bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation scheme. I: Scheme description
Authors: Wilson Damian R. , Bushell Andrew C. , Kerr‐Munslow Amanda M. , Price Jeremy D. , Morcrette Cyril J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA prognostic cloud fraction and prognostic condensate scheme has been developed for the Met Office Unified Model. This is designed to replace the scheme currently used in weather forecast and climate simulations, in which cloud fraction and liquid water content are calculated diagnostically. Such a scheme overprescribes links between cloud fraction, condensate and water vapour contents. By contrast, our new prognostic cloud fraction and prognostic condensate scheme (PC2) calculates increments to prognostic variables of liquid, ice and total cloud fractions, water vapour and liquid condensate as a result of each physical process represented in the model. (Ice condensate is already represented prognostically.) This paper provides a summary of the PC2 scheme, describes how it is implemented, and discusses its relationship with other existing cloud schemes. Key aspects of the PC2 formulation are: the consistent derivation of prognostic terms, the reversible nature of the scheme under idealised forcing scenarios, the well‐behaved performance in the limit of very low and very high cloud fraction, the inclusion of ice microphysical processes, and the improved representation of cloud erosion processes. A companion paper presents the results from the scheme. © Crown Copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TIGGE: Preliminary results on comparing and combining ensembles
Authors: Park Young‐Youn , Buizza Roberto , Leutbecher Martin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTIGGE, the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble, is a World Weather Research Programme project to accelerate the improvements in the accuracy of 1‐day to 2‐week high‐impact weather forecasts. This report discusses some preliminary results from predictability studies based on the ensemble data exchanged within TIGGE, and available at the TIGGE archive centres. In the first part of this work, the key characteristics of the eight ensemble systems available in the TIGGE database at the time of writing (December 2007) are compared, and the strengths and weaknesses of each system are highlighted. Then, issues related to the generation of multi‐model/multi‐analysis ensemble products are discussed, and some preliminary results on the potential value of combining different ensembles to generate medium‐range products with a grand multi‐model/multi‐analysis global ensemble are presented.One of the key results documented in this work is the large difference between the performance of the single ensembles: for Z500 over the Northern Hemisphere, in the medium‐range (say around forecast day 5), the difference between the worst and the best control or ensemble‐mean forecasts is about 2 days of predictability, while the difference between the worst and the best probabilistic predictions can be larger, about 3 days of predictability. Another key result has been the quantification of the difference between the skill of the best ensemble system and a combined ensemble generated considering up to four different ensemble systems. Results have indicated that the difference is very small in areas where the European Centre (EC) ensemble system has a well tuned ensemble spread, equivalent to less than 6 hours of predictability in the medium range, while it is larger and more detectable in areas where the EC system has a too low ensemble spread (e.g. in the Tropics). Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Development of redundant rigidity theory for formation control
Authors: Yu Changbin , Anderson Brian D. O. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMultiagent formation control may proceed by ensuring that designated pairs of agents maintain a specified distance between each other, in order that the overall shape of the formation can be preserved while it translates or rotates. A minimally rigid formation is one in which loss of any one such constraint or link means that individual agent motions can occur, which do not preserve the shape of the formation. Recognizing that real‐world formations may suffer link loss and even agent loss, this paper presents a systematic approach to defining a measure for redundant or nonminimal rigidity, which is the property that formation shape will still be preserved in the face of loss of a certain designated number of distance constraints or formation agents. Most of the results are concerned with advancing a deterministic measure, but this paper also indicates circumstances under which a statistical measure may be relevant. For illustration, the paper analyses a number of standard formations to establish their levels of redundancy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Output feedback control design for station keeping of AUVs under shallow water wave disturbances
Authors: Liu Shuyong , Wang Danwei , Poh Engkee 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problem of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) station keeping (SK) in shallow water area. During SK, an AUV is required to maintain position and orientation with respect to a fixed reference point at the sea floor. When AUV operates in shallow water, high‐frequency disturbances due to waves will significantly affect the motion of the AUV. In order to derive wave disturbance information for control purposes, a nonlinear observer is first designed to estimate the shallow water wave velocities and AUV relative velocities by using position and attitude measurement. Using the observer estimates, a nonlinear output feedback controller is subsequently synthesized by applying observer backstepping technique. Global exponential stability (GES) of the proposed nonlinear observer–controller design is proved through Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation studies on a model based on an actual AUV were performed to verify the performance of the proposed nonlinear observer and output feedback controller. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Average consensus on networks with quantized communication
Authors: Frasca Paolo , Carli Ruggero , Fagnani Fabio , Zampieri Sandro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis work presents a contribution to the solution of the average agreement problem on a network with quantized links. Starting from the well‐known linear diffusion algorithm, we propose a simple and effective adaptation that is able to preserve the average of states and to drive the system near to the consensus value, when a uniform quantization is applied to communication between agents. The properties of this algorithm are investigated both by a worst‐case analysis and by a probabilistic analysis, and are shown to depend on the spectral properties of the evolution matrix. A special attention is devoted to the issue of the dependence of the performance on the number of agents, and several examples are given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Monitoring Proximity and Centrality on Time‐evolving Bipartite Graphs
Authors: Tong Hanghang , Papadimitriou Spiros , Yu Philip S. , Faloutsos Christos 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLarge bipartite graphs that evolve and grow over time (e.g. new links arrive, old links die out, or link weights change) arise in many settings, such as social networks, co‐citations, market‐basket analysis, and collaborative filtering.How do we monitor (i) the centrality of an individual node (e.g. which is the most important conference), or (ii) the proximity of two nodes or sets of nodes (e.g. who are the most influential authors with respect to a particular conference)? How can we do this efficiently and incrementally? How can we provide ‘any‐time’ answers to interesting queries, with respect to node centrality or proximity?In this paper we propose pTrack and cTrack, which are based on RWR, together with some important modifications to adapt these measures to a dynamic, evolving setting. Additionally, we develop techniques for fast, incremental updates of these measures that allow us to track them continuously as link updates arrive. In addition, we discuss variants of our method that can handle batch updates, as well as place more emphasis on recent links. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our methods on several real datasets. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
Effect of Phenolic Compounds on the Pasting and Textural Properties of Wheat Starch
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Sun Mei , Corke Harold 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPasting and textural properties of wheat starch were systematically investigated in the presence of 25 phytochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, stillbenes and tannins with a wide structural diversity. Overall, most of these phenolic compounds significantly changed functional properties of starch. Trans‐cinnamic acid increased the peak viscosity most by 37 RVU whereas catechin decreased it most by 14 RVU. All the phenolic compounds considerably increased the breakdown with the greatest effect by chlorogenic acid (135 RVU) and the least by chrysin (6 RVU). Esculetin caused the maximum increase in setback (38 RVU), and 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid caused the maximum decrease (103 RVU). All the phenolic compounds significantly reduced the peak time with the greatest effect by trans‐cinnamic acid. Chrysin and 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid most increased and decreased the hardness of starch gels stored at 23°C for 48 h by 3.9 and 24.2 g. Most of the phenolic compounds increased the adhesiveness with the greatest effect by 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid (72 g·s). pH changes of the starch suspension caused by the addition of phenolic compounds and their structural diversity affected these functional properties of wheat starch to different extents. This study may provide a basis for the use of phytochemicals in functional and starch‐based staple foods.
Alternative Surgical Strategies and Favorable Outcomes in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Japan: Experience of a Single Institution
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira , Yabuta Tomonori , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Inoue Hiroyuki , Tomoda Chisato , Uruno Takashi , Kihara Minoru , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Miya Akihiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundMedullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts only for 1.4% of all thyroid malignancies in Japan. Since 1996, we have performed hemithyroidectomy, instead of total thyroidectomy, for sporadic nonhereditary MTC when the primary lesion is located in only one lobe. Regarding lymph node dissection, modified radical neck dissection (MND) at least ipsilateral to the tumor has been routinely performed, even if there is no clinically apparent metastasis. We investigated the clinical outcomes of MTC patients in our department.MethodsA series of 118 patients with MTC who underwent initial surgery between 1975 and 2005 were enrolled in this study. The RET gene mutations were analyzed for all patients and 46 had germline RET gene mutations. Of those 46 patients, 26 were diagnosed as MEN 2A and 2 were diagnosed as MEN 2B. Postoperative follow‐up periods averaged 141 months.ResultsOf 115 patients who did not have distant metastasis at surgery and who underwent locally curative surgery, 78 (67.8%) were biochemically cured. All patients without pathological lymph node metastasis were biochemically cured, and 44.8% of patients with node metastasis were also biochemically cured. The 10‐year and 20‐year disease‐free survival rates were 89.0% and 82.5%, respectively. None of the patients who did not show lymph node metastasis and only 2 (2.6%) of 78 patients who were biochemically cured showed clinically apparent carcinoma recurrence. The 10‐year and 20‐year cause‐specific survival rates were 96.6% and 91.7%, respectively. Lymph node metastasis, tumor size >4 cm, extrathyroid and extranodal tumor extensions significantly affected cause‐specific survival of patients.ConclusionsClinical outcomes of MTC patients in our series were better than those in Western countries, a result that might have resulted in part because of our routine MND regardless of whether clinically apparent node metastasis was detected.
Establishment of an SV40 large T antigen‐immortalized bovine brain cell line and its neuronal differentiation by dibutyryl‐cyclic AMP
Authors: Takenouchi Takato , Iwamaru Yoshifumi , Sato Mitsuru , Yokoyama Takashi , Kitani Hiroshi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractImmortalized bovine brain cell lines provide ideal in vitro cellular infection models for bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSEs) caused by prions without enduring species barrier. We have established an immortalized brain cell line (FBBC‐1 cells) from primary cultures of cryopreserved fetal bovine brain tissues after transfection with SV40 large T antigen. FBBC‐1 cells are stable after passaging to >100 population doublings after single cell cloning, with a generation time of 24 h. After the treatment with dibutyryl‐cyclic AMP, the cells ceased proliferation and extended neurite‐like processes that were immunostained with the antibody against tubulin βIII, a marker of immature neurons. Upregulation of tubulin βIII expression was confirmed by immunoblotting. These bovine cells expressed cellular prion protein and its processed smaller C1 fragment, and may provide an in vitro means of propagating cattle BSE prion.
Activating endogenous visceral pain modulation: A comparison of heterotopic stimulation methods in healthy controls
Authors: Wilder‐Smith Clive H. , Song Guanghui , Yeoh Khay Guan , Ho Khek Yu 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAll sensory input underlies modulation by endogenous central nervous system pathways. Dysfunctional endogenous pain modulation has been demonstrated in central sensitization and in several pain syndromes, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Activation of endogenous visceral pain modulation by heterotopic stimulation was compared using different methods. Rectal electrical or distension pain alone or with simultaneous (i.e. heterotopic) noxious hand or foot cold stimulation were investigated in randomized sequence in 14 male and 1 female healthy subjects.Mean pain intensities on a visual analogue scale of 0–100 (95% CI) during tonic rectal electrical and distension stimulation alone were 64 (52–76) and 55 (39–71), respectively. Rectal distension pain decreased by 36% (18–55) with simultaneous hand and by 45% (24–66) with simultaneous foot cold pain. Rectal electrical pain decreased by 45% (29–61) during hand and by 46% (28–64) during foot cold pain. Facilitation, i.e. increased rectal pain during heterotopic stimulation was observed in only 1 of 60 stimulation runs.Potent and consistent activation of endogenous visceral pain inhibition was achieved with heterotopic cold pain limb stimulation. Somato‐visceral convergence did not affect the effectiveness of induction of endogenous visceral pain inhibition in healthy subjects, as hand and foot heterotopic stimulation resulted in similar pain inhibition. Pain facilitation, as shown earlier in IBS patients, was not evident in healthy controls.
Periodic motions in the Fermi—Ulam model
Authors: Jiang Mei-Yue 
Published: November 2008

We consider the periodic solutions of the equationsatisfying −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ẋ(t−) = −ẋ(t+) if x(t) = ±1, where f is a continuous function, periodic in t. A sequence of periodic solutions is obtained via the variational method.
Elevated iron stores are associated with HIV disease severity and mortality among postpartum women in Zimbabwe
Authors: Rawat R , Humphrey JH , Ntozini R , Mutasa K , Iliff PJ , Stoltzfus RJ 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectivesThe relationship between Fe status and HIV infection is complex and poorly understood. While anaemia is a major complication of HIV infection, higher Fe stores may be associated with disease progression. There is limited and conflicting data available from Africa.DesignCross-sectional and prospective cohort study.Setting, subjects and methodsWe examined the association between postpartum Fe status (Hb, serum ferritin (SF) and transferrin receptor (TfR)) and viral load (VL) and HIV-related mortality in 643 HIV-positive Zimbabwean women over a period of 12 months.ResultsIn non-anaemic women a log10increase in SF was associated with a 2·3-fold increase in VL (P= 0·019); this association was absent in anaemic women. In prospective analyses, a log10increase in SF was associated with a 4-fold increase in mortality by 12 months (P= 0·002). Hb was negatively associated with VL (P= 0·001) and mortality (P= 0·047). The adverse associations between SF and both VL and mortality were found at SF concentrations >45 μg/l (P< 0·05). Controlling for α1acid glycoprotein, a marker of inflammation, attenuated the association between both SF and VL and mortality, but these remained significant.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with the hypothesis that high Fe stores have adverse consequences in HIV infection. If adverse consequences are real, our data suggest that they occur at SF concentrations exceeding those consistent with adequate Fe nutriture.
ProtorP: a protein–protein interaction analysis server
Authors: Reynolds Christopher , Damerell David , Jones Susan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Summary: The PROTORP server analyses protein–protein associations in 3D structures. The server calculates a series of physical and chemical parameters of the protein interaction sites that contribute to the binding energy of the association. These parameters include, size and shape, intermolecular bonding, residue and atom composition and secondary structure contributions. The server is flexible, in that it allows users to analyse individual protein associations or large datasets of associations deposited in the PDB, or upload and analyse proprietary files. The properties calculated can be compared with parameter distributions for non-homologous datasets of different classes of protein associations provided on the server website. The server provides an efficient way of characterizing protein–protein associations of new or existing proteins, and a means of putting these values in the context of previously observed associations.
Availability: http://www.bioinformatics.sussex.ac.uk/protorp
Contact: s.jones@sussex.ac.uk
Associations Between Vrs1 Alleles and Grain Quality Traits in Spring Barley Hordeum vulgare L.
Authors: Turuspekov Y. , Martin J. M. , Bowman J. G. P. , Beecher B. S. , Giroux M. J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTBarley head row type is a major trait affecting end‐use quality. Six‐rowed forms emerged due to mutations in the Vrs1 gene in two‐rowed barleys. Whether barley is two (Vrs1) or six rowed (vrs1) directly affects a wide range of morphological traits related to seed yield and grain quality. Vrs1 has been cloned and encodes a homeodomain transcription factor with a linked leucine zipper motif. To test the association between Vrs1 alleles and grain quality, we characterized the Vrs1 alleles among a well‐described collection of 81 spring barley accessions selected for divergence in head type and dry matter digestibility (DMD). The results indicated that the majority of two‐rowed barleys have the Vrs1.b3‐1 allele and the majority of six‐rowed barleys carry the vrs1.a1‐8 allele. In comparison with two‐rowed barleys, six‐rowed barleys were more variable in grain hardness. This divergence in hardness values was associated with specific vrs1 alleles, with barley accessions carrying the less severe amino acid missense mutation VRS1.a3‐1 isoform being softer and having higher DMD than those accessions carrying the more common VRS1.a1‐1 amino acid frameshift isoform. The assignment of six‐rowed barley cultivars to different vrs1 allele groups may prove beneficial for the selection of specific grain‐quality parameters.
Assessing Fermentation Quality of Grain Sorghum for Fuel Ethanol Production Using Rapid Visco‐Analyzer
Authors: Zhao Renyong , Bean Scott , Wu Xiaorong , Wang Donghai 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe Rapid Visco‐Analyzer (RVA) was used to characterize the pasting properties of 68 sorghum grains with a standard 23‐min temperature profile. The results showed a strong linear relationship between ethanol yield and final viscosity as well as setback. Ethanol yield increased as final viscosity decreased. A modified RVA procedure (10 min) with an application of α‐amylase was developed to simulate the liquefaction step in dry‐grind ethanol production. There was a remarkable difference in mashing properties among the sorghum samples with the normal dosage of α‐amylase. The sorghum samples which were difficult to liquefy in the mashing step had much higher peak viscosities than the samples that were easily liquefied. The results also showed that the relationship between conversion efficiency and mashing property was significant. Tannins cause high mash viscosities. There was a strong linear relationship between tannin content and final viscosity as well as peak viscosity. The modified RVA procedure is applicable not only for characterization of mashing properties but also for optimization of α‐amylase doses for starch liquefaction.
Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992–2004
Authors: Dores Graça M. , Landgren Ola , McGlynn Katherine A. , Curtis Rochelle E. , Linet Martha S. , Devesa Susan S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryPopulation‐based plasmacytoma incidence and survival data are sparse. We analyzed incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios (IRRs), and 5‐year relative survival for plasmacytoma overall and by site – bone (P‐bone) and extramedullary (P‐extramedullary) – in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program (1992–2004). For comparison, we included cases of multiple myeloma (MM) diagnosed over the same time period in SEER. Incidence of MM (n = 23 544; IR 5·35/100 000 person‐years) was 16‐times higher than plasmacytoma overall (n = 1543; IR = 0·34), and incidence of P‐bone was 40% higher than P‐extramedullary (P < 0·0001). The male‐to‐female IRRs for P‐bone, P‐extramedullary, and MM were 2·0, 2·6, and 1·5, respectively. For plasmacytoma and MM, IRs were highest in Blacks, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islanders. Compared with Whites, the Black IR was ∼30% higher for P‐extramedullary and P‐bone and 120% higher for MM. IRs for all neoplasms increased exponentially with advancing age, less prominently at older ages for plasmacytoma than MM. Distinct age, gender, and race incidence patterns of plasma cell disorders suggest underlying differences in clinical detection, susceptibility, disease biology and/or aetiological heterogeneity. Five‐year relative survival for P‐bone, P‐extramedullary, and MM varied significantly by age (<60/60+ years), supporting age‐related differences in disease burden at presentation, disease biology, and/or treatment approaches.