taking action to mitigate potential or actual problems. In order to fulfill these responsibilities, the company have managed the coral communities, prevented nursery ground degradation and controlled marine pollution, installed artificial reefs and improved local fishermen’s incomes. The discharge of waste disposal into marine water and dredging and drilling works on reef communities and nursery ground areas have been selected as the highest priority in marine management activities. All wastes produced by development activities have been treated by using the current available technology in Indonesia. As a socio economical support, artificial reefs, ice plant & cold storage facilities have been constructed on the island to improve the fishermen’s incomes. To support these efforts, marine and socio-economic monitoring has been implemented on the island. Presently, the marine environment of Pagerungan is still in very good condition. The live coral community is still healthy and the fishermen can harvest commercial fish without any environmental degradation. To maintain these marine condition and improve the marine quality as well as the fishermen’s incomes, mangrove trees have been planted around Pagerungan.
Recent Case Histories of Foam Drilling in Brazil
Authors: Lage A. C. V. M. , Nakagawa E. Y. , de Souza A. A. , Santos F. M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since 1994, Petrobras has been testing stable nitrogen foam to drill a series of wells in low pressure oil production zones. In the first tests, the operations were conducted under both situations, overbalanced and underbalanced with the main purpose of accessing the operational feasibility and the economic benefits of such drilling technique. This work analyzes information available after these tests, based on some relevant aspects; (1) well productivity; (2) drilling performance; (3) economic advantages; and (4) need for further developments.
Two vertical wells were drilled in Carmopolis Field, one overbalanced and the other underbalanced. The initial results have shown that the productivity improved substantially (almost four times) compared to a conventionally drilled well. In the beginning of 1995, a third well was drilled in Candeias Field, in a fractured carbonate reservoir. In spite of loss of circulation being the most common drilling problem in the area, the well was successfully drilled overbalanced. The increase in penetration rate was significant, bringing about a reduction in the overall drilling costs. Because of such encouraging results, Petrobras is planning to reenter the Candeias Field well and drill three short radius horizontal underbalanced wells until the end of this year.
Finally, at the end of 1995, foam was also applied in an exploratory well in Parana Basin, where two high permeability and low pressure sandstone reservoirs were drilled, reducing formation damage. As the reservoirs were just below a thick layer of basalt, it was observed that foam drilling has twofold penetration rate in such hard rock.
Despite the observed operational and economical viability, some crucial topics still demands intense R&D efforts.
Forging Alliances in a State Oil Company
Authors: Ransome G. , Kadera S. , John M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Forging alliances in a State Oil Company (SOC) implies the fusion of key internal stakeholders: the state, labour and employees with management to form a strong, cohesive foundation which underpins the viability of the company. It is a fundamental prerequisite upon which any successful strategic alliance is to be built.
Forging State alliances underscores the need for both the state and management to understand and compliment each other's peculiar roles so that the SOC may overcome the dilemma of complying with a multiplicity of conflicting goals. Forging labour alliances is an imperative if the SOC is to make the adjustments necessary to ensure its survival in a highly competitive world. Forging employees alliances signifies creating the right environment that excites the company into action and which propels the individual to soar to ever increasing heights of achievement.
A Look at Abnormally Pressured Formations in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Fertl Walter H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Abnormally pressured formations occur worldwide and are the cause of many drilling and production problems. This study takes a look at more than 100 wells penetrating Devonian, Carboniferous, Mesozoic and Tertiary formations in the USSR, in which formation pressures other than hydrostatic have been pressures other than hydrostatic have been encountered. Some data on geology, salinity and the pressure-hydrocarbon relationship supplement this discussion.

Introduction
A look at the world map shows that the regional structure of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' (USSR) land somewhat resembles that of the U.S., except that the relation of plains and mountains is reversed. A comprehensive discussion of the geology in the USSR has been given by Nalivkin.
Russia's oil industry dates back to the last century, the first successful well being drilled in 1871 in the Kuban region in the Caucasus foothills. However, oil seeps in this area were known for centuries. As early as the 13th century, Marco Polo, the Venetian traveler, reported seeing caravans carrying oil from Baku on the Caspian Sea on his way to Kublai's court in Peking, China.
Today, the Russians have found and developed numerous hydrocarbon deposits, with current emphasis on wildcatting in the central areas of Europe Russia and Eastern Siberia. With the exception of the Caspian Sea and possibly the Black Sea, there appears to be no possibly the Black Sea, there appears to be no hurry to develop potential offshore reserves. Existence of numerous untested onshore prospects and lagging offshore technology seem to be the main reasons. Nevertheless, during the first half of 1970 the USSR produced oil at an average rate of 6,937,000 B/D with proved crude reserves at 58 billion bbl and, according to the 1970 International Gas Industry Congress in Moscow, proved gas reserves reached 425 Tcf. The proved gas reserves reached 425 Tcf. The Russians, already leading the world in proved natural gas reserves, expect to double them in the next 10 years. Table 1 gives some additional data on drilling and production in the USSR during 1968 and 1969.
Case History: Comparison of Advanced MWD and Wireline Resistivity Tools in Thinly Laminated Reservoirs, Offshore, Trinidad
Authors: May Bruce , Dattoo Bobby , Roeth Richard , Oberkircher Jim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract:
A direct comparison of the two most advanced resistivity devices currently in use, the MWD based EWR Phase 4TM and the wireline run Array Induction Tool(AIT)TM, is made. Both tools were run in a well drilled off of the East Coastof Trinidad by Amoco Trinidad Oil Company. The tools are run in theirrespective environments to enhance reservoir identification and characterization in thin, highly laminated reservoirs. The objective intervalin this area was thought to have this type of reservoir characteristic. Bothuse multiple depths of investigation combined with good vertical resolution to determine true resistivity (Rt) and to identify invasion profiles. A comparison of the results of the tools are related to previous efforts with other logging devices and actual production results. The two tools are compared through both thinly laminated and thick sand sequences.

Introduction:
Samaan B-8(ST)X well in Samaan Field, offshore Trinidad provides anopportunity to compare resistivity log response between the MWD EWR Phase 4tool and a high resolution wireline resistivity tool such as the ArrayInduction Tool in a thinly laminated sandstone reservoir. Recognition of pay inthinly laminated low resistivity sand sequences similar to the Samaan Field 4BSand reservoir is important in an active exploitation program in this field. The EWR Phase 4 and the AIT obtain resistivity information under differing borehole and invasion conditions. Both resistivity devices respond to the thinly laminated nature of the 4B Sand reservoir.

Tool Specifications
EWR Phase 4
The EWR Phase 4 (Figure 1.) is a multiple depth of investigation MWD resistivity device that uses four transmitter receiver spacings. From these spacings, different depths of investigations can be derived using phase, attenuation or a combined phase/attenuation based measurement. The spacings include X-shallow (EWXP, 6-12 inches radius of investigation); Shallow (EWSP,12-18 inches); Medium (EWMP, 24-30 inches); and Deep (EWDP, 36-40 inches). The three shallower reading devices propagate at a frequency of 2 MHz, while the deep reading curve is at 1 MHz.

The Array Induction Tool
The AIT Tool (Figure 2.) is also a multiple depth of investigation resistivity device. It utilizes 8 mutually balanced induction arrays, whose main coil spacings range from a few inches to several feet3. A single transmitter coil operates simultaneously on several frequencies between 105 Hz to 104 Hz range.
P. 709
Oil and Los Angeles - An Environmental Triumph
Authors: Spaulding Arthur O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Early in 1969 an oil well blew out of control in the Santa Barbara Channel. Contemporaneously, public opinion erupted in an outpouring of sentiment for environmental quality and vituperation against the oil industry. Some of the events that followed the Santa Barbara blowout are (1) the statutory depletion allowance was reduced from 27 1/2 percent to 22 percent; (2) the sale of federal leases in the percent; (2) the sale of federal leases in the (Gulf of Mexico was postponed for 2 years; (3) the construction of the Trans-Alaska pipeline has been indefinitely postponed; (4) drilling in waters under California State jurisdiction is now prohibited; and more locally, Occidental Petroleum Corp. was denied a permit to drill in Petroleum Corp. was denied a permit to drill in one of the more scenic portions of the City of Los Angeles. A less discernible but highly significant result has been a diminished exploration effort by the oil industry to find new hydrocarbon reserves in the U.S.
In this onslaught of environmania, drilling in the City of Los Angeles continues relatively unabated, and the City remains the paragon of social compatibility for oil operations. For example, last year not only were 37 onshore wells completed throughout the highly populated central part of Los Angeles, but, also, the City authorized the first and only offshore exploratory well drilled in California waters since Channel blowout. These operations, like the predecessors, were conducted in total harmony predecessors, were conducted in total harmony with aesthetic considerations and without incident.
Oil operators and the City of Los Angeles have compiled an impressive record in the past 18 years. At the moment, 350 wells located in 18 controlled drillsites, or islands, produce oil at the rate of 40,000 B/D and have been responsible for the recovery of about 120,000,000 bbl of oil from an urban location. The success of these operations, however, is not to be measured in statistics, but rather in social attitudes. The City Planning Commission has just given the urban oil business a ringing endorsement by unanimously rejecting a proposal that would have phased production out of the City over the next 10 years.

Introduction
The year 1969 began like any other year in recent memory with football games and the residue of the night before. On the West Coast we were deluged not only with the tinsel of the new year, but also with vast amounts of rainfall and emotional rhetoric associated with an oilwell failure in the Santa Barbara Channel. It is now more than 2 years after the event, and the environment of the Channel appears to be relatively unchanged, in sharp contrast with the state of the domestic energy supply that may never be the same again.
Health Assessment of Fitness to Work in the E&P Industry : an E&P Forum Initiative
Authors: Barbey A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Health assessment is an essential part of health risk management. It allows the company's medical advisor to identify medical conditions which determine an individual's Fitness to work. It is in the individual's and the company's interest to determine whether or not he or she is fit to undertake duties within certain given conditions.
Assessing an employee's fitness to work has always been a costly and controversial subject varying from one country to another and from one oil field company to another within the same country. What is fitness to work? How often should an employee be examined? What clinical, biological or radiological examinations should be performed upon preemployment or upon routine assessment for the various job categories within the Exploration and Production (E&P) Industry? What is the difference between health assessment, health screening and health surveillance?
A task force was developed by the E&P Forum Committee on Safety, Health and Personal Competence (SHAPC) and chaired by the author. This international committee met regularly throughout 1994 and 1995.
The committee consisted of physicians experienced in occupational health with practical knowledge of the specific working conditions and constraints observed in the E&P industry world-wide. This document, like other E&P Forum documents, was extensively reviewed in draft by senior management and health professionals of many interested companies.
The committee produced a modular system of guidelines covering pre-employment and periodic assessments for the various job categories within the E&P industry: i.e. catering staff, off shore employees, video display units, respiratory protective equipment, temporary employment (less than three months), local or national employees, employees working outside of their country of domicile and their dependents, etc.. The committee provided recommendations on frequency, content and medical standards of a health assessment for each of the E&P job categories as well as guidelines for handling of medical data, reporting employee fitness, transfemng and analyzing medical data.
Multilayer Reservoir Testing with Multiprobe Wireline Formation Tester
Authors: Kuchuk Fikri J. , Ramakrishnan T.S. , Ayan Cosan , Akbar Mahmood , Mahmoud Yahia , Young Neil , Al-Matroushi Salem 
Published: December 2007

Multilayer Reservoir Testing with Multiprobe Wireline Formation Tester.

Summary.
Four multiprobe wireline formation pressure transient tests were performed in a well in the Thamama formation. The main purpose of the tests was to estimate vertical communication across what were perceived to be thin, tight layers. The tests were unique because they had sink and horizontally offset probes, and two vertical probes - the farther one being almost ten feet away from the sink.
The downhole tests were complemented by extensive core measurements of porosity, vertical and horizontal permeabilities, and other petrophysical properties. The cores and the wellbore images obtained through the formation micro imager were depth matched. A reservoir model comprising 30 layers was used to analytically model the tested region for pressure transient propagation. The layer model was constructed based on the geological description, openhole logs, and the resistivity images. The data from the wellbore multiprobe interference tests were used to estimate the layer horizontal and vertical permeabilities using a nonlinear least-squares estimation method. The permeabilities from cores, pretests, and multiprobe tests were found to compare favorably. In addition, the pretest permeabilities along the wellbore, which correspond to endpoint effective permeabilities in the filtrate invaded region are within 50% of the core values. This suggests a weakly wet formation. The following results have been deduced from our study:–Vertical communication across zones of interest; - Horizontal and vertical permeabilities on probe spacing length scales;–Integration of high-resolution wellbore images with multiprobe measurements;–Reconciliation of core and log data with multiprobe pressure transient tests for new insights into vertical continuity.

Introduction
This paper presents the interpretation of four multiprobe pressure transient tests conducted at four locations along the wellbore with Modular Formation Dynamics Tester (MDT) in Well X in the carbonate Thamama reservoir. The multiprobe formation tester (MDT) is shown in Fig. 1 and is described in detail by Zimmerman et al. A four-probe configuration, as also shown in Fig. 1, that consists of sink and horizontal probes (dual-probe module) and two single vertical-probe modules, was used to perform these transient tests. The sink-observation probe spacings are 2.3 ft for the first vertical probe (V1) and 10.3 ft for the second one (V2) as shown in Fig. 1. For each transient test, the pressure distribution in the formation was created by producing (withdrawing) fluids through the sink probe with the pumpout module or one-gallon sample chamber. The pumpout module consists of dual chambers that alternate the pumping of formation fluids into the borehole. The reciprocating piston pumps hydraulic oil into the pump-out module displacement unit.
P. 12
Identifying the Controls on Waterflood Performance in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: O' Hanlon M. E. , Black C. J. J. , Webb K. J. , Bin-Daaer G. , El-Tawil A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The performance of most Abu Dhabi fields to date has not been dramatically impacted by waterflood characteristics. However, a stage has now been reached in field life when current and future reservoir management decisions depend more critically on the prediction and understanding of waterflood performance.
A large number of water / oil relative permeability datasets have been generated on the reservoir studied, by a number of different laboratories. Upon review, a wide scatter was observed in the historical data, both within individual reservoirs and between equivalent horizons, which could not be systematically related to variations in lithology, depth or wettability. To reduce this uncertainty a review of the data was performed to identify the controls on relative permeability behaviour.
A screening process was developed to identify core data validity based on a mechanistic understanding of the impact of different core acquisition procedures, core preparation and laboratory methods. Statistical analysis of the data sought to establish systematic correlations indicating dependency on physical rock properties.
The statistical analysis established that no single property controlled waterflood behaviour. A combination of lithology, sample zone, permeability and Swi appeared to be the major control on water – oil relative permeability. Separating the data by lithotype, sample zone, permeability and Swi, significantly reduced the scatter in the experimental data
Because of the laboratory procedures adopted by the different laboratories, these historical datasets are unlikely to represent waterflood behaviour in the field. However, the observed
trends in the historical data are compared and contrasted with data from recent high quality experimental studies.
Profile Modification in Water Injection Wells by Polymer Treatments
Authors: Glenat Ph. , Zaborowski G. , Loppinet A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chemical treatments of water injectors have been performed at the Romashkino oil field located in Tatarstan (Russia). This sandstone reservoir is heterogeneous (9 to 12 layers) and fractures are suspected due to its extensive water-flooding for decades. Since 1992, 134 injection wells have been treated for conformance control with 12,000 to 20,000 bbl of hydroxyl-ethyl-cellulose suspensions. The additional oil obtained from the 494 offset producers amounts 4.6 millions barrels and corresponds to 6,500 bopd.
Production data are presented for a selected zone: 12 injectors and 35 producers. It is shown that the treatments have resulted in the areal and vertical modifications of the sweeping efficiency of water.