bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Urban Rent Question
Authors: Ball M 
Published: October 2006

Urban land rent theory has both fascinated and repelled researchers. The fascination stems from the idea that rent holds the key to urban spatial structures and distributional conflicts. The repulsion is based on bemusement at the complexity and jargon of the rent literature and rejection of rent's assumed centrality. In this paper the author surveys the urban rent literature and presents an alternative interpretation of the role of urban rent. It is suggested that the ambiguous theoretical status of urban land rent stems from an overemphasis in the rent literature on the distributional implications of rent mechanisms at the expense of their potential influence on the social relations of building provision. The neoclassical economics model of urban rent and land use is critically evaluated and the extensive attempts to apply Marx's theory of rent to the urban situation are questioned. The ability to revive Marxist urban rent theory through the treatment of rent as a component of structures of building provision is then elaborated by reference to housing provision and office development. When placed in such a historical context, it is suggested, rent takes on a more meaningful, if less messianic, role.
Inside the Rust Belt: An Analysis of the Decline of the West Midlands Economy. 1: International and National Economic Conditions
Authors: Flynn N , Taylor A P 
Published: October 2006

The decline in manufacturing employment in the West Midlands Region of England has been dramatic. This paper situates the changes in the economy of the region in the context of the changing international and national economies. It is argued that the shift in trading patterns from the old Empire towards Europe and North America made manufacturing sectors more vulnerable to competition both in the home market and in the overseas markets. This vulnerability has been exacerbated by the high value of sterling at certain crucial periods. National economic conditions and policies have also had detrimental effects on the regional economy, especially demand-management policies, which concentrated on consumer credit. The development of the vehicle sector has been disrupted by frequent and sudden changes in credit regulations. In addition to these problems, there is evidence that credit and labour-market conditions have both hampered development, and there is some evidence that land shortages in the conurbation have been a hindrance. National government policy towards particular sectors has been applied without major attention being paid to its regional impact. Given the high level of integration of the regional economy, shocks to one part of the economy transmit themselves rapidly to others.
The Fractal Simulation of Urban Structure
Authors: Batty M , Longley P A 
Published: October 2006

This paper is addressed to the problem of developing realistic-looking patterns of land use and activity from predictions generated by conventional urban models. The method developed is based on a geometric model of irregularity involving hierarchical cascading and recursion, whose rationale lies in the emergent field of fractal geometry. First the idea of fractals—shapes with fractional dimension—is introduced and then it is shown how two-dimensional patterns whose dimensions are consistent with a large city such as London can be simulated at different levels of detail or recursion. It is then argued that the hierarchical structure of cities should be exploited as a basis for such simulation, and it is argued that discrete choice models of individual spatial behaviour have excellent properties which enable their embedding into such simulations. The standard multinomial logit model is presented and then applied to house-type data in Greater London. A variety of models are estimated, house-type choice being related to age and distance from the centre of the city, and the spatial biases in these predictions are then mapped using prediction success statistics. These models are then used at the base level of a fractal simulation of house type and location in London. Random and deterministic model simulations are developed, and an unusual and possibly innovative feature of these simulations involves the way the inputs and outputs, data and predictions, are simultaneously displayed on the graphics device used. Conclusions for further research, particularly in spatial hierarchical modelling, are then sketched.
Dimensions of Automobile Demand: An Overview of an Australian Research Project
Authors: Hensher D A 
Published: October 2006

The major objective of the study of the dimensions of automobile demand (1981–1988) is to obtain reliable forecasts of the variables which drive the fundamental energy equation: energy consumed (litres) = efficiency of technology (litres per 100 kilometres) × utilisation rate (kilometres per period). Since the level of utilisation is unlikely to be independent of the state of technology, and since both dimensions are conditioned by the state of the economy and the nature of households as well as by the extent of corporate-sector support to the household sector, it is necessary to view the levels of vehicle usage and vehicle fuel efficiency as outputs of the broader household decision process. This broader context can be represented by a study of the household's choice of automobiles (by number and composition) and level of utilisation. This perspective enables us to view vehicle efficiency and utilisation as derivatives of a study of the household's demand for mobility services, which is derived from the demand for end activities (consumption of goods and leisure). Since we are especially interested in the role of fuel prices and vehicle technology in the household's decision on the level of vehicle utilisation, it is desirable to monitor the response path of a sample of households over a period of time. A single cross-section approach cannot identify the influence of changing fuel prices on vehicle use, nor can it adequately accommodate the temporal relationship between vehicle purchase/disposal decisions and the utilisation rate. To represent satisfactorily the role of policy variables (for example, fuel prices, taxes associated with vehicle possession, standards for vehicle technology) in the context of the wider set of influences on household automobile possession and usage, the study members have developed an econometric model system which jointly models the household's choice of vehicles and utilisation level over the period 1981–1985. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the project and, where appropriate, introduces some preliminary findings. The project in its entirety is due for completion in late 1988.
The Location Choice of Offices of International Companies
Authors: Dunning J H , Norman G 
Published: October 2006

There has been a structural shift of employment in developed countries towards the tertiary sector, and an increase in the proportion of economic activity being conducted by international firms. This paper is an examination of the factors that influence location choice of international offices, by means of survey data that facilitate a sectoral analysis of location choice. Analysis of the motives that lead to direct foreign operations is based on the ownership–location–internalisation paradigm, which suggests that international firms tend to be most active in those sectors in which their ownership advantages are most pronounced, and in which these advantages are best exploited internally to the firm. A branch–regional classification is used to distinguish cases in which office-location choice is dominated by external market forces (branch offices) and those in which location is determined by internal organisational forces. The primary influences on location choice are market size and the need for personal presence to serve this market. There is also clear evidence of a ‘bandwagon’ effect. But more detailed influences vary with office type and sector. In this respect, the quality and availability of resources are generally more important than direct costs. The United Kingdom emerges as a high-skill economy with a flexible labour force and good communications facilities. It is also the case that, although proximity to London remains important, there is a clear tendency to consider locations further from London, a tendency that will be further encouraged by technical change and improvement in domestic travel infrastructure.
The Context for Methods: The Constraints of the Policy Process on the Use of Quantitative Methods
Authors: Breheny M J 
Published: October 2006

Quantitative methods for policy analysis were developed mainly by academic researchers during a period when there was widespread allegiance to ‘rational’ methods of policymaking. The interesting question arises now, however, as to what role these researchers have been playing as rational methodologies and quantitative methods have fallen from favour; as the context has changed, how have the researchers—in this case regional scientists—responded? In this paper it is argued that many regional scientists who purport to be interested in policy analysis, and particularly in developing quantitative methods for use in such analysis, actually have very little direct interest. This lack of interest is demonstrated by their failure to give serious consideration to the policy context into which methods are to fit, a context which has changed dramatically since many established methods were developed. The paper is an attempt to demonstrate the importance of context to the form and use of methods. Three sets of contextual changes are reviewed: philosophical, practical, and political. The conclusion contains a discussion of how methods can be tailored to contexts, and a plea for regional scientists to take a more genuine interest in policymaking.
Landsat MSS Imagery to Estimate Residential Heat-Load Density
Authors: Curran P J , Hobson T A 
Published: October 2006

Combined heat and power (CHP) schemes have the potential for reducing residential heating costs. As these schemes use waste heat from electricity generation, the power station associated with them must, for reasons of efficiency, be near to a region where the heat usage per unit area (heat-load density) is high. To plan CHP schemes, the heat-load density of urban areas needs to be mapped and monitored. To calculate heat-load density for residential areas workers have conventionally multiplied the number of dwellings per unit area by the average heat-load per dwelling. This is time-consuming and must be repeated in full, for each resurvey. In this paper the use of remotely sensed data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) to estimate heat-load density is proposed. A survey using these data for the City of Sheffield was faster and no less accurate than a survey performed by conventional means. However, Landsat MSS data were unable to discriminate between more than four classes of heat-load density, a level of discrimination that may be increased if Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) data were to be used in future surveys of this kind.
Metropolitan Out-Migration of Elderly Females in Canada: Characterization and Explanation
Authors: Cheung H Y-F , Liaw K-L 
Published: October 2006

This paper contains an analysis of the 1971–1976 out-migration pattern of Canadian elderly females from the 23 Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs). Migration is conceptualized as a three-level choice process. The major findings are as follows: Elderly females are substantially less migratory than young females but are slightly more mobile than elderly males. In addition, the elderly females in the more recently settled western region tend to be more mobile than those in other regions. Elderly migrants show substantially less preference for the metropolitan destinations than the young migrants; however, among the elderly, females have stronger preference for metropolitan areas than males. The destination choice pattern of metropolitan-bound out-migrants is less dispersed for the elderly than for the young. Among the older persons, in most CMAs, female migrants have a larger dispersion than male migrants. With respect to metropolitan-bound elderly migrants from the CMAs, the probability of choosing a particular destination is positively related to population size, brightness, and housing growth, and negatively related to the logarithm of distance, cultural dissimilarity, coldness, and gross rent. Environmental variables are more important than the housing variables in determining the destination choice pattern of the elderly migrants.
Research and Policy Review 21. Britain's Future Wealth: The Need for Strategic Discussions on Research and Development
Authors: Beaumont J R 
Published: October 2006

Any detailed review of Britain's research and development (R and D) would present generally a poor picture of our current and future prospects, especially in the intensely competitive world of new technologies and their commercial applications. It is argued that, although the issues facing us are complex and conflicts are inevitable, choices still exist; however, if the necessary strategic discussions are not forthcoming, existing choices will disappear and changes will occur through necessity (because of eventual technological domination and subordination). In this paper, it is argued that the major underlying problem is to make our R and D more effective by more directional management and targetting. The roles of higher education institutions, Government, and industry are considered, and the separate, albeit linked, stages of R and D are highlighted. Illustration of some of the ideas is given by reference to R and D associated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Importantly, priorities must be established.
Public Participation in the Danish Planning System—A Cybernetics Approach
Authors: Katz Y 
Published: October 2006

Between 1969 and 1975 an extensive reform of planning processes was implemented in Denmark. The reform was aimed at several objectives: decentralization, increase of productivity and rationality, institutionalization of the planning processes, and improvement of life quality. This paper examines the patterns of the citizens' participation by means of a communication model, based on the cybernetics approach. Our examination will show that the reform has indeed institutionalized the formal participation channels, through which the planning can be influenced. However, as in the case of the West Zealand county, no actual influence of this participation process was recognized in the planning processes. The participation occurred mainly in the later stages of implementation and was a rather disfunctional factor, restraining and delaying the execution of the plan.
Information Intensive Industries in Metropolitan Areas of the United States of America
Authors: Drennan M P 
Published: October 2006

In this paper the metropolitan geography of information intensive industries in the United States is analyzed. Such industries are a subset of Porat's definition of information industries and correspond to what Noyelle and Stanback as well as Hepworth among others have called producer services. Economic forces which have fueled the expansion of information intensive industries are identified and their growth is measured relative to overall real GNP growth. Examination of employment and other data for twenty-four of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States reveals substantial diversity in the degree of concentration of information intensive industries. Furthermore, there appears to be a divergent location-pattern for producer services compared with headquarters. Regression analysis supports this divergent location-pattern.
An Entropy Model with Variable Target
Authors: Jörnsten K O , Larsson T , Lundgren J T , Migdalas A 
Published: October 2006

In this paper an entropy model with variable target is presented, in which target values are assumed to belong to a specified convex set, so that multiple base-year information and forecasts of future trends can be handled without prior aggregation of such information into one fixed target. Three solution methods for such a model are presented—one cutting-plane and two search methods—all of which utilize the fact that entropy models with fixed targets can be solved efficiently. Some comments on potential applications and reasonable target-set specifications are made and numerical examples are presented.
On Partial Consultation in Forestry
Authors: Brotherton I , Hetherington M 
Published: October 2006

Under consultation arrangements introduced from 1st October 1974, the Forestry Commission seeks the views of interested statutory bodies before proceeding with afforestation on its own account, or before agreeing to grant-aid private proposals. Exceptionally, as with the National Park Authorities, consultation takes place on all proposals. But in general, consultation is partial and the Commission refers to each consultee only those proposals that it considers might provoke a response. The importance of correct referral decisions is clear. In this paper the theoretical basis of partial consultation is explored, the extent of referral and of comment being related to the foresters' understanding of the consultee's requirements. Data from North Scotland are examined, and questions raised concerning the adequacy of current consultation practice with environmental interest groups.
The Cost of Conservation: A Comparison of ESA and SSSI Payment Rates
Authors: Brotherton I 
Published: October 2006

Government bodies in Britain encourage conservation management within designated Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) through the conclusion of formal agreements with owners and occupiers. The nature of ESA and SSSI agreements and the procedures involved in concluding them are described and contrasted. Analysis of the available data indicates that the average payment rate (pounds per hectare per annum) for SSSI agreements concluded exceeds that for ESA agreements. In contrast, arguments from first principles suggest that the ESA payment rate would be the higher. That the reverse is the case may be explained if SSSI agreements impose substantially more stringent conditions. A distinction is drawn between expensive agreements (under which the annual payment exceeds £2000) and inexpensive agreements (the annual payment is less than £2000). The data suggest that payment rates for expensive SSSI agreements may be excessive and capable of being lowered; and payment rates for inexpensive ESA agreements may need to be raised to attract reasonable levels of entry to these schemes. Alternatively, it may be that ESA arrangements are more cost-effective for concluding large, expensive agreements; and SSSI arrangements for concluding small, inexpensive agreements.
A Fractal Model of HIV Transmission on Complex Sociogeographic Networks: Towards Analysis of Large Data Sets
Authors: Wallace R 
Published: October 2006

A paradigm of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transmission along very large ‘sociogeographic’ networks—spatially focused nets of social interaction—is extended to include fractal (dilationally self-similar) structures upon which a metric of ‘sociogeographic’ distance can be defined. It is conjectured that, by proper definition of such a metric, the complex filamentary structure of a spreading infection may be mapped onto a simple, radially expanding, relatively compact set, providing a more direct characterization of disease transmission. Inverse transformation then provides maps of disease dynamics in ‘real’ geographic and social spaces. Techniques are sketched for determining the sociogeographic structure of a large, geographically centered social network, providing a possible empirical basis for predicting forms and rates of spread of the initial, rapid, stages of an HIV outbreak for networks not yet infected, and perhaps greatly expanding the utility of routinely collected small-area administrative data sets in the design of mutually reinforcing, multifactorial disease-control strategies.
An Hierarchical Approach to the Segmentation of Residential Demand: Theory and Application
Authors: Feitelson E 
Published: October 2006

Despite its importance for housing-market forecasts, residential demand segmentation has received only little systematic scrutiny. In this paper a hierarchical approach is proposed whereby households are segmented by three levels determined by the likelihood of household shifting among strata as defined within the level. First, households are differentiated according to societal constraints (the most difficult to overcome). Second, groups facing similar constraints are stratified by the basic life-style choices made by households. Last, households are stratified according to their situation, which includes their stage in the life cycle and income (the most likely to change over time). An empirical comparison of a hierarchical segmentation which includes life-style elements (the least understood level of the hierarchy) with cross-sectional sociodemographic segmentation shows the hierarchical approach to perform better on several criteria.
The Gender Contract and Part-Time Paid Work by Women—Finland and Germany Compared
Authors: Pfau-Effinger B 
Published: October 2006

The author aims to explain the differences between European countries in the proportion of women working part-time and, more generally, to develop a theoretical approach for cross-national comparison of women's employment patterns. The concepts of a ‘gender contract’ and of the ‘family and integration model’ are used. It becomes clear that, in Germany, part-time work has been an important means for the modernisation of the gender contract concerning the family and integration model during the tertiarisation process. In Finland, where a family model based on partnership dominates, the sociocultural and institutional basis for this form of employment is almost entirely lacking. Tertiarisation did not lead to an expansion of part-time employment. It is argued that sociohistorical factors related to the industrialisation process are highly significant in the explanation of these differences. It is possible to distinguish ideal-typically two different models of the development of the industrial society, in which those factors are shaped and combined in a characteristic way. These different models lead to different types of gender contract and different chracteristic patterns of labour force behaviour, by women, in the transition to a service society.