bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The isolation of enteroviruses from blood: A comparison of four processing methods
Authors: Prather Sandra L. , Dagan Ron , Jenista Jerri A. , Menegus Marilyn A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBlood from 28 children hospitalized with symptomatic enterovirus infections was processed by four different methods in an effort to define optimum conditions for detecting viremia. Enteroviremia was demonstrated in 11/28 children. Virus was isolated by method 1 (serum) in 7/11 children and by method 2 (mononuclear leukocytes) in 9/11, but in only 3/10 and 3/11 children by methods 3 and 4 (granulocytes and plasma‐mixed leukocytes, respectively). In four children, the only blood isolate was from mononuclear leukocytes, and in two, serum was the only positive blood preparation. This suggests that viremia can be often detected in hospitalized children with enterovirus disease and shows that the methods used for processing blood may significantly influence the isolation rate.
Treatment of chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis with acyclovir: Pilot study
Authors: Pappas S. Chris , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Young Neal , Straus Stephen E. , Jones E. Anthony 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFive patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were entered into a pilot therapeutic study of the antiviral agent acyclovir [9‐(2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine]. Each patient received acyclovir by slow intravenous infusion in a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 8 hr for 10 days. During therapy, serum aminotransferase levels decreased by more than 50% in two patients, remained unchanged in two patients, and rose (by 32%) in the final patient. The two patients whose serum aminotransferase levels decreased during acyclovir treatment subsequently received a second course of drug using a higher dose (10 mg/kg every 8 hr for 10 days). Serum aminotransferase levels rose in both patients (by 54% and 121%) during the second course of therapy. Acyclovir was well tolerated in these patients, and there were no symptoms or signs attributable to drug toxicity during or after treatment. During a subsequent 12‐month follow‐up period, none of the five patients has manifested either a clinical or serum biochemical improvement in their chronic liver disease. Spontaneous fluctuations in serum aminotransferase levels unrelated to acyclovir therapy were noted in three of the five patients. These findings suggest that a short course of acyclovir does not have any appreciable long‐term beneficial effect on the course of chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Antiviral effect of flavonoids on human viruses
Authors: Kaul Tej N. , Middleton Elliott , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of several naturally occurring dietary flavonoids including quercetin, naringin, hesperetin, and catechin on the infectivity and replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐I), polio‐virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3 (Pf‐3), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was studied in vitro in cell culture monolayers employing the technique of viral plaque reduction. Quercetin caused a concentration‐dependent reduction in the infectivity of each virus. In addition, it reduced intracellular replication of each virus when monolayers were infected and subsequently cultured in medium containing quercetin. Preincubation of tissue culture cell monolayers with quercetin did not affect the ability of the viruses to infect or replicate in the tissue culture monolayers. Hesperetin had no effect on infectivity but it reduced intracellular replication of each of the viruses. Catechin inhibited the infectivity but not the replication of RSV and HSV‐1 and had negligible effects on the other viruses. Naringin had no effect on either the infectivity or the replication of any of the viruses studied. Thus, naturally occurring flavonoids possess a variable spectrum of antiviral activity against certain RNA (RSV, Pf‐3, polio) and DNA (HSV‐1) viruses acting to inhibit infectivity and/or replication.
Etiopathogenetic aspects of hepatitis A. I. Excretion of hepatitis A virus, biochemistry of liver function, and humoral immune response in patients with hepatitis A on admission to hospital
Authors: Ślusarczyk J. , Hansson B. G. , Nordenfelt E. , Krawczyński K. , Karwowska S. , Knap J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe excretion of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in stools from 30 patients with clinically overt hepatitis A infection on the day of their admission to the hospital was determined and compared with the dynamics and values of biochemical indices of hepatocyte injury as well as with the immune response to HAV. Virus was found in 16 out of 30 stools (53%) collected within 1 week after the appearance of clinical symptoms. In sera obtained on the day of hospitalization both IgM and IgA anti‐HAV were detected in all of the 30 patients, while IgG anti‐HAV were found in 20 (67%). There was a correlation between HAV excretion and increasing SGPT upon admission to hospital, while the level of SGPT or bilirubin as well as presence or absence of IgG anti‐HAV did not correlate with excretion of HAV.HAV from stools was characterized morphologically and physicochemically. The majority of particles visualized by immune electron microscopy had electron‐dense appearance, while electron‐lucid particles were only occasionally encountered. Isopycnic banding of HAV in CsCl revealed a broad range of densities with HAV activity. Rebanding of pooled fractions containing HAV revealed peak amounts of the virus in fractions with densities 1.32–1.33 gm/cm3.
Lytic cytomegalovirus replication and the hormones of human pregnancy
Authors: Koment Roger W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe frequency of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) excretion during pregnancy denoting active infection has been demonstrated to increase as gestation advances and at term involves a significant percentage of women. This increase enhances the risk of congenital infection of the fetus. Thus it appears that some factor(s) unique to the condition of pregnancy favors susceptibility to maternal CMV infection. We designed our studies to investigate the possible association of the continuously rising levels of selected hormones and this increased susceptibility. Progesterone, 17β‐estradiol, and cortisol were added to tissue culture media in final concentrations to match those occurring in term pregnancy serum. Two strains of human foreskin cells, one neonatal and the other fetal, were treated with either single or paired combinations of hormone‐containing media. Lytic CMV replication in neonatal foreskin cells was enhanced by a maximum of 5.7‐fold when these cells were treated with cortisol. Such enhancement did not occur in the fetal cells. No synergistic effects were seen when cortisol was used in combination with other hormones nor when neonatal foreskin cells were replicated for at least three generations in either single or paired combinations of hormones prior to use. Differential hormonal enhancement of CMV replication in vitro suggests a possible mechanism for the increased incidence of CMV infection observed during human pregnancy.
Kinetics of specific IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM antibody responses in rubella
Authors: Salonen Eeva‐Marjatta , Hovi Tapani , Meurman Olli , Vesikari Timo , Vaheri Antti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRubella‐specific IgD and IgE antibodies were determined with a solid‐phase enzyme immunoassay using enzyme‐labeled heavy‐chain specific anti‐immunoglobulins, and the antibody responses in rubella infection were compared to IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies. IgD and IgE antibodies increased rapidly after the onset of infection, remained at a high level for at least 2 months, and declined slightly by 6 months. In comparison, the IgM antibodies decreased more rapidly, whereas the IgG antibodies persisted longer at a steady level. By 6 months the mean levels of the different antibodies had declined from their maximal mean levels as follows: IgM, 52%; IgA, 42%; IgE, 35%; IgD, 29%; and IgG, 8%. Thus IgD and IgE antibodies, in spite of their known short half lives, persisted longer than IgM and IgA antibodies, which limits their diagnostic value. The IgA antibody responses were found too variable to substitute for IgM antibody determination in diagnosis of a recent rubella virus infection from a single serum specimen. Comparison of maternal and cord blood sera indicated that, in addition to IgG antibodies, rubellaspecific IgD antibodies were found to cross the placenta.
The prevalence of antibodies to reovirus type 3 in adults with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease
Authors: Minuk G. Y. , Paul R. W. , Lee P. W. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that neonatal infection with Reovirus type 3 (Reo‐3) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain idiopathic cholestatic liver diseases of children. Whether this virus is of pathogenetic importance in similar diseases seen in adults is unclear. In this study, sera from 22 adults with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease (16 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and six primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)) were tested for antibody to Reo‐3 virus by a standard hemagglutination inhibition assay. The results were compared to antibody prevalence in ten adults with various other causes of chronic liver disease and 11 healthy volunteers. Although patients with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease had a high prevalence of anti Reo‐3 antibodies (20/22, 91%), similar prevalence rates were found in the two control populations (7/10, 70% in chronic liver disease controls and 11/11, 100% in healthy volunteers). Moreover, the geometric mean litres of antibody to Reo‐3 virus were similar in all study groups. While these results do not exclude a pathogenetic role for Reo‐3 viral infection, they do imply that some genetic predisposition must exist if Reo‐3 infection is truly of pathogenetic importance in idiopathic cholestatic liver disease of adults.
Production of interferon alpha and interferon gamma by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Abb Jochen , Zachoval Vera , Deinhardt Friedrich , Pape Gerd R. , Zachoval Reinhart , Eisenburg Josef 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were studied for their capacity to produce interferon (IFN) alpha or IFN gamma. Yields of IFN alpha in leukocyte cultures stimulated with influenza A virus or human leukemic cells were significantly lower than those obtained from healthy controls. Production of IFN gamma in response to induction with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus was also significantly diminished. Defects of IFN production in leukocyte cultures showed no correlation with active viral replication or the degree of severity of HBV‐associated liver disease. The demonstration of partial defects of endogenous IFN production provides a rationale for using IFN replacement therapy in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Persistence of serum IgA antibodies to herpes simplex, varicella‐zoster, cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays
Authors: Morris Gillian E. , Coleman R. Marie , Best Jennifer M. , Benetato Bonnie B. , Nahmias Andé J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect IgG and IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and rubella virus in sera from 68 adult female gynaecological patients. Of the patients who had virus‐specific IgG antibodies, the proportion who also had virus‐specific IgA was 98% for HSV, 75% for VZV, 73% for rubella virus, and 42% for CMV. IgA antibodies to all four viruses were only found when specific IgG antibodies were also detected in the serum. These results suggest that virus‐specific IgA may persist for several years; possible explanations for this are discussed.
Virological and serological diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow allograft recipients
Authors: Panjwani D. D. , Ball M. G. , Berry N. J. , Wimperis J. Z. , Blacklock H. A. , Prentice H. G. , Hoffbrand A. V. , Griffiths P. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo detect cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, a total of 1,074 cultures of urine, saliva, or blood were collected weekly from 43 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Twenty‐three patients were seronegative before transplant and primary infection occurred in 2 (9%). Twenty patients were initially seropositive and recurrent infections occurred in 5 (25%). Three patients in the recurrent group had proven CMV pneumonitis; viraemia was detected in two recipients, while the third had CMV isolated only from bronchial lavage fluid.The serological response of the 43 patients was defined by testing 559 serial sera for specific IgG and IgM antibodies by radioimmunoassay. Passive acquisition of IgG antibodies from blood products was found in 78% of initially seronegative recipients. One patient with primary infection responded in a pattern typical of immunocompetent individuals with long‐term production of specific IgG and transient production of specific IgM antibodies. The second patient also had a typical response, but this was delayed until several weeks after the start of virus excretion. In patients with recurrent infections, specific IgM production did not correlate with episodes of virus excretion. Three of five such patients failed to mount a specific IgM response, and these were the only patients in the study to develop CMV pneumonitis.We conclude that CMV infection in bone marrow recipients can only be diagnosed by detection of virus; therefore, the ability of these patients to mount humoral immune responses should not be relied upon for diagnostic purposes.
Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Dandolos E. , Roumeliotou‐Karayannis A. , Richardson S. C. , Papaevangelou G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA hepatitis B vaccine produced in yeast by recombinant DNA technology was evaluated using 5‐μg and 10‐μg doses in a randomized trial lasting 7 months in 110 male armed forces recruits aged 17–19 years. Results were compared to those of an identical trial of a plasma‐derived vaccine. No allergic reactions were observed, and the rate of mild side effects was similar to the plasma‐derived vaccine. Seroconversion rates in the first month were 60% (33/55) and 67% (37/55) with the 5‐μg and 10‐μg doses of the recombinant vaccine, respectively. All participants seroconverted by 3 months, and none lost antibody. These results are very similar to those for plasma‐derived vaccine. Comparison of titres of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) showed a slightly higher level with the 10‐μg than with the 5‐μg dose of the recombinant vaccine. Geometric mean titres of anti‐HBs after the booster dose were similar in the 5‐μg and 10‐μg dose recombinant vaccine groups (2,620 and 2,748 IU/I, respectively) and in the 5‐μg plasma‐derived vaccine group (3,591 IU/I) but significantly higher (9,227 IU/I) with the 10‐μg dose of the plasma‐derived vaccine. These results confirm the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant vaccine, although further study is needed on the duration of immunity.
Genetic restriction of immune responsiveness to synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in the pre‐S region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope gene
Authors: Neurath A. Robert , Kent Stephen B. H. , Strick Nathan , Stark Dennis , Sproul Phyllis 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProteins of the HBV envelope (env) are coded for by two adjacent regions of the HBV env gene: the pre‐S and S regions. Antigenic determinants corresponding to amino acid sequences of both regions are recognized by human antibodies and are important in virus‐neutralizing responses. Protective immune responses to HBV appear to be linked to the major HLA histocompatibility complex. Inbred and congenic strains of mice represent a model system relevant for studies on the genetic control of immune responsiveness of humans to HBV envelope proteins. Such mouse strains were ranked according to their antibody response to the S protein and divided into high [d,q], intermediate [a,k,b], and low [s] responders (letters in brackets indicate H‐2 haplotype.) Selected pre‐S antigenic determinants can be mimicked with high fidelity by synthetic peptide analogues that are immunogenic without any carriers. Thus it is possible to study directly the genetic control of immune responsiveness to pre‐S epitopes mimicked by these peptides without having to consider the influence of carriers or of S protein. The results presented here show that inbred mouse strains can be ranked according to their antibody responses to the synthetic peptide pre‐S( 120–145) as follows: A/J[a] ≅ SWR/J[q] > C57BL/6J[b] ≅ AKR/J[k] ≅ SJL/J[s] ≫ DBA/2J[d] > BALB/ cJ[d]. Only SJL/J[s] mice responsed well to another synthetic peptide pre‐S (12‐ 32). Thus, H‐2‐linked genes regulating the immune response to S protein and to epitopes on pre‐S‐coded sequences are distinct. Anti‐pre‐S( 120‐ 145) responses in S protein‐nonresponders circumvent this nonresponsiveness. This should be considered in the design of hepatitis B vaccines.
High frequency of coxsackie‐B‐virus‐specific IgM in children developing type I diabetes during a period of high diabetes morbidity
Authors: Frisk Gun , Fohlman Jan , Kobbah Mounen , Ewald Uwe , Tuvemo Torsten , Diderholm Hans , Friman Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐four consecutive children with newly diagnosed insulin‐dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were investigated for a history of infectious disease. Thirteen of the 24 (54%) patients reported symptoms of acute infection within two months before diabetes was diagnosed. The mean age was 8.5 years and 15 (63%) of the patients were girls. No clear seasonal variation in onset was seen.Coxsackie B (CB)‐virus‐specific IgM responses were detected by reverse radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 16 of the 24 (67%) patients on the day of diagnosis of IDDM. The highest titre was usually recorded at that time, but with some the highest titre was found with a second serum obtained three to seven weeks after diagnosis. Thereafter the titres declined, and after six months IgM was detected only in a few patients. Thirteen patients displayed monotypic IgM responses, whereas three patients showed ditypic responses. Among the former, IgM was recorded against Coxsackie B4 (CB4) in four, B5 (CB5) in three, B1 (CBI) in two, B2 (CB2) in two, and B3 (CB3) in two patients. The ditypic responses were against CB2 and CB3, CB3 and CB4, and CB4 and CB5. No CB‐virus‐specific IgM was detected in sera, found during the same period, from age‐matched nondiabetic children without evidence of infection. In neutralisation (NT) tests, antibodies to the homotypic virus were found in 12 of the 16 diabetic patients showing CB‐virus‐specific at the time of diagnosis. A significant rise in NT titre was demonstrated in three of these patients. No significant clinical difference was noted between IgM positive and IgM negative patients. There was no significant correlation between clinical symptoms of acute infection and IgM response. This study was carried out during a period of high IDDM morbidity.
Immune responses to late booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Jilg Wolfgang , Schmidt Marion , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNineteen healthy young adults were vaccinated with plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 12, and their immune responses were compared to those of a similar group of 20 vaccinees immunized at months 0, 1, and 6. Late booster injections at 12 months produced nearly fivefold higher geometric mean anti‐HBs levels than those of the control group. The higher anti‐HBs values may lead to longer persistence of anti‐HBs and thus to longer protection against hepatitis B.
A murine monoclonal antibody recognising a single glycoprotein within a human cytomegalovirus virion envelope glycoprotein complex
Authors: Law Katherine M. , Wilton‐Smith Peter , Farrar Graham H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNonionic detergent solubilised polypeptides from highly purified human cytomegalovirus virions were used as immunogens to produce murine monoclonal antibody secreting hybridomas. One monoclonal antibody was shown, by immunoprecipitation followed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), to precipitate three glycoproteins with molecular weights 52, 95, and 130 (all × 103) and one minor component with a molecular weight of 50 × 103. When virion envelope components were first separated by SDS‐PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, this monoclonal antibody recognised two related components with molecular weights 50 and 52 (both × 103). Immunofluorescence studies suggested that these viral antigens were associated with membrane systems of virus‐infected cells and were particularly abundant late in infection.
Factors influencing the sensitivity of herpes simplex virus detection in clinical specimens in a simultaneous enzyme‐ linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Clayton Anne‐Louise , Beckford Urszula , Roberts Carol , Sutherland Sheena , Druce Anthony , Best Jennifer , Chantler Shireen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rapid simultaneous enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was investigated for herpes simplex virus (HSV) detection. All HSV isolates (n = 127) were detected, whereas no response was obtained with HSV negative preparations. Equivalent results were obtained from 275 of 277 clinical specimens in the monoclonal ELISA and in an ELISA using polyclonal antibodies, confirming that appropriately selected monoclonal antibodies may be as efficacious as polyclonal antibodies in antibody‐based assays. In clinical specimens, the rate of HSV detection (sensitivity) relative to tissue culture isolation was low for both assays, and the major factor responsible for this was the low concentration of virus present in some specimens. The sensitivity of ELISA obtained in routine use varied with different panels of unselected specimens and was related to the speed of development of the cytopathic effect. These results emphasise the need for caution in assigning a definitive sensitivity level to ELISA tests evaluated on different panels of specimens.
Virus‐specific antibody‐producing cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Burke Donald S. , Nisalak Ananda , Lorsomrudee Wanida , Ussery Michael A. , Laorpongse Thanom 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in northern Thailand, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes and blood leukocytes from 28 patients with suspected JE were tested for spontaneous in vitro synthesis of antibodies to JE virus (JEV). Sixteen patients were subsequently proven to be infected with JEV. Supernatant fluids of three‐day cultures of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes or unstimulated unfractionated CSF leukocytes were tested for JEV IgM and IgG antibodies with isotype‐specific “antibody capture” radioimmunoassays. Blood‐derived leukocytes from all sixteen JEV‐infected patients and CSF‐derived leukocytes from four JEV‐infected patients synthesized JEV antibodies. Bloodderived and CSF‐derived leukocytes from all 12 patients with central nervous system infections caused by agents other than JEV uniformly failed to synthesize JEV antibodies. Virus‐specific antibody‐producing cells can be detected in the blood and CSF early in the clinical course of acute JE.