bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of results obtained by men and women interviewers in a fertility survey
Authors: Cartwright Ann , Moffett Joanna 
Published: July 2008

In a pilot survey about family size and the use of contraception for which the sample was the parents of legitimate babies the interviews with fathers were systematically divided between men and women interviewers. There was no difference in the response rate of the two groups and although there were some differences in the types of answers given to certain questions most of the differences might have occurred by chance. We could not see any clear pattern in the sorts of response that varied.A hypothesis about the variation was put forward by some of our advisers and we collected some further information about this which did not support the hypothesis. On the basis of this study we do not feel it necessary to recruit and train men to interview the fathers on the main study but are using women interviewers for both mothers and fathers.
Pregnancy in girls under 17: a preliminary study in a hospital district in south London
Authors: Mcewan J. A. , Owens Carol , Newton J. R. 
Published: July 2008

Pregnancy occurring in girls under the age of 17 is of particular interest to those providing obstetric care and family planning services, as well as to the social welfare services in the community. Childbirth in girls of this age carries greater risk to mother and child than in the immediately older age groups and a young mother having a baby, whether married or not, may face social and economic difficulties. This study is designed to find out basic facts about girls having terminations of pregnancy or continuing to have a baby in this young age group, relating to: parents and family of origin, housing, education, religion, knowledge of sex and fertility, use of contraception and nature of the relationship with the father of the child.The findings suggest that there is an urgent need for improving the provision and effectiveness of sex education, that the provision of contraceptive advice to the very young should be reviewed and improved, and that the type of relationships between boys and girls leading to the pregnancies described in this study are neither casual nor ‘promiscuous’. The findings that those conceiving under the age of 15, and keeping the baby, made their first attendance at the antenatal clinic very late in the pregnancy suggests that these girls take an undue risk with their health, possibly due to the present state of the law regarding sexual intercourse in young people. The ideas of ‘wantedness’ and ‘planning’ in relation to conception are discussed.
An epidemiological study of hysteria
Authors: Dube K. C. , Kumar Narender 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a comprehensive epidemiological study conducted by a census survey in a population of 29,468 individuals in the Agra region of Uttar Pradesh, northern India, 261 cases of conversion symptoms in the form of hysterical fits were detected constituting a prevalence rate of 8.9 per thousand (Dube, 1970). The study population consisted of residents in urban, semi-rural and rural areas. The prevalence rate was significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. Females constituted 96.1% of all cases of hysteria. The highest incidence rate was in the age group 15–24 years. The role of caste, marital status and educational level, found to be associated with the occurrence of symptoms, has been discussed.
The unwanted birth and the family planning service
Authors: Brennan Mary E. , Opit L. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a survey in Coventry of 1079 post-natal patients, 11% (104) of married women and 46% (32) of single women stated that this birth was unwanted and emotionally distressing. The married women with unwanted births were the same age as other married women, but had substantially larger families. The single women with unwanted births were younger and all had left school at 16 years or below. Ten per cent of married women and 28% of single women with unwanted births had no knowledge of contraception and 28% of married women and 78% of single women with unwanted births had not used any contraceptive methods. Seventy-six per cent of married women and 78% of single women with unwanted births would have liked further professional advice.
Introducing the age-profile: an index of survival
Authors: Young Christabel M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper introduces the concept of the ‘age-profile’, which represents the proportions of cohort populations surviving from birth to a given year. Life tables for Australia and three-dimensional diagrams based on these data are used to illustrate the difference between the ‘age-profile’ values for a given year and the transverse survival values for the same year. The last part of the paper describes areas in which the ‘age-profile’ might be used with reference to its value in representing the experience of cohorts.
Fertility patterns of two New Guinea populations: Karkar and Lufa
Authors: Stanhope John M. , Hornabrook Richard W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFertility in New Guinea highlanders was lower than in the Karkar coastal population. Karkar fertility has been reduced in younger women and this appears to be associated with increased educational opportunity. Polygamy is common in the Highlands but unusual on the coast. Fertility appeared to be unrelated to religious affiliation or employment status. Both communities had some knowledge of contraception, abortion and fertility promotion, and on Karkar there was a knowledge of the advantages of medical advice concerning family planning. Mortality levels in the two communities were comparable, from the mid-trimester of pregnancy through early childhood. The estimated life expectancies at birth are within the accepted range for other areas of New Guinea.
Maternal characteristics of women having twin pregnancies
Authors: Campbell D. M. , Campbell A. J. , MacGillivray I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA comparison was made between 1308 mothers delivered of twins in Aberdeen between 1950 and 1969 and mothers of singleton infants. There was a greater number of tall women amongst mothers of twins. This was more marked in primigravidae than in multiparae. The rate of twinning was less in thin women than in those who were obese or of normal build. The social class of the husband did not appear to influence the incidence of twins. The rate of weight gain in twin pregnancies, even in early pregnancy, was high compared with the rate in singleton pregnancies. The more frequent occurrence of twinning in heavier, taller women, suggests that nutrition might be responsible but this is not borne out by the findings about social class.
Religion and legal abortion in Northern Ireland
Authors: Compton Paul A. , Goldstrom Lorna , Goldstrom J. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe number of Northern Ireland women obtaining abortions in England has risen sharply from 36 for April–December 1968 to 775 in 1972. The figure for 1973 when it becomes available will probably be about 1000.The sample on which this paper is based consisted of 522 women who between January 1971 and August 1973 sought an abortion through the Ulster Pregnancy Advisory Association. The sample amounted to about one-quarter of all residents of Northern Ireland obtaining an abortion in England over the same period and was therefore not a random one. It was, however, fully representative for age and marital status and was thought to be generally reliable.The 522 women included 108 Roman Catholics, who were therefore under-represented in the sample compared with the general population at risk.The 108 Roman Catholics included 72.2% of single women, compared with 65.1% of single Protestants; they were also younger, 42.6% coming with the age group 20–24 years compared with 33.4% of the Protestants, and a higher proportion, 46.3% compared with 30.9%, had stayed at school to the age of 17 or 18 years. Only 15.7% of the Catholics had been told of the UPAA by their own doctors, compared with 45.7% of the Protestants.
Personality Differences and the Socialization Process
Authors: Millman John E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe personality dimension ‘introversion-extraversion’ as a factor in the socialization of approved school delinquents has been examined. Contrary to expectations of certain theorists, the allegedly more easily socialized introvert is usually not under-represented in delinquent populations. The possibility was investigated, therefore, that the level and type of attention an individual receives during the socialization process is a function of personality factors thought to reflect socialization capacity. The findings supported this hypothesis from which it would follow that a significant correlation between delinquent behaviour and such personality characteristics is improbable.
The Prevalence of Mucous Discharge as a Symptom of Ovulation
Authors: Marshall John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of vaginal mucus at the time of ovulation was recorded by 166 women in 1800 cycles along with their basal body temperature (BBT). Seventy-five per cent of women observed mucus in every cycle, 21% in some cycles only and 4% never saw mucus. Three women conceived in cycles in which there was no mucus. The time of first appearance of mucus has been related to cycle length and to the time of rise in BBT. The implications of these findings for the use of the mucous method of avoiding conception is discussed.
The repeatability of data obtained in a fertility survey
Authors: Cartwright Ann , Prince Elizabeth 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis small study has looked at only one aspect of the reliability of survey data–their repeatability at an interval of 2–6 months with a different interviewer. Even for basic factual data such as date of birth, household composition and number of children there were some errors. Some were coding errors, some punching, some appeared to be reporting errors, but the numbers were small and no discernible patterns emerged.For other factual data, such as ability to have more children or the use of different methods of contraception, the repeatability seemed to vary with the hardness of the categories. Sterilization was reported consistently, but more loosely defined characteristics, such as difficulty in conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term, proved relatively unreliable; birth control methods which involved use of an appliance were more consistently reported than withdrawal and the safe period.If ‘hard’ facts were reported more consistently than ‘soft’ ones it might be thought that attitudes would be reported less consistently than facts. But the dimension of hard versus soft cuts across both factual and opinion data. Fortunately for us, the question about whether they wanted more children appeared relatively hard; only 2% appeared to have changed their minds radically about this. Their memory of their intentions about becoming pregnant on the last occasion was more consistent than their reports about use of contraception around the time of conception.
Further inquiry into Protestant clerical mortality patterns
Authors: King Haitung , Zafros Gregory , Hass Rita 
Published: July 2008

SummaryClerical mortality rates in the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod have been studied in relation to selected social characteristics.Overall mortality rates in the two study groups are more favourable than those for both the general US male population and for the total US white clergy. For most specific causes, the rates for the Lutherans but a high degree of similarity exists.Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
The natural history of man in Shetland
Authors: Berry R. J , Muir Veronica M. L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe Shetland Islands lie in the North Atlantic approximately equi-distant between Scotland, Norway and the Faroes. The earliest known colonizers came from the Mediterranean, but when the Vikings arrived (c. AD 800), there seem to have few or no human inhabitants. The descendants of the west Scandinavians who came to the islands in the early Viking movement still comprise the bulk of the human population, and form a series of isolates unique in the United Kingdom.The paper summarizes the available information on the origins and physical characteristics of the Shetlanders. Much of this is trivial, but in the absence of any other review we have brought together what is known. The only blood group data are ABO frequencies which are similar to those on the other North Atlantic islands (Orkney, Faroe and Iceland). The best estimates of relationship are based on comparisons of non-metrical skull variant frequencies which show that the nearest relatives of the Shetlanders are the inhabitants of Jaeren in southern Norway. The same conclusion comes from independent evidence of linguistic affinities.Shetland has the highest known prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world, and possibly a high incidence of gastric ulceration. It also has a large number of standard Down's syndrome (trisomy-21) patients. These could be the result of the fathers' periodic absences at sea, resulting in their families being spread over a large span of years. Clearly there are interesting and possibly important morbidity and mortality factors operating in the population—which could give significant information about genetical factors in disease. Data on mental defect and psychiatric disease are also presented.
Maori fertility in a period of transition
Authors: Zodgekar A. V 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAn analysis of Maori fertility shows that a transition from a high to a low level has begun. The crude birth rate has declined by nearly 28% during the period 1961–72; only a small part of this decline can be attributed to changes in the age–sex and marital status composition.A substantial decline in the fertility of older women has been observed and there are indications of the beginning of a major decline in the fertility of younger women. Since women aged 30–49 still account for 30% of total fertility there is enough potential for a further fertility decline in the later child-bearing years.Age patterns of fertility decline suggest that inter-marriage between Pakehas and Maoris is not a prime cause of the recent fertility decline. The factors which are thought to be responsible for this change in Maori fertility are rapid urbanization, a low level of infant mortality and an increase in the overall level of education.A further decline in Maori fertility will depend on the continuation of the tendency in fertility among the younger women.
Recent studies in intrauterine devices: a reappraisal
Authors: Snowden Robert 
Published: July 2008

SummarySince the first rush of publications on IUDs following the start of Tietze's Cooperative Statistical Programme for the Evaluation of IUDs (Tietze & Lewit, 1970) there has rarely been a period in which a report relating to newer, ‘second-generation’ devices has not been published. There are degrees of sophistication in these reports varying from the odd anecdotal reference and highly subjective clinical impression to carefully constructed and evaluated large-scale clinical and field trials. This in itself creates problems, for the carefully constructed trials tend to be reported long after the clinical impressions have been publicized. In some cases the impressionistic information has so affected opinion that the presentation of data from large-scale trials providing greater validity and reliability becomes merely an academic exercise.
Male sterilization in Thailand: a follow-up study
Authors: Burnight Robert G. , Muangmun Verasing , Cook Michael J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA retrospective study of 185 Thai males who had been vasectomized at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, between January 1970 and March 1973 was conducted during the period May–July 1973. At the time of the vasectomy the mean age of the men was 33·5 years and the mean age of their wives was 29·9 years; they had a mean of 3·7 living children. The motivation for seeking a permanent method of fertility control was a combination of adverse economic pressures, a degree of rationality in family building, and worry over additional pregnancies. Only a few of the men experienced any medical complications as a result of the operation, and the most significant factor associated with health was fatigue. Few changes in mental health, social relationships, or personal habits occurred as a result of the operation. Post-vasectomy changes in sexual relations were found to be minimal; if occurring at all, such changes were usually improvements. Taking into consideration the age of husband and wife, duration of marriage, and number of living children, the demographic impact of vasectomies in Thailand seems to be greater than that in other developing countries where comparisons can be made.
Spontaneous fetal loss: a note on rates and some implications
Authors: Cutright Phillips 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAfter reviewing recent work indicating that the level of spontaneous fetal loss (SFL) is much higher than estimates derived from traditional sources, this paper assesses some implications of differential rates of SFL by race and maternal health and challenges the common view that early SFL is largely a function of genetic abnormalities of the fetus and thus subject to little change over time. If, as is argued here, SFL changes over time in response to changing environmental conditions, fertility trends may be affected by environmental trends. An example of the possible impact of declining SFL on marital fertility rates over the period 1940–60 in the US is provided. The paper concludes with work that uses new estimates of SFL rates to measure the extent to which induced abortion may be unnecessary because the pregnancy would terminate spontaneously, and then estimates the extent to which contraceptive failure rates, as measured in the US National Fertility Study of 1965, may be deflated due to under-reporting of SFL.
First and repeat abortions: a study of decision-making and delay
Authors: Bracken Michael B. , Kasl Stanislav V. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a sample of 345 women aborting at a New York clinic, women having a repeat abortion had delayed significantly less in seeking abortion than had women aborting for the first time. Those having a repeat abortion were more likely to anticipate, suspect and acknowledge pregnancy, and to have located the abortion clinic more rapidly, once the decision to have an abortion was made. Psychological reactions to the decision did not differ between women having first and repeat abortions. The complex interactions of many of the factors involved in the decision-making process were examined by path analysis. Variables entering the path analysis explained 36·0 and 52·4% of the variance in delay for first and repeat abortions, respectively. The analyses suggest that women having repeat abortions come from at least three groups: (1) those whose contraceptive method failed because of technical failure; (2) those experiencing contraceptor failure due to social and personal interactions with the method not conducive to optimal contraceptive practice, and (3) those women who are not practising contraception and for whom repeated unwanted pregnancies may be a response to neurotic needs.
Planning versus fatalism
Authors: Chamberlain Audrey 
Published: July 2008

A study of a group of highly fertile women indicated that the majority tended to adopt a fatalistic approach to having children.An exploratory attempt to isolate those conditions which might be associated with this type of behaviour included consideration of the women's general attitudes towards planning or not planning their future, in relation to their socio-demographic background. The work represents a first step in developing more useful methods of investigating fatalistic approaches to pregnancy and childbirth.
The Kota of the Nilgiri hills: a demographic study
Authors: Ghosh Aloke Kumar 
Published: July 2008

A population–biological study of the Kota of the Nilgiri Hills was undertaken between May 1966 and January 1968. This paper discusses the demographic structure of the tribe and its genetic implications.The Kota is a small tribe of 1203 individuals distributed in only seven villages; it is an isolated population with a low rate of fertility and a high rate of infant mortality. The Kota is not a random mating population. The rate of consanguineous marriages is high and the coefficient of inbreeding is almost equal to the highest recorded value. Besides cousin marriages, marriage within the village is very much preferred. The admixture rate (0·29%) among the Kota is very low. The effective population size is only 28·87% of the total population. The coefficient of breeding isolation is 1·01, which indicates that genetic drift may produce important differentiation in this population. The data show that selection is acting with moderate intensity in this population.
The influence of wife's education on fertility in rural Egypt
Authors: Khalifa Atef M 
Published: July 2008

Based on survey data from rural Egypt, the effects of the wife's education on fertility and family planning were investigated and shown to be very important. In accordance with the results of most other studies, there is an inverse relationship with the number of live births. The wife's education is also shown to influence attitudes towards family size, spacing, and knowledge and approval of contraceptives, all of which lead to a high proportion of contraceptive use and help to achieve the desired family size. There was also a clear inverse association between the wife's education and pregnancy loss and infant mortality; these latter two variables showed positive correlations with the number of live births.(Summary in Arabic on p. 60)
Social factors influencing female swimming performance
Authors: Dyer K. F 
Published: July 2008

The differences between male and female performance in free style swimming events are compared. It is found that the differences between male and female performance, as measured by world records, is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national records for these events shows important differences between different countries in average male/female differentials.A different set of physical and physiological constraints operate on swimming compared to track performance, but they would seem to be less important in influencing male/female differences. Social factors also seem to be less important in swimming than in track athletics in perpetuating performance differences but are nevertheless still operative.
Assortative marriage for psychometric, personality and anthropometric variation in a group of Oxfordshire villages
Authors: Harrison G. A , Gibson J. B , Hiorns R. W 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA study has been made in a group of rural Oxfordshire villages of levels of similarity between husbands and wives for IQ, personality and some anthropometric characteristics. Significant levels of assortative marriage have been found in both verbal and performance IQ, personality ‘inconsistency’, stature, weight and some other bodily dimensions. Their nature has been analysed by time of marriage, birthplace and social class, all of which appear to have marked effects. On the other hand, length of courtship and distance apart of the partners' residences at marriage seem to be more or less inconsequential.