bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse on Gingival Tissues
Authors: Ozcelik Onur , Haytac M. Cenk , Seydaoglu Gulsah 
Published: June 2006

Background: Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) is the familiar name for synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone. A large number of young adults abuse AAS to enhance performance and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AAS abuse on the gingival tissues in a group of bodybuilders and weight lifters.Methods: The test group was composed of 24 athletes aged between 17 and 29 years who had been using AAS for >1 year. All subjects were clinically examined for plaque levels (plaque index), gingival inflammation (gingival index), and gingival enlargement. The results were compared to a control group of 20 bodybuilders who had never used AAS drugs and who matched for age, educational level, and oral habits according to the data obtained from the test group.Results: Although there were no statistical differences between the plaque index (P >0.05) and gingival index (P >0.05) scores of the study group and the control group, the AAS abusers had statistically higher scores of gingival thickness, extent of gingival encroachment, and total gingival enlargement scores (P <0.001 each) compared to non‐users.Conclusions: The results of this study have revealed that the prolonged use of AAS is closely associated with significant levels of gingival enlargement. Because recreational abuse and abuse in non‐competitive sports seem to increase despite legislation, dentists and periodontists should be familiar with the adverse effects of these synthetic derivatives of testosterone on the gingival tissues.
Study Design for Calibration of Clinical Examiners Measuring Periodontal Parameters
Authors: Hill Elizabeth G. , Slate Elizabeth H. , Wiegand Ryan E. , Grossi Sara G. , Salinas Carlos F. 
Published: June 2006

Background: We present an approach to examiner calibration study design where the number of calibration subjects is based on a specified margin of error (half‐width of the 95% confidence interval [CI]) of the percentage of agreement (exact and within 1 mm) for both intra‐ and interexaminer reliability assessments.Methods: An experienced standard examiner (S) trained three dental hygienists (A, B, and C) in correct procedures for obtaining a variety of periodontal measures. Duplicate measurements of probing depth (PD [mm]) and the free gingival margin to the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ‐GM [mm]) were obtained in a pilot study to design a formal examiner calibration study, where sample sizes were adjusted for the effects of within‐subject clustering of binary indices of agreement.Results: Within‐subject clustering of agreement indices resulted in an approximate four‐fold increase in the variance of the estimates of percentage of agreement with the standard. PD and CEJ‐GM percentage of exact agreement measurements (95% CI) for each examiner‐standard pair, respectively, were as follows: AS = 55% (48%, 61%) and 70% (62%, 78%); BS = 52% (45%, 59%) and 73% (63%, 82%); and CS = 55% (50%, 61%) and 72% (65%, 79%). The corresponding 95% CIs unadjusted for the effects of clustering underestimated the margin of error associated with the estimates of exact agreement by as much as 57% for PD and 68% for CEJ‐GM.Conclusion: Failure to account for dependence among site‐level agreement indices results in a false sense of precision in the resulting reliability estimates and can lead to faulty inference.
Interaction of Chlorhexidine With Smooth and Rough Types of Titanium Surfaces
Authors: Kozlovsky Avital , Artzi Zvi , Moses Ofer , Kamin‐Belsky Nurit , Greenstein Ronit Bar‐Ness 
Published: June 2006

Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate exerts plaque inhibitory efficacy in the natural dentition environment due to a superior degree of persistence at the tooth surface. The purpose of the present study was to assess the interaction of CHX with titanium surfaces to estimate its antiplaque potential in the peri‐implant environment.Methods: Saliva‐coated machined smooth (S) and sand‐blasted acid‐etched rough (R) titanium disks were soaked in either 0.1% or 0.2% CHX solution. After 24 hours, CHX amounts that were adsorbed, washed out, and desorbed from the titanium surfaces were determined spectrophotometrically at 230 nm. The antibacterial activity of CHX‐treated titanium disks was assessed by measuring bacterial inhibition zones on Streptococcus mutans lawns.Results: Titanium disks adsorbed 3% to 8% of the available CHX, which was significantly higher with 0.2% CHX (P <0.001) than with 0.1% CHX and two‐fold higher on the R titanium disks compared to S titanium surface (P <0.001). After rinsing with water, 2.2% of the adsorbed CHX was washed out. Over 24 hours, S‐ and R‐type disks released 1.1% and 0.6% of the adsorbed agent, respectively. Larger bacterial inhibition zones were obtained with 0.2% CHX and in R disks compared to S disks.Conclusions: CHX displayed persistence at the titanium surface. The adsorption level and bacterial growth inhibition were affected by CHX concentration and titanium surface characteristics, with higher levels of adsorption and antibacterial activity with 0.2% CHX and rough titanium surface. The slow CHX release rate suggests persistence of this agent at the titanium‐pellicle surface, which can provide a long‐term antiplaque effect.
Hungary: the organic and the rational traditions
Authors: Heathcote Edwin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe most memorable architectural images of the early 1990s were those of the organic architecture of Imre Makovecz. With their extraordinary, Expressionist timber forms, they encapsulated for the West the romantic possibilities of the architecture that lay behind the former Iron Curtain. Edwin Heathcote, who in 1997 wrote a monograph on Imre Makovecz for Academy Editions, here explains why ‘the organic’ counterpoised by ‘the rational’ has continued to provide such a rich dialogue for contemporary Hungarian architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estonia: expanding suburbia ‐ White Neomodernist villas and beyond
Authors: Kurg Andres 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe growth of suburbia around Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, epitomises the new social and economic choices that are presenting themselves to Estonians. For as Andres Kurg explains, people are choosing, in increasing numbers, to move out of their 1960s and 1970s apartment blocks into newly built single‐family houses. Architecture is taking a symbolic role in this process, as the types of design that are selected are often indicative of changing lifestyle aspirations. Kurg looks at some of the most interesting cases that have recently been built in this unexpectedly extensive suburban sprawl. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Polish architecture ‐ seeking to establish order?
Authors: Urbanska Marta A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoland is a ‘shifting country’. In the postwar era it shifted geographically ‐ 300 kilometres (186 miles) to the west ‐ and since 1989 it has been undergoing enormous political and economic transformations. It is one of the leading ex‐Soviet bloc economies. Such huge changes, however, come at a price. The combined expiration of a comprehensive planning system and excessive bureaucracy provides difficult and uncertain conditions for architects. Marta A Urbanska explains how a generation of young, enterprising Polish architects have equipped themselves to deal with this ‘quicksand‐like situation’ by becoming great improvisers and jacks of all trades, as savvy about development, planning and finance as they are about design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aragonite in Roman Wall Paintings of the VIIIa Regio, Aemilia, and Xa Regio, Venetia Et Histria
Authors: Mazzocchin Gian Antonio , Orsega Emilio Francesco , Baraldi Pietro , Zannini Paolo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the Roman wall paintings different white colours were used, named Paraetonium, Melinum, Anularia, Eretria, Argentaria, etc. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and X‐Ray diffraction were applied to study different white pigments, such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite and huntite, white carbonates present in archaeological findings from roman walls in the Mediterranean region. This study showed that it is possible to distinguish and identify these components in white colours. About 450 samples of Roman wall paintings were analysed and it was observed that often aragonite is associated to precious coloured pigments. On the basis of the obtained results some considerations about the period in which the different kinds of white pigments were used are proposed.
A Preliminary Investigation of Total Organic Carbon Variation in Influent and Effluent of Isfahan (Iran) Water Treatment Plant, Urban Network and Fellman Wells
Authors: Movassaghi Karim , Hemmatian Zahra , Akbari‐Adergani Behrouz , Palmisano Giovanni 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this work a series of total organic carbon (TOC) analyses were carried out to analyse the influent and the effluent of a water treatment plant providing Isfahan city in Iran. Other analyses were focused on the determination of TOC in the urban network and Fellman wells (in Isfahan and Dehaghan cities), in order to compare the water quality soon after the treatment with that of circulating water in the city network. Since it supplies water treatment plant, TOC content of Zayandehrood River was also compared with the treated water. The obtained results revealed that there were significant differences between TOC content of effluent of water treatment plant and that of the urban network (made with eight different points). In this project all the samples were withdrawn during 2005. It is worth noting that the analyses were carried out with a high precision combustion‐infrared method with a confidence limit lower than 0.05. The mean of TOC in Isfahan and Dehaghan Fellman wells were 0.7 and 2.6 mg.l‐1, respectively. The mean of TOC in influent of water treatment plant during June, July and September were 0.703, 1.148, 1.513 mg.l‐1 respectively which after treatment process reduced to about 0.7 mg.l‐1. In conclusion it can be said that during the summer with higher consumption of water and increase in vaporizing surface waters, we have accumulation of organic compounds and therefore we have increase in TOC content of various waters.
Particulate Matter, Gas‐Phase and Particle‐Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Urban Environment Heavily Impacted by Vehicular Traffic (Bologna, Italy).
Authors: Stracquadanio Milena , Trombini Claudio 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA set of 8 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been analysed in a traffic‐limited area in Bologna downtown, both in the gas‐phase and in the particulate phase (PM10), and gas‐to‐particle partitioning has been investigated. From Sep 2002 to May 2003, 28 high volume PM10 samplings were carried out, and in 50 % of the samplings, PM10 concentrations exceeded the limit of 50 μg/m3 established by a 1999 EU directive. A precisely defined sampling strategy was adopted to limit artifacts (8 h sampling in the same time interval) in the 28 samplings carried out in different meteorological conditions.A linear log‐log correlation was found between gas‐particle partitioning coefficients KBP and the subcooled liquid vapour pressures pB=LB, with rP2P = 0.82 and slope = ‐ 0.59. This empirical correlation may be used to anticipate the total (gas + particle‐bound) concentration of each PAHs in this urban site, once PM10 and the particle‐bound concentration is measured. Parallel samplings of PM10 and of PM2.5 allowed us to ascertain that PM2.5 represents the gross contribution to PM10 and that most of the particle‐bound PAHs reside on the finest fraction of particulate matter.
Expedient Immobilization of TEMPO by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne [3+2]‐Cycloaddition onto Polystyrene Resin
Authors: Gheorghe Alexandru , Matsuno Ai , Reiser Oliver 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTEMPO was readily grafted by copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition onto polystyrene. Starting with commercially available Merrifield resin (4.3 mmol/ g) almost quantitative loading of TEMPO onto the polymer was achieved (≥ 4 mmol/ g). The so obtained PS‐CLICK‐TEMPO allowed the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes with bleach or molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant with high yields and selectivity in multiple cycles without loss of activity.
Broad exploration or precise specificity: Two basic information seeking patterns among students
Authors: Heinström Jannica 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article investigates whether information seeking patterns can be related to discipline differences, study approaches, and personality traits. A quantitative study of 305 master's thesis students' information behavior found that their information seeking tended to be either exploratory or precise. Statistical analyses showed that inner traits seemed more influential than discipline characteristics on information behavior. Exploration or specificity was manifested in terms of both the level and scope of information students wished to retrieve and the way they searched for it.
GlycoVis: Visualizing glycan distribution in the protein N‐glycosylation pathway in mammalian cells
Authors: Hossler Patrick , Goh Lin‐Tang , Lee May May , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlycosylation has profound effects on the quality of recombinant proteins produced in mammalian cells. The biosynthetic pathways of N‐linked glycans on glycoproteins involves a relatively small number of enzymes and nucleotide sugars. Many of these glycoconjugate enzymes can utilize multiple N‐glycans as substrates, thus generating a large number of glycan intermediates, and making the biosynthetic pathway resemble a network with diverging and converging paths. The N‐glycans on secreted glycoprotein molecules include not only terminal glycans, but also pathway intermediates. To better assess the glycan distribution and the potential route of their synthesis, we created GlycoVis, a visualization program that displays the distribution and the potential reaction paths leading to each N‐glycan on the reaction network. The substrate specificities of the enzymes involved were organized into a relationship matrix. With the input of glycan distribution data, the program outputs a reaction pathway map which labels the relative abundance levels of different glycans with different colors. The program also traces all possible reaction paths leading to each glycan and identifies each pathway on the map. Glycoform distribution of Chinese Hamster Ovary cell‐derived tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), and human and mouse IgG were used as illustrations for the application of GlycoVis. In addition, the intracellular and secreted IgG from an NS0 producer cell line were isolated, and their glycoform profiles were displayed using GlycoVis for comparison. This visualization tool facilitates the analysis of potential reaction paths utilized under different physiological or culture conditions, and may provide insight on the potential targets for metabolic engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrenes with Tuned Spectroscopic Properties for Two‐Point Attachment
Authors: Malinovskii Vladimir L. , Häner Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPyrene derivatives find widespread use as labels and building blocks in modified nucleic acids. To increase the variety of spectroscopic applications, a synthesis of differently substituted derivatives was developed. 1,8‐Pyrenedicarboxylates bearing different substituents in the 3‐ and 6‐position were synthesized. Absorption and steady‐state fluorescence studies showed that the photophysical properties of the pyrene chromophore can be controlled by the nature of the substituents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Simple, Single Step Potential Difference Measurement for the Determination of the Ultimate Detection Limit of Ion Selective Electrodes
Authors: Bereczki Róbert , Takács Boglárka , Gyurcsányi Róbert E. , Tóth Klára , Nagy Géza , Langmaier Jan , Lindner Ernö 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA single step measurement is proposed for evaluating the ultimate detection limit of ion selective electrodes. The essence of the method is the calculation of the detection limit from a potential difference measured across a membrane in equilibrium with deionized water when it is challenged with a relatively concentrated primary or interfering ion solution on one of its sides. It is aimed for fast screening of novel ionophore candidates and for reexamining existing ones to sort out those which are adequate for selective, subnanomolar analysis. The feasibility and the practical usefulness of the method is demonstrated upon the characterization potassium ion‐selective electrodes with novel, and well‐known ionophores. The proposed potential difference‐based method is coupled to subsequent exponential dilutions for the determination the response slopes, selectivity coefficients and detection limits of the tested electrodes. This combination of electrode testing protocols provides full characterization of the studied electrodes and a back to back comparison of the indirectly calculated and directly measured detection limits. The calibration of the electrodes in dilute solutions revealed the superior dynamic response properties of the electrodes with the covalently anchored ionophore in submicromolar concentrations.
Novel design of multicapillary arrays for high‐throughput DNA sequencing
Authors: Tsupryk Andriy , Gorbovitski Michael , Kabotyanski Evgeni A. , Gorfinkel Vera 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA novel approach to design and optimize linear multicapillary arrays (LMCAs) for high‐throughput DNA sequencing is proposed. A significant increase in the number of capillary lanes is obtained due to the use of composite insertions alternately placed between working capillaries of the array and a specific combination of refractive indices of the DNA separation matrix, capillary glass, the insertions and a medium which surrounds the capillary array. Theoretical and experimental studies showed that in conjunction with a dual‐side laser illumination scheme, the proposed LMCA design allows a simultaneous uniform irradiation of as many as 550 working capillaries.
Highly sensitive determination of lanthanides by capillary electrophoresis with direct visible detection after precapillary complexation with aromatic polyaminocarboxylate and additionally applying dynamic ternary complexation with nitrilotriacetic acid
Authors: Saito Shingo , Danzaka Naoki , Hoshi Suwaru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA newly synthesized aromatic polyaminocarboxylate (NBD‐ABEDTA, H4L) was applied to precapillary derivatizing capillary electrophoresis as a chelating reagent for lanthanide ions (Ln3+). The Ln‐L complexes provide both kinetic stability on dissociation due to their methyl‐EDTA coordinating structure, and high light absorptivity (εmax = 2.4×104 cm−1 mol−1 dm3) in the visible region at 469 nm thanks to their nitrobenzofurazan moiety. A ligand was employed for capillary zone electrophoresis based on a unique concept: both precapillary and dynamic on‐capillary complexation were carried out on one center‐metal ion to achieve high resolution. As a ternary complex‐formation agent, iminodiacetate (IDA), bound to the mother complex (Ln‐L), was added to the carrier buffer solution. The carrier buffer solution of 9.5 mmol·dm−3 (pH 9.45) borate and 33.5 mmol·dm−3 IDA, drastically improved the resolution among Ln3+ ions. Each of the Ln complexes was effectively separated, except for Pr‐Sm. Furthermore, the absence of L from the carrier solution, which stabilizes the baseline fluctuation, provided low LOD (typically 4.2×10−7 mol·dm−3). This strongly suggests that Ln‐L complexes are kinetically stable even with a large excess of IDA. Quite unexpectedly, the order of migration differs from that of the atomic number, inverting at Nd. This is due to the effect of the cavity size of the residual coordination sites on the ternary complexation and the electronic density of Ln3+.
Characterization of human monocyte‐derived microglia‐like cells
Authors: Leone Cathie , Le Pavec Gwenaelle , Même William , Porcheray Fabrice , Samah Boubekeur , Dormont Dominique , Gras Gabriel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMicroglial cells are central to brain immunity and intervene in many human neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to develop a convenient cellular model for human microglial cells, suitable for HIV studies. Microglia derive from the hematogenous myelomonocytic lineage, possibly as a distinct subpopulation but in any case able to invade the CNS, proliferate, and differentiate into ameboid and then ramified microglia in the adult life. We thus attempted to derive microglia‐like cells from human monocytes. When cultured with astrocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM), monocytes acquired a ramified morphology, typical of microglia. They overexpressed substance P and the calcium binding protein Iba‐1 and dimly expressed class II MHC, three characteristics of microglial cells. Moreover, they also expressed a potassium inward rectifier current, another microglia‐specific feature. These monocyte‐derived microglia‐like cells (MDMi) were CD4+/CD14+, evocative of an activated microglia phenotype. When treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MDMi lost their overexpression of substance P, which returned to untreated monocyte‐derived macrophage (MDM) level. Compared with MDM, MDMi expressed higher CD4 but lower CCR5 levels; they could be infected by HIV‐1BaL, but produced less virus progeny than MDM did. This model of human microglia may be an interesting alternative to primary microglia for large scale in vitro HIV studies and may help to better understand HIV‐associated microgliosis and chronic inflammation in the brain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monodispersed and Oriented Microspheres of Polyaniline
Authors: Ding Hangjun , Zhu Changjin , Zhou Zhiming , Wan Meixiang , Wei Yen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: A template‐free method associated with a deposition process was used to prepare monodispersed and oriented microspheres of polyaniline on various substrates (e.g., silicon wafer, mica, and glass slice) in the presence of salicylic acid as a dopant. It is found that polymerization conditions such as polymerization time and lift rate of the substrates strongly affect the color, morphology, and electrical properties of the deposited spheres on the substrates. Moreover, a specific arrangement of the monodispersed and oriented microspheres on the substrates can be induced by an oriented surface structure of the substrates (e.g., silicon wafer or PTFE‐modified glass slice).SEM image of PANI‐SA spheres deposited on a silicon wafer.imageSEM image of PANI‐SA spheres deposited on a silicon wafer.
Evaluation of the Effect of Melt Memory on Shear‐Induced Crystallization of Low‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Martins José António 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: The effect of melt memory on shear‐induced crystallization of a low‐density polyethylene melt is evaluated with a new shear DTA instrument. A critical strain is identified as the controlling factor for saturating the crystallization. Variation of this strain with the temperature of the sheared melt is established, and the melt state responsible for saturating the crystallization is identified by shear‐stress growth experiments at the steady‐state. Reptation times have been evaluated in both viscoelastic nonlinear and linear regimes, and it is shown that small‐angle oscillatory shear experiments cannot be used to probe effectively the effect of shear flow on the overall crystallization kinetics.
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