bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Ghrelin in Pedigreed Baboons: Evidence for Heritability and Pleiotropy
Authors: Voruganti V. Saroja , Tejero M. Elizabeth , Proffitt J. Michael , Cole Shelley A. , Cox Laura A. , Mahaney Michael C. , Rogers Jeffery A. , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Comuzzie Anthony G. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone that is produced primarily in the stomach, and stimulates food intake via its receptors situated in the hypothalamus.Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize baboon ghrelin cDNA and investigate the genetic influence on the variation in plasma ghrelin levels in baboons.Methods and Procedures: The sample consisted of 376 baboons (263 females, 113 males) from a pedigreed colony at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas. Ghrelin cDNA was cloned by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequenced. Real‐time RT‐PCR was performed to quantify mRNA from the collected tissues. Genetic contribution to plasma ghrelin was estimated using a variance components method implemented in SOLAR.Results: The baboon coding region and predicted amino acid sequence for ghrelin showed 97 and 96% sequence identity with humans, respectively. Maximum expression of ghrelin mRNA was detected in hypothalamus and stomach. Mean ± s.e. plasma levels of ghrelin were 3,406 ± 99 pg/ml. A significant heritability was observed for plasma ghrelin (h2= 0.25, P < 0.001). A genome‐wide scan revealed the evidence of suggestive linkage for a locus affecting plasma ghrelin on chromosome 9q22 (between markers D9S910 and D9S261, logarithm of the odds (LOD) score = 2.3). Significant genetic correlations (P < 0.001) among ghrelin, body weight, and leptin were observed.Discussion: These results indicate a significant genetic component in the variation of plasma ghrelin in baboons and reveal a high degree of similarity between baboon and human ghrelin with respect to its cDNA and its correlation with other obesity traits.
All‐cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Increased With Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwanese
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chin , Lee Long‐Teng , Chen Ching‐Yu , Sung Pei‐Kun 
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mortality and metabolic syndrome using the America Heart Association/National Heart Lung Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions in a Taiwanese cohort.Methods and Procedures: A total of 124,513 participants, aged 20–94 years, from four nationwide health centers in Taiwan were recruited from 1998 to 1999. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) for all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality for those with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome over 8 years of follow‐up.Results: The baseline prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.4% by the AHA/NHLBI and 13.9% by the IDF definition. A total of 2,762 deaths (527 CVD) occurred. Using the AHA/NHLBI definition, the RRs (95% confidence intervals) of all‐cause and CVD mortality were 1.21 (1.09–1.34) and 1.77 (1.40–2.24), respectively, in men and 1.30 (1.12–1.49) and 1.69 (1.19–2.42), respectively, in women. The association between metabolic syndrome and mortality was attenuated when using the IDF definition. Excluding subjects with diabetes or CVD at baseline, the RRs for CVD mortality still remained significant using the two definitions.Discussion: Metabolic syndrome, using either the AHA/NHLBI or IDF definitions, is a common disorder in Taiwanese adults and is similarly associated with an increase in all‐cause and CVD mortality as found in Western populations. Our study suggests that Asians with metabolic syndrome are also at higher risk for death.
Obesity and Self‐reported General Health, Hawaii BRFSS: Are Polynesians at Higher Risk?
Authors: Ochner Margaret H. , Salvail Florentina R. , Ford Earl S. , Ajani Umed 
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study compared the relationship between fair/poor general health status among overweight and obese Polynesians with that among other overweight and obese persons in Hawaii.Methods and Procedures: Data were pooled from the 1998–2003 Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and logistic regression used to examine the predictors of fair/poor health status.Results: Polynesians were significantly more likely to be obese than non‐Polynesians; overweight Polynesians were more likely than other overweight individuals to report fair/poor health status. After adjusting for confounders, among Polynesians, being obese was no longer associated with fair/poor health. Non‐Polynesians who were obese (odds ratio 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–2.6), older, less educated, smokers, diabetic, hypertensive, and physically inactive were more likely to report fair/poor health.Discussion: Although Polynesians were significantly more obese than the rest of the Hawaii population, their weight was not independently associated with their odds for fair/poor health as it was with non‐Polynesians. The difference may be that, for Polynesians, hypertension and diabetes overrode the effect of obesity on general health status or this group maintains different cultural perceptions of body size. Regardless, these findings show a major health risk among Polynesians and suggest the need for culturally specific health interventions.
Atherogenecity of LDL and Unfavorable Adipokine Profile in Metabolically Obese, Normal‐weight Woman
Authors: Hyun Y.J. , Koh S.J. , Chae J.S. , Kim J.Y. , Kim O.Y. , Lim H.H. , Jang Y. , Park S. , Ordovas Jose M. , Lee J.H. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The relationship of visceral adiposity with adipocytokines and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particle distribution and oxidation in Asian metabolically obese, normal‐weight (MONW) individuals has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate the association between visceral adiposity and adipocytokines and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in MONW Korean women with normal glucose tolerance.Methods and Procedures: We examined the metabolic characteristics of 135 non‐obese (BMI <25 kg/m2) women aged 25–64 years. Twenty‐five women (BMI <25 kg/m2 and visceral fat adiposity (VFA) ≥100 cm2) were classified as MONW and 25 women (BMI <25 kg/m2 and VFA <100 cm2), pair‐matched for age, weight, height, and menopausal status, as control group. Plasma lipid profiles and adipocytokines were evaluated in these two groups.Results: MONW subjects had higher systolic (P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.005) and higher concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG) (P < 0.005), insulin (P < 0.01), and free fatty acid (FFA) (P < 0.05) than control subjects. There was no significant difference between two groups in LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations; however, MONW subjects had smaller LDL particles (P < 0.01) and higher concentrations of oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Moreover, MONW subjects had higher concentrations of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (P < 0.05), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (P < 0.05) and leptin (P < 0.05), and lower plasma adiponectin concentrations (P < 0.05). Higher intake of saturated fat with lower ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower fiber intake than normal subjects were found in MONW women.Discussion: We found an unfavorable inflammatory profile and a more atherogenic LDL profile in MONW female subjects even in the absence of a known CVD risk factors. Moreover, MONW consumed more saturated fat and less fiber than the control group.
Differential Secretion of Satiety Hormones With Progression of Obesity in JCR:LA‐corpulent Rats
Authors: Parnell Jill A. , Reimer Raylene A. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To characterize the gastrointestinal tract at the onset and in well‐established obesity.Methods and Procedures: Lean (+/?) and obese (cp/cp) male JCR:LA‐cp rats lacking a functional leptin receptor were killed at 3.5 weeks and 9 months of age and plasma concentrations of satiety hormones determined. The small intestine, colon, and stomach were measured, weighed, and mRNA levels of satiety genes quantified.Results: At the onset of obesity, obese rats had greater intestine, colon, and liver mass when adjusted for body weight compared to lean rats. Conversely, adult rats with established obesity had lower intestine and colon mass and length after adjustment for body weight. Early changes in gene expression included decreased ghrelin mRNA levels in stomach and increased peptide YY (PYY) mRNA levels in duodenum of young obese rats. After massive accumulation of adipose tissue had occurred, adult obese rats had increased proglucagon and ghrelin mRNA expression in the proximal intestine. In the distal small intestine, obese rats had lower proglucagon, ghrelin, and PYY mRNA levels. Finally, at the onset and in well‐established obesity, obese rats had higher plasma insulin, amylin, glucagon like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), and PYY, a finding, with the exception of insulin, unique to this model. Plasma total ghrelin levels were significantly lower at the onset of obesity and established obesity compared to the lean rats.Discussion: Several defects are manifested in the obese gut early on in the disease before the accumulation of large excesses of body fat and represent potential targets for early intervention in obesity.
Meal‐related Changes in Ghrelin, Peptide YY, and Appetite in Normal Weight and Overweight Children
Authors: Lomenick Jefferson P. , Clasey Jody L. , Anderson James W. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) are two gut hormones that have effects on appetite. Our objectives were to characterize the patterns of secretion of these hormones in response to feeding in school‐age children and determine whether there were differences between normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW) subjects.Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study at one tertiary care center. Subjects were 7‐ to 11‐year‐old healthy NW and OW volunteers recruited from local advertisements. Following an overnight fast, the subjects were given a standardized breakfast and lunch and had nine hourly blood samples for total ghrelin and total PYY. We assessed whether ghrelin and PYY levels changed from the preprandial to postprandial state and corresponded to reported hunger/satiety.Results: Hunger ratings were similar between the two groups throughout the study period. Ghrelin was not suppressed after eating, did not rise prior to the next meal, and did not correspond to hunger ratings in either group. PYY increased postprandially and decreased preprandially in the NW group, but OW children exhibited this pattern for only part of the day. PYY levels incompletely corresponded to reported satiety in the OW group.Discussion: Mixed meal consumption had little effect on ghrelin secretion and a variable effect on PYY secretion in young children in our study. Differences that were observed between the groups do not suggest that an abnormality in their secretion contributes to the development of obesity.
IAAT, Catecholamines, and Parity in African‐American and European‐American Women
Authors: Blaudeau Tamilane E. , Hunter Gary R. , St‐Onge Marie‐Pierre , Gower Barbara A. , Roy Jane L.P. , Bryan David R. , Zuckerman Paul A. , Darnell Betty E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: We have recently reported that parous European‐American (EA) women have disproportionately more intra‐abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) than their nulliparous counterparts. Mediating mechanisms for IAAT accumulation remain unknown; however, some evidence suggests a possible catecholamine link. The objective of this study was to determine whether the IAAT‐parity relationship found in EA women exists in African‐American (AA) women and to determine whether catecholamines play a mediating role.Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 44 EA and 47 AA premenopausal women. Free‐living physical activity by doubly labeled water (activity‐related time equivalent (ARTE)), body composition (air plethysmography, computed tomography), and 24‐h fractionated urinary catecholamines were measured.Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed parous EA and AA women had significantly higher IAAT than their nulliparous counterparts (100.1 ± 28.5 and 76.2 ± 34.8 cm2 vs. 75.9 ± 29.1 and 59.6 ± 15.0 cm2). In AA women and nulliparous women, 24‐h urinary dopamine was significantly higher (AA parous 260.8 ± 88; EA parous 197.2 ± 78.8; AA nulliparous 376.5 ± 81; EA nulliparous 289.6 ± 62). Multiple regression analysis for modeling IAAT indicated that race, parity, dopamine, ARTE, and VO2max were all significant and independent contributors to the model (Unstandardized βs: race −32.6 ± 7.4; parity (number of births) 10.0 ± 3.4; 24‐h urinary dopamine 0.08 ± 0.04; ARTE (min/day) −0.09 ± 0.04; VO2max (ml/kg/min) −2.8 ± 1.0).Discussion: Independent of the potential confounders: age, race, percent body fat, IAAT, 24‐h fractionated urinary catecholamines, physical activity, and VO2max, parous EA and AA women had more IAAT than their nulliparous counterparts. Of the catecholamines, dopamine was found to be significantly lower in parous women and higher in AA's. Dopamine, however, did not explain racial or parity differences in IAAT.
Influence of Age on the Association of Retinol‐binding Protein 4 With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gavi Shai , Qurashi Saima , Stuart Louise M. , Lau Raymond , Melendez Mark M. , Mynarcik Dennis C. , McNurlan Margaret A. , Gelato Marie C. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The relationships of retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) with insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution have been investigated in a few recent studies with conflicting results. This may have been due to differences in ages of the subjects in the different studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the association of RBP4 and insulin sensitivity and percent trunk fat are influenced by age.Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional analyses of 48 young subjects and 55 elderly subjects. Insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp. Body fat distribution was determined by a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA).Results: In the young subjects, RBP4 levels were associated with insulin sensitivity (r = −0.30, P = 0.04), percent trunk fat (r = 0.54, P < 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.44, P = 0.003), low‐density lipoprotein (r = 0.38, P = 0.01). In contrast, in the elderly subjects there was no correlation between RBP4 levels and insulin sensitivity (r = −0.18, P = 0.20), percent trunk fat (r = 0.00, P = 0.10), triglycerides (r = 0.25, P = 0.10), and low‐density lipoprotein (r = −0.11, P = 0.47).Discussion: The associations of RBP4 with insulin sensitivity, percent trunk fat, and lipid levels are influenced by age.
Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross‐sectional Studies 1990–2005
Authors: Shrewsbury Vanessa , Wardle Jane 
Published: January 2008

Background: Sobal and Stunkard's review (1989) of 34 studies from developed countries published after 1941, found inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood adiposity. Inverse associations (36%), no associations (38%), and positive associations (26%) were found in similar proportions. In view of the trends in pediatric obesity, the relationship between SES and adiposity may have changed.Objective: To describe the cross‐sectional association between SES and adiposity in school‐age children from western developed countries in epidemiological studies since 1989.Methods and Procedures: PubMed database was searched to identify potentially relevant publications. Epidemiological studies from western developed countries presenting cross‐sectional data on the bivariate association between an SES indicator and objectively measured adiposity in childhood (5–18 years), carried out after 1989 were included. SES indicators included parental education, parental occupation, family income, composite SES, and neighborhood SES.Results: Forty‐five studies satisfied the review criteria. SES was inversely associated with adiposity in 19 studies (42%), there was no association in 12 studies (27%), and in 14 studies (31%) there was a mixture of no associations and inverse associations across subgroups. No positive SES‐adiposity associations were seen in unadjusted analyses. With parental education as the SES indicator, inverse associations with adiposity were found in 15 of 20 studies (75%).Discussion: Research carried out within the past 15 years finds that associations between SES and adiposity in children are predominately inverse, and positive associations have all but disappeared. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which parental social class influences childhood adiposity.
BMI vs. Waist Circumference for Identifying Vascular Risk
Authors: Freiberg Matthew S. , Pencina Michael J. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Lanier Katherine , Wilson Peter W.F. , Vasan Ramachandran S. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Current guidelines recommend measurement of both BMI and waist circumference (WC) in individuals with BMI between 25.0 and 34.9 kg/m2. We investigated the relative contributions of BMI and WC toward identifying risk of adverse vascular events in a community‐based sample.Methods and Procedures: We evaluated Framingham Study participants (n = 4,195 person‐examinations, 53% women) using pooled logistic regression to assess the incremental prognostic utility of WC in predicting risk of a first cardiovascular disease (CVD) event in the three BMI categories (normal, <25 kg/m2; overweight, 25 to <30 kg/m2; obese, ≥30 kg/m2) and to assess the incremental prognostic utility of BMI and WC separately for predicting risk of a first cardiovascular event.Results: On follow‐up (16 years), 430 participants (158 women) had experienced a first CVD event. In overweight women, but not in overweight men, larger WC was found to be an independent predictor of CVD incidence, longitudinally (in women, multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) per s.d. increment in WC 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03–3.36, P = 0.04; in men adjusted OR per s.d. increment in WC 0.91, 95% CI 0.60–1.38, P = 0.66). In obese individuals and in those with normal BMI, WC was not associated independently with incident CVD. When BMI and WC were analyzed separately for predicting risk of a first cardiovascular event, the c statistics associated with the multivariable CVD models incorporating BMI vs. WC were nearly identical in men and women.Discussion: Knowledge of WC aids identification of vascular risk among overweight women. Among normal weight or obese women and men (regardless of BMI category) WC did not appear to substantially add to prediction of risk of vascular events.
Adiponectin and Leptin in African Americans
Authors: Considine Robert V. , Premkumar Ahalya , Reynolds James C. , Sebring Nancy G. , Ricks Madia , Sumner Anne E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: African Americans (AAs) have less visceral and more subcutaneous fat than whites, thus the relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat and insulin sensitivity in AA may be different from that in whites.Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐nine non‐diabetic AA (37 men and 32 women), aged 33 ± 1 year participated. The percent fat was determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume by computerized tomography (CT), and insulin sensitivity by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).Results: VAT was greater in men (1,619 ± 177 cm3 vs. 1,022 ± 149 cm3; P = 0.01); women had a higher percentage of body fat (34.1 ± 1.4 vs. 24.0 ± 1.2; P < 0.0001), adiponectin (15.8 ± 1.2 μg/ml vs. 10.4 ± 0.8 μg/ml; P = 0.0004) and leptin (23.2 ± 15.8 ng/ml vs. 9.2 ± 7.2 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). SAT and HOMA did not differ because of the sex. Adiponectin negatively correlated with VAT (r = −0.41, P < 0.05) in men, and with VAT (r = −0.55, P < 0.01), and SAT (r = −0.35, P < 0.05) in women. Adiponectin negatively correlated with HOMA in men (r = −0.38, P < 0.05) and women (r = −0.44, P < 0.05). In multiple regression, sex (P = 0.02), HOMA (P = 0.03) and VAT (P = 0.003) were significant predictors of adiponectin (adj R 2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001). Leptin positively correlated with VAT, SAT, percent fat and HOMA in men (r = 0.79, r = 0.86, r = 0.89, and r = 0.53; P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.62, r = 0.75, r = 0.83, and r = 0.55; P < 0.01). In multiple regression VAT (P = 0.04), percent body fat (P < 0.0001) and sex (P = 0.01), but not HOMA were significant predictors of serum leptin (adj R 2= 0.82, P < 0.0001).Discussion: The relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat content and distribution in AA is dependent on sex. Although VAT and insulin sensitivity are significant determinants of adiponectin, VAT and percent body fat determine leptin.
Enhanced Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 Plus Genistein on Adipogenesis and Apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Rayalam Srujana , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Ambati Suresh , Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Park Hea Jin , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To investigate the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 (D) and genistein (G), alone and in combination, to inhibit adipogenesis and induce apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.Methods and Procedures: 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes and mature adipocytes were incubated with various concentrations of D and G, alone and in combination, for 48 h. Viability was determined using the Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. Post‐confluent preadipocytes were incubated with D and G for up to 6 days during adipogenesis and lipid content was quantified by Nile Red dye; apoptosis was quantified by measurement of single‐stranded DNA. Expression of adipocyte‐specific proteins and VDR was analyzed by western blotting.Results: Combining D and G did not cause an enhanced effect on cell viability in either preadipocytes or mature adipocytes. In maturing preadipocytes, D at 0.5 nmol/l (D0.5) increased apoptosis by 47 ± 10.25% (P < 0.05) and inhibited lipid accumulation by 28 ± 10% (P < 0.001), while G at 25 μmol/l (G25) had no significant effect. However, D+G caused an enhanced apoptosis by 136 ± 12.6% (P < 0.001) and enhanced inhibition of lipid accumulation by 82.46 ± 2.95% (P < 0.001). Similarly, D0.5 alone decreased adipose‐specific gene 422 (aP2) expression to 34.2 ± 2.3% and increased VDR expression levels by 41.8 ± 11% (P < 0.001), but G25 showed no effect. However, D0.5+G25 decreased aP2 expression to 52 ± 4.2% (P < 0.05) and increased VDR expression levels by 131 ± 14.5% (P < 0.0001).Discussion: These findings suggest that combining 1,25(OH)2D3 with genistein results in an enhanced inhibition of lipid accumulation and induction of apoptosis in maturing 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes.