bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐mapping QTL for mastitis resistance on BTA9 in three Nordic red cattle breeds
Authors: Sahana G. , Lund M. S. , Andersson‐Eklund L. , Hastings N. , Fernandez A. , Iso‐Touru T. , Thomsen B. , Viitala S. , Sørensen P. , Williams J. L. , Vilkki J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA QTL affecting clinical mastitis and/or somatic cell score (SCS) has been reported previously on chromosome 9 from studies in 16 families from the Swedish Red and White (SRB), Finnish Ayrshire (FA) and Danish Red (DR) breeds. In order to refine the QTL location, 67 markers were genotyped over the whole chromosome in the 16 original families and 18 additional half‐sib families. This enabled linkage disequilibrium information to be used in the analysis. Data were analysed by an approach that combines information from linkage and linkage disequilibrium, which allowed the QTL affecting clinical mastitis to be mapped to a small interval (<1 cM) between the markers BM4208 and INRA084. This QTL showed a pleiotropic effect on SCS in the DR and SRB breeds. Haplotypes associated with variations in mastitis resistance were identified. The haplotypes were predictive in the general population and can be used in marker‐assisted selection. Pleiotropic effects of the mastitis QTL were studied for three milk production traits and eight udder conformation traits. This QTL was also associated with yield traits in DR but not in FA or SRB. No QTL were found for udder conformation traits on chromosome 9.
cDNA microarray profiles of canine mammary tumour cell lines reveal deregulated pathways pertaining to their phenotype
Authors: Rao N. A. S. , Van Wolferen M. E. , Van Den Ham R. , Van Leenen D. , Groot Koerkamp M. J. A. , Holstege F. C. P. , Mol J. A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryMammary cancer is the most common type of cancer in female dogs with a lifetime risk of over 24% when dogs are not spayed. The elucidation of the complete canine genome opens new areas for development of cancer therapies. These should be tested first by in vitro models such as cell lines. However, to date, no canine mammary cell lines have been characterized by expression profiling. In this study, canine mammary tumour cell lines with histologically distinct primary tumours of origin were characterized using a newly developed canine cDNA microarray. Comparisons of gene expression profiles showed enrichment for distinct biological pathways and were related to biological properties of the cell lines such as growth rate and in vitro tumourigenicity. Additionally, gene expression profiles of cell lines also showed correspondence to their tumour of origin. Major differences were found in Wnt, cell cycle, cytokine/Rho‐GTPase, alternative complement and integrin signalling pathways. Because these pathways show an overlap at the molecular level with those found in human breast cancer, the expression profiling of spontaneous canine mammary cancer may also function as a biological sieve to identify conserved gene expression or pathway profiles of evolutionary significance that are involved in tumourigenesis. These results are the basis for further characterization of canine mammary carcinomas and development of new therapies directed towards specific pathways. In addition these cell lines can be used to further investigate identified deregulated pathways and characterize until now unannotated genes.
Gastro‐intestinal haemorrhage risks of selective serotonin receptor antagonist therapy: a new look
Authors: Opatrny Lucie , Delaney J. A. ‘Chris’ , Suissa Samy 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The known biological effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) on platelets are consistent with an increased risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients on SSRI therapy.• Previous research supports this increased risk among SSRI users with a large increase in bleeding risk observed. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This large study was able to compare the effects of different classes of antidepressant as well as to test for drug–drug interactions with warfarin.• The discovery of alcohol abuse as a strong confounder may partially explain the very high risks of bleed seen in previous studies that did not adjust for this confounder.AIMS(i) To determine the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and other classes of antidepressants on upper gastro‐intestinal (GI) haemorrhage and (ii) to assess the drug–drug interaction effects of antidepressants and warfarin or clopidogrel on the risk of GI haemorrhage.METHODSThis was a population‐based case control study in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Cases with a first episode of upper GI haemorrhage between 2000 and 2005 were matched with up to 10 controls. Exposure to the study drugs was defined by a prescription issued in the 90 days before the index date. Rate ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression.RESULTSFour thousand and twenty‐eight cases of GI haemorrhage and 40 171 controls were identified. The excess risk of GI haemorrhage with SSRI use was small (Rate Ratio [RR]: 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 1.6) and null with exposure to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (RR 1.0; 95% CI: 0.8, 1.3). The risk of GI haemorrhage was highest with venlafaxine use (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6). There was no drug–drug interaction between warfarin anticoagulation and antidepressant use.CONCLUSIONSThis study supports a small increased risk of upper GI haemorrhage with the use of SSRI antidepressants compared with the older TCA drugs, but to a lesser extent than previously reported due to confounding by alcohol use. The small elevation in risk of GI haemorrhage with SSRI and venlafaxine should be weighed against the therapeutic benefit of their use.
Impact of noncompliance with alendronate and risedronate on the incidence of nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures in elderly women
Authors: Blouin Julie , Dragomir Alice , Moride Yola , Ste‐Marie Louis‐Georges , Fernandes Julio Cesar , Perreault Sylvie 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Compliance with alendronate and risedronate is suboptimal.• Few studies have specifically evaluated the impact of noncompliance with alendronate or risedronate on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in community‐dwelling elderly women. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Among community‐dwelling elderly women, noncompliance [defined as medication possession ratio (MPR) < 80%] with alendronate or risedronate was associated with a 27% increased risk of nonvertebral fracture [rate ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 1.44].• This study is the first to assess the impact of noncompliance with bisphosphonates in a subgroup of women aged > 80 years.• Among women aged > 80 years, MPR < 80% was associated with a 48% greater risk of sustaining a nonvertebral fracture (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.19, 1.85), compared with women with a MPR ≥ 80%.AIMSTo evaluate the association between noncompliance with alendronate and risedronate and the risk of nonvertebral osteoporotic fracture in community‐dwelling elderly women.METHODSA nested case–control study was conducted using the Quebec administrative health databases. To be included in the cohort, women needed to be aged ≥ 68 years and to have initiated treatment with alendronate or risedronate between 1 January 2002 and 31 March 2005. Cases consisted of all women with an incident nonvertebral osteoporotic fracture occurring ≥ 1 year after initiation of therapy. Each case was matched with up to 20 controls using incidence density sampling, according to age (± 1 year) and follow‐up duration. A woman was noncompliant if she had a medication possession ratio (MPR) <80% for total follow‐up duration. Rate ratios (RR) for fracture were estimated through conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTSAmong the 30 259 women included in the cohort, 1036 nonvertebral fracture cases were identified and were matched to 20 069 controls. Compared with women with a MPR ≥ 80%, those with a MPR < 80% had a greater risk of nonvertebral fracture [adjusted RR 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 1.44]. Considering hip fracture only, the multivariate model yielded similar results, (adjusted RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02, 1.61).CONCLUSIONSAmong community‐dwelling elderly women, noncompliance with alendronate or risedronate is associated with an increased risk of nonvertebral fracture.
Seasonal dynamics, typhoons and the regulation of lake metabolism in a subtropical humic lake
Authors: TSAI JENG‐WEI , KRATZ TIMOTHY K. , HANSON PAUL C. , WU JIUNN‐TZONG , CHANG WILLIAM Y. B. , ARZBERGER PETER W. , LIN BING‐SHIH , LIN FANG‐PANG , CHOU HSIU‐MEI , CHIU CHIH‐YU 
Published: May 2008

Summary1. We used high‐frequency in situ dissolved oxygen measurements to investigate the seasonal variability and factors regulating metabolism in a subtropical alpine lake in Taiwan between May 2004 and October 2005, specifically exploring how the typhoon season (from June or July to October) affects lake metabolism.2. Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R) both peaked in early summer and mid‐autumn but dropped during the typhoon season and winter. Yuan‐Yang Lake is a net heterotrophic ecosystem (annual mean net ecosystem production −39.6 μmole O2 m−3).3. Compared to the summer peaks, seasonal averages of GPP and R decreased by approximately 50% and 25%, respectively, during the typhoon season. Ecosystem respiration was more resistant to external disturbances than GPP and showed strong daily variation during typhoon seasons.4. Changes in the quality and quantity of dissolved organic carbon controlled the temporal dynamics and metabolic regulation. External disturbances (typhoons) caused increased allochthony, increasing DOC and water colour and influencing lake metabolism.5. Seasonal winter mixing and typhoon‐induced water mixing in summer and autumn play a key role in determining the extent to which the lake is a seasonal carbon sink or source to the atmosphere.
Experimental respiratory anthrax infection in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Lever Mark S. , Stagg Anthony J. , Nelson Michelle , Pearce Peter , Stevens Daniel J. , Scott Elizabeth A. M. , Simpson Andrew J. H. , Fulop Mark J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryInhalational anthrax is a rare but potentially fatal infection in man. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was evaluated as a small non‐human primate (NHP) model of inhalational anthrax infection, as an alternative to larger NHP species. The marmoset was found to be susceptible to inhalational exposure to Bacillus anthracis Ames strain. The pathophysiology of infection following inhalational exposure was similar to that previously reported in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque and humans. The calculated LD50 for B. anthracis Ames strain in the marmoset was 1.47 × 103 colony‐forming units, compared with a published LD50 of 5.5 × 104 spores in the rhesus macaque and 4.13 × 103 spores in the cynomolgus macaque. This suggests that the common marmoset is an appropriate alternative NHP and will be used for the evaluation of medical countermeasures against respiratory anthrax infection.
Superficial exudates of neutrophils prevent invasion of Bacillus anthracis bacilli into abraded skin of resistant mice
Authors: Hahn Beth L. , Bischof Timothy S. , Sohnle Peter G. 
Published: May 2008

SummarySkin window procedures in humans have shown rapid accumulation of neutrophils into the exuded fluids above abraded skin. The present study was undertaken to determine if similar epicutaneous neutrophil accumulation might explain the extreme resistance of HRS/J mice, both hairless (hr/hr) and haired (hr/+), to experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis Sterne infections on abraded skin. In this study, very early (6 h) biopsies demonstrated a lack of bacilli in skin from the HRS/J hr/hr mice, indicating that the organisms never did invade in these animals as opposed to early skin entry and then efficient clearance by host responses in the tissues. Touch preparations of either the inoculation filter or the skin surface revealed more inflammatory cells, fewer bacilli, and a higher percentage of cell‐associated bacilli in the HRS/J hr/hr mice than in comparator strains. In the HRS/J mice, cyclophosphamide treatment or separation of inoculated spores from the inflammatory infiltrates by a second filter below both produced marked increases in the number of bacilli observed. Examination of inoculation filter specimens demonstrated ingestion of spores and bacilli by neutrophils inside the filter at 6 h after inoculation. These findings suggest that an early and vigorous inflammatory cell infiltrate in HRS/J mice attacks the inoculated organisms above the skin surface and does not allow them to invade the tissues below.
Antibody titres to heat shock protein 27 are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Parizadeh Seyyed Mohammad Reza , Moohebati Mohsen , Tavallaie Shima , RezaKazemi‐Bajestani Seyyed Mohammad , Esmaeili Habib‐Allah , Ferns Gordon 
Published: May 2008

SummaryIgG antibody titres to heat shock protein 27 (anti‐Hsp27) were measured to determine whether these titres were affected in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Blood samples were taken from 94 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Anti‐Hsp27 IgG titres were determined using an in‐house enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the first and second 12 h after the onset of symptoms and compared with values for 81 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects. Median antibody titres to Hsp27 in the first sample from patients whose diagnosis was a myocardial infarction (n = 42) was 0.41 absorbancy units (range 0.28–0.57) and for those with unstable angina (n = 52) was 0.31 (range 0.20–0.42), both being significantly higher than for controls (n = 81), which was 0.08 (range 0.05–0.15) (P < 0.05). However, titres fell in the second samples collected in the coronary syndrome patients and were then no longer significantly different from controls (P > 0.05). Myocardial infarction patients also had significantly higher anti‐Hsp27 titres in the first 12 h than patients with unstable angina (P < 0.05), but again the difference in the second sample did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). Serum antibody titres to Hsp27 rise and fall rapidly after the onset of acute coronary syndrome, and may be an early marker of myocardial ischaemia as patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina both had high titres.
The behavioural phenotype of Smith–Magenis syndrome: evidence for a gene–environment interaction
Authors: Taylor L. , Oliver C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground Behaviour problems and a preference for adult contact are reported to be prominent in the phenotype of Smith–Magenis syndrome. In this study we examined the relationship between social interactions and self‐injurious and aggressive/disruptive behaviour in Smith–Magenis syndrome to explore potential operant reinforcement of problem behaviours and thus a gene–environment interaction.Method Observational data on five children with Smith–Magenis syndrome (age range 3 to 13 years) were collected for between 9 and 12 h. The associations between purported phenotypic behaviours and two environmental events (adult attention and demands) were examined using descriptive analysis.Results All participants engaged in self‐injurious behaviour and aggressive/disruptive outbursts. Sequential analyses of aggressive/disruptive outbursts and self‐injury revealed that these behaviours were evoked by low levels of adult attention and led to increased levels of attention following the behaviours in three and two participants respectively out of the four for whom this analysis was possible.Conclusions Problem behaviour in Smith–Magenis syndrome was evoked by decreased social contact in three out of four children. These data, considered alongside the preference for adult contact and the significantly increased prevalence of these behaviours in Smith–Magenis syndrome, illustrate a potential gene–environment interaction for problem behaviour in this syndrome.
Population genetic divergence corresponds with species‐level biodiversity patterns in the large genus Begonia
Authors: HUGHES M. , HOLLINGSWORTH P. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBegonia is one of the largest angiosperm genera, containing over 1500 species. Some aspects of the distribution of biodiversity in the genus, such as the geographical restrictions of monophyletic groups, the rarity and morphological variability of widespread species, and a preponderance of narrow endemics, suggest that restricted gene flow may have been a factor in the formation of so many species. In order to investigate whether this inference based on large‐scale patterns is supported by data at the population level, we examined the distribution of genetic variation within Begonia sutherlandii in the indigenous forests of Kwazulu‐Natal, South Africa, using microsatellite markers. Despite the species being predominantly outbreeding, we found high and significant levels of population structure (standardized = 0.896). Even within individual populations, there was evidence for clear differentiation of subpopulations. There is thus congruence in evolutionary patterns ranging from interspecific phylogeny, the distribution of individual species, to the levels of population differentiation. Despite this species‐rich genus showing a pan‐tropical distribution, these combined observations suggest that differentiation occurs over very local scales. Although strongly selected allelic variants can maintain species cohesion with only low levels of gene flow, we hypothesize that in Begonia, gene flow levels are often so low, that divergence in allopatry is likely to be a frequent occurrence, and the lack of widespread species may in part be attributable to a lack of a mechanism for holding them together.
Fine‐scale population genetic structure in a fission–fusion society
Authors: ARCHIE ELIZABETH A. , MALDONADO JÉSUS E. , HOLLISTER‐SMITH JULIE A. , POOLE JOYCE H. , MOSS CYNTHIA J. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. , ALBERTS SUSAN C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNonrandom patterns of mating and dispersal create fine‐scale genetic structure in natural populations — especially of social mammals — with important evolutionary and conservation genetic consequences. Such structure is well‐characterized for typical mammalian societies; that is, societies where social group composition is stable, dispersal is male‐biased, and males form permanent breeding associations in just one or a few social groups over the course of their lives. However, genetic structure is not well understood for social mammals that differ from this pattern, including elephants. In elephant societies, social groups fission and fuse, and males never form permanent breeding associations with female groups. Here, we combine 33 years of behavioural observations with genetic information for 545 African elephants (Loxodonta africana), to investigate how mating and dispersal behaviours structure genetic variation between social groups and across age classes. We found that, like most social mammals, female matrilocality in elephants creates co‐ancestry within core social groups and significant genetic differentiation between groups (ΦST = 0.058). However, unlike typical social mammals, male elephants do not bias reproduction towards a limited subset of social groups, and instead breed randomly across the population. As a result, reproductively dominant males mediate gene flow between core groups, which creates cohorts of similar‐aged paternal relatives across the population. Because poaching tends to eliminate the oldest elephants from populations, illegal hunting and poaching are likely to erode fine‐scale genetic structure. We discuss our results and their evolutionary and conservation genetic implications in the context of other social mammals.
Suppression of a cold‐sensitive mutation in ribosomal protein S5 reveals a role for RimJ in ribosome biogenesis
Authors: Roy‐Chaudhuri Biswajoy , Kirthi Narayanaswamy , Kelley Teresa , Culver Gloria M. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA specific mutation of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S5, in which glycine is changed to aspartate at position 28 [S5(G28D)], results in cold sensitivity and defects in ribosome biogenesis and translational fidelity. In an attempt to understand the roles of S5 in these essential cellular functions, we selected extragenic suppressors and identified rimJ as a high‐copy suppressor of the cold‐sensitive phenotype associated with the S5(G28D) mutation. Our studies indicate that RimJ overexpression suppresses the growth defects, anomalous ribosome profiles and mRNA misreading exhibited by the S5(G28D) mutant strain. Although previously characterized as the N‐acetyltransferase of S5, our data indicate that RimJ, when devoid of acetyltransferase activity, can suppress S5(G28D) defects thus indicating that the suppression activity of RimJ is not dependent on its acetyltransferase activity. Additionally, RimJ appears to associate with pre‐30S subunits indicating that it acts on the ribonucleoprotein particle. These findings suggest that RimJ has evolved dual functionality; it functions in r‐protein acetylation and as a ribosome assembly factor in E. coli.
Functional interplay between the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YpsRI and YtbRI quorum sensing systems modulates swimming motility by controlling expression of flhDC and fliA
Authors: Atkinson Steve , Chang Chien‐Yi , Patrick Hannah L. , Buckley Catherine M. F. , Wang Yao , Sockett R. Elizabeth , Cámara Miguel , Williams Paul 
Published: May 2008

SummaryQuorum sensing (QS) in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis involves two pairs of LuxRI orthologues (YpsRI and YtbRI) and multiple N‐acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). In a ypsI/ytbI mutant, AHL synthesis was abolished, unaffected in a ypsR/ytbR double mutant and substantially reduced in a ypsI/ytbR mutant, indicating that neither YpsR nor YtbR is essential for AHL synthesis. To determine the interrelationship between YpsRI and YtbRI we constructed chromosomal lux–promoter fusions to ypsR, ypsI, ytbR and ytbI and examined their expression in each of the QS mutant backgrounds. The YpsRI system negatively autoregulates itself but positively regulates the expression of the ytbRI system whereas the ytbRI system is positively autoregulated but only at the level of ytbI expression. YtbRI does not control expression of ypsR or ypsI. This hierarchical QS system controls swimming motility via regulation of flhDC and fliA. The AHLs synthesized via YtbI play a dual role, activating flhDC, in conjunction with YpsR but repressing fliA in conjunction with YtbR and YpsR. In liquid and plate assays, the early onset of motility observed in ypsR and ypsI mutants was abolished in ytbI, ytbR ypsI/ytbI, ypsR/ytbR mutants, indicating that QS regulates motility both positively (via YtbRI) and negatively (via YpsRI).