bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug and Substance Use Among 3,333 London Adolescents
Authors: SWADI HARITH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA confidential and anonymous self‐report survey among 3,333 adolescents was carried out in six state comprehensive schools in London. It enquired, among many other variables, about the frequency of current use of cigarettes, alcohol, solvents and other illegal drugs. The results showed that one in five 11–16 year olds have tried solvents or drugs, one in twelve are repeated users and one in twenty have tried ‘hard drugs’. Two‐thirds have ever used alcohol, one in nine can be described as frequent and possibly heavy drinkers, and one in five smoke cigarettes regularly. Smoking is more prevalent and more frequent among girls, while repeated use of drugs (including solvents) as well as alcohol shows no sex differences. The frequency of use of individual substances shows no significant sex differences except for solvents and cocaine where girls predominate.
Testosterone in Chronic Alcoholic Men
Authors: IRWIN MICHAEL , DREYFUS EVE , BAIRD STEVE , SMITH TOM L. , SCHUCKIT MARC 
Published: January 2006

SummaryReduced testosterone levels in chronic alcoholic men may be associated with the age, alcohol consumption history, severity of liver injury, and nutritional status of these patients. In this study, total testosterone levels were measured in 163 alcoholic men upon admission to an alcohol treatment program (ATP) and at 3 months follow‐up. Values of testosterone below the clinical normal range were found in over 17% of the subjects, a finding significantly predicted by age, alcohol consumption and liver injury tests. Follow‐up at 3 months further demonstrated that abnormally low testosterone values significantly increased in men who remained abstinent as compared to those who continued to drink.
HIV Transmission Risk Behaviour of Clients Attending Syringe‐exchange Schemes in England and Scotland
Authors: STIMSON GERRY V. , DONOGHOE MARTIN , ALLDRITT LINDSEY , DOLAN KATE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBritish government strategy for the prevention of HIV transmission in injecting drug users includes experimental syringe‐exchange schemes for the provision of sterile injecting equipment to drug injectors who are unable or unwilling to stop injecting. This paper reports on the HIV risk behaviour of clients interviewed during the first year of the schemes. Most clients had accurate knowledge of the risk of infection from sharing syringes but few considered themselves to be at risk of HIV infection, 36% reported sharing needles and syringes at and shortly after intake. Most clients were sexually active and many had partners who did not inject drugs. The two main reasons for attendance were scarcity of injecting equipment and worry about AIDS. A majority of clients reported that they had already made changes in their injecting practices because of AIDS, and some reported changes in sexual behaviour. The study highlights the scale and nature of the task of helping drug injectors to charge their behaviour.
Prevalence of Heroin Misuse in Oxford City
Authors: PEVELER ROBERT C. , GREEN ROSALIND , MANDELBROTE BERTRAM M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is generally believed that the prevalence of drug misuse, and especially of opioid misuse, is increasing. The prevalence of heroin misuse in Oxford City was estimated accurately in 1969 using a detailed multi‐agency enumeration method, and it was therefore possible to repeat this procedure to obtain an estimate of the current prevalence, and hence a longitudinal view of the problem. In one year 246 heroin users were identified, giving an overall 12‐month period prevalence rate of 3.7 per thousand in the age range 15–49 years. This finding suggests that the prevalence of heroin misuse in Oxford City is little different from that of 1969.
Regional Diversity in United States Drinking Practices
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent studies have noted significant regional changes in American patterns of alcohol use. The present paper discusses regional differences in drinking patterns, problems, attitudes, and contexts as these have emerged along with the ‘wettening’ of the previously drier Southern and Mountain states. Data come from a 1984 national survey. Results indicate the persistence of regional differences in abstention rates and in apparent consumption levels when calculated on a per‐drinker basis. The higher per‐drinker apparent consumption levels in the historically drier regions are accompanied by higher levels of problems in the categories of belligerence, accidents, and trouble‐with‐the‐police. These differences in problem rates, however, are apparent only among men, indicating an interplay between gender and region. Attitude measures do not show notable regional differences, which indicates unresolved tensions, in the drier regions, between relatively high (per drinker) consumption and relatively conservative drinking attitudes. Contextual evidence indicates that the limitation of public drinking opportunities in the drier regions is accompanied by more drinking in the home.
Estimating Alcohol‐related Absenteeism in New Zealand
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , GILMORE LYNNETTE , ASHTON TONI 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAbsence from work has often been regarded as a major contributor to the economic costs imposed by alcohol use. Utilising general population Survey data, this study used a variety of methods to identify those days of reported absence which were likely to be alcohol related. No clear relationship was found between heavy drinking and overall absenteeism. However, regardless of the way in which alcohol‐related absenteeism was assessed there was a higher probability of occurrence among those classified as heavy drinkers. This suggests that there are clear differences between heavy and non‐heavy drinkers in relation to only certain kinds of absenteeism.
The Concurrent Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes and Caffeine in British Benzodiazepine Users as Measured by a General Population Survey
Authors: DUNBAR G. C. , MORGAN D. D. V. , PERERA K. M. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 1985 general population survey was conducted by Gallup in Great Britain. Subjects (4,148) were questioned about their use of benzodiazepines of whom 1,284 were also questioned about their alcohol, cigarette and caffeine consumption. Data were examined to find possible multiple substance misuse. No strong evidence could be found. People taking benozodiazepines at the time of the survey consumed significantly less alcohol than non‐users or past users. Cigarette consumption was found to be increased in current and past benzodiazepine users. Subgroups of benzodiazepine users, defined as‘high users’,‘dosage escalators’or‘chronic users’were also examined. Again no strong evidence of multiple substance misuse could be found. However, high users and dosage escalators did smoke more than others. Concurrent misuse of benzodiazepines and other legally available psychoactive substances is not common in the general population.
What Can Long‐term Follow‐up Teach us About Relapse and Prevention of Relapse in Addiction?
Authors: VAILLANT GEORGE E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article reviews the treatment history of 100 hospital‐treated heroin addicts and 100 hospital‐treated alcohol‐dependent individuals. The two cohorts were prospectively followed for 20 and 12 years respectively and factors related to relapse and freedom from relapse were sought. Premorbid social stability, especially stable employment history, proved a more effective predictor of long‐term outcome than the severity or chronicity of addiction. Inpatient treatment exerted little effect on long‐term course. For both samples, encountering one or more of the following‐community compulsory supervision, a substitute dependence, new relationships, and inspirational group membership‐appeared associated with freedom from relapse. The challenge of preventing relapse in diabetes is offered as a useful analogy for preventing relapse in the addictions.
Genetic Polymorphism of the Alcohol Metabolising Enzymes as a Basis for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: GRANT DAVID A. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere are five separate genes for alcohol dehydrogenase in man. Three of these genes code for isoenzymes which have the correct catalytic properties to suggest that they are predominantly involved in alcohol metabolism in the liver. These are the so‐called class I genes. Two of the class I genes also contain alleles which are expressed with variable frequency by different ethnic groups. This genetic polymorphism is reflected in some enzyme phenotypes which have a greater reactivity toward ethanol than others. Thus genetic and biochemical diversity both within and between different populations may be the basis for the unique individual response to alcohol and vulnerability to alcoholism. There are four separate genes for aldehyde dehydrogenase in man. Only two of the isoenzymes are likely to metabolize acetaldehyde in the liver. An inherited deficiency in one of these isoenzymes is the cause of acute alcohol sensitivity symptoms (the flushing response) in Orientals. The aversive reactions to alcohol in individuals with this deficiency may be a deterrent to alcoholism.
Perception of Risk of HIV Infection by Injecting Drug Users and Effects on Medical Clinic Attendance
Authors: COLEMAN ROSIE M. , CURTIS DAVID , FEINMANN CHARLOTTE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and sixty two injecting drug users attending two London clinics were asked if they thought that they were at risk from HIV infection. Thirty‐one thought it was likely that they had been exposed to HIV, and these subjects had injected drugs for longer, were more likely to have shared needles and syringes in the last year, to have used dealer's equipment and to have shared with someone from abroad. They also had more male sexual partners and were more likely to have resorted to prostitution. There was no evidence that perception of risk influenced subjects in their intention to attend a medical clinic, and subjects who attended the medical clinic did not differ significantly from others attending the drug dependency unit.
Distribution of Risk Behaviour for HIV Infection Amongst Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: COLEMAN ROSIE M. , CURTIS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and sixty‐two intravenous drug users attending two London clinics were questioned about their sexual and equipment‐sharing behaviour. Four individiuals accounted between them for 90% of all sexual contacts, and 39 individuals accounted for 90% of all equipment‐sharing contacts. Individuals with multiple sexual contacts were more likely to have multiple equipment‐sharing contacts. It is suggested that the concentration of high risk behaviour in only a few subjects may contribute to the low overall levels of HIV infection among drug users in London.
Long‐term Evaluation of Controlled Smoking as a Treatment Outcome
Authors: HILL DAVID , WEISS DAVID J. , WALKER DONNA L. , JOLLEY DAMIEN 
Published: January 2006

SummarySmoking abstinence rates and mean daily cigarette consumption were observed in 1326 participants in a group cessation program before, immediately after, and one year after treatment. At the end of treatment 62% of the‘treatment successes’were abstinent. A further 18% were smoking 1–9 cigarettes per day and were termed ‘controlled smokers’. The mean reductions in cigarettes smoked per day from pre‐treatment baseline to the one‐year follow‐up were compared for immediate post‐treatment consumption groups. The long‐term reduction of controlled smokers was less than the treatment successes, but was not different from those smoking larger quantities at the end of treatment. The fact that the long‐term reduction of controlled smokers was no greater than others suggests that controlled smoking is not useful, either as a treatment goal or outcome.
Alcoholic Hallucinosis: a psychiatric enigma–1. The Development of an Idea
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper outlines the evolution of ideas on the topic of alcoholic hallucinosis. From 1847 to 1987 numerous descriptive case‐histories appeared in the literature. Analysis of these demonstrates that there were some phenomenological features of the illness about which authors were agreed. These were the acute onset of the illness, the predominance of auditory hallucinations and a history of heavy drinking. Protagonists of the delirium tremens school of thought drew attention to the slight clouding of consciousness, the presence of the physical symptoms which may accompany an acute confusional state and the possibility of other kinds of hallucinations. Those who favoured the idea that it was a schizophrenic‐like illness emphasized the chronicity, the predominance of auditory hallucinations and clear consciousness. Enlightening as these case‐histories were, it was impossible to conclude the debate on these unsystematic observations alone.
Psychology and Brief Interventions
Authors: HEATHER NICK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this article, a discussion of the definition and description of brief interventions is followed by broad reviews of their effectiveness in the cigarette smoking and alcohol fields. It is then argued that brief interventions should not be justified only in terms of early intervention; that there is at present insufficient evidence to warrant the abandonment of conventional outpatient treatment for clinic attenders; and that the relative contribution of motivational and active behaviour‐change components of brief interventions is an important area for research.
Drug Use by Prostitutes in Sydney
Authors: ROSS PHILPOT C. , HARCOURT CHRISTINE L. , EDWARDS JANICE M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWe report a comparative study of drug consumption by 277 female prostitutes and 95 women who had never worked as prostitutes, attending the Sydney STD Centre in 1985 and 1987. Marijuana was the drug most often used by prostitutes and non‐prostitutes, followed by sleeping pills, amphetamines, cocaine and heroin. About 12% in both groups used intravenous drugs but prostitutes were significantly more likely to share needles and syringes. Prostitutes were also more likely to smoke cigarettes than non‐prostitutes, and young prostitutes smoked significantly more heavily than other women in the study. Although fewer prostitutes than non‐prostitutes drank alcohol, those who did drink were more likely to do so at a harmful level. We conclude that where differences in drug consumption exist between prostitutes and non‐prostitutes, they are mainly work related.
The Influence of Advertising on Tobacco Consumption: a reply to Boddewyn
Authors: CHETWYND JANE , BRODIE RODERICK J. , HARRISON ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents a rejoinder to Boddewyn's critique of our earlier work. We show that many of his concerns are unfounded or have been addressed in our subsequent work. Our original conclusion that cigarette advertising has a significant effect on aggregate consumption remains unchanged. We concede that the analysis could be improved by a fuller data set and appeal to the tobacco industry to open their data for independent analysis.
The Use of Aggregate Data in Alcohol Epidemiology
Authors: NORSTRÖM THOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAnalyses of aggregate data have the potential of elucidating pivotal issues in alcohol epidemiology, in particular those singled out by the public health perspective, such as the impact of per capita alcohol consumption on various damage rates. This article discusses the possibilities and limitations of the two main approaches in the analysis of aggregate data, focusing upon ecological and time series data, respectively. In addition, a synthetic approach is outlined, which aims at an integration of macro and micro findings. In that context it is shown how effect measures which are normally based on micro data (relative risk and attributable fraction) can be derived from macro data.
Services for Prisoners with Alcohol‐related Problems: a survey of U.K. prisons
Authors: McMURRAN MARY , BALDWIN STEVE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOffenders have been identified as heavy drinkers who admit to a relationship between drinking and offending. Many prisoners express a desire to reduce their alcohol consumption. The extent of alcohol interventions in U.K. prisons was unknown and so a postal survey was conducted to gather basic information about current work. Of all responding establishments, 91% claimed to provide services for prisoners with alcohol‐related problems and 58% gave details of these services. Services are provided mainly by probation officers/social workers, prison officers and Alcoholics Anonymous. Group and individual interventions are described. Service development has been haphazard, lacking central co‐ordination. A case is made for appointment of a central facilitator responsible for staff training, establishing a communications network, encouraging new interventions to match clients' needs, encouraging closer links with community workers and guiding evaluative research.
A Comparison of a Prospective Diary and Two Summary Recall Techniques for Recording Alcohol Consumption
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent reliability studies in which self reports of alcohol consumption taken from diaries have been compared against retrospective recall of alcohol consumption have yielded contradictory results. While the popular wisdom, supported by some excellent studies (Lemmens et al., 1988a; Poikolainen & Kärkkäinen, 1983) is that diaries yield the more accurate account, some studies have shown better results with a retrospective recall (Midanik et al., 1989; Simpura, 1988). The present study of 83 volunteer subjects compares a diary with two retrospective recall procedures—a graduated quantity frequency approach developed at the Alcohol Research Group and a beverage‐specific, usual amount procedure used in the U.S. National Health Interview Survey series. Subjects were asked to complete all three procedures. Results show that both of the recall techniques tested achieved an acceptable level of reliability when compared against the results of prospective diaries. The implication of this is that the more easily administered recall techniques may be acceptable for many research purposes.
Treatment for the Addictions in a Psychiatric Setting
Authors: BLUME SHEILA B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Alcoholism, Chemical Dependency and Compulsive Gambling Services at South Oaks Hospital (a 334‐bed private psychiatric facility in Amityville, New York) are discussed. Psychodrama and other group methods are integral parts of the program the interdisciplinary treatment team, headed by a psychiatrist, includes addiction counsellors. Outpatient continuing care and self‐help groups are stressed.
Cleaning the People's Home: recent developments in Sweden's addiction policy
Authors: GOULD ARTHUR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLegislation has recently been passed in the Swedish parliament to criminalize drug use and widen the powers of the authorities to take adult alcoholics and drug addicts into care. The arguments and debates that have led to these measures are described, drawing on official reports, legislative proposals and parliamentary proceedings. The Swedish attempt to create a drug‐free society is linked with recent economic problems, a temperance tradition, and a strong cultural desire for order. These have contributed towards a climate which two pressure groups in particular have manipulated to their advantage.
Mortality Among Alcoholics Discharged From a Japanese Hospital
Authors: OHARA KOICHI , SUZUKI YASUO , SUGITA TOMOKI , KOBAYASHI KAZUHIRO , TAMEFUSA KAZUTOMO , HATTORI SHINYA , OHARA KENSHIRO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study of mortality among alcoholics was carried out involving patients discharged from the alcoholic ward of a Hamamatsu University‐affiliated hospital from 1972 to 1984 (1021 patients). The average age at death was 48,4 years. The causes of death were divided into three groups; ‘diseases, accidents’, ‘suicide and homicide’, accounting for 73.5%, 10.5% and 7.3% of 257 deaths, respectively. Death rates per 1000 persons for the years at risk were compared with the expected rates for the general population. Briefly, the death rates for patients were more than 10 times as large as those in the general population. Our results showed that liver cirrhosis and heart failure ranked high among the causes of death in alcoholics. Among patients who died, only 3.1% were total abstainers after discharge from hospital, which was an extremely low proportion in comparison with the average cross‐total abstinence rate of 25.8% among patients after discharge.
At Risk Drinking in Primary Care: report from a survey in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: IACOPONI EDUARDO , RAMOS LARANJEIRA RONALDO , ROBERTO JORGE MIGUEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article describes the prevalence of at risk drinking among patients attending the primary health care sector in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Five percent of the screened population answered positively to two or more questions on the CAGE questionnaire; 12% of male and 3% of female subjects were considered to be at risk drinking. Patients socio‐demographic characteristics were analysed by means of logistic models. Variables sex, age, employment status and years living in Sao Paulo had significant effects on the risk of being a CAGE high‐scorer.
Alcoholism and the ‘New Genetics’: a comment
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMullen's Alcoholism and the ‘New Genetics’ presents a broad overview of issues relevant to studies of genetic factors in alcoholism. This piece is especially timely because investigations into hereditary factors in alcohol‐related disorders are at an important crossroads. Family, twin, and adoption studies all point towards the importance of genetic influences, but the studies are not unanimous. Before further effort is expanded in this area, it is important to develop an accurate picture of what has been accomplished, and to form some opinions on how likely it is that the conclusions are valid. It is also time to begin to speculate on the next logical steps for this research. Mullen's piece has a striking cogency and I endorse much of what is said. Below are some further comments. All in all, this is a good time to take stock of the issues.
Alcohol Advertising in Developing Countries
Authors: AITKEN P. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol consumption appears to be increasing in some developing countries. Groups who previously did not drink alcohol, such as young people and women, are now increasingly beginning to drink. Recent anecdotal observations by researchers in Lesotho suggest that aggressive advertising may play a part in encouraging drinking among the young. This commentary suggests that surveys of alcohol advertising and youthful drinking in developing countries would be particularly useful in monitoring the influence of alcohol advertising in rapidly expanding markets. Recent studies have described simple measures of awareness and appreciation of alcohol advertising, which discriminate between under‐age drinkers and non‐drinkers. These measures could be readily adapted by researchers responsible for the design of surveys of youthful drinking.