bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental health attitudes, illnesses and supports and the referral of children to medical specialists
Authors: Gulhati A , Minty B 
Published: March 2007

SummaryParental illness and maternal health beliefs in the parents of a group of 40 children referred to a paediatric neurology service because of headaches were compared with illness histories and health beliefs in the parents of a matched group of 40 children presenting to the same service with recognized structural pathology, mainly epilepsy. The study focused on the mother's perceptions of her own health (current and past), on life events, social supports and on her beliefs about her own health and the validity of medical reassurance. Significant differences between the two groups were found in relation to: (a) the greater amount of illness experienced by both parents in the index group (i.e. parents of children with headaches), particularly the mothers, both as children and as adults; (b) the greater amount of illness present in the families of the index group in the 3 years prior to being seen by the neurologist; (c) the greater number of index mothers who had experienced the loss of their own mothers caused by death; (d) the greater tendency of the index mothers to express feelings of loneliness; (e) the greater proportion of index mothers who, in response to the Whiteley Attitudes to Health Questionnaire, expressed both (i) concern about serious disease in themselves, and (ii) reluctance to accept medical reassurance; (f) on the other hand, significantly more‘comparison mothers’complained of currently suffering‘many different symptoms’.
Preliminary validation of a parental adjustment measure for use with families of disabled children in rural India
Authors: Pal D K , Chaudhury G 
Published: March 2007

SummaryParental adjustment is an important outcome in child disability interventions, as well as an important mediating variable for other child and family outcomes. This is just as true in developing countries using models of community‐based rehabilitation. Previous experience with Western instruments indicated that an appropriate new measure was required. A questionnaire containing 34 attitude statements rated on a five point scale was administered to the mothers of 46 children with epilepsy in a treatment programme in rural West Bengal, India. Factor analysis was performed on the dataset. Mothers reported feelings of rejection, low self‐esteem and guilt. Four domains were derived from the factor analysis. All these attitudes are consistent with previous Indian studies on childhood disability. These preliminary findings have implications for social support and counselling intervention. Further research is necessary to validate this instrument for field studies of intervention.
A little lady called Pandora: an exploration of philosophical traditions of humanism and existentialism in nursing ill children
Authors: Holyoake D D 
Published: March 2007

Summary ‘The outcomes of counselling have a lot to do with the attitudes and beliefs of the counsellor…’ This article battles its way through the contemporary philosophical assumptions regarding interactions with traumatized young people. That is, interaction by nurses as they attempt to provide‘a shoulder to cry on’, 'someone to trust’or just simply‘a hand to hold’. The young people that are nursed in the hospital setting have experienced illness, surgery and recovery to name just a few, but when confronted with being separated from their families, being frightened and needing a friend the role of nursing takes on many different facets. The child (Pandora*) a traumatized child taken from home to a new strange place, is warmly accepted by carers who seem to share a set of beliefs and assumptions about relationships and interaction. This article aims to explore the effects humanist and existentialist philosophy has had in guiding current nursing practice using extracts from his own practice and observations.
Retention of copper, cadmium and zinc in soil and its textural fractions influenced by long‐term field management
Authors: Lair G. J , Gerzabek M. H , Haberhauer G. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe present study investigated the impact of long‐term soil management on the metal retention capacity of soil. We examined the sorption behaviour of Cu, Cd and Zn in soils and in the various particle‐size fractions of these soils, which had been amended with farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers or were fallow for 38 years in a long‐term field experiment. The soils investigated contained different amounts and origins of organic matter and differed in soil pH, but the mineral phase showed less response to the different soil managements. Batch adsorption and desorption experiments as well as a sequential fractionation schema, which defines seven geochemical fractions, were used to investigate the retention properties of soil. Sequential extraction was conducted with original as well as with metal‐spiked soils. Results showed that amounts of Cu, Cd and Zn retained differed by a factor of more than 3 among the treatments in the long‐term field experiment, when a massive concentration of metal was added to soil. An increased sorption on smaller particle size fractions occurred (clay ≫ silt > fine sand ≥ coarse sand) due to the larger surface area as well as the greater carbon content in the smaller fractions. Soil sorption behaviour in another long‐term field experiment was estimated based on the present particle‐sorption data. Differences in the sorption behaviour were related to differences in soil mineralogy and amounts of Fe‐ and Mn‐oxides. Fractionation of the original and the metal‐spiked soil underlined the contribution of organic matter to sorption capacity (sequence: Cu ≫ Cd > Zn). Different organic matter contents and a different soil pH considerably changed the amounts of metals in the defined geochemical fractions. Freshly added Cu, Cd and Zn ions were found mainly in more mobile fractions. In contrast, metals in non‐spiked soils appeared in less‐mobile fractions reflecting their long‐term sorption behaviour.
Predictive modelling of C dynamics in the long‐term fertilization experiment at Bad Lauchstädt with the Rothamsted Carbon Model
Authors: Ludwig B. , Schulz E. , Rethemeyer J. , Merbach I. , Flessa H. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryModels are important for predicting how soil organic carbon alters with changing environment and management. We tested three different ways of parameterizing the Rothamsted Carbon Model in four treatments from the long‐term static fertilization experiment at Bad Lauchstädt. Four bare fallow plots were also used to test different ways of parameterizing the model. Model version 1 used Δ14C to estimate the amount of inert organic matter whereas in versions 2 and 3 a long‐term bare fallow treatment was used to estimate this amount. In version 1, C inputs were optimized from the long‐term data. In version 2, crop inputs were estimated from published functions that relate C inputs to crop yields. In version 3, C inputs (average or minimum data) were taken from actual measurements of crop and root residues. In both versions 2 and 3, rhizodeposition was included as additional input of 50% (winter wheat, spring barley) or 35% (potatoes, sugar beet) of the C input by crop and root residues. The performance of the three versions decreased in the order 3 > 2 ≫ 1. Model efficiency and root mean square error were 0.86 and 6.1 for version 3 and 0.81 and 7.0 for version 2. Overall, our results indicate the need for a long‐term treatment for calibration. Setting total C inputs as a function of crop yield performed satisfactorily. Measurements of crop and root residues gave a good representation of total C inputs when carbon from rhizodeposition was included as additional input.
SYMPOSIUM: Immobilized Enzymes in Food Systems
Authors: OLSON N. F. , RICHARDSON T. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSEconomics of immobilization and characteristics of immobilized enzymes and substrates which are important in treatment of foods are discussed. Methods of immobilizing enzymes and activity and stability of enzymes which may be used in food processing and analyses are controlled and limited by the properties of foods. Specific immobilized enzymes which have been used or show promise for use in food processing and analysis are described.
EXTENSION OF POST‐HARVEST STORAGE LIFE OF SLICED CELERY
Authors: JOHNSON C. E. , von ELBE J. H. , LINDSAY R. C. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSPrecooled, ascorbic acid treatcd, and control fresh sliced celery samples of varying maturities were evaluated for physical and sensory quality attributes after 6 days post‐harvest refrigerated storage and subsequent canning. Sensory evaluations indicated that early harvested celery was of lower quality than optimum or late harvested celery. Shear‐press firmness measurements were similar for celery samples of different maturities. Pre‐storage cooling of sliced celery, either by vacuum or hydrocooling, improved celery quality. Ascorbic acid additions decreased the rate of browning development on cut surfaces, and was effective in extending the refrigerated shelf life of celery when combined with vacuum or hydrocooling. Drained weight and firmness of canned celery from all treatments increased with post‐harvest refrigerated storage time prior to canning.
A REDUCED EFFLUENT BLANCH‐COOLING METHOD USING A VIBRATORY CONVEYOR
Authors: BROWN G. F. , BOMBEN J. L. , DIETRICH W. C. , HUDSON J. S. , FARKAS D. F. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSA new vibratory conveyor, blanching‐cooling method using the individual quick blanch (IQB) principle was tested. Heating of piece‐form foods in steam was done on two stacked circular vibrating conveyor trays. Adiabatic holding was done in an insulated vertical tube. Blancher liquid was atomized into the air used for cooling the product. Solids losses, COD and effluent volume for green beans, carrots and peas were much less than that of best commercial practice. The feasibility of using vibratory conveyors, adiabatic holding in bulk and cooling with blancher liquid was demonstrated. Preliminary estimates show a saving in steam, water and effluent costs over best commercial practice.
STABILIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN DRIED CITRUS FLAVEDO
Authors: BRADDOCK R. J. , KESTERSON J. W. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSLow temperature (‐10°F) was considerably more effective than addition of antioxidants for preservation of the carotenoid pigments in stored, dehydrated citrus flavedo. Flavedo dehydrated under conditions similar to commercial practices for dried citrus pulp resulted in losses during drying of from 30–90% of the pigments present in the fresh flavedo. Pigment losses increased with increasing drying temperatures (210°F. 225°F, 290°F). Addition of an antioxidant to the flavedo prior to dehydration aided in retention of pigments during processing. However, none of the common antioxidants effectively prevented pigment destruction during storage of dehydrated flavedo. Much more flavedo color and pigment retention was achieved by carefully controlling dehydration parameters than by adjusting storage variables.
EFFECT OF BROILING, GRILL FRYING AND MICROWAVE COOKING ON MOISTURE, SOME LIPID COMPONENTS AND TOTAL FATTY ACIDS OF GROUND BEEF
Authors: JANICKI L. J. , APPLEDORF H. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSRaw and cooked ground beef patties were analyzed for moisture, crude fat, total cholesterol and total fatty acid content. The patties were cooked by broiling, grill frying and microwave radiation (2450 MHz). In addition, broiled and frozen patties were reheated by microwaves and analyzed. Compositional differences between patties prepared by broiling and grill frying were not significant. Patties processed by microwaves were lower in moisture and crude fat as compared to those prepared by the other methods. All cooking treatments except microwave decreased cholesterol content significantly compared to raw patties; however, the differences between cooking treatments were not significant. Loss of cholesterol was proportionately less than the decrease in crude fat. Sixteen fatty acids were identified in the total lipid extract. The fatty acids C14, C16, C16:1, C18, C18:1 and C18:2 accounted for approximately 94% of the total acid measured. Significant percent composition changes occurred in the C16, C18.1 and C18:2 fatty acids as a result of the various cooking methods. The C16 acid underwent the greatest percent loss during cooking and was still further reduced in the microwave reheated precooked patties. The percent of C18:1 and C18:2 acids increased following all cooking treatments. The ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids was increased by all cooking methods with the greatest increase noted in the precooked microwave reheated patties.
INFLUENCE OF CURING INGREDIENTS AND STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF PREBLENDED SAUSAGE MEATS AND FRANKFURTERS
Authors: WALDMAN R. C. , WESTERBERG D. O. , SIMON S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSMeats were refrigerated up to 4 days with different salt levels, with and without sodium nitrite and sodium isoascorbate. Franks manufactured from these meats were evaluated during shelf life. Taste testing indicated that frankfurter desirability decreased with meat storage. Salt at 1.5% was effective in inhibiting bacterial growth and caused less rancidification than 3% salt. Franks prepared from meats containing salt and cure remained satisfactory. Cured pigment conversion and residual nitrite levels in finished products were marginally reduced by preblending compared with conventionally prepared product. Sodium isoascorbate addition reduced residual nitrite. Frankfurter stability, measured by weight change during water cooking, was not affected by preblending meats with salt.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS APPLIED TO GRAPE JELLY
Authors: QUINLAN MARY C. , BARGMANN ROLF E. , EL‐GALALLI YAHYA M. , POWERS JOHN J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSNine experimental lots of grape jelly were made with different amounts of pectin and dextrose or invert syrup replacements for sucrose. A commercial grape jelly was used as a reference. The jellies were evaluated for acceptability, appearance (color and sheen), flavor and texture (spreadability and mouth feel). The pH, percent soluble solids, percent sag, shear force required to puncture the gel, percent dextrose and gas‐liquid chromatographic (GLC) profiles of an extract‐concentrate of the jellies were also determined. A computer program which calculates a contingency table for products and score levels was applied to the data to determine the intervals between scores and to feed back the data on a random basis to determine whether the panelists were showing true preference or their choices were approaching randomness. One can thus compare the evidence on experimental and simulated data and decide for himself whether he agrees with any chosen level of significance. Flavor and texture were almost equally correlated with acceptability. Although appearance was less well correlated, this was not because it was unimportant but because the range was less. The various multiple correlation coefficients were calculated. Greater differentiation between products was attained by using the percent sag and shear force measurements in combination with GLC peaks than by using GLC peaks alone. The products tested fell into three categories: the commercial product received the highest preference rating followed by the experimental products containing from 5–7g of pectin; the high pectin (8g) received the lowest preference rating.
The distance to the Orion Nebula cluster
Authors: Jeffries R. D. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The distance to the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC) is estimated using the rotational properties of its low-mass pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. Rotation periods, projected equatorial velocities and distance-dependent radius estimates are used to form an observational sin i distribution (where i is the axial inclination), which is modelled to obtain the distance estimate. A distance of 440 ± 34 pc is found from a sample of 74 PMS stars with spectral types between G6 and M2, but this falls to 392 ± 32 pc when PMS stars with accretion discs are excluded on the basis of their near-infrared excess. Since the radii of accreting stars are more uncertain and probably systematically underestimated, then this closer distance is preferred. The quoted uncertainties include statistical errors and uncertainties due to a number of systematic effects including binarity and inclination bias. This method is geometric and independent of stellar evolution models, though does rely on the assumption of random axial orientations and the Cohen & Kuhi effective temperature scale for PMS stars. The new distance is consistent with, although lower and more precise, than most previous ONC distance estimates. A closer ONC distance implies smaller luminosities and an increased age based on the positions of PMS stars in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
Splash dispersal of Leptosphaeria maculans pycnidiospores and the spread of blackleg on oilseed rape
Authors: Travadon R. , Bousset L. , Saint‐Jean S. , Brun H. , Sache I. 
Published: March 2007

The fungus Leptosphaeria maculans causes blackleg (phoma stem canker), one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape. The role of pycnidiospores produced during asexual reproduction is poorly documented and limits the understanding of the pathogen's population dynamics. The objectives of this study were to assess rain‐splash dispersal of pycnidiospores of L. maculans from phoma leaf spots, and transmission of the disease from oilseed rape stubble carrying pycnidia. The work was conducted in still air with either a drop generator or a rain simulator. The impact of simulated incident drops on phoma leaf spots resulted in the dispersal of L. maculans pycnidiospores within splash droplets. Ninety per cent of the spores were collected within 14 cm of the source and a few were regularly observed up to 40 cm. Pycnidiospores produced on oilseed rape stubble and dispersed by simulated rain infected oilseed rape trap plants in a spatial pattern that matched the spatial dispersal of the pycnidiospores. In the field, rain‐splash dispersal of pycnidiospores could increase the pathogen population and may enhance sexual reproduction by facilitating the mating of initially spatially separated isolates of opposite mating type.
Sensitivity of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa to demethylation‐inhibiting fungicides in Ontario, Canada, after a decade of use
Authors: Hsiang T. , Liao A. , Benedetto D. 
Published: March 2007

In late 2003, nine populations of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in Ontario Canada (seven of which had been previously sampled in early 1994, prior to the registration of sterol demethylation‐inhibiting (DMI) fungicides for turf disease control in Canada) were sampled and tested for sensitivity to propiconazole. Four of the nine populations had not been treated with DMI fungicides during the intervening years, and isolates from these locations were sensitive to propiconazole (geometric mean EC50 values of 0·005–0·012 µg mL−1, compared with 0·005–0·008 µg mL−1 for the original 1994 populations). Among the five populations from 2003 that had been exposed to DMI fungicides, mean EC50 values were significantly greater, ranging from 0·020 to 0·048 µg mL−1. A significant correlation of determination was found between estimated number of fungicide applications and log EC50 (R2 = 0·832, P = 0·0001), and the equation predicted that 42·3 applications of propiconazole would be needed to bring a sensitive population (EC50 < 0·01 µg mL−1) to a resistant level (EC50 > 0·10 µg mL−1). Fungicide sensitivity vs. duration of fungicide efficacy was also tested, and it was found that isolates with decreased sensitivity were able to more quickly overcome the inhibitory effects of fungicide application, reducing the duration of control from 3 weeks to 2 weeks.
Localized hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum: cytological and molecular taxonomic similarities among C. destructivum, C. linicola and C. truncatum
Authors: Latunde‐Dada A. O. , Lucas J. A. 
Published: March 2007

The infection process of hemibiotrophic isolates of Colletotrichum linicola (from flax, Linum usitatissimum) and C. truncatum (from broad bean, Vicia faba and lentil, Lens culinaris) was studied by light microscopy. Host surfaces were penetrated directly leading to a symptomless, biotrophic phase characterized by the elaboration of large multilobed, multiseptate, vesicular primary hyphae that were restricted to the initially infected epidermal cells. Biotrophy lasted for the first 48 h of the host‐pathogen interaction and was rapidly succeeded by a necrotrophic phase during which narrow, secondary hyphae invaded the surrounding leaf tissues and water‐soaked spreading lesions with sporulating, monosetate acervuli were produced on infected host surfaces. Molecular taxonomic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified D2 and ITS‐2 regions of rDNA revealed very close similarities (97–99%) between these isolates and those of C. destructivum obtained from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and lucerne (Medicago sativa), and also of C. truncatum obtained from pea (Pisum sativum). This association was consistent with results from a comparative assessment of some in‐planta and in‐vitro morphological and growth characteristics of these hemibiotrophic fungi. It was concluded that localized hemibiotrophy is an infection strategy utilized predominantly by a closely‐related group of pathogens comprising C. destructivum, C. linicola and C. truncatum, and the formation of multilobed primary hyphae restricted to the first penetrated cell might therefore be a key taxonomic character which correlates consistently with ITS sequence data.
Original article: Visual analog scales can assess the severity of rhinitis graded according to ARIA guidelines
Authors: Bousquet P. J. , Combescure C. , Neukirch F. , Klossek J. M. , Méchin H. , Daures J.‐P. , Bousquet J. 
Published: March 2007

Background: The allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines provide a new classification of allergic rhinitis, but a quantitative analysis for severity assessment is lacking.Objective: To study whether a visual analog scale (VAS) for global rhinitis symptoms could be used to assess the disease severity according to ARIA.Methods: Three thousand fifty‐two allergic rhinitis patients seen in primary care were tested. Fifty three per cent had an objective diagnosis of allergy and 58% of the patients were treated. Patients were categorized according to ARIA guidelines. The severity of nasal symptoms was assessed using a VAS. Quality of life was measured using the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ).Results: Severity had more impact on VAS levels than duration: mild intermittent rhinitis (3.5, 2.4–5.0 cm), mild persistent rhinitis (4.5, 3.2–5.6 cm), moderate/severe intermittent rhinitis (6.7, 5.3–7.7 cm) and moderate/severe persistent rhinitis (7.2, 6.1–8.2 cm). The receiver operating characteristic curve results showed that patients with a VAS of under 5 cm could be classified as ‘mild’ rhinitis (negative predictive value: 93.5%) and those with a VAS of over 6 cm as ‘moderate/severe’ rhinitis (positive predictive value: 73.6%). Receiver operating characteristic curves and a logistic regression showed that current treatment and allergy diagnosis have no effect on the assessment of rhinitis severity using VAS. Visual analog scale and the RQLQ global score were significantly correlated (ρ = 0.46;P < 0.0001).Conclusion: A simple and quantitative method (VAS) can be used for the quantitative evaluation of severity of allergic rhinitis.