bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of oseltamivir during an influenza B outbreak in a chronic care hospital
Authors: Seale Holly , Weston Kathryn M. , Dwyer Dominic E. , Zhu Mengzhi , Allchin Lisa , Booy Robert , Raina MacIntyre C. 
Published: January 2009

Background  Residents of nursing homes and long‐term care facilities are at a higher risk of outbreaks of influenza and of serious complications of influenza than those in the community. In late July 2005, a 90‐bed chronic care psycho‐geriatric hospital in Sydney, Australia, reported cases of influenza‐like illness (ILI) occurring amongst its residents.Methods  An investigation to confirm the outbreak, and its cause, was undertaken. Influenza vaccination levels amongst residents, and the effects of antiviral drugs used for prevention and treatment, were assessed. Oseltamivir was only given to the residents, in the form of both treatment and prophylaxis.Results  A total of 22 out of 89 residents met the clinical case definition of ILI with onset on or after 27 July 2005. This represents an attack rate of 25%. Oseltamivir was commenced on day 9 of the outbreak. Influenza B was identified in six residents as the causative agent of the outbreak. No deaths or acute hospitalization were recorded for this outbreak and there were no further reported cases after the introduction of oseltamivir. Vaccine effectiveness was 75% and the strain of influenza B isolated was well matched to that year’s vaccine.Conclusions  There are few data on the use of oseltamivir in influenza B outbreaks. Early antiviral intervention appeared to curtail this outbreak of influenza B in a chronic care facility. We found high vaccine effectiveness in this frail, institutionalized population, highlighting the importance of influenza vaccination for residents of chronic care facilities.
Diagnostic role of BAL fluid CD4/CD8 ratio in different radiographic and clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Danila Edvardas , Norkūnienė Jolita , Jurgauskienė Laimutė , Malickaitė Radvilė 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as a method of sampling cells is useful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis. However, CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid (BALF) is highly variable and it generates continuous discussions about its diagnostic role.Objective: To prospectively evaluate diagnostic role of BALF CD4/CD8 ratio in pulmonary sarcoidosis manifested in different radiographic and clinical forms in the real clinical practice.Material and methods: The study population consisted of 318 sarcoid patients with a newly diagnosed disease. Comparator groups consisted of 55 healthy subjects and 130 patients with other disorders who underwent BAL and examination of CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF as a step of diagnostic pathway. Diagnostic accuracy of CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF using receiver‐operating characteristic analysis has been calculated.Results: The percentage of BALF lymphocytes in sarcoid patients was significantly different from comparator groups. Normal BALF cell counts were found in 7% of sarcoid patients. However, typical sarcoid BALF cellular pattern was found in 6.2% of all control subjects. We have found that optimal cutoff points for CD4/CD8 ratio are 3.5 and 4.0 for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, respectively. Sensitivity of the optimal cutoff points of CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in asymptomatic patients compared with symptomatic patients. Sensitivity of the optimal cutoff points decreased with the increased stage of sarcoidosis.Conclusions: BAL is a valuable method in diagnostic pathway of pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, results of BALF examination must be interpreted considering a specific clinical case. BALF CD4/CD8 ratio depends on clinical and radiographic manifestation.Please cite this paper as: Danila E, Norkūnienė J, Jurgauskienė L and Malickaitė R. Diagnostic role of BAL fluid CD4/CD8 ratio in different radiographic and clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis.The Clinical Respiratory Journal2009; 3: 214–221.
Sources of Dietary Fluoride Intake in 6–7‐Year‐Old English Children Receiving Optimally, Sub‐optimally, and Non‐fluoridated water
Authors: Zohouri Fatemeh V. , Maguire Anne , Moynihan Paula J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:Due to increased consumption of pre‐packaged drinks, tap water may no longer be the principal source of water intake and consequently fluoride intake. Little is known about the importance of solid foods as fluoride sources and how the relative contribution of foods/drinks to fluoride intake is affected by residing in fluoridated or non‐fluoridated areas. This study investigated the relative contributions of different dietary sources to dietary fluoride intake and compared this in children residing in optimally artificially fluoridated, sub‐optimally artificially fluoridated, and non‐fluoridated areas. Methods:Thirty‐three healthy children aged 6 years were recruited from fluoridated and non‐fluoridated communities and categorised into three groups based on fluoride content of home tap water: optimally fluoridated (<0.7 mgF/L), sub‐optimally fluoridated (>0.3 to <0.7 mgF/L) and non‐fluoridated (<0.3 mgF/L) drinking water. A 3‐day dietary diary collected dietary information. Samples of foods/drinks consumed were collected and analyzed for fluoride content. Results:Drinks provided 59%, 55% and 32% of dietary fluoride intake in optimally, sub‐optimally and non‐fluoridated areas respectively. Tap water, fruit squashes and cordials (extremely sweet non‐alcoholic fruit flavoured drink concentrates) prepared with tap water, as well as cooked rice, pasta and vegetables were important sources of fluoride in optimally and sub‐optimally fluoridated areas. Carbonated soft drinks and bread were the most important contributors to dietary fluoride intake in the non‐fluoridated area. Conclusion:The main contributory sources to dietary fluoride differ between fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas. Estimating total fluoride intake from levels of fluoride in tap water alone is unlikely to provide a reliable quantitative measure of intake. Studies monitoring dietary fluoride exposure should consider intake from all foods and drinks.
Oral Health Status of San Francisco Public School Kindergarteners 2000–2005
Authors: Chung Lisa H. , Shain Sara G. , Stephen Samantha M. , Weintraub Jane A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:To determine the prevalence of dental caries and oral health disparities in San Francisco kindergarten public school children from 2000–2005. Methods:The San Francisco Department of Public Health in partnership with the San Francisco Dental Society and assistance from the National Dental Association, has been conducting annual dental screenings of kindergarten children enrolled in the San Francisco Unified School District since 2000. Outcomes assessed from this series of cross‐sectional screenings included prevalence of caries experience, untreated caries, treatment needs, and caries severity by child's sex, race/ethnicity, residential zip code, and a proxy for socioeconomic status. Results:Of 76 eligible schools, 62–72 participated, and 86–92% of enrolled children (n=3,354‐3,527) were screened yearly. Although there was a small, significant decrease over the time period, in 2005, 50.1% of children had caries experience; 28.8% had untreated caries and 7.6% had urgent treatment needs. Each year caries prevalence was greatest for Asian children, those attending schools with > 50% children eligible for the free or reduced‐price meal program, and children living in zip codes in and around Chinatown and San Francisco's southern border. Conclusions:Despite signs of improvement, caries remains a public health problem especially in Asian and Hispanic children, and children living in certain sections of San Francisco.
Dental Health Differences by Social Class in Home‐Dwelling Seniors of Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Pizarro Vladimir , Ferrer Montserrat , Domingo‐Salvany Antonia , Benach Joan , Borrell Carme , Puigvert Josep , Alonso Jordi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground:The aim of this study was to assess dental health differences by social class in home‐dwelling seniors in Spain. Methods:A cross‐sectional household survey of a cohort of senior residents in Barcelona (Spain) was undertaken. Of 891 survivors (72 years or older), 561 (62.9%) oral examinations were completed according to the DMF Index (Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth). Results:42% of participants were edentate. The individuals of social class IV‐V were more likely to be edentate, and to have fewer than 15 teeth compared to those in social class I‐II. The DMF Index in dentate individuals (Adjusted mean=16.4) also showed significantly worse dental health for lower social classes (p = 0.001). Conclusions:The results of this study indicate a different level of utilization of dental health services and dental health by social class in home‐dwelling seniors. Further research is needed to understand the barriers of access and social inequality.
Periodontal Status as Predictor of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Authors: Gomes‐Filho Isaac S. , da Cruz Simone S. , Rezende Edson J. C. , da Silveira Bruno B.de B , Trindade Soraya C. , Passos Johelle S. , de Freitas Camila O. T. , Cerqueira Eneida M. M. , Santos Carlos Antonio de Souza Teles 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective:The objective was to verify the relation between periodontal status and prematurity/low birth weight. Methods:a case control study of 211 women, 44 being mothers of children born with weight below 2.500g or gestational age of less than 37 weeks (case group) and 177 mothers of children born with weight of over 2.500g or more and gestational age of 37 weeks or more (control group). The women were invited to reply to a questionnaire during the interview. A single dentist performed a complete periodontal exam in the oral cavity of each participant, including: probing depth, recession, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment loss measurements. Descriptive analysis of the study variables was performed and the statistical significance was calculated at 5%, using the chi‐squared test. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical parameters between the groups. Conclusions:The findings showed no association between periodontal status and prematurity/low birth weight.
Proteasome-Mediated Degradation and Functions of Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Wang Hua , Song Xianzhou , Logsdon Craig , Zhou Guisheng , Evans Douglas B. , Abbruzzese James L. , Hamilton Stanley R. , Tan Tse-Hua , Wang Huamin 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) regulates stress responses, proliferation, and apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. In this study, we examined the expression, regulation, and functions of HPK1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA). We found that loss of HPK1 protein expression correlated significantly with the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (P = 0.001) and development of invasive PDA. Similarly, HPK1 protein was not expressed in any of eight PDA cell lines examined but was expressed in immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cells. There was no difference in HPK1 mRNA levels in PDA cell lines or primary PDA compared with those in HPDE cells or ductal epithelium in chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas, respectively. Treatment of Panc-1 cells with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, increased the HPK1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that alteration in proteasome activity contributes to the loss of HPK1 protein expression in pancreatic cancer. Like the endogenous HPK1, both wild-type HPK1 and its kinase-dead mutant, HPK1-M46, overexpressed in Panc-1 cells, were also targeted by proteasome-mediated degradation. After MG132 withdrawal, wild-type HPK1 protein expression was markedly decreased within 24 hours, but kinase-dead HPK1 mutant protein expression was sustained for up to 96 hours. Therefore, HPK1 kinase activities were required for the loss of HPK1 protein in PDAs. Furthermore, restoring wild-type HPK1 protein in PDA cells led to the increase in p21 and p27 protein expression and cell cycle arrest. Thus, HPK1 may function as a novel tumor suppressor and its loss plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):1063–70]
Role of Vitamin D Receptor in the Antiproliferative Effects of Calcitriol in Tumor-Derived Endothelial Cells and Tumor Angiogenesis In vivo
Authors: Chung Ivy , Han Guangzhou , Seshadri Mukund , Gillard Bryan M. , Yu Wei-dong , Foster Barbara A. , Trump Donald L. , Johnson Candace S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the major active form of vitamin D, is antiproliferative in tumor cells and tumor-derived endothelial cells (TDEC). These actions of calcitriol are mediated at least in part by vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed in many tissues including endothelial cells. To investigate the role of VDR in calcitriol effects on tumor vasculature, we established TRAMP-2 tumors subcutaneously into either VDR wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) mice. Within 30 days post-inoculation, tumors in KO mice were larger than those in WT (P &lt; 0.001). TDEC from WT expressed VDR and were able to transactivate a reporter gene whereas TDEC from KO mice were not. Treatment with calcitriol resulted in growth inhibition in TDEC expressing VDR. However, TDEC from KO mice were relatively resistant, suggesting that calcitriol-mediated growth inhibition on TDEC is VDR-dependent. Further analysis of the TRAMP-C2 tumor sections revealed that the vessels in KO mice were enlarged and had less pericyte coverage compared with WT (P &lt; 0.001). Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showed an increase in vascular volume of TRAMP tumors grown in VDR KO mice compared with WT mice (P &lt; 0.001) and FITC-dextran permeability assay suggested a higher extent of vascular leakage in tumors from KO mice. Using ELISA and Western blot analysis, there was an increase of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB levels observed in tumors from KO mice. These results indicate that calcitriol-mediated antiproliferative effects on TDEC are VDR-dependent and loss of VDR can lead to abnormal tumor angiogenesis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):967–75]
MicroRNA Regulation of DNA Repair Gene Expression in Hypoxic Stress
Authors: Crosby Meredith E. , Kulshreshtha Ritu , Ivan Mircea , Glazer Peter M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer; the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has been implicated as a cause of this phenomenon. MicroRNAs (miR) are small nonprotein coding RNAs that can regulate various cellular pathways. We report here that two miRs, miR-210 and miR-373, are up-regulated in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α–dependent manner in hypoxic cells. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that these miRs could regulate factors implicated in DNA repair pathways. Forced expression of miR-210 was found to suppress the levels of RAD52, which is a key factor in homology-dependent repair (HDR); the forced expression of miR-373 led to a reduction in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein, RAD23B, as well as in RAD52. Consistent with these results, both RAD52 and RAD23B were found to be down-regulated in hypoxia, but in both cases, the hypoxia-induced down-regulation could be partially reversed by antisense inhibition of miR-210 and miR-373. Importantly, luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-210 is capable of interacting with the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of RAD52 and that miR-373 can act on the 3′ UTR of RAD23B. These results indicate that hypoxia-inducible miR-210 and miR-373 play roles in modulating the expression levels of key proteins involved in the HDR and NER pathways, providing new mechanistic insight into the effect of hypoxia on DNA repair and genetic instability in cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):1221–9]
Transforming Growth Factor-β2 Is a Molecular Determinant for Site-Specific Melanoma Metastasis in the Brain
Authors: Zhang Chenyu , Zhang Fahao , Tsan Rachel , Fidler Isaiah J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMurine melanomas produce site-specific experimental brain metastases that reflect clinical reality. When injected into the internal carotid artery of mice, K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the brain parenchyma, whereas B16 melanoma cells and the somatic hybrid cells of B16 × K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the leptomeninges and ventricles. In the present study, we identified transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), an isoform of the TGF-β family, as a molecular determinant of melanoma cell growth in the brain parenchyma. We found that the TGF-β2 mRNA was highly expressed by the K-1735 cells, whereas the B16 cells or any B16 × K-1735 somatic cell-cell fusion hybrids have low expression. Transfection of the TGF-β2 gene into B16 cells resulted in the production of microscopic metastatic lesions in the brain parenchyma, without a decrease in metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. TGF-β2 knockdown in the K-1735 melanoma cells significantly reduced metastasis to the brain parenchyma but did not induce metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. These data show that TGF-β2 expression by murine melanoma cells is necessary for the establishment and growth of metastases in the brain parenchyma. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):828–35]
IFN-α–Induced Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Involves Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein and TRAIL Independently of p53
Authors: Herzer Kerstin , Hofmann Thomas G. , Teufel Andreas , Schimanski Christoph C. , Moehler Markus , Kanzler Stephan , Schulze-Bergkamen Henning , Galle Peter R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines that have been shown to be important regulators of cell growth. IFN-α has recently been recognized to harbor therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, HCC cells respond differentially to IFN treatment, the mechanism of which is largely unknown. To address this issue, we analyzed the effect of IFN-α on different liver tumor cell lines.
We found that growth inhibiting effects of IFN-α in hepatoma cells require PML-NB induction and, moreover, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on the mRNA and protein level. RNAi silencing of PML down-regulates TRAIL expression in hepatoma cells and correspondingly blocks IFN-α–induced apoptosis. In addition, PML-deficient primary hepatocytes fail to up-regulate TRAIL upon IFN-α-treatment in contrast to their wild-type counterparts. These data identify TRAIL as a novel downstream transcriptional target of PML-mediated apoptosis in hepatomas and suggest that PML and TRAIL play important roles in IFN-regulated apoptosis in HCC. Furthermore, the mechanism is independent of the p53 status of the tumor cells. In summary, our results identify central molecules mediating IFN-α induced apoptosis in liver tumors, shed light on the differential response of hepatoma cells to IFN exposure and, thus, may contribute to an efficient application of this substance in the treatment of liver cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):855–62]
Light Scattering Measurements of Subcellular Structure Provide Noninvasive Early Detection of Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Chalut Kevin J. , Ostrander Julie Hanson , Giacomelli Michael G. , Wax Adam 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
We present a light scattering study using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) to assess nuclear morphology and subcellular structure within MCF-7 cells at several time points after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Although the nuclear diameter and eccentricity are not observed to change, the light scattering signal reveals a change in the organization of subcellular structures that we interpret using fractal dimension (FD). The FD of subcellular structures in cells treated with paclitaxel and doxorubicin is observed to increase significantly compared with that of control cells as early as 1.5 and 3 hours after application, respectively. The FD is then found to decrease slightly at 6 hours postapplication for both agents only to increase again from 12 to 24 hours posttreatment when the observations ceased. The changes in structure appear over two time scales, suggesting that multiple mechanisms are evident in these early apoptotic stages. Indeed, quantitative image analysis of fluorescence micrographs of cells undergoing apoptosis verifies that the FD of 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole–stained nuclear structures does not change significantly in cells until 12 hours after treatment, whereas that of MitoTracker stained mitochondria is seen to modulate as early as 3 hours after treatment. In contrast, cells receiving an increased dose of paclitaxel that induced G2-M arrest, but not apoptosis, only exhibited the early change in subcellular structure but did not show the later change associated with changes in nuclear substructure. These results suggest that a/LCI may have utility in detecting early apoptotic events for both clinical and basic science applications. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):1199–204]
Low-Level Jets, Orographic Effects, and Extreme Events in Nares Strait: A Model-Based Mesoscale Climatology
Authors: Samelson R. M. , Barbour P. L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A mesoscale atmospheric model, nested in operational global numerical weather prediction fields, is used to estimate low-level winds and surface wind stress through Nares Strait, between Ellesmere Island and Greenland, during 2 yr from August 2003 to July 2005. During most of the year, the model low-level winds are dominated by intense, southward along-strait flow, with monthly-mean southward 10-m winds reaching 10 m s−1 in winter. Summertime flow is weak and distributions of hourly along-strait winds during the 2-yr period are strongly bimodal. The strong southward low-level winds are associated with ageostrophic, orographically channeled flow down the pressure gradient from the Lincoln Sea to Baffin Bay and are highly correlated with the pressure difference along Nares Strait. The 2-yr means and leading EOFs of monthly-mean 10-m winds and wind stress place the strongest winds and stress in the southern parts of Smith Sound and of Kennedy Channel, at the openings to Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, at known sites of polynya formation, including the North Water polynya in Smith Sound, suggesting that the locally intensified winds may cause these persistent polynyas. An intense wind event observed in Nares Strait by a field camp, with surface winds exceeding 30 m s−1, generally follows the typical pattern of these low-level flows. Based on the model correlation of winds and pressure difference, a 51-yr time series of estimated winds in Nares Strait is reconstructed from historical surface pressure measurements at Thule, Greenland, and Alert, Canada. The pressure difference and reconstructed wind time series are correlated with the Arctic Oscillation at annual and longer periods, but not on monthly periods.