bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Phenomenological Description of the Acoustic Emission Response in Several Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: St. Lawrence W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The pattern of acoustic emission response in snow subjected to constant deformation rates is examined. The structural character of snow is discussed and an equation that describes the pattern of the acoustic emission response is derived. Comparison between the predicted acoustic response and experimental data is made and the agreement is shown to be excellent. The acoustic emission response for 7075-T6 aluminum and iron-3% silicon subjected to constant rates of deformation is also considered. The acoustic emission equation derived for snow represents the response in these materials. It is suggested that the internal fracture concept used to develop the model for snow may also apply to other densely packed polycrystalline materials.
Determination of the Fracture-Energy Criterion JIc of Two Steels by Static and Dynamic Testing
Authors: Nguyen-Duy P , Phélippeau G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fracture energy criterion JIc was determined on two carbon-manganese steels, SA-516-70 and SA-105-B, from a single specimen. A graphic method is proposed for verifying the validity of measured values of JIc. Static JIc and dynamic JIcD experiments on precracked Charpy V-notch specimens at ambient temperature enabled the observation of the effect of loading rate on the value of JIc. For these two steels, the effect of side grooves was detected only in dynamic testing. For SA-516-70 steel, JIcD &gt; JIc, while JIcD &gt; JIc for SA-105-B steel, because of transition temperature fracture behavior. For SA-516-70, static testing was performed on three-point bend specimens of different dimensions to determine the effect of geometrical parameters on the value of JIc. A ligament 1-cm long is the lower limit for the determination of JIc.
A New Load-Transmitting Medium to Measure Strength of Brittle Materials
Authors: Erdei CK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A testing apparatus based on the principle of a new load-transmitting medium developed by the author is presented in this paper. Instead of solid bearing platens, “Lamina Pack” bearing platens are used in a compression test to overcome the shortcomings of current testing techniques. Data obtained in past investigations of nonmetallic brittle materials demonstrated that machines using solid bearing platens in contact with the specimen cause significant lateral restraint to the specimen and severe disturbances to the specified stress state, resulting in misleading apparent strength measurements. Previous attempts to replace testing machines with solid bearing platens have failed as the machines proposed do not have sufficient load capacity to measure the compressive strength under combined stresses of most of the brittle materials of engineering use. The apparatus exerts no appreciable lateral restraint to the specimen and has a high load-transmitting capacity. Strain measurements on specimens subjected to uniaxial compression applied by lamina platens show uniform deformation and indicate that the specified stress state (purely normal stresses applied to the boundaries of the specimen) has been closely approached.
High-Speed Sampling Cutters and Their Effect on Bias
Authors: Bluck WV , Hanson R , Huntington FR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Currently, in the United States, systems used to obtain a gross sample of flowable bulk material on a conveyor belt generally use a cross-chute sampler. With higher tonnage material handling systems, it would be advantageous to employ higher cutter speeds to keep the size of the gross sample collected within practical limits. Current cross-chute sample cutters are somewhat limited to cutter speeds in the range of 30 to 61 cm/s (12 to 24 in./s), primarily because of mechanical and structural limitations. Swing-arm-type samplers have features that permit higher cutter speeds, which reduce the quantity of primary increment taken. This paper presents the results of a test program for swing-arm samplers operating at cutter speeds up to 122 cm/s (48 in./s) and determines the parameters of control that must be considered to stay within acceptable statistical limits for bias.
An Optical Comparator for Evaluation of Fine Sieves
Authors: Bareket N , Poluianov EW , Mancini FP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An optical comparator for testing the compliance of fine sieves with existing standards was designed and built. It is a portable, low-cost instrument, featuring a range of magnification from ×8 to ×270 and scanning capabilities over a 30-cm-diameter surface. The design principles are discussed and test results regarding the accuracy and speed of operation are presented.
Crack Initiation, Slow Crack Growth, and Unstable Propagation of Ductile Fracture in Mild Steels in a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Ogasawara M , Kuriyama Y , Tamano T , Mimura H , Yanagimoto S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A laboratory test for the unstable ductile fracture of mild steels was developed. A shear crack was initiated from a very deep notch. Some devices such as “pipe tabs” were used to reduce the stiffness of the system enough to allow the shear crack to continue to grow in an unstable manner. Four kinds of pipe materials were tested, and three of them with low ductility showed unstable ductile fracture. The fracture toughness for the onset of unstable fracture in these steels was evaluated and correlated successfully to upper shelf energy in the Charpy test.
A slow crack growth test was performed with a high stiffness tensile system, ductile crack growth resistance R curves being obtained experimentally. A model of ductile crack growth was proposed by the modification of the Dugdale model, elastic/perfectly plastic crack analysis, by which R curves were finely described. Critical energy release rate 𝒢 values for the onset of unstable ductile crack propagation were shown to compare well with the values estimated from the R curves. Thus, ductile crack growth, both slow and rapid, is well characterized by the values of notch ductility.
Evaluation of Assembly Stresses of Automotive Leaf Springs by Acoustic Emission
Authors: Baram JC , Eckhaus S , Rosen M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The acoustic emission Kaiser effect is used to evaluate the quantitative state of stress of leaf springs used in the automotive industry. Changes in curvature radii or in yield stress caused by thermal or mechanical treatment of the leaves are accurately assessed by a bend test procedure. The computation of the assembly stresses of the springs can be made knowing the actual yield stress of each leaf, thus enabling optimal design. The technique may be applicable to the reuse of discarded leaf springs subjected to mechanical deformation.
Similarities in Different Experiments of Erosion Caused by Cavitation and Liquid Impingement
Authors: Veerabhadra Rao P , Syamala Rao BC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Correlations of erosion resistances of materials tested in different equipment are reported. Analysis of the authors' data from rotating disk and venturi equipment indicates that there exists a good correlation between the erosion resistances of materials tested at different intensities. The study indicates that time effects on erosion are important in correlations of this type. The erosion resistances of materials tested in two different devices exhibit good correlations indicating a quantitative similarity between different forms of erosion. The investigations also show that the prediction of erosion resistances of materials in a field device may be made with the data from a laboratory device which may not fully reproduce the flow conditions in the field. These conclusions are also checked with data reported from other laboratories.
The Measurement of Absorbed Charpy Impact Energy Using a Vertical Drop Tower
Authors: Server WL , Henderson GR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Standard Charpy calibration specimens designed for verification of pendulum impact machines have been tested on a vertical drop tower impact machine. Two different test techniques (optical velocity measurement and integrated digital load-time response) for measuring the fracture energy of these specimens have produced equivalent sets of data which match the range of expected pendulum machine results. The more flexible vertical drop tower machine can therefore be used to measure Charpy impact energies with the same reliability as the conventional pendulum machines.
Damping in Turbine Blade Alloys
Authors: Wolfenden A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Measurements of the damping capacity Q−1 of candidate turbine blade alloys for the Wairakei, New Zealand geothermal power station and other future power stations are reported. The techniques used were the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) at 40 or 80 kHz and stress levels 70 kPa to 37 MPa and the vibrating reed technique (VRT) at 321 Hz and stress levels 32 to 177 MPa. Specimen materials investigated were Ti-6A1-4V, 26Cr-1Mo steel, Firth-Vickers (United Kingdom) FV520B steel, 15Cr-Mo steel, and 410 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S41000) stainless steel. The results include Young's modulus and the stress and strain amplitude dependences of Q−1. The frequency dependence of Q−1 was found to be only a few tens of percent, much smaller than the predicted dependence. Of the two techniques, it was shown that the VRT is more suited to damping measurements at the operational stress levels for turbine blades. The PUCOT, VRT, and high stress cyclic stress-strain data were plotted on a universal curve of damping energy versus stress. The plot covers 14 orders of magnitude in damping energy and five orders in stress.
Damping and Metals Characterization
Authors: Weissmann GF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Damping and internal friction have been used extensively in studies concerned with microstructural and macrostructural changes of crystalline materials and with the mechanism causing inelastic deformations. Damping has seldom been used for metals characterization on an engineering level. Some possible reasons are discussed. The energy dissipation of strongly amplitude-dependent metals is determined best by measuring the work per cycle required to maintain a constant kinetic energy for a specimen subjected to bending or torsional vibrations. A mathematical relationship between the kinetic energy and the work per cycle is proposed and compared with experimentally determined data. An excellent correlation has been obtained. Three experimentally determined constants classify the behavior of metals in the range most important for engineering applications.
Laser Evaluation of Cutting Angle and Surface Finish in Scalpel Blades
Authors: Shetty D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple inexpensive technique to assess the sharpness of scalpel blades by laser diffraction is presented. Two of the factors that contribute to edge sharpness such as cutting angle and grinding finish of the side faces are evaluated by optical transformation techniques. One could therefore arrive at an optimum set of values of the above two factors which would in turn lead to the production of sharper blades.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties of ASME SA508 CL 3 and SA508 CL 3a Base and Heat-Affected-Zone Materials
Authors: Logsdon WA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Dynamic fracture toughness tests were performed on ASME SA508 Cl 3 and Cl 3a base and heat-affected-zone (HAZ) materials. Linear elastic results of dynamic iniation fracture toughness obtained under fast or rapidly applied loading rates KId were obtained at low temperatures while J-integral techniques were used to evaluate dynamic fracture toughness over the transition and upper shelf temperature ranges. Loading rates in terms of stress intensity factor rate ˙K averaged 5.35 × 104 MPa · m1/2/s (4.83 × 104 ksi · in.1/2/s). Tension, Charpy impact, drop weight nil-ductility transition (NDT), and room temperature, air environment fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests were also performed. From a dynamic fracture toughness as well as FCGR standpoint, SA508 Cl 3a steel can be considered as an acceptable alternative to the more commonly used SA508 Cl 2a pressure vessel steel, especially for structural applications in which underclad cracking is a potential problem.
The Effect of Self Stresses on High Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Fuchs HO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It now seems to be understood that self stresses (residual stresses) increase or decrease fatigue life mainly by preventing, delaying, or accelerating the growth of cracks. The action of self stresses is currently being related to fracture mechanics. The fact that the effect of self stresses is far stronger at notches than in smooth push pull specimens, or in other smooth specimens, is gaining more and more recognition. In current publications this fact is modeled by considering not only the local surface stresses, but also the distribution of load stresses and self stresses below the surface of the specimen or part.
A Constant Stress Tensile Creep Machine for Very Low Stresses
Authors: Yavari P , Langdon TG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple constant stress tensile creep machine is described for use at very low stress levels. The initial mechanical advantage of the machine is 3:8 and the minimum feasible load is about 1.8 N. Some typical creep results are presented for an aluminum-5% magnesium alloy with measured steady-state strain rates down to about 10−9 s−1. It is demonstrated that the results obtained from this machine coincide with data from a normal creep machine at high stress levels, but the stress marking the experimental lower limit is reduced by more than one order of magnitude.
A Compressive Creep Machine
Authors: Findley WN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A deadweight loading machine for creep tests in compression is described. The machine was designed to minimize buckling and friction. A four-bar linkage was used to guide the movable crosshead. Strain was measured by a single differential transformer. The specimen consisted of a thin-walled tube heated internally by a quartz tube lamp. An example is given of creep of 2618-T61 aluminum in compression.
Impurity Variations in Electrolytic Cathode Copper
Authors: Medrick DS , Teague JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of segregated impurities (particularly sulfur) in various locations of a randomly selected electrolytic cathode on the fabricability of wires drawn from spikes cast with copper from these regions of the cathode. Results were analyzed by the different performance levels achieved with copper fabricated from these cathode regions. Another aspect of this work was an investigation of a 340 200-kg (750 000-lb) copper lot consisting of a 154 700-kg (341 000-lb) section of sheared cathodes (top and bottom 102-mm [4-in.] wide strip sheared off each cathode) and a comparison 185 500-kg (409 000-lb) section of unsheared regular cathodes for reference purposes. This split lot was fabricated into magnet wires, and the results between these two sections were compared as to performance levels obtained in the finished wire products.
Sampling of Electrorefined Copper Cathodes
Authors: Tuddenham WM , Dangerfield AD , McMillan BB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Problems involved in the sampling of electrorefined cathode production in a typical refinery are examined. Items discussed include: nonhomogeneity in single cathodes, nonhomogeneity among cathodes from the same electrolytic cell, nonhomogeneity among cathodes from single production lots, and limitations of visual examination in predicting cathode quality. Ordinary sampling procedures involving one or two cathodes are shown to be totally inadequate for obtaining true measures of the average impurity contents from a shipping lot. Suggestions for sampling frequency drawn from the experience of the study are presented.
Strength Reduction in Thin Aluminum Alloy Sheets by Laser Irradiation
Authors: Clark G , de Morton ME 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to assess the extent of the damage produced in thin metallic sheets by high-energy laser radiation, the residual tensile strength of small-scale 7075-T6 alumimum alloy specimens has been measured after laser irradiation and cooling. The effect of applied loads during irradiation upon residual strength is found to be small for all loading levels except those approaching the elastic limit. In addition, the use of an equivalent hole size parameter to describe the extent of laser damage and to compare the strength-reducing effects of various irradiation parameters is proposed.
Application of Accelerated Weathering Test to Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester Sheets of Improved Surface Durability
Authors: Yamasaki RS , Blaga A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An accelerated weathering test has been applied to three types of commercial glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GRP), the durability of which has been improved by the application of various surface finishes. The nature and rate of induced surface degradation were monitored throughout the exposure period by scanning electron microscopy and, where possible, compared with those produced by horizontal outdoor exposure at Ottawa, Canada. Acrylic-lacquer-coated GRP underwent six types of surface damage leading to exposure and surface microcracking of the GRP substrate. The first three types of damage produced by artificial weathering were similar to those induced so far after six years of outdoor weathering, resulting in an acceleration factor of 6. Gel-coated GRP sustained surface microcracking as for outdoor exposure with an acceleration factor of 9. Poly(vinyl fluoride)-laminated (PVF) GRP underwent five types of damage, resulting in delamination of PVF and surface microcracking of the unprotected GRP resin. The first two types of damage have been verified to date after six years of outdoor exposure and were accelerated by a factor of 5.
Electromotive Force Stability of Nicrosil-Nisil®
Authors: Wang TP , Starr CD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Early data on the aging characteristics of experimental heats of Nicrosil (Ni-14.2Cr-1.4Si-0.1Mg) and Nisil® (Ni-4.2Si-0.1Mg) versus Type K thermoelements are reviewed. The electromotive force stability of Nicrosil-Nisil in 1.6-mm (0.064-in.), 0.8-mm (0.032-in.), and 0.3-mm (0.0126-in.) diameter wire at 500°C in air up to 200 h is obtained in situ and is compared with that of Type K thermoelements of the same size. The mechanism of EMF changes is discussed.
Generalized Application of Neuber's Rule
Authors: Seeger T , Heuler P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An analysis is presented concerning problems of correct application of approximation formulas such as Neuber's rule for the case of inelastic net section behavior of notched members. The rules developed allow a generalized consideration of elastic-plastic net section behavior for any type of loading and notch geometry. The analysis is illustrated by discussion of experimental and calculated load-notch strain curves of different specimens.
An Acceptance Plan for Feather and Down Products
Authors: Landes W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of deciding whether an article filled with a feather and down mixture is properly labeled was published in 1971. It required the calculation of three factors: the mean, the standard deviation, and the t statistic. The present paper presents tables of acceptance values for various combinations of producer risk and consumer risk, eliminating the need for the calculation of the t statistic. The previous paper required a minimum sample of four specimens, while the present paper provides an opportunity for reduced sampling and testing by presenting acceptance values for n = 2 and n = 3, which can be used in routine quality control work. Finally, operating characteristic curves, showing how the probability of acceptance varies with the percentage of down in the finished product, are given for several different plans.
Creep Rupture Testing of Aluminum Alloys: Metallographic Studies of Fractured Test Specimens
Authors: Agrawal SP , Byrnes LE , Yaker JA , Leslie WC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Specimens of 1100, 5454, and 6061 aluminum alloys were examined after failure in creep rupture tests of up to 20 000 h duration. No microstructural changes occurred in 1100-O and 5454-O alloys during testing other than slight grain growth at the highest test temperatures. Such growth had only a small effect on creep-rupture properties. Cold-worked alloys 1100-H14 and 5454-H34 were unstable during creep, passing through stages of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. These changes invalidate extrapolation of short-time data. The precipitation-hardened 6061 alloy underwent drastic changes in microstructure during testing, from thin needle-shaped precipitates to larger β′ rods to coarse β-Mg2Si plates. These changes produced several different slopes in the log stress-log rupture time plots and long-time rupture stresses considerably below those predicted by extrapolation.
Estimating Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of High Strength Aluminum Alloys from Crack Arrest Toughness
Authors: Dorward RC , Hasse KR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comparison is made between fracture toughness KIc as measured by recommended ASTM procedures and crack arrest toughness KIa as measured on more than 100 bolt-loaded double-cantilever beam (DCB) specimens from 7075, 7050, and 7049 alloy plates. Close agreement was found between the two values, KIa being on the average about 0.75 ksiin. (0.82 MPa√m) lower than than KIc over the range 18 to 29 ksiin. (20 to 32 MPa√m). This indicates that a simplified test based on a bolt-loaded DCB specimen could be used for quality control, lot release, and screening purposes. Measurements of crack length and specimen deflection are all that are required; the specimens do not have to be fatigue precracked, nor is a tensile machine needed.
Problems in Standardization of Implantable Stimulation Electrodes
Authors: Maurer DD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The emphasis for standardization of implantable stimulating electrodes should be on performance. Among the functional characteristics of the stimulating electrode, only the physical properties may be amenable to some immediate performance standardization. Electrical properties of the stimulating electrode relating to safety may be defined in terms of performance standards in the near future, while those relating to efficacy may evolve later. Standardization of impedance or other electrical design characteristics should not be considered apart from their direct, verified relationship to safety and efficacy of the implant.
Static and Impact Properties of Laminated Hybrid Composites
Authors: Mallick PK , Broutman LJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The static and impact properties of hybrid composite systems containing various high performance fibers in an epoxy matrix have been studied as a function of lamination configuration. From instrumented impact test data, fracture initiation and propagation energies were calculated and reported in terms of a measurement called “ductility index.” It was shown that with a proper choice of lamination configuration, a large increase in impact energy as well as ductility index can be achieved in hybrid systems. Among other factors, the impact properties also depend on the type of fiber and interlaminar shear strength.