bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between an Anionic Porphyrin and Cationic Surfactants in Water
Authors: Tominaga Toshihiro , Endoh Satoshi , Ishimaru Hiroaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Interactions between decyl-, dodecyl-, and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DeTAB, DTAB, and TTAB) and an anionic porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (H2TPPS4−), have been studied in water at 298.2 K. Precipitate formation constants between the surfactant cations and the H2TPPS4− anion have been obtained. The precipitates were resolubilized by a further addition of the surfactants at concentrations close to the critical micelle concentrations (cmc) in DeTAB, and below the cmc’s in DTAB and TTAB solutions. Surface tension and conductance measurements show that the effects of H2TPPS4− on the cmc’s are very small. The fluorescence of H2TPPS4− is quenched in both water and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions by the methylviologen cation, but not in cationic surfactant solutions. The diffusion coefficients were measured in a system containing H2TPPS4− and TTAB; the results show the existence of large premicellar aggregates.
Preparation of Metallosilicates with ZSM-5 Type Structure by Atom-Planting Method
Authors: Yamagishi Kouji , Namba Seitaro , Yashima Tatsuaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aluminosilicates, gallosilicates, and indosilicates with the ZSM-5 type structure were prepared by the “Atom-Planting method”. The introduction of metal cations into the framework of highly siliceous ZSM-5 zeolites was confirmed by IR and unit cell volume measurements. The acidic properties of these metallosilicates were examined by pyridine-IR and NH3-temperature programmed desorption spectroscopies. The increasing order of the acid strengths of the metallosilicates is indosilicate&lt;gallosilicate&lt;aluminosilicate.
The Carboxylation of Active Methylene Compounds with Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Diphenylcarbodiimide and Potassium Carbonate
Authors: Chiba Koji , Tagaya Hideyuki , Karasu Masa , Ono Tsuyoyuki , Hashimoto Kazumi , Moriwaki Yasusi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Active methylene compounds were effectively carboxylated with carbon dioxide in the presence of diphenylcarbodiimide (DPC) as a biotin model and potassium carbonate. Fluorene was carboxylated even under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of DPC, indicating that a carbonate ion was the carbon source. The reaction occurred even in the presence of water. It was considered that reaction intermediates are stable to water and that the concentration of the carbonate ion is important for carboxylation.
Thermal Reactions of 6-Methyl-5-[(substituted hydrazono)methyl]- 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinediones with Electron-Deficient Olefins and Acetylene
Authors: Noguchi Michihiko , Kiriki Yasutoshi , Tsuruoka Takashi , Mizui Takahiro , Kajigaeshi Shoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thermal reactions of some 6-methyl-5-[(substituted hydrazino)methyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinediones (1) were investigated. The 1,5-hydrogen shift in 1 gave 5,6-dihydro-5,6-bis(methylene)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione intermediates, while the 1,2-hydrogen shift in 1 gave azomethine imine intermediates. These reaction profiles depend on the substituents of hydrazone moieties.
Bismuth Trichloride as a New Efficient Catalyst in the Aldol Reaction and the Michael Reaction
Authors: Wada Makoto , Takeichi Eiji , Matsumoto Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of bismuth(III) trichloride (5 mol%), silyl enol ethers react with aldehydes at room temperature in dichloromethane to give the corresponding aldols in good yields. Silyl enol ethers also have been found to react with α,β-unsaturated ketones at room temperature in dichloromethane to afford the corresponding 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds, the Michael adducts in good yields. The intermediate adducts of the aldol reaction (the silyl ethers) and the Michael reaction (the silyl enol ethers) were also obtained in good yields.
Rasburicase for the Management of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Neonates
Authors: McNutt Deborah M , Holdsworth Mark T , Wong Craig , Hanrahan Jeffery D , Winter Stuart S 
Published: July 2006

Objective: TO describe the management of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with rasburicase in 2 patients who presented with cancer within the first month of life and compare and contrast both cases with respect to their underlying renal physiology, management, and eventual outcome. Case Summary: TLS developed in 2 neonates born at 38 weeks' gestational age; both were managed in part with rasburicase. One patient was a 21 -day-old infant who received 2 days of induction chemotherapy for the treatment of congenital Stage IV-S neuroblastoma. With a single 0.2 mg/kg dose of rasburicase, the serum urate level normalized and the infant completed therapy without incident. The second patient was a 4-day-old neonate with congenital precursor-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with spontaneous TLS complicated by renal dysfunction. Despite several doses of intravenous rasburicase (2 doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 4 doses of 0.2 mg/kg), as well as aggressive supportive therapy, the infant died of complications arising from uncontrolled TLS. Discussion: Neonates may be at particular risk for TLS given their immature renal function and its predisposition toward metabolic derangements. While rasburicase has the potential to provide a rapid reversal of TLS in this patient population, when TLS is complicated by pre-existing acute renal failure, additional interventions and alternative anti-tumor strategies may be necessary for a successful outcome. When managing TLS in infancy, clinicians must consider the relative degree of renal immaturity and its predisposition toward metabolic derangements. Conclusions: Rasburicase appears to be well tolerated and effective in lowering serum urate concentrations in the treatment of therapy-related TLS in neonates. However, in instances of spontaneous TLS complicated by the normally low glomerular filtration rate in the newborn infant, the use of rasburicase and other supportive care measures may still be inadequate, warranting further study.
Criminogenic need and women offenders: A critique of the literature
Authors: Hollin Clive R. , Palmer Emma J. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. This paper considers the criminogenic needs of women offenders, raising the question of whether there may be women‐specific criminogenic needs.Arguments. The risk‐needs model of offending has become increasingly influential in both research and practice. Simply, the risk–needs model holds that some aspects of an individual's functioning are risk factors for offending. The distinction can be drawn between static and dynamic risk factors: the former are historical, the latter reflect current functioning and are amenable to change. These dynamic attributes linked to offending – such as financial status, emotional problems, and substance use – are referred to as criminogenic needs. Needs assessment instruments, such as the Level of Service Inventory‐Revised (LSI‐R; Andrews & Bonta, 1995) have been developed to assess criminogenic need and predict risk of offending. Much of the research informing the risk–needs model has been carried out with male offenders, leading to questions about the criminogenic needs of women offenders and whether there may be women‐specific criminogenic needs.Conclusion. An overview of typical criminogenic needs, as assessed by the LSI‐R, suggests that there are probably common needs for male and female offenders. A common need does not imply that aetiology or level of importance of that need is the same for men and women, while some events, such as physical and sexual abuse, are arguably criminogenic needs for women. The implications for practice and research of understanding more about women‐specific criminogenic needs are considered.
The relative validity of psychopathy versus risk/needs‐based assessments in the prediction of adolescent offending behaviour
Authors: Marshall John , Egan Vincent , English Marie , Jones Robin M. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The predictive validity of the psychopathy checklist‐youth version (PCL:YV) and Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) for juvenile offenders were compared to examine whether a broad needs–risk tool predicted violence better than a focused individual assessment of psychopathy.Methods. 94 adolescents from residential and secure units were interviewed and assessed using the PCL:YV and YLS/CMI. Total scores were retrospectively applied to staff‐recorded incidents of violence, total number of charges and convictions and formally recorded assaults. The predictive accuracy of each tool was assessed using correlational and receiver operator characteristic analyses.Results. The PCL:YV was a better predictor of staff‐recorded violence than the YLS/CMI; both instruments were similar in their ability to predict total number of charges and convictions and assaults. When subdivided by gender, the correlations for predicting staff recorded violence in male participants were significantly higher than for female participants for both test instruments. Both instruments were broadly equivalent in their association with assaults and charges and convictions by gender.Conclusion. The PCL:YV is a better predictor of recorded violence than the YLS/CMI, but for charges and convictions and assaults, the YLS/CMI and PCL:YV were comparable for UK adolescent offenders. When recalculated to exclude the likelihood of predictor–criterion overlap, the results were the same. These findings are discussed in relation to the value of using risk–needs assessment instruments as compared with scales with a more psychopathological and personality focus.
When stereotypes backfire: Trying to suppress stereotypes produces false recollections of a crime
Authors: Peters Maarten J. V. , Jelicic Marko , Merckelbach Harald 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. This study examined whether participants' memories of a racially neutral crime story are influenced by stereotypes and the instruction to suppress stereotypes while reading the crime story. We expected that participants who saw a photograph of a foreign group (negative stereotype prime) and were given the instruction to suppress stereotypes before reading a crime story would make significantly more stereotype‐consistent errors on a recognition test than participants who received a neutral prime and a suppression instruction.Methods. Participants were 88 undergraduate students (59 women) who were randomly allocated to the cells of a 2 (negative stereotype versus neutral prime)×2 (thought suppression versus control) between‐subjects design. The dependent variables were recognition of accurate items, stereotype‐consistent items and confabulation items.Results. The critical stereotype × suppression interaction was statistically significant for false recognition of non‐presented stereotype‐consistent items. Simple effect analyses of the suppression condition showed that participants who were primed with a negative stereotype made more stereotype‐consistent recognition errors than those who had been exposed to a neutral prime.Conclusions. Stereotypes not only make cognitive processing easier, but might also contribute to recognition errors when people do what they often are told to do in the legal arena: suppress stereotypical thinking.
The measurement of concern about victims: Empathy, victim advocacy and the Victim Concern Scale (VCS)
Authors: Clements Carl B. , Brannen Dia N. , Kirkley Shalene M. , Gordon Trina M. , Church Wesley T. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. In a series of studies, the authors developed the Victim Concern Scale (VCS) to assess levels of concern for diverse types of crime victims. The goal was to derive a psychometrically sound instrument and to assess victim concern in relation to other crime‐related attitudes and victim advocacy endorsements.Methods. Through several scale iterations, participant responses to the VCS were examined. Participants also completed measures of empathy and provided judgments about specific victim/crime scenarios. In addition, in two large samples (college [N = 276] and community [N = 478]), victim concern was compared with other attitudes, attributions and participant demographics.Results. Participants readily distinguished among different victims. Four factors emerged from the VCS. Raters endorsed the highest levels of concern for victims of violent crimes and the lowest level for ‘culpable’ victims. Women and older respondents showed higher levels of concern across all categories of victims. Both victim concern and emotional empathy influenced advocacy responses to victimization. Victim concern was unrelated to such traits and attitudes as authoritarianism, political ideology or punishment goals; moreover, a high level of concern for victims did not preclude endorsement of rehabilitative goals for offenders.Conclusions. The VCS appears to be a valid instrument for assessing levels of concern for victims. It differs meaningfully from measures of general empathy. The VCS could be used to assess differential attitudes across demographic groups or as a measure of change following exposure to educational or other persuasive intervention.
Three-Point Bending of Rat Femur in the Mediolateral Direction: Introduction and Validation of a Novel Biomechanical Testing Protocol
Authors: Leppänen Olli , Sievänen Harri , Jokihaara Jarkko , Pajamäki Ilari , Järvinen Teppo LN 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mediolateral three-point bending of the rat midfemur was developed to enable the assessment of the mechanical competence of the elliptic bone cross-section in terms of its widest diameter, the apparent primary direction of bone adaptation to loading.
Introduction: Today, the most commonly used method to characterize the biomechanical properties of appendicular long bones is the three-point bending testing of the midfemur in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. However, as the diameter of the elliptic cross-section of femoral diaphysis is widest in the orthogonal mediolateral (ML) direction, the femoral diaphysis should also show the highest resistance to bending along this direction. The objective of this study was thus to introduce and validate a mechanical testing protocol for femoral midshaft along the ML direction.
Materials and Methods: To determine the repeatability of the novel testing protocol, 38 pairs of rat femora underwent a comprehensive structural analysis by pQCT followed by ML three-point bending. For comparison of the repeatability, corresponding tests were performed on the femoral neck. To validate the novel testing direction, the left hindlimb of 24 rats was neurectomized for 6 months, whereas the right limb served as an intact control. After excision, one half of these pairs of femora were randomly subjected to three-point bending test in the conventional AP direction and the remaining in the orthogonal ML direction.
Results: The precision (CVrms) of breaking load, stiffness, and energy absorption of the femoral midshaft in the ML direction was 3.8%, 6.6%, and 14.5%, respectively. The corresponding values for femoral neck compression test were 7.6%, 17.9%, and 18.7%, respectively. The loading-induced effect on the femoral midshaft (difference between the neurectomized [nonloaded] and contralateral intact [loaded] femur) was +2.2%, +1.9%, and +2.1% in the AP direction and −18.9%, −17.6%, and −20.3% in the ML direction (p &lt; 0.01 for all comparisons), respectively.
Conclusions: Our results show that testing of rat femoral midshaft in the ML direction is a precise and biologically valid method to determine the structural strength of this widely used skeletal site in experimental bone research.
Differentiation-Inducing Factor-1 Alters Canonical Wnt Signaling and Suppresses Alkaline Phosphatase Expression in Osteoblast-Like Cell Lines
Authors: Matsuzaki Etsuko , Takahashi-Yanaga Fumi , Miwa Yoshikazu , Hirata Masato , Watanabe Yutaka , Sato Noriharu , Morimoto Sachio , Hirofuji Takao , Maeda Katsumasa , Sasaguri Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Because DIF-1 has been shown to affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the effects of DIF-1 on osteoblast-like cell lines, SaOS-2 and MC3T3-E1, were examined. We found that DIF-1 inhibited this pathway, resulting in the suppression of ALP promoter activity through the TCF/LEF binding site.
Introduction: Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), a morphogen of Dictyostelium, inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell differentiation in several mammalian cells. Previous studies showed that DIF-1 activated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, suggesting that this chemical could affect the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This pathway has been shown to be involved in bone biology.
Materials and Methods: We studied the effects of DIF-1 on SaOS-2 and MC3T3-E1, osteosarcoma cell lines widely used as a model system for ostoblastic cells and murine osteoblast-like cell line, respectively. Reporter gene assays were also carried out to examine the effect of DIF-1 on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Results: DIF-1 inhibited SaOS-2 proliferation and reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in a concentration- and a time-dependent manner. The expression of ALP was markedly suppressed by DIF-1-treatment in protein and mRNA levels. DIF-1 also suppressed the expression of other osteoblast differentiation markers, including core binding factor α1, type I collagen, and osteocalcin, in protein and mRNA levels and inhibited osteoblast-mediated mineralization. Subsequently, we examined the effect of DIF-1 on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We found that DIF-1 suppressed the expression of β-catenin protein and the activity of the reporter gene containing T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF) consensus binding sites. We examined the effect of DIF-1 on a reporter gene driven by the human ALP promoter and found that DIF-1 significantly reduced the ALP reporter gene activity through the TCF/LEF binding site (−1023/−1017 bp). Furthermore, the effect of DIF-1 on MC3T3-E1, a murine osteoblast-like cell line, was examined, and it was found that DIF-1 suppressed ALP mRNA expression by the reduction of the ALP reporter gene activity through the TCF/LEF binding site.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that DIF-1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, resulting in the suppression of ALP promoter activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze the role of the TCF/LEF binding site (−1023/−1017 bp) of the ALP gene promoter in osteoblast-like cell lines.
Peak Bone Mass After Exposure to Antenatal Betamethasone and Prematurity: Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Dalziel Stuart R , Fenwick Sheryl , Cundy Tim , Parag Varsha , Beck Thomas J , Rodgers Anthony , Harding Jane E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Small birth size is associated with reduced adult bone mass. We determined if antenatal betamethasone exposure, birth weight, or prematurity affects peak bone mass in 174 adults. Antenatal betamethasone exposure did not. Lower birth weight and prematurity predicted reduced adult height. Slower fetal growth rather than prematurity predicted lower bone mass, but this lower bone mass was appropriate for reduced adult height.
Introduction: Small size at birth is reported to be associated with lower bone mass in adulthood. However, previous studies have not distinguished the relative contributions of length of gestation and fetal growth to size at birth. Fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoids has been proposed as a core mechanism underlying the associations between birth size and later disease risk. Antenatal glucocorticoids are given to pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery for the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in their infants. We determined the relationship of antenatal exposure to betamethasone, birth weight, and prematurity to peak bone mass and femoral geometry in the adult survivors of the first randomized trial of antenatal glucocorticoids.
Materials and Methods: We studied 174 young adults (mean age, 31 years) whose mothers participated in a randomized trial of antenatal betamethasone. Mothers received two doses of intramuscular betamethasone or placebo 24 h apart. Two thirds of participants were born preterm (&lt;37 weeks gestation). We measured indices of bone mass and size and derived estimates of volumetric density and bone geometry from DXA assessments of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body.
Results: There were no differences between betamethasone-exposed and placebo-exposed groups in any of the lumbar spine, femur, or total body DXA measures. There was no effect of antenatal betamethasone on adult height, although leg length was increased relative to trunk length (p = 0.002). A lighter birth weight (p ≤ 0.001) and lower gestational age (p = 0.013) were associated with shorter stature (height Z scores) at age 31 years. Prematurity had no effect on peak bone mass or femoral geometry. However, lower birth weight, independent of gestational age, was associated with lower later bone mass (p &lt; 0.001 for lumbar spine and total body, p = 0.003 for femoral neck BMC). These effects on bone mass were related to bone size and not to estimates of volumetric density. In the femur, lower birth weight, independent of gestational age, was associated with narrowing of the upper shaft and narrow neck regions.
Conclusions: Antenatal betamethasone exposure does not affect peak bone mass or femoral geometry in adulthood. Birth weight and prematurity predict adult height, but it is slower fetal growth, rather than prematurity, that predicts lower peak bone mass. The lower peak bone mass in those born small is appropriate for their adult height.
Looking for Identity in the Muslim World
Authors: SHIVELY KIM 
Published: July 2006

Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt. Lila Abu‐Lughod. Chicago: University Chicago Press, 2005. 319 pp.Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Eric Davis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 385 pp.Religion, Social Practice, and Contested Hegemonies: Reconstructing the Public Sphere in Muslim Majority Societies. Armando Salvatore and Mark LeVine, eds. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. 249 pp.Contesting Rituals: Islam and Practices of Identity Making. Pamela Stewart and Andrew Strathern, eds. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. 239 pp.
The Archaeology of the Colonized; An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa
Authors: LaVIOLETTE ADRIA 
Published: July 2006

The Archaeology of the Colonized. Michael Given. New York: Routledge, 2004. 187 pp.An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa. Gavin Lucas. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 2004. 223 pp.