bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At What Age Can Children Report Dependably on Their Asthma Health Status?
Authors: Olson Lynn M. , Radecki Linda , Frintner Mary Pat , Weiss Kevin B. , Korfmacher Jon , Siegel Robert M. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. This study examined psychometric properties and feasibility issues surrounding child-reported asthma health status data.METHODS. In separate interviews, parents and children completed 3 visits. Child questionnaires were interviewer administered. The primary instrument was the Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version, used to compute 3 scales (physical health, activities, and emotional health). The following were assessed: reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), validity (general health status, symptom burden, and lung function), and feasibility (completion time, missing data, and inconsistent responses).RESULTS. A total of 414 parent-child pairs completed the study (mean child age: 11.5 years). Reliability estimates for the activities and emotional health scales were &gt;.70 in all but 1 age category; 5 of 9 age groups had acceptable internal consistency ratings (≥.70) for the physical health scale. Cronbach's α tended to increase with child age. In general, test-retest correlations between forms and intraclass correlation coefficients were strong for all ages but tended to increase with child age. Correlations between forms ranged from .57 (7-year-old subjects, physical health) to .96 (14-year-old subjects, activities). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .76 (13-year-old subjects, emotional health) to .94 (15–16-year-old subjects, physical health). Children with less symptom burden reported higher mean Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version scores (indicating better health status) for each scale, at significant levels for nearly all age groups. Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version completion times decreased from 12.9 minutes at age 7 to 6.9 minutes at age 13.CONCLUSIONS. This research indicates that children with asthma as young as 7 may be dependable and valuable reporters of their health. Data quality tends to improve with age.
Synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence of end‐functionalized polystyrene initiated by 4‐chloromethyl benzoic acid and ethyl 4‐chloromethyl benzenecarboxylate via ATRP
Authors: Lu Jian‐Mei , Xu Qing‐Feng , Yuan Xin , Xia Xue‐Wei , Zhai Jin‐Xing , Wang Li‐Hua 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnd‐functionalized polystyrene (PSt) was synthesized via atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by using 4‐chloromethyl benzoic acid (CMBA) and the ethyl‐protected carboxylic acid, ethyl 4‐chloromethybenzenecarboxylate (ECBC), as initiators respectively. The structure of PSt proved the living‐radical polymerization. Results exhibit both ATRP initiators afforded well‐controlled polymerization with high initiator efficiencies. However, the study also shows the controllability of ATRP can be obviously influenced by using different initiator in different catalyst system. Furthermore, the terminal group of the PSt1, benzoic acid, can coordinate with Europium(III) ion to obtain the polymeric Eu(III) complex, which shows both emissions of polymer and Eu(III) ion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Near‐Infrared Absorbing Ligand‐Oxidized Dinuclear Phthalocyanines
Authors: Makarov Sergey G. , Piskunov Alexander V. , Suvorova Olga N. , Schnurpfeil Günter , Domrachev Georgiy A. , Wöhrle Dieter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLigand‐oxidized annulated dinuclear phthalocyanine zinc(II) and lithium(I) complexes absorbing in the NIR region (λ=1000–2200 nm) with high extinction coefficients are described. Analogous mononuclear Pc complexes were used for comparison. The oxidized Pcs were characterized in solution by electronic absorption, EPR and NMR spectra. The NIR transitions were explained by using MO diagrams calculated semiempirically. The reversible oxidation behavior of the phthalocyanine complexes was also estimated by cyclic voltammetry. These new extremely long wavelength absorbing phthalocyanines are interesting as materials with new electronic properties.
Ring Reversal of a Spirocyclic Patchouli Odorant: Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Odor of 6‐Hydroxy‐1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐7‐one
Authors: Kraft Philip , Bruneau Audrey 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMolecular modeling calculations on the recently discovered high‐impact patchouli odorant (+)‐(1S,4R,5R,9S)‐1‐hydroxy‐1,4,7,7,9‐pentamethylspiro[4.5]decan‐2‐one (1) indicated that ring reversal of the spirocyclic system should lead to molecules in which two of the five methyl substituents could be spared without significantly affecting the overall shape or conformational equilibrium. Intramolecular ene reactions promised simple access to the desired target compound,(5R*,6R*)‐6‐hydroxy‐1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐7‐one(2), but all attempts failed utterly. The elaborated alternative six‐step synthesis of target structure 2 commenced with the addition of HCl gas to 5‐bromo‐2‐methyl‐2‐pentene (16), giving 1‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐4‐methylpentane (15). Spiroannulation of cyclohexanone with this building block by TiCl4‐mediated alkylation of the TMS enolate 14 and subsequent cyclization by means of tBuOK afforded 1,1‐dimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐6‐one (12). The reaction of this spirocyclic ketone with MeLi furnished the corresponding tertiary alcohol 17, which was dehydrated by Appel–Lee bromination with concomitant dehydrohalogenation. The resulting alkene mixture containing 1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐ene (4) as the major component was subjected to the ketohydroxylation method developed by Plietker to provide, after repeated chromatography, target compound 2 in 33 % yield. To study the influence of the gem‐dimethyl position on the olfactory properties, the analogous spirocyclic 2,2,6‐trimethylketone 22 was also synthesized. Spiroannulation of cyclohexanone with 1,4‐dibromo‐2,2‐dimethylbutane (18), with the use of 2.2 equiv. tBuOK as base, furnished 2,2‐dimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐6‐one (19). The reaction of 19 with MeLi and subsequent Appel–Lee bromination/dehydrohalogenation led to an isomeric mixture containing 2,2,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐ene (21) as the main component. The ketohydroxylation method according to the protocol of Plietker concluded the synthesis of the second target structure 22. In contrast to methyl carbinol 17, which has a typical woody‐earthy patchouli odor, the odor of target molecule 2 was displaced towards the camphoraceous and minty side. The 2,2,6‐trimethylalcohol 20 emanated a camphoraceous and vetiver‐type note, while the second target molecule, 22, was only weakly woody, cedar‐like, and powdery in smell.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
3/4‐phenylene bisheterocycles from ring transformation reaction of sydnone derivatives: Synthesis of 3‐[3/4‐heterocyclyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones from 3/4‐acetylphenylsydnones and their biological properties
Authors: Kamble Ravindra R. , Latthe Prashant R. , Badami Bharati V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe bifunctional 3/4‐[acetyl]phenylsydnones 1a, 1b were subjected to a one‐pot ring conversion to 3‐[3/4‐acetyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 2a, 2b, which on further bromination yielded the 3‐[3/4‐bromoacyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 3a, 3b. Reaction of these compounds with thiourea yielded the 3‐[3/4‐(2‐aminothiazol‐4‐yl)]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 4a, 4b. The other thiazole derivatives 5a, 5b–7a, 7b were prepared by using thiosemicarbazide, thioacetamide, and thiobenzamide, respectively. In another reaction of the bromoacetyl compounds (3a, 3b) with 2‐aminopyridine and 2‐aminothiazole, the fused biheterocyclic compounds 3‐[3/4‐imidazo‐[1,2‐a]pyridine‐2‐yl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 8a, 8b and 3‐[3/4‐imidazo‐[2,1‐b]‐thiazol‐6‐yl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 9a, 9b were obtained. The 3‐[3/4‐(benzofuran‐2‐carbonyl)]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 10a, 10b were obtained by treatment of compounds 3a, 3b with o‐hydroxy benzaldehyde. Most of these compounds exhibited antifungal activity greater than the reference drugs used. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:50–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20255
Evidence for a critical role of entorhinal cortex at pre‐exposure for latent inhibition disruption in rats
Authors: Seillier A. , Dieu Y. , Herbeaux K. , Di Scala G. , Will B. , Majchrzak M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLatent inhibition (LI), that is the decrease in conditioned response induced by the repeated nonreinforced pre‐exposures to the to‐be‐conditioned stimulus, is disrupted by entorhinal cortex (EC) lesions. The mechanism involved in this disruption is unknown, and in particular the experimental stage (pre‐exposure or conditioning) at which the integrity of EC is necessary has to be determined. The purpose of this study was to address this issue by using reversible inactivation of the EC by local micro‐infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX). TTX was infused either before the pre‐exposure phase, before the conditioning phase, or before both phases. LI was unaffected in rats that received TTX before conditioning or before both pre‐exposure and conditioning. In contrast, LI was disrupted in rats that received TTX before pre‐exposure only. These results are discussed in the framework of LI models. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesh adaptation and transfer schemes for discrete fracture propagation in porous materials
Authors: Secchi Stefano , Simoni Luciano , A. Schrefler Bernhard 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical procedure for cohesive hydraulic fracture problems in a multiphase system. The transient problem of crack nucleation and/or advancement, with the ensuing topological changes, is solved by successive remeshing and projection of the field variables required in the time marching scheme. The projection is directly applied to the nodal vector of the previous step and is performed by means of a suitable mapping operator which acts on nodal forces and fluxes. This hence ensures ‘a priori’ the local fulfilment of the balance equations (equilibrium and mass conservation). The resulting procedure is computationally simple; however checks have to be made on its capability of conserving strain energy of the system. The latter property together with the accuracy of the solution is heuristically assessed on the basis of numerical benchmarks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell Culture Process Development: Advances in Process Engineering
Authors: Heath Carole , Kiss Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRepresentatives from the cell culture process development community met on September 11 and 12, 2006 at the ACS National Meeting in San Francisco to discuss “Cell Culture Process Development: Advances in Process Engineering”. This oral session was held as part of the Division of Biochemical Technology (BIOT) program. The presentations addressed the very small scale (less than 1 mL) to the very large scale (20,000 L). The topics covered included development of high throughput cell culture screening systems, modeling and characterization of bioreactor environments from mixing and shear perspectives at both small and large scales, systematic approaches for improving scale‐up and scale‐down activities, development of disposable bioreactor technologies, and novel perfusion culture approaches. All told, this well‐attended session resulted in a valuable exchange of technical information and demonstrated a high level of interest within the process development community.
Schoenberg's Concept of Variation Form: A Paradigmatic Analysis of Litanei from the Second String Quartet, Op. 10
Authors: Dale Catherine 
Published: January 2007

Liztanei, the third movement of Schoenberg's Second String Quartet, op. 10, and the first of its two vocal movements, is cast in the instrumental form of theme and variations. Schoenberg's analysis of the movement in ‘An Introduction to My Four Quartets’ identifies ‘a total of five variations, a coda … [and] a short instrumental postlude’. His conception of variation form as ‘a very strict form’ in which freedom is ‘absolutely to be forbidden‘ underlay Schoenberg's decision to construct the movement as a series of interlocking variations, for this decision was motivated to a large extent by his concern to curb the expressionistic tendencies of Stefan George's text. In the same essay the composer writes:In a perfect amalgamation of music with a poem, the form will follow the outline of the text. The Leitmotif technique of Wagner has taught us how to vary such motifs and other phrases, so as to express every change of mood and character in a poem. Thematic unity and logic thus sustained, the finished product will not fail to satisfy a formalist's requirements.Variations, because of the recurrence of one structural unit, offer such advantages. But I must confess, it was another reason which suggested this form. I was afraid the great dramatic emotionality of the poem might cause me to surpass the borderline of what should be admitted in chamber music. I expected the serious elaboration required by variation would keep me from becoming too dramatic.
On the Collecting of English Folk-Song
Authors: Broadwood Lucy E. 
Published: January 2007

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen,—Before beginning this paper on the Collecting of English Folk-Song, may I ask indulgence should I seem unduly egotistical this afternoon?The subject when approached proved so wide, and to lead to my poaching so heavily upon the preserves of far better collectors and lecturers than myself, that there seemed nothing for it but to limit myself to my own experiences and collection.
Music in Rhythm—As Exemplified by the Timpani
Authors: Cleather G. Gordon 
Published: January 2007

Before beginning what I have to say on the subject of the timpani, I wish to thank Mrs. Stansfeld Prior for so kindly playing with me, and for the time she has given to rehearsal.It is quite probable that papers have already been read before this Society on the subject of drums, perhaps from a scientific, or historical, point of view, so I propose to-day to say something on the matter from a player's standpoint. Whether that can be made interesting I must leave you to determine, but I am not without hope that I may be able to bring before you some unsuspected musical qualities of the instruments, not only as instruments of percussion for the expression of rhythm, but. to demonstrate, if I can, that they can give it in a manner which is musical and not offensive to sensitive ears.
Jacobean Consort Music
Authors: Dart Thurston 
Published: January 2007

The history of English music composed for the viols in consort begins in about 1530 and ends in about 1680—one hundred and fifty years of chamber music, comprising a repertory that is as rich as it is varied, and one that is almost overwhelming in its sheer bulk. Above all it is players' music, music to be heard from the inside; yet even Roger North, a judicious and public-spirited antiquary, writes in 1728 of consort music in terms of its effect on the audience or of its appearance in score. He complains that:
‘in In nomines I never could see a cadence compleat but proffers & Baulks Innumerable. That wch is properly termed Ayre was an Intire stranger to this sort of harmony, and ye Audience might sitt with all ye tranquillity in ye world, & hear continuall shiftings of tones, with numberless sincopes & varietys, such as they were, and not be in ye least moved, if pleased it was enough.’
Complex Measures and Sociotropic Voting
Authors: Cowden Jonathan A. , Hartley Thomas 
Published: January 2007

Social scientists often employ measures that tap correlated factors. This article explores the effects of these complex measures on OLS estimators and specifies some of the conditions under which researchers should or should not include them in a regression.The derivations allow us to shed some new light on the debate about sociotropic and pocketbook voting. In a classic piece, Kramer (1983) criticized inferences about economic interests that were based on cross-sectional data. He also argued that aggregate data could be used to assess the net effects of both sociotropic interest and self-interest on the vote. In this article, by using a complex judgment measure of sociotropic and self-interested economic perceptions and a redundant measure of self-interested perceptions, we are able to produce a consistent estimate of the sociotropic effect with aggregate data. An estimate of the self-interest effect is also available, though it may not have any desirable asymptotic properties.
Radiation Effects on Development of HER2-Positive Breast Carcinomas
Authors: Castiglioni Fabio , Terenziani Monica , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Miliano Raffaella , Aiello Piera , Bertola Lorenzo , Triulzi Tiziana , Gasparini Patrizia , Camerini Tiziana , Sozzi Gabriella , Fossati-Bellani Franca , Ménard Sylvie , Tagliabue Elda 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Neither hormone-related nor genetics risk factors have been associated with the development of highly proliferative HER2-positive breast carcinomas. Because the majority of HER2-positive tumors present the amplification of the oncogene, we asked whether genomic instability triggered by irradiation might be involved in the induction of HER2-overexpressing breast carcinomas.
Experimental Design: Sixty-six infiltrating breast carcinomas from patients treated with radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma or other pediatric solid tumors and a control series of 61 consecutive sporadic breast tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for HER2 expression with HercepTest. A panel of antibodies against estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-kit, cytokeratin 5/6, p53, and ki67 antigen was also used to identify differentiation subsets and molecular characteristics of the analyzed breast carcinomas.
Results: Although no differences between the two tumor series were found with respect to HER2 expression scored 2+ and 3+, the percentage of 3+ HER2-positive tumors was significantly higher in patients irradiated during breast maturation compared with patients irradiated after breast maturation (35.3% versus 12.5%, P = 0.046). In the latter group, 52.5% of the breast carcinomas showed basal-like differentiation (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) versus only 5.9% in the group irradiated during breast development (P &lt; 0.0001). Analysis adjusted for age confirmed the significant increase in basal-like tumor development in patients irradiated within 4 years of menarche, but also showed that the differences between patients irradiated before and after puberty in HER2 3+ tumor frequencies are due to age-related differences in HER2 3+ tumor onset.
Conclusion: Together, our data indicate that the development of HER2-positive tumors correlates with timing rather than type of carcinogenic hits and provide clear evidence that radiation is a risk factor for breast carcinomas showing basal-like differentiation.
Clonality and Prognostic Implications of p53 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Somatic Aberrations in Multiple Primary Lung Cancers
Authors: Chang Yih-Leong , Wu Chen-Tu , Lin Shu-Chen , Hsiao Chin-Fu , Jou Yuh-Shan , Lee Yung-Chie 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose: For treatment decision and prognostic applications, we evaluated p53/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) somatic aberrations in multiple primary lung cancers to differentiate multifocal tumors from intrapulmonary metastasis.
Experimental Design: Fifty-eight multiple primary lung cancers of 1,037 patients in a 10-year period were identified to investigate somatic mutations and altered expression of p53 and EGFR for clonality assessment. Genomic DNA was extracted from microdissected cells of paraffin-embedded multiple primary lung cancer tissues. Overexpression and somatic mutations in exons of p53 (exons 5-8) and tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR (exons 18-22) were examined by immunohistochemical staining and DNA sequencing, respectively.
Results: High frequency of somatic mutations in p53 (33 of 58, 56.9%) and/or EGFR (44 of 58, 75.9%) resulted in high discrimination rate of tumor clonality (50 of 58, 86.2%) of multiple primary lung cancers. Twenty-two cases (37.9%) were assessed as having the same clonality and 28 cases (48.3%) were determined as having different clonality, which further supported the carcinogenic theory of field cancerization. Notably, the occurrence of lymph node metastasis was more commonly observed in tumors with the same clonality (P = 0.045) and was associated with poor patient 5-year survival rate (P = 0.001). However, no correlation was found between tumor clonality and patient survival (P = 0.630). The EGFR somatic aberrations in 58 multiple primary lung cancers, including vascular invasion associated with EGFR overexpression (P = 0.012) and mutation (P = 0.025), further suggested the potential benefits of target therapy of inoperable multiple primary lung cancers.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that analysis of somatic alterations in p53 and EGFR can significantly improve the clonality assessment and impact management of multiple primary lung cancer patients.
The measurement of perceived differences in service quality — The case of health spas in Slovenia
Authors: Snoj Boris , Mumel Damijan 
Published: January 2007

The authors concentrate on the importance of service quality elements in health spas. In the introduction the authors describe general characteristics of the health spa industry in Slovenia. They also point out the expanding emphasis on the service elements of products, their perceived quality and their influence upon the management practices of organisations. The main characteristics of the theoretical discussion on quality of services are presented, as well as the background of the research project. This 1999 study was a replication of part of a research project on the health spa industry in Slovenia conducted in 1991 using the SERVQUAL instrument. The project dealt with the assessment of the overall service quality in two health spas, the identification of important profiles of health spa service quality components and the identification of possible differences between important profiles of service quality components identified in 1991 and those seen in 1999. Most of the important differences in the structure of the service quality elements emerged during the interval between both research projects.