bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interpolated spatial images method for the analysis of multilayered shielded microwave circuits
Authors: Gómez‐Díaz J. S. , Martínez‐Mendoza M. , Pérez‐Soler F. J. , Álvarez‐Melcón A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this article, an efficient interpolation method is presented to compute the Green's function associated with electrical sources, when they are placed inside cylindrical cavities. The interpolation scheme is formulated in the frame of the spatial images technique recently developed. The original idea was to calculate, for every location of a point electric source, the complex values of the electric dipole and charge images, placed outside the cavity, to impose the appropriate boundary conditions for the potentials. To considerably reduce the computational cost of the original technique, a simple interpolation method is proposed to obtain the complex values of the images for any source location. To do that, a rectangular spatial subdivision inside the cavity is proposed. Each new subregion is controlled by means of the exact image values obtained when the source is placed at the four corners of the region. The key idea is to use a bilinear interpolation to obtain the image complex values when the source is located anywhere inside this subregion. The interpolated images provide the Green's functions of the new source positions fast, and with high accuracy. This new approach can be directly applied to analyze printed planar filters. Two examples with CPU time comparisons are provided, showing the high accuracy and computational gain achieved with the technique just derived. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2294–2300, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI 10.1002/mop.23683
Towards the automatic analysis of NMR spectra: Part 7. Assignment of 1H by employing both 1H and 1H/13C correlation spectra
Authors: Griffiths Lee , Beeley Howard H , Horton Rob 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA reliable method of automatically assigning one‐dimensional proton spectra is described. The method relies on the alignment of the proton spectrum with an associated heteronuclear single‐quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum, transferring the stoichiometry and couplings to the HSQC. The HSQC spectrum is then assigned using a linear assignment procedure in which a fitness function incorporating 1H chemical shifts, 1H couplings and 13C shifts are employed. The method uniquely employs a sequential procedure in which only correlations of like stoichiometry are assigned at the same time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of amide protons of glutathione in MR spectra of tumour cells
Authors: Grande Sveva , Luciani Anna Maria , Rosi Antonella , Guidoni Laura , Viti Vincenza 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSignals attributable to amide protons and used in previous studies to measure intracellular pH were observed in the low‐field region of the 1H‐MR spectra of four tumour cell lines: T98G, MCF‐7, A172 and HeLa. The signals were more intense in the spectra of the two cell lines (T98G and MCF‐7) characterised by higher concentrations of glutathione (GSH). After comparison with 1H‐MR spectra of GSH in solution at different pH values, the peaks were attributed to NHs of the Cys and Gly residues of GSH. Modification of the intracellular concentration of GSH by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine produced comparable decreases in the intensity of aliphatic signals of GSH and NHs under examination. The assignment was therefore confirmed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do we truly see what we think we see? The role of cognitive bias in pathological interpretation
Authors: Fandel TM , Pfnür M , Schäfer SC , Bacchetti P , Mast FW , Corinth C , Ansorge M , Melchior SW , Thüroff JW , Kirkpatrick CJ , Lehr H‐A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the histomorphological grading of prostate carcinoma, pathologists have regularly assigned comparable scores for the architectural Gleason and the now‐obsolete nuclear World Health Organization (WHO) grading systems. Although both systems demonstrate good correspondence between grade and survival, they are based on fundamentally different biological criteria. We tested the hypothesis that this apparent concurrence between the two grading systems originates from an interpretation bias in the minds of diagnostic pathologists, rather than reflecting a biological reality. Three pathologists graded 178 prostatectomy specimens, assigning Gleason and WHO scores on glass slides and on digital images of nuclei isolated out of their architectural context. The results were analysed with respect to interdependencies among the grading systems, to tumour recurrence (PSA relapse > 0.1 ng/ml at 48 months) and robust nuclear morphometry, as assessed by computer‐assisted image analysis. WHO and Gleason grades were strongly correlated (r = 0.82) and demonstrated identical prognostic power. However, WHO grades correlated poorly with nuclear morphology (r = 0.19). Grading of nuclei isolated out of their architectural context significantly improved accuracy for nuclear morphology (r = 0.55), but the prognostic power was virtually lost. In conclusion, the architectural organization of a tumour, which the pathologist cannot avoid noticing during initial slide viewing at low magnification, unwittingly influences the subsequent nuclear grade assignment. In our study, the prognostic power of the WHO grading system was dependent on visual assessment of tumour growth pattern. We demonstrate for the first time the influence a cognitive bias can have in the generation of an error in diagnostic pathology and highlight a considerable problem in histopathological tumour grading. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of EpCAM is up‐regulated during regeneration of renal epithelia
Authors: Trzpis M , McLaughlin PM , van Goor H , Brinker MGL , van Dam GM , de Leij LM , Popa ER , Harmsen MC 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (hEpCAM) is involved in epithelial morphogenesis and repair of epithelial tissues. We hypothesized that changes in hEpCAM expression in vivo correlate with regeneration of renal epithelia after ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRi). Unilateral IRi was performed on kidneys of hEpCAM transgenic mice. Changes in hEpCAM expression were investigated by quantitative RT‐PCR in renal cortex and medulla dissected by laser dissection microscopy and expression patterns of hEpCAM in regenerating kidneys were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The mechanism of hEpCAM promoter activation was investigated in vitro, by real‐time bioluminescent imaging in HK‐2 cells and in primary tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation. In vivo, the transcription of the human epcam gene significantly increased in the renal cortex during tubular re‐epithelialization (p < 0.01). Moreover, the number of tubuli that expressed hEpCAM protein more than doubled in the renal cortex during regeneration. De novo expression of hEpCAM was detected in the S1 segments of proximal tubuli. Under hypoxic conditions in vitro, activity of the hEpCAM promoter was up‐regulated two‐fold in the HK‐2 proximal epithelial cell line. Moreover, both in primary proximal epithelial cells and in HK‐2 cells, hEpCAM protein expression was increased after hypoxia and reoxygenation. The significant up‐regulation of hEpCAM during post‐ischaemic renal regeneration in vivo and during in vitro hypoxia indicates that hEpCAM expression is associated with renal regeneration. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitudes toward prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for genetic disorders among healthcare workers in a selected setting in Sri Lanka
Authors: de Silva Deepthi C. , Jayawardana P. , Hapangama A. , Suraweera E. G. D. N. , Ranjani D. , Fernando S. , Karunasena C. , Jinadasa S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesAssess attitudes toward prenatal diagnosis (PND) and termination of pregnancy (TOP) for Down syndrome (DS), hemophilia, lethal autosomal recessive disorder (LRD) and a hypothetical late‐onset neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) among healthcare workers in one Sri Lankan district.MethodsSelf‐administered questionnaire (tested for content validity) completed by medical (n = 218) and nursing (n = 368) students, nurses (n = 178) and doctors (n = 127).ResultsAcceptability of PND was 94%, 91%, 86% and 71% respectively for LRD, DS, hemophilia and NDD. Favorable attitudes toward TOP for DS (84%), and LRD (82%) were higher compared with hemophilia (65%) and NDD (53%). There was willingness to consider TOP for self/spouse for DS (79%), LRD (78%), hemophilia (60%) and NDD (54%). The proportions willing to participate in a pregnancy termination (DS 54%, LRD 51%, hemophilia 38%, NDD 38%) were lower. Religious affiliation influenced attitudes regarding TOP with Christians being more opposed than Buddhists.ConclusionsThere is acceptance of and willingness to participate in TOP for fetal anomalies among Sri Lankan healthcare workers. These findings have relevance for developing prenatal diagnostic services in Sri Lanka. Religious affiliation among Asian doctors, nurses (and patients) in developed countries is likely to determine permissiveness toward PND and TOP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the recording of folic acid use in the South West Congenital Anomaly Register
Authors: Mytton J. , Harrison V. , McLoughlin A. , Thompson R. , Overton T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveSome congenital anomaly registers are collecting data on risk factors for pregnancies affected by anomalies; yet the quality of that information is rarely assessed. We assessed the quality of the risk factor data in the South West Congenital Anomaly Register (SWCAR) through a review of the data held on folic acid use, in cases of neural tube defect (NTD).MethodsWe reviewed all cases of NTD reported to SWCAR over 2 years and compared information held in the register with that in handwritten and computerised prenatal records, where available.ResultsData on folic acid use was recorded in only 41 (36.9%) of the prenatal records of the 111 cases of NTDs reviewed. Information on any folic acid use in the prenatal records was transferred to the register in all instances where it existed. Information on the time of taking folic acid or not taking folic acid was rarely recorded in prenatal records.ConclusionIncomplete recording of folic acid use and timing in prenatal records has limited the ability of SWCAR to collect accurate information on folic acid use in cases of NTDs. Minimal recording information on folic acid use in prenatal records is suggested. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and crystalline properties of impact‐modified polypropylene blends
Authors: Tortorella Nathan , Beatty Charles L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIsotactic polypropylene has been reactively blended with an ethylene‐octene copolymer so as to improve mechanical and rheological properties. Free radical polymerization of styrene and a multifunctional acrylate during melt extrusion has resulted in the formation of unique features in both amorphous and crystalline phases. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the elastomer domains are less than 200 nm in diameter, whereas grafting leads to the appearance of clusters of polymeric particles, ranging in size from several nanometers up to 200 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that grafting creates lamellar crystals that melt at much lower temperatures and recrystallize at much higher temperatures than binary blends. From wide angle X‐ray diffraction and DSC, grafting has been shown to limit the maximum crystal size and perfection, as well as broaden the size distribution of the crystals. Grafting causes significant changes in the α crystalline phase of polypropylene and promotes the formation of the β phase. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a unique cross‐hatch structure of small crystals in the reactive blend, with tangential and radial lamellae appearing as crosslinked material of about the same aspect ratio. Polarized light microscopy gives evidence that grafting and branching within this blend causes a gelation‐like recrystallization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomic analysis of spore wall proteins and identification of two spore wall proteins from Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia)
Authors: Wu Zhengli , Li Yanhong , Pan Guoqing , Tan Xiaohui , Hu Junhua , Zhou Zeyang , Xiang Zhonghuai 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMicrosporidia are fungal‐like unicellular eukaryotes which develop as obligate intracellular parasites. They differentiate into resistant spores that are protected by a thick spore wall composed of a glycoprotein‐rich outer layer or exospore and a chitin‐rich inner layer or endospore. In this study performed on the silkworm pathogen Nosema bombycis, we analyzed the spore wall proteins (SWPs) by proteomic‐based approaches, MALDI‐TOF MS and LC‐MS/MS, and 14 hypothetical spore wall proteins (HSWPs) or peptides were obtained in total. Furthermore, we have examined the SWPs by SDS‐PAGE and three main spore wall peptides were detected with molecular weights of 32.7 kDa (SWP32), 30.4 kDa (SWP30), and 25.3 kDa (SWP25), respectively. By N‐terminal amino acid residue sequencing, and searching the genomic DNA shotgun database of N. bombycis, the complete ORFs of SWP30 and SWP32 were obtained, which encode for a 278‐ and a 316‐amino acid peptide, respectively. Mouse polyclonal antibodies were raised against SWP30 and SWP32 recombinant proteins produced in Escherichia coli, and the results of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) analyses indicated SWP30 to be an endosporal protein while SWP32 was shown to be an exosporal protein. Both SWP30 and SWP32 are included in the 14 HSWPs identified by MS, confirming the results of the proteomic‐based approaches. (GenBank™, EMBL and DDBJ accession numbers: NbHSWP1–NbHSWP12, accession no. EF683101–EF683112. NbHSWP13 and NbHSWP14, accession no. EU179719 and EU179720).
Negative‐type photosensitive poly(phenylene ether) based on poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether), a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator
Authors: Mizoguchi Katsuhisa , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA negative‐type photosensitive poly(phenylene ether) (PSPPE) based on poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) (PPE), a novel crosslinker 4,4′‐methylene‐bis [2,6‐bis(methoxymethyl)phenol] (MBMP) having good compatibility with PPE, and diphenylidonium 9,10‐dimethoxy anthracene‐2‐sulfonate (DIAS) as a photoacid generator (PAG) has been developed. This resist consisting of PPE (73 wt %), MBMP (20 wt %) and DIAS (7 wt %) showed a high sensitivity (D0.5) of 58 mJ/cm2 and a contrast (γ0.5) of 9.5 when it was exposed to i‐line (365 nm wavelength light), postexposure baked at 145 °C for 10 min, and developed with toluene at 25 °C. A fine negative image featuring 6 μm line‐and‐space pattern was obtained on the film exposed to 300 mJ/cm2 of i‐line by a contact‐printed mode. The resulting polymer film cured at 300 °C for 1 h under nitrogen had a low dielectric constant (ε = 2.46) comparable to that of PPE and a higher Tg than that of PPE. In addition, the cured PSPPE film was pretty low water absorption (<0.05%) as same as PPE. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4949–4958, 2008
From the discovery of sodiumoxyorganoalkoxysilanes to the organosilicon dendrimers and back
Authors: Muzafarov Aziz M. , Rebrov Evgenij A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUpon being discovered 20 years ago, sodiumoxyorganoalkoxysilanes became the key to the world of organoelement dendrimers. Even considering the great variety of objects that had appeared in this area during the last 20 years, the organosilicon dendrimers are still one of the most actual objects in this class. Above all, this is fair concerning the carbosilane systems. The high reactivity of the functional groups, the well controlled chemistry of their transformations, and the inertness of the molecular skeleton are the reason for making these systems highly actual in two main regards: as model objects for the deep research of the dendrimers' properties and as polyfunctional matrixes for numerous derivatives. In this review, we were mainly focusing on the importance of the former part. In the conclusion, we showed the motivation for further development of this area both in regard of synthesis of new carbosilane systems and further development of siloxane dendrimers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4935–4948, 2008
Effect of prepolymer molecular weight on solid state polymerization of poly(bisphenol a carbonate) with nitrogen as a sweep fluid
Authors: Kim Jaehoon , Roberts George W. , Kiserow Douglas J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe effect of prepolymer molecular weight on the solid‐state polymerization (SSP) of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) was investigated using nitrogen (N2) as a sweep fluid. Prepolymers with different number–average molecular weights, 3800 and 2400 g/mol, were synthesized using melt transesterification. SSP of the two prepolymers then was carried out at reaction temperatures in the range 120–190 °C, with a prepolymer particle size in the range 20–45 μm and a N2 flow rate of 1600 mL/min. The glass transition temperature (Tg), number–average molecular weight (Mn), and percent crystallinity were measured at various times during each SSP. The phenyl‐to‐phenolic end‐group ratio of the prepolymers and the solid‐state synthesized polymers was determined using 125.76 MHz 13C and 500.13 MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At each reaction temperature, SSP of the higher‐molecular‐weight prepolymer (Mn = 3800 g/mol) always resulted in higher‐molecular‐weight polymers, compared with the polymers synthesized using the lower molecular weight prepolymer (Mn = 2400 g/mol). Both the crystallinity and the lamellar thickness of the polymers synthesized from the lower‐molecular‐weight prepolymer were significantly higher than for those synthesized from the higher‐molecular‐weight prepolymer. Higher crystallinity and lamellar thickness may lower the reaction rate by reducing chain‐end mobility, effectively reducing the rate constant for the reaction of end groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4959–4969, 2008
Fluorinated benzoxazines and the structure‐property relationship of resulting polybenzoxazines
Authors: Lin Ching Hsuan , Chang Sheng Lung , Lee Hao Hsin , Chang Hou Chien , Hwang Kuen Yuan , Tu An Pang , Su Wen Chiung 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThree fluorinated benzoxazines (14–16), which cannot be synthesized by the traditional one‐step approaches, were synthesized by a three‐step procedure using fluorinated aromatic diamines (2–4) as starting materials. The structures of the monomers were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, and high‐resolution mass spectra. The low dielectric thermosets, P(14–16), were prepared by ring‐opening of (14–16). IR analysis was utilized to monitor the ring‐opening reaction of (14–16) and to propose the structures of P(14–16). The thermal and dielectric properties of P(14–16) were studied and compared with a nonfluorinated polybenzoxazine P(13), which is derived form the ring‐opening of 2,2‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl)propane (1). Besides, the structure–property relationship of the P(13–16) is discussed. According to Tg measurement, the ortho‐positioned CF3 substituents impart greater steric hindrance for ring‐opening of benzoxazines than CF3 substituents of hexafluoropropane. Incorporating a biphenol F‐based benzoxazine, (F‐a), into fluorinated benzoxazines (15–16) can dilute the effect of ortho‐positioned CF3 substituents on steric hindrance, leading to a higher crosslinking density and consequently a higher Tg. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4970–4983, 2008
Facile synthesis of controlled‐structure primary amine‐based methacrylamide polymers via the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer process
Authors: Deng Zhicheng , Bouchékif Hassen , Babooram Keshwaree , Housni Abdelghani , Choytun Nankishoresing , Narain Ravin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe report here a novel direct method for the syntheses of primary aminoalkyl methacrylamides that requires mild reagents and no protecting group chemistry. The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) of the aminoalkyl methacrylamide revealed to be highly efficient with 4‐cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as chain transfer agent and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) as initiator. Cationic amino‐based homopolymers of reasonably narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.30) and predetermined molecular weights were obtained without recourse to any protecting group chemistry. A range of block and random copolymers were also synthesized via the RAFT process. The homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by aqueous conventional and triple detection gel permeation chromatography systems. Furthermore, the primary amine‐based methacrylamide monomers and polymers revealed to be highly stable both with the primary amino group in the protonated and deprotonated form. We have also demonstrated that stabilized gold nanoparticles can be generated with the RAFT‐synthesized amine‐based polymers via a photochemical process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4984–4996, 2008
Synthesis of adaptative and amphiphilic polymer model conetworks by versatile combination of ATRP, ROP, and “Click chemistry”
Authors: Mespouille Laetitia , Coulembier Olivier , Paneva Dilyana , Degée Philippe , Rashkov Iliya , Dubois Philippe 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWell‐defined adaptative and amphiphilic polymer conetworks based on hydrophilic poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and hydrophobic poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) have been prepared by combination of ATRP, ROP, and “Click chemistry.” Telechelic α,ω‐alkyne terminated PCL crosslinker was obtained by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of CL in THF at 80 °C initiated by 1,4‐butanediol and catalyzed by tin(II) bis 2‐ethyl hexanoate (Sn(Oct)2), followed by the quantitative esterification of hydroxyl end‐groups by activated 4‐pentynoic acid. In parallel, an azido‐containing PDMAEMA‐based copolymer was obtained in a three‐step strategy involving primarily the copolymerization of DMAEMA with newly synthesized 2‐(2‐azidoethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AEEMA) monomer. The latter was obtained by nucleophilic substitution of chloride atom from 2‐(2‐chloroethoxy)ethanol by an azide group followed by the esterification reaction of the hydroxyl group with methacrylic anhydride. The copolymerization was carried out in an equivolumic mixture of H2O and isopropanol at r.t. and initiated by a ω‐bromoisobutyryl oligo PEO macroinitiator in the presence of various ligated copper(I)‐based catalysts. In a last step, both polymer precursors were chemically linked by the Huisgen‐1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition in anhydrous THF at r.t. using CuBr complexed by 2,2′‐bipyridine ligand as catalyst. Final material was characterized by the means of DSC and SEM, both attesting of a homogeneous distribution of the PCL crosslinkers and a highly porous structure in this new amphiphilic model conetworks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4997–5013, 2008