bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of degraded papers by non‐destructive spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Bicchieri Marina , Sodo Armida , Piantanida Giovanna , Coluzza Carlo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractScientific approach to cultural heritage conservation is very important for cultural reasons and also in order to avoid mistakes in restoration work. Acidity and oxidation play a very important role in paper conservation. Deacidification is a widely used method to remove acidity on aged papers, but if a large amount of carbonyl groups is present in the paper, a strong deacidification can promote an alkali‐catalysed β‐alkoxy elimination, leading to the breaking of the anhydroglucose ring in the cellulose chain.In this case, and also in the case of non‐acidic but oxidised papers, a reduction treatment is necessary. Because of the high costs of restoration procedures, it is essential to determine whether the reduction treatment is a primary need.In this work we report a study, based on micron‐scale space resolved Raman microscopy, infrared reflectance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, of differently degraded samples of paper.Non‐treated and oxidised samples were investigated, as well as original ancient documents.The aim of this work is to achieve a better understanding of the degradation pattern of historical samples in order to be able to choose the most appropriate restoration treatment using non‐destructive spectroscopic techniques.Analysis of the samples demonstrates that degradation processes occur mainly on fibrils and on the fibre wall, as shown also by atomic force microscopy measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro validation of a mobile Raman–XRF micro‐analytical instrument's capabilities on the diagnosis of Byzantine icons
Authors: Andrikopoulos K. S. , Daniilia Sister , Roussel B. , Janssens K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new mobile instrumentation that takes advantage of the simultaneous utilisation of two micro‐analytical techniques (Raman and XRF) has already been effected within the PRAXIS European project (Competitive and Sustainable growth programme, PRAXIS: A portable Raman–X‐Ray instrument. No G6RD‐CT‐2001‐00602). The instrument permits structural characterisation of the pigments incorporated in a painting under study by evaluation of the Raman spectra together with elemental analysis of the same materials provided by XRF spectra. Although direct structural characterisation with great specificity is directly accomplished by Raman spectroscopy, the signal is often masked by strong fluorescence, a fact that imposes time consumption. On the other hand, the average signal offered by XRF over larger volumes enables unique information to be obtained from invisible under‐layers. Moreover, the detection of trace elements by XRF, not influencing the Raman spectra, renders the characterisation of painting materials more comprehensive. Validation of the instrument's in situ and non‐destructive capabilities was performed after its in vitro application on an experimental icon (painted with traditional Byzantine techniques). The data acquired by the two techniques from the same spots on the painting offer complementary results, which enable the identification of almost all pigments even in the case of over‐painted art objects. Finally, the instrument's abilities on the identification of materials on specimen's cross sections are revealed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of Cellulite with optical devices: An overview with practical considerations
Authors: Alster Tina S. , Tehrani Mahsa 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCellulite is a common condition in women for which treatment is frequently requested. Its etiology is unknown, but a myriad of factors including genetics, hormones, and inflammation appear to contribute to its formation. Despite the popularity of therapies touting their effectiveness for this pervasive condition, few have proven long‐lasting benefits. Lasers and light sources are the latest devices to have entered the cellulite therapeutic market. This paper describes these optical devices and provides an overview of their published effectiveness. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:727–730, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel Biodegradable Cationic Dendrimers
Authors: Lee Jin‐Seong , Huh June , Ahn Cheol‐Hee , Lee Minhyung , Park Tae Gwan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Dendrons and dendrimers with cationic amino groups at their periphery were successfully synthesized up to the third and second generation, respectively. The results obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography analysis supported the formation of the targeted dendrons and dendrimers. The dendrons were grown via ester linkages, which endowed them with biodegradability in D2O at 37 °C. The degradation rate depends upon the steric hindrance and reactivity caused by the bulkiness and compact structure of the dendrons. All of the synthesized dendrons were degraded within a month, while 60% of the ester groups in the sterically crowded dendrimers were degraded over the same time period. The cytotoxicity of the dendrons was evaluated by the MTT assay on a 293T cell line which indicated that the obtained dendrons were completely non‐toxic. These non‐toxic, biodegradable cationic dendrons and dendrimers are believed to have potential applications in the biomedical field.Synthetic procedure of dendrons and dendrimers.magnified imageSynthetic procedure of dendrons and dendrimers.
External anal sphincter contraction during cough: Not a simple spinal reflex
Authors: Deffieux Xavier , Raibaut Patrick , Rene‐Corail Patrick , Katz Rose , Perrigot Michel , Ismael Samer Sheikh , Thoumie Philippe , Amarenco Gérard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAims:To assess whether the anal contraction during voluntary coughing is a simple spinal reflex‐mediated activity or not. To address this question we studied the external intercostal (EIC) muscle activity and external anal sphincter (EAS) response to cough.Materials and Methods:Electromyographic recordings were made from pre‐gelled disposable surface electrodes. EAS electromyographic recordings were made from the EAS of the pelvic floor in 15 continent women all suffering from urgency and/or frequency without urge or stress urinary incontinence, and referred for urodynamic investigation. Electromyographic signal was immediately integrated (EMGi). The abdominal pressure was recorded with bladder and rectal pressure. EAS EMGi was recorded during successive voluntary cough. In three women, we have also recorded EIC EMGi activity since it is synchronous with diaphragmatic EMG activity during cough initiation.Results:In all subjects, EAS EMGi activity precedes the onset of the abdominal pressure increase. The mean latency of EAS EMGi was 615 msec (±278). In the three subjects whose EMGi activity was recorded both on EAS and EIC, the onset of EAS EMGi activity occurred before the EIC EMGi activity (latency ranging from 40 to 780 msec) and before the increase in the abdominal pressure.Conclusions:The present study suggests that during coughing, EAS EMG activity increases before external intercostal muscle EMGi activity. The contraction of the EAS preceding the activation of muscles involved in coughing indicates that this response is not a result of a simple spinal reflex, but more likely the result of a more intricate reflex involving complex integrative centers. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:782–787, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of UV‐curable ZnO/polymer nanocomposite films
Authors: Lü Na , Lü Xiaodan , Jin Xin , Lü Changli 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of novel nano‐ZnO/polymer composite films with different ZnO contents was prepared through incorporation of pre‐made colloidal ZnO particles into monomer mixtures of urethane‐methacrylate oligomer and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, followed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐initiated polymerization. The colloidal ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of 3–5 nm were synthesized from zinc acetate and lithium hydroxide in ethanol via a wet chemical method. In order to stabilize and immobilize the ZnO particles into the polymer matrix, the ZnO nanoparticles were further capped using 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Thermogravimetric analyses show that the ZnO nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the polymer matrix and these ZnO/polymer composites have a good thermal stability. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicate the ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polymer and they remained at the original size (3–5 nm) before immobilization. All nanocomposite films with ZnO particle contents from 1 to 15 wt% show good transparency in the visible region and luminescent properties. In addition, composite films with high ZnO content (>7 wt%) are able to absorb UV irradiation below 350 nm, indicating that these composite films exhibit good UV screening effects. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization conditions for styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate in an automated parallel synthesizer
Authors: Becer C. Remzi , Paulus Renzo M. , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAutomated parallel synthesizers provide fast and comparable screening of different polymerization parameters under similar conditions. In addition, these robotic systems eliminate handling errors, which may affect the results of a kinetic experiment more than the effect of an important parameter. The polymerization temperature and N,N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐[1′‐diethylphosphono‐2,2′‐dimethylpropyl]nitroxide concentration were optimized for the homopolymerization of both styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate to improve the control over the polymerization while reasonable polymerization rates were retained. Subsequently, polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) macro initiators were synthesized according to the knowledge obtained from the screening results. These macroinitiators were used for the preparation of block copolymers consisting of styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6202–6213, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyamides bearing crown ethers and acyclic ethylene oxide units in the pendant structure. III. Benzo‐18‐crown‐6 systems and their open‐chain counterparts
Authors: Calderón Verónica , Schwarz Gert , García Félix , Tapia María J. , Valente Artur J. M. , Burrows Hugh D. , García José Miguel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report the synthesis and characterization of 10 novel polyamides containing the benzo‐18‐crown‐6 subunit and its dipodal counterpart, along with their properties, and a comparison with homologous polyamides bearing benzo‐12‐crown‐4, benzo‐15‐crown‐5, and the corresponding dipodal systems. The anomalous polymerization of some of the diacid monomers, that leads to insoluble gels under standard Yamazaki polymerization conditions, is described. The gel formation has been attributed to the threading of cyclic oligoamides with a growing polyamide chain to yield rotaxanes, polyrotaxanes, catenanes, or polycatenanes. Polyamide macrocycles have been characterized with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. A route to avoid gel formation, consisting of a lower initial monomer concentration, is also described, along with the polymer properties of the polyamides obtained, including the chemical characterization, mechanical behavior, water sorption, morphology, diffusion data, and permeability of membranes prepared with these polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6252–6269, 2006
Comparison of carbon monoxide (CO) single breath pulmonary diffusing capacity with non‐rebreathing, open‐circuit CO pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy children
Authors: Suman Oscar E. , Thomas Suchmor , Beck Kenneth C. , Mlcak Ronald P. , Herndon David N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe standard technique for assessing pulmonary diffusing capacity of the lungs (DL) for carbon monoxide (CO) is the single breath (SB) technique. SB_DLco in children can be problematic because it requires a vital capacity >1.5 L. We have developed an open‐circuit technique (OC), which uses the wash‐in of CO over a series of 8–10 normal breaths that does not require rebreathing. In this study, we compared the SB_DLco against the OC_DLco.MethodsNineteen healthy children between 7 and 18 years performed SB_DLco and OC_DLco tests. The mean SB_DLco was significantly larger than the mean OC_DLco. The mean difference OC_DLco minus SB_ DLco was: −2.92 ± 4.21 ml/min/mm Hg, though the difference was negatively correlated with the mean of the two (r = 0.73). The lower mean OC_DLco was in part due to lower lung volume (as measured by alveolar volume (VA)) during the maneuver. In both groups there was a positive correlation between VA and DLco, and the mean VA was −2.17 ± 1.07 L lower using OC compared to SB. The difference was again negatively correlated with the mean (r = 0.82). The mean OC minus SB difference in DLco/VA was: 6.06 ± 1.98 ml/min/mm Hg/L, though this difference was positively correlated with the mean, r = 0.76.ConclusionsWe found a good correlation between both techniques for DLco, VA, and DLco/VA. The OC offers the advantage of minimal subject cooperation, and may be preferable to use in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1095–1102. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic and structural properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase from the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Chao Ti‐Chun , Huang Haimei , Tsai Jia‐Yin , Huang Chung‐Yu , Sun Yuh‐Ju 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to orthophosphate (Pi) and controls the level of PPi in cells. PPase plays an essential role in energy conservation and provides the energy for many biosynthetic pathways. The Helicobacter pylori pyrophosphatase (HpPPase) gene was cloned, expressed, purified, and found to have a molecular weight of 20 kDa. The Km and V
max of HpPPase were determined as 214.4 μM and 594 μmol Pi min−1 mg−1, respectively. PPi binds Mg2+ to form a true substrate that activates the enzyme. However, free PPi could be a potent inhibitor for HpPPase. The effects of the inhibitors NaF, ATP, iminodiphosphate, and N‐ethylmaleimide on HpPPase activity were evaluated. NaF showed the highest inhibition of the enzyme. Crystal structures of HpPPase and the PPi‐HpPPase complex were determined. HpPPase comprises three α‐helices and nine β‐strands and folds as a barrel structure. HpPPase forms a hexamer in both the solution and crystal states, and each monomer has its own PPi‐binding site. The PPi binding does not cause a significant conformational change in the PPi‐HpPPase complex, which might represent an inhibition state for HpPPase in the absence of a divalent metal ion. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural dynamics of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier revealed by molecular dynamics simulation studies
Authors: Falconi M. , Chillemi G. , Di Marino D. , D'Annessa I. , Morozzo della Rocca B. , Palmieri L. , Desideri A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate (ADP/ATP) carrier has been recently crystallized in complex with its specific inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR). In the crystal structure, the six‐transmembrane helix bundle that defines the nucleotide translocation pathway is closed on the matrix side due to sharp kinks in the odd‐numbered helices. The closed conformation is further sealed by the loops protruding into the matrix that interact through an intricate network of charge‐pairs. To gain insight into its structural dynamics we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of the ADP/ATP carrier with and without its cocrystallized inhibitor. The two trajectories sampled a conformational space around two different configurations characterized by distinct salt‐bridge networks with a significant shift from inter‐ to intrarepeat bonding on the matrix side in the absence of CATR. Analysis of the geometrical parameters defining the transmembrane helices showed that even‐numbered helices can undergo a face rotation, whereas odd‐numbered helices can undergo a change in the wobble angle with a conserved proline acting as molecular hinge. Our results provide new information on the dynamical properties of the ADP/ATP carrier and for the first time yield a detailed picture of a stable carrier conformation in absence of the inhibitor. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative structural analysis of a novel glutathioneS‐transferase (ATU5508) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens at 2.0 Å resolution
Authors: Kosloff Mickey , Han Gye Won , Krishna S. Sri , Schwarzenbacher Robert , Fasnacht Marc , Elsliger Marc‐André , Abdubek Polat , Agarwalla Sanjay , Ambing Eileen , Astakhova Tamara , Axelrod Herbert L. , Canaves Jaume M. , Carlton Dennis , Chiu Hsiu‐Ju , Clayton Thomas , DiDonato Michael , Duan Lian , Feuerhelm Julie , Grittini Carina , Grzechnik Slawomir K. , Hale Joanna , Hampton Eric , Haugen Justin , Jaroszewski Lukasz , Jin Kevin K. , Johnson Hope , Klock Heath E. , Knuth Mark W. , Koesema Eric , Kreusch Andreas , Kuhn Peter , Levin Inna , McMullan Daniel , Miller Mitchell D. , Morse Andrew T. , Moy Kin , Nigoghossian Edward , Okach Linda , Oommachen Silvya , Page Rebecca , Paulsen Jessica , Quijano Kevin , Reyes Ron , Rife Christopher L. , Sims Eric , Spraggon Glen , Sridhar Vandana , Stevens Raymond C. , van den Bedem Henry , Velasquez Jeff , White Aprilfawn , Wolf Guenter , Xu Qingping , Hodgson Keith O. , Wooley John , Deacon Ashley M. , Godzik Adam , Lesley Scott A. , Wilson Ian A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGlutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) comprise a diverse superfamily of enzymes found in organisms from all kingdoms of life. GSTs are involved in diverse processes, notably small‐molecule biosynthesis or detoxification, and are frequently also used in protein engineering studies or as biotechnology tools. Here, we report the high‐resolution X‐ray structure of Atu5508 from the pathogenic soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (atGST1). Through use of comparative sequence and structural analysis of the GST superfamily, we identified local sequence and structural signatures, which allowed us to distinguish between different GST classes. This approach enables GST classification based on structure, without requiring additional biochemical or immunological data. Consequently, analysis of the atGST1 crystal structure suggests a new GST class, distinct from previously characterized GSTs, which would make it an attractive target for further biochemical studies. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rot in sugar beet
Authors: Larson Rebecca L , Hill Amy L , Fenwick Ann , Kniss Andrew R , Hanson Linda E , Miller Stephen D 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study tests the effect of glyphosate application on disease severity in glyphosate‐resistant sugar beet, and examines whether the increase in disease is fungal or plant mediated. In greenhouse studies of glyphosate‐resistant sugar beet, increased disease severity was observed following glyphosate application and inoculation with certain isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. betae Snyd. & Hans. Significant increases in disease severity were noted for R. solani AG‐2‐2 isolate R‐9 and moderately virulent F. oxysporum isolate FOB13 on both cultivars tested, regardless of the duration between glyphosate application and pathogen challenge, but not with highly virulent F. oxysporum isolate F‐19 or an isolate of R. solani AG‐4. The increase in disease does not appear to be fungal mediated, since in vitro studies showed no positive impact of glyphosate on fungal growth or overwintering structure production or germination for either pathogen. Studies of glyphosate impact on sugar beet physiology showed that shikimic acid accumulation is tissue specific and the rate of accumulation is greatly reduced in resistant cultivars when compared with a susceptible cultivar. The results indicate that precautions need to be taken when certain soil‐borne diseases are present if weed management for sugar beet is to include post‐emergence glyphosate treatments. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Packaging and logistics interactions in retail supply chains
Authors: Hellström Daniel , Saghir Mazen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe impact of the packaging system on logistics processes along the supply chain is often implicitly and fragmentally recognized. In order to increase understanding of the impact of packaging on logistics, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the interactions between the packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Four case studies involving Swedish and Dutch retail supply chains were conducted to identify, describe and understand in depth the logistics activities related to packaging within these retail supply chains. The comprehensive overview provided in this paper serves as an elementary step towards understanding the role of packaging systems in logistics, which is a prerequisite for taking packaging and logistics decisions based on a supply chain perspective. Moreover, the paper provides a process‐orientated description of what a packaging system must fulfil and perform along the retail supply chain. It also provides a means for evaluating packaging systems, with emphasis on logistics aspects. The interactions between the packaging system and the logistics processes identified in this research can be used to bridge the gap between logisticians and packaging engineers/designers/technicians/managers by enabling them to engage in a dialogue and understand where and how packaging and logistics decisions can impact the performance of packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.