bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Bone Turnover by Sex Steroids in Men
Authors: Sanyal Arunik , Hoey Kelley A , Mödder Ulrike I , Lamsam Jesse L , McCready Louise K , Peterson James M , Achenbach Sara J , Oursler Merry Jo , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction: The mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate bone turnover in humans are unclear, and recent studies have suggested that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may play an important role in regulating bone resorption.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine men (median age, 69 yr) underwent suppression of sex steroids using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and aromatase blocker and were replaced with testosterone (T; 5 mg/d) and estradiol (E; 37.5 μg/d). After assessment of bone resorption markers (serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX] and TRACP5b), they were randomized to sex steroid deficiency (−T, −E), E alone (−T, +E), T alone (+T, −E), or both (+T, +E) and restudied 3 wk later. Bone marrow aspirates were obtained to isolate osteoblastic, T, and monocytic cells using magnetic-activated cell sorting.
Results: Serum CTX and TRACP5b increased significantly (by 71% and 15%, p &lt; 0.01 and &lt; 0.001, respectively) in the −T, −E group, and these increases occurred despite a 60% suppression of serum FSH levels (p &lt; 0.001) caused by the GnRH agonist. There were significant E (but not T) effects on preventing increases in serum CTx and TRACP levels. There was a nonsignificant trend (p = 0.122) for E to suppress RANKL mRNA levels in bone marrow osteoblastic cells. Changes in mRNA levels for other cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IFN-γ) in bone marrow cells were not significant.
Conclusions: E has greater suppressive effects on bone resorption than T, and increased bone resorption after sex steroid deficiency can occur independently of changes in FSH secretion. E effects on bone resorption may be mediated by regulation of RANKL production by osteoblastic cells, although further studies using more highly purified cells may reduce the variability of the mRNA measurements and allow for clearer definition of the mediators of sex steroid action in vivo.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Murine Hypophosphatasia
Authors: Millán José Luis , Narisawa Sonoko , Lemire Isabelle , Loisel Thomas P , Boileau Guy , Leonard Pierre , Gramatikova Svetlana , Terkeltaub Robert , Camacho Nancy Pleshko , McKee Marc D , Crine Philippe , Whyte Michael P 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the inborn error of metabolism that features rickets or osteomalacia caused by loss-of-function mutation(s) within the gene that encodes the tissue-nonspecific isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNALP). Consequently, natural substrates for this ectoenzyme accumulate extracellulary including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of mineralization, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), a co-factor form of vitamin B6. Babies with the infantile form of HPP often die with severe rickets and sometimes hypercalcemia and vitamin B6-dependent seizures. There is no established medical treatment.
Materials and Methods: Human TNALP was bioengineered with the C terminus extended by the Fc region of human IgG for one-step purification and a deca-aspartate sequence (D10) for targeting to mineralizing tissue (sALP-FcD10). TNALP-null mice (Akp2−/−), an excellent model for infantile HPP, were treated from birth using sALP-FcD10. Short-term and long-term efficacy studies consisted of once daily subcutaneous injections of 1, 2, or 8.2 mg/kg sALP-FcD10 for 15, 19, and 15 or 52 days, respectively. We assessed survival and growth rates, circulating levels of sALP-FcD10 activity, calcium, PPi, and pyridoxal, as well as skeletal and dental manifestations using radiography, μCT, and histomorphometry.
Results: Akp2 −/− mice receiving high-dose sALP-FcD10 grew normally and appeared well without skeletal or dental disease or epilepsy. Plasma calcium, PPi, and pyridoxal concentrations remained in their normal ranges. We found no evidence of significant skeletal or dental disease.
Conclusions: Enzyme replacement using a bone-targeted, recombinant form of human TNALP prevents infantile HPP in Akp2−/− mice.
Effects of psychopathy traits on unprovoked aggression
Authors: Reidy Dennis E. , Zeichner Amos , Martinez Marc A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResearch has demonstrated that risk of violent behavior is high in individuals who display psychopathic traits. However, prediction of general aggression, and in particular unprovoked aggression, in nonforensic men who possess such traits has received little experimental attention to date. This study examined the role of psychopathic traits in the prediction of unprovoked aggression in a nonforensic sample. One hundred and five men completed the Levenson Self‐Report Psychopathy Scales and competed in a sham aggression paradigm. These men were identified as unprovoked aggressors, provoked aggressors, and provoked nonaggressors contingent on their responses to the experimental paradigm. Findings indicated that men with high levels of psychopathic traits had a 30% greater probability of becoming aggressive in the absence of provocation relative to those with lower psychopathic traits. Results also indicated that unprovoked aggressors evinced more general aggression when provocation was initiated. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of trait‐based risk factors in the prediction of seemingly random, unprovoked aggression. Aggr. Behav. 34:319–328, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and application of a novel epoxy grafted thermosetting acrylic resin
Authors: Zheng Yian , Zhou Lei , Yang Ying , Gao Yaping 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA novel manufacturing process for high performance metallic can coating was carried out based on an epoxy‐grafted acrylic resin. Firstly, the epoxy resin was reacted with acrylic amide forming a ring opened product epoxy‐amide resin, and then the product obtained copolymerized with all other monomers, such as acrylic acid (AA), butyl acrylate (BA), hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA), 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (2‐EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), using free radical solvent polymerization in the presence of BPO. The resins prepared present the transparent appearance, and the target resin coating based on these resins exhibits excellent boiling resistance and chemicals resistance and can be applied as the protective coating for metallic can. The effects on the coating properties, such as amount of acrylic acid, 2‐EHA wt % between 2‐EHA and BA, amount of amino resin, amount of catalyst, and so forth, were investigated. In addition, the influences of polymerization time on the conversion ratio of monomers were also studied. Results show that under the optimal conditions, the target resin coating provides excellent physical and mechanical properties. The various properties tests for this coating have been performed in accordance with the standards of ASTM. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Involvement of the Klotho Protein in Dentin Formation and Mineralization
Authors: Suzuki Hironobu , Amizuka Norio , Oda Kimimitsu , Noda Masaki , Ohshima Hayato , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractKlotho‐deficient mice exhibit multiple pathological conditions resembling human aging. Our previous study showed alterations in the distribution of osteocytes and in the bone matrix synthesis in klotho‐deficient mice. Although the bone and tooth share morphological features such as mineralization processes and components of the extracellular matrix, little information is available on how klotho deletion influences tooth formation. The present study aimed to elucidate the altered histology of incisors of klotho‐deficient mice–comparing the findings with those from their wild‐type littermates, by using immunohistochemistry for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and dentin matrix protein‐1 (DMP‐1), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) detection for apoptosis, and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis on calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and magnesium (Mg). Klotho‐deficient incisors exhibited disturbed layers of odontoblasts, predentin, and dentin, resulting in an obscure dentin‐predentinal border at the labial region. Several odontoblast‐like cells without ALP activity were embedded in the labial dentin matrix, and immunopositivity for DMP‐1 and osteopontin was discernible in the matrix surrounding these embedded odontoblast‐like cells. TUNEL detection demonstrated an apoptotic reaction in the embedded odontoblast‐like cells and pulpal cells in the klotho‐deficient mice. EPMA revealed lower concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg in the klotho‐deficient dentin, except for the dentin around abnormal odontoblast‐like cells. These findings suggest the involvement of the klotho gene in dentinogenesis and its mineralization. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin 43 Expression Delineates Two Discrete Pathways in the Human Atrioventricular Junction
Authors: Hucker William J. , Mccain Megan L. , Laughner Jacob I. , Iaizzo Paul A. , Efimov Igor R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGap junction expression has been studied in the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) of many species, however, their distribution in the human AVJ is unknown. The AVJ expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is species dependent; therefore we investigated its distribution in the human AVJ. Using Masson trichrome histology, we reconstructed the AVJ of three normal human hearts and one with dilated cardiomyopathy in three dimensions. Cx43 was immunolabeled with vimentin and α‐actinin to determine the cellular origin of Cx43 and was quantified in the following structures: interatrial septum (IAS), His bundle, compact node (CN), lower nodal bundle (LNB), leftward and rightward nodal extensions (LE and RE), and inferior, endocardial, and left‐sided transitional cells. Histology revealed two nodal extensions in three of four hearts. Cx43 was found in the myocytes, but not fibroblasts, of the AVJ. LE and CN Cx43 was lower than the IAS (P < 0.05) and the RE, LNB, and His all expressed Cx43 similarly, with approximately half of IAS expression (RE: 44 ± 36%; LNB: 50 ± 26%; His: 48 ± 12%, P = NS compared with IAS). Cx43 levels in transitional cells were similar to the IAS (P = not significant). Cx43 was found in myocytes of the human AVJ, and its expression pattern delineates two separate continuous structures: one consists of the LE and CN with little Cx43, and the other consists of the His, LNB, and RE expressing approximately half the Cx43 of the IAS. The differential Cx43 expression may provide each structure with unique conduction properties, contributing to arrhythmias arising from the AVJ. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Enamel Prism Decussation and Chemical Composition on the Biomechanical Behavior of Dental Tissue: A Theoretical Approach to Determine the Loading Conditions to Which Modern Human Teeth are Adapted
Authors: Shimizu Daisuke , Macho Gabriele A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis theoretical study explored whether the directions of loads to which modern human molars are commonly subjected to are reflected in the biomechanical behavior of the tissue itself. A detailed finite element model of a piece of decussating enamel (M3 paracone) was created, taking into account differences in crystal orientation between the prism head and the interprismatic matrix, and was tested under differently angled mediolateral loads (i.e., mimicking various stages of the chewing cycle). Second, although teeth are highly mineralized, they also contain organic material and water, while in modern humans, there are systematic differences in chemical composition from the outer enamel surface to the dentinoenamel junction. To test the biomechanical effects of this gradient in mineralization a second set of models with gradually changing properties was created and subjected to the same loads. Chemically heterogeneous enamel yielded overall lower stress levels than homogenous enamel, especially at extreme loading angles. However, the general trends regarding the increase in tensile stresses at more oblique angles, and the number of nodes exhibiting tension, were comparable between the different set‐ups. The findings support suggestions that (a) the biomechanical behavior of dental tissue is the combined result of micromorphology and chemical composition and (b) that the range of loading directions, to which teeth are normally subjected to, can be inferred from dental microanatomy. For (palaeo)biological applications, the findings suggest that the absolute strength of teeth (e.g., bite force) cannot be predicted with certainty, whereas kinematic parameters of the masticatory apparatus can. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low‐cost cellulosic ethanol
Authors: Yang Bin , Wyman Charles E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNew transportation fuels are badly needed to reduce our heavy dependence on imported oil and to reduce the release of greenhouse gases that cause global climate change; cellulosic biomass is the only inexpensive resource that can be used for sustainable production of the large volumes of liquid fuels that our transportation sector has historically favored. Furthermore, biological conversion of cellulosic biomass can take advantage of the power of biotechnology to take huge strides toward making biofuels cost competitive. Ethanol production is particularly well suited to marrying this combination of need, resource, and technology. In fact, major advances have already been realized to competitively position cellulosic ethanol with corn ethanol. However, although biotechnology presents important opportunities to achieve very low costs, pretreatment of naturally resistant cellulosic materials is essential if we are to achieve high yields from biological operations; this operation is projected to be the single, most expensive processing step, representing about 20% of the total cost. In addition, pretreatment has pervasive impacts on all other major operations in the overall conversion scheme from choice of feedstock through to size reduction, hydrolysis, and fermentation, and on to product recovery, residue processing, and co‐product potential. A number of different pretreatments involving biological, chemical, physical, and thermal approaches have been investigated over the years, but only those that employ chemicals currently offer the high yields and low costs vital to economic success. Among the most promising are pretreatments using dilute acid, sulfur dioxide, near‐neutral pH control, ammonia expansion, aqueous ammonia, and lime, with significant differences among the sugar‐release patterns. Although projected costs for these options are similar when applied to corn stover, a key need now is to dramatically improve our knowledge of these systems with the goal of advancing pretreatment to substantially reduce costs and to accelerate commercial applications. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Molecular characterization and comparative localization of the mRNAs encoding two glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) in the brain of the african lungfish, Protopterus annectens
Authors: Trabucchi Michele , Trudeau Vance L. , Drouin Guy , Tostivint Hervé , Ihrmann Isabelle , Vallarino Mauro , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe existence of two distinct genes encoding two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) has been demonstrated in most vertebrate classes, yet little is known about their differential distributions and functions in the central nervous system in nonmammalian vertebrates. In the present study, we have partially sequenced the cDNAs encoding GAD65 and GAD67 in the lungfish Protopterus annectens and determined their relative distributions in the adult brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The expression patterns of the GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs were globally similar; the highest expression levels being observed in the granular layer of the olfactory bulb, the pallium, the subpallium, the anterior preoptic area, the thalamus, the hindbrain central gray, and the rhombencephalic visceral areas. However, striking differential expression was noticed in several structures. Very high to high concentrations of GAD67 mRNA were seen in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the anterior olfactory nucleus, which is in marked contrast to the very low expression of GAD65 in this region. Similarly, high levels of GAD67 mRNA were observed in the intermediate and ventral parts of the medial pallium that were virtually devoid of GAD65 mRNA. In contrast, GAD65 mRNA was found in the periaqueductal gray that did not express GAD67 mRNA. The differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs in these regions of the lungfish CNS indicates that the two GAD isoforms can be differentially regulated and that they may have distinct physiological roles. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:979–988, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellulose Aerogels from Aqueous Alkali Hydroxide–Urea Solution
Authors: Cai Jie , Kimura Satoshi , Wada Masahisa , Kuga Shigenori , Zhang Lina 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHighly porous and strong cellulose aerogels were prepared by gelation of cellulose from aqueous alkali hydroxide/urea solution, followed by drying with supercritical CO2. Their morphology, pore structure, and physical properties were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements, UV/Vis spectrometry, and tensile tests. The cellulose hydrogel was composed of interconnected fibrils of about 20 nm wide. By using supercritical CO2 drying, the network structure in the hydrogel was well preserved in the aerogel. The results are preliminary but demonstrate the ability of this method to give cellulose aerogels of large surface areas (400–500 m2 g−1) which may be useful as adsorbents, heat/sound insulators, filters, catalyst supports, or carbon aerogel precursors.
Toward a neuro‐developmental account of the development of declarative memory
Authors: Bauer Patricia J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe study of the biological bases of memory has a long history. Based on research with patients with specific lesions and disease, animal models, and neuroimaging studies, the neural substrate that supports declarative memory in adults has been relatively well articulated. By contrast, studies of the neural bases of memory in development is in its infancy. Yet joint consideration of the processes involved in building a memory trace, and of the time course of development of the neural structures involved, has contributed to the generation of specific predictions regarding the sources of age‐related change. Specifically, there are suggestions that in infancy and very early childhood, encoding and consolidation processes account for substantial age‐related variance in long‐term declarative memory. With development, the locus of age‐related variability in the vulnerability of memory traces shifts to the later‐stage processes of memory storage and retrieval. These insights are afforded by consideration of multiple levels of analysis, from the biological to the behavioral. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 19–31, 2008.
Inhibitory deficits in tourette's syndrome
Authors: Stern Emily R. , Blair Clancy , Peterson Bradley S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA developmental approach to the study of psychopathology can broaden understanding of a wide variety of complex psychological disorders. This article reviews research on Tourette's syndrome (TS), a developmental disorder characterized by unwanted motor and vocal tics. Over the past decade, knowledge of the neurobiology and pathophysiology of TS has progressed rapidly. The application of brain imaging techniques, primarily magnetic resonance imaging, to the study of Tourette's has increased knowledge of structural and functional deficits in brain areas associated with behavioral and psychological disturbances in the disorder. By reviewing some of this work, we will describe one way in which knowledge of brain function in TS has both informed and been informed by a developmental science approach. In particular, we will consider the extent to which the cognitive and emotional development of persons with TS may be affected by specific neurobiological characteristics of the disorder. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 9–18, 2008.
Developmental differences in infants' use of an object's shape to grasp it securely
Authors: Barrett Tracy M. , Needham Amy 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study examined twenty two 11‐ and 13‐month‐old infants' approach and grasp of two objects—one symmetric and one asymmetric—in an effort to understand infants' use of shape information to plan motor action. At first contact, all infants grasped the asymmetrical object further from its center of mass than the symmetrical object. In addition, results highlighted developmental differences in infants' abilities to correct for less stable hand placements, to maintain control of the objects without dropping, strategies used to obtain the objects, and latencies to grasp the objects. Older infants showed more effective skills in each of the aforementioned areas. Implications for our understanding of the development of processing of visual information for action are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 97–106, 2008.
BCL‐2 counteracts Doppel‐induced apoptosis of prion‐protein‐deficient Purkinje cells in the Ngsk Prnp0/0 mouse
Authors: Heitz S. , Gautheron V. , Lutz Y. , Rodeau J.‐L. , Zanjani H.S. , Sugihara I. , Bombarde G. , Richard F. , Fuchs J.‐P. , Vogel M.W. , Mariani J. , Bailly Y. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe pro‐apoptotic factor BAX has recently been shown to contribute to Purkinje cell (PC) apoptosis induced by the neurotoxic prion‐like protein Doppel (Dpl) in the prion‐protein‐deficient Ngsk Prnp0/0 (NP0/0) mouse. In view of cellular prion protein (PrPc) ability to counteract Dpl neurotoxicity and favor neuronal survival like BCL‐2, we investigated the effects of the anti‐apoptotic factor BCL‐2 on Dpl neurotoxicity by studying the progression of PC death in aging NP0/0‐Hu‐bcl‐2 double mutant mice overexpressing human BCL‐2 (Hu‐bcl‐2). Quantitative analysis showed that significantly more PCs survived in NP0/0‐Hu‐bcl‐2 double mutants compared with the NP0/0 mutants. However, number of PCs remained inferior to wild‐type levels and to the increased number of PCs observed in Hu‐bcl‐2 mutants. In the NP0/0 mutants, Dpl‐induced PC death occurred preferentially in the aldolase C‐negative parasagittal compartments of the cerebellar cortex. Activation of glial cells exclusively in these compartments, which was abolished by the expression of Hu‐bcl‐2 in the double mutants, suggested that chronic inflammation is an indirect consequence of Dpl‐induced PC death. This partial rescue of NP0/0 PCs by Hu‐bcl‐2 expression was similar to that observed in NP0/0:Bax−/− double mutants with bax deletion. Taken together, these data strongly support the involvement of BCL‐2 family‐dependent apoptotic pathways in Dpl neurotoxicity. The capacity of BCL‐2 to compensate PrPc deficiency by rescuing PCs from Dpl‐induced death suggests that the BCL‐2‐like property of PrPc may impair Dpl‐like neurotoxic pathways in wild‐type neurons. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008