bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements, and Their Relationship with the WTO and the Doha Development Agenda
Authors: Trejos Alberto 
Published: December 2005

The Doha Round differs from previous multilateral rounds since a number of participating countries are negotiating and implementing bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) at the same time as they are negotiating multilaterally. The standard arguments against FTAs involve that they create trade diversion, are difficult to administrate, involve complex rules of origin that impost added costs on firms, and attract the attention and political capital of policy makers away from the multilateral negotiation. This paper poses other arguments about FTAs being beneficial to the multilateral process. For instance, they have allowed some countries to achieve zero tariffs with all their main trading partners, and therefore a large majority of their trade, and often involve reforms in sensitive issues that, once undertaken, allow governments to assume a more offensive position at the WTO. Most importantly, by creating trade diversion away from countries that act as laggards in all negotiation fronts, they generate the competitive pressure that can move those nations to assume a more constructive position in the multilateral negotiations; also, it may be easier to harmonize existing FTAs than to seek comprehensive plurilateral and multilateral agreements from scratch. Beyond the discussion of whether FTAs help or hinder multilateral progress, the paper discusses changes in the multilateral rules, and best practices in bilateral negotiations, that can help make both fronts better complements. The issues mentioned include guidelines among rules of origin, origin accumulation, harmonization of standing agreements, bilateral trade facilitation and solutions to preference erosion. Alberto Trejos is a Professor at INCAE in Costa Rica. From 1994-1998, he was Dean of INCAE, and General Director of its Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development from 1999-2002. He was a professor in the Economics Department of Northwestern University from 1994-98. He has also been a visiting professor and researcher at the Institut d’Anàlisi Econòmica de Barcelona, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Fundaçao Getulio Vargas of Rio de Janeiro, and the University of Texas. As Minister of Foreign Trade of Costa Rica in 2002-04, he was responsible for the negotiation of CAFTA and of the CARICOM-Costa Rica FTA. He was in charge of Costa Rica´s ratification of its FTA with Canada and its entry into the Central American Customs Union. Trejos is a consultant for several companies, governments, and international organizations, President of CINDE (Costa Rican Investment Board), and a board member of several corporations and organizations. He has published extensively in leading journals, and he has been a National Science Foundation grantee and a Fulbright scholar. He received a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1994.
Commentary: Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Support for the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Authors: Novelli Catherine A 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on Alberto Trejos's article "Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements, and their Relationship with the WTO and the Doha Development Agenda." Catherine A. Novelli is a partner in the Washington office of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP. Formerly Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Europe & the Mediterranean, Novelli coordinated U.S. trade and investment policy for more than 65 countries of Western Europe, Central Europe, Russia, the NIS, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. Previously, Novelli was the Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia where she played a key role in the formation of U.S. trade policy for Russia and Central Europe. She joined USTR in 1991 after serving in the Office of General Counsel at the Department of Commerce.
Commentary: FTAS and the WTO Doha Development Round--Asian Response to EEU and FTAA
Authors: Chadha Rajesh 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Development Round. Rajesh Chadha is Chief Economist at the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi, India. His Teaching and research experience of more than 29 years includes the University of Delhi and the NCAER. Chadha’s specialization is international trade with significant experience in applied economic research and economic modeling. His international experience includes Visiting Scholar in the Department of Economics, University of Michigan, and in the Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Australia. He has also held visiting faculty positions at IIT, Delhi; IIT, Roorkee; IEG, Delhi; IIFT, New Delhi; IIPA, New Delhi; MDI Gurgaon and AIMA, New Delhi. Chadha was consultant to the World Bank in 1989, 1990, and 1999, and Consultant to the Australian Government in 2002. He was nominated as a GTAP Research Fellow for 2004-2007 by Purdue University. His research experience includes national as well as international research projects sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Finance, Government of India; Government of Australia, Ford Foundation, European Union, World Bank, USAID, and ESCAP. He earned a B.Sc. Honours in Physics and an M.A. in Business Economics at the University of Delhi and a Ph.D. at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.
An Assessment of the Economic Effects of the Menu of U.S. Trade Policies
Authors: Kiyota Kozo , Stern Robert M 
Published: December 2005

The Michigan Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of World Production and Trade is used to calculate the aggregate welfare and sectoral employment effects of the menu of U.S. trade policies. The menu of policies encompasses the various preferential U.S. bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated and in process, unilateral removal of existing trade barriers, and global (multilateral) free trade. The welfare impacts of the FTAs on the United States are shown to be rather small in absolute and relative terms. The sectoral employment effects are also generally small but vary across the individual sectors depending on the patterns of the bilateral liberalization. The welfare effects on the FTA partner countries are mostly positive though generally small, but there are some indications of potentially disruptive employment shifts in some partner countries. There are indications of trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on nonmember countries for some of the FTAs analyzed. In comparison to the welfare gains from the U.S. FTAs, the gains from both unilateral trade liberalization by the United States and the FTA partners and from global (multilateral) free trade are shown to be rather substantial and more uniformly positive for all countries in the global trading system. The U.S. FTAs are based on “hub” and “spoke” arrangements. It is shown that the spokes emanate out in different and often overlapping directions, suggesting that the complex of bilateral FTAs may create distortions of the global trading system, which could be avoided if multilateral liberalization in the context of the Doha Round were to be carried out. Kozo Kiyota is Associate Professor of International Economics in the Faculty of Business Administration, Yokohama National University. He is also a Research Fellow at the Manufacturing Management Research Center (MMRC), the University of Tokyo and a Faculty Fellow at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). He received his Ph.D. from Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. His research focuses on empirical microeconomics. He has published articles in the International Journal of Industrial Organization, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, and The World Economy. Robert M. Stern is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
Achieving Fairness in the Doha Development Round
Authors: Brown Andrew , Stern Robert M 
Published: December 2005

The question addressed in this article is how the fairness of the global trading system as embodied in the GATT/WTO is to be assessed. Opinions about what constitutes fairness differ widely, and there is surely no incontrovertible yardstick. But it should be possible to be clearer about the criteria that are appropriate and what they mean in more operational terms. Why fairness is a condition of the agreements among governments that form the global trading system is first discussed. It is then suggested that fairness can best be considered within the framework of two concepts: equality of opportunity and distributive equity. It is argued that the criterion of maximum economic efficiency is not a primary yardstick of fairness, and though it is relevant in choosing among alternative ways of realizing fairness, it is not without its own limitations. There is a discussion of what equality of opportunity and distributive equity mean when applied to the commitments that governments make in the global trading system. For this purpose, these commitments are divided into four categories: those relating directly to market access; those concerning supporting rules designed to prevent cheating in market access commitments or to facilitate trade flows; those relating to procedures for the settlement of disputes or the use of trade remedy measures; and those relating to governance of the system. Finally, some comments are offered about fairness in the Doha Development Round, focusing in particular on the central issue of market access. Andrew G. Brown was formerly Director in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs at the United Nations. He was responsible for analysis of international economic and social issues, and for staff support of UN committees and expert groups. He served earlier as chief economist or economic advisor in governments of developing countries. He is the author of History of Multilateral Trade Cooperation since 1850 and co-author of papers on the global trading system. Robert M. Stern is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
Commentary: An American BioIndustry Alliance Perspective on CBD/TRIPS Issues in the Doha Round
Authors: Finston Susan K 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on the relationship between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Susan Finston is Executive Director of the American BioIndustry Alliance (ABIA), a new advocacy organization that seeks enabling conditions for biotechnology through sustainable, mutually beneficial Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) policies. Previously, she worked for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), where she was Associate Vice President for Intellectual Property, Middle East/Africa and South Asian Affairs. Prior to joining PhRMA in 1999, Finston served in the U.S. Foreign Service, specializing in intellectual property and international trade policy. She received two meritorious Honor Awards for work on bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations. From 1986 -1988, Finston served as a Motions Clerk working with active judges at the Federal Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, Illinois. She was admitted to practice before the Illinois Bar, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. She graduated from the University of Michigan in 1986 with a joint J.D./M.P.P. degree and with a B.S. in Philosophy in 1982. Her recent article, “The Relevance of Genetic Resources to the Pharmaceutical Industry—The Industry Viewpoint,” appeared in the March 2005 Journal of World Intellectual Property.
Commentary: A Merck Perspective on the Doha Round
Authors: Bombelles Thomas 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on the Doha Development Round from a representative of Merck. Thomas Bombelles is Director, International Government Relations, for Merck & Co., Inc. His responsibilities include definition and advocacy on important international business and policy issues for the company focusing on government agencies and other institutions in Washington, DC. Prior to joining Merck, Bombelles was the Assistant Vice President International at the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the professional association representing the American research-based pharmaceutical industry globally. He has also worked as a private sector consultant, as a trade analyst in the Department of Commerce, and in the US Congress. He received an M.A. degree from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and a B.A. degree from the honors program at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Commentary: GM's Perspective on the WTO Doha Development Agenda Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Authors: Mohatarem G. Mustafa 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on Doha Round by a representative of General Motors. G. Mustafa Mohatarem was named chief economist of General Motors Corporation on March 1, 1995. He serves on the Coordination Committee of the corporation’s Public Policy Center and the Corporate Risk Management committee. Mohatarem is an expert on trade issues and heads the corporation’s Trade Team. He interacts regularly with officials from the United States and other countries on trade-related issues. He joined General Motors in 1982 as an economist on the Economics Staff in Detroit. In 1985, he became senior staff assistant on the Industry-Government Relations Staff and the following year he returned to the Economics Staff as senior staff economist. He was promoted to director of trade and competitive analysis in 1987, and general director of economic analysis in 1990. He received an undergraduate degree in economics and mathematics from Denison University and an MA and PhD from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business in 1979 and 1982, respectively.
Commentary: An African Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations
Authors: Bawuah-Edusei Kwame 
Published: December 2005

An African commentary on the Doha Development Round. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei is Ambassador of Ghana to Switzerland and Austria and Permanent Representative of Ghana to the UN offices and international organizations in Geneva, including the WTO. He obtained his MD degree in 1982 at the University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi Ghana, worked in Ghana for two years, and later studied in the United States. He specialized in Family Medicine at Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, and worked as a physician for the Dewitt Army Hospital in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He subsequently practiced at Educe Medical Center in Alexandria, Virginia. During this period he was active in promoting business in his native Ghana and extensively involved in humanitarian work in the deprived Northern part of his country. He became a community leader in North America and was instrumental in institutionalizing democracy in Ghana. He became a Director of the EO group, an energy Company, and President of Educe Incorporated in Ghana.
Commentary: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Doha Development Agenda Negotiations -- a Labor Perspective
Authors: Lee Thea 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on the Doha Development Round by a representative of the AFL-CIO. Thea Lee is Policy Director at the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C., where she oversees research and strategies on domestic and international economic policy. Previously, she worked as an international trade economist at the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, D.C. and as an editor at Dollars & Sense magazine in Boston. Lee is co-author of A Field Guide to the Global Economy, published by the New Press. Her research projects include reports on the North American Free Trade Agreement, the impact of international trade on U.S. wage inequality, and the domestic steel and textile industries. She has testified before several committees of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate on various trade topics. She serves on several advisory committees, including the State Department Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy and the Export-Import Bank Advisory Committee. She is also on the Board of Directors of the Worker Rights Consortium and the National Bureau of Economic Research. She received a Bachelor’s degree from Smith College and a Master’s degree in economics from the University of Michigan.
Capital Accumulation in Private Information Economies
Authors: Bohacek Radim 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This paper provides a general methodology for introducing capital accumulation into economies with private information and heterogeneous agents. The agents operate a stochastic neoclassical production technology with capital and labor input. I study a moral hazard economy with unobservable input (hidden action). I characterize the efficient allocation of capital, labor, and consumption in a stationary recursive competitive equilibrium. The economy is decentralized by the component planner approach developed by Atkeson and Lucas (1995). Accumulation of capital is facilitated by a "capital planner" who serves as a financial intermediary for the component planners. In the unique, feasible and non-degenerate stationary equilibrium, private information lowers the market-clearing interest rate below agents' discount rate.
Cultural Competency Education in American Nursing Programs and the Approach of One School of Nursing
Authors: Sloand Elizabeth , Groves Sara , Brager Rosemarie 
Published: December 2005

The importance of cultural competency in all areas of American society is well accepted. Indeed, the evolving demographics of the country make it imperative. A wide range of educational and work settings has addressed the concept, from business and government to education and health. Cultural competency is particularly critical in the realm of healthcare, as the potential impact on quality of health and life is at stake. Nursing is a leader in this field, with a long theoretical and practice history of attention to, and respect for, individual differences.	This article reviews cultural competency education in nursing and its respective educational settings. Common threads and different models are discussed. The program components of cultural competency education in one School of Nursing are highlighted. Future directions towards refining cultural competency education are presented.
Effects of changes in power setting of an ultrasonic aspirator on amount of damage to the cerebral cortex of healthy dogs
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Harrington Michael L. , Gay John M. , Silver Gena M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the minimal ultrasonic aspirator
pressure necessary to damage the cerebral cortex
of healthy dogs.

Animals—9 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—The study comprised 2 parts. In part A,
6 dogs were euthanatized immediately prior to the
experiment. In part B, 3 dogs were anesthetized for
recording of physiologic variables. In both parts,
craniectomy and durotomy were performed to bilaterally
expose the lateral aspect of the cerebral cortex.
An ultrasonic aspirator was placed in contact with various
areas of the cerebral cortex, and aspirator power
was altered (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Duration of contact
at each power was 5 and 10 seconds.
Subsequently, gross morphologic and histologic damage
was assessed in the cortex.

Results—Gross observations for all dogs were similar.
At 10% power, visible or histologic damage was
not evident in the cortex. At 20% power, the cortex
was slightly indented from contact with the hand
piece; however, cortical disruption was not evident.
Cortical disruption was initially detectable at 30%
power in some dogs and was consistently evident at
40% power in both sets of dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonic
aspirator power of < 20% created minimal acute morphologic
damage to the cortex. Power settings
between 20 and 30% may superficially damage the
cerebral cortex in healthy dogs, whereas 40% power
consistently damages the cerebral cortex. Knowledge
of the degree of damage to cerebral cortex caused by
various amounts of power for ultrasonic aspirators
will allow surgeons to avoid damaging normal brain
tissues during surgery. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:
248–251)
Comparative responses of bronchial rings to mediators of airway hyperreactivity in healthy horses and those affected with summer pastureassociated obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Venugopal Changaram S. , Moore Rustin M. , Holmes Earnestine P. , Koch Catherine E. , Seahorn Thomas L. , Beadle Ralph E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare responses of bronchial rings obtained from healthy horses and horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) to selected mediators of airway hyperreactivity in vitro.Sample Population—Bronchial rings from 6 healthy horses and 6 horses affected with SPAOPD.Procedure—Bronchial rings obtained from each group of horses were mounted in organ baths and attached to force transducers interfaced with a polygraph. After applying 2g of tension, each ring was allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes in Tyrode's solution at 37 C. Cumulative concentration-response relationships to graded concentrations of selected mediators (10–8to 10–4M) were determined and analyzed for significance at each concentration.Results—Acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and leukotriene D4induced concentrationdependent contractile responses in bronchial rings. Prostaglandin F2αinduced weak and inconsistent contractile responses. The other 2 agents, norepinephrine and substance P, did not induce concentrationdependent responses. Considering the overall groupdrug effect, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and leukotriene D4were effective in inducing consistent concentration-dependent contractile responses in both groups. Only 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine induced significant responses in contractility between groups. The response of bronchial rings from horses with SPAOPD to 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly greater than those from control horses, whereas the response to histamine was significantly lower. Significant responses were evident at concentrations ranging from 10–6to 10–4Mfor both drugs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because the airways of horses with SPAOPD had increased responsiveness to 5-hydroxytryptamine in vitro, treatment modalities using 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists should be investigated to address this phenomenon. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:259–263).