bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Make Professional Boxing Safer—The American Medical Association Controversy
Authors: Cantu RC 
Published: March 2009

Cerebral concussions occur frequently in contact sports; more than 250 000 concussions occur annually in football alone. Definitions and classifications of severity of concussions vary, which makes evaluation of data extremely difficult. By combining elements of various definitions, the author has developed a practical, on-the-field grading scheme for identifying concussions in contact sports (grade 1: mild, with no loss of consciousness; grade 2: moderate, with less than five minutes of unconsciousness or more than 30 minutes of post-traumatic amnesia; grade 3: severe, with five or more minutes of unconsciousness or 24 or more hours of post-traumatic amnesia.) Also discussed are management of concussions and guidelines for determining when an athlete may safely return to play.
Boxing has been criticized as a brutal sport, and many have called for its abolition. The author reviewed the literature on the health hazards of boxing and found that it has a lower fatality rate than several other sports, including horseracing and parachuting. The most serious health effect of boxing is chronic encephalopathy that affects the pyramidal, extrapyramidal, and cerebellar systems. Often called punchdrunk syndrome, it appears to be directly related to skill level and frequency of participation. Symptoms usually do not appear until after the boxer has retired. The boxing council and a medical surveillance program are necessary to enforce uniform licensing and medical standards and to generate data for research.
Laboratory and roofing exposures of cellular plastic insulation to verify a model of aging
Authors: Bomberg MT , Kumaran MK 
Published: March 2009

The Montreal Protocol made industry alter the technology for manufacturing cellular plastics by eliminating the use of chlorofluorocarbons as blowing agents. This has resulted in new foam products with alternative blowing agents. Now, the industry faces a challenge to ensure good, long-term performance of these products. To this end, the Society of the Plastics Industry of Canada and the National Research Council Canada have taken up the challenge to develop appropriate evaluation methods.
A test methodology for evaluating long-term thermal performance has already been developed and applied to sprayed polyurethane foams. This methodology includes measurements of material characteristics such as nitrogen diffusion coefficient, extinction coefficient for IR radiation, concentration of blowing agent, foam morphology and aging curves measured on thin slices cut from different locations in the foam (surfaces and cores). Information from these tests serve as the input to an extrapolative model of heat and mass transfer (model of aging) that can predict the long-term performance of foam insulation.
Currently, this methodology for evaluating long-term performance is being applied to board-stock products such as extruded polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyisocyanurates, and phenolics. Several Canadian and US manufacturers have produced materials which are being exposed in laboratory as well as on a test roof. Thermal properties of these specimens are being continuously monitored and the data gathered from these two exposures are used to verify the applicability of the model.
This paper reports interim findings from the SPI/NRC investigation. Even though the investigation is not yet completed, it appears that the extrapolative aging model may become an important tool for evaluating long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) of cellular plastics.
Producing Rapid Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB)-lnfluenced Corrosion in the Laboratory
Authors: Webster BJ , Newman RC 
Published: March 2009

Rapid corrosion influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) of a creviced stainless steel (Fe-15Cr-10Ni) has been produced potentiostatically at -250 mV (SCE) using specially designed media. SRB-influenced corrosion was also produced using a two-compart-ment cell where a small anode was connected through a zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) to a large-aerated cathode. By conducting potentiostatic and ZRA-coupling tests in a number of media, it was found that the corrosion process was influenced by anionic ratios, that is, the ratio of chloride-ion concentration to total-other-anion concentration.
In addition, studies of a convection-free stainless-steel electrode in a ‘Microcell’ assembly were conducted to investigate the stability of SRB-influenced corrosion in a bulk-aerated environment. These results suggest corrosion of stainless steel could occur in an anaerobic, convection-free microenvironment with SRB activity, by using oxygen reduction as the cathodic reaction elsewhere on the material.
Burning Characteristics of Upholstered Chairs
Authors: Grand AF , Priest DN , Stansberry HW 
Published: March 2009

Upholstered chairs in many different styles, fabrics, and foams were evaluated under the fire test conditions of California Technical Bulletin 133 (Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies). Measurements obtained from these experiments included mass loss, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations, smoke density, temperature, and heat release rate. Analysis of the data have revealed certain unusual burning characteristics of the furniture items, some trends in fire properties, and certain recommendations for future testing. Comparisons of ceiling temperatures to heat release rates, for example, often explain why a particular chair failed the Category A criteria of TB133, while passing Category B. These and other anomalies are discussed in view of the proposed ASTM test method for flammability evaluation of upholstered chairs.
The shape and style of a piece of upholstered furniture, the fabric covering, the fire blocking layer, and the foam may have an impact on the flammability results obtained in the TB133 test. Some of the data from Omega Point Laboratories' large database have been tabulated or plotted in order to illustrate these effects. Office-style chairs, where the back cushion does not adjoin the seat cushion and where the arms are not fully upholstered, often produce very different results than similar chairs where the cushions are joined. Fabric types and fire blocker design have significant effects on the heat release rate values. These results are presented in order to gain insight into the use of these tests for regulatory purposes and into the potential hazard of these furnishings in realistic full-scale fire scenarios.
Interior Surface Materials, Principles of Classification, and Evaluation of Classification Systems
Authors: Hovde PJ 
Published: March 2009

In a Nordic research program, EUREFIC, it has been shown how the new fire test methods, Room/Corner Test and the Cone Calorimeter Test, can be used for testing and classification of linings and surface finish products. A new proposal for a classification system for such products, based on test results from the Room/Corner Test, has been worked out. This classification system is based on time to flashover.
In this paper, a comparison between the new proposed classification system and the classification system used for such products in the Nordic countries today is presented. The existing classification system is based on the use of a combination of test results from separate test methods. The actual small-scale test methods used are also presented.
The two classification systems (proposed and existing) have been evaluated and compared by using test results for eleven different products from the EUREFIC program. The results show that it is very difficult to perform a joint classification based upon two separate small-scale test methods. It may be that too much emphasis is put on the test results from one of the methods. The proposed classification system, however, reflects the large-scale fire behavior of the various products. A brief comparison with classification of the same products according to other European, national classification systems shows that neither of these systems are able to predict the large-scale fire behavior of all products as seen in the Room/Corner Test.
Mathematical Models for Calculating Heat Release Rate in the Room Corner Test
Authors: Karlsson B 
Published: March 2009

An extensive research program, dealing with fire growth on combustible wall lining materials, has been ongoing in Sweden over the last decade. Several lining materials were tested in bench-scale fire tests in order to derive basic material flammability parameters. The same materials were also tested in a full scale room test and a ⅓ scale room test for two different scenarios, A and B. Scenario A refers to the case where walls and ceiling are covered by the lining material, Scenario B where lining materials are mounted on walls only.
This study utilizes the results from these experiments and presents mathematical models where material properties derived from standardized bench-scale tests are used as input data. The models predict fire growth in the full or ⅓ scale tests, and consist of submodels for calculating the rate of heat release, gas temperatures, radiation to walls, wall surface temperatures, and flame spread on the wall lining material.
A thermal theory of wind-aided flame spread on thick solids is examined and solutions are given and analyzed for flame spread velocities under ceilings.
The results from the models are compared with experiments on 22 materials tested in the full scale room for Scenario A. Comparisons for Scenario B are made with 10 materials tested in the ⅓ scale room. The results show reasonably good agreement for most materials between the model and the experiments.
Sorption Transport Models for Indoor Air Quality Analysis
Authors: Axley JW , Lorenzetti D 
Published: March 2009

Sorption filtration is presently being investigated as one means to control the quality of air in buildings, yet methods to integrate models of sorption filtration devices with multi-zone indoor air quality analysis procedures, to enable rational design of these devices, have not appeared.
This paper reviews the theoretical bases of sorption models recently developed for multizone contaminant dispersal analysis and presents new work to extend these models to the problem of sorption filtration modeling. Four generic families of models are presented that account for (1) the equilibrium limits of reversible sorption processes with or without (2) boundary layer diffusion transport at the adsorbent surface and (3) diffusion transport within the adsorbent proper, and, for filtration devices, (4) convection-diffusion transport within the filtration medium. All models are formulated as mass transport elements that may be directly assembled with existing elements to model contaminant dispersal in multizone building/HVAC systems of arbitrary complexity. A comparison of the model families is made, criteria are presented to aid in the selection of the model family to use, and results of first applications of these models are presented that provide some validation of the theory.
On Validation of Source and Sink Models: Problems and Possible Solutions
Authors: Guo Z 
Published: March 2009

While model validation remains the weakest part of the entire process of indoor air quality (IAQ) model development, special problems have made the validation of indoor source and sink models even more difficult. Many source and sink models have been developed, but few have been properly validated. Major problems with current procedures include: elusive model parameters, confusion in parameter estimation methods, uncertainty in scale-up and misleading scaling factors, unspecified validity ranges, and weakness in quantitative comparisons between models and experimental observation.
To improve validation procedures, we have identified a number of potential areas including: proper definition of validation scope, proper use of statistical comparison methods, development of mass transfer indices to bridge the gap between test chambers and real buildings, and development of a cooperative effort to build a source and sink database to facilitate validation.
Type, Location, and Severity of Hockey Injuries Occurring During Competition and Practice
Authors: Bancroft RW 
Published: March 2009

This investigation identifies the type, location, and severity of injuries University of North Dakota ice hockey players experience during competition and practice over a competitive season, and compares the findings with those reported by other studies. More specifically, the sub-problems investigated were: (1) practice, competition, and overall injury rates; (2) injury type, severity, and location by frequency; (3) injury frequency by player position; and (4) injury trends that may be occurring, with a view toward prevention through equipment, rules, coaching, and training.
A modified version of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System was used to collect athletic exposures and injury data. The results of this study were, for the most part, inconsistent with the previous studies that were analyzed, showing the need for further studies with good epidemiologic data. Only then will we be able to identify the injuries common to ice hockey, their trends, if any, and intervention proposed with rules, equipment, coaching, or training techniques, if necessary.
The Sports Mouthguard: Its Use and Misuse in Ice Hockey
Authors: Castaldi CR 
Published: March 2009

The history of the sports mouthguard is reviewed from the early 1930s when it was first used by professional boxers, to the present, when American football, field hockey, ice hockey, and lacrosse players are required to wear a mouthguard. The methods whereby the mouthguard protects against injured teeth, broken jaws, and concussions are described.
The various types of mouthguards and the history of their use in those sports that require them are reviewed. The relatively inexpensive “boil and bite” mouthguard may be satisfactory for the stop-and-go action of American football, but it has no place in the high-speed, continuous action of upper level college hockey in which few time-outs are allowed. “Boil and bite” mouthguards are acceptable for youth and high school hockey, but college, junior, and professional players need custom-made mouthguards.
At the level of youth and high school hockey, compliance with the mouthguard rule is excellent. But at the college level, few players comply with the rule and little responsibility is taken by coaches or referees to see that the players comply, despite jaw fractures and an annual concussion rate of 4 to 5% over the past five years. The solution is not to discontinue the mouthguard rule as some have suggested, but to encourage the appointment of qualified team dentists, not only to fit players with proper mouthguards and identify untreated dental problems at the time of the preseason physical examination, but to ensure emergency dental services frequently required at the level of junior, international, and professional hockey where there are no effective face protection rules.
Frequency Effects on Damping/Modulus of Cohesive Soil
Authors: Zavoral DZ , Campanella RG 
Published: March 2009

In order to assess the effect of frequency on the dynamic response of clay, a modified resonant column/torsional shear apparatus was employed to test undisturbed samples of marine clay at various frequencies. Details of the modified apparatus are described and test results over a wide range of frequencies at different strain levels are presented.
Results show that the dynamic shear modulus of samples tested by the resonant column was always greater than the dynamic shear modulus of the same samples tested at lower frequencies in torsional shear. To confirm that the increase in shear modulus was due to frequency (strain rate), samples were tested in torsional shear at various frequencies. Results indicated that the shear modulus always increased with frequency, though the effect was fairly minor.
No observable effect of frequency on damping ratio was measured for samples tested in either resonant column or torsional shear modes. As well, there was no significant variation in damping ratio for samples tested in torsional shear under various frequencies.
Significantly lower residual pore pressure response was measured for samples tested by resonant column than for those tested at a lower frequency in torsional shear.
Object Data Models for Shared Molecular Structures
Authors: Maier D , Cushing JB , Hansen DM , Purvis GD , Bair RA , DeVaney DM , Feller DF , Thompson MA 
Published: March 2009

In a perfect world, output from one program could be transparently used as input to another. The world of scientific computation is far from perfect, and its rich legacy of data and programs carries a major disadvantage: lack of interoperability. Business data processing largely solved this problem through common data models and shared databases, but current record-oriented database technology does not support scientific applications well. We believe object-oriented systems might alleviate such shortcomings, and are exploring object-oriented environments integrating diverse programs and data. Our approach constructs for each domain a unifying data model that creates a “plug-and-play” environment.
This paper outlines the utility of object data models and object databases, and describes three projects using them to model shared molecular structures. The first presents a conceptual model for chemical experiments, the second an object-oriented database to improve interoperability of ab initio chemistry programs, and the third a uniform object interface to diverse materials science datasets.
Measured and Calculated Pavement Response in the Danish Road Testing Machine
Authors: Krarup J 
Published: March 2009

This paper reports results from a research program assessing pavement response from heavy vehicles. The Technical University of Denmark and The Danish Road Institute cooperated in the research program. To estimate the validity of theoretical values of stress and strain in pavements, stress and strain distributions were measured under two types of loads. One was the rolling truck tires of the Road Testing Machine, and the other was falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loadings. Distributions of stress and strain are explored and mapped in three-dimensional graphs. Some steps are taken in an attempt to test measured response distributions against calculated distributions. The measured responses are: (1) vertical contact stress in the tire/pavement interface, (2) longitudinal and transversal strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete layer, (3) vertical soil stress, and (4) vertical soil strain.
As temperatures and layer thicknesses in the Road Testing Machine are well known, only Poisson's ratio is estimated for the calculations. The layer's E-values were backcalculated from the FWD load and measured surface deflections. Using the elastic layer theory with backcalculated E-values and the chosen values of Poisson's ratio, values of stress and strain are calculated at the positions of the instruments. FWD load response values are considered the means for in situ calibration of stress cells.
Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics: Theory and Applications
Authors: O'Dowd NP , Shih CF 
Published: March 2009

A family of self-similar fields provides the two parameters required to characterize the full range of high- and low-triaxiality crack tip states. The two parameters, J and Q, have distinct roles: / sets the size scale of the process zone over which large stresses and strains develop, whereas Q scales the near-tip stress distribution relative to a high-triaxiality reference stress state. An immediate consequence of the theory is this: it is the toughness values over a range of crack-tip constraint that fully characterize the material's fracture resistance. It is shown that Q provides a common scale for interpreting cleavage fracture and ductile tearing data, thus allowing both failure modes to be incorporated in a single toughness locus.
The evolution of Q, as plasticity progresses from small-scale yielding to fully yielded conditions, has been quantified for several crack geometries and for a wide range of material strain hardening properties. An indicator of the robustness of the J-Q fields is introduced; Q as a field parameter and as a pointwise measure of stress level is discussed.
Analysis of Results from the MPC/JSPS Round Robin Testing Program in the Ductile to-Brittle Transition Region
Authors: Miglin MT , Oberjohn LA , Van Der Sluys WA 
Published: March 2009

Excessive scatter in fracture toughness data for ferrous materials tested in the ductile-to-brittle transition region makes it difficult to develop conservative estimates of fracture toughness for use in structural analysis and design. Several procedures are developed to predict fracture toughness from scattered data sets. These procedures either rely solely on statistical analysis or else combine a correction for excess plasticity with statistical analysis.
A round robin testing program including 150 fracture toughness tests of SA508C13 in the ductile-to-brittle transition region has been conducted by the Materials Property Council (MPC) in conjunction with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). This test program, which uses IT compact fracture specimens tested at three transition region temperatures, provides a large database for comparing procedures designed for dealing with data scatter. In this work, the Anderson-Dodds constraint correction procedure is compared to the available energy analysis procedure based upon their suitability for correcting for excess plasticity in scattered transition region fracture toughness data sets such as the MPC/JSPS round robin results. Various forms of two- and three-parameter Weibull statistics are reviewed for the ability to fit uncorrected and plasticity corrected data sets.