bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Carrier-transporting Properties of 5,10-Dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-10,10-diphenyl-1,9-diazasilanthrene
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Wakida Mayuko , Saito Katsuhiro , Suto Michitaka , Matsushita Yosuke , Naka Shigeki , Okada Hiroyuki , Onnagawa Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The title compound was synthesized and investigated as an electron-transporting and hole-blocking material for an organic electroluminescent (EL) device. EL efficiency of the phosphorescent device indicated a good performance of the hole-blocking ability of the compound. The maximum external quantum efficiency was recorded as 14.9% at a low current density of 0.03 mA cm−2.
Synthesis and Characterization of Environmentally Benign Nontoxic Pigments: RE2Mo2O9 (RE = La or Pr)
Authors: George Giable , George Gisha , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
New inorganic pigments based on rare earth molybdenum mixed oxides: RE2Mo2O9 (RE = La or Pr) have been synthesized with a goal of preparing environmentally secure colorants. Characterizations using XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy, and CIE 1976 color coordinates assessment reveals the formation of compounds displaying colors: white for La2Mo2O9 and yellow-green for Pr2Mo2O9. The prepared pigments consisting of nontoxic elements and further found to be thermally and chemically stable.
Organizational Science and the NSF: Funding for Mutual Benefit
Authors: Jelinek Mariann , Griffith Terri L. 
Published: November 2005

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary federal agency funding nonmedical research in the United States. However, relatively few organizational researchers consider approaching the agency, despite the funds it has available. It is easy to understand why: The agency has a reputation for preferring “hard science” and quantitative approaches, and there is no obvious home for organizational studies in the agency. NSF programs appear to recognize psychological and small-group research on the one hand, and sociological research on the other, with little emphasis on organizations. There are, however, several programs that have funded research on organizations, or relevant to organizations. Additionally, the NSF regularly solicits advice and direction from researchers on new directions for focus and attention. We argue that organization researchers should indeed approach NSF with robust research proposals. We provide suggestions for finding an appropriate application “home” within NSF. We also discuss the process of proposal preparation, offering suggestions on how to prepare a persuasive proposal, with comments on how the review process works. Finally, we close with a clarion call for organization researchers to help NSF understand the importance of organizations, and thus of organization research, to the whole array of the agency’s other research interests—to the effective practice of science; to organizing human activity, including economic and educational activity; and to management and governance of human activities in general. As such, we argue, NSF has a stake in organizational research—and organizational researchers have a stake in NSF.
Characterization of a New Certified Reference Material for Human Cardiac Troponin I
Authors: Bunk David M , Welch Michael J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground: To address the continuing need for the standardization of clinical human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays, NIST, with the assistance of the AACC/IFCC Cardiac Troponin I Standardization Committee, has developed a new certified reference material, Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2921: Human Cardiac Troponin Complex.Methods: The concentration of cTnI in SRM 2921 was determined through a combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet detection and amino acid analysis. Characterization of the intact troponin subunits was accomplished through reversed-phase LC coupled with mass spectrometry. Posttranslational modifications to the cTnI in SRM 2921 were investigated by combining proteolytic digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, reference concentration values for cTnT and cTnC were also determined.Results: The concentration of human cTnI in SRM 2921 is 31.2 (1.4) mg/L (where 1.4 mg/L is the uncertainty at a 95% level of confidence), as certified through a method that provides traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Reference concentration values of the cTnT and cTnC subunits were determined to be 36.9 (3.8) mg/L and 24.2 (1.3) mg/L, respectively.Conclusions: This first cTnI reference material should provide SI traceability to clinical cTnI assays once commutability has been validated, and could assist in the international harmonization of cTnI assays as a tool for understanding the underlying causes of interassay variability.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Program for Managing Social Anxiety After Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Hodgson Janet , McDonald Skye , Tate Robyn , Gertler Paul 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDespite the prevalence of psychiatric illness in people with acquired brain injury (ABI), there are very few empirically validated studies examining the efficacy of treatments targeting commonly occurring disorders such as depression and anxiety. Using a randomised controlled trial, this study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive behavioural intervention specifically designed for managing social anxiety following ABI. Twelve brain-injured participants were screened, randomly allocated to either treatment group (TG) or a wait list group (WLG), and proceeded through to the final stages of therapy. The TG received between 9 and 14 hourly, individual sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant improvements in general anxiety, depression and a transient mood measure, tension-anxiety, for the TG when compared to the WLG at posttreatment. These treatment gains were maintained at one-month follow-up. Although in the predicted direction, postintervention improvements in social anxiety and self-esteem for the TG were not significant in comparison with the WLG. This study lends support to the small body of literature highlighting the potential of cognitive behavioural interventions for managing the psychological problems that serve as a barrier to rehabilitation following ABI.
Exploring Time of Day Effects on Mini-Mental State Examination Performance in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline
Authors: Brown Michelle A. , Newson Margaret , Haworth Judy , Wilcock Gordon K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNeuropsychological assessment plays a prominent role in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other cognitive impairments. Increasingly, neuropsychological test results are also used to guide clinicians in the prescription of anti-dementia medication. There is evidence to suggest that the cognitive ability of an individual with AD may vary over the course of a day. If time of day can influence an individual's performance on cognitive tests, then it could potentially affect his or her diagnosis and eligibility for treatment. This study set out to explore the effect of time of day on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) performance in individuals with AD and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline (AACD). No significant effect of time of day (TOD) on Folstein MMSE performance was found. However, some interesting results were highlighted and future research suggested. Overall, the study does not provide evidence that time of day needs to be considered when interpreting the result of a short cognitive screening test.
How Do You Know Whether Your Patient Is Getting Better (or Worse)? A User's Guide
Authors: Perdices Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIt is important to know when improvement or deterioration in cognitive function occurs. Until fairly recently neuropsychologists have made these judgments clinically, with little resort to empirical methods. In addition to the issue of whether a change in performance is reliable, there is also the consideration of whether it is clinically significant. This article briefly discusses these concepts, reviews the most common methods for determining reliability in change in test scores, considers their use in the broader clinical context, and illustrates their application with reference to an actual database.
Lysophosphatidic acid affinity chromatography reveals pyruvate kinase as a specific LPA-binding protein
Authors: Desmaret Sophie , Qian Lian , Vanloo Berlinda , Meerschaert Kris , Van Damme Jozef , Grooten Johan , Vandekerckhove Joël , Prestwich Glenn D. , Gettemans Jan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractLysophosphatidic acid is a pleiotropic lipid signalingmolecule that evokes a broad array of cellular responses including proliferation, tumor cell invasion, neurite retraction, cytoskeletal rearrangements and smooth muscle contraction. Generally, lysophosphatidic acid triggers physiological responses through interaction with specific plasma membrane receptors called LPA 1–4. There is, however, increasing evidence in support of intracellular proteins that interact with LPA. We employed Affigel-immobilized LPA to isolate cytoplasmic proteins that interact with this lysophospholipid. Among the proteins retained by this affinity matrix, pyruvate kinase, clathrin heavy chain and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were identified by mass spectrometry. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that pyruvate kinase contains onebinding site for LPA (Kaapprox. 106 M-1). Furthermore, LPA dissociates enzymatically active pyruvate-kinase tetramers into less active dimers, and is maximally active at concentrations close to its critical micelle concentration. These effects were not mimicked by other lysophospholipids. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that pyruvate kinase interacts with clathrin, and confocal imaging revealed co-localization between clathrin and pyruvate kinase in the perinuclear region of cells. Our data suggest that pyruvate kinase partly exists in complex with clathrin in subcellular membranous areas, and that locally increased LPA levels can trigger inactivation of the metabolic enzyme.
Mycobacterial Infection in Laboratory-Maintained Atlantic Menhaden
Authors: Stine Cynthia B. , Baya Ana M. , Salierno James D. , Kollner Mary , Kane Andrew S. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Mycobacteriosis can be a chronic wasting disease found in many species of fish examined from wild-caught, cultured, and aquarium-reared populations. An Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus with an open ulcer from a wild-caught, laboratory-maintained population was sampled for microbiology. Mycobacterium spp. was recovered from the ulcer and M. fortuitum complex was recovered from the spleen of this fish. Subsequently, 20 additional fish were subsampled from this population to determine the prevalence of the infection. Bacteriology samples were taken from the brain, liver, and kidney. Spleens were homogenized and plated on media enriched for mycobacterial growth, full necropsies were performed, and samples were taken for histology. Bacteriology results showed 100% of the fish in the subsample were infected with mycobacteria. Three species of mycobacteria were isolated from the spleen tissues: M. marinum, M. fortuitum complex, and M. gordonae. Histology results revealed that granulomas, characteristic of mycobacteriosis, were most prevalent in livers but were also found in spleens, posterior kidneys, and hearts. This report adds Atlantic menhaden to the list of species susceptible to mycobacteria.
Estimation of Pathogen Prevalence in Pooled Samples Using Maximum Likelihood Methods and Open-Source Software
Authors: Williams Christopher J. , Moffitt Christine M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
We provide the computer program code to estimate pathogen prevalence and calculate confidence intervals for estimates based on maximum likelihood methods for the open-source statistical and graphics package R and a commercially licensed statistical package, the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). We correct a previously published SAS program to allow use of newer versions of the SAS software and provide a second SAS program that will work in either version of SAS. All of the programs allow users to calculate prevalence from any number of pooled samples representing different numbers of individuals, and two of these programs allow users to make estimates from data pools that are entirely test-positive or test-negative.
Identification and First Documentation of Larval Rockfishes in Southeast Alaskan Waters Was Possible Using Mitochondrial Markers but Not Pigmentation Patterns
Authors: Gray Andrew K. , Kendall Arthur W. , Wing Bruce L. , Carls Mark G. , Heifetz Jonathan , Li Zhuozhuo , Gharrett Anthony J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMore than 30 species of rockfish (genus Sebastes) occur in Alaskan waters, but their larvae generally cannot be identified by morphology. Consequently, knowledge of life histories is incomplete for this commercially and ecologically valuable taxon, and the locations and habitats of the larvae of specific species have not been determined. We used mitochondrial DNA markers, which now can delineate most Alaskan rockfishes, to identify larvae collected in ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in Southeast Alaskan waters. We report the occurrence of 15 species or species groups. Sebastes zacentrus (sharpchin rockfish), S. proriger (redstripe rockfish), and members of the indistinguishable group S. variegatus (harlequin rockfish)−S. wilsoni (pygmy rockfish)−S. emphaeus (Puget Sound rockfish) were observed every year and in most collections in Chatham Strait and along western Prince of Wales Island. Sebastes zacentrus was abundant only in Chatham Strait; S. auriculatus (brown rockfish) and S. elongatus (greenstriped rockfish) were abundant only along Prince of Wales Island. All of the larvae detected occur in Southeast Alaskan waters as adults. In addition, we investigated whether pigmentation patterns can be used for visual identification. Larvae were divided into groups of similar pigmentation distribution and identified by means of mitochondrial markers. Pigment patterns on preflexion larvae do not appear to offer an effective way of identifying the species. Only the patterns of S. maliger (quillback rockfish) and S. caurinus (copper rockfish) in the subgenus Pteropodus were unique, and those patterns may be diagnostic for that subgenus. Intraspecific variation in pigmentation probably reflects a combination of ontogenetic change and adaptive responses to environmental variation.
PEPA‐1* Genotype Affects Return Rate for Hatchery Steelhead
Authors: Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Hayes Michael C. , Rubin Stephen P. , Wetzel Lisa A. , Baker Bruce M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAllozymes continue to be useful as genetic markers in a variety of studies; however, their utility often hinges on the selective neutrality of the allelic variation. Our study tested for neutrality between the two most common alleles (*100and *110) at the cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase locus (PEPA‐1*) in steelheadOncorhynchus mykissfrom Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Idaho. We tested for differential growth and survival among fish with the *100/100, *100/110, and *110/110genotypes rearing in a hatchery or a natural stream. We repeated the study for two year‐classes, using heterozygous (*100/110) adults to make the experimental crosses. This design avoided differences in family contribution among genotypes because each cross produced all three genotypes. We divided the progeny from each family into two groups. One group was reared in a hatchery for 1 year and then released for migration to the sea and subsequent return to the hatchery as adults. The other group was released into a natural stream and monitored for 3 years. We found no significant differences in size or survival amongPEPA‐1* genotypes for either the naturally reared fish or the hatchery‐reared fish immediately prior to release as smolts. For females, survival to returning adult also was similar among genotypes; however, hatchery‐reared males with the *110/110genotype returned at a higher rate than did males with the *100/100genotype; heterozygous males were intermediate. These results indicate that selection occurs at thePEPA‐1* locus or at one or more loci tightly linked to it. The finding of nearly equal frequencies for these two alleles in the source population suggests that selection differentials among genotypes reverse or vary from year to year; otherwise, steady directional selection would drive the *100allele to low frequencies or extinction. LocusPEPA‐1* seems inappropriate for genetic marks in studies of steelhead that span the full life cycle and probably should be avoided for any portion of the life cycle. Inferences about gene flow and population structure from studies that are substantially influenced byPEPA‐1* allele frequencies might be misleading.
Improvement of Bioenergetics Model Predictions for Fish Undergoing Compensatory Growth
Authors: Whitledge Gregory W. , Bajer Przemyslaw G. , Hayward Robert S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA previous evaluation of a bioenergetics model applied to juvenile hybrid sunfish (F1 hybrid of female green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus × male bluegill L. macrochirus) undergoing compensatory growth (CG) indicated that the model substantially overestimated growth and underestimated cumulative consumption. This result suggested that fish bioenergetics models might not adequately account for physiological shifts that occur during CG. However, we demonstrate that application of a recently developed procedure for correcting consumption‐ and growth‐rate‐dependent systematic errors common among bioenergetics models negates much of the predictive error that had been attributed to the physiological complexities of CG. Correction equations for estimating the model‐relative growth rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed mean daily consumption rate (g · g−1 · d−1) and the consumption rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed relative growth rate (g · g−1 · d−1) were derived by applying linear regression analysis to data from individual hybrid sunfish not undergoing CG. These independently generated correction equations significantly improved model predictions of growth and cumulative consumption for three groups of fish undergoing CG at one temperature near their growth optimum. The findings indicate that the high consumption and growth rates characteristic of fish undergoing CG merely amplify the consumption‐ and growth‐rate‐dependent errors inherent in bioenergetics models and that model predictions for fish undergoing CG can be significantly improved through application of the correction procedure.
Seasonal Consumptive Demand and Prey Use by Stocked Saugeyes in Ohio Reservoirs
Authors: Denlinger Jonathan C. Sieber , Hale R. Scott , Stein Roy A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCommunity structure and species composition may be strongly influenced by predator– prey interactions resulting from and leading to episodes of population abundance or scarcity. We quantified diets of stocked saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus × male sauger S. canadensis) and estimated biomass of their primary prey, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, in three Ohio reservoirs at quarterly intervals during July 2002–July 2003 to determine whether saugeye consumptive demand could exceed the supply of available gizzard shad prey, resulting in a shift to alternative prey. We incorporated water temperature and saugeye diet composition, growth, and mortality into walleye bioenergetics models, which allowed us to compare estimated prey‐specific consumption rates by saugeyes with gizzard shad standing stocks estimated with acoustics. Spring and summer were critical seasons. During spring, gizzard shad biomass was low, saugeye consumptive demand was low, and saugeyes consumed primarily alternative prey. During summer, when age‐0 gizzard shad became available as prey, saugeyes consumed similar proportions of gizzard shad and alternative prey. Saugeye cumulative consumptive demand in summer was high and approached the gizzard shad standing stock. However, during fall and winter, gizzard shad supply was adequate to support high (fall) or declining (winter) saugeye consumptive demand. Across reservoirs and seasons, saugeyes consumed alternative prey to varying degrees, primarily sunfishes Lepomis spp., yellow perch Perca flavescens, logperch Percina caprodes, and minnows Pimephales spp. Seasonal asynchrony between saugeye consumptive demand and gizzard shad biomass during spring and summer indicated that a saugeye population with high survival, growth, and consumptive demand will opportunistically increase use of prey other than gizzard shad. The manner in which saugeye predation quantitatively influences these prey species could not be assessed. However, overexploitation of gizzard shad prey appears to be unlikely at current saugeye population sizes, particularly considering the opportunistic use of alternative prey and the high reproductive potential of gizzard shad.
Synchronous Hermaphroditism and Self‐Fertilization in a Captive Shortnose Sturgeon
Authors: Henne James P. , Ware Kent M. , Wayman William R. , Bakal Robert S. , Horváth Ákos 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum is a federally listed endangered fish species endemic to the East Coast of North America, where captive fish are cultured for recovery efforts. During routine evaluations of broodfish for spawning potential, a single hermaphroditic shortnose sturgeon was discovered. Motile sperm and approximately 7,600 eggs were manually stripped from the individual simultaneously. Eggs were fertilized with the fish's own sperm (self‐fertilized) and with the sperm of two unrelated males (cross‐fertilized). Both self‐ and cross‐fertilization procedures were successful. Viable fry hatched from 9% of the eggs produced by self‐fertilization and from 2% of those produced by cross‐fertilization. Fry survival through 180 d posthatch was 1% in the self‐fertilization treatment and 11% in the cross‐fertilization treatment. Endoscopic evaluation of gonads confirmed the presence of ovotestes with discrete regions of active testicular and ovarian tissues. The present account provides empirical evidence including gross anatomical and histological photodocumentation that advances knowledge of this rare condition in a fish species threatened with extinction.