bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake in the total mixed ration for sheep
Authors: Gowda NKS , Pal Dintaran T , Bellur Srinivas R , Bharadwaj Ujala , Sridhar Manpal , Satyanarayana Mayasandra L , Prasad Cadaba S , Ramachandra Koodli S , Sampath Koratikere T 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake (CSC), a byproduct of the vegetable‐oil industry, contains fairly good amounts of protein (crude protein, 290–390 g kg−1) which could be a suitable substitute of conventional oil cakes like soybean meal (SBM) in livestock diets but for the presence of a toxic glycoprotein, ricin. Efforts were, therefore, made to determine the feasibility of feeding CSC as such or after detoxification with lime (4%, wt/wt) by incorporating it into a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 65 and 35 parts ragi (Eleucine coracana) straw and concentrate mixture, respectively, with 11 g kg−1 CP and 50 g kg−1 TDN in which the SBM of a control diet was isonitrogenously replaced with either raw or lime‐treated CSC in test diets. The control and two test TMRs were fed to 24 sheep, respectively, divided at random into three dietary groups having equal number of animals for 150 days.RESULTS: Although lime treatment had a positive effect in reducing ricin by 58%, no adverse effect could be noticed by feeding raw or lime‐treated CSC in terms of body weight changes, macro‐ and micro‐nutrient utilisation, blood biochemical and mineral profile, rumen fermentation pattern, carcass traits, except the level of plasma immunoglobulins which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in sheep fed CSC diets. No pathological lesions could be noticed in the tissues of visceral organs due to feeding the raw or treated CSC.CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest no adverse effect in the nutritional performance of adult sheep due to feeding the raw or treated CSC when incorporated into TMRs, probably due to a dilution of the ricin concentration or the development of immunity to the glycoprotein ricin, warranting long‐term growth‐cum‐production studies. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical state of Na and K ions in Na10K5 silicate glass under electron irradiation investigated by XPS with the aid of the line shape analysis
Authors: Lesiak B. , Zemek J. , Jiricek P. , Gedeon O. , Jóźwik A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe NaK (Na10K5) silicate glass, unirradiated and electron irradiated (electron dose from 25 to 8239 Cm−2) is investigated using XPS. The measurements are performed in the angular‐resolved ADES‐400 spectrometer using AlKα X‐ray radiation and an electron beam of energy 2 keV. Owing to surface charging and ambiguity of identification of the atomic oxidized chemical states, the line shapes of selected XPS transitions are analyzed with the aid of the pattern recognition (PR) method. This method is based on a distance measure and deals with spectra representation as vectors in the n‐dimensional space. The algorithm presented, called the fuzzy k‐nearest neighbor (fkNN) rule, allows for identification of ambiguous vectors with the membership vectors described by classes membership probabilities.Under electron irradiation, the Na and K content in a surface region undergoesincrease and then slow systematic decrease. The line shape analysis indicates difficult classification of XPS spectra recorded for unirradiated and irradiated glass, especially for Na 1s transition. The chemical state of Na is a mixture of elemental and oxidized form and remains unchanged for all electron doses. Larger changes in the chemical form are observed for the K atom. In an unirradiated silicate glass, a mixture of elemental and oxide form is observed with increasing content of oxide under irradiation. The alkali atoms, Na and K, exhibit a migration effect. Comparison of PR and fitting results indicates better reliability and accuracy of the PR method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping of chemical bonding states of Ag/Si(111) with synchrotron radiation photo emission electron microscopy
Authors: Hashimoto M. , Guo F.‐Z. , Suzuki M. , Ueda M. , Matsuoka Y. , Kinoshita T. , Kobayashi K. , Shin S. , Oura M. , Takeuchi T. , Saito Y. , Matsushita T. , Yasue T. , Koshikawa T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe chemical state sensitive imaging of Ag/Si (111) using Ag 3d core photoelectrons was tried using a spectroscopic photo emission and low energy electron microscopy at SPring‐8. XPS spectrum obtained from the two‐dimensional (2D) Ag/Si(111) √3 × √3 structure exhibits the chemical shift of about 0.5 eV toward the higher binding energy with respect to that from the three‐dimensional (3D) Ag(111) island with 1 × 1 structure. The direct imaging of the difference in the chemical bonding state between the 3D and 2D structure has been tried, but it was not easy because the XPS signal from the 3D island was fairly larger than that from the 2D layer. The XPEEM images relative to a reference image taken in between XPS peaks of the 3D and 2D structures made the visualization of the different chemical state possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
People mountain, people sea: a study of four Chinese English idioms on the Web
Authors: Fang Fan 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe English language has developed and spread around the world as a global language. As a variety of English in China, it has also formed some distinct features. This paper first introduces the status quo of the English language in China, and then by analysing the use of four Chinglish idioms on the Internet, argues that the use of Chinglish idioms can be more expressive in some settings. The Internet use of Chinglish idioms shows the actual state of language diversity and creativity, and more significantly, it reflects Chinese identity.
The Wave Model of Linguistic Change and the Naturalness of Interlanguage
Authors: Zobl Helmut 
Published: November 2008

This paper investigates the question of whether the Wave Model of linguistic change can furnish a valid idealization for the patterning of variation in interlanguage systems and, thereby, a scale for the determination of their degree of naturalness. Using cross-sectional data from 162 French-speaking adult learners, the paper analyzes the variability in the evolution of the English possessive determiners HIS and HER. The main findings are as follows:1. The Wave Model furnishes a valid idealization for acquisitional change.2. The developmental continuum reveals that L2, acquisition appears to involve a greater scope of variability. Change may be initiated in a more marked environment at a point when the rule change process is not yet fully completed in the less marked environment. Nonetheless, the proportion of learners showing variable application of the mature rule in only one environment at a time as opposed to those with variable application in both is more than 2:1.3. Less natural systems evidence rule blockage and/or compartmentalization of the marked environment; rule conflict between noncontiguous parts of the rule, and violation of markedness constraints.4. Premature adoption of gender marking on the possessive determiners or, more generally, failure to approach the target language rule with an unmarked, initial hypothesis is one important source of unnaturalness in rule variability.The data analysis leads up to a number of other issues in interlanguage research such as inter-learner variation, the ‘acquisition-learning’ distinction, and the relationship between the Simple Codes Hypothesis and unsuccessful L2, acquisition.
The Interaction Between Type of Contact and Type of Instruction: Some Effects on the L2 Proficiency of Adult Learners
Authors: Spada Nina 
Published: November 2008

This paper reports the results of a study which investigated (a) the separate effects that differences in learners' contact can have on various aspects of proficiency, and (b) the combined effects that differences in informal contact and instructional variation can have on improvement in proficiency. Forty-eight adult learners from three intermediate-level ESL classes participated in the study.To measure differences in learners' informal contact, a language contact questionnaire was administered. The results revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences in learners' out-of-class contact with the second language. When these differences were examined in relation to learners' performance on seven proficiency measures, correlational analysis revealed that while learners' performance on some measures was related to differences in amount of contact, it was related on other measures to differences in type of contact.To determine whether differences in contact interacted with instructional variation to produce differences in improvement in proficiency, learners' pre-and post-test scores were examined in relation to contact and class in an analysis of co-variance. The results indicated that learners' informal contact interacted with differences in instruction to produce variation in improvement on two proficiency measures.The findings are discussed in relation to the need for more class-room-centered research to investigate both the separate and combined effects of learner and instructional variables on second language proficiency.
On the Stability of the Periodic States of the Triode Oscillator
Authors: Greaves W. M. H. 
Published: November 2008

1. Appleton and van der Pol have shown that in a simple Triode or Dynatron generating circuit the anode potential v is related to the time t by a differential equatior of the typewhere f (v) is a power series in v, and may be written
Sluice-gate problems with gravity
Authors: Budden P. J. , Norbury J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a free-boundary problem of the steady plane flow of an ideal fluid through a slot is solved. The fluid flows under the effect of gravity between rigid boundaries, and then out of a slot as a jet which becomes horizontal at infinity downstream. A constructive proof of the existence of solutions to a non-linear integral equation is given for a parameter range 0 < ε < ε* ≃ 1·02 (where ε, the inverse Froude number, measures the effect of gravity). Approximations to the solution are then found for ε → 0.
Loop transversals and the centralizer ring of a permutation group
Authors: Johnson K. W. 
Published: November 2008

Many of the basic concepts in this paper are defined in (2), and it will be useful to the reader if he is familiar with that paper. In it the concept of a loop transversal to a subgroup S of a group G is defined and discussed, where if G is a transitive permutation group and no explicit S is mentioned it is assumed that S is a point stabilizer. In (3) there appeared the following problem (P):Let G be a transitive permutation group which is 2-closed.(i) Is there a fixed-point-free transversal in G (i.e. to a point stabilizer)?(ii) Is there a loop transversal in G?Unfortunately a note was added in which it was falsely stated that the answer to both (i) and (ii) is yes.
Summability of Hermite polynomial expansions of generalized functions
Authors: Ditzian Z. 
Published: November 2008

1. Introduction: The well-known result that every function f(x) ∈ L2(–∞, ∞) can be expanded in L2(– ∞,∞) by where and was recently followed by an expansion theorem for generalized functions. In papers by Wildlund(8), Giertz(4) and Zemanian(9) it was shown that a tempered distribution f∈S′ can be expanded by Hermite functions that isfor all ψ∈S (the space of rapidly decreasing test functions).
On Order in Time
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2008

It is generally agreed that instants are mathematical constructions, not physical entities. If, therefore, there are instants, they must be classes of events having certain properties. For reasons explained in Our Knowledge of the External World, pp. 116–20, an instant is most naturally defined as a group of events having the following two properties:(1) Any two members of the group overlap in time, i.e. neither is wholly before the other.
Secondary electron emission from a nickel surface produced by positive ions of mercury
Authors: Chaudhri Rafi Mahommed 
Published: November 2008

(1)A beam of positive ions of mercury produced from an arc in mercury vapour and fired upon a surface of nickel produces an emission of electrons.(2)For a fresh untreated nickel target the electron emission is of the order of 1·5 per cent. for ion energies less than about 600 electron-volts, and rises to about 15–20 per cent. at 2000 electron-volts.(3)After degassing thoroughly at a red heat the secondary electron emission is found to fall to about half the value observed with a dirty target. Continued bombardment with mercury ions leads to a progressive decrease in the emission, which approaches a final steady state after some hours. In this steady state the ratio is about 2·3 per cent. at 2000 electron-volts. After degassing afresh, the same process is repeated.(4)Tests were made to assure that the emission is in reality one of electrons from the struck target, and that it is due to the impact of the positive ions.
The ‘relaxation’ term in Debye and Hückel's theory of ionic mobility
Authors: Paine H. H. 
Published: November 2008

(1) The cataphoresis of ions and colloid particles is discussed in so far as it is affected by the ionic atmosphere.(2) The ions in the atmosphere which carry a charge opposite in sign to that on the central particle are attracted to the central particle. However, when an electric field is applied to the liquid, they are able to drift away in virtue of their molecular energy, and the migration of the central particle is dependent on this fact. The relaxation force is the resultant of the forces between central particle and ions during this separation.(3) Such a force draws the ions in the atmosphere after the central particle to some extent. From a consideration of the energy involved in the separation of particle and atmosphere, and of the molecular energies of the ions, we are able to calculate the number of ions which this relaxation force could draw through the liquid as though they were bound to the particle, and hence deduce the magnitude of the force in terms of the friction constant of the ions. The expression is the same as that given by Debye and Hückel.(4) The cataphoresis equation usually employed for colloid particles takes no account of this relaxation force during migration. The corrected equation is given.
The sum of powers as canonical expression
Authors: Bronowski J. 
Published: November 2008

1. In this paper I discuss the expression of the general form F of order n, homogeneous in r + 1 variables z0, z1,…, zl,…, zr, as the sum of the nth powers of h + H linear forms in these variables. I take h (> 0) of these linear forms to be undetermined, namely the formswhose coefficients are undetermined; and I take the remaining H(≥0) linear forms to be assigned, namely the formswhose coefficients are assigned.
On the stability of the three-phase synchronous motor
Authors: Ingram W. H. 
Published: November 2008

A three-phase star-connected alternating-current motor of simplest type, connected to busbars maintained at sinusoidal potentials e1, e2 and e3 with respect to the star-point and connected to a shaft load which exerts a reactive torque f on the rotor, is dynamically specified by the following functions:where the are the armature currents in the three phases, i is the current in the amortisseur circuit, Q the current in the field circuit, θ the rotor position angle, T the kinetic energy, V the potential energy, S the Rayleigh dissipation and U the activity of the external forces on the machine. The self-inductances of the armature circuits and the mutual inductances between them are assumed to be constant.
On the regularity of surfaces, II
Authors: Roth L. 
Published: November 2008

This paper is a sequel to one recently published, in which the regularity of surfaces was investigated by means of certain criteria suggested by Comessatti. We suppose throughout that the surface F under consideration is of general type in Sr, and that it has curve sections C of order n and genus π. It may be recalled that in the previous work the two most useful criteria were the following theorems:If π < ½ (n + 2), then F is regular or referable. (I)If πr (n) ≤ π ≤ n, where πr (n) is the maximum genus of a Cn in Sr, then F is regular or referable. (II)
On Poincaré's Theorem of “The non-existence of Uniform Integrals of Dynamical Equations”
Authors: Cherry T. M. 
Published: November 2008

In Chapter v of his Les Méthodes Nouvelles de la Mécanique Céleste Poincaré proves a theorem which he calls The non-existence of Uniform Integrals. This theorem is as follows:Letbe a system of equations in which the characteristic function F is expanded in a seriesconvergent for sufficiently small values of | μ |, for all real values of y1, … yn, and for values of x1, … xn within certain finite real intervals; while F0, F1; … are analytic functions of x1, … xn, y1, … yn, of which F0 is independent of y1, … yn and Fl, F2, … are periodic with respect to these variables with period 2π.
Doublet and Triplet Separations in Optical Spectra as Evidence whether Orbits penetrate into the Core
Authors: Hartree D. R. 
Published: November 2008

Landé has indicated a connection between the “relativity” doublets of X-ray spectra, and the doublets and triplets of optical spectra, and so has obtained a formula for the separation of optical doublets and triplets. This formula can only be expected to hold if the orbit of the series electron penetrates into the core, so it may be possible to obtain evidence on the question whether an orbit penetrates from the doublet or triplet separation of the corresponding term.From this evidence it is concluded that, except for lithium-like atoms, p terms of all known spectra correspond to penetrating orbits; this disagrees with Bohr's assignment of quantum numbers for those terms of the spectra of neutral atoms of the Cu and Zn sub-groups. For d terms the evidence is not so definite, but it seems possible that for Cs I and Tl I the d terms correspond to penetrating orbits, in disagreement with Bohr's assignment. It is shown that the Landé formula seems to hold approximately for separations in multiplet spectra when the terms belong to a sequence of the Rydberg type.Ideas suggested by Heisenberg in a recent paper would involve some modifications of the interpretation of the magnitudes of doublet separations, but at least the conclusions as to the p orbits penetrating still stand.
Some experiments on the multiple scattering of alpha particles
Authors: Rose D. C. 
Published: November 2008

Experiments have been performed to measure the scattering of alpha particles by surfaces on which a source of radioactive material was deposited and on surfaces in the neighbourhood of the source. It was hoped that, where a very narrow but not necessarily homogeneous beam of alpha particles was required, the effective strength of a source could be increased by including particles which are scattered out of the activated surface at glancing angles. The effect was found to be too small to be of any great practical importance.Experiments were also performed on the scattering of alpha particles by the walls of a long glass tube down which a beam of particles was projected. This is essentially a repetition of some experiments by Lawson and Hess in 1918, whose results indicated that the particles in being scattered by the walls of the tube lost definite amounts of energy. The present experiments indicate that they can lose any fraction of their total energy.The experiments indicate that the most probable angle of scattering in such experiments is large, and that the average particle spends at least half and probably a greater fraction of its range in the scattering material.
Note on the modified Heine-Borel Theorem
Authors: Verblunsky S. 
Published: November 2008

The Heine-Borel Theorem for one-dimensional intervals may be enunciated as follows:(A) If a set D of intervals, all in the closed interval (a, b), be such that every point of (a, b) is an interior point of at least one interval of the set D (the end points a, b being regarded as interior to an interval when either of them is an end point of such interval), then a finite set E of intervals all belonging to D exists such that every point of (a, b) is interior to at least one interval of E.
A representation of [k]'s of [m] by points of [(m − k) (k + 1)]
Authors: Room T. G. 
Published: November 2008

The algebraical foundation of this representation is very simple: it depends on the theoremIf a coordinate system in [m] is given, then in a general [k] of the [m] a unique set of k + 1 points can be found whose coordinates form the schemewhere h = m − k − 1, and n = (m − k)(k + 1) = kh + m.
Notes on special systems of orthogonal functions (IV): the orthogonal functions of whittaker's cardinal series
Authors: Hardy G. H. 
Published: November 2008

Suppose that n runs through all integral values, that (øn) is a system of normal orthogonal functions for the interval (−∞, ∞), and that ψn is the Fourier transform of øn. Then, by Parseval's theorem for Fourier transforms,and (ψn) is also a normal orthogonal system.
On the limiting values for infinite pitch of a parameter occurring in airscrew theory
Authors: Goldstein S. 
Published: November 2008

In an improved method of strip-theory calculation of the performance of an airscrew a factor K occurs in the formulawhich, for an airscrew with N blades, connects the total interference velocity w1 and the circulation Γ at radius r. In this formula ø is the inclination to the plane of rotation of the airscrew of the velocity of the air relative to the airscrew blade; for infinite pitch ø=½π For large but finite pitch the calculation of K is difficult; in computing tables of K it is therefore useful to have the values for infinite pitch, which can be calculated by a much simpler theory than that needed for the general case†.
An inequality relating means
Authors: Bronowski J. 
Published: November 2008

1. Let a, b be positive constants; and let y1, y2, …, yn be real exponents, not all equal, having arithmetic mean y defined by(here, and in what follows, the summation ∑ extends over the values i = 1, 2, …, n). Then it is clear thatsince the right-hand sides are the geometric means of the positive numbers whose arithmetic means stand on the left-hand sides. I know of no results, however, which relate the ratios and and I have had occasion recently to require such results. This note gives an inequality between these ratios, subject to certain restrictions on a and b.
The Errors of Approximation in Jeffreys's Phases
Authors: Arnot F. L. 
Published: November 2008

The errors occurring in a large number of Jeffreys's phases for neutral chlorine have been determined. A discussion of the source of these errors is given, from which it appears that errors in the phases of zero order and of order unity are due to a cumulative error over the range of integration. A method of correcting for this error is obtained. This method is of easy practical application, and it reduces the error almost to zero for phases of these orders.The error occurring in higher order phases is found to be mainly due to errors in the two π/4 terms, which take into account the exponential tails of the waves in the totally reflecting region. For phases of high order these errors in the two π/4 terms cancel each other, and consequently the total error in phases of high order is practically zero.A correction graph for the zero-order phase is given from which the error in this phase for atoms of atomic number up to 36 can be read off. The graph is such that an extrapolation to higher atomic number would not involve much error.
On an inequality in the elementary theory of numbers
Authors: Heilbronn H. A. 
Published: November 2008

Let a1, a2, …, an be a set of n positive integers. Then it is easily seen that the set of positive integers not divisible by any aν has a density, i.e. that if Nn(z) is the number of such integers not exceeding z, then z−1Nn(z) tends to a limit when z → ∞; and thatwhereand where [u1, …, uμ] denotes the least positive common multiple of the positive integers u1, …, uμ.