bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism in horses
Authors: Fradette Marie-Ève , Céleste Christophe , Richard Hèléne , Beauchamp Guy , Laverty Sheila 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on serum and synovial fluid biomarkers of skeletal matrix metabolism in horses.
Animals—11 adult female horses without clinical or radiographic evidence of joint disease.
Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups. Phenylbutazone was administered orally twice daily at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg for 3 days to the treatment group and subsequently at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg for 7 days. Serum and radiocarpal synovial fluid samples were obtained at baseline and thereafter at regular intervals for 4 weeks. Biomarkers of cartilage aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate 846) and type II collagen synthesis (procollagen type II C-propeptide) and degradation (collagen type II cleavage) were assayed. Biomarkers of bone synthesis (osteocalcin) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were also measured.
Results—No significant differences were found between control and treatment groups or temporally for the biomarkers chondroitin sulfate 846, procollagen type II C-propeptide, collagen type II cleavage, and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in serum or synovial fluid. A significant increase in osteocalcin concentration occurred in synovial fluid during treatment in the treated group. No treatment effect was detected for serum osteocalcin concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that continuous phenylbutazone administration at recommended doses altered some biomarkers in healthy equine joints after short periods of administration. Increased osteocalcin concentration may indicate an undetermined anabolic effect of phenylbutazone administration on periarticular bone or transient induction of osteogenesis in articular chondrocytes or a mesenchymal subpopulation of synoviocytes.
Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air
Authors: Davis Michael S. , Williams Caroline C. , Meinkoth James H. , Malayer Jerry R. , Royer Christopher M. , Williamson Katherine K. , McKenzie Erica C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of exercise performed while breathing cold air on expression of cytokines and influx of neutrophils in airways of horses.
Animals—9 adult horses.
Procedures—In a crossover study, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained 24 and 48 hours after each of 2 submaximal exercise sessions performed by horses while breathing warm (25°C) or cold (−5°C) air. Total and differential nucleated cell counts were determined for each BALF sample. Relative mRNA expression of cytokines in BALF cells was quantified by use of a reverse transcription–PCR assay.
Results—Horses had a modest but significant influx of neutrophils into the airways 24 hours after a single exercise session while breathing cold air. No other cell types were increased at 24 or 48 hours after exercising while breathing cold air. Continued increases in expression of cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, -6, and -8 were detected 24 hours after exercising while breathing cold air. Forty-eight hours after exercising while breathing cold air, expression of IL-10 was still higher than that for IL-10 after horses exercised while breathing warm air. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly increased at 48 hours after exercising while breathing cold air.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure of intrapulmonary airways to cold air alters immunologic responses of horses for at least 48 hours. The increased expression of cytokines that suppress cell-mediated immunity may predispose athletes to viral infections of the respiratory tract following exercise in cold weather.
Ocular and systemic manifestations after oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin in cats
Authors: Ford Marnie M. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Moore Cecil P. , Narfström Kristina L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the effects of oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin to cats.
Animals—24 (12 male and 12 female) young healthy cats.
Procedures—Cats were allocated on the basis of sex into 2 groups (4 males and 4 females/ group) from which 3 subgroups for 3 durations (3, 5, or 7 days) of enrofloxacin (50 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) or control solution (1 mL of water, PO, q 24 h) administration that began on day −1 were created. Funduscopic examinations were performed daily. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed before and every 2 to 3 days after the start of oral administration. Four cats/study group were euthanized on days 3, 5, and 7, and eyes were collected for light and electron microscopic evaluations.
Results—Neurologic, funduscopic, and ERG abnormalities were evident only in cats administered enrofloxacin. Funduscopic changes (granular appearance or graying of the area centralis) were noticed on or before day 3 (after only 3 days of enrofloxacin administration), with subsequent similar changes along the visual streak. Vascular attenuation (between days 2 and 4) and generalized tapetal hyperreflectivity (between days 5 and 7) followed. Reduction in b-wave ERG amplitude preceded funduscopic changes. Morphologic changes in the photoreceptor layers correlated with duration of enrofloxacin administration, with generalized degenerative changes evident after 3 doses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The study indicated that a high dose of enrofloxacin (50 mg/kg/d, PO) induced retinal and systemic changes. Enrofloxacin at 10 times the recommended dosage is acutely toxic to the outer retina of clinically normal cats.
Efficacy of a canarypox-vectored recombinant vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin gene of equine influenza H3N8 virus in the protection of ponies from viral challenge
Authors: Minke Jules M. , Toulemonde Caroline Edlund , Coupier Hervé , Guigal Pierre-Michel , Dinic Sonia , Sindle Tracey , Jessett David , Black Linda , Bublot Michel , Pardo Maria C. , Audonnet Jean-Christophe 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine onset and duration of immunity provided by a 2- or 3-dose series of a new canarypox-vectored recombinant vaccine for equine influenza virus (rCP-EIV vaccine) expressing the hemagglutinin genes of influenza H3N8 virus strains A/eq/Kentucky/94 and A/eq/Newmarket/2/93 in ponies.
Animals—Forty-nine 1- to 3-year-old male Welsh Mountain Ponies that were seronegative for equine influenza virus.
Procedures—Vaccinated and control ponies were challenged with aerosolized influenza virus A/eq/Sussex/89 (H3N8), representative of the Eurasian lineage of circulating influenza viruses. In trial 1, control ponies and ponies that received rCP-EIV vaccine were challenged 2 weeks after completion of the 2-dose primary vaccination program. In trial 2, ponies were challenged 5 months after 2 doses of rCP-EIV vaccine or 1 year after the first boosting dose of rCP-EIV vaccine, administered 5 months after completion of the primary vaccination program. After challenge, ponies were observed daily for clinical signs of influenza and nasal swab specimens were taken to monitor virus excretion.
Results—The challenge reliably produced severe clinical signs consistent with influenza infection in the control ponies, and virus was shed for up to 7 days. The vaccination protocol provided clinical and virologic protection to vaccinates at 2 weeks and 5 months after completion of the primary vaccination program and at 12 months after the first booster.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The rCP-EIV vaccine provided protection of ponies to viral challenge. Of particular importance was the protection at 5 months after the second dose, indicating that this vaccine closes an immunity gap between the second and third vaccination.
Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals
Authors: KuKanich Butch , Huff David , Riviere Jim E. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a dose of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.
Design—Original study.
Animals—33 male and 22 female juvenile seals being treated for various conditions.
Procedures—Blood collection was limited to ≤ 3 samples/seal. Plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection.
Results—Mean ± SE dose of marbofloxacin administered was 5.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg (2.4 ± 0.05 mg/lb). The terminal half-life, volume of distribution (per bioavailability), and clearance (per bioavailability) were approximately 5 hours, approximately 1.4 L/kg, and approximately 3 mL/min/kg, respectively (values varied slightly with the method of calculation). Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 μg/mL and 30 h·μg/mL, respectively. Naïve averaged and naïve pooled analysis appeared to yield a better fit to the population, but nonlinear mixed-effects modeling yielded a better fit for individual seals.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used. Pharmacokinetic variability can be assessed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, but not with naïve averaged or naïve pooled analysis. Visual observation by experienced trainers revealed no adverse effects in treated seals. Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Trypanosoma cruzi-triatomine associations and the presence of mixed infections in single triatomine bugs in Paraná state, Brazil
Authors: Spitzner Fernanda , Freitas Jorge , Macedo Andréa , Ornelas Toledo Max , Araújo Silvana , Prioli Alberto , Gomes Mônica 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEighteen strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from two species of triatomines in the state of Paraná, Brazil, were characterized molecularly using three strategies: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) with four primers, analysis of the D7 polymorphic region of the 24Sα rDNA, and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of region 5′ of the mitochondrial gene COII (cytochrome oxidase subunit 2). The phenogram constructed with the RAPD data showed that only three strains isolated from Panstrongylus megistus collected in the Municipality of Arapongas were grouped together in a sub-branch. None of the other 15 strains could be clustered according to triatomine species or geographical origin. The strains were grouped with the T. cruzi I reference sample, indicating closer association with the sylvatic transmission cycle of T. cruzi in the state of Paraná. However, analyses of the rDNA and COII gene polymorphisms revealed the presence of populations from both T. cruzi I and II major lineages. In half of the analyzed triatomines, we found parasites from both lineages coinfecting the same bugs. Of these, most (6/9) were isolated from Triatoma sordida, and 3/9 from Panstrongylus megistus. These results contribute to a better comprehension of the ecoepidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Paraná, and raise questions about the role of studies of polyclonal population dynamics for controlling the transmission of T. cruzi to humans in this region.
Lime and Limestone
Authors: Kenny Martyn , Oates Tony 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Limestone

2.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

2.2.

Formation and Occurrence

2.3.

Production

2.4.

Uses and Specifications

3.

Quicklime

3.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

3.2.

Raw Materials

3.2.1.

Limestone

3.2.2.

Fuel

3.3.

Production

3.3.1.

Calcination

3.3.2.

Lime Kilns

3.3.3.

Quicklime Processing

3.4.

Uses and Specifications

4.

Hydrated and Slaked Lime

4.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

4.2.

Raw Materials

4.2.1.

Raw Materials for Hydrated Lime

4.2.2.

Raw Materials for Slaked Lime

4.3.

Production

4.3.1.

Normal Hydration Process

4.3.2.

Pressure Hydration Process

4.3.3.

Production of High Surface Area Hydrated Limes

4.3.4.

Normal Slaking Process

4.3.5.

Production of Ultrafine Milks of Lime

4.4.

Uses and Specifications

4.4.1.

Uses

4.4.2.

Specifications

5.

Environmental Protection

5.1.

General

5.2.

Dust Emission

5.3.

Gaseous Emissions

5.4.

Noise and Vibration

6.

Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis

6.1.

Sampling and Sample Preparation

6.2.

Physical Testing

6.3.

Chemical Testing and Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

9.1.

Toxicology

9.2.

Occupational Health

Limestone (principally calcium carbonate) is a naturally occurring mineral and is found widely throughout the world. It is mainly used for road construction, in the production of concrete and as a structural fill. It is also the principal raw material for the production of cement, quicklime, and numerous other products. Quicklime (principally calcium oxide) is produced by the thermal decomposition of limestone at temperatures above 900°C. About half of the quicklime made is reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide (in the form of milk or lime putty). Lime products are generally the most readily available and most cost‐effective alkaline chemicals and are used in a wide variety of industrial processes. In many countries, the largest use is for the production of iron and steel, followed by building and construction, environmental protection, and the chemical industry. Hydraulic lime is a traditional product used in building, especially as a binder in mortars. The main environmental issues associated with the production of lime and limestone products are emissions to air and energy consumption.
Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Gruber Patrick R. , Kamm Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Outline2.1Historical Technological Outline and Industrial Resources2.2The Beginning – A Digest2.2.1Sugar Production2.2.2Starch Hydrolysis2.2.3Wood Saccharification2.2.4Furfural2.2.5Cellulose and Pulp2.2.6Levulinic Acid2.2.7Lipids2.2.8Vanillin from Lignin2.2.9Lactic Acid2.3The Origins of Integrated Biobased Production3Situation3.1Some Current Aspects of Biorefinery Research and Development3.2Raw Material Biomass3.3National Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the United States3.4Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the European Union and Germany4Principles of Biorefineries4.1Fundamentals4.2Definition of the Term “Biorefinery”4.3The Role of Biotechnology4.3.1Guidelines of Fermentation Section within Glucose‐product Family Tree4.4Building Blocks, Chemicals and Potential Screening5Biorefinery Systems and Design5.1Introduction5.2Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery5.3Whole‐crop Biorefinery5.4Green Biorefinery5.5Two‐platform Concept and Syngas6Biorefinery Economy7Outlook and Perspectives
Tetrathiafulvalene‐, 1,5‐Dioxynaphthalene‐, and Cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene)‐based [2]Rotaxanes with Cyclohexyl and Alkyl Chains as Spacers: Synthesis, Langmuir–Blodgett Films, and Electrical Bistability
Authors: Guo X. , Zhou Y. , Feng M. , Xu Y. , Zhang D. , Gao H. , Fan Q. , Zhu D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of two new (TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+) [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 is reported, based on tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP), and cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) with cyclohexyl and alkyl chains as the spacers. Multilayer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 are prepared. Conducting atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and two‐terminal junction device studies indicate that the LB films of [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 show electrical bistability behavior. By comparing with the TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes reported by Stoddart et al. previously, the present results imply that proper modification of the chemical structures of the TTF unit and the spacer have negligible effect on the electrical bistability behavior of these TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes. These findings will allow for the design and preparation of new multifunctional TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes in the future.
Activation of CCl Bonds in Chloroalkanes by Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation of Tetrasubstituted Ammonium Salts from Tertiary Amines
Authors: Park Kang Hyun , Jung Il Gu , Chung Young Keun , Han Jin Wook 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNickel oxide nanoparticles, readily available and easy to handle, were found to be an effective catalyst in the catalytic activation of CCl bonds in chloroalkanes. Coupling reactions of chloroalkanes and tertiary amines in the presence of the nickel oxide nanoparticle catalyst gave moderate to high yields of quaternary ammonium salts depending upon the amines.
A Novel and Convenient Process for the Selective Oxidation of Naphthalenes with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Shi Feng , Tse Man Kin , Beller Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA practical ruthenium phase‐transfer catalyst (Ru‐PTC) system for the oxidation of naphthalene derivatives has been developed. Substituted 1,4‐quinones are obtained in good selectivity and yield in water without the addition of any organic solvent and acid. By applying the optimized conditions the feed additive menadione (vitamin K3) is obtained from 2‐methylnaphthalene with 64 % yield and 73 % selectivity.
Continuous Gas‐Phase Hydroformylation of 1‐Butene using Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalysts
Authors: Haumann Marco , Dentler Katrin , Joni Joni , Riisager Anders , Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concept of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis has been extended to 1‐butene hydroformylation. A rhodium‐sulfoxantphos complex was dissolved in [BMIM][n‐C8H17OSO3] and this solution was highly dispersed on silica. Continuous gas‐phase experiments in a fixed‐bed reactor revealed these SILP catalysts to be highly active, selective and long‐term stable. Kinetic data have been acquired by variation of temperature, pressure, syngas composition, substrate and catalyst concentration. A linear dependency in rhodium concentration could be established over a large concentration range giving another excellent hint for truly homogeneous catalysis in the SILP system. Compared to former studies using propene, the SILP system showed significantly higher activity and selectivity with 1‐butene as feedstock. These findings could be elucidated by solubility measurements using a magnetic microbalance.
Raney Cobalt: An Effective and Recyclable Catalyst for the Pauson–Khand Reaction
Authors: Muller Jean‐Luc , Rickers Annika , Leitner Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCommercially available Raney cobalt is broadly applicable as a catalyst in intra‐ and intermolecular Pauson–Khand reactions (PKR). The activity of Raney cobalt compares favourably with that of previously described heterogeneous or heterogenised cobalt systems. The major reaction pathway appears to occur at the solid catalyst which can be efficiently separated and reused by filtration and/or exploiting its ferromagnetic properties.
Design principles of integrated vacuum slot arrangement
Authors: Tanwar Jyotsna , Vinjamur Madhu , Scriven L. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCoating on a substrate with a slot‐die forms alternate wet and dry stripes as the substrate speed is increased when the upstream pressure equals the downstream pressure. The coating thickness is thus nonuniform across the width of the substrate. Applying vacuum upstream of the feed slot allows uniform coating at higher speeds. Different methods to apply vacuum were invented over five decades. The latest method, an integrated vacuum slot arrangement, is novel and compact. Vacuum is applied through a second slot, called vacuum slot, in the die placed upstream of the feed slot. The design principles of the arrangement are elucidated by modeling air flow in the arrangement, which is similar to liquid flow in the feed slot, but in the opposite direction. Well‐accepted equations that have been derived by rigorous order of magnitude analysis to describe liquid flow have been used to model air flow. Sensitivity of the performance of the arrangement with respect to geometry is described. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide modulates growth of avian sternal cartilage via chondrocytic proliferation
Authors: Harrington Erik Kern , Roddy Gavin W. , West Randy , Svoboda Kathy K.H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParathyroid hormone (PTH; 10−7 to 10−15 M) decreased terminal chondrogenesis in the avian sterna. During the first half of an 8‐day culture, 100 nM PTH (1–34) significantly increased sternal length and downregulated the deposition of type X collagen and its mRNA expression. However, it remains unclear how PTH increased cartilaginous growth. In this study, we examined growth by both cell proliferation and analysis of cyclin d1 and collagen mRNA. Types II, IX, and X collagens and cyclin d1 mRNA were quantified through real‐time RT‐PCR, while Ki‐67 was used as an immunohistochemical proliferation marker. Extracellular matrix content was measured through mRNA quantification of types II, IX, and X collagen and observing deposition of the same collagens. PTH significantly increased the proliferation marker Ki‐67 in the sternal cephalic region. There was less type II and X collagen in PTH‐treated sterna with concomitant decreases in mRNA production, suggesting that proliferation was the major contributor to cartilage growth in the presence of PTH/PTH‐related peptide receptor activation. In conclusion, these experiments demonstrated that PTH increased cartilage growth by upregulating cell proliferation or other extracellular matrix components. Anat Rec, 290:155–167, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beta2‐glycoprotein I binds thrombin via exosite I and exosite II: Anti–β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies potentiate the inhibitory effect of β2‐glycoprotein I on thrombin‐mediated factor XIa generation
Authors: Rahgozar Soheila , Yang Qiuxia , Giannakopoulos Bill , Yan Xiaokai , Miyakis Spiros , Krilis Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveBeta2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a dominant antigenic target in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Beta2‐glycoprotein I may bind to factor XI and serve a physiologic function as a regulator of factor XI activation by thrombin. We undertook this study to investigate the possible interactions of β2GPI with thrombin in β2GPI‐regulated factor XI activation by thrombin and to evaluate the effect of anti‐β2GPI antibodies on this system.MethodsThe β2GPI interaction with thrombin was investigated in direct and competitive assays using β2GPI domain mutants and thrombin‐binding exosite oligonucleotides. Beta2‐glycoprotein I inhibition of thrombin‐mediated factor XI activation was assessed in the presence of 8 anti‐β2GPI monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against domain I.ResultsDomain V of β2GPI was involved in direct binding to thrombin, and exosite I and exosite II on thrombin took part in this interaction. Anti‐β2GPI mAb produced a >70% inhibition of thrombin‐mediated factor XI activation in the presence of β2GPI.ConclusionWe demonstrate that β2GPI interacts with thrombin exosites I and II. This novel finding necessitates a reinterpretation of previous studies from which the detection of anti‐human thrombin antibodies in APS has been reported. We also show that anti‐β2GPI antibodies potentiate the inhibitory effect of β2GPI on thrombin‐mediated factor XIa generation.