bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomic space and psychophysiological response
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , QUIGLEY KAREN S. , FABRO VINCENT T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContemporary findings reveal that autonomic control of dually innervated target organs cannot adequately be viewed as a continuum extending from parasympathetic to sympathetic dominance. Rather, a two‐dimensional autonomic space, bounded by sympathetic and parasympathetic axes, is the minimal representation necessary to characterize the multiple modes of autonomic control. We have previously considered the theoretical implications of this view and have developed quantitative conceptual models of the formal properties of autonomic space and its translation into target organ effects. In the present paper, we further develop this perspective by an empirical instantiation of the quantitative autonomic space model for the control of cardiac chronotropy in the rat. We show that this model (a) provides a more comprehensive characterization of cardiac response than simple measures of end‐organ state, (b) permits a parsing of the multiple transformations underlying psychophysiological responses, (c) illuminates and subsumes psychophysiological principles, such as the Law of Initial Values, (d) reveals an interpretive advantage of expressing cardiac chronotropy in heart period rather than heart rate, and (e) has fundamental implications for the direction and interpretation of a broad range of psychophysiological studies.
Ontogenetic variations in auditory arousal threshold during sleep
Authors: BUSBY KEITH A. , MERCIER LISE , PIVIK R. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDevelopmental variations in auditory arousal thresholds during sleep were investigated in four groups of normal male subjects ‐ children, preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. Arousal thresholds were determined during NREM and REM sleep for tones presented via earphone insert on a single night following two adaptation nights of undisturbed sleep. Age‐related relationships were observed for both awakening frequency and stimulus intensity required to effect awakening, with awakenings occurring more frequently in response to lower stimulus intensities with increasing age. Although stimulus intensities required for awakening were high and statistically equivalent across sleep stages in nonadults, higher intensity stimuli were required in Stage 4 relative to Stage 2 and REM sleep in adults. These results confirm previous observations of marked resistance to awakening during sleep in preadolescent children and suggest that processes underlying awakening from sleep undergo systematic modification during ontogenetic development.
Origins of baseline variance and the Law of Initial Values
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , UCHINO BERT N. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Law of Initial Values (LIV) asserts that the magnitude of a phasic psychophysiological response is dependent on the initial baseline level. Although results in accord with the LIV are often observed, exceptions are frequent, especially for between‐subjects analyses. A general assumption in studies of the LIV is that a given baseline difference is equivalent regardless of its functional origin. The present study examined the relationships between basal heart period variance, arising from alternate sources, and the magnitude of the chronotropic response to a speech stressor. Results reveal that baseline differences due to orthostatic manipulations, which are known to be largely of autonomic origin, yielded larger LIV effects than did individual differences in basal heart period, which include a significant nonautonomic component. The minimal LIV‐like effects of baseline differences associated with non‐autonomic factors, relative to variations in autonomic control, may contribute to the inconsistent appearance of between‐subjects LIV effects.
Effects of PRES baroreceptor stimulation on thermal and mechanical pain threshold in borderline hypertensives and normotensives
Authors: RAU HARALD , BRODY STUART , LARBIG WOLFGANG , PAULI PAUL , VÖHRINGER MATTHIAS , HARSCH BEATE , KRÖLING PETER , BIRBAUMER NIELS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrior studies have noted a pain relieving effect of baroreceptor stimulation and of higher tonic blood pressure in animals and humans. The present study used a new technique for the controlled, noninvasive stimulation of human carotid baroreceptors (PRES). PRES baroreceptor manipulation was delivered to both normotensive subjects (n= 11) and medication‐free labile hypertensive subjects (n= 10) during both thermal and mechanical pain. Consistent with prior research, hypertensives had a higher threshold for thermal pain than did normotensives. PRES baroreceptor manipulation had no significant effect on thermal pain threshold for either group. For the mechanical pain model, the opposite results were obtained; group pain threshold did not differ, but there was a significant PRES baroreceptor stimulation effect of increasing pain threshold for both groups. Results are discussed in terms of specific features of the stimuli, dampening of pain in hypertensives, and adaptation to pain.
Reliability of P50 auditory event‐related potential indices of sensory gating
Authors: SMITH DAVID A. , BOUTORS NASHAAT N. , SCHWARZOPF STEVEN B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the reliability of three traditional P50 auditory event‐related potential indices under paired‐click conditions: (a) the conditioning response (C), (b) the testing response (T), and (c) the testing to conditioning suppression ratio (T/C). Three alternative indices, (a) the (C−T) difference, (b) the (C−T)/(C+T) adjusted difference, and (c) the (T−T) residualized difference, where T′ is the regression of T on C, were also studied. The N 100 wave was used as a generalizability check. Although C and T amplitudes were reliably were reliably measured by traditional means, the T/C suppression ratio was not. for psychometric reasons that are described, the reliability of the suppression ratio is undermined principally by the correlation between C and T. The C−T difference score is a promising alternative to the unreliable T/C suppression ratio. Theoretical consequences of changed metrics are discussed.
Effect of relaxation training on cardiac parasympathetic tone
Authors: SAKAKIBARA MASAHITO , TAKEUCHI SATOSHI , HAYANO JUNICHIRO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo examine the hypothesis that the relaxation response is associated with an increase in cardiac parasympathetic tone, the frequency components of heart rate variability during relaxation training were investigated in 16 college students. Electrocardiograms and pneumograms were recorded during a 5‐min baseline period followed by three successive 5‐min sessions of the autogenic training (relaxation) or by the same periods of quiet rest (control), while subjects breathed synchronously with a visual pacemaker (0.25 Hz). Although neither the magnitude nor the frequeney of respiration showed a significant difference between relaxation and control, the amplitude of the high‐frequency component of heart rate variability increased only during relaxation (p= .008). There was no significant difference in the ratio of the low‐frequency (0.04–0.15 Hz) to the high‐frequency amplitudes. The increased high‐frequency amplitude without changes in the respiratory parameters indicates enhanced cardiac parasympathetic tone. Thus, our results support the initial hypothesis of this study. Enhanced cardiac parasympathetic tone may explain an important mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of the relaxation response.
The relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and heartbeat detection
Authors: EICHLER SEEMA , KATKIN EDWARD S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis experiment tested the hypothesis that inotropic cardiovascular reactivity to stress is related to performance on heartbeat discrimination tasks. The experiment also compared the efficacy of a specific modification of two popular heartbeat discrimination paradigms, Whitehead's and Katkin's. Subjects were 48 male undergraduates who performed both discrimination tasks and then were subjected to mental arithmetic stress. Results indicated that high cardiovascular reactors were better detectors than low reactors. Results also indicated that subjects performed better on the modified Whitehead task than on the modified Katkin task.
The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response: A prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity
Authors: SGOUTAS‐EMCH SANDRA A. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , UCHINO BERT N. , MALARKEY WILLIAM , PEARL DENNIS , KIECOLT‐GLASER JANICE K. , GLASER RONALD 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHigh and low reactors were preselected on the basis of their heart rate reactivity to a speech stressor in a prescreening session. In the main study, subjects were exposed to a mental arithmetic plus noise stressor. Cardiovascular activity was recorded during baseline and stressor, and blood was drawn prior to and following the stressor for endocrine and immune assays. Results revealed that the stressor decreased the blastogenic response to concanavalin A and increased natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxicity, absolute numbers of CD8+ T‐lymphocytes, nor‐epinephrine and epinephrine levels, heart rate, and blood pressure responses. In addition, cortisol and natural killer cell cytotoxicity responses to the stressor differentiated individuals high versus low in heart rate reactivity. These results suggest that the interactions among the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are not only amenable to psychophysiological analysis but that such analyses may play an important role in illuminating underlying mechanisms.
Stimulus dimensions of the cold pressor test and the associated patterns of cardiovascular response
Authors: PECKERMAN ARNOLD , HURWITZ BARRY E. , SAAB PATRICE G. , LLABRE MARIA M. , McCABE PHILIP M. , SCHNEIDERMAN NEIL 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHemodynamics of the cold pressor response in relation to its pain and nonpain stimulus components were investigated in normotensive college men using the foot and forehead cold pressor tasks. Mechanisms of pain‐ and non‐pain‐related increases in blood pressure were analyzed as residual effects of concurrent changes in total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. The identified partial relationships suggested that the response pattern associated with pain included positive change both in cardiac output and in total peripheral resistance, whereas the nonpain‐related response was limited to an increase in total peripheral resistance. Analyses of individual differences in car‐diovascular responses to pain further indicated that pain‐related increments in blood pressure were mediated by a steeper rise in total peripheral resistance, an increase in heart rate, and an apparent increase in preload. At baseline, high reactors to pain manifested relatively elevated total perpheral resistance, diminished cardiac output, and an indication of a reduced inotropic state, suggesting that altered basal homeostasis may discriminate normotensive individuals displaying heightened cardiovascular reactivity to aversive cold stimulation.
Cardiac stimulus intensity and heartbeat detection: Effects of tilt‐induced changes in stroke volume
Authors: RING CHRISTOPHER , LIU XIAOQING , BRENER JASPER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of variations in stroke volume on the intensity of cardiac stimuli was examined in a series of three experiments that empolyed classical psychophsical methods to assess heartbeat detection. Stroke volume was manipulated by passive body tilt and recorded using impedance cardiography while subjects performed heartbeat detection tasks. The postural manipulation generated little or no change in contractility or momentum but did produce substantial changes in stroke volume. However, this potential source of variation in cardiac stimulus magnitude did not influence either the precision of heartbeat detection or the temporal location of heartbeat sensations. It is concluded that the intensity dimension of the heartbeat stimulus is not determined by stroke volume.
Autonomic cardiac control. III. Psychological stress and cardiac response in autonomic space as revealed by pharmacological blockades
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , BINKLEY PHILIP F. , UCHINO BERT N. , QUIGLEY KAREN S. , FIELDSTONE ANNETTE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBehavioral contexts can evoke a variety of autonomic modes of response, characterized by reciprocal, coactive, or independent changes in the autonomic divisions. In the present study, we investigated the reactive autonomic control of the heart in response to psychological stressors, using quantitative methods for analyzing single and double autonomic blockades, and through the use of noninvasive indices based on heart period variability and systolic time intervals. Analysis of the effects of pharmacological blockades revealed an overall pattern of increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic control of the heart during speech stress, mental arithmetic, and a reaction‐time task. Unlike the classical reciprocal sympathetic‐parasympathetic response to orthostatic challenge, however, the responses of the autonomic branches to stress were uncorrelated. This reflected notable individual differences in the mode of autonomic response to stress, which had considerable stability across stress tasks. The putative noninvasive indices of sympathetic (preejection period) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) control changed in accord with the results of pharmacological blockades. Together, these results emphasize the substantial individual differences in the mode of autonomic response to stress, the advantages of a quantitative approach to analyzing blockade data, and the importance of validity estimates of blockade data.
ERP indices of auditory selective attention in aging and Parkinson's disease
Authors: KARAYANIDIS FRINI , ANDREWS SALLY , WARD PHILIP B. , MICHIE PATRICIA T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the present study, we compared the performance of normal subjects in three age groups and of medicated Parkinson's disease patients on auditory selective attention processes. Two tone sequences were dichotically presented. Subjects responded to deviant tones in the attended location. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from nine scalp electrodes. The old group showed significant decline in hit rate, increase in N1 amplitude, and reduction in P3a, P3b, target negativity, and mismatch negativity amplitude. The amplitude and duration of late Nd increased with age, reflecting modulation of both attended and unattended standard ERPs. Although the middle group showed a similar pattern of ERP changes, the effects were generally nonsignificant. The Parkinson's disease group showed little further disruption of behavioral or ERP measures. However, Parkinson's disease affected late Nd in the direction opposite of that of aging, reflecting differential modulation of unattended standard positivity.
Assessment of baroreflex control from beat‐to‐beat blood pressure and heart rate changes: A validation study
Authors: WATKINS LANA L. , FAINMAN CLAUDIA , DIMSDALE JOEL , ZIEGLER MICHAEL G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, we tested the validity of a new method designed to estimate baroreflex control of heart rate from spontaneous changes in systolic pressure and pulse interval. This method was compared with a conventional method of assessing baroreflex control through measuring reflex adjustments in pulse interval associated with pharmacological manipulations of blood pressure. The estimates of baroreflex control derived from the two methods were signficantly correlated; however, only the estimate derived using pharmacological changes in pressure detected significant impairment of baroreflex control in patients with damage to baroafferents produced by radiation for oropharyngeal cancer. Analysis of spontaneous changes in pressure and pulse interval therefore provide a meaningful estimate of baroreflex control of heart rate that is, however, less sensitive than estimates obtained using pharmacological manipulations in pressure.
Parental history of hypertension and enhanced cardiovascular reactivity are associated with decreased pain ratings
Authors: FRANCE CHRISTOPHER R. , STEWART KATHRYN M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIschemic pain was examined in adult males with and without a parental history of hypertension. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during baseline, cold pressor, and ischemia. Repeated pain ratings were obtained during cold pressor and ischemia, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire was completed after each stressor. A median split was used to identify high and low mean arterial pressure and heart rate reactors to cold pressor. Parental history of hypertension, high heart rate reactivity, and high mean arterial pressure reactivity were each associated with significantly lower ischemic pain ratings on the McGill Pain Questionnaire, suggesting that risk for hypertension is associated with hypoalgesia in normotensives.
Determinants of subjective experience of sexual arousal in women: Feedback from genital arousal and erotic stimulus content
Authors: LAAN ELLEN , EVERAERD WALTER , VAN DER VELDE JANNEKE , GEER JAMES H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSixty‐two women participated in a study designed to explore the association between gential and subjective sexual arousal. Four stimulus conditions were created, designed to evoke differential patterns of genital arousal over time. Subjects were instructed to report sensations in their genitalia while being exposed to the same erotic stimulus on repeated trials or to a series of varying erotic stimuli. Detection of genital arousal was facilitated by the occurrence of changes in genital arousal over trials. That is, genital and subjective sexual arousal were linearly related in conditions that resulted in large differences in genital arousal over trails, whereas such a relation was absent in conditions in which genital arousal levels remained relatively constant. In women, peripheral feedback from consciously detected genital arousal seems to be a relatively unimportant determinant of subjective sexual arousal.
Consistency of heart rate and sympathovagal reactivity across different autonomic contexts
Authors: SLOAN R. P. , SHAPIRO P. A. , BAGIELLA E. , FISHKIN P. E. , GORMAN J. M. , MYERS M. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTheories that psychophysiological reactivity constitutes a risk factor for coronary artery disease assume that reactivity is a consistent individual characteristic. We tested this assumption by measuring reactivity to three psychologically challenging tasks performed by 22 healthy subjects across different autonomic contexts produced by positional change. Dependent variables included heart rate (HR), low‐frequency (LF; 0.04–0.15 Hz) and high‐frequency (HF; 0.15–0.50Hz) heart period variability, and the LF/HF ratio. HR (r= .44,p< .05) and LF/HF ratio (r= .48,p= .03) reactivity were modestly correlated across the different autonomic contexts, but HF and LF power reactivity were not. These findings suggest that HR reactivity to psychological challenge is a modestly consistent characteristic of individuals, despite differences in autonomic context. Although the same is true of cardiac sympathovagal balance, reactivity of HF and LF power were less consistent.
Time and frequency domain methods for heart rate variability analysis: A methodological comparison
Authors: LITVACK DANIEL A. , OBERLANDER TIM F. , CARNEY LAUREL H. , SAUL J. PHILIP 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analytically evaluate and compare two of the most common methods for measuring respiration‐related heart rate fluctuations: linear detrended heart rate power spectral analysis and the Porges technique of filtered variance. Low‐frequency power was removed from instantaneous 4‐Hz R‐R interval signals using either a first‐order linear (linear/spectral technique) or a third‐order polynomial (MPF‐var technique). The signals were band‐pass filtered and analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. Although in most cases the two techniques yielded substantially similar results, the MPF‐var technique resulted in signal amplification at a few specific frequencies. The frequency range and effect of amplification of the MPF‐var technique were dependent upon the polynomial size, sampling frequency, and frequency content of the signal.
Response complexity and precue interval effects on the lateralized readiness potential
Authors: HACKLEY STEVEN A. , MILLER JEFF 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFundamental properties of an important new tool in cognitive electrophysiology, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), were examined in two experiments. Experiment 1 resolved an apparent inconsistency in the literature by demonstrating that this response‐specific lateralization is larger preceding complex then preceding simple finger movements. In Experiment 2, the foveally presented precue, which indicated hand of response, preceded the go/no‐go stimulus by 0, 100, 300, or 1,400 ms. Analyses of LRP latency indicated that hand‐specific preparation began earlier with longer foreperiods but was temporally linked to the reaction stimulus as well as the precue. Although the degree of lateralization did not predict reaction speed in either study, a nonlateralized, response‐locked negativity was larger prior to faster reactions.
The N400 as a function of the level of processing
Authors: CHWILLA DOROTHEE J. , BROWN COLIN M. , HAGOORT PETER 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a semantic priming paradigm, the effects of different levels of processing on the N400 were assessed by changing the task demands. In the lexical decision task, subjects had to discriminate between words and nonwords and in the physical task, subjects had to discriminate between uppercase and lowercase letters. The proportion of related versus unrelated word pairs differed between conditions. A lexicality test on reaction times demonstrated that the physical task was performed nonlexically. Moreover, a semantic priming reaction time effect was obtained only in the lexical decision task. The level of processing clearly affected the event‐related potentials. An N400 priming effect was only observed in the lexical decision task. In contrast, in the physical task a P300 effect was observed for either related or unrelated targets, depending on their frequency of occurrence. Taken together, the results indicate that an N400 priming effect is only evoked when the task performance induces the semantic aspects of words to become part of an episodic trace of the stimulus event.
Removing the heart from the brain: Compensation for the pulse artifact in the photon migration signal
Authors: GRATTON GABRIELE , CORBALLIS PAUL M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVarious factors, including variations in the concentration of hemoglobin, determine changes in the transparency of living tissue to near‐infrared light. Hence, optical measures have been proposed as a noninvasive method for investigating regional changes in brain activity. However, the amount of near‐infrared light traversing a region of the head is also influenced by the periodic changes in blood pressure that occur during the cardiac cycle (pulse). These large changes may obscure smaller, localized events associated with brain activity. We developed a least‐squares regression algorithm for compensating for the artifact introduced by the pulse. This procedure takes into account beat‐to‐beat variability in heart rate and differences in the shape of the pulse among subjects and among recording conditions.