bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological responses of the Australian cattle dog to mustering exercise
Authors: Hampson B A , McGowan C M 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the heart rate (HR) and work variables of working cattle dogs during actual mustering exercise using a global positioning satellite (GPS) tracking unit‡ with an integrated HR monitor§. The GPS units allowed tracking of seven different Collie and Kelpie working cattle dogs over a total of ten sessions while employed in their usual role of mustering cattle in three locations in Queensland, Australia. Speed, distance and HR data were collected from the dogs during mustering in a variety of working situations. The working dogs covered distances between 13.3 and 30.2 km during mustering sessions ranging from 1 h 59 min to 4 h 24 min at working speeds of up to 43.7 km h− 1. Working temperatures ranged from 29 to 38°C. HR during working exercise ranged between 120 and 237 bpm and was above 180 bpm for 51–68% of the duration of work sessions. There was a positive linear relationship between speed and HR until HRmax (speed 26.0 km h− 1, 233 ± 4.2 bpm), then HR plateaued (R2 = 97.14%, P < 0.001). This study has documented the type of work done by cattle dogs and has shown that GPS devices and HR monitors can be utilized in field conditions to assess the exercise physiology of dogs.
Evaluation of oxygen consumption during field exercise tests in Standardbred trotters
Authors: van Erck Emmanuelle , Votion Dominique-Marie , Serteyn Didier , Art Tatiana 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReasons for performing the study: In human exercise physiology, the current gold standard for evaluating aerobic capacity is the measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The evaluation of VO2in horses is performed in some laboratories equipped with a treadmill but has only been exceptionally reported in field conditions because of the lack of adapted equipment.Objectives: The aim of this study was (1) to assess the feasibility of VO2measurement on the track using a recently validated portable breath-by-breath gas analyser system adapted to horses (Cosmed K4b2®and Equimask®), (2) to compare these results with those obtained during a treadmill exercise test and (3) to study correlations between VO2and physiological parameters usually measured in field condition such as heart rate (HR), lactataemia (LA) and the speed at which HR equals 200 beats per minute (bpm) (V200) or LA 4 mmol l− 1(VLA4).Methods: Five healthy Standardbred trotters in training were submitted to two stepwise incremental exercise tests, one driven on the racetrack and the other on a high-speed treadmill with a 4% incline. Speed (v), HR, ventilatory parameters and VO2were continuously recorded throughout the duration of the tests and LA was evaluated after each step.Results: All horses completed the test satisfactorily after an initial acclimatization to the mask. There were marked individual differences in ventilatory strategy, and breathing frequency (Rf) at the higher levels of exercise was noticeably low. The VCO2measurements were incoherent. There were no significant differences between track and treadmill maximal data obtained during the last step [VO2peak(track: 139.9 ± 8.9 ml kg− 1 min− 1; treadmill: 139.9 ± 13.4 ml kg− 1 min− 1), LAmax(track: 6.5 ± 1.6 mmol l− 1; treadmill: 7.3 ± 3.0 mmol l− 1), HRmax(track: 229 ± 6.2 bpm; treadmill: 222 ± 13 bpm)], although the maximal speed required to reach similar workloads was significantly higher on the track (11.9 ± 0.6 m s− 1vs.9.7 ± 0.4 m s− 1). The correlation between VO2and HR (r = 0.87;P < 0.001) and VO2and LA (r = 0.75;P < 0.0001) during both tests was good but no correlation was found between VO2peakand HRmax, LAmax, V200 or VLA4.Conclusions: This is the first report of a practical portable system to measure VO2and ventilation continuously during high-speed field exercise tests. However, current mask design markedly influences ventilation and could have prohibited the attainment of VO2max. Furthermore, consistent VCO2measurements should be implemented by the manufacturers.Potential relevance: Continuous breath-by-breath ventilation and VO2measurements can be recorded in horses in the field at submaximal levels. With necessary adaptations to the system entailed, this study opens new perspectives in the analysis of physiological and metabolic mechanisms of exercise in the equine species in genuine track conditions.
A multi-criteria evaluation of the environmental performances of conventional, organic and integrated olive-growing systems in the south of Spain based on experts' knowledge
Authors: Parra-López Carlos , Calatrava-Requena Javier , de-Haro-Giménez Tomás 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe medium to long-term environmental performances of organic, integrated and conventional olive-growing systems in the average conditions of the south of Spain are evaluated and compared with respect to soil erosion, soil fertility, rational use of irrigation water, water contamination, atmospheric pollution and biodiversity, based on experts’ knowledge. The aim of the research was to test the common implicit assumption of environmental superiority of the two alternative farming systems over the conventional system. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a widely used multi-criteria decision-making tool, has been implemented. AHP enables us to deal with complex decision-making problems with multiple criteria, stakeholders and decision-makers, high uncertainty and risk, such as in the case of multi-criteria environmental comparison of alternative farming systems. Twenty experts in olive production, clustered into three groups according to their professional field of interest, were involved in the analysis. The utilization of experts' knowledge is justified when information relevant for urgent decision-making is not available, is partial or is time and resource demanding, and a holistic perspective is required. Indexes and procedures are proposed for group decision-making, to detect variation in expert opinions and differences between alternative systems' performances. Despite bias in the judgments of the groups of experts in some topics, results confirm the holistic environmental superiority of organic and integrated alternatives over the conventional olive system in Andalusia in the medium to long-term. The results represent a scientific base to justify and endorse institutional support regarding the promotion and implementation of organic and integrated olive-growing systems in the region, which are likely to result in greater social welfare.
An alternative way to evaluate the environmental effects of integrated pest management: Pesticide risk indicators
Authors: Greitens Thomas J. , Day Esther 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study examines whether pesticide risk indicators can be used to evaluate the environmental effects of pesticide applications within integrated pest management (IPM) projects. Pesticide risk indicators, commonly used in European countries, are mathematical equations that consider data inputs such as application rates, toxicity levels of a pesticide's active ingredient, meteorological data, the soil characteristics of farm fields, and other information to generate potential risk scores for pesticide applications. These potential risk scores represent the best estimate of a pesticide's impact on the surrounding environment. This project analyzed eight pesticide risk indicators, developed throughout Europe and the United States, with two years of pesticide application data from four farms using IPM. This two-year study allowed for a determination of the validity and reliability of pesticide risk indicators. The findings reveal that only three pesticide risk indicators performed consistently and gave valid results. These indicators are: the synoptic evaluation model for plant protection agents (SYNOPS) indicator from Germany, the multi-attribute toxicity factor from the United States, and the environmental impact quotient from the United States. As a result, the authors recommend these three indicators for future research and for IPM evaluative efforts that emphasize the environmental effects of pesticides.
Farm-gate nutrient balance assessment of organic dairy farms at different intensity levels in Germany
Authors: Haas G. , Deittert C. , Köpke U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOrganic farms are characterized as low external input agro-ecosystems. Currently, some organic dairy farmers feed higher amounts of concentrates and succulent feed, some of which is purchased, to increase the dairy performance of their cows. To assess the environmental impact of this practice, nutrient balances at the farm-gate level of 26 organic dairy farms located in two different regions in Germany were compiled and analysed. The farms are characterized by different production features and feeding intensity levels [0–2.72 t dry matter (DM) of concentrates per cow and year, which was 0–378 g kg−1 milk] yielding 5150–8790 kg milk on average per cow and year. The area- and product (milk)-related farm-gate nutrient budgets for P and K are almost balanced [mean −3 kg P ha−1, range (R): −14 to 4 kg P ha−1; −0.5 g P kg−1 milk, R: −2.8 to 0.9 g P kg−1 milk and 1 kg K ha−1, R: −13 to 15 kg K ha−1; 0.1 g K kg−1 milk, R: −2.4 to 3.9 g K kg−1 milk]. The N surplus averages only 43 kg ha−1 (R: 8–85 kg N ha−1) and 8.2 g kg−1 milk (R: 2.1–17.1 g kg−1 milk), but the correlation between the amount of feed purchased on a net basis and N surplus is significant (r=0.56, P=0.003). Average area-related nutrient use efficiency for all farms calculated as the proportion of input to output is high for N (45%), P (164%) and K (91%). The share of nutrient input and output components and correlations between parameters are presented. To classify the results, investigations comparing organic and conventional dairy farming in Europe are listed, indicating an N surplus for organic farms, which is often only half or a third of the surplus of conventional farms. However, intensification in organic dairy farming has, in some cases, significant impacts that need to be assessed to determine its environmental performance and profile.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TROPHOZOITES OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Authors: Chugh S , Saxena A , Vinayak VK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe infraction between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cells of the immune system was studied in vitro. Both immune as well as non‐immune mononuclear cells (MNC) to some extent were capable of exerting a cytotoxic effect on E histolytica trophozoites. Incorporation of immune serum directed against the trophozoites in the reaction mixture resulted in a marked increase in the killing capacity of MNC. Highest killing was observed (96·7 ± 1·04%) with MNC obtained from animals immunized with fraction‐1(F‐1) of the crude amoebic extract in association with anti‐F‐1 serum. This cytotoxic event was found to be independent of complement involvement and required very low antibody concentrations. This antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity against E. histolytica in vitro was found to correlate well with the results of experiments reported earlier by us and others where a high degree of protection has been shown alter vaccination of animals with F‐1 followed by challenge with highly virulent strains of E. histolytica.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS. PIGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, DOGS, RABBITS, MACROPODS AND CHICKENS
Authors: Kay BH , Young PL , Hall RA , Fanning ID 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA tool of 142 young animals including 10 domestic and 14 feral pigs, 12 Hereford calves, 12 crossbred and 24 Merino lambs, 11 dogs, 8 domestic and 16 feral rabbits, 14 Grey kangaroos, 9 Agile wallabies and 12 chickens was exposed to infection with 4 strains of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE), mainly using orally infected Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. In terms of their viraemic response, the animals were grouped into high (Grey kangaroos, rabbits), moderate (pigs, dogs, chickens) and low (calves, lambs, Agile wallabies). Recipient Cx annulirostris induced to bite these animals 1–7 d post‐inoculation exhibited infection rates up to 95% but usually were much lower. Some animals in which virus was not detected by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice were capable of infecting up to 5% Cx annulirostris. Haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody (HI) was of high titre and persistent in rabbits und Grey kangaroos but moderated in others, e.g., cattle, sheep, Agile wallabies to be transient and of low titre. Cattle and Merino lambs were often completely non‐responsive. This study increases the range of vertebrates that could be considered as maintenance or amplifying hosts of MVE and, on the basis of their HI antibody responses, evaluates them as potential sentinels of infection in Australia.
REVERSIBLE NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY WITH MYOTONIA IN THE PROTEIN‐DEFICIENT RAT GIVEN METHIONINE
Authors: Cummins AG , Duncombe VM , Bolin TD , Davis AE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRats fed a protein‐deficient synthetic diet developed hind limb weakness caused by a myopathy with myotonic features on electromyography. Deficiency of vitamin E and selenium, known causes of nutritional myopathy, were excluded Methionine supplementation of the diet reversed the clinical signs of weakness within 12 h.
CANNULATION OF THE CISTERNA MAGNA IN SHEEP: A METHOD FOR CHRONIC STUDIES OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Falconer J , Owens PC , Smith R 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA method of cannulating the cisterns magna of sheep is described. Successful cancellations were achieved in 15 of 17 attempts (88%). Mean cannula patency was 13‐9 days (range 7‐20). Using these cannulas, it possible to obtain samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in large volumes (4‐8 ml) and remove 20‐30 ml of CSF over a 5 h period This technique allows access to the CSF of an animal large enough for the removal of samples of CSF of sufficient size to detect materials present at very low concentrations.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ANALYSES OF THE IMMUNO‐GENICITY OF B16 MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: Heath William , Boyle William 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn vitro grown B16, an H‐2b melanoma cell line, was found to kill B10 (H‐2b), B10.BR. (H‐2k), CBA (H‐2k), and BALB/c (H‐2d) but not B10.D2 (H‐2d) mice, BALB/c mice could be protected against a lethal dose of B16 by co‐administration of H‐2b spleen or peritoneal exudate cells, suggesting B16 was susceptible to an immune response but unable to induce it. However, evidence for the immunogenicity of B16 tumour in vivo was shown in two ways—(i) by immunization with irradiated B16 before lethal tumour challenge, and (ii) by demonstration of specific immunity in BALB/c mice which survived a low dose of viable B16 tumour. The resistance of most B10.D2 mice to doses of B16 tumour which were lethal to four other strains of mice was also compatible with the immunogenicity of B16 in vivo.By contrast, B16 was unable to induce a primary Tc‐cell response in vitro but was able to induce a secondary response.The significance of these results for theories of T cell immunity to foreign tissue and for improving immunogenicity of tumours is discussed.
MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION SUPPRESSION BY TUMOUR CELL LINES FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMATA
Authors: Al‐Yaman FM , Willenborg DO 
Published: August 2007

SummarySeven epithelial tumour cell lines derived from naturally occurring ovine squamous cell carcinomata (OSCC) were examined for their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro. All cell lines failed to stimulate any proliferative response; a failure which was not due to the absence of alloantigens on the tumour cells. It was found, however, that the cell lines tested caused a marked suppression of a third party mixed lymphocyte reaction. This suppression was mediated only by live tumour cells since the addition of heat‐killed tumour cells had no effect on the response.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN SA 11 ROTAVIRUS VARIANT DIFFERING IN THE OUTER CAPSID GLYCOPROTEIN
Authors: Schnagl Roger D , Tan Jin Ai 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe case with which variants of rotaviruses arise has been further illustrated by the isolation of a variant of simian rotavirus SA 11 differing in the major outer capsid glycoprotein VP7. The difference in mol.wt. between VP7 of the variant (STA virus) and SA 11 virus was 3 × 103, with this polypeptide of STA virus still retaining the mannoserich carbohydrate moiety. Limited proteolytic analysis using Staphylococcus aureus V.8 protease and trypsin also showed a difference in structure between the VP7 of the two viruses. SA 11 and STA viruses differed antigenically, although they could not be considered to be different serotypes. In other properties, such as rate of growth, the two viruses appeared to be very similar. The evidence overall pointed to STA virus being a variant strain rather than a reassortant, but the appearance of such variants may prove to have important implications in rotavirus immunoprophylaxis.
GASTRIC EMPTYING AND INTESTINAL TRANSIT IN BUFO MARINUS AND THE ACTIONS OF E PROSTAGLANDINS
Authors: Taylor PM , Tyler MJ , Shearman DJC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryGastric emptying and intestinal transit have been studied in the anuran Bufo marinus using Tc99‐labelled chicken liver as the test meal. Gastric emptying was measured as the proportion of the test meal remaining in the stomach after 3 or 6 h. Intestinal transit was calculated by the geometric centre method at the same time intervals.There was a high degree of variability in these parameters between individual animals, in both control and treated groups.Both SC29333 (Searle), a synthetic E prostaglandin, and prostaglandin E2 given orally delayed gastric emptying.These results complement the finding that prostaglandin E2 causes relaxation of anuran longitudinal muscle in vitro, and lend further support to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 may be responsible for the gut stasis associated with gastric brooding in the gastric brooding frog Rheobatrachus silus.
HUMAN TUMOUR CELL LINES ESTABLISHED USING CLONAL AGAR CULTURE
Authors: Bertoncello I , Bradley TR , Webber LM , Hodgson GS , Campbell JJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFour families of human tumour cell lines—one of uterine, and three of ovarian origin—were established at early passage level from primary biopsy specimens of terminal patients by the propagation of anchorage‐independent agar clones in liquid culture. All cell lines exhibited unique and stable characteristics and retained their ability to clone in agar. However, considerable heterogeneity was evident in clonogenic capacity, karyotype, and responsiveness to growth‐promoting substances even among progeny of single agar clones isolated from the one biopsy specimen. These cell lines will be made available for further study upon request.
ANTIBODY LEVELS IN ADOPTIVELY IMMUNIZED MICE AFTER INFECTION WITH BABESIA MICROTI OR INJECTION WITH ANTIGEN FRACTIONS
Authors: Meeusen E , Lloyd S , Soulsby EJL 
Published: August 2007

SummarySpecific IgG anti‐Babesia antibodies could be detected by an ELISA test in the serum of adoptively immunized mice which subsequently were infected with Babesia microti. Initially, higher IgG antibody levels were present in the recipients of either untreated immune spleen cells or mitomycin C‐treated immune spleen cells compared with the values in control mice which received the infection alone. Subsequently, a marked anamnestic response occurred only in mice which received untreated immune spleen cells and not in the recipients of mitomycin C‐treated cells, demonstrating a requirement for proliferation of B memory cells in the anamnestic response. When mice were injected with either T or B enriched spleen cell subpopulations and infected with B. microti, the anamnestic antibody response in each animal correlated well with protection against infection. The stimulation of the adoptively transferred immune spleen cells In recipient mice by injection of B. microti antigen fractions prepared by DEAE cellulose chromatography increased the level of antibody production and protection against infection in these mice. A highly significant correlation between these two parameters could be demonstrated for certain antigen fractions.
REGULATION OF IMMUNITY AND TOLERANCE TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE (SIII) BY FUNCTIONALLY DISTINCT IgM ANTI‐SIII ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kearney R , Johnstone S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWhen BALB/c mice and athymic (nude) mice are injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with pneumococcal type III polysaccharide (SIII), their antibodies as measured by passive haemagglutination (HA) are inhibited more easily by high doses of SIII than antibody measured by passive haemolysis (HL). The HA activity, due mainly to a highly avid non‐complement‐fixing (NCF) type of IgM, was further distinguished from the HL activity (CF‐IgM, or CF‐IgM plus CF hybrid IgM/A anti‐SIII antibodies) by the failure of the NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII to bind to protein‐A of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). High‐dose tolerance in the HL anti‐SIII antibody response of BALB/c and athymic mice was induced only in the absence of circulating NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies. The presence of NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies formed to multiple daily increasing amounts of SIII, commencing with 0·01 μg SIII, decreased the magnitude of the HL anti‐SIII response to subsequent daily increments of SIII antigen injected into BALB/c and athymic (nude) mice. Thus, the effect on the HL anti‐SIII response was independent of T‐cells. The concomitant administration of NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII rendered SIII less tolerogenic in primed mice. In contrast to the HL activity, the NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies were induced to low doses of SIII, conferred protection against viable pneumococci, but did not precipitate the soluble antigen in agar. It is proposed that immune paralysis (as defined by the failure of SIII‐injected mice to resist pneumococci challenge) is not necessarily a condition of total unresponsiveness but is due to an absence of protective NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies. Thus, immune paralysis can co‐exist with either the presence or absence of non‐protective CF‐IgM or CF‐IgM/A anti‐SIII antibodies.
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR LEUCOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TESTING
Authors: McLeod Deborah K , Isbister William H 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe detection of anti‐tumour cell‐mediated Immunity in cancer patients by the leucocyte adherence Inhibition test was reported in 1974. The test has since been variously described as capricious, non‐reproducible and invalid. These criticisms may be related to the critical and difficult to reproduce washing procedure of the original test. In order to overcome this, an automated assay has been developed.The apparatus devised allows replicate samples to be tested concurrently. It consists of 30 × 100 μl syringes whose barrels have been extended by nylon cones (1500 μl) and whose plungers move synchronously.Suspensions of washed peripheral blood leucocytes with serum and tumour antigen are incubated in the syringes. Non‐adherent cells are washed from the syringes by fully withdrawing their plunders and allowing entry of 1,000 μl of saline from the cones. The effluent containing non‐adherent cells is collected and automatically counted.A one‐way analysis of variance using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) programme for the syringe, wash and drainage volumes indicates that the variance between syringes is so small that sub‐division of the syringes into control and test groups is justified. The crudity of the prototype, however, results in variations between volumes aspirated on successive occasions.Preliminary clinical studies show that 13/15 patients have a test result which correlates with their Mantoux status.