bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pioglitazone inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase is associated with altered activity of p38 MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt
Authors: Xing Bin , Xin Tao , Hunter Randy Lee , Bing Guoying 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ)-mediated neuroprotection involves inhibition of microglial activation and decreased expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been well established. In the present study we explored: (1) the effect of the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS activity and nitric oxide (NO) generation by microglia; (2) the differential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) on LPS-induced NO generation; and (3) the regulation of p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K by pioglitazone.MethodsMesencephalic neuron-microglia mixed cultures, and microglia-enriched cultures were treated with pioglitazone and/or LPS. The protein levels of iNOS, p38 MAPK, JNK, PPAR-γ, PI3K, and protein kinase B (Akt) were measured by western blot. Different specific inhibitors of iNOS, p38MAPK, JNK, PI3K, and Akt were used in our experiment, and NO generation was measured using a nitrite oxide assay kit. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons were counted in mesencephalic neuron-microglia mixed cultures.ResultsOur results showed that pioglitazone inhibits LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO generation, and inhibition of iNOS is sufficient to protect dopaminergic neurons against LPS insult. In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not JNK, prevented LPS-induced NO generation. Further, and of interest, pioglitazone inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Wortmannin, a specific PI3K inhibitor, enhanced p38 MAPK phosphorylation upon LPS stimulation of microglia. Elevations of phosphorylated PPAR-γ, PI3K, and Akt levels were observed with pioglitazone treatment, and inhibition of PI3K activity enhanced LPS-induced NO production. Furthermore, wortmannin prevented the inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on the LPS-induced NO increase.ConclusionWe demonstrate that pioglitazone protects dopaminergic neurons against LPS insult at least via inhibiting iNOS expression and NO generation, which is potentially mediated via inhibition of p38 MAPK activity. In addition, the PI3K pathway actively participates in the negative regulation of LPS-induced NO production. Our findings suggest that PPAR-γ activation may involve differential regulation of p38 MAPK and of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the regulation of the inflammatory process.
Dermatological conditions in intensive care: a secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC) Case Mix Programme Database
Authors: George Susannah MC , Harrison David A , Welch Catherine A , Nolan Kathleen M , Friedmann Peter S 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Dermatology is usually thought of as an outpatient specialty with low mortality, however some skin conditions require intensive care. These conditions are relatively rare and hence are best studied using clinical databases or disease registries. We interrogated a large, high-quality clinical database from a national audit of adult intensive care units (ICUs), with the aim of identifying and characterising patients with dermatological conditions requiring admission to ICU.

Methods
Data were extracted for 476,224 admissions to 178 ICUs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland participating in the Case Mix Programme over the time period December 1995 to September 2006. We identified admissions with dermatological conditions from the primary and secondary reasons for admission to ICU.

Results
A total of 2,245 dermatological admissions were identified. Conditions included infectious conditions (e.g. cutaneous cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis), dermatological malignancies, and acute skin failure (e.g. toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and autoimmune blistering diseases). These represent 0.47% of all ICU admissions, or approximately 2.1 dermatological admissions per ICU per year. Overall mortality was 28.1% in the ICU and 40.0% in hospital. Length of stay in intensive care was longest for those with acute skin failure (median 4.7 days for ICU survivors and 5.1 days for ICU non-survivors).

Conclusion
We have identified patients who not only require intensive care, but also dermatological care. Such patients have high mortality rates and long ICU stays within the spectrum of the UK ICU population, similar to other acute medical conditions. This highlights the importance of skin failure as a distinct entity comparable to other organ system failures.
Examining the development of individual recognition in a burrow-nesting procellariiform, the Leach's storm-petrel
Authors: O'Dwyer Terence W. , Ackerman A. L. , Nevitt Gabrielle A. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY
Burrow-nesting petrels use their well-developed sense of smell for foraging, homing to their nest, and mate recognition. The chicks of burrow-nesting petrels can apparently learn odours associated with prey while still in the nest, but the development of individual-specific odour recognition is less well understood. We used a simple two-choice test to determine whether 4- to 6-week-old chicks of a small, burrow-nesting species,the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), prefer the scent of their own nest material to (1) the scent of similar organic material collected from the colony or (2) the scent of a conspecific's nest material. Results suggest that chicks clearly preferred the scent of their own nest material to that of similar organic material collected from the colony (96%; N=24; binomial test, P&lt;0.001). Results further suggested that birds preferred the scent of their own nest material to that of a conspecific, though the preference was statistically less robust (67%; N=39; binomial test, P=0.05). Because Leach's storm-petrel chicks do not normally leave their burrow prior to fledging, an ability to recognise individual or nest-specific odours is not likely to be used for homing but instead may be linked to the development of individual recognition in different contexts.
Dietary sugar as a direct fuel for flight in the nectarivorous bat Glossophaga soricina
Authors: Welch Kenneth C. , Herrera M. L. Gerardo , Suarez Raul K. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY
It is thought that the capacity of mammals to directly supply the energetic needs of exercising muscles using recently ingested fuels is limited. Humans,for example, can only fuel about 30%, at most, of exercise metabolism with dietary sugar. Using indirect calorimetry, i.e. measurement of rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production, in combination with carbon stable isotope techniques, we found that nectarivorous bats Glossophaga soricina use recently ingested sugars to provide ∼78%of the fuel required for oxidative metabolism during their energetically expensive hovering flight. Among vertebrate animals, only hummingbirds exceed the capacity of these nectarivorous bats to fuel exercise with dietary sucrose. Similar experiments performed on Anna's (Calypte anna) and rufous (Selasphorus rufus) hummingbirds show that they use recently ingested sugars to support ∼95% of hovering metabolism. These results support the suggestion that convergent evolution of physiological and biochemical traits has occurred among hovering nectarivorous animals,rendering them capable of a process analogous to aerial refueling in aircraft.
Long flights and age affect oxidative status of homing pigeons(Columba livia)
Authors: Costantini David , Dell'Ariccia Gaia , Lipp Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYFlying is an energy demanding activity that imposes several physiological challenges on birds, such as increase in energy expenditure. Evidence from sports medicine shows that exhausting exercise may cause oxidative stress. Studies on avian flight have so far considered several blood parameters, such as uric acid, corticosteroids, or circulating free fatty acids, but only one study has analysed markers of oxidative stress in flying birds. In this study,we evaluated, for the first time, how different flight efforts affect the oxidative status using homing pigeons (Columba livia) as a model species. Two groups of pigeons flew for around 60 and 200 km, respectively. Pigeons that flew for 200 km had a 54% increase in oxidative damage as measured by serum reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), a 19% drop in total serum antioxidant capacity (OXY) and an 86% increase of oxidative stress(ROMs/OXY×1000). Older pigeons depleted more serum antioxidants regardless of the release distance. Among pigeons that flew the longer distance, heavier ones depleted less serum antioxidants. The results of the study suggest that long flights may cause oxidative stress, and that older individuals may experience higher physiological demands.
Colour vision in coral reef fish
Authors: Siebeck U. E. , Wallis G. M. , Litherland L. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYOver many millions of years, sea creatures have developed a range of light reflectance properties. One example is the large variation in the patterns and colours of fish inhabiting the world's coral reefs. Attempts to understand the significance of the colouration have been made, but all too often from the perspective of a human observer. A more ecological approach requires us to consider the visual system of those for whom the colours were intended, namely other sea life. A first step is to understand the sensitivity of reef fish themselves to colour. Physiological data has revealed wavelength-tuned photoreceptors in reef fish, and this study provides behavioural evidence for their application in colour discrimination. Using classical conditioning,freshly caught damselfish were trained to discriminate coloured patterns for a food reward. Within 3–4 days of capture the fish selected a target colour on over 75% of trials. Brightness of the distracter and target were systematically varied to confirm that the fish could discriminate stimuli on the basis of chromaticity alone. The study demonstrates that reef fish can learn to perform two-alternative discrimination tasks, and provides the first behavioural evidence that reef fish have colour vision.
Amino acid sequence and biological activity of a calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (DH31) from Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Brugge Victoria A. Te , Schooley David A. , Orchard Ian 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY
Diuresis in the blood-gorging hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus is under neurohormonal control and involves a variety of processes and tissues. These include ion and water movement across the epithelium of the crop and the Malpighian tubules, and muscle contractions of the crop, hindgut and dorsal vessel, which facilitate mixing of the blood-meal, mixing of the haemolymph,as well as the expulsion of waste. One of the neurohormones that might play a role in this rapid diuresis belongs to the calcitonin-like diuretic hormone(DH31) family of insect peptides. Previously we have demonstrated the presence of DH31-like peptides in the central nervous system(CNS) and gut of R. prolixus 5th instars. In the present work, a DH31 from the CNS of 5th instar R. prolixus was isolated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), monitored with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. This neuropeptide is the first to be sequenced in R. prolixus and has a sequence identical to that found previously for Dippu-DH31 from the cockroach Diploptera punctata. In previous studies testing Rhopr/Dippu-DH31 in Malpighian tubule secretion assays, we demonstrated increases in the rate of secretion that were small, relative to that induced by serotonin, but nevertheless 14-fold over baseline. In the present study, we investigated second messenger pathways in response to Rhopr/Dippu-DH31 and found no increase or decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) content of the Malpighian tubules. DH31-like immunoreactivity is present over the dorsal hindgut,anterior dorsal vessel and dorsal diaphragm, and bioassays of the R. prolixus dorsal vessel and hindgut indicate that Rhopr/Dippu-DH31 increases the frequency of muscle contractions of both tissues. Second messenger pathways were also investigated for the dorsal vessel and hindgut.
Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Decline of Renal Function
Authors: Lauretani Fulvio , Semba Richard D , Bandinelli Stefania , Miller Edgar R , Ruggiero Carmelinda , Cherubini Antonio , Guralnik Jack M , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground: Recent studies suggest an association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the development of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between PUFAs and renal function in older adults.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional and prospective analysis of 931 adults, ≥65 years old, enrolled in the InCHIANTI study, a population-based cohort in Tuscany, Italy. Plasma PUFAs were measured at enrollment, and creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation at baseline and after 3-year follow-up.Results: At enrollment, participants with higher creatinine clearance had higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol, total plasma PUFAs, plasma n-3 fatty acid (FA), and plasma n-6 FA and lower triglycerides. From enrollment to the 3-year follow-up visit, creatinine clearance declined by 7.8 (12.2) mL/min (P &lt;0.0001). Baseline total plasma PUFAs, n-3 FA, n-6 FA, and linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were strong independent predictors of less steep decline in creatinine clearance from baseline to follow-up (P &lt;0.0001, after adjusting for baseline creatinine clearance). After adjusting for baseline creatinine, baseline total plasma PUFAs, n-3 FA, and linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids were negatively associated with creatinine at 3-year follow-up. Participants with higher plasma PUFAs at enrollment had a lower risk of developing renal insufficiency, defined by a creatinine clearance &lt;60 mL/min, during 3-year follow-up.Conclusion: High PUFA concentrations, both n-3 FA and n-6 FA, may attenuate the age-associated decline in renal function among older community-dwelling women and men.
Blâme du philosophe. Éloge de la vraie philosophie et figures rhétoriques: Le récit d'Anne Comnène sur Jean Italos revisité
Authors: Arabatzis Georges 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Une question souvent posée par les spécialistes de la culture byzantine est celle qui concerne les relations entre littérature et réalité à Byzance - relation réputée «obscure» (comme si la dite relation était «claire» ou «évidente» pour les autres littératures). Le mélange entre théologie et paganisme, intellectualisme et passion, haute culture et amoralisme, réalisme et abstraction, continue à poser des problèmes, jadis escamotés sous le nom de «byzantinisme». Dans ce cadre général, on doit inclure une question plus concrète sur la philosophie et son exercice à Byzance et, plus précisément, celle qui concerne la «persona» du philosophe, ses attributs et sa vocation. En tant que cas exemplaire, et en même temps extraordinaire, nous avons choisi le destin de Jean Italos.
Tracce per a una storia della lettura a Bisanzio
Authors: Cavallo Guglielmo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
La lettura non è un'invariante antropologica. Essa è invece una pratica che muta secondo i tempi, i luoghi, i contesti, e si dimostra strettamente legata da una parte alle competenze culturali di chi legge, le quali determinano maniere di lettura differenziate, e da un'altra parte alle intenzioni, consuetudini, situazioni entro cui si iscrive l'atto di lettura e che vengono ad esprimersi e a definirsi come modalità, positure fisiche, gesti. Un ruolo fondamentale giocano le forme materiali che lo scritto assume e con le quali il lettore entra in contatto: un testo non esiste di per sé, svincolato da ogni materialità e dunque dal supporto che lo offre alla lettura (o all'ascolto) o dalle circostanze in cui esso viene letto (o ascoltato). Gli autori scrivono testi che diventano oggetti scritti con i quali i lettori instaurano rapporti d'indole varia. I testi possono essere letti diversamente da lettori che non condividono le medesime tecniche o abitudini intellettuali, che non intrattengono una medesima relazione con lo scritto, che non attribuiscono il medesimo significato o il medesimo valore alla lettura, che non iscrivono nelle medesime convenzioni l'atto di leggere. Quando la lettura è ad alta voce, è quest'ultima che fa emergere il senso del testo, e può trasformarsi, nel caso di lettura collettiva, in una performance, nella quale i lettori diventano ascoltatori. Ma la lettura ad alta voce e collettiva ha la funzione non solo di comunicare il contenuto di uno scritto, ma anche quello di cementare solidarietà di gruppo che nella comune cerimonia della performance si riconoscono. Un altro rapporto che può instaurarsi con il libro è quello di una lettura tutta individuale, intima, che può essere tacita o a fior di labbra: una lettura che, se eseguita con la penna in mano, si effettua all'incrocio di lettura e scrittura, giacché può dar luogo ad escerti, parafrasi, trascrizioni, marginalia. O ancora, il rapporto con il libro può risolversi, soprattutto nel caso di lettori “deboli” e privi di strumenti critici, in una maniera di lettura in superficie, che coglie soltanto i significati più semplici e immediati del testo. Tutto questo vale anche per le pratiche di lettura a Bisanzio: ritrovarne alcune tracce è l'intento di questo contributo.
War Anastasios II. Artemios im justinianischen Heroon bestattet?
Authors: Effenberger Arne 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Im sogenannten Necrologium imperatorum des Chronikon Altinate findet sich folgende Notiz: Mense iunii, primo die, Arthemius, qui et Anastasius dictus est, ex imperio a Theodosio Adramitinum exilatus est in Saloniky, et ipse Theodosius a Leo sabro capite truncatus est, et post tempus modicum allatum est corpus eius ab Chirini Augusta et sepultum est imperaliter in templo Sanctorum Apostolorum, in sacrario Magni Iustiniani, in pila prassino. regnavit ann. .II. - Der Einschub, wonach jener Theodosios, der Anastasios II. Artemios 715 abgesetzt und zur Flucht nach Thessaloniki veranlaßt hatte, durch Leon III. Isauros geköpft worden sei, ist falsch: Hingerichtet wurde, wie wir von Nikephoros wissen, Anastasios zusammen mit dem Erzbischof von Thessaloniki, und zwar am 1. Juni 717 im Kynegion. Hingegen hatte Theodosios III. 717 die Kaiserwürde abgelegt und war Kleriker in Ephesos geworden (s.u.); das Necrologium imperatorum widmet ihm gleichwohl einen eigenen Abschnitt. P. Speck hat zu Recht vermutet, daß die oben zitierte Stelle korrupt ist und hier ein Abschreibfehler vorliegt.
Symphonia und politike Asymphonia. Randgruppen im Rahmen der Gesellschaft der Spätantike
Authors: Karamboula Dimitra 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Antike Idealtypologien sprechen von Gemeinschaft der Bürger (ϰοινωνία πολιτιϰή) und sozialer Harmonie (σνμφωνία), wenn sie über den autarken Staat sprechen, einen Staat, der die Fähigkeit besitzt, seinen Zweck zu erfüllen, d. h. das εν ζην zu ermöglichen. Die Bürgerschaft wird mit einem disziplinierten, gut eingestimmten Chor verglichen. Dion von Prusa lobt die Bürger einer Stadt, da sie eine Kleidung trügen, eine Sprache sprächen und die gleichen Ziele hätten. Diese Vorstellungen von Gleichheit, ισóτης, ισονομια oder ομóνοια spiegeln stets nur eine Idee wider, keinesfalls aber die Lebenswirklichkeit. In der Spätantike sind Personengruppen nachweisbar, die aus bestimmten Gründen nicht so leben konnten, wie dies üblicherweise für erstrebenswert gehalten wurde. Allmähliche Entwurzelung, wirtschaftliche Benachteiligung, falscher Glaube oder Behinderung kennzeichneten Personengruppen, deren Lebensweise von den durchschnittlichen gesellschaftlichen Vorstellungen bzw. Werten und herrschenden Normen abwichen. Indem sie die Normen der Gesellschaft, in der sie lebten, nicht einhielten oder nicht einhalten konnten, waren auf Grund dieser Ablehnung bzw. Unfähigkeit von der Majorität nicht als gleichwertig akzeptiert. Diese diskriminierten, von der Gesellschaft ausgeschlossenen Personengruppen wurden von der Allgemeinheit als andersartig eingestuft. Die beispielsweise durch Krankheiten diskriminierten, diffamierten Personen wurden vom Betreten der Städte abgehalten und sollten sich einerseits Zufluchtsorte für Außenseiter suchen, andererseits wurden sie als benachteiligt, als Außenseiter registriert, und der Anblick ihres Zustandes erweckte Furcht, Hass und Mitleid. Manche wurden in diese randseitige Position hineingeboren (angeborene Defekte), andere erwarben diese Position im Verlauf ihres Lebens. Man denke an die Lepra und an andere Krankheiten oder Unfälle, auch Verstümmelungen, die bewirkten, dass jemand anders aussah oder sich verhielt.
Die Vita Johannes des Sinaiten von Daniel von Raithu. Ein Beitrag zur byzantinischen Hagiographie
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung: Zur Funktion der Vita

Zusammenfassend läßt sich also festhalten, daß Daniel mit seiner Vita weder eine historische Abhandlung im Sinne der biographischen bruta facta, noch eine ausschließlich hagiographisch orientierte Darstellung bieten will, die die Verehrung eines Heiligen begründen helfen soll. Natürlich bemüht sich Daniel um die Darstellung eines Weges zur Gottesschau des Johannes, der ihn dahin geführt hat, auch noch in der Gegenwart seines Biographen Heil zu wirken. Aber es geht noch um mehr.
Die Vita selbst übernimmt die Funktion eines Paradigmas. Hier wird ein Mönchsleben vorgestellt, wie es im Idealfall sein soll. Dabei werden auch die Früchte genannt, die ein solches Mönchsleben hervorbringt.
Geprägt ist ein solches Mönchsleben einerseits durch die (monastische) Tradition. Durch den indirekten Rückbezug des Lebens des Sinaiten auf diese Tradition wird dessen Bedeutung und Heiligkeit besonders hervorgehoben. Andererseits ist die Vita durch das monastische Ideal der Klimax bestimmt, die sie zu veranschaulichen bemüht ist. Die beiden Texte befinden sich also in enger Interdependenz.
Diese Interdependenz dürfte zweierlei Absicht dienen: Zum einen der Zusammenfassung und dem Überblick, wie Daniel im letzten Satz der Vita selber hervorhebt. Zum anderen aber auch als Erweis von der Umsetzbarkeit. Stark elementarisierend macht die Vita deutlich, daß alles folgende wirklich umsetzbar ist, daß der Autor der Klimax das, was er in seiner Programmschrift fordert, auch selbst gelebt hat.
Darüberhinaus hat die Vita noch eine letzte, zentrale Funktion: Sie autorisiert die Klimax gleichermaßen. Der Autor der folgenden Schrift ist eben nicht irgendein beliebiger Mönchsschriftsteller. Er wird vielmehr als zweiter, den ersten noch überbietender Moses dargestellt. Dieser Moses, der sich mühsam auf seine Gottesschau vorbereitet hat, der hat den folgenden Text gegeben. Durch die Schilderung des Lebens und der Taten seines Autors gewinnt der nun folgende Text der Klimax somit noch einmal eine besondere Bedeutung.