bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighboring Group Participation in Solvolysis. VII. Trifluoroacetolysis of ω-Phenylalkyl 6-Methyl-2-naphthalenesulfonates
Authors: Ando Takashi , Yamawaki Junko , Saito Yoshimasa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The tide compounds, Ph(CH2)nOMns (n=2–6), were solvolyzed in buffered trifluoroacetic acid in order to elucidate the effect of a phenyl group at a remote position on the reactivity and the course of the reaction. The reactivities varied remarkably with the length of the alkyl chain(n); 2&gt;&gt;3&lt;&lt;4&gt;5&gt;6. The rate enhancement was attributed to anchimeric assistance by a remote phenyl group, and the rate depression to the electron-withdrawing inductive effect of a phenyl group. Studies on reaction products revealed that in trifluoroacetolysis of 4-phenylbutyl menasylate (n=4) the only pathway to take place is the one with δ-phenyl participation, and that even for 5-phenylpentyl menasylate (n=5) 12% of the reaction proceeds via ε-phenyl participation.
Dizirconium Trioxide Sulfate—Zr2O3SO4
Authors: Jere G V , Raman V , Santhamma M T 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dizirconium trioxide sulfate Zr2O3SO4 has been isolated and characterised. It is obtained as a thermally degraded product of peroxosulfatozirconium(IV) complex, Zr2(O2)3SO4·8–10H2O, around 400–500 °C. It contains zirconium, oxide oxygen and sulfate in its lattice.
The Crystal and Molecular Structures of Three (Acetylacetonato)organoantimony(V) Compounds, [(acac)RnSbX4−n]
Authors: Kanehisa Nobuko , Onuma Kenichi , Uda Shinzo , Hirabayashi Kiyoshi , Kai Yasushi , Yasuoka Noritake , Kasai Nobutami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
X-Ray crystal structure analyses of three (acetylacetonato)organoantimony(V) compounds have been conducted. Crystals of [(acac)MeSbCl3] belong to the tetragonal system: a=13.865(1), c=24.935(5) Å, space group I41/a with Z=16. [(acac)Me2SbBr2] forms monoclinic crystals: a=9.247(1), b=7.695(1), c=9.104(1) Å, β=106.94(1)°, space group P21/m with Z=2. Crystals of [(acac)Ph2SbCl2] (high-melting point form) belong to the monoclinic system: a=14.733(11), b=7.541(1), c=16.014(13) Å, β=92.66(1)°, space group P21/c with Z=4. All structures have been elucidated by the heavy atom method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares procedure. Through the three compounds, the antimony atoms have a slightly distorted octahedral geometry with substituents on apical positions, slightly bent towards the planar acetylacetonato groups.
Branched-chain Sugars. II. Synthesis of Methyl 5-Deoxy-3-C-hydroxymethyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-Dl-lyxo-furanoside (Dihydrostreptose) and Ribofuranoside Derivatives
Authors: Kinoshita Takamasa , Miwa Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compounds, methyl 5-deoxy-3-C-hydroxymethyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-Dl-lyxo-furanoside, and ribofuranoside derivatives were conveniently synthesized via the Birch reduction of 2-methyl-3-furoic acid, and the latter was identified with the sample prepared from d-xylose.
The Application of a Modified Dubinin-Radushkevich Equation to Adsorption on Active Carbon with Heterogeneous Micropore Systems
Authors: Tsunoda Ryoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Dubinin-Radushkevich plots of active carbons, curved concavely for a high value of log2P0⁄P, on methanol adsorption at 30 °C have been characterized by using a modified Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, i.e.:
V=CV0exp[−B0A2]exp[A4Δ2⁄2][1−erf(X)]⁄2,
where erf(X) is the error function, A=RT 1n P0⁄P, V0 is the micropore volume, C is the correcting coefficient for fitting the equation to the experimental data, and X=(A2−B0⁄Δ2)Δ⁄\sqrt2, with B0 being the average value of a measure of the micropore size and Δ, the heterogeneity parameter of the micropore size. The significance of the equation was discussed, and it was shown that the equation can describe the heterogeneous micropore systems of active carbons with suitable parameters.
Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of N-Nitroso-2-pyrrolidinemethanol
Authors: Hasebe Kiyoshi , Osteryoung Janet G 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The pulse polarographic behavior of a new N-nitroso compound, N-nitroso-2-pyrrolidinemethanol, in buffered solutions has been studied. The effects of temperature, mercury pressure, modulation amplitude, surfactant concentration and solvent, and supporting electrolyte have been investigated. The reduction process is complicated and pH-dependent. In acid solutions, N-nitroso-2-pyrrolidinemethanol gives one irreversible reduction wave over a wide pH range below 7. The reduction of the N-nitroso compound is diffusion-controlled in d.c. and of normal pulse polarographic modes. In basic solutions, the reduction is also diffusion-controlled. The 10−7 mol dm−3 content of N-nitroso-2-pyrrolidinemethanol has been determined.
Use of Ion Microanalyzer in the Analysis of Passive Layers on Stainless Steel
Authors: Okajima Yoshiaki , Aizawa Yukiyoshi , Sugawara Yasushi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Passive layers on various stainless steels were studied with an ion microanalyzer. An argon ion beam was directed on the specimen surface in an oxygen atmosphere. The use of oxygen atmosphere effectively minimized the difference in ion yields of the elements in the oxidized layers and matrices, making it possible to determine these elements with good reproducibility. 18% Cr–8% Ni and 18% Cr–8% Ni–0.4% Ti stainless steel was exposed to neutral water containing 8 ppm oxygen at 289 °C. The passive layers contained larger amounts of iron and smaller amounts of chromium than the matrices.
Studies on the Ammonium Form of Crystalline Zirconium Phosphate. II. Ammonium–Lithium Ion-exchange Isotherms
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshitsugu , Komiyama Yoshimitsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ion-exchange isotherms for the NH4+–Li+ system on crystalline zirconium phosphate have been determined at 25 °C, and the structural change and water content of the exchanger have also been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The isotherms showed that the ion-exchange reaction took place in one stage, that is, the ammonium-form was converted into the lithium-form in the forward process, and vice versa in the reverse process. However, the results of X-ray diffractometry indicated that the ion-exchange reactions proceeded in three stages in each direction. The isotherms also showed a hysteresis loop. This phenomenon can be ascribed to the difference in the water content of the exchangers, because the X-ray powder patterns of the exchanger phases were essentially identical at similar ionic mole fraction of lithium ion in the exchangers of the two processes.
Trimethylenediamine Complexes. V. Preparative and Kinetic Studies on the Reactions of (Ethylenediamine)tetranitro- and Tetranitro(trimethylenediamine)-cobaltates(III) with Several Nucleophiles
Authors: Ito Yoshiaki , Kawaguchi Shinichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Substitution reactions of a nitrite ligand in Co(NO2)4(en or tn)− with NH3, py, N3−, and NCS− have been investigated. The product trinitro complexes were isolated and their geometrical structures were assigned on the basis of NMR data. The preparation method for the two conformational isomers of mer-Co(NO2)3NH3(en) was established. The kinetic data of substitution with azide were analyzed according to the D mechanism. The relative nucleophilicity of ligands towards Co(NO2)3(AA) is in the order: OH−&gt;&gt;N3−&gt;NO2−, CH3COO−, NCS−&gt;&gt;H2O&gt;Cl−, I−. Dinitro complexes, [Co(NO2)2(phen)(en or tn)]NO2·H2O and K[Co(NO2)2(ox)(tn)] were also prepared.
Studies on Mixed Valence Complexes of Platinum and Palladium. I. Preparation and Characterization of Pt(II)–Pt(IV), Pd(II)–Pt(IV), and Pd(II)–Pd(IV) Complexes of the General Formula, [M(AA)2][M′X2(AA)2]Y4
Authors: Matsumoto Naohide , Yamashita Masahiro , Kida Sigeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A series of deeply colored mixed valence complexes of the general formula [M(AA)2][M′X2(AA)2]Y4 were prepared and characterized, where M–M′=Pt(II)–Pt(IV), Pd(II)–Pt(IV), and Pd(II)–Pd(IV); (AA)=ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, and trimethylenediamine; X=Cl, Br, and I; Y=ClO4, BF4. The relationships between the reflection spectra and the nature of the constituents (X, (AA), Y and M–M′) of the compounds were studied. The value of \barνmax of the main absorption band in the visible region decreases in the order: Cl→Br→I, pn→tn→en, ClO4→BF4, Pd(II)–Pt(IV)→Pt(II)–Pt(IV)→Pd(II)–Pd(IV). On the basis of dichroism of the crystals, it can be predicted that the X–M′(IV)–X…M(II) atoms in these complexes are arrayed in a straight line parallel to the crystal needle.
Conformational Analysis of Some Benzyl t-Butyl Sulfoxides by Measurement of Their Dipole Moments
Authors: Hirota Minoru , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Nishio Motohiro , Nishihata Ken 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Favored conformations of benzyl t-butyl sulfoxides and their α-methyl derivatives in solutions were determined from their dipole moments and compared with those in crystals.
The Effect of Leaving Group Orientation on Solvolytic Cope Rearrangements. A Study of exo-Tricyclo[4.4.1.12,5]dodeca-3,7,9-trien-11-yl Tosylates and Derivatives
Authors: Itô Shô , Itoh Isamu , Fujise Yutaka , Nakatsu Tetsuo , Senkler C A , Schleyer P v R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Synthesis and solvolytic behavior of derivatives of the highly hindered title compounds are described, exo-Tricyclo[4.4.1.12,5]dodeca-3,7,9-trien-syn-yl tosylate (syn-18-OTs) and the corresponding perhydro derivative, syn-23-OTs, solvolyze at rates that are in reasonable agreement with those predicted by Foote-Schleyer calculations.syn-18-OTs, and its dihydro derivatives, syn-19-OTs and syn-20-OTs, give completely rearranged products on solvolysis in acetic acid and 75% dioxane, 80% acetone, and 75% dioxane, respectively (Table 2). These products can be explained by normal cationic rearrangements, probably occurring after ionization. On the other hand, anti-18-OTs and anti-23-OTs solvolyze at rates ca. 102 times slower than those predicted by Foote-Schleyer calculations. Presumably the anti derivatives of 18-OTs, 20-OTs, 23-OTs, and the tetrahydro tosylate (22-OTs) suffer steric hindrance to ionization. Product formation from anti-18-OTs (Table 3) and anti-19-OTs in acetic acid and 75% dioxane, respectively, is explained as a [3s+3s] sigmatropic shift induced by ionization, with formation of an allylic ion providing the driving force for rearrangement.
A Remarkable Solvent Effect on the Reductive Silylation of Carboxylic Esters. Preparation of 1,1-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-alkanols
Authors: Kuwajima Isao , Minami Naoki , Abe Toru , Sato Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1,1-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-alkanols were obtained in good yields when ethyl esters of the corresponding carboxylic acids were treated with sodium suspension and chlorotrimethylsilane in refluxing tetrahydrofuran followed by acidic hydrolysis.
Synthesis of Merocyanine Dyes
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Abdu E , Khalil Zarif H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
New 1-ethyl-2-[(2-substituted 3-oxoisoindolin-1-ylidene)methyl]-pyridinium or quinolinium iodide merocyanine dyes were obtained by the reaction of 2-methyl quaternary salts with N-substituted phthalimide in the presence of piperidine. 1-Ethyl-2-[(1-substituted 5-oxo-3-pyrrolin-2-ylidene)methyl] quinolinium iodide merocyanines were also prepared. Structural configuration of the synthesised compounds was confirmed by IR and UV spectral determination. 1-Ethyl-2-[[3-oxo-2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)isoindolin-1-ylidene]methyl]quinolinium iodide has high bactericidal activity againsist E.Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Staphylococcus Albas.
The Ring Transformation of Tetrahydrofuran into 1-Propylpyrrolidine over Y-Zeolites
Authors: Hatada Kou , Fujita Katsuhiro , Ono Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic activities of Y-zeolites for the synthesis of 1-propylpyrrolidine from tetrahydrofuran and propylamine were examined. Aluminum cation exchanged zeolite was found most active, 65% yield of 1-propylpyrrolidine being attained at 360 °C. The kinetics of the reaction was examined and the reaction mechanism suggested.
Catalytic Activities of Salicylaldehyde Derivatives. VI. Syntheses of Some Dimethylsulfonio Derivatives of Salicylaldehyde
Authors: Ando Makoto , Emoto Sakae 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-, 4-, and 5-dimethylsulfonio derivatives of salicylaldehyde have been prepared from the corresponding 6-, 5-, and 4-bromo-2-methylanisoles via the bromo-2-methoxybenzylidene dibromides, bromo-o-anisaldehyde diethyl acetals, methylthio-o-anisaldehydes, and (methylthio)salicylaldehydes. 4-Methylthio-o-anisaldehyde has also been prepared from 2-bromo-5-(methylthio)anisole.
Catalytic Activities of Salicylaldehyde Derivatives. VII. Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of (2-Formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl)dimethylsulfonium Salt in the Racemization of l-Glutamic Acid
Authors: Ando Makoto , Emoto Sakae 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compound (1) was prepared from 6-nitro-o-anisidine via 2-bromo-m-anisidine, 2-bromo-3-(methylthio)anisole, 6-methylthio-o-anislaldehyde, and 6-(methylthio)salicylaldehyde. Compound 1 was found to be the most inactive catalyst among the dimethylsulfonio derivatives of salicylaldehyde, but the most active catalyst among the other salicylaldehyde derivatives examined in the racemization of l-glutamic acid at pH 10 and at 80 °C in the presence of copper(II) ion in the initial stage of the reaction.
Infrared Spectra of 13C-Labelled Diphenylcyclopropenone and Related Derivatives
Authors: Takehira Yoshikazu , Toda Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The infrared spectra of diphenylcyclopropenone-1-13C, its hydrate, 3-dicyanomethylene-1,2-diphenyl-1-cyclopropene-3-13C, and 4-(2,3-diphenylcyclopropenylidene)-2-(diphenylmethylene)-1,3-cyclobutanedione-1′-13C were studied.
A Photoreaction of 4-Nitrophenylnitromethane in a Micellar System
Authors: Yamada Kazutoshi , Shigehiro Kiyoshi , Kiyozuka Toyohiko , Iida Hirotada 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoconversion of 4-nitrophenylnitormethane into 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in an ethanol–water system was found to proceed by an intramolecular rearrangement of oxygen of adjacent nitro group. Cationic surfactant increased the quantum yield of this photorearrangement by a factor of 20, but β-cyclodextrin decreased it.
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Anthracenecarboxylic Acids. I. 9-Anthroic Acid and Formation of Excimer
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Fujii Tsuneo , Yoshiike Nobuyuki , Komatsu Shigeru , Iida Toshiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The absorption spectra of 9-anthroic acid (9-anthracenecarboxylic acid) in ethanol have been measured as a function of solute concentration. It was revealed that 9-anthroic acid forms a hydrogen-bonded dimer. The equilibrium constant for dimer formation was determined to be 6.6×104 mol−1 1 in ethanol at 298 K. The fluorescence spectra of 9-anthroic acid have been investigated as a function of concentration and temperature in various solvents. An excimer mechanism was proposed for a broad fluorescence of 9-anthroic acid; the hydrogen-bonded dimer is excited and then associates with an unexcited hydrogen-bonded dimer to form an excited tetramer from which the broad fluorescence occurs.
Some Derivatives of Anhydrodiacetyldelcosine (Anhydrodiacetyllucaconine)
Authors: Amiya Takashi , Kanaiwa Yoshio , Nakano Naomi , Shima Takeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
On the basis of the structure of delcosine (lucaconine), a diterpene alkaloid, the structures of anhydrodiacetyldelcosine and dihydroanhydrodiacetyldelcosine have previously been established. Some reactions of these compounds and their derivatives are described, and the reaction products are shown.
The Absolute Rate Constants of Reaction of Hydrogen Atoms with Several Olefins
Authors: Ishikawa Yo-ichi , Yamabe Masaki , Noda Akihiko , Sato Shin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using the techniques of pulse-radiolysis and of the absorption of Lyman-α radiation by hydrogen atoms, the absolute rate constants of reaction of hydrogen atoms with several olefins have been measured at room temperature.
Olefin k⁄10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1
Ethylene 1.1±0.1
Propylene 1.7±0.1
1-Butene 2.0±0.5
trans-2-Butene 1.1±0.2
cis-2-Butene 1.0±0.1
2-Methyl-1-propene 5.2±0.6
2-Methyl-2-butene 2.4±0.3
These rate constants were invariant over hydrogen pressures ranging from 200 to 1200 Torr.
Far-infrared Absorption Intensities and the Dipole Moments of Some Molecules in Solutions
Authors: Sato Kimihiro , Ohkubo Yusei , Moritsu Tadaharu , Ikawa Shun-ichi , Kimura Masao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The integrated intensities of the far-infrared absorptions of CH3I, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH3CN, and their deuterated compounds in dilute solutions have been measured. They can be well explained by the rotational motion of the molecules with the dipole moments enlarged by Onsager’s reaction field.
Raman Studies of Complex Ions in ThCl4–KCl Melt Using Raman Bands Shifts
Authors: Yoshida Susumu , Oyamada Ryozo , Kawamura Kazutaka 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Raman spectra of solid and molten ThCl4–KCl system were observed and the structure change of ThCl4 on melting from the octa-coordinate body-centered tetragonal type, D4h, to the tetra-coordinate tetrahedron type, Td, was studied. The decrease in frequency of the symmetric stretching vibration ν1 with decrasing ThCl4 concentration for molten ThCl4–KCl is interpreted as due to the presence of ThCl4, ThCl5−, and ThCl73− complexes in the molten ThCl4–KCl mixture. Such a compositional dependence for ν1 appears to support the idea that, for a decrease in the ThCl4 concentration in molten ThCl4–KCl mixtures, the bond strength between the thorium and chloride ions decreases and the number of chloride ions around the thorium ion increases from 4 to 7.
Studies on the Aqueous Solutions of Guanidinium Salts. VII. Activity Coefficients and Partial Molar Volumes for Guanidinium Salts with Hydrophobic Counter Anions in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Miyajima Koichiro , Yoshida Hiromitsu , Nakagaki Masayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mean activity coefficients (γ±) and partial molar volumes of guanidinium salts with hydrophobic counter anions were measured by isopiestic comparison method and densitometry, respectively. The values of γ± were low and the order of γ± values found to be acetate&gt;propionate&gt;benzoate. The bv values from the Redlich-Rosenfeld’s equation were slightly positive at 15 and 25 °C, and decreased with increased temperature. These results were interpreted in terms of the unique structure breaking action of guanidinium ions and the interionic interactions.
Studies of Zone Melting. IV. The Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient of the Bibenzyl–Stilbene System
Authors: Nojima Hidemoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Determinations of the equilibrium distribution coefficients of stilbene in bibenzyl by the zone-melting method were performed by using the theory proposed by Burton and his co-workers from the effective distribution coefficients, which were measured at various zone travel rates (0.73, 0.98, 1.16, and 1.47 cm/h) on five samples of bibenzyl containing 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt % of stilbene. Also, the equilibrium distribution coefficient independent of the concentration was obtained as 5.08 by the extrapolation of the equilibrium distribution coefficient vs. the concentration plots to zero concentration. The validity of the obtained results is discussed by a comparison of the values estimated individually by two other methods: the equilibrium distribution coefficient (5.23) determined from the phase diagram of the bibenzyl–stilbene system, and that (5.08) calculated thermodynamically.
The Crystal and Molecular Structures of (SR⁄RS)- and (SS⁄RR)-Dimethyl 2-(p-Tolylsulfinyl)-1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate
Authors: Iwasaki Fujiko , Mitamura Shuichi , Tsuchihashi Gen-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structures of two diastereomers of dimethyl 2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)-1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate have been determined by the X-ray diffraction method. The configurations of these isomers have been elucidated to be (SR⁄RS) (A) and (SS⁄RR) (B). Crystals of A are monoclinic; the space group P21/c; a=9.557 (2), b=18.400 (5), c=8.277 (2) Å, β=98.52 (2)°, and Z=4. Those of B are triclinic; the space group P\bar1; a=6.442 (3), b=18.243 (8), c=6.554 (2) Å, α=90.59 (4), β=99.03 (5), γ=103.12 (4)°, and Z=2. The structures were solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method. The final R values were 0.063 for A and 0.050 for B respectively. Based on the established configurations and conformations of these isomers, a mechanism which involves the preferential formation of one of two diastereomers by the Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to 1-bromovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxide under specified reaction conditions is proposed.
The Phosphate on the Iron Core of Horse Spleen Ferritin as Studied by a 1H NMR Probe Method
Authors: Imai Noboru , Terada Haruo , Arata Yoji , Fujiwara Shizuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Glycylglycylglycylglycine and tetramethylammonium chloride have been used as 1H NMR probes to study the state and role of the phosphate on the surface of the iron core of ferritin. 1H NMR signals of the probe molecules in a ferritin solution do not show any observable paramagnetic shift, and the linewidths are very small compared to an aqueous iron(III) solution which contains the same amount of iron. Iron of ferritin is markedly different from that of aqueous iron(III), but quite resembles that of synthetic iron polymer. It has been shown that the parameter k, which is the linewidth for the NMR probe divided by the concentration of iron, is dependent on the content of the phosphorus in ferritin. The k value for glycylglycylglycylglycine has a maximum in the physiological pH range 6–7, whereas that for tertramethylammonium chloride in which the charge does not change in the whole pH range gives a sigmoidal curve. From the pH dependence of the k values for tetramethylammonium chloride, the pKa value of the phosphate group on the surface of the iron core has been estimated at 7.0±0.2.
New Palladium(II) Carbene Complexes Containing a Cyclometallated Aryl Group
Authors: Hiraki Katsuma , Onishi Masayoshi , Sewaki Kiyoshi , Sugino Keiichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
New carbene complexes of (acetophenone oxime, 2-C,N)chloro(1,3-diphenylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)palladium(II) (1), (benzophenone oxime, 2-C,N)chloro(1,3-diphenylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)palladium(II) (2), and chloro(N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, 2-C,N)(1,3-diphenylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)palladium(II) (3) have been prepared by reactions between dimeric cyclopalladated complexes and 1,1′,3,3′-tetraphenyl-2,2′-biimidazolidinylidene. Chlorine atoms were shown to be situated at the trans position to the aryl-palladium σ bond on the basis of IR spectra. These carbene complexes underwent halogen metathesis with LiBr to yield the corresponding bromo derivatives. Triphenylphosphine displaced the chlorine atom in 1, 2, and 3, converting each to a cationic carbene complex, in which the nitrogen donor of cyclopalladation moiety remained coordinated to palladium.