bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Large‐Scale Single‐Crystalline PrB6 Nanorods and Their Temperature‐Dependent Electron Field Emission
Authors: Zhang Qin Yuan , Xu Jun Qi , Zhao Yan Ming , Ji Xiao Hong , Lau Shu Ping 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple catalysis‐free approach that utilises a gas–solid reaction for the synthesis of large‐scale single‐crystalline PrB6 nanorods using Pr and BCl3 as starting materials is demonstrated. The nanorods exhibit a low turn‐on electric field (2.80 V µ‐b;m−1 at 10 µ‐b;A cm−2), a low threshold electric field (6.99 V µ‐b;m−1 at 1 mA cm−2), and a high current density (1.2 mA cm−2 at 7.35 V µ‐b;m−1) at room temperature (RT). The turn‐on and threshold electric field are found to decrease clearly from 2.80 to 0.95 and 6.99 to 3.55 V µ‐b;m−1, respectively, while the emission current density increases significantly from 1.2 to 13.8 mA cm−2 (at 7.35 V µ‐b;m−1) with an increase in the ambient temperature from RT to 623 K. The field enhancement factor, emission current density, and the dependence of the effective work function with temperature are investigated. The possible mechanism of the temperature‐dependent emission from PrB6 nanorods is discussed.
H2xMnxSn3‐xS6 (x = 0.11–0.25): A Novel Reusable Sorbent for Highly Specific Mercury Capture Under Extreme pH Conditions
Authors: Manos Manolis J. , Petkov Valeri G. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe H2xMnxSn3‐xS6 (x = 0.11–0.25) is a new solid acid with a layered hydrogen metal sulfide (LHMS). It derives from K2xMnxSn3–xS6 (x = 0.5–0.95) (KMS‐1) upon treating it with highly acidic solutions. We demonstrate that LHMS‐1 has enormous affinity for the very soft metal ions such as Hg2+ and Ag+ which occurs via a rapid ion exchange process. The tremendous affinity of LHMS‐1 for Hg2+ is reflected in very high distribution coefficient KdHg values (>106 mL g−1). The large affinity and selectivity of LHMS‐1 for Hg2+ persists in a very wide pH range (from less than zero to nine) and even in the presence of highly concentrated HCl and HNO3 acids. LHMS‐1 is significantly more selective for Hg2+ and Ag+ than for the less soft cations Pb2+ and Cd2+. The Hg2+ ions are immobilized in octahedral sites between the sulfide layers of the materials via Hg–S bonds as suggested by pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. LHMS‐1 could decrease trace concentrations of Hg2+ (e.g. <100 ppb) to well below the acceptable limits for the drinking water in less than two min. Hg‐laden LHMS‐1 shows a remarkable hydrothermal stability and resistance in 6 M HCl solutions. LHMS‐1 could be regenerated by treating Hg‐loaded samples with 12 M HCl and re‐used without loss of its initial exchange capacity.
Noble Metal Nanocrystal‐Incorporated Fullerene‐Like Polyoxometalate Based Microspheres
Authors: Nisar Amjad , Xu Xiangxing , Shen Shuling , Hu Shi , Wang Xun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMonodisperse fullerene‐like polyoxometalate‐based microspheres are synthesized using a single‐phase approach which is quick, easier to control surfactant to polyoxometalate (POM) molar ratios and result in better control over the size‐distribution range. Noble‐metal nanocrystals are successfully incorporated in the surfactant encapsulated complex multilayered spherical assemblies without any change in their layered morphology. Combining the merits of fullerene‐like POMs and monodisperse noble metal nanocrystals, these monodisperse hybrid spheres show interesting composition‐ and size‐dependent photochemical properties.
Palladium‐Catalysed Telomerisation of Isoprene with Glycerol and Polyethylene Glycol: A Facile Route to New Terpene Derivatives
Authors: Gordillo Alvaro , Pachón Laura Durán , de Jesus Ernesto , Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageWe present here the first example of the telomerisation of isoprene with glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG‐200), opening a facile route to new terpene structures, based on a combination of renewable and petroleum‐based feedstocks. The reaction is catalysed by a palladium‐carbene complex. Significantly, this system gives >99% of linear monotelomer products. The factors that govern substrate conversion, dimerisation/telomerisation selectivity, and catalyst activity are studied and discussed.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Aminooxygenation and Carboamination of N‐Aryl‐2‐allylanilines
Authors: Sherman Eric S. , Chemler Sherry R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe scope of the intramolecular copper(II)‐catalyzed carboamination and aminooxygenation reactions of olefins has been extended to include N‐aryl‐2‐allylanilines. These substrates exhibit divergent reactivity under catalytic vs. stoichiometric conditions.
Urinary cysteinyl leukotriene E4 significantly increases during pain in children and adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Field Joshua J. , Strunk Robert C. , Knight‐Perry Jessica E. , Blinder Morey A. , Townsend R. Reid , DeBaun Michael R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBaseline level of the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT), leukotriene E4 (LTE4), is associated with an increased pain rate in children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). To provide additional evidence for a role of CysLTs in the pathogenesis of vaso‐occlusion, we tested the hypothesis that LTE4 levels will increase within an individual during painful episodes compared to baseline. In a cohort of 19 children and adults with SCD, median LTE4 levels increased from 82.36 pg/mg creatinine at baseline to 162.81 pg/mg creatinine during a painful episode (P < 0.001). These data further support a contribution of CysLTs to the process of vaso‐occlusion. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rituximab‐associated acute thrombocytopenia: An under‐diagnosed phenomenon
Authors: Ram Ron , Bonstein Lilach , Gafter‐Gvili Anat , Ben‐Bassat Isaac , Shpilberg Ofer , Raanani Pia 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAcute infusion reactions are the most common documented adverse reactions reported with rituximab, with overt cytokine release syndrome, and hematological adverse events being much rarer. The clinical course of a patient with mantle cell lymphoma, who developed acute thrombocytopenia and leukopenia following rituximab administration, is described and the literature reviewed. Serum complement and the levels of three cytokines—TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1, were measured 2 days after the infusion of rituximab by using ELISA assay. Drug‐dependent antibodies against platelets were evaluated by two procedures as follows: an immunofluorescence test applying flow cytometry and Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Platelet Antigen (MAIPA). Serum levels of TNF‐a were significantly increased compared with normal, whereas those of IL‐6 and IL‐1 were not increased significantly. Flow cytometry assay and the MAIPA assay failed to detect rituximab‐dependent antibodies against platelets. Complement levels were decreased compared with normal. Literature search yielded 10 publications reporting on another 15 patients. The most common type of lymphoma was mantle cell lymphoma, six patients had bone marrow involvement, and 10 patients had splenomegaly. In 10 patients, acute cytopenia was preceded by cytokine release syndrome or infusion‐related symptoms. Usually, thrombocytopenia was not associated with bleeding manifestations. Thrombocytopenia was the most commonly acute cytopenia reported. The postulated pathogenesis is associated with cytokine release syndrome and complement activation. Patients with potential risk factors like splenomegaly and bone marrow involvement, who develop clinical manifestations compatible with cytokine release syndrome, should be closely monitored for rituximab‐associated cytopenia. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A socio‐historical hypothesis for the diabetes epidemic in Chinese—Preliminary observations from Hong Kong as a natural experiment
Authors: Schooling C.M. , Lam T.H. , Janus E.D. , Cowling B.J. , Leung G.M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that the emerging epidemic of diabetes in economically transitioning or recently transitioned populations is due to mismatch between developmental and mature environments. We took advantage of migration within an ethnically homogenous population to investigate this hypothesis, and the potentially modifying role of postnatal growth conditions, proxied by greater height. We used multivariable logistic regression in a population‐based cross‐sectional study from 1994 to 1996 of 2,341 long‐term Hong Kong residents aged 25–74 years, either born in contemporaneously developed Hong Kong or migrants from economically undeveloped Guangdong. Migrant status was not associated with clinically diagnosed diabetes, odds ratio 1.05 (95% confidence interval 0.69–1.58) in adult migrants compared to Hong Kong‐born natives and 1.22 (0.83–1.80) in preadult migrants, adjusted for age, sex, socio‐economic position, and lifestyle. However, the association of diabetes with migrant status varied with height, suggesting a potentially complex relationship between indicators of prenatal and postnatal nutritional exposures. Compared to tall Hong Kong‐born natives, the odds ratio of diabetes was 2.36 (1.20–4.61) in tall migrants, 1.94 (1.07–3.53) in short Hong Kong‐born natives, but 1.04 (0.48–2.23) in short adult migrants. Additionally adjusting for body mass index and waist‐hip ratio had little effect, apart from attenuating the association between short height and diabetes prevalence in Hong Kong‐born natives. Whether the current epidemic of diabetes is a long‐standing effect of such mismatch or a “first‐generation through effect” generated by rapid economic development causing disproportionate growth remains to be determined. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afro‐derived Brazilian populations: Male genetic constitution estimated by Y‐chromosomes STRs and AluYAP element polymorphisms
Authors: Ribeiro Guilherme Galvarros Bueno Lobo , De Lima Reginaldo Ramos , Wiezel Cláudia Emília Vieira , Ferreira Luzitano Brandão , Sousa Sandra Mara Bispo , Rocha Dulce Maria Sucena , Canas Maria Do Carmo Tomitão , Nardelli‐Costa Juliana , Klautau‐Guimarães Maria De Nazaré , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz , Oliveira Silviene Fabiana 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe genetic constitution of Afro‐derived Brazilian populations is barely studied. To improve that knowledge, we investigated the AluYAP element and five Y‐chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) to estimate ethnic male contribution in the constitution of four Brazilian quilombos remnants: Mocambo, Rio das Rãs, Kalunga, and Riacho de Sacutiaba. Results indicated significant differences among communities, corroborating historical information about the Brazilian settlement. We concluded that besides African contribution, there was a great European participation in the constitution of these four populations and that observed haplotype variability could be explained by gene flow to quilombos remnants and mutational events in microsatellites (STRs). Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family migration and physical growth in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Dickinson Federico , Rothenberg Stephen J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMerida city in Yucatan, Mexico, has received rural‐to‐urban migration for decades, with most immigrants settling in the city's southern neighborhoods. Exposure of immigrants to new environmental and sociocultural conditions can generate biological responses, including changes in physical growth pattern at early age. We performed a study to identify and measure the effects of family migration into south Merida on growth in 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children, measuring weight, height, sitting height, and calculated arm muscle and fat areas of 445 children: 228 natives (116 females) and 217 immigrants (118 females) and collecting family social and demographic data. Statistical analysis focused on determining differences in growth, socioeconomic, and biological variables by migratory condition and generating multiple regression models for each growth measurement. No univariate statistical differences (P > 0.05, Student's t‐test) were observed in growth between studied children. Multiple regression analyses showed age, sex, mother's height, birth order, birth weight, family income, zone of residence, diet, and febrile episodes had an effect on growth. Neither the migration variable used above nor any other definition of migrant had a significant effect on growth. The lack of differences in growth between immigrant and native children is probably due to similarity in socioeconomic conditions of their families. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in serum immunity during pregnancy
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPregnancy requires a host of localized immune factors that allow the mother to tolerate the fetus. Changes in the mother's serum immunity during pregnancy are less well‐known. To clarify these changes, 1,351 women from the NHANES 1999–2000 were analyzed with complex survey regression to test the effect of pregnancy on adaptive and innate immune markers. Adjusting for age and BMI, pregnant women had higher C‐reactive protein levels and white blood cell counts and lower measles antibody titer and lymphocyte counts than nonpregnant women. This dual pattern of immunological changes supports the hypothesis that mothers will reduce the ability of the adaptive immune system to respond to infection while increasing the activity of innate immunity during pregnancy, maintaining immune function homeostasis. The function of these homeostatic immune responses is unknown. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of antral follicle growth in the macaque ovary during the menstrual cycle and controlled ovarian stimulation by high‐resolution ultrasonography
Authors: Bishop Cecily V. , Sparman Michelle L. , Stanley Jessica E. , Bahar Alistair , Zelinski Mary B. , Stouffer Richard L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo date, ultrasonography of monkey ovaries is rare and typically of low resolution. The objectives of this study were to use state‐of‐the‐art, high‐resolution, transabdominal ultrasonography with real‐time Doppler capabilities to: (1) determine whether one can reliably detect in real time the large dominant follicle, the corpus luteum (CL), and small (<2 mm) antral follicles on the ovaries of rhesus monkeys during the natural menstrual cycle; and (2) predict the follicular response of rhesus ovaries to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols. Rhesus monkeys were selected for transabdominal ultrasonography using a GE Voluson 730 Expert Doppler System at discrete stages of the menstrual cycle. Subsequently, serial ultrasound scanning was employed to observe growth of antral follicles and the CL. Finally, females were scanned to assess follicular growth during COS. The dominant structure and small antral follicles (<2 mm) were reliably visualized in real time. The follicle destined to ovulate could be identified by size differential by day 3 of the follicular phase. The number of small antral follicles present before onset of COS protocol correlated positively with the number of metaphase II‐stage oocytes collected after treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that the population dynamics of antral follicle pools can be noninvasively evaluated in monkeys during natural and pharmacologic ovarian cycles. Am. J. Primatol. 71:384–392, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrid‐Donor‐Stärke von 1,4‐Dihydropyridinen: ein Vergleich mit π‐Nucleophilen und Borhydrid‐Anionen
Authors: Richter Dorothea , Mayr Herbert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWas haben Dihydropyridine und Indole gemeinsam? Beide Substanzklassen weisen ähnliche Nucleophilie‐Parameter N auf und sind daher geeignete Substrate für Iminium‐katalysierte Reaktionen α,β‐ungesättigter Aldehyde. Die N‐Parameter von 1,4‐Dihydropyridinen wurden aus den Geschwindigkeiten der Hydridübertragungen auf Benzhydrylium‐Ionen bestimmt (siehe Schema).magnified image
Asymmetrische Hydroborierung von 1,1‐disubstituierten Alkenen
Authors: Thomas Stephen P. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEin Durchbruch bei der asymmetrischen Hydroborierung der als „schwierig“ geltenden 1,1‐disubstituierten Alkene gelingt mit einer neuen Klasse hoch effizienter Hydroborierungsreagentien (siehe Schema). Die Boranzwischenstufen lassen sich zu Alkoholen oxidieren oder in Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kreuzkupplungen einsetzen.magnified image
Radical Polymerization of the Silene (Me3Si)2SiCR2 by Hydrogen Transfer from a Trimethylsilyl Group
Authors: Bravo‐Zhivotovskii Dmitry , Melamed Semyon , Molev Victoria , Sigal Nadejda , Tumanskii Boris , Botoshansky Mark , Molev Gregory , Apeloig Yitzhak 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDie Polymerisation des Titelsilens (Me3Si)2SiAd ergibt ein Polycarbosilan mit einem Rückgrat aus ungewöhnlichen Si‐Si‐C‐Wiederholungseinheiten und nicht, wie analog zur radikalischen Olefinpolymerisation erwartet, aus Si‐C‐ oder Si‐Si‐C‐C‐Einheiten. Die Struktur des Polymers und der Polymerisationsmechanismus (siehe Schema) wurden mithilfe von GPC, EPR‐ und NMR‐Spektroskopie sowie durch Abfangexperimente untersucht.magnified image
Innentitelbild: Self‐Template‐Directed Formation of Coordination‐Polymer Hexagonal Tubes and Rings, and their Calcination to ZnO Rings (Angew. Chem. 8/2009)
Authors: Jung Soyoung , Cho Won , Lee Hee Jung , Oh Moonhyun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHexagonale Röhren und Ringe mit ungewöhnlichen Formen wurden durch einen einzigartigen Autotemplatmechanismus erzeugt. Wie M. Oh und Mitarbeiter in der Zuschrift auf S. 1487 ff. beschreiben, wirken anfänglich gebildete Koordinationspolymerpartikel (CPPs) als Template für die wachsenden hexagonalen Röhren und Ringe. Einfaches Kalzinieren der CPPs führt zur spontanen Bildung von ZnO‐Partikeln, die die speziellen Formen der CPPs beibehalten.magnified image
Development of Tau Aggregation Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Bulic Bruno , Pickhardt Marcus , Schmidt Boris , Mandelkow Eva‐Maria , Waldmann Herbert , Mandelkow Eckhard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSmall molecules against Alzheimer's: The pathological aggregation of the tau protein is a major hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The inhibition or reversal of tau aggregation is a potential therapeutic strategy that is currently undergoing clinical trials. The image shows pathological fibers assembled from tau protein, which are the main components of the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease.magnified imageA variety of human diseases are suspected to be directly linked to protein misfolding. Highly organized protein aggregates, called amyloid fibrils, and aggregation intermediates are observed; these are considered to be mediators of cellular toxicity and thus attract a great deal of attention from investigators. Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease account for a major part of these protein misfolding diseases. The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of interest in inhibitors of tau aggregation as potential disease‐modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other “tauopathies”. The recent report of a phase II clinical trial with the tau aggregation inhibitor MTC could hold promise for the validation of the concept. This Review summarizes the available data concerning small‐molecule inhibitors of tau aggregation from a medicinal chemistry point of view.
Asymmetric Hydroboration of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Thomas Stephen P. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA breakthrough in the asymmetric hydroboration of notoriously difficult 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes using a new family of highly effective hydroboration reagents is described (see scheme). The intermediate boranes can be oxidized to alcohols or used in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions.magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of [Ar′GaC(Ph)CH]2 and K2[Ar′GaC(Ph)CH]2⋅OEt2: From Digallene to Digallacyclohexadiene to Digallatabenzene
Authors: Zhu Zhongliang , Wang Xinping , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Power Philip P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOn a plane: Addition of PhCCH to Ar′GaGaAr′ (Ar′=2,6‐(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)2C6H3) yielded the 1,4‐digallacyclohexadiene [{Ar′GaC(Ph)CH}2] (1), which afforded the 1,4‐digallatabenzene dianion [Ar′GaC(Ph)CH]22− (2) upon reduction with potassium (see scheme; C gray, Ga green, K blue). Structural parameters, DFT calculations, and 1H NMR spectroscopy support aromatic character of 2.magnified image
Cover Picture: A Spin‐Crossover Cluster of Iron(II) Exhibiting a Mixed‐Spin Structure and Synergy between Spin Transition and Magnetic Interaction (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2009)
Authors: Wu Da‐Yu , Sato Osamu , Einaga Yasuaki , Duan Chun‐Ying 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA spin‐crossover cluster with the {FeII4O4} core structure is presented by D. Y. Wu, O. Sato et al. in their Communication on page 1475 ff. The cluster is synthesized by self‐assembly and shows an abrupt spin transition, giving two high‐spin and two low‐spin states. It exhibits complete light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping effects. Importantly, synergy effects between the magnetic interaction and spin transition operate in the cluster.magnified image
Inside Cover: Self‐Template‐Directed Formation of Coordination‐Polymer Hexagonal Tubes and Rings, and their Calcination to ZnO Rings (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2009)
Authors: Jung Soyoung , Cho Won , Lee Hee Jung , Oh Moonhyun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHexagonal tubes and rings with unusual shapes were generated through a unique self‐template‐directed growth mechanism. As described by M. Oh and co‐workers in the Communication on page 1459 ff., initially formed solid coordination polymer particles (CPPs) act as templates for the growth of the final hexagonal tubes and rings. Simple calcination of these unusually shaped CPPs results in the spontaneous formation of ZnO particles while the unique shape is maintained.magnified image
The Case Anatomical Knowledge Index (CAKI): A novel method used to assess anatomy content in clinical cases
Authors: Banda Sekelani S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThere are concerns in the literature that the use of case‐based teaching of anatomy could be compromising the depth and scope of anatomy learned by students in a problem‐based learning curriculum. Poor selection of clinical cases that are used as vehicles for teaching/learning anatomy may be the root problem because some clinical cases do not provide enough opportunities to learn anatomy and are, therefore, inappropriate for case‐based teaching. Although anatomy educators are expected to respond to the identified deficiencies of case‐based anatomy teaching, making sure that students acquire sufficient anatomical knowledge to practice safely and successfully, there are no tools available that can help improve the selection of clinical cases for case‐based teaching. The author proposes a composite index, which incorporates considerations of anatomical knowledge for evaluating clinical cases/conditions for suitability in case‐based anatomy teaching. The development of the case anatomical knowledge index (CAKI) using a modified Guttman procedure is described. The scalability of the index was measured using the coefficient of reproducibility. A total of 47 clinicians participated in the validation activities that measured interrater and intraclass reliability. The CAKI was able to consistently discriminate between clinical cases/conditions with higher demand for anatomical knowledge than those with lower demand for anatomical knowledge. A review of the literature suggests that such an index has not been previously reported. Given the concerns about the depth and scope of anatomy learning in case‐based teaching, these findings have international relevance. Anat Sci Ed 2:9–18, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.