bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast-feeding in South Korea: factors influencing its initiation and duration
Authors: Chung Woojin , Kim Hanjoong , Nam Chung-Mo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate factors influencing the practices of partial breast-feeding (PBF) and exclusive breast-feeding (EBF).DesignA national, cross-sectional survey was conducted among married women aged 15–49 years from May to August 2003.SettingSouth Korea.SubjectsA total of 865 mothers answered questions regarding the feeding practices of their youngest baby, born between January 2001 and May 2003.ResultsThe initiation rates of PBF and EBF were 81% and 63%, respectively. However, the median durations of PBF and EBF were very short: 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. According to stepwise logistic and Cox regression analyses, the more prenatal care women received, the more likely they were to initiate PBF and EBF but the less likely to continue EBF. Delivery by Caesarean section decreased the initiation of PBF and EBF. The mother’s education level and employment status before marriage, the amount of prenatal care, delivery method and baby’s status at birth affected breast-feeding initiation, whereas the amount of prenatal care influenced breast-feeding duration.ConclusionTo promote breast-feeding, education and campaigning on the importance of continued breast-feeding should be provided to the general public, particularly to health workers in maternity units.
A pilot study investigating the relationship between perceived and actual workload and estimated energy intake in riding centre horses
Authors: Dekker H , Marlin D , Alexander L , Bishop R , Harris P 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFeeding regimens for horses are usually based on perceived workload (PW) together with body condition. This can lead to inappropriate energy intake and, in particular, excess weight. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the factors influencing individual energy needs under practical field conditions would be valuable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate to what extent the variations in actual versus PW may influence the estimated energy intake required to maintain body weight (BW) in individual animals. Eight mature, experienced riding school horses, chosen at random and maintaining a constant BW, were observed in standard flat work lessons with four different instructors at an equine training college. Heart rate (HR) and the structure of the lessons were recorded. Relative workload (RW) was determined for each horse by dividing its average HR per lesson by its estimated maximum HR (HRmax). PW was estimated by each instructor for each horse using a scale of 1–5. One-way ANOVA andt-test were used to determine the differences and Spearman's and Pearson's correlations were used to determine the correlations. The mean estimated RW was 39.1% of the estimated HRmax( ± 5.7%) and was not significantly different between instructors (P>0.05). Rider weight as a percentage of BW showed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation with mean HR (r2 = 0.14,P < 0.05). Estimated energy intake was negatively correlated with BCS (r2 = 0.65,P < 0.001) and differed significantly (P < 0.05) between light (BW = 455–532 kg) horses (mean 0.18 ± 0.04 MJ kg− 1BW) and heavy (BW = 622–660 kg) horses (mean 0.15 ± 0.03 MJ kg− 1BW). No difference was found in estimated energy intake between different workloads (flat work only or flat work and jumping) (P>0.05). When BW was compared with estimated energy intake, no relation was found either (P>0.05). These results suggest that the amount of energy needed to maintain BW in individual horses cannot necessarily be estimated simply on the basis of the intensity and the duration of structured exercise. Other factors including age, individual digestive and metabolic efficiency, body condition and possibly the energy utilized through non-structured activity (e.g. box walking) may need to be taken into account.
Describing workload and scientific information on conditioning horses
Authors: Rogers C W , Rivero J L L , van Breda E , Lindner A , Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M M 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAt the International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology (ICEEP7), about 70 people attended the workshop on workload and conditioning guided by the authors. Most of the audience were involved in Thoroughbred or Standardbred racing, and only a limited number of people were mainly involved in FEI equestrian disciplines (sport horses). The workshop and this review article address the measurement of workload and conditioning of the Thoroughbred racehorse. It was proposed that workload could be quantified using a few selected parameters commonly recorded in the racing industries, such as velocity and distance, to generate a cumulative workload index. The review of conditioning focuses on the Thoroughbred racehorse and examines what can be modified with training, how training programmes should be designed based upon scientific methods and how training programmes should be routinely designed in current practice. It would appear that, in general, the methods used in practice for training Thoroughbred racehorses are quite similar to those used in a set of recent scientific studies, particularly in young (2–3-years-old) Thoroughbreds. Nevertheless, both the length of the training programme and the total amount of exercise are usually shorter/lower than ideal in order to maximize physiological adaptations within the animal's body. In planning the training programme, it is very important to recognize that different adaptations occur at different rates, and this will affect the relative amount of training that should be applied to achieve specific adaptations.
Practical assessment of heart rate response to exercise under field conditions
Authors: Harris Pat , Marlin David J. , Davidson Helen , Rodgerson Jean , Gregory Anna , Harrison David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRegular monitoring of the heart rate (HR):speed relationship may help evaluate response to training and aid in the early detection of problems. This relationship is normally determined using a treadmill or via a ridden test conducted outside on a track. Simple practical alternative methods to obtain this relationship without access to a treadmill or a track could be of value in the field. To evaluate whether the HR:speed relationship could be determined via an indoor ridden test or a lunge test, HR was monitored on two occasions at least 3 h apart, in 12 adult horses (mixed breed) in a familiar environment during a 5 or 7 m radius circle lunge (unridden) test (5LT or 7LT) and an incremental (ridden) test (RT) on the same day. The RT comprised two ridden laps of the perimeter of a 60 × 40 m indoor school at walk, three laps at trot, three at medium canter and four at fast canter (all on the right rein). The speed of each lap was recorded. The LT comprised lunging for 2 min on each rein at walk, trot and canter. Speed was determined from the number of laps completed and measurement of the distance travelled. HR and speed were highly correlated in both lunge and ridden tests (bothr = 0.99 ± 0.01).V140on the ridden test (5.2 ± 0.6 m s− 1) was significantly greater than on the pooled lunge test data (4.4 ± 0.6;P < 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between recovery HR at 2 min following either the LT or RT andV140(P < 0.05). The slope of the HR versus speed relationship andV140were not different between RT and 7LT, but were significantly different from those of the 5LT (P < 0.05).V140was always lower on the lunge tests compared with the ridden test. This suggests that, in this study, lunging without a rider increased the metabolic demand above that for being ridden at a similar speed.V140determined by the 7LT gave the closest approximation to theV140determined by the RT. The HR:speed relationship can be obtained either from riding an incremental test in an indoor school or from an unridden lunge test.
Evolution of some biochemical markers of growth in relation to osteoarticular status in young horses: results of a longitudinal study in three breeds
Authors: Valette J P , Robert C , Toquet M P , Denoix J M , Fortier G 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOsteocalcin (OC), bone fraction of alkaline phosphatases (BAP) and hydroxyproline (HOP) are markers of bone cell activity. The kinetics of these markers and the analysis of their variations could be related to the osteoarticular status (OAS) of young horses. The growth of Thoroughbreds, French Trotters and Selle Français horses was followed up to 18 months. Blood samples were taken regularly to measure OC, HOP and BAP by standardized techniques. The OAS was evaluated by radiographic examination of the limbs. Based on radiographic findings, two groups of horses were investigated, with no lesions or severely affected. Analysis of variance was used to detect the effects of age and breed, and OAS on parameters. The logarithmic model was used to determine the kinetics of the markers. A rapid decrease in marker concentrations with age and differences between breed was observed. At birth, BAP, OC and HOP concentrations were significantly higher in normal horses (1910 UI l− 1, 192 ng ml− 1and 35 mg l− 1, respectively) than in horses with severe lesions (1620 UI l− 1, 149 ng ml− 1and 24 mg l− 1, respectively). During the first 6 months, OC, HOP and BAP remained lower in severely affected horses.
Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of head and limb movements of lame and non-lame colts
Authors: Christovão F G , Barros R M L , Martins C B , Silva M A G , Freitas E V V , Lacerda Neto J C , Queiroz-Neto A 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLameness manifests itself during the movement of the animal or at rest, indicating a structural or functional disturbance in one or more limbs. Videographic analyses allow the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the movement, reducing the subjectivity of evaluations. The objective was to record the alterations in the movement of the head and limbs of horses in a lame and non-lame condition. Video cameras (60 Hz) and computational methods were used. Six Purebred Arabian colts were filmed on a treadmill, at walk and at trot, before and after induction of lameness. Lameness was induced in the left forelimb utilizing a transient lameness model. Markers were placed on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, spiny process of the sixth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae and on the proximal phalange. Nine strides were analysed. At walk and at trot, the animals demonstrated two vertical head movements per stride, while after induction of lameness only one head movement was observed per stride, where this movement was of greater amplitude. The head was shown to be in a more elevated position when the lame limb made first contact with the treadmill belt, which was not observed in the case of the healthy limbs. Only with trotting did the lame animals manifest a prolonged duration of the stance phase for all limbs. The lame animals had a longer support time, lifted the non-lame limbs and showed a shorter stride. Videographic analyses offered details of the alterations in the movement of horses, which are important in the diagnosis of lameness.
Crop and cattle responses to tillage systems for integrated crop–livestock production in the Southern Piedmont, USA
Authors: Franzluebbers A.J. , Stuedemann J.A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntegration of crops and livestock has the potential to provide a multitude of benefits to soil and water conservation and nutrient cycling efficiency, while reducing economic risk and increasing profitability. We conducted a field study from May 2002 to October 2005 to determine crop and cattle responses to three management factors on a Typic Kanhapludult in Georgia, USA. Summer grain/winter cover [sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) or corn (Zea maysL.)/rye (Secale cerealeL.)] and winter grain/summer cover [wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)/pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucumL. R. Br.)] were managed with either conventional tillage (CT) or no tillage (NT) and with or without cattle grazing of cover crops. All crops were successfully established, irrespective of tillage and cover crop management. Although pearl millet was often lower in the plant stand with NT than with CT, plants compensated with greater biomass on an area basis. Across years, grain yield of sorghum (1.9 Mg ha−1during three seasons) and corn (7.3 Mg ha−1in one season) was 25% greater under NT than under CT when the cover crop was not grazed. Wheat grain yield (2.7 Mg ha−1during three seasons) was unaffected by tillage and cover crop management. Unharvested stover production of summer grain crops was greater with NT than with CT (6.5 versus 4.1 Mg ha−1;P<0.001). Grazing rye rather than allowing it to accumulate as surface residue reduced summer grain yield 23% and reduced standing grain-crop dry matter 26% under NT, but had no effect under CT. In contrast, grazing pearl millet rather than allowing it to accumulate as surface residue increased wheat standing dry matter yield by 25±14% (mean±standard deviation among 3 years and two tillage systems). Ungrazed cover crop production was greater under NT than under CT for rye (7.0 versus 6.0 Mg ha−1;P=0.03) and pearl millet (10.2 versus 7.6 Mg ha−1;P=0.01). Calf daily gain was either greater or tended to be greater under NT than under CT on rye (2.27 versus 2.09 kg head−1d−1;P=0.15) and pearl millet (2.05 versus 1.81 kg head−1d−1;P=0.05). Total cattle gain per grazing season was either greater or tended to be greater with NT than with CT on rye (350 versus 204 kg ha−1;P=0.01) and pearl millet (324 versus 277 kg ha−1;P=0.15). Net return over variable costs was greater with grazing than without grazing of cover crops (US$302 versus −US$63 ha−1;P<0.001). Livestock grazing of cover crops had variable effects on subsequent crop production, but increased economic return and diversity overall. Therefore, an integrated crop–livestock production system with conservation tillage is recommended as a viable option for producers to diversify farming operations to avoid risk, improve ecological production of crops, and potentially avoid environmental damage from soil erosion and nutrient loss.
Hedgerow barriers and other reduced-risk controls for managing Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apples
Authors: Garcia-Salazar Carlos , Gut Larry J. , Whalon Mark E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractManagement of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), in apple using an ‘Enhanced Integrated Pest Management (IPM)’ program comprised of a hedgerow barrier, pheromone-based mating disruption and reduced-risk [non-organophosphorous (OP) or carbamate] insecticides was investigated over a 5-year period. The barrier was comprised of a planting of three rows of hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides Bartr.×Populus nigra L., one row of Italian alder, Alnus cordata L. (nectar reward), and one row of white pine, Pinus strobus L. The hedgerow completely surrounded the perimeter of the apple orchard and was treated with garlic and a low rate of pyrethroid insecticide in 4 of the 5 years. The Enhanced IPM program significantly reduced G. molesta populations as measured by moth captures in pheromone traps. Captures of G. molesta were significantly higher in apple orchards treated with OP and carbamate insecticides, ‘Conventional IPM’, and either not surrounded by the hedgerow or with the barrier present but not treated with the repellent compounds. To explain these differences in G. molesta control, and the potential non-lethal effect of hedgerow barriers on G. molesta orchard colonization, we studied the adult vertical movement in a traditional unsprayed standard apple orchard at three different heights: 0.95, 1.95 and 3.20 m, respectively. In the overwintering generation at a height of 0.95 and 1.95 m, the mean number of moths captured per sampling period was 14.64 and 14.84, respectively, and only 2.95 at 3.20 m. However, the number of individuals captured in the second and third generations was not significantly different at the three different heights. Fruit damage evaluated before ‘June drop’ closely corresponded to the distribution of moths captured during the overwintering generation. Fruit damage at a height of 1.95 and 3.20 m was 5.8 and 3.5%, respectively. These results indicated that G. molesta is a weak flyer and that hedgerow barriers exerted some influence in the colonization of the orchard by limiting the free movement of adults from the overwintering generation. Thus, hedgerow barriers seem to limit early migration and establishment of G. molesta in the orchard. This in turn may reduce the size of the following generations and makes subsequent control easier under the Enhanced IPM program.
Vegetable crop emergence and weed control following amendment with different Brassicaceae seed meals
Authors: Rice A.R. , Johnson-Maynard J.L. , Thill D.C. , Morra M.J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBrassicaceae seed meals produced through the oil extraction process release biologically active glucosinolate secondary products and may be useful as a part of biological weed control systems. Before meal can be used most efficiently, recommendations for suitable planting dates that maximize weed control but reduce crop injury must be determined. Our objectives were to determine the impact of 1 and 3% (w/w) meal applications of Brassica napus L. (canola), Brassica juncea L. (oriental mustard) and Sinapis alba L. (yellow mustard) on crop emergence and weed biomass in a growth chamber and field study. Results from the growth chamber experiment indicated that lettuce emergence was reduced by at least 75% when planted into 3% S. alba-amended soil earlier than 5 weeks after meal application. After 5 weeks, emergence was not different among treatments. Crop emergence was not reduced by any meal treatment as compared to the no-meal treatment in year 1 of the field study. In year 2, crop emergence in each 1.2-m row was inhibited by all meal treatments and ranged from 16 plants in the 3% B. juncea treatment to 81 plants in the no-meal treatment. The difference between emergence results in year 1 and year 2 is likely due to differing climatic conditions early in the season prior to irrigation, and the method of irrigation used. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) biomass was 72–93% lower in 1% B. juncea and 3% treatments relative to the no-meal control in the first weed harvest of year 1. These same treatments had 87–99% less common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) biomass. By the second weed harvest, redroot pigweed biomass in meal treatments (0.02–1.6 g m−2) was not different from that in the no-meal treatment (0.97 g m−2). Redroot pigweed biomass in 3% B. juncea plots was reduced by 74% relative to the no-meal treatment in the first harvest of year 2. This treatment also reduced common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] biomass by 99% relative to the 1% meal treatments. While pigweed biomass was reduced by 3% B. juncea in the early part of the season, by the second harvest this same treatment had the greatest pigweed biomass. Despite significant variability between years, 3% B. juncea did provide early season weed control in both years. Repeated meal applications, however, may be necessary to control late season weeds. Inhibition of crop emergence appears to be highly dependent on the amount and distribution of water and needs to be further studied in field settings.
CHARACTERISATION OF RAT TUMOUR CELL HYBRIDS: PROCOAGULANT AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITIES
Authors: Badenoch‐Jones P , Ramshaw IA 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe formation of lung colonies after i.v. injection of highly metastatic rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MAT 13762) was greatly reduced by concurrent treatment of rats with heparin. The procoagulant activity (PCA) of these cells, and of a non‐metastatic adenocarcinoma (DMBA‐8) has therefore been measured. These have been compared with PCA expressed by MAT 13762 cell derivatives including a non‐metastatic hybrid clone (MAT 13762 × DMBA‐8), its metastatic revertant, and clones selected in vivo from lung metastases. Potent PCA was expressed on intact MAT 13762 cells and in their spent culture media, the latter being sedimentable and associated with shed membrane vesicles. Cell‐derived PCA, unlike thromboplastin, was equally effective in factor VII‐deficient and normal bovine plasma. There were, however, no major differences in the expression of PCA (either cell‐associated or shed) between the metastatic and non‐metastatic cell types studied. Plasminogen activator (PA) production by these cells has also been measured. The results are discussed in the context of the possible role of fibrin formation and fibrinolysis in the metastatic process.
FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DISSOCIATED MOUSE PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Campbell Iain L 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFree islet cells in suspension were prepared by enzymatic dissociation of isolated pancreatic islets or adult mice. Microscopical examination revealed morphologically well preserved cells which appeared viable to more than 80% as determined by the trypan blue exclusion test, In comparison with whole islets, such cell preparations showed no responsiveness to glucose in terms of insulin release. On the other hand, rates of (pro)insulin biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis and glucose oxidation showed a dose‐dependent increase in response in increasing glucose concentrations (1.6‐30 mmol/1).These findings indicate that, in spite of a defect to the exocytotic Insulin release system, free islet cells displayed a number of properties compatible with a well preserved viability, viz., the retention of glucose sensitive (pro)insulin biosynthesis and metabolism.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SERUM IgA ANTIBODY LEVELS AND RESISTANCE TO INFECTION WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AFTER ORAL IMMUNIZATION WITH VARIOUS SALMONELLAE
Authors: Srisart P , Reynolds BL , Rowley D 
Published: August 2007

SummarySubsequent to oral feeding of various Salmonella strains to mice, the IgA antibodies directed against the O‐somatic antigens of the immunising strain were measured in both serum and intestinal juice, using the ELISA technique, 21 days after oral immunization the IgA antibody levels were relatively high only in those mice which were resistant to challenge with a virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Because there was no correlation between protection and the specificity of the ’O’ somatic antigens of the immunising and challenge strains, the IgA antibodies measured were not responsible for protection. Nevertheless, the level of these antibodies affords a good index of the resistance of mice or immune status of mice to Salmonella infection.
ROSS RIVER VIRUS INFECTION OF HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Cunningham Anthony L , Fraser JRE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRoss River virus (RRV) strains T48 and SC18006 produced a self‐limited cytopathic infection of primary and passaged human synovial cell culture. Extracellular (EC) virus titres reached peak, levels at 2 days in cell lines and at 4 days in primary cultures, ranging between 104.5 and 106.6 fluorescent focus‐forming units (ffu)/ml. Thereafter titres declined rapidly to undetectable levels at 10‐12 days. The proportion of adherent cells showing virus antigen exceeded 60% at 3 days and decreased in all culture to <1/500 after 12 days. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were greatest at 4‐8 days and destroyed between 25 and 75% of the cell layer, with subsequent partial regeneration by division of surviving cells. In contrast to rubella virus infection of synovial cells, cultures at 32° and 37° revealed only minor differences and persistent infection was not established. CPE were more attentive at 37° in nearly all synovial cell cultures and in Vero cultures. At 37° synovial cells infected with T48 strain produced hither maximum titres and were more extensively infected than at 32°.