bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Virtual Operation Planning on Liver Surgery
Authors: Fischer L. , Hoffmann K. , Neumann J.‐O. , Schöbinger M. , Grenacher L. , Radeleff B. , Friess H. , Meinzer H. P. , Büchler M. W. , Schmidt J. , Schemmer P. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe increasing complexity of hepato‐biliary surgery, including major hepatic resections and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), has lead to an increasing demand for sophisticated imaging modalities. Standard operation planning for hepatic resections and preoperative donor and recipient work‐up for LDLT is based on two‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) images and magnetic resonance imaging. However, even modern multidetector CT scanners are not able to perform routinely three‐dimensional (3D) visualization needed for operation planning in liver surgery or LDLT. As a consequence, special‐purpose computer‐based operation planning systems have been developed that leverage the possibilities of modern image processing to improve surgical planning. The advances in technology enable surgeons to analyse and to visualize the anatomy of the human liver including the vascular structures within the human liver and define the exact volumetric data of the liver tissue to be resected or preserved. Furthermore, 3D visualization of the vessel architecture within the human liver allows a reliable estimation of the amount of liver tissue that could be at risk after resection because of inadequate hepatovenous drainage. Because of its clinical usefulness and real‐time visualization capabilities we already use an operation planning system in selected patients prior to liver resection and before donor hepatectomy for LDLT as a standard.
Turned, Machined Versus Double‐Etched Dental Implants In Vivo
Authors: Al‐Nawas B. , Hangen U. , Duschner H. , Krummenauer F. , Wagner W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  Positive effects on the clinical outcome of moderately rough implant surfaces are described. Intercomparison of clinical data, however, is rarely found.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to compare the clinical results of two macroscopically identical implants, the one with a turned, machined and the other with an etched surface.Materials and Methods:  In a retrospective cohort study, the included implants followed the criteria: standard surgical protocol, >12 months in situ; minimally rough self‐threading implants with a turned, machined surface (Mk IITM Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden], n=210); etched implants of the same macrodesign (3iTM Implant Innovations Inc., Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA], n=151), length ≥ 10 mm. Clinical data and implant success were rated. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and Periotest® (Siemens AG, Bensheim, Germany) were measured and related to the corresponding implant survival rate in the respective group.Results:  The total number of implants was 361, of which 264 (73%) were subject to clinical reexamination. RFA and Periotest could be recorded in 25% of the implants. Neither clinically relevant nor statistically significant differences between the surface designs were found in the RFA (64 ± 8.6 vs 63 ± 9.7), in Periotest (−2 ± 3.3 vs −1 ± 5.1), and in mean survival periods (49 months, 95% confidence interval CI]: 46–51 months, for the turned vs 46 months, 95% CI: 43–49 months, for the double‐etched implant). After osteoplastic procedures, a significantly higher rate of implant losses in the turned, machined implant group was observed (17 vs 1) with a mean survival period of 43 (40–46) months for the turned and 46 (45–48) months for the double‐etched implants.Conclusion:  No difference between implants with two different minimally rough surfaces was found. A positive effect of surface roughness is observed in poor quality bone, but the pivotal proof of this effect is still lacking.
COLOR AND OXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF IRRADIATED WHOLE MUSCLE BEEF1
Authors: LUCHSINGER S. E. , KROPF D. H. , GARCÍA ZEPEDA C. M. , HUNT M. C. , STRODA S. L. , MARSDEN J. L. , KASTNER C. L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of two doses (2.0 and 3.5 kG'y) of nonradioactive irradiation on color and oxidative properties were determined and compared to nonirradiated controls for frozen and chilled vacuum‐packaged boneless beef steaks. The chilled steaks were repackaged in oxygen‐permeable film 14 days after irradiation. Irradiation up to 3.5 kGy had minimal effects on color and oxidative rancidity and significantly reduced bacterial counts of frozen and chilled, vacuum‐packaged, beef steaks stored and/or displayed for up to 28 days. Irradiated steaks that were rewrapped in permeable film were microbially acceptable at 5 days of display and had more color stabiliry than the controls. Although no differences in TBA numbers between dose levels were observed for chilled steaks rewrapped in permeable film, these steaks had a TBA number of 2.1 after 5 days of retail display compared to 0.2 for vacuum‐packaged steaks displayed for 14 days.
THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN SCAVENGERS ON THE COLOR STABILITY AND SHELF‐LIFE OF CO, MASTER PACKAGED PORK
Authors: DOHERTY A. M. , ALLEN P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPork chops were stored with and without O2 scavengers in a modified atmosphere (50% CO2/50% N, or 100% CO2) master pack system at 0C for up to 21 days, At 7‐day intervals, the chops were displayed at ca. 4.5C for 96 h. Color (L, a, b, hue and chroma); panelist assessments of color and odor; and drip losses were recorded. Oxygen scavengers reduced O2 levels, resulting in chops that were generally as red as flesh, but tended to have higher hue angles at 0 h, and towards the end of display (P<0.05). Visually, chops packaged in 50% CO2/50% N2 were less acceptable than flesh (P<0.05). There were no odor differences between flesh and packaged chops. Fresh chops had lower drip losses than packaged (P<0.05). An acceptable display life was obtained for pork chops stored for up to 21 days in a modified atmosphere CO2 master pack containing O2 scavengers.
APPLICATION OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN DRY CHINESE POWCHICKEN SAUSAGES
Authors: YIN M.‐C. , TU H.‐Y. , CHENG W.‐S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTChicken breast at 8%, 17% and 25% levels was used to replace pork fat in a low‐fat dry Chinese sausage. This replacement resulted in more lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation; also pH values declined (P<0.05) during 4C storage. Cooking loss decreased with increasing chicken cantent in sausaga (P<0.05). The addition of α‐tocopherol to pork/chicken sausages delayed lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation (P<0.05) but did not influence pH value or cooking loss.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE CAUSED BY THE HYDRODYNE PROCESS
Authors: ZUCKEFWAN H. , SOLOMON M.B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTransmission electron microscopy was used to examine the influence of the Hydrodyne process, a new technology for tenderizing meat in the raw state, on the ultrastructural characteristics of bovine longissimus muscle. Myofibrillar fiagmentation in the region adjacent to the Z‐lines was clearly evident. Fragments of Z‐lines were attached to the A‐band on both sides of the fractures. These fractures resulted in increased intrumyofibrillar spaces with longitudinal gaps or splits in the myofibril lattice (lattice of filaments formed inside the myofibril). These observations offer evidence as to why there is a significant improvement in meat tenderness when meat is treated with the Hydrodyne process.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CHEMICAL, COOKING AND COLOR PROPERTIES OF BEEF PATTIES COOKED TO FOUR INTERNAL TEMPERATURES
Authors: BERRY B.W. , LYON B.G. , SODERBERG D. , CLINCH N. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA study involving five laboratories and nationwide sampling of ground beef was undertaken to determine cooking and color properties of patties cooked to 52.7, 65.6, 71.1 and 79.4C. The design of the study included purchase location (local, distant) and patty handling prior to cooking Pesh, thawed either as patties or bulk ground beef). Purchase location was not a statistically significant influence on cooking and color properties. Patties processed from bulk thawed product had a higher amount of brown cooked color. A strong relationship existed between visual and instrumental measures of red color in cooked patties. However, correlations among other cooking properties were low. Patties with higher fat content were associated with shorter cooking times, lower cooking yields and more brown cooked color. The low relationships between raw and cooked patty properties limits the use of raw ground beef properties as predictors of food safety in cooked beef patties. This further supports the use of instant read meat thermometers in cooking beef patties to at least 71C.
The economic significance of “insignificant” rules
Authors: Hahn Robert , Cecot Caroline 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe know relatively little about the economic effects of “insignificant” rules because they are not typically analyzed. Yet, these rules could be cumulatively important. We provide an economic analysis of one proposed rule to control hazardous air pollutants, which is not considered to be economically significant. This rule is of particular interest because it is one of the first in a long series of rules that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will consider for limiting hazardous air pollutant emissions. Our analysis suggests that the proposed controls that EPA has considered are not likely to pass a benefit–cost test. We recommend that an agency base its decision to allocate additional resources to benefit–cost analysis on the expected value of the improved information. In addition, agencies should consider applying a rule of thumb that would specify a threshold level of risk reduction that needs to be achieved before some kinds of regulation are considered.
Interstitial Heat Transfer Coefficient and Dispersion Conductivity in
Compressed Metal Foam Heat Sinks
Authors: Tzeng Sheng-Chung , Jeng Tzer-Ming 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This work experimentally and numerically investigates the heat transfer in uncompressed∕compressed metal foams. Experiments were conducted to obtain the thermal characteristics of a rectangular channel filled with aluminum foams using air as the fluid medium. The experimental data reveal that the uncompressed sample has a larger Nusselt number (Nu) than the compressed sample. The 0.93 porosity sample has the largest average Nu followed by the 0.7 porosity sample; the 0.8 porosity sample has the worst average Nu. The experimental data concerning the 0.93 porosity samples (uncompressed samples) were consistent with the numerical predictions obtained using the model for high-porosity metal foam, reported elsewhere. Finally, a numerical model to simulate flow and heat transfer characteristics in compressed metal foams is presented and the interstitial heat transfer coefficient and dispersion conductivity were semi-empirically determined.
Flow Structure and Enhanced Heat Transfer in Channel Flow With
Dimpled Surfaces: Application to Heat Sinks in Microelectronic
Cooling
Authors: Silva Carlos , Marotta Egidio , Fletcher Leroy 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The use of dimple technology for improvement in friction factors and enhancement of heat transfer has been attracting the attention of many scientists and engineers. Numerical and experimental studies have shown there is a positive improvement (two-fold on average) in Nusselt number when dimpled surfaces are compared to flat plates, and this improvement is achieved with pressure drop penalties that are small when compared to other more intrusive types of turbulence promoters. When arrays of specific dimple geometry are used, pressure drop penalties are roughly equivalent to the heat transfer improvement. This, at least theoretically, will enable the design of smaller heat transfer devices such as heat sinks, which are especially appealing in those applications where size is an important design factor. A literature review of numerical modeling and experiments on flow over dimpled surfaces was performed, and key parameters and flow structure were identified and summarized. With these premises, a numerical model was developed. The model was validated with published experimental data from selected papers and fine tuned for channel flow within the laminar flow regime. Subsequently, the model was employed for a specific application to heat sinks for microelectronic cooling. This paper, then, provides a comparative evaluation of dimple technology for improving heat transfer in microelectronic systems.
Inelastic Deformation and Fatigue of Solder Alloys Under Complicated
Load Conditions
Authors: Liang J. , Dariavach N. , Callahan P. , Shangguan D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Fundamental study of deformation and fatigue fracture behavior of solder alloys under complex load conditions is a key to enabling implementation of sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent nonlinear finite-element stress and strain analyses for the life assessment for electronic packages and assemblies. In this study, the rate-dependent deformation and fatigue fracture behavior of Sn3.8Ag0.7CuPb-free alloy and Sn–Pb eutectic alloy was investigated with thin-walled specimens using a biaxial servo-controlled tension–torsion material testing system, with solder alloys subjected to a variety of complex load conditions: pure shearing at strain rates between 6.7×10−7∕s and 1.3×10−1∕s, creep at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 125°C, and cyclic loading with frequencies of 0.001Hz to 3Hz. Biaxial stress conditions were imposed to investigate the effects of multiaxial stresses on deformation behavior. The effects of frequency and temperature on cyclic deformation and fatigue facture were investigated for lead-free Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and Sn–Pb eutectic solder. Fractography of fatigue tested samples was also conducted to determine possible fatigue failure mechanisms.
A Lagrange Multiplier Mixed Finite Element Formulation for Three-Dimensional Contact of Biphasic Tissues
Authors: Yang Taiseung , Spilker Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) contact finite element formulation has been developed for biological soft tissue-to-tissue contact analysis. The linear biphasic theory of Mow, Holmes, and Lai (1984, J. Biomech., 17(5), pp. 377–394) based on continuum mixture theory, is adopted to describe the hydrated soft tissue as a continuum of solid and fluid phases. Four contact continuity conditions derived for biphasic mixtures by Hou et al. (1989, ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 111(1), pp. 78–87) are introduced on the assumed contact surface, and a weighted residual method has been used to derive a mixed velocity-pressure finite element contact formulation. The Lagrange multiplier method is used to enforce two of the four contact continuity conditions, while the other two conditions are introduced directly into the weighted residual statement. Alternate formulations are possible, which differ in the choice of continuity conditions that are enforced with Lagrange multipliers. Primary attention is focused on a formulation that enforces the normal solid traction and relative fluid flow continuity conditions on the contact surface using Lagrange multipliers. An alternate approach, in which the multipliers enforce normal solid traction and pressure continuity conditions, is also discussed. The contact nonlinearity is treated with an iterative algorithm, where the assumed area is either extended or reduced based on the validity of the solution relative to contact conditions. The resulting first-order system of equations is solved in time using the generalized finite difference scheme. The formulation is validated by a series of increasingly complex canonical problems, including the confined and unconfined compression, the Hertz contact problem, and two biphasic indentation tests. As a clinical demonstration of the capability of the contact analysis, the gleno-humeral joint contact of human shoulders is analyzed using an idealized 3D geometry. In the joint, both glenoid and humeral head cartilage experience maximum tensile and compressive stresses are at the cartilage-bone interface, away from the center of the contact area.
Development of High Power Density Seal-Less SOFCs
Authors: Vora Shailesh 
Published: May 2007

Siemens is the recognized leader in the development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology and has developed materials and processes that have produced robust and reliable SOFCs. Siemens tubular seal-less SOFCs have demonstrated long life and ability to thermal cycle with no noticeable performance degradation over several years of operation. Siemens is developing a new cell design that incorporates integral ribs to reduce the current path length, and hence lower cell resistance.	This new design, referred to as High Power Density (HPD) cell retains the advantages of a seal-less design, while increasing power density. The HPD cells also utilize advance cell materials that further improve power density. Results of testing of a prototype system with HPD5 cells and progress on different options for HPD cell design, cell fabrication and power enhancement are presented.
GE SECA Prototype System Development and Testing
Authors: Zhou Qiong , Goodman Joe , Powers Jim , Campbell Tony 
Published: May 2007

This paper summarizes the prototype system development and testing under Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Program.	There were two generations of the SECA prototype systems developed. The Gen 1 prototype system met or exceeded the SECA requirements over a 1720h test, achieving 41% peak system efficiency and 5.4 kW peak net power.	The Gen 2 prototype achieved 49.6% peak efficiency and 5.6 kW peak net power over a 120h commissioning test. The Gen 2 prototype system has been delivered to National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) for final testing.
Investigation of H2 and CO Oxidation on Ni-CeO2 Electrodes Using a Specially Designed Three-Electrode Configuration
Authors: Cimenti Massimiliano , Hill Josephin M. 
Published: May 2007

The electrochemical oxidation of H2 and CO was studied on Ni- CeO2 anodes using a specific cell design characterized by a Luggin-type reference electrode. The consistency of this configuration was verified theoretically using a numerical model.	The oxidation rates were measured by cyclic- voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at temperatures between 700 and 800{degree sign}C and at different H2 and CO partial pressures. EIS results were analyzed following a validation and deconvolution procedure. EIS fitting parameters were rationalized using a method developed for conventional Ni-YSZ anodes. Typically, two main arcs composed the complex impedance of Ni/CeO2. In H2, the charge transfer reactions were not limiting but the rate of the process related to the lower peak-frequency arc decreased with anodic overpotential, indicating diffusion limitations in this region. In CO, charge transfer limitations were evident. The design and procedure developed in this study is useful for characterizing the processes in SOFC anodes.
Development of Insulating and Conductive Seals for Controlled Conduction Paths
Authors: Suda Seiichi , Kawahara Koichi , Jono Kaori 
Published: May 2007

Micro-SOFCs require precise control of conduction paths among small cells or stacks.	We have developed both insulating and highly conductive gas-tight seals in order to arrange both the seals and to fabricate the gas-tight sealing interface that has various electric conduction paths.	The insulating seals were prepared with amorphous Na2O-SiO2 spherical particles and amorphous SiO2 particles. Porous La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) ceramics were used as a porous cathode to investigate sealing behavior. Firing the insulating sheet at 800oC resulted in gas-tight melt sealing. Penetration of viscous fused glasses into porous LSCF was controlled by changing the particle ratios. On the other hand, the highly conductive seals were prepared with various Ag-Si-Ge alloys by metal rolling. The alloys was melted at 850oC in air and led to highly conduction paths. The bi-layer sheets composed of the insulating and the conductive sheets was also resulted in gas- tight sealing at 850oC in air.
A Discussion of Flow Pathways in the Central and Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Brown Jaclyn N. , Godfrey J. Stuart , Schiller Andreas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An eddy-permitting global ocean model is used to interpret kinematics within the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, from 160°E to the coast of America. Because of high levels of variability in this region, observational studies of meridional flow are contradictory, in particular as to whether the net flow is northward or southward. Unlike most oceanographic datasets, model output can be analyzed at high temporal and spatial resolution, providing clues as to real ocean behavior. In the model, a net southward flow occurs across the equator east of 160°W, at most density layers throughout the year. In the central Pacific, from 160°E to 160°W, the net flow is northward but varies with season and occurs primarily in the mixed layer. This is a key region for the flow of Equatorial Undercurrent water into the Northern Hemisphere. The three-dimensional flow is very complex and seasonally dependent. It is vital that these flows are analyzed in an isopycnal framework, or else the pathways are very misleading. In the first half of the year, evidence is found of meridional tropical cells on either side of the equator out to ±5°. These cells appear to exist without any need for diapycnal downwelling. In the second half of the year, when tropical instability waves are active, the cells are overlaid by a strong surface southward flow that appears to be a bolus-type transport. This transport is not apparent unless the flow is calculated in the aforementioned manner.
On the Reflectance of Uniform Slopes for Normally Incident Interfacial Solitary Waves
Authors: Bourgault Daniel , Kelley Daniel E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The collision of interfacial solitary waves with sloping boundaries may provide an important energy source for mixing in coastal waters. Collision energetics have been studied in the laboratory for the idealized case of normal incidence upon uniform slopes. Before these results can be recast into an ocean parameterization, contradictory laboratory findings must be addressed, as must the possibility of a bias owing to laboratory sidewall effects. As a first step, the authors have revisited the laboratory results in the context of numerical simulations performed with a nonhydrostatic laterally averaged model. It is shown that the simulations and the laboratory measurements match closely, but only for simulations that incorporate sidewall friction. More laboratory measurements are called for, but in the meantime the numerical simulations done without sidewall friction suggest a tentative parameterization of the reflectance of interfacial solitary waves upon impact with uniform slopes.