bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quenching mechanism and kinetics of ascorbyl palmitate for the reduction of the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of oils
Authors: Lee K. H. , Yook H. S. , Lee J. W. , Park W. J. , Kim K. S. , Byun M. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm (wt/vol) ascorbyl palmitate (AP) on the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, tallow, lard, or linoleic acid either in a solvent mixture (benzene/methanol, 4:1 vol/vol) or in methanol, was studied immediately after gamma irradiation with a dose of 1–5 kGy. Steady‐state kinetic approximation was used to determine a quenching mechanism and quenching rate constant of AP on the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of purified soybean oil in a solvent mixture (benzene/methanol, 4:1 vol/vol). Irradiation greatly increased oxidation of all oils, as was expected. AP was extremely effective at minimizing oxidation in all oils, and its effectiveness was concentration dependent. AP showed significantly greater antioxidative activity than α‐tocopherol for the reduction of oxidation in all oils (P<0.05). The steady‐state kinetic studies indicated that AP quenched oxygen only to minimize the oxidation of oils. The calculated total quenching rate of AP was 7.51×107 M−1s−1. The present results clearly show the effective oxygen quenching ability of AP for the reduction of gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of oils.
A rapid method for enzymatic synthesis and purification of the structured triacylglycerol, 1,3‐dilauroyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol
Authors: Miura Susumu , Ogawa Asuka , Konishi Hiroaki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rapid method for synthesis and purification of the structured triacylglycerol (TAG), 1,3‐dilauroyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (LaOLa), has been developed. A fraction containing 70% LaOLa was obtained by enzymatic transesterification between triolein and lauric acid using Lipozyme IM, which has 1,3‐regioselectivity on the glycerol moiety of TAG. The fraction was passed through a Bond Elut SI Column to remove mono‐and diacylglycerols produced during the transesterification. The TAG fraction thus obtained was applied to a reversed‐phase column, eluted with acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran (8:2, vol/vol) to separate different TAG species. The LaOLa fraction obtained by this method was of greater than 99% purity. The concentrations of total fatty acids and fatty acids bound to the sn‐2 position of this LaOLa fraction were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography after hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase, to confirm the purity of stereospecific isomers in this fraction. The final purity of LaOLa was found to be greater than 95%, which was in good agreement with the result obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a Lichrosorb Si60 argentated column.
Determination of nonvolatile components of heated soybean oils separated with high‐efficiency mixed‐bed polystyrene/divinylbenzene columns
Authors: Abidi S. L. , Kim I. H. , Rennick K. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhole heated soybean oils and their polar fractions were analyzed for nonvolatile components by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). High molecular‐weight (MW) polymer compounds with MW ≥ trimer were efficiently separated with new 3‐µm mixed‐bed styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer columns. Peaks of high MW polymer components in the new column system appeared to be sharper and more symmetrical than those obtained with other columns. In the model systems studied, continuous addition of water to partially simulate frying conditions resulted in a significant increase (up to 30%) in the polar lipid content of the heated oils evaluated. Due to relatively high concentrations of monomeric triglycerides (84.6–93.5%) present in the whole unfractionated oils, small but erratic variations in the compositional distribution of components were observed in oils containing different amounts of added water. On the other hand, HPSEC‐ELSD analyses of the polar fractions (monomeric triglycerides, 25.4–62.6%) showed significant changes in the content and composition of nonvolatile components with the amount of water added. In general, prolonged heating with increasing amounts of water accelerated hydrolysis and polymerization of heated soybean oils. Discrepancies in total polymerization of heated soybean oils. Discrepancies in total polymeric materials obtained from HPSEC composition data for whole oils and polar fractions are discussed in terms of nonuniformity in sample matrices, detection limitations for minor components, and a nonlinear ELSD response rationale.
The evaluation of frying oils with the p‐Anisidine value
Authors: Tompkins Carol , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to examine the relationship of p‐anisidine value with headspace volatiles, sensory evaluation, and polymers. Partially hydrogenated soybean frying oil was used to fry shoestring potatoes. The oil was evaluated by p‐anisidine value, headspace volatile analysis, sensory evaluation, and polymer analysis. p‐Anisidine value was found to be correlated with hexanal (r=0.81), heptanal (r=0.66), t‐2‐hexenal (r=0.81), t‐2‐heptenal (r=0.71), t‐2‐octenal (r=0.92), and t,t‐2,4‐decadienal (r=0.86) contents. p‐Anisidine value was correlated with overall odor intensity (r=0.82) and correlated with fried food odor (r=0.53) and burnt odor (r=0.43). p‐Anisidine value and polymers were also correlated (r=0.84).
Polymorphic transformations in sn‐1, 3‐distearoyl‐2‐ricinoleyl‐glycerol
Authors: Boubekri Karima , Yano Junko , Ueno Satoru , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolymorphic transformations of sn‐1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐ricinoleyl‐glycerol (SRS) have been studied with differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques by using a 99.8% pure sample. Four polymorphs, α, γ, β′2, and β′1, were isolated. The thermal behavior of the four forms showed that the fusion of α at 25.8°C was followed by the crystallization of γ which melts at 40.6°C, and β′2 and β′1 revealed melting peaks at 44.3 and 48.0°C, respectively. No β form was observed, even when the two β′ forms were annealed around their melting points over one week. The XRD long spacing indicates that α packs into a double chain‐length structure; however, γ and the two β′ phases pack into a triple chain‐length structure. The polarized and nonpolarized FTIR spectra in methylene scissoring and methylene rocking regions indicated a parallel subcell packing in γ, and a mixture of orthorhombic perpendicular and parallel or hexagonal subcells in the β′2 and β′1 phases. Consequently, SRS exhibits quite a unique polymorphic behavior, compared to tristearoyl glycerol and sn‐1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol.
Fatty acid composition and its relationship with physicochemical properties of pecan (Carya illinoensis) oil
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Charó‐Alonso M. A. , Pérez‐BriceɁo F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe composition and physicochemical properties of pecan (Carya illinoensis) kernels and oils from different native trees of the central region of Mexico were investigated. The main compositional characteristic of the kernel was the high lipid content (70–79% w/w on dry basis) with elevated concentration of oleic acid (55–75% w/w). The results confirmed the relationship in the biosynthesis of linoleic and linolenic acids from oleic acid existing in oilseeds. Our results indicate that in pecans such relationship is a function of pecan tree age. The proportion of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids determined the oxidative stability, viscosity, and melting/crystallization behavior of pecan oil. In general, these properties in pecan oils were similar or superior to extra‐virgin olive oil and unrefined sesame oil. Although all native pecan oils studied showed a significant concentration of oleic acid, a particular group of native Mexican pecan trees produces an oil with a fatty acid composition with the nutritional appeal that consumers demand nowadays (i.e., very high oleic acid, 60–75%), with excellent natural oxidative stability (i.e., induction time for oxidation between 8.5 and 10.8 h), and substantially higher concentrations of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol than in pecan varieties previously reported in the literature.
Long‐term behavior of oil‐based varnishes and paints I. Spectroscopic analysis of curing drying oils
Authors: Mallégol Jacky , Gardette Jean‐Luc , Lemaire Jacques 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe curing of drying oils at 60°C has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform Raman analysis of linseed oil and poppyseed oil. In the first step, hydroperoxides are formed (broad vibration band centered around 3425 cm−1) with concomitant conjugation and cis‐trans isomerization of the double bonds (disappearance of cis bands at 3011 and 716 cm−1, appearance of trans conjugated and trans nonconjugated bands at 987 and 970 cm−1). The subsequent decomposition of hydroperoxides in the presence of oxygen leads to the formation of alcohols (nitrite band at 779 cm−1 after nitrogen monoxide treatment), aldehydes (bands at 2810 and 2717 cm−1 in gas phase), ketones (saturated and unsaturated at 1720 and 1698 cm−1, respectively), carboxylic acids (saturated and unsaturated acid fluorides identified at 1843 and 1810 cm−1 after SF4 treatment), and peresters or γ‐lactones (near 1770 cm−1). A rapid decrease in the double‐bond concentration is recorded when curing continues, and the formation of epoxides, characterized by a vibration band at 885 cm−1, is observed. Thermolysis experiments have suggested the proposal of a reaction of addition of peroxyl radicals on the conjugated double bonds as a probable mechanism. This mechanism explains both the rapid disappearance of conjugated double bonds and the formation of epoxides as intermediate products observed in the initial step of curing.
Effects of physical properties and operating parameters on soybean flaking
Authors: Singh P. P. , Maier D. E. , Okos M. R. , Cattanach E. , Trumble K. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe soybean crushing industry aims at attaining greater oil extraction by optimizing flake thickness. This involves modifying the physical and viscoelastic properties of cracked soybeans and adjusting operational settings of the flaking roll stands. Vibratory feeders distributed 20–32% fewer cracked soybeans at the roll ends and 12% fewer cracks at the center. This increased the variability in roll wear and flake thickness along the length of the rolls. The flow rate distribution produced by rotary feeders was more uniform. Vibratory feeders produced a uniform particle size distribution of cracks (diameter range 2.71–2.76 mm) along the length of the rolls. At constant roll pressure, the increased flow rate of cracks increased the flake thickness and power consumption. While roll stands were operating at their rated flow capacity, the desired flake thickness range (0.25–0.38 mm) could not be obtained by merely increasing the roll pressure, because it caused hot spots in the rolls. Modifications of the metallurgical properties of the rolls and the viscoelastic properties of the soybeans are possible means of reducing flake thickness. During six plant visits, 73.2% of the sampled flakes were thicker than the maximum desired value (0.38 mm). This may be costing the U.S. soybean milling industry an annual loss in oil revenues of S7–16 million.
Stripping medium requirement in continuous countercurrent deodorization
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA mathematical formula was derived that allows the stripping steam requirement of the countercurrent deodorization process to be calculated as a function of system pressure, vapor pressure of the pure volatile compound, initial and final volatiles contents, and the number of transfer units (an equipment parameter) of the countercurrent deodorizer. Just as in batch or cross‐flow deodorization systems, the steam requirement in countercurrent systems is proportional to the system pressure and inversely proportional to the vapor pressure of the pure volatile compound. Increasing the number of transfer units (for instance, by increasing column height) to more than two makes the countercurrent system require less steam than cross‐flow systems with a vaporization efficiency of 0.6. In addition, the short residence time in a countercurrent deodorization column minimizes side reactions and allows the deodorization temperature to be raised without generating unwanted by‐products such as trans‐isomers and/or oligomers of unsaturated fatty acids. The increased deodorization temperature increases the vapor pressure of the pure volatiles and leads to further savings in stripping medium and motive steam. Countercurrent deodorization systems therefore require less energy than cross‐flow deodorization systems and/or produce oil with fewer unwanted by‐products.
Fatty methyl ester hydrogenation to fatty alcohol: Reaction inhibition by glycerine and monoglyceride
Authors: Thakur Deepak S. , Roberts Brian D. , White Geoffrey T. , Rieke Ross D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present work demonstrates the rate‐limiting effect of varying levels of both glycerine and monoglyceride through a series of batch hydrogenations of fatty dodecyl methyl ester, using copper chromite as the catalyst. Reactions were carried out at 3000 psig H2, 280°C with catalyst levels varying between 1.25 and 1.80%. With increasing contaminant levels of glycerine (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 5 wt%), conversion of fatty methyl ester to alcohol is correspondingly reduced (95, 89, 80, 2 wt%). On a molar basis of contaminant, monoglyceride equally reduces the conversion of methyl ester to alcohol. In both cases the latent appearance of fatty‐fatty ester results from the slower hydrogenation rate. Chemistry is proposed outlining the thermal decomposition of glycerine or glyceride to intermediate components (acetol and acrolein), leading to the generation of propanediols. Experimental studies indicate that diols effectively deactivate the copper chromite catalyst, limiting the rate of fatty methyl ester hydrogenation. Catalyst deactivation is not permanent, suggesting catalyst site blockage by physical adsorption of the polyhydroxyl components. The complete understanding of this interaction holds promise for the development of glycerine/monoglyceride‐insensitive catalysts. In addition, a brief overview of methyl ester hydrogenation inhibition effects of some heteroelements, water, and soap is presented.
Expression and localization of CHODLΔE/CHODLfΔE, the soluble isoform of chondrolectin
Authors: Claessens An , Van de Vijver Koen , Van Bockstaele Dirk R. , Wauters Jan , Berneman Zwi N. , Van Marck Eric , Merregaert Joseph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe C‐type lectin family is a group of animal proteins which can be distinguished from other lectins by the presence of a Ca2+‐dependent carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) in their protein sequence. They are classified into 17 groups according to their domain architecture and have a wide variety of functions. The human chondrolectin gene encodes transmembrane (CHODL, CHODLf) and soluble proteins (CHODLΔE, CHODLfΔE) belonging to the family of C‐type lectins because of the presence of one CRD domain in their N‐terminal region. The CHODL splice variants (CHODLf, CHODLΔE and CHODLfΔE) are differentially expressed in T lymphocytes. The transmembrane‐containing isoform CHODLf is localized in the ER—Golgi apparatus. CHODLΔE and CHODLfΔE are devoid of the transmembrane domain and terminate in QDEL, an ER retention signal. In this paper we have investigated the expression of the CHODLΔE/CHODLfΔE protein. This variant localizes in the late endoplasmic reticulum. We detected the protein in spleen and tonsils in a small population of lymphocytes. Moreover, the isoform seems to be differentially expressed in thymocytes and lymphocytes suggesting an important biological function during T cell development.
Dynamical Influences of the Last Magellanic Interaction on the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Bekki Kenji , Chiba Masashi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigate the present distributions of gas and young stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) based on fully self-consistent numerical simulations of the Clouds for the last ∼0.8 Gyr. Our principal results, which can be tested against observations, are as follows. The last dynamical and hydrodynamical interaction between the Clouds about ∼0.2 Gyr ago can form the apparently off-center bar and peculiar Hı spirals of the LMC. The present spatial distributions of young stars with ages less than ∼20 Myr in the LMC can be significantly asymmetric and clumpy owing to the interaction. A small but non-negligible fraction of stellar and gaseous components can be transferred from the SMC into the LMC during the interaction to form diffuse halo components around the LMC. The burst of star formation in the SMC can be synchronized with that of the LMC about 0.2 Gyr ago in some models. New stars can form from gas in the SMC's tidal tails, one of which can be observed as the Magellanic Bridge (MB). The metallicity distribution function of new stars in the MB has a peak of [Fe/H] ∼ −0.8, which is significantly smaller than the stellar metallicity of the SMC. Based on these results, we discuss the origin of 30 Doradus, the southern molecular ridge of the LMC, the globular cluster ESO 121-SC03, metal-poor inter-Cloud stars within the MB, and giant Hı holes of the LMC.
Long-Term Changes in the Periods of SX Phe
Authors: Landes H. , Bambery K. R. , Coates D. W. , Thompson K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have used times of maximum light for SX Phe, obtained by ourselves and other workers over 55 years to study the behaviour of the fundamental and first overtone radial pulsation modes of the star. We find (1/P0)dP0/dt to be (+2.53 ± 0.05) × 10−8 yr−1 and (1/P1)dP1/dt to be (−1.60 ± 0.03) × 10−7 yr−1, which differ significantly from the value +1.9 × 10−9 yr−1 expected if the changes are due to standard evolution of the star. The residuals in O–C from a quadratic fit cannot be explained by a light–time effect in a binary. There is some evidence that the amplitudes of the two modes change slowly with time.
Resolving the Structure at the Heart of BAL Quasars Through Microlensing Induced Polarisation Variability
Authors: Hales Christopher A. , Lewis Geraint F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhile amongst the most luminous objects in the universe, many details regarding the inner structure of quasars remain unknown. One such area is the mechanism promoting increased polarisation in the broad absorption line troughs of certain quasars. This study shows how microlensing can be used to differentiate between two popular models that explain such polarisation through a realistic computational analysis. By examining a statistical ensemble of correlation data between two observables (namely image brightness and polarisation of the flux coming from the quasar), it was found that through spectropolarimetric monitoring it would be possible to discern between a model with an external scattering region and a model without one.
A benthic mucilage event in North‐Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages
Authors: Schiaparelli Stefano , Castellano Michela , Povero Paolo , Sartoni Gianfranco , Cattaneo‐Vietti Riccardo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this contribution we document an anomalous mucilage growth which occurred in June 2003 along the rocky cliffs of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean Sea), and we describe its dynamics and its negative effects on many benthic taxa. The zooxanthellate scleractinian Cladocora caespitosa underwent ‘bleaching’ and about 40% of biomass of the erect algae was detached by mucilage ‘lianas’ created and strengthened by bottom currents. The 2003 event differed from any other previously occurred in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, in that the mucilage aggregates were formed by the free‐living form of the Phaeophyceae Acinetospora crinita (Harvey) Kornmann, a not usually dominant species in mucilage aggregates from the north Tyrrhenian Sea. The damage suffered by the benthic organisms living in this area was curtailed by a severe storm, occurred in July, which removed the mucilage to deeper depths, preventing irreversible damages. Only slow growing, perennant organisms, such as corallinales or scleractinians, were seriously affected, but a survey carried out 1 year later, in June 2004, allowed to appreciate a complete recovery of those organisms. This anomalous mucilage event occurred in coincidence of the 2003 European heatwave, and the anomalous temperature increase of seawater has to be regarded as the major contributing event that led to the mucilage outbreak.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of hindgut bacteria associated with the development of equine laminitis
Authors: Milinovich Gabriel J. , Trott Darren J. , Burrell Paul C. , Croser Emma L. , Al Jassim Rafat A. M. , Morton John M. , Van Eps Andrew W. , Pollitt Christopher C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCarbohydrate‐induced laminitis in horses is characterized by marked changes in the composition of the hindgut microbiota, from a predominantly Gram‐negative population to one dominated by Gram‐positive bacteria. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in the relative abundance of selected hindgut bacteria that have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of equine laminitis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Caecal cannulae were surgically implanted in five Standardbred horses and laminitis induced by oral administration of a bolus dose of oligofructose. Caecal fluid and faecal specimens were collected over a 48 h period at 2 to 4 h intervals post‐oligofructose administration and subjected to FISH using probes specific for nine bacterial groups to determine changes in their relative abundance compared with total bacteria hybridizing to the generic EUBMIX probe. Additionally, hoof biopsies were taken over the course of the experiment at 6 h intervals and evaluated for histopathological changes consistent with laminitis, allowing changes in hindgut microbiota to be correlated with the onset of lesions in the foot. Of the microorganisms specifically targeted, streptococci of the Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex were the only bacteria that consistently proliferated in both caecal fluid and faeces immediately before the onset of histological signs of laminitis. Furthermore, lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Allisonella histaminiformans, enterococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Mitsuokella jalaludinii and Clostridium difficile did not establish significant populations in the hindgut before the onset of equine laminitis.