bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths: 107 cases (1992–2003)
Authors: George Jeanne W. , Hird David W. , George Lisle W. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To characterize serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths.
Design—Retrospective case-control series.
Animals—107 male goats with uroliths and 94 male goats with various nonrenal diseases (controls).
Procedures—For male goats, results of serum biochemical analyses collected from 1992 through 2003 were retrieved from computerized records, as were signalment, clinical diagnoses, and discharge status. Results of analyses for BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, Na, K, Cl, total CO2, anion gap, and glucose were compared between goats with uroliths and control goats.
Results—Goats with uroliths had higher mean BUN, creatinine, total CO2, K, and glucose concentrations and lower mean phosphorus, Na, and Cl concentrations than control goats, with no difference in mean calcium concentration and anion gap. Goats with uroliths had higher frequency of azotemia, hypophosphatemia, hypochloridemia, and increased total CO2 and lower frequency of decreased total CO2 than control goats. Urolithiasis occurred more frequently in castrated males than in sexually intact males and in dwarf African breeds than in other breeds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Goats with uroliths often had hypophosphatemia at admission. Hypochloridemic metabolic alkalosis was the most common acid-base disorder. Rupture in the urinary tract system was associated with increased prevalence of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Clinicians should be aware of these abnormalities when determining fluid therapy.
Inferring the emission regions for different kinds of gamma‐ray bursts
Authors: Zhang Z. B. , Xie G. Z. , Deng J. G. , Wei B. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUsing a theoretical model describing pulse shapes, we have clarified the relations between the observed pulses and their corresponding timescales, such as the angular spreading time, the dynamic time as well as the cooling time. We find that the angular spreading timescale caused by curvature effect of fireball surface only contributes to the falling part of the observed pulses, while the dynamic one in the co‐moving frame of the shell merely contributes to the rising portion of pulses provided the radiative time is negligible. In addition, the pulses resulted from the pure radiative cooling time of relativistic electrons exhibit properties of fast rise and slow decay (a quasi‐FRED) profile together with smooth peaks. Besides, we interpret the phenomena of wider pulses tending to be more asymmetric to be a consequence of the difference in emission regions. Meanwhile, we find the intrinsic emission time is decided by the ratios of lorentz factors and radii of the shells between short and long bursts. Based on the analysis of asymmetry, our results suggest that the long GRB pulses may occur in the regions with larger radius, while the short bursts could locate at the smaller distance from central engine. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Crystal Structure of Anhydrous β‐Caffeine as Determined from X‐ray Powder‐Diffraction Data
Authors: Lehmann Christian W. , Stowasser Frank 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystal structure of the low‐temperature form of anhydrous caffeine has been determined by using X‐ray powder‐diffraction data with a combined simulated‐annealing/Rietveld method. Anhydrous caffeine crystallises with five crystallographically independent molecules in a monoclinic C‐centred unit cell with dimensions of a=43.0390(17), b=15.0676(6) and c=6.95314(14) Å and a β angle of 99.027(2)°.
Self‐Assembly of Halogenated Cobaltacarborane Compounds: Boron‐Assisted CH⋅⋅⋅XB Hydrogen Bonds?
Authors: Giner Planas José , Teixidor Francesc , Viñas Clara , Light Mark E. , Hursthouse Michael B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFull structural characterisation and complete synthetic procedures for three monohalogenated cobaltacarborane compounds closo‐[3‐Co(η5‐C5H5)‐8‐X‐1,2‐C2B9H10] (X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)) and the dibromo derivative closo‐[3‐Co(η5‐C5H5)‐8,9‐Br2‐1,2‐C2B9H9] (4) are reported. The supramolecular structures of 1, 3, and 4 reveal the existence of intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅XB interactions. The role of these interactions has been investigated through a CSD search and subsequent analysis of the reported crystalline compounds. The results show that halogens become reasonably good hydrogen‐bond acceptors when bonded to boron and, in this respect, are comparable in strength to metal‐bound halogens.
Differential susceptibility of leukocyte subsets to cytotoxic T cell killing: Implications for HIV immunopathogenesis
Authors: Liu Jie , Roederer Mario 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are crucial for the host defense against viral infection. In many cases, this anti‐viral immune response contributes to host pathogenesis, through inflammation and tissue destruction. Few studies have explored the relative susceptibility of infected cells to CTL killing, and the range of cell types that may be effectively killed by CTLs in vivo, both of which are key to understanding both immune control of infection and immune‐related pathogenesis.Methods:We developed and optimized a highly sensitive method to quantify the relative susceptibility of leukocyte subsets to CTL‐mediated killing. Maximal sensitivity was achieved by uniquely measuring cell death occurring during the assay culture.Results:We found that leukocyte subsets have a wide range of susceptibility to antigen‐specific CTL‐mediated lysis. Generally, T cells were more susceptible than B or NK cells, with CD4 T cells being more susceptible than CD8 T cells. In all lymphocyte lineages, susceptibility was greater for more differentiated subsets compared with their naïve counterparts; however, for dendritic cells, immature cells are more susceptible than mature cells. We focused on the susceptibility of T cell subsets, and found that naïve cells are far more resistant than memory cells, and in particular, CCR5+ or HLA‐DR+ memory cells are highly susceptible to CTL‐mediated killing.Conclusions:These results provide an explanation for the observation that certain subsets of CD4 T cells are ablated during chronic HIV infection, and indicate which subsets are most likely to contain the persistent viral reservoir. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: a priming study
Authors: Pichon Isabelle , Boccato Giulio , Saroglou Vassilis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPast literature on the automaticity of social behavior indicates that priming a concept automatically activates related behavioral schemas. In the two present studies we examined the impact of religion on prosociality. In the first study, we tested the impact of subliminal priming of religious concepts on prosocial behavior intentions. We found a main effect of this priming, moderated by valence: prosocial behavior tendencies were stronger when positive religious words had previously been subliminally primed. In the second study, we examined the accessibility of prosocial concepts, after the supraliminal activation of religion. Indeed, we found that not only were religion‐related attributes more accessible when primed, but positive religious primes were also able to activate prosocial concepts. While previous research has shown the religion‐prosociality link at the explicit level and in terms of the role of individual religiousness, these results indicate that religious concepts by themselves can nonconsciously activate prosocial behavioral schemas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tensile strength equation for HSS bracing members having slotted end connections
Authors: Han Sang‐Whan , Kim Wook Tae , Foutch Douglas A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the previous study, the authors investigated the effect of w/t ratios on the behaviour of bracing members under symmetric cyclic loading in compression and tension. In this study, 11 bracing members with slotted end sections made of cold‐formed square hollow structural sections (HSS) were tested. The w/t ratios ranged from 8 to 28. Unlike the test results of other former studies obtained under compression‐oriented cyclic loading, the results of this study showed that bracing members having a smaller w/t ratio (<14) had less deformation and less energy dissipation capacity, and a shorter fracture life compared with other specimens. Such inferior behaviour resulted from early fracture at the slotted end section. This study compares tensile strength obtained from the design equations in the AISC LRFD manual and Eurocode 3 using the actual strengths of the tested specimens. This study found that for preventing early fracture in HSS bracing members, design fracture strength should be larger than design yield strength. Design strength equations are proposed for bracing members in special concentrically braced frames (SCBF). The proposed design equations are verified by experimental tests conducted under symmetric cyclic loading in tension and compression using two HSS bracing members designed according to the proposed equation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term scheduling of thermal units: emission constraints and trade‐off curves
Authors: Catalão J. P. S. , Mariano S. J. P. S. , Mendes V. M. F. , Ferreira L. A. F. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper provides an approach to short‐term scheduling of thermal units, designed to simultaneously address the economic issue of the fuel cost incurred on the commitment of the units and the environmental consideration due to emission allowance trading. The simultaneous address of the fuel cost with the emission is modeled by a multi‐objective optimization problem, which is solved by a combination of the weighted sum method with the ε‐constraining method. A numerical example for different values of a scaling factor is considered in order to obtain the non‐dominated solutions of the trade‐off curve between fuel cost and emission. Our approach presents a new parameter, ratio of change, and the corresponding gradient angle, to enable the proper selection of a compromise commitment for the units. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DWT‐based extraction of residual currents throughout unearthed MV networks for detecting high‐impedance faults due to leaning trees
Authors: Elkalashy Nagy I. , Lehtonen Matti , Darwish Hatem A. , Taalab Abdel‐Maksoud I. , Izzularab Mohamed A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractModelling of a high‐impedance arcing fault due to a leaning tree in medium voltage (MV) networks was experimentally verified and the network transients due to this fault were also investigated. Even though the tree had a very high resistance value, the initial transients were periodically caused by the arc reignitions after each zero‐crossing. In this paper, these features are extracted from residual currents using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to localise this fault event. The DWT performance at different measuring nodes throughout an unearthed 20 kV network can be gathered at the base station using wireless sensors concept. So, the DWT is evaluated for a wide area of the network and the fault detection is confirmed by numerous DWT extractors. Due to the periodicity of arc reignitions, the initial transients are localised not only at fault starting instant but also during the fault period that will enhance the detection security. The term of locating the faulty section is determined based on ratios of the residual current amplitudes. The fault cases are simulated by ATP/EMTP and the arc model is implemented using the universal arc representation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demand for private health insurance in Chinese urban areas
Authors: Ying Xiao‐Hua , Hu Teh‐Wei , Ren Jane , Chen Wen , Xu Ke , Huang Jin‐Hui 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBetween 1993 and 2003, the proportion of urban residents without health insurance rose from 27 to 50%. The probability of outpatient visits in the previous 2 weeks dropped from 19.9 to 11.8% in urban areas between 1993 and 2003, and from 16.0 to 13.9% in rural areas. To improve risk‐pooling and risk‐sharing, private health insurance should play an important role in China's health insurance system. This paper estimates the demand for private health insurance in urban areas using contingent valuation methods. Individuals were asked about their willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for major catastrophic disease insurance (MCDI), inpatient expenses insurance (IEI), and outpatient expenses insurance (OEI). The study was based on a household survey conducted in four small cities in China in 2004 and included 2671 respondents. More people would like to buy IEI and MCDI (48.5 and 43.0%, respectively) than OEI (24.5%). In addition, individuals would pay a higher premium for MCDI and IEI than for OEI. The price elasticities of demand for MCDI, IEI, and OEI were −0.27, −0.34, and −0.42, respectively. The determinants of enrollment in the three private health insurance programs were similar with employment status, age, education, and income. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scheduling streaming flows on the downlink shared channel of UMTS
Authors: Kuri Joy , Karthik R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS), the Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) may be used to provide streaming services. The traffic model for streaming services is different from the continuously backlogged model used in much of the literature. Each connection specifies a required service rate over an interval of time. In this paper, we are interested in determining how k DSCH frames should be allocated among a set of I connections. We need a scheduler that is channel‐aware, so that channels presently enjoying low fading losses can be exploited to achieve higher aggregate throughput. On the other hand, the scheduler is also required to be fair, so that each connection obtains a throughput as close as possible to what it requires. We introduce the notion of discrepancy to capture the inherent trade‐off between aggregate throughput and fairness. We show that the discrepancy criterion provides a flexible means for balancing efficiency, as measured by aggregate throughput, and fairness. Our problem, then, is to schedule mobiles so as to minimize the discrepancy over the control horizon. We provide a simple low‐complexity heuristic called ITEM that is provably optimal in certain cases. In particular, we show that ITEM is optimal when applied in the UMTS context. Next, we compare the performance of ITEM with that of other algorithms, and show that it performs better in terms of both fairness and aggregate throughput. Thus, ITEM provides benefits in both dimensions—fairness and efficiency—and is therefore a promising algorithm for scheduling streaming connections. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ageing of the conduit arteries
Authors: Greenwald SE 
Published: January 2007

AbstractConduit arteries become stiffer with age due to alterations in their morphology and the composition of the their major structural proteins, elastin and collagen. The elastic lamellae undergo fragmentation and thinning, leading to ectasia and a gradual transfer of mechanical load to collagen, which is 100–1000 times stiffer than elastin. Possible causes of this fragmentation are mechanical (fatigue failure) or enzymatic (driven by matrix metallo proteinases (MMP) activity), both of which may have genetic or environmental origins (fetal programming). Furthermore, the remaining elastin itself becomes stiffer, owing to calcification and the formation of cross‐links due to advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs), a process that affects collagen even more strongly. These changes are accelerated in the presence of disease such as hypertension, diabetes and uraemia and may be exacerbated locally by atherosclerosis. Raised MMP activity, calcification and impaired endothelial function are also associated with a high level of plasma homocysteine, which itself increases with age. Impaired endothelial function leads to increased resting vascular smooth muscle tone and further increases in vascular stiffness and mean and/or pulse pressure. The effect of increased stiffness, whatever its underlying causes, is to reduce the reservoir/buffering function of the conduit arteries near the heart and to increase pulse wave velocity, both of which increase systolic and pulse pressure. These determine the peak load on the heart and the vascular system as a whole, the breakdown of which, like that of any machine, depends more on the maximum loads they must bear than on their average. Reversing or stabilising the increased arterial stiffness associated with age and disease by targeting any or all of its causes provides a number of promising new approaches to the treatment of systolic hypertension and its sequelae, the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The endocrine system and ageing
Authors: Chahal HS , Drake WM 
Published: January 2007

AbstractComplex changes occur within the endocrine system of ageing individuals. This article explores the changes that occur in the metabolism and production of various hormones and discusses the resulting clinical consequences. As individuals age there is a decline in the peripheral levels of oestrogen and testosterone, with an increase in luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and sex hormone‐binding globulin. Additionally there is a decline in serum concentrations of growth hormone, insulin‐like growth factor‐I and dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate‐bound form. Even though there are complex changes within the hypothalmo–pituitary–adrenal/thyroid axis, there is minimal change in adrenal and thyroid function with ageing. The clinical significance of these deficiencies with age are variable and include reduced protein synthesis, decrease in lean body mass and bone mass, increased fat mass, insulin resistance, higher cardiovascular disease risk, increase in vasomotor symptoms, fatigue, depression, anaemia, poor libido, erectile deficiency and a decline in immune function. For each endocrine system, studies have been carried out in an attempt to reverse the effects of ageing by altering the serum hormonal levels of older individuals. However, the real benefits of hormonal treatment in older individuals are still being evaluated. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chinese herbal preparation Qing Yi Tang (QYT) improves intestinal myoelectrical activity and Increases intestinal transit during acute pancreatitis in Rodents
Authors: Li Yong‐Yu , Sibaev Andrei , Zhou Ming‐Zheng , Zhu Guo‐Ying , Yüce Birol , Storr Martin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe aim was to investigate alterations of intestinal motility in models of acute pancreatitis and to investigate the effects of the Chinese herbal preparation Qing Yi Tang (QYT) on these alterations. Upper gastrointestinal transit was evaluated in mice following induction of mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) using caerulein. Myoelectrical activity was recorded in rats after induction of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) using sodium deoxycholate (SDOC). The contractility of jejunum segments was evaluated in the presence of SDOC, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trypsin.QYT accelerated the transit in MAP mice in a concentration dependent manner. Slow wave activity of smooth muscle in rat stomach and jejunum remained unchanged following SAP, but the spiking activity was significantly decreased, with bursts of 7.2 ± 2.6/10 min compared with 47.9 ± 13.2/10 min without SAP (p < 0.01). QYT reversed this decrease. Additionally, the amplitudes of slow waves and spikes were enhanced by QYT in SAP rats. The tension and amplitude of spontaneous contractile activity was reduced by SDOC and LPS and increased by trypsin.Gastrointestinal (GI) transit is altered by SAP but not by MAP. The Chinese herbal preparation QYT improves disturbed motility in AP by stimulating myoelectrical activity and accelerating GI transit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An event‐flow model of GUI‐based applications for testing
Authors: Memon Atif M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGraphical user interfaces (GUIs) are by far the most popular means used to interact with today's software. The functional correctness of a GUI is required to ensure the safety, robustness and usability of an entire software system. GUI testing techniques used in practice are resource intensive; model‐based automated techniques are rarely employed. A key reason for the reluctance in the adoption of model‐based solutions proposed by researchers is their limited applicability; moreover, the models are expensive to create. Over the past few years, the present author has been developing different models for various aspects of GUI testing. This paper consolidates all of the models into one scalable event‐flow model and outlines algorithms to semi‐automatically reverse‐engineer the model from an implementation. Earlier work on model‐based test‐case generation, test‐oracle creation, coverage evaluation, and regression testing is recast in terms of this model by defining event‐space exploration strategies (ESESs) and creating an end‐to‐end GUI testing process. Three such ESESs are described: for checking the event‐flow model, test‐case generation, and test‐oracle creation. Two demonstrational scenarios show the application of the model and the three ESESs for experimentation and application in GUI testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
π‐Complexes of Copper(I) with Terminal Alkynes. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(HC≡CCH2NH3)(Cu2Br3)] π‐Complex
Authors: Noshtchenko G. , Kinzhybalo V. , Lis T. , Mykhalitchko B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrystals of the zwitterionic copper(I) π‐complex [(HC≡CCH2NH3)Cu2Br3] have been synthesized by interaction of CuBr with [HC≡CCH2NH3]Br in aqueous solution (pH < 1) and X‐ray studied. The crystals are monoclinic: space group P21/n, a = 6.722(4), b = 12.818(8), c = 9.907(3) Å, β = 100.25(4)°, V = 840.0(8) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.0592 for 3015 reflections. The crystal structure of the π‐complex contains isolated [(HC≡CCH2NH3)+(Cu2Br3)−]2 units which are incorporated into a framework by strong hydrogen N–H···Br and C≡C–H···Br bonds. The length of π‐coordinated propargylammonium C≡C bond is equal 1.216(8) Å and Cu(I)–(C≡C) distance equals 1.958(5) Å.
Discrete Pr6Pd Octahedra in Pr6Pd13Cd4 – An Intermetallic Analogon to the Subnitride Na16Ba6N
Authors: Doğan Ahmet , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe new intermetallic compound Pr6Pd13Cd4 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum ampoule in an induction furnace. Pr6Pd13Cd4 was investigated by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: Na16Ba6N type, $Im{\bar 3}m$, a = 975.6(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0192, 162 F2 values and 12 variables. The striking motif of the Pr6Pd13Cd4 structure are discrete palladium centred Pr6 octahedra (296 pm Pr–Pd1) in bcc packing. The octahedra are embedded by a three‐dimensional [Pd3Cd] network with short Pd–Pd (282 pm) and Pd–Cd (274 pm) distances. The structural similarities with the subnitrides Na16Ba6N and Ag16Ca6N are discussed.