bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SOME STEROIDS IN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON THE CLEAVAGE OF RABBIT EGGS IN VITRO
Authors: DANIEL J. C. , COWAN M. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of the oestrogens and progestins in some common oral contraceptives on the cleavage of fertilized rabbit ova were studied in vitro. Three concentrations (5, 10 and 25 μg./ml.) of each of four progestins (norethynodrel, norethindrone, norethindrone acetate and 17α-hydroxy-6α-methylprogesterone acetate) and of two oestrogens (mestranol and ethinyloestradiol) were tested. All but norethindrone and norethynodrel had some effects on the cleavage of ova. Three effects were seen: complete inhibition of cleavage, slowing or retardation of cleavage, and fragmentation (division of the egg into numerous spherical or ovular bodies).
Differences between conditions in vivo and in vitro and the mechanism of these actions of the steroids are discussed.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: JACKSON I. M. D. , BUCHANAN K. D. , McKIDDIE M. T. , PRENTICE C. R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in eight patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Seven of the eight had a normal oral glucose tolerance curve; one patient had slightly impaired tolerance. Plasma insulin levels were measured in response to the glucose load and were normal in six and slightly abnormal in two patients; one of the latter had an early increased and the other a delayed insulin response. No definite conclusions are reached regarding the possibility of a significant association between Klinefelter's syndrome and diabetes mellitus.
AN EFFECT OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ON THE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE VASA RECTA OF THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: FOURMAN JULIA , KENNEDY G. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The injection of a fluorescent dye which stained the vessel walls showed the pathway taken by the blood in the renal medulla in rats.
The vasa recta stained in normal rats given water; they did not stain in dehydrated rats nor did they stain in rats given an antidiuretic dose of vasopressin in addition to water.
The vasa recta stained in all rats with diabetes insipidus whether they were given water or dehydrated.
These results suggest that antidiuretic hormone increases water conservation in the medulla by reducing blood flow through the countercurrent system as well as by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL HUMAN TESTES
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , MACK W. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
3α-, 3β-, 11β-, 16β-, 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases have been localized histochemically in the Leydig cells of prepubertal and adult human testes; 3α-, 16β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were present in the seminiferous tubules also. A similar pattern was found in cryptorchid testes. In addition 3β-sulphoxy steroids, including DHA sulphate, gave a good colour reaction in human Leydig cells. Testes from oestrogen-treated subjects had no histochemically demonstrable hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and this applied also to infarcted testes. Testes from a case of Klinefelter's syndrome were found to lack 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the Leydig cells. The biochemical significance of these results is discussed.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN PLASMA GLUCOCORTICOSTEROID LEVELS IN THE HORSE (EQUUS CABALLUS)
Authors: ZOLOVICK A. , UPSON D. W. , ELEFTHERIOU B. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thin-layer chromatography, acetylation of reference and unidentified glucocorticosteroids, u.v. absorption and fluorescence induced in sulphuric acid were used to identify cortisol as the major free plasma glucocorticosteroid in the horse (Equus caballus), with cortisone and corticosterone as minor glucocorticosteroids. Deoxycorticosterone was also identified. The plasma ratio for free cortisol: cortisone: corticosterone was 16:8:0·5.
The diurnal variation was determined for all three glucocorticosteroids. The highest levels of cortisol and corticosterone were found at 10.00 hr. (260 and 10·3 μg./100 ml., respectively) and the lowest concentration of cortisol at 02.00 hr. The highest level of cortisone occurred at 02.00 hr. (140 μg./100 ml.), and the lowest appeared at 16.00 hr. (65 μg./100 ml.). The maximum plasma concentration of the combined glucocorticosteroids was found at 10.00 hr. (395·3 μg./100 ml.), and the minimum at 20.00 hr. (219 μg./100 ml.).
LIGHT-MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT FIXED IN OSMIUM TETROXIDE
Authors: MONTEMURRO D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ventral hypothalamus and the pituitary gland of the rat were examined with the light microscope in sections fixed in an osmium tetroxide solution without further staining. The histology of the neurohypophysis could be observed with remarkable clarity. Herring bodies and axons of the supra-optico-neurohypophysial tract show as grey homogeneous structures. Pituicytes appear as round or variously shaped cells whose cytoplasm is crowded with osmiophilic granules. The granules vary in size from 0·5 to about 2·5 μ, and present either as solid or as ring-shaped black structures. They stained neither with aldehyde-thionine, nor with chrome-alum haematoxylin, nor with the PA-Schiff techniques but stained with Sudan black B. They were found in profusion in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and the infundibular stem in an apparent extracellular location surrounding fibre bundles and capillaries of the hypophysial portal plexus. Two types of cells were identifiable in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Smaller, angular neurones stained densely with osmium and with aldehyde-thionine and larger, more rounded neurones stained only lightly with osmium and did not stain with aldehyde-thionine. A peculiar laminated arrangement of structures in the infundibular recess in the region of the arcuate nucleus was noted.
Several distinct types of cells in the adenohypophysis were identifiable on morphological grounds: thyrotrophic basophils, gonadotrophic basophils, acidophils and chromophobes. The possibility of a neuroendocrine role of the pituicytes is discussed.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY TISSUE FROM A GRANULOSA CELL MULTILOCULAR CYSTADENOMA
Authors: GRIFFITHS K. , GRANT J. K. , BROWNING MARGARET C. K. , CUNNINGHAM D. , BARR G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A granulosa cell multilocular cystadenoma was removed from a 7-yr.-old girl who showed breast growth and had a history of almost continuous vaginal bleeding for 9 days. Tissue, which microscopically was shown to consist almost exclusively of granulosa cells, was incubated with [4-14C]-DHA and [7-3H]pregnenolone in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. The ability of this tissue to synthesize oestrogens from these precursors was investigated. These results and those of pre- and post-operative urinary steroid estimations are discussed in relation to current theories of steroid biosynthesis.
THE EFFECT IN VITRO OF PURIFIED HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH HORMONE CONTENT OF THE RAT PITUITARY
Authors: SYMCHOWICZ S. , PECKHAM W. D. , ONERI R. , KORDUBA C. A. , PERLMAN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Anterior pituitaries from young female rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer solution at 37° for 4·5–5 hr. A purified acetic acid extract of pig hypothalami was added, at various concentrations, to the incubation medium. The results show that the purified hypothalamic preparation increased the growth-hormone content in the supernatant of pituitary homogenates, suggesting an enhancement of hormone synthesis by the hypothalamic preparation. It is also suggested that the hypothalamic extract when incubated with pituitaries causes an increase in the rate of the release of growth hormone with prolonged incubation.
SPECIFICITY OF THE 'TIBIA TEST' IN INTACT IMMATURE FEMALE RATS
Authors: AILABOUNI H. , DIKSTEIN S. , ZOR U. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of hormones on the 'tibia test' in intact immature female rats has been studied. It was found that corticotrophin, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, oestradiol, thyroidectomy and pancreatectomy inhibit the growth of epiphysial cartilage, while somatotrophic hormone (STH) and, to a lesser extent, insulin, testosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and aldosterone stimulate it. Dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and prolactin did not affect cartilage growth. Consequently, the 'tibia test' in intact immature female rats can only be considered specific for STH if interference with cartilage growth by the above mentioned hormones can be excluded. This does not detract from the usefulness of the 'tibia test' in intact female rats for studies of growth-promoting or growthinhibiting substances.
ONTOGENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES IN THE VERTEBRATE KIDNEY
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , FERGUSON M. M. , HART D. McK. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The human pronephros showed no hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The human mesonephros, like piscine and amphibian mesonephroi had 16β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and a possible function of the human mesonephros is suggested. Metanephric kidneys had 3α-, Δ5-3β-, 3β-, 6β-, 16α-, 16β-, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was present in all adult mammalian metanephric kidneys surveyed. 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was selectively present and very active in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, particularly of the juxta-medullary glomeruli. This function is thought to be related to the excretion of 3α-ketosteroids. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was confined to the collecting tubules and its possible involvement in the metabolism of cortisol, aldosterone or androgens in the kidney is noted. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may be concerned in the excretion of the sex steroids; it occurs throughout the nephron. Δ5-3β-, 16α-, and 16β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were not as active histochemically in the kidney as the 3α-, 3β-, 11β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISOL ON BODY WEIGHT AND MUSCLE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: PALMER BEVERLEY G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Treatment of male rats with a single injection of cortisol altered the daily rhythm of weight gain and loss within 12 hr. of the injection, resulting in a net loss of weight after 24 hr. In addition, alterations in skeletal muscle composition and metabolism were studied, especially the changes with time in muscle glycogen content and O2 consumption. Glycogen deposition was detected before the increase in muscle respiration and both effects were maintained when the total amount of muscle steroid had fallen well below the initial value. It is suggested that cortisol has a releasing effect on muscle.
THE INTRANUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF [6,7-3H]-OESTRADIOL-17β IN DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA AND OTHER TISSUES
Authors: KING R. J. B. , GORDON J. , COWAN DOROTHEA M. , INMAN D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The intranuclear localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol-17β (oestradiol) has been studied in nuclei from dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma, anterior pituitary, uterine epithelium and kidney. The evidence suggests that, with the possible exception of uterine epithelium, most of the oestrogen is associated with an acid-labile nonhistone component of the chromatin. No evidence has been found to suggest that oestradiol is associated with any particular type of chromatin. These results are compatible with the view that oestradiol affects cellular function in some tissues by altering the priming ability of the chromatin DNA.
EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM TREATMENT AND OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF THYROID HORMONES ON THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF TOAD TISSUES
Authors: THORNBURN C. C. , MATTY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Isolated tissues of the toad Bufo bufo (urinary bladder, skin and kidney) were treated in vitro with thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3) both with and without prior administration of the hormones in vivo. They were incubated at low temperature, and their oxygen consumption studied for 48 hr. Both hormones had little effect in vitro. Pretreatment with T4 in vivo usually lowered oxygen uptake; the effect of pretreatment with T3 varied. The presence of alanine in the incubating medium caused a marked increase in oxygen consumption. A seasonal effect was also found.
The respiration of isolated toad bladder was stimulated by a wide range of concentrations of thyroxine in vitro, and there were two peaks of stimulation.
THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF PARACETAMOL AND ITS DERIVATIVES ON GROWTH AND THE RAT TIBIA TEST
Authors: DIKSTEIN S. , GROTTO M. , ZOR U. , TAMARI M. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) given i.p. in doses of 3–20 mg./kg./24 hr. stimulated epiphysial cartilage growth in intact female rats. This stimulation was not a result of increased food intake. It may be mediated by the adrenal gland, since paracetamol stimulated cartilage growth in thyroidectomized but not in adrenalectomized rats. Of 12 paracetamol derivatives tested, most did not affect cartilage growth or were less active than paracetamol. A structure-activity relationship could be established. Our results suggest that the mechanism of the stimulatory effect of paracetamol on growth may be twofold: the drug probably stimulates somatotrophin (STH) production and/or potentiates STH action on growth.
ADRENALINE FORMATION IN NORADRENALINE-STORING CHROMAFFIN CELLS IN VITRO INDUCED BY CORTICOSTERONE
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. , MacDOUGALL J. D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Organ cultures of extra-adrenal chromaffin cells obtained from 2-day-old rabbits were prepared in a medium composed of horse serum and Medium 199. Corticosterone, 10 μg./ml., was added to half the cultures; the remainder served as controls. After 6 days the explants were examined histochemically by light and electron microscopy or were homogenized and assayed for adrenaline and noradrenaline.
There was a marked increase in the concentration of adrenaline in the corticosterone-treated explants, accompanied by light and electron microscopic histochemical evidence for adrenaline storage. Mixtures of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing chromaffin granules were observed in the same chromaffin cell in corticosterone-treated specimens. The control cultures showed little change.
These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that the local concentration of adrenocortical steroids is an important factor in determining whether chromaffin cells synthesize and store adrenaline or noradrenaline. At a concentration of corticosterone similar to that found in the adrenal venous sinuses of the normal rabbit substantial quantities of adrenaline appear in cells which normally almost entirely store noradrenaline.
URINARY 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS MEASURED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: MURPHY D. , WEST H. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for the estimation of a group of cortisol metabolites in urine, namely tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisols, cortols, cortolones and their glucosiduronic acids using gas-liquid chromatography for the final separation and measurement. The metabolites of cortisol analogues in therapeutic use do not interfere with the measurement. In normal individuals the figures for 24 hr. excretion were on average 20 % lower than those obtained by the 'total '17-hydroxycorticosteroids method of Appleby, Gibson, Norymberski & Stubbs (1955). The mean deviation from the mean of duplicate estimations was 3·5% (1–10%) and amounts less than 1 mg./24 hr. were easily detected, though at these levels the precision is thought to be ± 25 %. The use of the method in a variety of clinical conditions is described and discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTI-ANDROGEN 1,2α-METHYLENE-6-CHLORO-Δ4,6-PREGNADIENE-17α-OL-3,20-DIONE-17α-ACETATE (CYPROTERONE ACETATE) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS OF MALE FOETAL RATS
Authors: NEUMANN F. , ELGER W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Treatment of pregnant rats with an anti-androgen (1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-Δ4,6-pregnadiene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-acetate, 'cyproterone acetate') from the 13th day of pregnancy resulted in female organogenesis of the mammary glands, including the formation of nipples in the male foetuses and feminization of other male sexual characters. The continued development of the nipple primordium was also seen in all the subsequent foetal and postnatal stages even after termination of the treatment.
A more marked development of the foetal mammary tissue as compared with that of male controls was noted in the proximal areas of the mammary cord process between the 19th and the 21st day in male foetuses whose mothers had received the anti-androgen. In male foetuses of treated mothers, a further proliferation of the glandular tissue was also found after birth.
The role of androgens in the development of the mammary glands is discussed. It seems likely from our findings that the androgens of a male foetus inhibit the development of the mammary glands, emphasizing that for mammary development before puberty female gonadal hormones are not necessary.
THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE GROWTH RATE AND FOOD AND WATER INTAKE OF RATS
Authors: IMMS F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of four types of stress (daily subcutaneous injection of 0·9 % NaCl solution, a forced choice, water gavage, and surgical trauma) on the growth rate, food and water intake, and water excretion of albino rats have been investigated. These stresses caused a slowing of growth which was apparently not associated with decreased food and water intakes. There were, however, some changes in water excretion which varied with the type of stress. Since food consumption was unchanged during stress whereas the rate of growth decreased it is concluded that the rate of oxidative metabolism was increased.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND PROGESTERONE ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TO OESTROGEN IN THE MALE MOUSE
Authors: NICOL T. , VERNON-ROBERTS B. , QUANTOCK D. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In intact and orchidectomized animals testosterone had no effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) when administered alone; it potentiated the stimulant effect of 17β-oestradiol on the RES, but had no effect on the RE stimulation produced by diethylstilboestrol. Progesterone was a mild RE stimulant; it had no effect on the RE stimulation produced by 17β-oestradiol or diethylstilboestrol.
Both testosterone and oestrogen caused weight increase in the levator ani of orchidectomized animals; progesterone had no effect. Testosterone and progesterone had no effect on the myotrophic action of 17β-oestradiol, but both compounds inhibited the myotrophic effect of diethylstilboestrol.
The results show that in the male, as in the female, the action of oestrogen on the RES is independent of its action on the reproductive tract, although these two biological activities are contained in the same molecule.
COMPARISON OF AN IMMUNOASSAY AND BIOASSAY OF INSULIN IN SHEEP PLASMA
Authors: DASH JANET A. , LINDSAY D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Insulin concentrations were determined in sheep plasma using a radio-immunoassay and a bioassay (rat epididymal fat pad) technique. Both methods indicate an increase in plasma insulin after intravenous injection of insulin or glucose into sheep, followed by a decline as glucose levels return to normal. With both methods, plasma levels before injection are comparable with values reported for human plasma. However, the response of the fat pad to sheep plasma was fully inhibited by anti-insulin serum; acid ethanol extraction did not increase the apparent level of insulin; the concentrations indicated by the fat-pad method correspond with values that have been obtained with the diaphragm assay. No evidence has been found for a bound form of insulin in sheep plasma. There was no potentiation by sheep plasma of the response of the fat pad to crystalline insulin.
UNIT ACTIVITY IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, SEPTUM AND PREOPTIC AREA OF THE RAT: CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY AND THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN
Authors: LINCOLN D. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The frequency characteristics of the neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, septum and preoptic area of the forebrain were recorded with stereotaxically orientated steel microelectrodes in adult female rats under light urethane anaesthesia.
An exponential type of relationship was observed between the mean discharge rate of units and the frequency with which they were encountered in all areas. Thus, 40–60 % of units had firing rates of less than 1 spike/sec. and only 10–15% had rates exceeding 6/sec. However, units with a mean discharge rate of 2–4/sec. contributed most to the total spike activity. The form of the interspike interval distributions was found to vary with mean firing rate, and the variability of the interspike interval decreased as the firing rate of the unit increased.
The levels of 'spontaneous' activity in the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic and septal areas of rats with light-induced persistent oestrus were lower than those observed after ovariectomy. The administration of 10 μg. oestradiol benzoate/day to the ovariectomized animals depressed the levels of activity towards those observed in the persistently oestrous animals. Reciprocal effects were observed in the lateral hypothalamic area, i.e. decreased activity in the ovariectomized rats.
The results are discussed in relation to unit recording procedures and the feedback effects of oestrogen.
THE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF PLASMA CORTISOL IN SHEEP DURING CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF [1,2-3H2]CORTISOL, AND ITS RELATION TO THE RATE OF CORTISOL SECRETION
Authors: PATERSON J. Y. F. , HARRISON F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tritium-labelled cortisol was infused intravenously for about 4 hr. into sheep with autotransplanted left adrenal glands. The specific activity of plasma cortisol became constant about 2 hr. after beginning the infusion, and in almost all experiments, the rate of cortisol secretion and the concentration of cortisol in plasma were constant during the remainder of the period of infusion.
The rate of cortisol turnover was calculated as the ratio of the rate of infusion of labelled cortisol and the constant specific activity which was attained during infusion. Within the limits of experimental error, the calculated rate of cortisol turnover in 55 experiments was equal to the simultaneously measured rate of cortisol secretion.
In sheep which were accustomed to handling, the rate of cortisol secretion was about 12 μg./min. and the concentration of cortisol in plasma was about 18 μg./l. The rate of cortisol secretion did not change during pregnancy in ewes, but there was a decrease in the concentration of cortisol in plasma in the last 2 weeks before lambing.
UTERINE DECIDUOMA INDUCTION: COMPARISON OF DIRECT MECHANICAL TRAUMA WITH SYSTEMIC PYRATHIAZINE
Authors: WRENN T. R. , BITMAN J. , WOOD JOAN R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Uterine deciduoma induction in rats by the systemic administration of the antihistamine, pyrathiazine, was compared with induction by intraluminal scratching. Intraperitoneal injection of pyrathiazine hydrochloride (25 mg.) was effective as a deciduoma inducer in 52 % of the animals.
Intrauterine scratching resulted in a higher water content of the uterus than pyrathiazine treatment. Differences in histamine concentration of the uteri were not significant, but there were differences in tissue permeability, determined by the uptake of trypan blue. Tissue permeability was measured ½, 1½ and 4 hr. after deciduoma induction. A diphasic pattern of increased tissue permeability was observed in the pyrathiazine-treated rats which duplicated the characteristic response of inflammation and injury, suggesting that systemically given pyrathiazine evoked the decidual reaction as a result of injury to the uterus.