bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth, new media, technology and communication
Authors: Rolfe Julian , Gilbert Mischa 
Published: April 2007

PurposeTo understand the nature of young people’s relationship with technology and to endeavour to explode a few myths about their affection for it.Design/methodology/approachThe research took four stages; desk research; interviews with four experts; quant through Synovate’s online panel; qual research groups.FindingsIt was found that the majority of young people do not love technology – they love communication and entertainment, and technology is just the facilitator for these; it was also found that a surprisingly large number of young people dislike and actively avoid using technology, particularly those from lower SEGs.Originality/valueMarketers always presume that young people are very plugged into technology and that they all love it. This article shows this is clearly not the case and the amount of affection and time they spend using information technology has been overstated.
Responsibile marketing to children and their families
Authors: Pettersson Anette , Fjellstrom Christina 
Published: April 2007

PurposeDiscusses the role of food marketing to children and how responsible marketing may facilitate healthy foodways.Design/methodology/approachReports research on children as consumers and the consumer socialization process, where the role of media and brands are stronger influencing agents than before. Describes the criticism against child advertisements and the use of entertainment in marketing to children, especially in positioning unhealthy food products. Continues with describing the industry’s response in terms of conducting responsible marketing through self‐regulation.FindingsSuggests that healthy food habits can be facilitated by making healthy food available, by promoting well‐being and through making healthy food entertaining. Several aspects in children’s experiences of fun ought to be considered in the marketing process. Responsible acting among producers and marketers is a way of forming emotional relationships and thus of creating consumer loyalty.Practical implicationsSeveral parallel actions are suggested to establish healthy food habits; consumer education among children along with legal restrictions and responsible marketing. The cultural meaning of food makes a subject for future research on promoting healthy food habits. It is further suggested that marketers, teachers and nutritionists should learn from each other to establish healthy eating among children and their families.Originality/valueResponsible marketing in making healthy food attractive to children and their families makes an advantageous alternative satisfying both industry and consumer needs in the long run.
Mothers’ attitudes towards toys as fast food premiums
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Roberts Michele 
Published: April 2007

PurposeTo explore mothers’ attitudes to fast food companies’ use of toy premiums as a marketing technique.Design/methodology/approachTwo focus groups and 12 individual interviews were conducted with 21 mothers of young children.FindingsThe mothers considered toy premiums to be a highly effective form of marketing targeted at their children. Such purchase incentives stimulate a constant barrage of requests that parents must manage.Research limitations/implicationsIf parents are to successfully perform their role of food providers to address escalating rates of childhood obesity, they need assistance to counter‐balance the highly effective forms of marketing being employed by fast food companies.Practical implicationsThe findings have relevance for public policy makers in their efforts to assess the impacts of various promotional activities targeted at children. They are also useful for food marketers as they suggest how product offerings may be differentiated to better meet parents’ preferences.Originality/valueVery little research has examined parents’ attitudes to specific marketing techniques aimed at children. Understanding the impacts of these techniques on parents’ feeding practices is critical in obtaining an appreciation for how parents can better manage their children’s diets to address rapidly escalating rates of childhood obesity.
Mining the gene repertoire and ESTs for G protein‐coupled receptors with evolutionary perspective
Authors: Schiöth H. B. , Nordström K. J. V. , Fredriksson R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to review recent progress in mining the gene repertoire and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for the super‐family of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the form of a proceeding from the Nordic GPCR meeting held at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institute in August 2006. We update and give an overview of the expansion of the main families of GPCRs; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled and Secretin (GRAFS) in perspective of fully sequenced genomes. We look into the most recent findings including the work that has been carried out on the spotted green puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis), mouse (Mus musculus), chicken (Gallus gallus), slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum) and the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. We use examples from our recent work on chicken GPCRs to highlight the importance of detailed assembly and curation of sequences and how that can affect percentage similarity and phylogeny. ESTs can give valuable information about expression patterns. GPCRs have comparatively low numbers of EST suggesting that GPCRs are in generally expressed in lower amount than other genes. We discuss similarities in the evolution of the trace amine associated receptors with other sensory receptors.
Identification of two sterol carrier protein‐2 like genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Vyazunova I. , Wessley V. , Kim M. , Lan Q. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo genes encoding sterol carrier protein‐2 like proteins are identified from fourth instar cDNAs of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The predicted AeSCP‐2like1 (AeSCP‐2L1) and AeSCP‐2like2 (AeSCP‐2L2) proteins are small, acidic and lacking the peroxisomal targeting sequence at the C‐termini. Purified recombinant AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 bind to cholesterol with a Kd of 5.4 × 10−6 M and 2.6 × 10−6 M, respectively. The Kd values of AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 to palmitic acid are 3.7 × 10−7 M and 2.6 × 10−7 M, respectively. Both genes are expressed predominantly in gut tissues. The transcripts of the AeSCP‐2L1 gene are only detected in larval stages, whereas AeSCP‐2L2 is expressed in larval and adult stages. AeSCP‐2L2 transcription increases within 5 h after a bloodmeal and stays at high levels during vitellogenesis. In in vitro larval gut tissue cultures, AeSCP‐2L1 transcripts were increased in the presence of juvenile hormone III, whereas AeSCP‐2L2 mRNA levels increased in the presence 20‐hydroxylecdysone. The results suggest that transcription of AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 genes are regulated differently through the mosquito life cycle.
Weather‐driven dynamics of an intermediate host: mechanistic and statistical population modelling of Oncomelania hupensis
Authors: REMAIS JUSTIN , HUBBARD ALAN , ZISONG WU , SPEAR ROBERT C. 
Published: April 2007

Summary

Population models of intermediate host species’ abundance are vital tools for assessing the impacts of control activities and changing environmental conditions on host–parasite dynamics. Public health practitioners require reliable predictions to inform disease control decisions that target the intermediate host of human schistosomes. A synthesis of mechanistic and statistical modelling approaches was undertaken to develop a weather‐driven mathematical population dynamics model for Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum.
The model was parameterized with data from a novel, longitudinal mark–recapture technique incorporating enclosures in order to distinguish birth from immigration and death from emigration. Snail density, recruitment and death rates were estimated monthly, and environmental variables recorded continuously at three sites in a mountainous region of south‐western China.
Generalized estimating equation models were used to relate birth and death parameters to lagged and unlagged environmental variables, clustered by site. Competing mechanistic models, combining these submodels, were assessed based on their prediction error against observed population dynamics. In the best‐fit overall model, O. hupensis seasonal cycling was largely governed by temperature and episodic precipitation events > 15 mm, with characteristic early spring and late summer population peaks. Density‐dependent effects were not detected.
The implications for snail control and, in particular, the influence of human hydrological disturbances on snail populations were examined. The model quantified the response of O. hupensis to small changes in climate variables, providing vital data for assessing the potential impact of climate change on parasite intermediate host populations.
Synthesis and applications. The results of this study can form the basis of management measures aimed at controlling the Asian intermediate host of a widespread human parasite, with relevance to nearly 30 million affected people. As a component of larger disease transmission models, a description of snail population dynamics is valuable both for explaining the patterns of occurrence of disease in natural populations, and for evaluating the relative impact of different environmental scenarios on host–parasite interactions. Having integrated the first direct measurements of O. hupensis population parameters in a validated, weather‐driven population model, managers may now quantitatively evaluate the response of O. hupensis to changing environmental conditions, including environmental modifications designed to achieve population reductions. Results suggest that, in particular, the sensitivity of O. hupensis to heavy flow events can be exploited as a potential control technique.
Cereal Root Eelworm Pathotypes in England and Wales
Authors: Cotten John 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA survey of the variation in the pathogenicity of 22 populations of the cereal root eelworm was carried out using three barley and two oat genotypes. Of the barley genotypes tested, the cultivar Cb 545 (Rika) was susceptible to all populations, while the unadapted six‐row genotype Cb 824 (No. 191) was resistant to all populations except one, a population from Akenham in Suffolk, to which it was partially susceptible. The two‐row cultivar Cb 917 (Fero) showed a range of reactions to the 22 populations from complete resistance to complete susceptibility. Of the oat genotypes used, S 225 (Milford) was susceptible to all populations, while Cc 4658 (I 376, Avena sterilis) was resistant.The results presented indicate that there are at least three pathotypes of the cereal root eelworm in England and Wales.
Further Investigation into the Supposed Resistance of the Large Bulb Fly to Aldrin
Authors: Woodville H. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe figures given in a previous paper suggested that the degree of attack on aldrin‐treated bulbs was on the increase, this it was suggested was due to aldrin resistance.But the use of aldrin wettable powder at 0·125 per cent active ingredient in the hot‐water treatment of bulbs gave very good protection against attack.And, laboratory tests on adult Merodon gave no reasons for suspecting that the flies were developing resistance to aldrin.
An Effect of Soil Compaction on the Incidence of Potato Coiled Sprout
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Hide G. A. , Hirst J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe incidence of coiled sprout in ‘Majestic’ potatoes was increased by chitting the seed, planting deeply and compacting the soil.Stem bases of plants from unchitted seed produced coiled stems only in rolled soil and then only few. Coils were most abundant with plants from chitted seed in rolled soil. Rolling the soil increased the incidence of coiling and fasciation more than did chitting.Chitted seed planted 1 in. deep produced very few coils even in rolled soil. Not all coils showed lesions but Verticillium nubilum Pethybr. was frequently isolated from lesions.
The Use of Organochlorine Insecticides and Possible Alternatives Against Leatherjackets
Authors: White J. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIt is estimated that, in England and Wales, about 162,000 acres of DDT‐setisitive barley cultivars have been grown annually in recent years under conditions where leatherjacket damage may occur. But, on average, economic damage only seems likely to occur on about 5,000 acres of DDT‐sensitive barley. About 160,000 acres of non‐sensitive cultivars are also grown under conditions where leatherjacket damage may occur, as well as a considerable acreage of wheat and oats. From limited knowledge about leatherjacket population distribution it seems unlikely that damaging populations occur on more than about 25,000 acres of cereals overall. It seems possible that about 300,000 acres of grassland may support populations in excess of 500,000 leatherjacket larvae per acre in an average year, though the economic damage done cannot be assessed at present.Established, and possible alternative, chemical control methods are discussed.
The Chimerical Nature of a Potato Wilding
Authors: Howard H. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWildings of the potato cultivar Redskin were shown by eye‐excision experiments and X‐ray treatment to be chimeras in which the outermost growing‐point layer, L1, was unchanged and in which the other layers of the stem apex, L2 and L3, had a mutation for the wilding character. It is probable that wildings of other cultivars which do not appear to be chimeras when investigated by eye‐excision experiments, have the constitution: L1 normal; L2 and L3 wilding.
The Chemical Control of Grey Mould, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., in Mist‐propagated Chrysanthemum Cuttings
Authors: Smith Pauline M. , Evans S. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFungicidal treatments indicated that the incidence ofBotrytis attacking chrysanthemum cuttings can be appreciably decreased but the economic benefits were not assessed. Of the few fungicides tested, dichlofluanid was the most promising, particularly in spray formulations. Spraying stock plants decreased subsequent infection on detached cuttings, suggesting that the stocks were an important source of inoculum. Prolonged periods of cold storage increased Botrytis attack during subsequent propagation.
Chrysanthemum White Rust in England and Wales 1963‐66
Authors: Baker J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYChrysanthemum white rust (Puccinia horiana) was first seen in England late in 1963, on stock originally imported from Japan. Infected plants were destroyed during 1964, but in autumn 1965 over 50 outbreaks occurred, nearly all in south‐west England. Eleven outbreaks followed during the next season. The history of the disease and eradication measures are described.
Chemical Control of Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner and Some Observations on Varietal Preference
Authors: Erench N. , John Margaret E. , Wright A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYScreening trials showed that many insecticides killed chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza atricornis Meigen) adults and larvae inside chrysanthemum leaves but not eggs or pupae. Residues of demeton‐S‐methyl were not completely effective against adults and DDT did not kill larvae. In commercial glasshouses, complete larval kill was consistently obtained with high volume sprays of 0.02 per cent diazinon, 0.05 per cent dichlorvos and 0.023 per cent thionazin; 0.04 per cent azinphos‐methyl, 0.05 per cent nicotine and 0.01 per cent parathion gave nearly complete kill; 0.0125 per cent gamma‐BHC, 0.02 per cent demeton‐S‐methyl, 0.11 per cent malathion, 0.025 per cent morphothion and 0.19 per cent oxydemeton‐methyl gave variable and sometimes poor results.
Cereal Diseases and their Effects on Intensive Wheat Cropping in the East Midland Region, 1963–65
Authors: Rosser W. R. , Chadburn Barbara L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA surely of 174 fields showed that take‐all was the major disease affecting yield when two or more successive crops of winter wheat were grown. The eyespot‐resistant cultivar Cappelle Desprez comprised more than 90 per cent of the acreage and this may be a factor reducing the incidence of eyespot under this type of cropping. The effect of husbandry practices such as previous cropping, date of sowing, and the time interval between ploughing and sowing, were examined in relation to the incidence of take‐all. With increasing intensity of cropping there was an increase in the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer used but this appeared only to maintain yield in the face of increasing disease. It was possible to establish a limited relationship between the incidence of take‐all at G.S.3 and that present at G.S.10‐5. A highly significant effect of take‐all at G.S.10‐5 on yield was established.
Cyclamen Mite: A Pest of Michaelmas Daisies
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYStunting, scarring and distortion of stems and leaves and death of flower buds has caused serious failures of Michaelmas daisies (Aster spp.) in recent years. This failure is here attributed to the presence of high populations of cyclamen mite (Steneotarsonemus pallidus (Banks)). Cultivars of A. novi‐belgii are particularly susceptible to damage and although the mite also occurs on other species, these have some degree of tolerance or resistance.Symptoms of mite damage on A. novi‐belgii are described and illustrated and preliminary observations on the biology of the pest are reported.
Observations on the Use of a Predator to Control Red Spider Mite on Commercial Cucumber Nurseries
Authors: Gould H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations on three commercial nurseries have shown that the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumbers by means of the predator Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse is uncertain when the predator is introduced after natural infestations develop. Artificial and early establishment of predator and prey is required to give predictable results.The presence of other pests and diseases and the need for control measures also affects the interaction between the red spider mite and its predator.
Notes on Scottish Fungi
Authors: MacGarvie Q. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations and brief descriptions are given on the following fungi, detected during routine examinations of plant material in Scotland: Fuisarium dimerum and F. oxysporum on potato tubers; Verticillium tricorpus on tomato plants; Drechslera tritici‐repentis on Agropyron repens; D. siccans on cereals and grasses; D. dictyoides on fescue; Phoma sp. causing root rot of chrysanthemum.
Fumigation of Shallot Seed with Methyl Bromide to Control Stem Eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci
Authors: Hague N. G. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYShallot seed infested with stem eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci, was fumigated with methyl bromide and satisfactory control was obtained at a concentration‐time product of about 800 mg hr/1.
Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus, its Effect on Yield and its Control in the Lea Valley, England
Authors: Fletcher J. T. , George A. J. , Green D. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCucumber green mottle mosaic virus was very widespread in cucumber crops in the Lea Valley in 1964. Experiments on the effect of this virus on yield indicated that losses of approximately 15 per cent occurred with early infection. Later infection had little effect on yield.Dry heat treatment of infected cucumber seeds at 70°C for more than one day was sufficient to inactivate the virus and these results were also confirmed using virus‐impregnated filter paper squares. Cucumber seeds were found to tolerate dry heat treatment at temperatures of 75°C and 80°C with little adverse effect but, at 80°C, germination was delayed and the cotyledon leaves were distorted.In a commercial trial, over 45,000 cucumber plants free from symptoms of the virus were raised from infected seeds which had previously been heat treated at 70°C for three days.
The Chemical Control of Red Spider Mite on Glasshouse Roses
Authors: Binns E. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNine currently recommended materials were assessed for use against Tetranychus urticae on glasshouse roses. Of these, only tetradition gave acceptable control of a strain of mite infesting a commercial crop.Seven other materials, not at present widely available, were examined as alternative treatments. GS 19,851 and a mixture containing chlor‐phenamidine and formetanate gave good control without phytotoxicity. Dinocton‐o and fenazaflor were also effective but proved phytotoxic on the yoimg shoots. Good ovicidal action was demonstrated for all four treatments.The acaricidal effects of quinomethionate, binapacryl and dinobuton were compared at dosages reduced to eliminate possible phytotoxicity. Quinomethionate was the most effective but also the most phytotoxic at the rate used. Further reductions of phytotoxicity were also achieved by discriminating use of wetters.
Control of Euonymus Scale
Authors: Dennis E. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThis unusual pest was found severely damaging ornamental euonymus hedges at Swanage, Dorset. The only evidence of any natural control was the recovery of a predatory mite, Anystis sp. In a chemical screening trial, 0·05 per cent ethion gave the best control of the early instars though this treatment was not so effective against the overwintered female scales. When subsequently applied in the summer months for the control of the two generations of young scales, ethion once again gave good results. An absolute control was not achieved. Further spray measures became necessary two years later. Combined sprays of ethion/white oil and malathion/white oil applied twice in the season against the young scales both gave a very good control although the pest was not eliminated. In the absence of reinfestation, complete control of the scale may be achieved with either of these repeat combined‐insecticide treatments if applied for two consecutive years.
Observations on the Development of Leaf Blotch and Net Blotch of Barley from Barley Debris, 1968
Authors: Evans S. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA survey of 56 fields of spring barley in West Sussex in 1968 showed that the extent and severity of leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) and net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) in the crop depended on the amount of stubble debris, from the preceding barley crop, lying on the soil surface in the spring. All the spring barley crops which did not follow barley had neghgible amounts of leaf blotch and net blotch. The cultivar Zephyr appeared to be very susceptible to net blotch and cv. Vada markedly resistant. R. secalis and P. teres in stubble debris of barley collected from the soil surface in the spring was shown to be capable of infecting barley seedlings growing through the debris.
The Control of Narcissus White Mould
Authors: Jenkins J. E. E. , Hawken R. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWhite mould is frequently responsible for poor flower crops in certain late‐flowering narcissus cultivars as well as occasional losses in other cultivars. Bordeaux mixture and tank‐mix zineb gave the best control, and the latter is recommended for use in commercial crops. The addition of a petroleum oil emulsion slightly improved the control given by tank‐mix zineb.