bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Over-expression of AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) induces neural differentiation of Neuro2a cells: neurotoxicology study
Authors: Akahoshi Eiichi , Yoshimura Seiko , Ishihara-Sugano Mitsuko 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Dioxins and related compounds are suspected of causing neurological disruption in human and experimental animal offspring following perinatal exposure during development and growth. The molecular mechanism(s) of the actions in the brain, however, have not been fully investigated. A major participant in the process of the dioxin-toxicity is the dioxin receptor, namely the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR regulates the transcription of diverse genes through binding to the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE). Since the AhR has also been detected in various regions of the brain, the AhR may play a key role in the developmental neurotoxicity of dioxins. This study focused on the effect of AhR activation in the developing neuron.

Methods
The influence of the AhR on the developing neuron was assessed using the Neuro2a-AhR transfectant. The undifferentiated murine neuroblastoma Neuro2a cell line (ATCC) was stably transfected with AhR cDNA and the established cell line was named N2a-Rα. The activation of exogenous AhR in N2a-Rα cells was confirmed using RNAi, with si-AhR suppressing the expression of exogenous AhR. The neurological properties of N2a-Rα based on AhR activation were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of cytoskeletal molecules and by RT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of neurotransmitter-production related molecules, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).

Results
N2a-Rα cells exhibited constant activation of the exogenous AhR. CYP1A1, a typical XRE-regulated gene, mRNA was induced without the application of ligand to the culture medium. N2a-Rα cells exhibited two significant functional features. Morphologically, N2a-Rα cells bore spontaneous neurites exhibiting axon-like properties with the localization of NF-H. In addition, cdc42 expression was increased in comparison to the control cell line. The other is the catecholaminergic neuron-like property. N2a-Rα cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA as a functional marker of catecholaminergic neurotransmitter production. Thus, exogenous AhR induced catecholaminergic differentiation in N2a-Rα cells.

Conclusion
The excessive activation of AhR resulted in neural differentiation of Neuro2a cells. This result revealed that dioxins may affect the nervous system through the AhR-signaling pathway. Activated AhR may disrupt the strictly regulated brain formation with irregular differentiation occurring rather than cell death.
Long-term cyclical in vivoloading increases cartilage proteoglycan content in a spatially specific manner: an infrared microspectroscopic imaging and polarized light microscopy study
Authors: Saadat Ehsan , Lan Howard , Majumdar Sharmila , Rempel David M , King Karen B 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the changes in collagen and proteoglycan content of cartilage due to physical forces is necessary for progress in treating joint disorders, including those due to overuse. Physical forces in the chondrocyte environment can affect the cellular processes involved in the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix. In turn, the biomechanical properties of cartilage depend on its collagen and proteoglycan content. To understand changes due to physical forces, this study examined the effect of 80 cumulative hours of in vivo cyclical joint loading on the cartilage content of proteoglycan and collagen in the rabbit metacarpophalangeal joint. The forepaw digits of six anesthetized New Zealand White adult female rabbits were repetitively flexed at 1 Hz with an estimated joint contact pressure of 1 to 2 MPa. Joints were collected from loaded and contralateral control specimens, fixed, decalcified, embedded, and thin-sectioned. Sections were examined under polarized light microscopy to identify and measure superficial and mid zone thicknesses of cartilage. Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy was used to measure proteoglycan and collagen contents in the superficial, mid, and deep zones. Loading led to an increase in proteoglycan in the cartilage of all six rabbits. Specifically, there was a 46% increase in the cartilage deep zone (p = 0.003). The collagen content did not change with loading. Joint loading did not change the superficial and mid zone mean thicknesses. We conclude that long-term (80 cumulative hours) cyclical in vivo joint loading stimulates proteoglycan synthesis. Furthermore, stimulation is localized to cartilage regions of high hydrostatic pressure. These data may be useful in developing interventions to prevent overuse injuries or in developing therapies to improve joint function.
Novel IL10 gene family associations with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Fife Mark S , Gutierrez Ana , Ogilvie Emma M , Stock Carmel JW , Samuel Jane M , Thomson Wendy , Mack Lisa F , Lewis Cathryn M , Woo Patricia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of chronic childhood disability and encompasses a number of disease subgroups. In this study we have focused on systemic JIA (sJIA), which accounts for approximately 11% of UK JIA cases. This study reports the investigation of three members of the IL10 gene family as candidate susceptibility loci in children with sJIA. DNA from 473 unaffected controls and 172 patients with sJIA was genotyped for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in IL19 and IL20 and two SNPs in IL10. We examined evidence for association of the four SNPs by single marker and haplotype analysis. Significant differences in allele frequency were observed between cases and controls, for both IL10-1082 (p = 0.031) and IL20-468 (p = 0.028). Furthermore, examination of the haplotypes of IL10-1082 and IL20-468 revealed greater evidence for association (global p = 0.0006). This study demonstrates a significant increased prevalence of the low expressing IL10-1082 genotype in patients with sJIA. In addition, we show a separate association with an IL20 polymorphism, and the IL10-1082A/IL20-468T haplotype. The two marker 'A-T' haplotype confers an odds ratio of 2.24 for sJIA. This positive association suggests an important role for these cytokines in sJIA pathogenesis.
Epidemiology of laryngeal cancer
Authors: Krajina Z. , KulC'AR Z. , Konić‐Carnelutti V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe patients with cancer of the larynx at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department in Zagreb during the period from 1945 to 1972, and the cases of laryngeal cancer at the Institute of Public Health of Croatia, were examined epidemiologically. The patients were from all parts of Croatia (west and south part of Yugoslavia) with the characteristics of Mediterranean and Continental climate.The following factors were discussed: age and sex distribution, localization of the tumor in three compartments of the larynx, relationship between the villages and cities, occupation (peasants, workers and intellectual people), histologic types and the etiological factors (smoking and alcohol).
Panel on epidemiology and etiology of laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hiranandani L. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOurs is a developing country. We have still not controlled the common infectious diseases which are extinct in the West; therefore, our limited resources are spent on study of epidemiology of infectious diseases.My conclusions on epidemiology of cancer of the larynx are drawn from observations made of the clinical material over a period of 25 years.I have come to the conclusion that the smoked tobacco and the slaked lime in the Indian “Pan” are the two important carcinogenic agents.Poor nutrition appears to be carcinogenic. It requires study and confirmation at a cellular level. Misuse of voice does seem to be the cause of laryngeal cancer.Racial, genetic and other environmental factors, including pollution have not contributed to the increased incidence of laryngeal cancers.The common histological types of laryngeal cancer are known. My observations on certain biological behavior of the tumor have been helpful.1. An exophytic growth is less infiltrative; its metastatic mass reflects the same characteristics.2. Certain anaplastic tumors can flout all laws of cancer spread and metastasize in distal organs.3. Presence of reticular hyperplasia in peripheral lymph nodes is of good prognostic value.
Adaptive Behaviour and Moral Reasoning in Children with Frontal Lobe Lesions
Authors: Couper Emma , Jacobs Rani , Anderson Vicki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChildren with frontal lobe damage often appear to demonstrate remarkable recovery with few apparent signs of impairment immediately after injury. Over time, however, many develop increasing deficits in self-regulation, attention, and executive function, as well as in otherhigher functions. Current literature suggests that, in particular, these children seem to experience worsening socio-behavioural problems. Some case studies (Grattan & Eslinger, 1992; Anderson et al., 1999) describe individuals with childhood frontal lesions who developed severe social problems, deficits in executive functions and who also had lower than expected levels of moral reasoning. In the present study, social-adaptive behaviour and maturity of moral reasoning were measured in 16 children with focal frontal lesions and in 12 age-matched controls. Children with frontal lobe lesions had poorer adaptive behaviour ratings and lower levels of moral maturity than controls. These results support previous research suggesting that children with frontal lobe lesions have reduced social understanding and typically experience ongoing sociobehavioural problems.
Memory for Faces and Paired Associates After Temporal Lobectomy in Childhood
Authors: Rothwell Andrew G. , Tucker Alan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFindings are reported from the first examination of the Beardsworth Memory for Children's Faces Test (BMCFT) (Beardsworth & Zaidel, 1994) tested on a selected sample of 10 left (LATL) and 7 right (RATL) anterior temporal lobectomy patients an average of 7 years post surgery. No differences between LATL and RATL groups were found on immediate or delayed memory trials of the BMCFT. Verbal memory was assessed with a verbal analogue of this test, the Extended Verbal Paired Associates Test (EVPAT) specifically constructed for this study. Differences were obtained on the immediate (F = 5.17; p < .01) and delayed (F = 6.55; p < .01) memory trials of the EVPAT with LATL patients learning and retrieving fewer verbal associations than their right ATL counterparts. No differences were found on the memory decline to delayed recall scores on the EVPAT. The findings suggest that people who have left or right ATL in childhood cannot be distinguished on the basis of their immediate or delayed memory for paired faces an average of 7 years post-surgery. These results are consistent with the immediate memory performance of children 6 months post-surgery as reported by Beardsworth and Zaidel (1994), but are not consonant with the delayed memory performance of their children on this task. This indicates that left-right dissociations found in children on measures of delayed memory for faces 6 months post-surgery may represent a component of memory that is still in a state of recovery. The findings for the immediate memory trials of the EVPAT conformed to expectations and underscore the dependability of simple rote verbal memory tasks in dissociating left from right ATL 7 years post-surgery. The study addresses the issue of the recovery of immediate versus delayed memory and time of assessment post-surgery.
Effects of Predation by Nonnative Smallmouth Bass on Native Salmonid Prey: The Role of Predator and Prey Size
Authors: Fritts Anthony L. , Pearsons Todd N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe size of predators that consume the most fish and the size of prey fish that are the most vulnerable to predation are important factors to consider when assessing the predation risks to valued prey fish such as Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschain the Pacific Northwest. We found that native salmonids' risk of predation by nonnative smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieuin the lower Yakima River, Washington, generally decreased with increasing predator and prey size. Among smallmouth bass, those with fork lengths (FLs) ranging from 150 to 199 mm consumed 42.9% of the salmonids consumed. Overall, most of the salmonids were consumed by smallmouth bass smaller than 250 mm (69.6%), and the vast majority were consumed by smallmouth bass smaller than 300 mm (83.6%). Small smallmouth bass were much more abundant than large smallmouth bass, and the proportion of smallmouth bass that contained salmonid prey items in the gut decreased with increasing predator size. Salmonids that were 100 mm or larger were rarely consumed by smallmouth bass. We found that the maximum relative length of salmonids ([prey length/predator length] × 100) consumed by smallmouth bass was 56.6%. In addition, the relative length of salmonid prey decreased with increasing smallmouth bass size. Smallmouth bass generally ate salmonids at lengths that were less than 50% of predator capacity and that averaged 25% of predator length. The introduction of smallmouth bass to the Yakima River appears to have changed the size‐based predation risk dynamics in the lower river, which were historically dominated by northern pikeminnowPtychocheilus oregonensis.
Small‐Scale Genetic Structure and Variation in Steelhead of the Grande Ronde River, Oregon, USA
Authors: Narum Shawn R. , Boe Steve , Moran Paul , Powell Matt 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPatterns of genetic variation in summer‐run steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Grande Ronde River, Oregon, were evaluated with 20 microsatellite loci to determine the level of fine‐scale genetic structure and influences from hatchery‐reared stocks. Included were temporal collections of three wild populations (Lookingglass Creek, Catherine Creek, and the upper Grande Ronde River) and one hatchery population (Wallowa Hatchery). Average gene diversity was moderate to high in all collections (range = 0.794–0.815). Genetic variance among sample locations was greater than that of temporal collections within sites, as pairwise exact tests within populations were not significant except for Lookingglass Creek (P = 0.00005). Structure among the four populations was evident from pairwise tests, which yielded 23 significant results from 28 comparisons (adjusted critical value = 0.0018), but Catherine Creek collections were not significantly different from Wallowa Hatchery collections. None of the eight collections had a significant probability of differing from mutation drift equilibrium (e.g., recent bottleneck) under the two‐phased mutation model (P = 0.060–0.985) when analyzed with BOTTLENECK software. Additionally, the ratios of allele number to allele range (M values) for the eight collections (0.773–0.819) were not within the range that suggests a recent decrease in effective population size (M < 0.68 implies a probable bottleneck). Results from this study suggest the existence of gene flow between steelhead from Catherine Creek and Wallowa Hatchery, but no evidence for low diversity or recent bottleneck events was detected in any of the four populations. This study provides several pieces of evidence to suggest that steelhead in the Grande Ronde River should be a conservation priority as a source of genetic diversity for the Snake River basin.
Migratory Behavior of American Shad in the York River, Virginia, with Implications for Estimating In‐River Exploitation from Tag Recovery Data
Authors: Olney John E. , Latour Robert J. , Watkins Brian E. , Clarke Douglas G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTagging of American shad Alosa sapidissima may alter their migratory behavior, causing some tagged individuals to cease or delay the spawning run. In a tag recovery study designed to assess fishery impacts, this altered behavior would reduce the number of tagged fish available to the target fishery and would bias estimates of exploitation and fishing mortality rates. To investigate this possibility, we fitted 29 prespawning adults with acoustic tags and released the fish into the middle reaches of the York River, Virginia. Movements of individuals were remotely monitored at three hydrophone stations: (1) 7 river kilometers (rkm) downriver of the release site; (2) on the Mattaponi River, 48 rkm upriver of the release location; and (3) on the Pamunkey River, 56 rkm upriver of the release location. Almost half of the fish were apparently affected by capture, handling, and tagging, as they either abandoned their migration or delayed their upstream movements. The movements of some fish appeared to be unaffected by capture; these fish were not detected at the downriver station and were detected on the spawning grounds 2–5 d after release. Eighteen fish remained on the spawning grounds for 17–51 d (average = 34.4 d) and were last detected at the downriver location, presumably during their seaward migration. Of the 26 tagged fish that migrated to either tributary after release, 15 originally selected spawning grounds on the Mattaponi River and 11 selected the Pamunkey River. One fish occupied both tributaries for several weeks each, suggesting possible spawning at both locations. We conclude that tagging protocols designed to measure the impacts of fishing on American shad should include telemetry to assess altered migratory behavior.
Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Condition of Juvenile Walleye Pollock in the Western Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Buchheister Andre , Wilson Matthew T. , Foy Robert J. , Beauchamp David A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBody length, length‐specific weight, and length‐specific whole‐body energy content (WBEC) of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma were examined for evidence of seasonal and geographic variation. Identifying the impact of winter on these measures of fish condition was of primary concern, but we also sought to determine whether condition varies among different geographic regions. The 2000 year‐class of walleye pollock was sampled in the western Gulf of Alaska during four seasons (the autumn of 2000 and the winter, summer, and autumn of 2001), and the study area was divided into three regions (Kodiak, Semidi, and Shumagin). In each region, length‐specific weight decreased from autumn to winter by up to 17%, subsequently increasing into the summer by 13–20%. Significant seasonal changes in length‐specific WBEC varied by region but reflected the same trends as length‐specific weight. Walleye pollock from the Kodiak region were in better condition than those from other regions, as evidenced by larger lengths in winter (18‐mm difference) and summer, a 5.9% higher length‐specific weight in autumn of 2000, and higher length‐specific WBEC in autumn of 2000 (0.783 kJ/g wet weight, or 18.3%, higher) and in the following winter (0.607 kJ/g, or 14.1%, higher). The poorer condition of juvenile walleye pollock in winter may be widespread through the Gulf of Alaska, but spatial heterogeneity in habitat can also greatly influence the size and condition of juveniles. The impact of such variability on growth and mortality remains uncertain.
Cohort Dynamics of Summer‐Spawned Bluefish as Determined by Length‐Frequency and Otolith Microstructure Analyses
Authors: Taylor David L. , Able Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractElucidating recruitment processes in marine fish is difficult when species occupy distinct habitats at different ontogenetic stages and when multiple cohorts determine year‐class strength. Currently, there is insufficient information on the cohort dynamics of the early life history stages of summer‐spawned bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to critically evaluate each cohort's role in regulating population dynamics. The objective of this study was to provide greater insight into the cohort dynamics of summer‐spawned bluefish during the summer and fall on the inner continental shelf off southern New Jersey. Length‐frequency and otolith microstructure analyses were used to estimate the age, hatch date, and growth of neustonic individuals collected from shelf surface waters during August–October 1998. Bluefish ranged between 9 and 46 d in age, corresponding to back‐calculated hatch dates between 27 June and 13 September. Hatch date frequencies were decomposed into a series of normal curves and identified three cohorts with mean hatch dates occurring in early July (cohort 1), late July to early August (cohort 2), and late August to early September (cohort 3). Cohort‐specific growth rates ranged between 0.28 and 0.81 mm standard length/d. Otolith microstructure analysis revealed that growth was significantly faster for cohort 1 than for the other cohorts, most likely because of spatial and temporal variability in the environment (e.g., temperature) and size‐selective processes (e.g., mortality). Back‐calculated spawning dates indicated that the functional spawning output of bluefish was significantly greater during the first‐quarter phase of the lunar cycle. Collectively, these observations suggest that the cohort structure of bluefish is more complex than previously recognized.
Growth of Freshwater Drum from Lotic and Lentic Habitats in Alabama
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. , Bayne David R. , Mitchell Justin B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe analyzed variations in the age and growth of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens in Alabama rivers and reservoirs. Lotic environments produced significantly more robust freshwater drum (associated with higher growth rates) than did lentic settings. Shorter reservoir retention times (more lotic reservoirs) also produced more robust and faster‐growing freshwater drum, which supported the hypothesis that hydraulic‐based habitat was an important variable in determining freshwater drum condition and growth. Linear declines in relative weight and percent lipid were revealed along a hydrologic gradient in Lake Logan Martin and were strongest in older freshwater drum. Von Bertalanffy predictions supported these results but also exposed a unique caveat: If freshwater drum lived long enough (>12 years), they were ultimately able to grow to larger sizes (>L∞) in reservoirs. Freshwater drum may be capable of moving between available lentic and lotic habitats during their lifetime to maximize invertebrate and fish prey bases. These results exposed interesting possibilities for the biology and movement of freshwater drum, which apparently live much longer (>30 years) than originally thought and may be of some use in extensive ecological time series analyses.