bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTINUOUS TUNNEL KILNS AT THE PLANT OF MOUNT CLEMENS POTTERY COMPANY1,2
Authors: Harrop C. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThese two direct‐fired kilns (bisque and glost) are placed end to end in a specially constructed kiln building 825 feet long. Both kilns are fired with soft coal, hand stoked. Three motors are required, aggregating 8/14 horsepower on each kiln. Hydraulic car pushers are employed. A pressure of 8100 lbs. is required to move the 44 cars thru the bisque kiln. The bisque kiln cars hold 278 dozen ware each and at a 55‐minute car schedule, deliver over 7200 dozen ware per 24 hours at a fuel saving of more than 85% over the former periodic kiln operating at this plant. This bisque capacity is equivalent to that of thirteen 16/12 ft. diameter periodic kilns which would cost more to build than the bisque tunnel kiln.
A TERRA COTTA INDUSTRY FOR OHIO1
Authors: Watts Arthur S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo terra cotta industries using Ohio clays existed in Ohio prior to 1860. Today no terra cotta industries exist within the State, although Ohio has the clay, fuel and skilled labor. One Ohio clay, the Tionesta or No. 3 B, is especially adapted for terra cotta. It crosses the state through Vinton, Hocking, Perry, Muskingum, Coshocton, Tuscrawas and Stark Counties.The occurrences and chemical composition as determined by the Ohio Geol. Survey are given by the author.This clay burns with a shrinkage of about 6 per cent and a porosity of about 8 per cent from cone 2 to cone 5 with practically no color variation. It will carry its own weight of non‐plastic without serious loss of mechanical strength.Successful combinations and working directions for body, engobe, glaze and vitreous slip are given.
A STUDY OF THE OPERATION OF A DRESSLER TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Hudson Charles J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBefore installing a Dressler tunnel kiln, Norton Company made a study of an existing kiln. At Steubenville, Ohio, the kiln was found to be working well; repairs were small, economy in fuel, labor and firing time had resulted. The heat distribution was found to be variable but subject to control. The amount of rejected ware was very small and in no case could it be charged definitely to the kiln.
REFRACTORIES UNDER LOAD CONDITIONS1
Authors: Knollman H. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLife factors.—The life of fire clay slabs, rings and saggers is influenced by a number of factors, both mechanical and chemical. The chief factors controlling the life of the slabs are (1) proper selections of clays and grog, (2) medium absorption or porosity, (3) strength in the unburned state, (4) proper and thorough blending and preparation of the mix, (5) proper pressing so as to insure freedom from flaws, (6) proper drying, (7) proper setting in the kilns and especially (8) initial burn. These factors are briefly discussed.Setting.—The manner of setting grinding wheels, using large slabs is described. This manner of setting causes transverse bending stress to be set up in the slab and shear stresses to develop. This shearing force, in connection with the large size and the high temperature (cones 11 to 12), make severe conditions for the slab to withstand.Shape and size.—The rate of heating and the size and shape of the slabs are additional factors. Round slabs, up to about 20° in diameter have a decidedly longer life when made in two half sections as compared with the solid shape. Larger slabs have longest life when split up into four sections, while if solid they will fail in one burn. Warping of the slabs, as well as cracking, causes failure. In general, if the width of area of the load is held constant, and length of span of the slab is increased, deformation and cracking is slightly increased. If the span is held constant, and the width or load area is increased warpage is greatly increased, especially as the number of burns under load increases. Cracking also increases in direct proportion to increase in width. These features are more pronounced the longer the span.Ultimate failure at high temperatures.—When not due to structural defects, failure is brought about by a gradual decrease in mechanical strength from burn to burn, so that fire‐clay slabs under transverse load at such temperatures have decided limitations
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AMERICAN AND GERMAN QUARTZITES AS RAW MATERIALS FOR THE SILICA BRICK INDUSTRY1
Authors: Endell K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Properties determined.—Chemical composition, cone fusion temperatures, micro‐structure in the raw state and after successive firings, and velocity of inversion on successive firings. Comparative burning behaviors.—After a single firing to 1435°C the German erratic block quartzites of the tertiary age show a much greater expansion than the American quartzites. Hessian quartzite resembles the American. Advantages of the German quartzites.—The use of the German erratic block quartzites for the manufacturing of silica brick of the highest quality is the more economical, both in preparation and burning costs, as compared with the American quartzites.
POROSITY: III. WATER AS AN ABSORPTION LIQUID
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Fooyitt Frank F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Classes of absorption method.—The ordinary immersion method has been shown by previous investigators to be unreliable. Simple immersion in low vacuo without boiling is also shown theoretically to be unreliable. An analysis of the results of previous investigators indicates the presence of unsuspected sources of error. Effect of adsorbed gases upon dry weights of test pieces.—Dry air is shown to be without appreciable influence. Depending upon the humidity of the atmosphere, adsorbed water vapor may cause errors up to 2 per cent in the porosity value. Perfectly dry fired clay will remove water from conc. H2SO4, and from fused CaCl2. Saturation by boiling at atmospheric pressure.—A one hour's (and in one instance a 5 hours') boiling failed to saturate completely. On continued boiling the saturated weight increases linearly with the time and this in spite of the fact that appreciable quantities of dissolved materials are removed from the test piece by the hot water. This result is shown to be due to a gradual and continuous rehydration of the clay by the hot water. The error from this factor may amount to as much as 3% and the error from dissolved materials to as much as 2%, during a 3 hours' boiling. The nature of the dissolved material was determined. Method of cooling the test piece.—It is recommended that the test piece be kept in a closed vessel over 95% sulphuric acid for several hours before its dry weight is taken. Saturation procedure.—A vacuum method is described in which water may be employed as the saturation liquid under conditions where the above sources of error are reduced to a minimum. The method is not however recommended as a primary standard. Necessity of a soaking period.—It is shown from theoretical considerations that a soaking period is necessary and methods are given for calculating and for measuring the minimum soaking period required for a given test piece and a given liquid of known penetrativity.
POROSITY IV: THE USE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AS ABSORPTION LIQUIDS
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Bunting Elmer N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Advantages of petroleum products.—‐Avoidance of: slaking, chemical reaction, adsorption, and solvent action; but longer soaking time is required. Paraffine and vaseline.—‐Materials having high fluidity when hot, and comparatively low fluidity when cold, permit surface of saturated test piece to be brought to definite and reproducible condition with all surface pores full. Paraffine may be used but vaseline is preferable because it undergoes no change of phase on cooling. Procedure and results.—‐A saturation procedure is described and comparative results given. Density and penetrativity of vaseline.—‐Sp. gr.23°/4° 0.8730, 32°/4° 0.8684, 42°/4° 0.8624. Penetrativity between 100° and 200°C = 0.063 (t— 30)2 cms./sec. A penetratimeter for determining the penetrativity of liquids is described
EARTHENWARE BODIES AND GLAZES1
Authors: Sortwell H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Effect of body composition on crazing.—‐Six bodies of each of 2 standard clay compositions were prepared with variable clay and flint content and after biscuiting at cone 8 were glazed with 21 earthenware glazes and glost fired at cones 4 and 6. The results indicated that the variability of the silica content of clays would not be great enough to produce crazing in a well‐balanced glaze. Effect of proportion and composition of frit.—‐A standard whiteware glaze was compounded in 6 different ways and several other glazes in 2 ways. It was found that the method of compounding had no effect on crazing but it affected the gloss and fusibility. Increase in the percentage of material fritted increased the gloss and fusibility. With the same percentage of frit the best glost and highest fusibility were obtained when the flint and part of the clay were included in the frit. Effect of some variations in glaze composition.—‐Substitution of CaO by Na2O, pound for pound, as well as direct addition of Na2O, increased crazing, improved gloss and increased the fusibility. Direct addition of feldspar increased crazing slightly and diminished gloss, but did not noticeably affect the fusibility. Substitution of 1½1/2 parts of feldspar for one part of flint to maintain the same fusibility increased crazing and diminished gloss. Direct addition of CaO improved gloss, increased fusibility and slightly reduced crazing.
THE MANUFACTURE AND TREATMENT OF GLASS MELTING POTS*
Authors: Brownlee W. K. , Gorton A. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Manufacture of glass melting pots.—The raw materials used, the methods of grinding and mixing the raw clay and grog, and the way in which pots are built and dried are briefly described for the purpose of impressing glass makers with the amount of labor and care involved. At present only one grade of pot is made; but the difficulty of getting a pot suitable for all kinds of glass suggests the desirability of making special grades of pot for use with specified kinds of glass. Proper treatment of pots by the glass maker.—The authors emphasize the importance of gently handling pots and of storing them in a warm and dry place. The precautions to be taken in preheating pots in arches are discussed at length for this is the critical period in the life of the pot. The batch should be properly crushed and mixed and should either be preheated or loaded in gradually; and the furnace temperature should be carefully regulated. It is particularly urged that the technical treatment of pots in the glass be entrusted to a man trained in ceramics and physical chemistry. Arches for heating glass melting pots.—After discussing the usual design the authors suggest improvements as to fire box locations, construction of walls and door, etc.
THE “WHY” OF AGEING CLAY1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAgeing of clay.—(1) Evolution of CO2 was found to continue for over 34 days after pugging and, like the change of plasticity, to proceed more rapidly between 80° and 90° F than below 60°. (2) Effect of replacing water by non‐aqueous liquids was to inhibit the development of plasticity altogether. (3) Effect of a dilute solution of H2O2 was to produce a pronounced increase of viscosity and also to stimulate the growth of filaments algae and the consequent evolution of both CO and CO2. It seems probable, therefore, that the change of plasticity of clays with time is due, in some way, to the growth of such algae. (4) This algae theory would explain all the effects found.New chemical measure of the plasticity of clays.—The ratio of the amounts of Al2O3 and SiO2 dissolved by caustic potash was found, for the three clays tested (Cooley Ball, Edgar Plastic Kaolin and Harris Spruce Pine), to decrease rapidly with diminishing plasticity and therefore might well be used as a quantitative measure of plasticity.
EXPERIMENTS IN DEAD‐BURNING DOLOMITE AND MAGNESITE1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Stability of calcined dolomite; effect of fineness of raw material, nature of flux and temperature of burning.—Dolomite is difficult to dead‐burn because the absorption of moisture from the air produces a gradual slacking due, probably, to the hydration of lime and various lime compounds, and this tends to cause disintegration. With all the fluxes tried, 100 mesh raw material gave greater resistance to slacking than 8 mesh size. This resistance decreased, however, with increasing temperature of calcining, by an amount which seems to depend on the silica and alumina content of the flux, being greatest for basic open hearth slag and kaolin, less for flue dust, and iron ore, and least for roll scale. The stability also varied with the proportions of flux used, being greater, as a rule, for smaller proportions. Shrinkage, porosity and vitrification of calcined dolomite; effect of flux and burning temperature.—The shrinkage and porosity curves for mixtures containing flue dust, iron ore or roll scale are very similar. The higher the proportion of flux, the lower the temperature required to get maximum shrinkage and minimum porosity. Kaolin and basic open hearth slag behaved peculiarly in that vitrification depended more on the burning temperature than on the proportion of flux used. Experiments in making dolomite brick.—It was found that ageing of the wet calcined material was necessary to prevent cracking of the bricks upon drying. With 5 per cent MgCl2 as binder, comparatively strong brick were obtained. High shrinkage on firing caused excessive cracking, but the bricks were extremely dense and did not disintegrate until after four to six months. Unfired tar‐bonded brick were made with sufficient strength to stand shipping and with a storage life of about four months. Fired tar‐bonded brick showed less shrinkage and cracking than similar brick made with water. If dipped in tar to protect them from moisture, such brick will last five or six months before disintegration. It is possible, then to make dolomite brick with a storage life long enough to allow shipping and placing in furnaces. Stability, shrinkage and porosity of calcined magnesite; effect of flux and temperature of burning.—Unlike dolomite, magnesite showed less slacking effect the higher the temperature of burning. Roll scale gave greater stability than iron ore, probably because of its lower silica content. The product was comparatively porous and with low shrinkage, even with high proportions of roll scale.
THE ABSORPTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE BY KAOLINS1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Caldwell D. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Amounts of NaOH absorbed by kaolins.—The amounts of sodium hydroxide completely absorbed by North Carolina, Georgia and Florida kaolins, without showing the presence of free alkali sufficient to color phenolphthalein are, respectively: 0.125%; between 0.100% and 0.125%; and between 0.225% and 0.250% of the dry weight of the clay. Effect of time and temperature on absorption.—The absorption appears to be largely independent of time but increases with temperature. Nature of the absorption process.—The experimental data can be expressed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm thus indicating that the adsorption process belongs to the category of adsorption phenomena.
THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GLASS HOUSE EQUIPMENT
Authors: Herzog J. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is an account of the evolution of machinery used in glass‐making in which the modern methods are contrasted with the old. Gas producers, gas burners and oil burners are discussed. In burning gas a greater efficiency obtains when the air entirely surrounds the gas stream as it enters the fire box. In burning oil the high pressure costs more for installation but is more efficient. The tendency is towards automatic machinery for all glass‐making operations. Many machines are well nigh perfect but improvements are being made constantly. Mention is made of the need of a better alloy for metal molds. In the glass industry labor represents on the average 40 per cent of the cost of the product. In this respect the glass industry ranks thirteenth.
A NEW TYPE OF GAS‐FIRED VITREOUS ENAMELING FURNACE
Authors: Clark H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe furnace described in this article has a working chamber 4 feet wide by 3 feet high by 10 feet long, and is heated by ten gas burners, five on each side. Other proportions are made to suit the nature of the work to be enameled. City gas is most desirable, although any gas above the grade of producer gas may be used.A furnace of this type can be brought to a working temperature in less than an hour, and will turn out from 12 to 24 loads of work an hour, depending on the kind of work being enameled.The average gas consumption is about 1800 cubic feet of 500 B.t.u. gas per hour when firing about 600 square feet of flat ware totaling 690 pounds, representing 240 pieces, at an average temperature of 1700°F. The furnace runs without attention other than that given by the men who load and unload the fork.Furnaces of the intermittent type have various features which arc covered by patents issued and applied for. In addition to fuel economy, this type of furnace has the added advantage of producing ware of a very high gloss.The first cost is low and no foundations other than the ordinary cement floor are necessary, as the entire furnace is above the floor level. Maintenance is practically nothing, as there is no muffle or combustion chamber.
SOME PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE BODIES1
Authors: Libman Earl E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Melting Point of ZnO.—The melting point of ZnO is above 1800° C and may be above its normal sublimation point. Volume Shrinkage and Porosity of ZnO Bodies.—A very hard and dense body composed of pure ZnO can be prepared. At high temperatures it exhibits the unusual phenomenon of volume shrinkage accompanied by an increasing porosity. Zinc Retort Bodies.—In the discussion the possible advantages of incorporating zinc oxide in a zinc retort body are mentioned.
THE CONTROL OF GLAZE‐FIT BY MEANS OF TENSILE TEST SPECIMENS1
Authors: Riddle F. H. , Laird J. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe selection of a suitable glaze for a particular body by usual inspection of a field of glaze trials is not sufficiently precise, and gives no indication of slow crazing tendencies.A new method of selecting glazes depends on the effect of a glaze on the strength of a porcelain tensile test specimen. The best fitting glazes increase the strength while poorer ones decrease it. Glazes which craze weaken the specimens very markedly. Results obtained with various glazes on one fire porcelain are given.
DISINTEGRATION OF SODA LIME GLASSES IN WATER1
Authors: Williams Arthur E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSoda lime glasses have been treated in water at temperatures helow boiling point, at boiling point, and up to 25 lb. pressure in an autoclave. Effects produced are illustrated with photographs and show that glass disintegrates, i. e., cracks, spalls, and loses weight when treated at any temperature used. The rate of disintegration depends upon time, temperature, composition, and heat treatment of glass surface during forming, the latter factor apparently affecting considerably the tendency to spall or chip.Treatment given glasses conforms in many ways to treatment glass receives in service, either when sterilized when used for food packing or continued washing and sterilizing as when used for delivering or serving food daily. The relative endurance of glasses may be studied by the methods used, and standard methods of testing based upon them can be worked out. An article must stand at least six hours in boiling water without apparent disintegration or chipping to be of good quality.Spalling always appeared on the exterior only of pressed or blown ware. Disintegration of the glass is cumulative with time of treatment whether it be periodic or continuous treatment. Treating glass in hot water with increasing pressures does not seem to give greatly increased disintegration as the temperature and pressure rises.Surfaces of blown or pressed articles are shown to be laminated rather than smooth and impervious.
THE PRODUCTS OF THE CALCINATION OF FLINT AND CHALCEDONY1
Authors: Washburn Edward W. , Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Outline of the Investigation.—This investigation includes the measurement of the following physical properties; specific gravity at 0°, 25° and 98°, the index of refraction, the coefficients of thermal expansion up to 300°, the inversion temperature and volume change on inversion, and the X‐ray spectra, the materials studied being quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, silica glass and raw and calcined flint and chalcedony. New Methods—For specific gravity, a special vacuum pycnometer was employed and the immersed powder was later subjected to a pressure of 1000 atmospheres. Resultss.—The numerical data obtained are summarized in Table I and the X‐ray spectra are shown in Fig. 10. The specific gravity of calcined chalcedony was raised 2% by fine grinding. Conclusions.—All of the known facts concerning chalcedony are in harmony with the theory that the raw material is colloidal quartz and the calcined material colloidal cristobalite.
THE CONTROL OF BISCUIT LOSSES1
Authors: Sproat Ira E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of the transverse strength and the moisture content of the body on biscuit losses is discussed. A transverse strength of 280 pounds per square inch and minimum moisture content produce the best results.The analysis of the damaged ware and the brushers report gives data of great value in decreasing the biscuit losses, under given factory conditions.
THE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOME AMERICAN CLAYS1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe difference in structure of the English and American clay grains and mineral constituents were examined under the microscope. English kaolin consists chiefly of crystalline Kaolin being similar to North Carolina kaolins in this respect. Georgia, South Carolina and some Pennsylvania clays consist largely of “colloidal” kaolin, which accounts for their difference in physical properties.The objectionable abrasive features of the American clays causing excessive wear to machinery can be readily overcome by more “refined” refining methods but it is impossible by any present known methods or process to transform the colloidal kaolinite particles of our transported clays into the crystalline plate‐like structure of the English china clay.Our only hope therefore, of producing clays in this country which will be as satisfactory as those now imported, lies in the development of the crystalline kaolins. This is possible by better mining, blending and refining processes. However, the total tonnage of clay in our crystalline kaolin deposits is limited and if drawn upon intensively they would soon be exhausted.Minerals found present in the clays are chiefly muscovite, quartz, tourmaline, biotite, zircon, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, rutile, hydrated silica and hematite.
THE DEGREE TO WHICH DIFFERENT GLAZE COMPOSITIONS TAKE VAPOR LUSTERS1
Authors: Watkins R. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTGlazes having an oxygen ratio of approximately 3 to 1, a medium or low acid content with a B2O2 to SiO2 ratio of approximately 1 to 2.5 and high in lead and low in lime, take the best vapor luster effects.