bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MECHANISM OF THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF CLOMID® ON AROMATIZATION OF STEROIDS BY HUMAN PLACENTA IN VITRO
Authors: Hagerman Dwain D. , Smith Olive W. , Day Caroline F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro rate of conversion of testosterone to oestrone and oestradiol by a preparation of human placental microsomes was increased by the addition of Clomid®*. The effect was a function of the amount of Clomid added, the maximum observed being 1.6 times that in control vessels containing no Clomid.
Of the cis-trans isomers of Clomid, the form designated as isomer A was three times as effective as isomer B in accelerating aromatization. The minimal effective concentration of the mixed isomers in the incubation mixture was 0.2 mm.
The mechanism of this effect was shown to be a noncompetitive inhibition of the NADPH:Cytochrome c oxidoreductase system, thereby interfering with a major route of NADPH disposition in the microsomes and increasing the availability of NADPH for the aromatization reaction.
The findings suggest a possible mechanism for a direct stimulatory influence of Clomid upon the ovarian biosynthesis of oestrogens in vivo, although the concentration of the drug required for significant acceleration of placental aromatization in vitro was considerably greater than its probable concentration in ovarian tissue following Clomid administration to women.
EINE NEUE METHODE ZUR PRÜFUNG ANTIANDROGEN WIRKSAMER SUBSTANZEN AN WEIBLICHEN RATTEN
Authors: Neumann F. , Elger W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is demonstrated that the effects of testosterone propionate in female rats can be inhibited by a potent anti-androgenic compound, viz. 1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-diene-17α-ol-3,20-dione (= Cyproterone). Uterine and preputial growth, as stimulated by testosterone propionate, is inhibited by simultaneously administered Cyproterone in immature female rats, intact as well as spayed.
This method is suitable as a test for anti-androgenic compounds. It is easy to perform, and its sensitivity, accuracy and specificity are satisfactory.
INSULIN, INSULIN ANTIBODY AND GLUCOSE IN PLASMA OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC WOMEN
Authors: Jorgensen Kai R. , Deckert Torsten , Pedersen L. Mølsted , Pedersen Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The venous plasma insulin and glucose concentration was investigated in 15 diabetic and 13 non-diabetic women at birth; in the umbilical cord blood of their infants at birth; 1.5 to 6 hours after birth in the fasting state; and 5 and 30 minutes after a glucose load injected through a catheter inserted in the umbilical vein. Insulin antibodies were estimated at birth.
Antibodies were found in the maternal and the umbilical cord blood in 13 diabetic mothers who had had insulin treatment for 2–20 years, but not in 2 diabetics with, respectively, no insulin treatment, and treatment for a few days only.
In infants of non-diabetic mothers, the insulin concentration at birth was lower than that of their mothers. In infants of diabetic women the insulin concentration was much higher than that of the control infants. After glucose injection a rapid increase of the insulin concentration in the umbilical vein was demonstrated in infants of diabetic women, whereas the rise was slow in infants of non-diabetics, thus indicating a greater reactivity of insulin secretion or release in infants of diabetic women.
After glucose injection, the plasma glucose concentration in the umbilical vein rose and fell rapidly without any difference being found between the two groups, in contrast to the great differences in their insulin concentration.
INSULIN ANTIBODIES IN PREGNANT GUINEA PIGS AND IN THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Thorell Jan I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Insulin antibodies were studied in the maternal and foetal plasma of pregnant guinea pig immunized against insulin. By paper-electrophoresis an insulin binding globulin was found in mother and offspring. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic analysis showed insulin binding antibodies of three types in maternal plasma, i. e. in γ1–γ2- and γM-globulins. Foetal plasma only showed antibody activities in γ1- and γ2-globulins. The insulin binding capacity was practically identical in maternal and foetal plasma. Foetuses of passively immunized mothers also showed antibody activity in plasma. The antibody titres of amniotic fluid averaged 1/100 of the plasma titres. The disappearance of the insulin antibodies after birth was followed in six offspring. The mean of their half-lifes was 8 days.
THE TURNOVER OF INSULIN-131I IN THE GUINEA PIG FOETUS WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBODIES AGAINST INSULIN
Authors: Thorell Jan I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The turnover of insulin in the guinea pig foetus was estimated by the injection of insulin-131I into the umbilical vein of foetuses still connected to the placenta. The disappearance of the insulin-131I from foetal plasma was measured at intervals of 5 to 20 minutes after injection. The mean half-life of insulin-131I was 37 minutes in foetuses whose mothers had been immunized against insulin as compared to 11 minutes in foetuses of untreated controls. These rates of disappearance did not differ from the corresponding maternal rates.
ON THE CELLULAR SITE OF CORTICOTROPHIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Knutson Folke 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Adenine-14C was administered intravenously to rats at various times after adrenalectomy. The hypophyses were studied by means of autoradiography and differential staining and labelled cells were exactly localized and defined as to type.
It was shown that shortly after adrenalectomy the majority of labelled cells were small chromophobes. With increasing time after adrenalectomy a gradual shift appeared, first to large chromophobes and finally to amphophils (a particular type of large chromophobe). One and eight days after adrenalectomy, differential cell counts were performed on the hypophyses and the label index was determined for the cell types defined. The label index for small chromophobes was considerably reduced after eight days, whereas the label index for amphophils remained very high in spite of a marked increase in the number of these cells in the counts. No definite change in labelling could be found for acidophil and basophil cells with increasing time after adrenalectomy.
The findings indicate that cells in an active state of synthesis are in a cyclic development, i. e. small chromophobe – large chromophobe – amphophil, with increasing time after adrenalectomy. The interpretation is that chromophobe cells are involved in the new synthesis of corticotrophin (ACTH), and that during greatly increased synthesis they increase in size, finally appearing as amphophils.
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE.
Authors: Rerup Claus , Lundquist Ingmar 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Multiple serial blood glucose level determinations in individual mice were performed on small blood samples (10–25 μl) using the orbital bleeding technique. Glucose was determined specifically by a known enzymatic reaction.
Blood glucose determined in this way was found a parameter of high reproducibility and precision, the latter being shown by the finding that differences between individual animals were highly significant in practically all the experiments. The standard deviation of the single measurement in normal mice was ± 8.2 mg/100 ml as determined from 600 samples, which indicated that the technique allows of the detection of blood sugar level changes of about 15 mg/100 ml or more with very high significance, in a group of 5 mice.
In the sampling procedure as such, intravenous or subcutaneous saline injections did not necessarily have any effect on the blood glucose level, but interpretation of slight blood sugar changes under experimental conditions should always be based on a comparison with control groups, since the latter may sometimes show a slight but significant change.
In normal non-fasting mice (NMRI strain) significant differences in homoeostatic blood glucose level adjustments were demonstrated. In acutely adrenalectomized mice blood glucose levels were lower and more variable than in normals.
Alloxan injection (70 mg/kg) was followed in individual mice by a triphasic blood sugar response, as is known from other species.
THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY. VI.
Authors: Corral-Gallardo Jesus , Acevedo Hernan A. , Perez de Salazar Jose L. , Loria Manuel , Goldzieher Joseph W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Detailed clinical and biochemical studies were performed in a 22 year old woman with primary amenorrhea, virilization, bilateral sclerocystic ovarian disease and a hilar cell tumour of one ovary. By clinical, radiological and dynamic functional endocrine tests, the ovarian source of the excessive androgen production was established prior to surgery. In vivo and in vitro production of testosterone by the tumour was established as well as its ability to metabolize progesterone and 4-androstenedione to a variety of compounds. The biochemical characteristics of this tumour strongly resemble testicular tumours, even to the existence of an 11β-hydroxylase. Epitestosterone was found in the urine, and the existence of a 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the sclerocystic ovarian tissue. No oestrogen was synthesized by the tumour or the ovarian tissue under the in vitro conditions.
A METHOD OF EVALUATING CORTICOTROPHIN-INHIBITING STEROIDS
Authors: Martini L. , Giuliani G. , Motta M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A new method of testing steroid-induced corticotrophin (ACTH) suppression is described. This is based on the observation that in the rat one single injection of corticotrophin-inhibiting steroids is capable of reducing plasma corticosterone levels 4 hours after treatment.
Details are given for obtaining both a rough estimation of the »absolute« ACTH-suppressive potency of a steroid and the more accurate »relative« estimation of potency; for comparative estimations it is proposed to use dexamethasone (9α-fluoro-16α-methyl-prednisolone) as reference standard.
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF OESTROGENS
Authors: Lorenzen I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The aortic content of mucopolysaccharides and collagen was compared in female and male rabbits and in castrated and sham-operated female rabbits. Using biochemical as well as histological methods it was not possible to demonstrate any differences between the aortae under study.
UTEROTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PHENOLIC STEROIDS
Authors: Dorfman Ralph I. , Kind Fred A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The uterotrophic activity of certain steroids including 3- and/or 17-deoxy derivatives of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol and selected alkyl derivatives was determined in a three-day immature mouse test. The enhancement of oral activity but not subcutaneous activity by the introduction of a 17α-ethynyl group in place of a 17α-hydrogen was confirmed and extended. Other alkyl substituents reduced uterotrophic activity.
Significant uterotrophic activity was associated with certain 3- and/or 17-deoxy steroids. Oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol was 11% as active as oestrone by the subcutaneous route whereas 17α-oestradiol was only 3.2% as active.
THE EXCRETION OF OESTRONE-OESTRADIOL AND OESTRIOL IN NORMAL HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Lundwall F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The excretion of oestrone plus oestradiol in normal human pregnancy has been determined on the basis of 242 twenty-four hour urine samples from 16 women. Oestriol was estimated in the same urine samples and the ratio oestriol/oestrone + oestradiol was calculated. The 95% confidence limits were calculated from the 10th week of pregnancy until birth. The excretion of oestrone-oestradiol increased from about 100 μg/24 h in the 10th week to about 2000 μg/24 h around term, while oestriol increased from about 0.5 mg/24 h to about 25 mg/24 h.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PHENYLPROPIONATE ON THE INCORPORATION OF FORMATE-14C-NA INTO VARIOUS ORGANS OF CASTRATED RATS
Authors: Jakubovič Alexander , Čekan Zdeněk 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The changes in the weight and metabolism of certain organs of castrated infantile rats were investigated at different time intervals following one single administration of 1 and 8 mg of testosterone phenylpropionate respectively. Metabolic changes were studied on the basis of the rate of incorporation of formate-14C-Na, both into the soluble, protein and also into the nucleic acids and lipid fractions. After the administration of the androgen the increase in 14C incorporation into the soluble fraction, into nucleic acids and into the proteins of musculus levator ani, seminal vesicles and prostate starts before a weight increase can be observed. Changes in the weight and metabolism of the liver, kidney and musculus soleus induced by testosterone phenylpropionate are negligible as compared to its effect on the target organs.
A STUDY OF HUMAN TESTICULAR FUNCTION BY THE USE OF HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN AND OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN MALE HYPOGONADOTROPHIC EUNUCHOIDISM AND INFANTILISM
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two adult men with severe hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (persisting infantilism) were observed during long-term treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) (23 and 6 months respectively) followed by treatment with human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) (for 7 and 12 months) and finally by combined treatment with HMG plus HCG (for 12 and 9 months). A study of hormone excretion, testicular biopsies and the clinical course showed that HMG given alone had little effect. Development of the testicular tubules was dependent upon the addition of HCG to the HMG, and the combined treatment induced a complete gonadal maturation. This LH action is presumably a direct effect on the tubules rather than indirect through Leydig cell stimulation. HMG acts synergistically with HCG in Leydig cell stimulation, and the results thus indicate a close interaction between FSH and LH on all testicular elements. No lasting effect of the long-term treatment was found. HMG has no antigenic properties in the human.
THE GOITROGENIC EFFECT OF NATURALLY OCCURRING L-5-VINYL- AND L-5-PHENYL-2-THIO-OXAZOLIDONE IN RATS
Authors: Krusius F-E. , Peltola Pentti 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
L-5-vinyl-2-thio-oxazolidone (VTO), found in the seeds of cruciferous weeds and in milk specimens from the endemic goitre districts of Finland, was fed to rats. A dose of 0.1 μg/day had an almost significant and of 0.5 μg/day a significant weight-increasing effect on the thyroid in 1—15 weeks. The quantities of VTO found in milk specimens from endemic goitre districts of Finland are greater than the concentration of VTO in drinking fluid necessary for producing enlargement of the thyroid in rats. The minute daily oral doses of VTO that led to enlargement of the thyroid did not inhibit the radioiodine uptake of the gland. The smallest single oral dose of VTO which inhibited the 4-h radioiodine uptake in the rat thyroid was 0.1 mg (almost significant) and 0.5 mg (significant), i. e. about 1000 times greater than the smallest daily amount which produced thyroid enlargement in long-term administration. The inhibition seemed to last for less than 8 hours. The goitrogenic activity of milk to which VTO had been added was still present after storage for one day, though VTO was no longer demonstrable by the chemical method of assay generally employed.
L-5-phenyl-2-thio-oxazolidone (PTO), a compound also occurring naturally in weeds of the Cruciferae family, when administered to rats in doses as low as 2 μg/day in long-term experiments, caused a distinct increase in relative thyroid weight, which appeared from 1 to 9 weeks after the start of the experiments. In the radioiodine tests, there were no clear-cut differences as compared with the control series.
The results with both compounds show that the inhibition in the radioiodine uptake test after a single dose is too insensitive a method for the detection of minute amounts of goitrogens with a thiouracil-type of activity in foodstuffs.
ELEKTROGRAPHISCHE SCHNELLMETHODE ZUM BIOLOGISCHEN NACHWEIS VON CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: Krüskemper H. L. , Reichertz P. , Morgner K. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The
electrogram of the adrenal gland in normal adult male Wistarrats, recorded with a direct current amplifier, showed definite potential differences when corticotrophin was injected intravenously in a dose of ≥ 0.1 U/kg. In rats, whose endogenous ACTH-secretion had been blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, the sensitivity of the electrographic technique in assaying ACTH could be lowered to 1.0 mU/kg, i. e. ~ 0.2 mU/animal.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC TOLBUTAMIDE ADMINISTRATION ON GROWTH AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: Scherz Deborah , Lawrence A. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the present study the chronic administration of tolbutamide to weanling rats was associated with evidence of accelerated skeletal growth as shown by increased tibial epiphyseal cartilage width and tail length.
It is proposed that tolbutamide-induced hyperinsulinism may have augmented daily growth hormone output in the treated rats secondary to recurring hypoglycaemia and that increased growth hormone output may also have contributed to transient glucose intolerance observed in these animals.
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
Authors: Karlson P. , Sekeris C. E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Some recent hypotheses on the mode of action of hormones are reviewed. One concept, arising from experiments with artificially cleaved ribonuclease, namely that hormones may »complete« some proteins to form an active enzyme, is regarded as unlikely. Moreover, the idea that hormones act as »allosteric effectors« of enzymes is not well substantiated. A third hypothesis, i. e. that hormones may act as gene activators, is discussed at some length. Gene activation would lead to production of messenger-RNA and induced enzyme synthesis. For ecdysone, the moulting hormone of insects, every step of this reaction sequence has been demonstrated experimentally.
THE PARATHYROIDS IN CORTICOSTEROID-TREATED PREGNANT RATS AND THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Hansson C. Göran , Angervall Lennart 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Geometrically increasing doses of cortisone (0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 mg twice daily) were injected into pregnant rats, and the volume, nuclear diameters and mitotic rate of the maternal parathyroids as well as the parathyroid volume and mitotic rate in the foetuses were determined. The nuclear diameters were if anything smaller and the mitotic rate tended to decrease in the cortisone treated groups. There were no significant differences between the parathyroid volumes of the foetuses in the control and cortisone-treated groups. Thus, it seems that the development of the rat foetal parathyroids and the morphology of the maternal parathyroids are little affected if at all, by cortisone.
SPECIFIC UPTAKE OF OESTROGENS BY THE MOUSE UTERUS IN VITRO
Authors: Terenius Lars 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The uterus as well as slices from the diaphragm of immature mice were incubated in vitro with tritium-labelled oestrogens. The active oestrogens, 17β-oestradiol and meso-hexoestrol, were preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The racemic isomer of hexoestrol which is less oestrogenic than the meso-isomer was not preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The addition of non-radioactive 17α- or 17β-oestradiol, meso- or racemic hexoestrol inhibited the uptake of 17β-oestradiol-3H by the uterus but not by the diaphragm. The most oestrogenic isomer found was the one most effective in inhibiting uptake. Prior injection of 17β-oestradiol in vivo inhibited the uptake in vitro of 17β-oestradiol-3H. It is concluded that the uptake of oestrogens by the mouse uterus in vitro is stereospecific in the same way as the uptake in vivo.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF THE RELEASE MECHANISM FOR VASOPRESSIN IN RATS
Authors: Thorn N. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A study was made of the release of vasopressin activity from groups of isolated posterior pituitary hemilobes of rats, incubated in media with different ionic compositions and with different drugs added to the medium.
Nicotine, amyl nitrite and ATP, which have been reported to cause a large in vivo release of hormone had no significant releasing effect in vitro. Caffeine too did not cause any release of hormone activity.
About 5% of the vasopressin activity extractable from the isolated posterior pituitary hemilobes was released during stimulation with a high concentration of potassium in the medium. No more than this percentage could be mobilized during such a stimulation, even after further subdivision of the posterior pituitary glands, prolongation of the stimulation period or after increasing the calcium concentration in the medium five-fold.
No release into the medium of vasopressin binding protein could be demonstrated during stimulation of vasopressin release.
The results seem to be in agreement with the hypothesis that the release of vasopressin is intimately associated with arrival of impulses to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland and that it takes place from a small pool of readily available hormone, presumably by dissociation of the hormone from the carrier protein.
PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) FROM HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN (HMG)
Authors: Eshkol Aliza , Lunenfeld B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Effects of a biologically apparently pure human urinary FSH preparation on the ovaries and uteri of intact infantile mice are described. This study indicates that such an FSH preparation stimulates follicular development and ovarian weight increase. Despite significant ovarian stimulation, the uteri of animals so treated remain infantile.
MAINTENANCE BY OESTRONE AND PROGESTERONE OF DECIDUOMAL GROWTH IN RATS GIVEN METHALLIBURE (I. C. I. 33,828)
Authors: Harper M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Deciduomal growth was stimulated in rats by inserting a silk thread into the lumen of one uterine horn on day 5 of pseudopregnancy. The degree of response was evaluated at autopsy on day 9. Deciduomal growth under such conditions was found to be reduced by the administration of methallibure (I. C. I. 33,828), 100 mg/kg p. o., on days 2 to 4 or – to a lesser extent – on days 4 to 6. Additional treatments with oestrone, 1 μg/rat and/or progesterone, 2 mg/rat, given subcutaneously on various days during and after administration of methallibure on days 2 to 4, failed to restore deciduomal growth to normal levels. This was achieved, however, when methallibure was given on days 4 to 6, by additional treatment with progesterone on days 4 to 7 combined with oestrone on days 4, 4 and 5, or 4 to 7, although neither progesterone nor oestrone was effective alone.
These results indicate that the administration of methallibure reduces the output of both oestrogen and progesterone from the ovary to levels below those required for normal deciduomal growth. They also suggest that this effect persists for more than 2 days after administration of the compound is stopped.
TAGESPERIODISCHE SCHWANKUNGEN DER URINAUSSCHEIDUNG UND DES ADIURETINGEHALTES IM HYPOPHYSENHINTERLAPPEN MÄNNLICHER WISTAR-RATTEN
Authors: König Annemarie , Meyer A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Adult male Wistar rats were kept at a constant temperature and in an alternating light-dark environment consisting of 12 hours of light with 150 lux (7 a. m. – 7 p. m.) and 12 hours of darkness with 0.1 lux (7 p. m. – 7 a. m.). The urine output was measured at 4-hourly intervals over several 24-hour periods. Diurnal changes with a high excretion at midday and a low excretion at midnight were found. The content of antidiuretic hormone of the posterior pituitary lobe was estimated at 10 a. m., 2 p. m., 6 p. m., and at 10 p. m., 2 a. m., 6 a. m. in the months of March, April and May. The highest amount occurred during darkness with maximal values at 6 a. m., the lowest during light with minimal values at 2 p. m.