bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismological Center heads in a new direction
Authors: Willemann Ray 
Published: October 2006

The International Seismological Centre (ISC), funded mostly by contributions from 55 national institutes in 47 countries, has produced the most comprehensive global seismicity bulletin for more than 30 years. Seismologists use ISC data to investigate the Earth's internal structure, analyze seismic hazards, and evaluate tectonic models. They depend on a consistently high level of qualityin the bulletin from year to year but, due to the growing volume of data, change may be coming to the ISC.Thanks to an increasing number of regional and national networks around the world/the ISC bulletin has grown to cover more than 60,000 events annually. But even as the bulletin tripled in size over the last 20 years, budgetary restrictions have prevented growth of the ISC staff or significant development of its computer resources. With publication of the bulletin beginning to experience delays, the strain is starting to show.
Hydrology Section Executive Committee meets
Authors: Bencala Ken 
Published: October 2006

Each year, the Hydrology Section Executive Committee holds a meeting to keep members informed of the section's activities and to discuss issues that arise in the hydrologic sciences. Below are a few highlights from the most recent meeting, which was held in December.The work of the section is most visible at the Fall and Spring Meetings and more and more hydrologists are attending. For example, at the 1997 Fall Meeting, over 1000 abstracts were presented in the Hydrology Section. The Spring Meeting is also well attended by section members, and the next will be held from May 26 to 29, 1998, in Boston, Mass. Planning for the upcoming meeting is well underway, with the list of special sessions now finalized by the Section Technical Committees. Those of you who would like to propose technical sessions in the future should note that the planning horizon is now nearly a full year in advance of the meetings.
Congressional Science Fellow Moses describes work on Capitol Hill
Authors: Moses Julie 
Published: October 2006

“In October, I began work as AGU's Congressional Science Fellow in the Office of Representative Dennis Kucinich (Ohio). The logic of my choice follows from my having been a National Research Council post‐doc at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., for 3 years. Rep. Kucinich's district includes the NASA Lewis Research Center.“Most of my work involves NASA issues, most notably the budget, and environmental issues. Rep. Kucinich and Rep. Dave Weldon (Florida) circulated a letter addressed to the Speaker of the House arguing for stabilization of the NASA budget last November. They obtained 201 signatures on the letter which was forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget, the Vice President, and the President. We believe that this letter has made a difference in the Administration's proposed budget for this year.
Charles L. Drake (1924”1997)
Authors: Oliver Jack 
Published: October 2006

Charles Lum (Chuck) Drake, professor emeritus at Dartmouth College, president of AGU from 1984 to 1986, and surely one of the best known and most influential leaders of modern Earth science, passed away at his home in Norwich, Vermont, on July 8, 1997, a sudden victim of heart failure while working in his barn.“His overall contribution to Earth science was greater than that of anyone,” said one prominent scientist, aptly and succinctly describing Chuck's career as many of his colleagues might have done. Chuck was blessed with, and characterized by, a diversity of talents. He used those talents to contribute to almost every aspect of science and to life in general. In an era of narrow specialization in science, Chuck brought breadth and depth and understanding and wisdom, as well as the skills of a specialist, to the subject heloved—the study of Earth.
Program begins assessing the consequences of climate change
Authors: Colucci Joy A. 
Published: October 2006

The nation's attention has recently become focused on climate change. But long before this season's El Niño hit the California coast and the Kyoto Conference made global warming a subject of news reports, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) embarked on a national assessment to focus federal agency research on the regional consequences of climate change. The USGCRP provides a framework for federal agencies to conduct research that increases our understanding of the Earth system and provides sound scientific information for national and international decision‐ making on global change issues.The USGCRP member agencies are now engaged in a national assessment of the consequences of climate variability and change for the United States. The main components of this assessment process have been a series of regional workshops, an Aspen Global Change Institute meeting of regional workshop participants that was held July 29–August 7, 1997, to begin to synthesize the workshop results, and a national forum, which was held in Washington, D.C., last November to engage a broader range of stakeholders in defining issues to be addressed in the assessment.
Geoscientists join broad coalition to lobby U.S. Congress for increased funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Laurence Davis recalls reviewing a thick report about expanding a landfill in Nashua, New Hampshire, when he had worked for the state's department of environmental services. He says that although consultants had spent $400,000 on test borings, many of the drillings would have been unnecessary if the consultants simply had referred to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographical quadrant map that cost just a few dollars. The map, in this case, detailed both bedrock and surface geology, and indicated that the site the consultants were examining sat on the site of an old glacial lake bed that was not impermeable— an unsuitable location for expanding the landfill.“Had they bought that map, they could have saved about $300,000 because they wouldn't have had to put in most of those borings,” says Davis, now a professor of Earth and environmental sciences at the University of New Haven in Connecticut. When Davis recently visited congressional offices in Washington, D.C. for the first time, he related that story to elected officials to convince them of the value of scientific research and the need for increased funding for projects such as USGS mapping.
Update on Pioneer 10
Authors: Van Allen J. A. 
Published: October 2006

About a year ago NASA announced the formal termination of the extended mission of Pioneer 10 as of March 31, 1997. On March 3, 1997, the 25th anniversary of the launching of Pioneer 10 was celebrated in Washington, D.C., at NASA headquarters and at the National Air and Space Museum. I was among those who gave eulogies for the truly pioneering achievements of this Ames Research Center spacecraft to Jupiter and the outer heliosphere.The services of the outside contractor for Pioneer 10 operations at the Ames Research Center were, in fact, terminated on March 31, 1997. But, by virtue of informal support by the Deep Space Network and the Ames Research Center, Pioneer 10 has continued to yield valuable data on cosmic‐ray intensity in the outer heliosphere throughout 1997 and is expected to do so through at least early summer of 1998. The r.f. telemetry link margin, at 16 bits per second, is still satisfactory, and the on‐board electrical power from the four radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) is adequate to operate all essential spacecraft systems plus the University of Iowa's cosmic‐ray instrument. A precession maneuver to adjust the pointing of the axis of the spacecraft's parabolic antenna was successfully executed on February 3, 1998.
Outstanding student paper award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Planetology Section presented an Outstanding Student Paper Award at the AGU 1997 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, on last December.Mark I. Richardson presented a poster titled “Comparison of Microwave and Infrared Measurements of Martian Atmospheric Temperatures: Implications for Short‐term Climate Variability.” Mark conducted his undergraduate studies in physics at Imperial College in London. Before graduating with a B.Sc. in 1992, he spent 3 months at the Caltech/NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a Summer Undergraduate Research Fellow. Since 1992, Mark has been at the University of California, Los Angeles, as a NATO Fellow, receiving M.S. degrees from both the Department of Earth and Space Sciences and the Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Under the supervision of David A. Paige, he is currently completing his Ph.D. dissertation, which focuses on the cycle of water within the Martian climate system.
Scientists explore relationship between volcanoes, tectonics, climate, and human evolution in Africa
Authors: Arndt Nicolas T. , Manighetti Isabelle 
Published: October 2006

Did Ethiopian flood basalts cause rifting of the African continent, or were they merely a passive response of plate movements on a far larger scale? We know that the 30 Ma eruption of the youngest major flood basalt province was followed by opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, and that volcanic and tectonic activity continues to the present day along rift zones in the Afar depression. But we do not fully understand the link between these phenomena.Eruption of the Ethiopian flood basalts coincided with major climate changes, but not with mass extinctions, unlike the events at the Cretaceous‐Tertiary and Permian‐Triassic boundaries. Was this due to the character of the volcanism, or to other factors? Lucy and the first hominoids were found in rift valleys in central Afar. Could human evolution have been related to peculiar climatic, geographic, or geomorphological conditions in Ethiopia 500,000 years ago?
Aeronomy‐astronomy collaboration focuses on nighttime terrestrial atmosphere
Authors: Slanger T. G. , Osterbrock D. E. 
Published: October 2006

Measurements at the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, are contributing greatly to a new understanding of chemical and physical processes in the nighttime terrestrial atmosphere. The observations, involving collaboration of aeronomers and astronomers, may begin to answer long‐standing questions concerning dynamics and energy flow in the 80‐110‐km region.Results so far indicate joint aeronomy‐astronomy efforts can have significant impact for both fields. Spectrometers and telescopes, instruments used for ground‐based aeronomy and for astronomy, respectively, point in the same direction—upward. This is a fact which in principle should be synergistic. Astronomers view celestial objects through a foreground of near‐field radiation, much of which is generated in the upper atmosphere and is considered the purview of aeronomers. This disciplinary overlap is not often exploited.
The search for life in the universe spurs development of the field of astrobiology
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Life, or the possibility of life, seems to be breaking out all over the place.The Hubble Space Telescope and other instruments recently have detected nearly a dozen planets that orbit stars other than our Sun.Water may have flowed across the surface of Mars during some point in its geological history.One recent picture of the planet even suggests a riverbed with an oxbow carved across the landscape.
U.S. Congressional Committee Reviews National Science Policy
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Vernon Ehlers has a tall order. The Republican congressman from Michigan is aiming for the completion of a comprehensive yet concise national science policy report by about June.That would be less than one year after the Republican leadership assigned him the task of leading the development of the report by the House of Representatives science committee that could stimulate a national debate on science policy, serve as a long‐range vision statement, and perhaps form the basis for a House resolution.
Airborne Salinity Mapper Makes Debut in Coastal Zone
Authors: Miller Jerry L. , Goodberlet Mark A. , Zaitzeff James B. 
Published: October 2006

New technology has been developed through a joint public‐private partnership that could greatly improve the ocean sciences community's ability to study coastal oceanography in the same way that satellitebased infrared imaging revolutionized basinscale oceanography. Recent advances in passive microwave technologies and novel means of integrating those advances haveled to the development of the Scanning Low‐Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SLFMR) for remote sensing of sea‐surface salinity.Designed and built for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the SLFMR—also known as the salinity mapper—was recently used by a team of scientists from government and industry to generate the first remotely sensed image of sea‐surface salinity (Figure 1). This image of salinity was obtained near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, during the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Chesapeake Outflow Plume Experiment (COPE), elements of which were conducted in collaboration with NOAA.
Comment [on “Unknowns about climate variability render treaty targets premature”]
Authors: Alley Richard B. , Bartlein Patrick J. , Clark Peter U. , Hostetler Steven W. , Mix Alan C. 
Published: October 2006

In a recent Forum piece that discusses climate variability (Eos, December 16, 1997), S. F. Singer claims that “a higher CO2 level may be less dangerous to the climate system than a lower one.” The basis for this reasoning is the observation that during the last Ice Age, CO2 levels (∼200 ppmV) were lower than pre‐Industrial Revolution Holocene levels (∼280 ppmV), yet the climate system was apparently more unstable than during the Holocene.Singer neglects to add that, in addition to CO2, other Ice Age global boundary conditions were very different from today's, notably larger continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, higher levels of aerosols, and colder sea‐surface temperatures. Climatic variations associated with these boundary conditions are not completely understood, but clearly singling out CO2 grossly oversimplifies the complexity of the climate system and the underlying causes of climate variability.
Albright encourages developing countries to reduce greenhouse gases
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In response to criticism that the Kyoto Protocol on global climate change, negotiated last December, does not immediately require developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright said on April 21 that the Clinton Administration is initiating “a diplomatic full court press” to encourage developing countries to participate in combating global climate change.In addition, Albright announced the creation of a new position of State Department coordinator for global climate change to help to pursue this diplomatic effort.
Congress turns up heat as International Space Station cost overruns and delays continue
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Following up on a new oversight report that warns of further cost overruns and delays in the completion of the International Space Station (ISS), the Science Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives held a May 6 hearing to vent its frustrations with NASA and the Clinton Administration. A key concern is that the project relies too heavily on the Russian Space Agency, which has fallen behind in its commitments due to significant underfunding by the Russian government.Despite their frustration, many committee members as well as witnesses said the partnership with Russia has provided a solid working relationship between space agencies, a valuable opportunity for Americans to learn about long‐duration human space flight from a nation with a continuous presence in space for the past 27 years, and a symbol of post‐Cold War cooperation rather than competition.
Wysession begins term as Eos Section Editor for Seismology
Authors: Wysession Michael 
Published: October 2006

In mid‐April, Michael Wysession, an associate professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University, embarked on a 3‐year term as section editor of Eos for seismology. Wysession brings to the position a strong background in research and teaching. Below are a few remarks from Wysession.“I recently became the new seismology editor for Eos. I look forward to presenting the many exciting areas of seismological research to the entire geophysical community. I have taught at Washington University since obtaining my Ph.D. at Northwestern University in 1991. My interest in seismology began during my undergraduate years at Brown University (Sc.B., 1984), but my experience as an educator began after I graduated and taught high school math and physics in Staten Island, N.Y.
Atmospheric changes caused By El Ni˜o slightly increase length of day
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

El Niño, which has dramatically altered the climate in many regions around the globe, also infinitesimally increases the length of the day (LOD), scientists at the 1998 AGU Spring Meeting reported on May 26. They say these tiny changes could affect global and interplanetary navigation, and provide an important clue about energy distribution within the Earth system and how components of the system work together.During the peak period of the current El Niño, LOD increased temporarily by about 600–700 microseconds, according to John Gipson, a scientist with NVI, Inc., based at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. He says the increase is not as much as the peak increase of about 800 microseconds, (less than l/1000ths of a second), registered during the strong 1982–1983 El Niño episode.
Spear receives 1997 Norman L. Bowen Award
Authors: Peacock Simon , Spear Frank 
Published: October 2006

Frank S. Spear was given the Norman L. Bowen Award by the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Section of AGU. The award is given for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years.Ladies and gentlemen, I am delighted to have the honor of introducing Frank Spear as the 1997 recipient of AGU's Norman L. Bowen Award. The Bowen Award is given by the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. Frank Spear is a remarkable metamorphic petrologist, who literally “wrote the book” on how quantitative petrologic analysis can be used to gain insight into the tectonic evolution of crystalline orogenic belts. Like Bowen, the father of modern petrology, Frank believes that the key to understanding rocks lies in a thorough understanding of physical chemistry, equilibrium relationships, and field and experimental observations.
Living With the Coast of Alaska
Authors: Reimnitz Erk 
Published: October 2006

Living with the Coast of Alaska is one of 20 books in the “Living with the Shore” series. It covers a wide range of Alaskan coastal settings, including the ice‐stressed shores of the low‐relief, desert‐like, high Arcticsemi; the coasts of the vast Bering Seasemi; the barren volcanic islands of the Aleutian chainsemi; and south central and southeastern Alaska with their high mountains, large glaciers, steep‐sided fjords, heavy precipitation, and active tectonism. Even for the well‐seasoned Alaskan, this book offers an education in the incredible diversity of this state's coastal zone.Treating such a broad topic with its multitude of coastal hazards must have been difficult in comparison with other areas covered in the series. But it wasaccomplished quite well through the assistance of experts on coastal hazards and hazard mitigation in construction.
The Endangered Atmosphere: Preserving a Global Commons
Authors: Pielke Roger A. 
Published: October 2006

The Endangered Atmosphere: Preserving a Global Commons describes and analyzes four cases of international response to global atmospheric policy issues. The first three—nuclear testing, transboundary air pollution, and stratospheric ozone depletion—are used to set up an analytical discussion of the fourth, climate change.The historical chapters, which are excellent and could easily stand alone independent of the analytical chapters, provide a detailed history of international decisionmaking in each case study. Undergraduate and graduate students studying any physical or social science related to atmospheric or environmental policy would learn much from these chapters.
NEAR swings by Earth en route to Eros
Authors: Izenberg Noam R. , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: October 2006

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft (NEAR) conducted a swingby of Earth on January 23, 1998, en route to its final destination, the asteroid 433 Eros. The spacecraft, built and managed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland, and launched February 17, 1996, aboard a Delta II‐7925‐8 rocket from Cape Canaveral, is on a mission to further our understanding of the nature of asteroids and their role in the formation of the solar system. The spacecraft is three‐axis stabilized, passively cooled, and uses four fixed solar panels to power five scientific instruments and transmit data to Earth through a 1.5 m, fixed, high‐gain antenna.As the first NASA Discovery‐class mission, NEAR was designed to return the maximum amount of information on a timely basis with minimal cost. Aside from the transponder that will be used to determine Eros' mass and gravity field, the science instruments are focused on understanding the geology, chemistry, and history of the target asteroid. The seven‐band Multi‐Spectral Imager (MSI), covering wavelengths of 0.5 to 1.1 microns, will image the entire surface of the 40 x 14 x 14 km (25 x 9 x 9 mi) asteroid, mapping its morphology and color [Hawkins et al., 1997]. The Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIS) will map out Eros' surface mineralogy using reflected sunlight in the 0.8 to 2.5 micron range [Warren et al., 1997], while the X ray/Gamma ray Spectrometers (XGRS) will determine surface elemental composition of key rock‐forming species such as Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Ti, and K [Goldsten et al., 1997]. The NEAR magnetometer will characterize the intensity and structure of any intrinsic magnetization of Eros [Lohr et al., 1997]. Finally, the NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR) altimeter will measure the asteroid's topography and shape to 1 m vertical resolution with its infrared 15 mJ pulsed beam [Cole et al., 1997].
Reply [to “Comment on ” Influence of Mediterranean Outflow on climate’”]
Authors: Rahmstorf Stefan 
Published: October 2006

It is true that the model resolves only the large‐scale circulation, but large‐scale thermohaline overturning is responsible for over 80% of the heat transport in the North Atlantic. Johnson's basic premise that Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) upwells in high latitudes (near the Wyvilie‐Thomson Ridge) to enter the Faroe‐Shetland Channel and eventually the Norwegian Sea is neither supported by a recent hydrographic data analysis that specifically looked at this question {McCartney and Mauritzen, 1998) nor by high‐ resolution circulation model results (A. Coward, pers. commun., 1998; also see Web site http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/OCCAM/POSTERS/canigo_posterl .pdf).In recent research, M. S. McCartney and C. Mauritzen (pers. commun., 1998) show that there is no rise of water from the depths of the Rockall Trough into the Faroe‐Shetland Channel, and that the water entering the Norwegian Sea through that channel is derived from the North Atlantic Current. They find that the northward flow of the eastern boundary undercurrent of MOW fades in intensity through the Bay of Biscay and does not penetrate past Porcupine Bank into the Rockall Trough. Particle trajectories from the OCCAM model (1/4 degree resolution in latitude and longitude) are consistent with this analysis. Only one of the more than 100 MOW particles tracked in the model moved north and upwelled into the Faroe‐Shetland Channel along the path advocated by Johnson.