bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OXYTOCIN AS A NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONE IN THE HOLOCEPHALIAN ELASMOBRANCH FISH, HYDROLAGUS COLLEI
Authors: PICKERING B. T. , HELLER H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two peptides with uterotonic activity have been isolated from the pituitary gland of a holocephalian elasmobranch fish: Hydrolagus collei. One of them had an amino acid composition compatible with that of oxytocin itself, and also had the pharmacological properties of this hormone. The other peptide which was present in much smaller amounts was basic by chromatography and had the pharmacological characteristics of [8-arginine]-oxytocin. It was not completely purified because of the small amount available, but its amino acid composition was in accord with that of vasotocin. The implications of the presence of oxytocin in such a primitive fish on the phylogeny, and hence probably the evolution, of neurohypophysial hormones are discussed.
RECEPTIVITY SCORES OF FEMALE RATS STIMULATED EITHER MANUALLY OR BY MALES
Authors: GERALL A. A. , McCRADY R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Receptivity ratings of female rats that had been injected neonatally with either sesame oil or varying amounts of testosterone propionate (TP) were compared, using either a currently used manual technique or males as the test stimuli. Females receiving more than 10 μg. TP when 5 days old either rejected the male or gave minimal lordotic responses when mounted. However, they often responded with complete lordosis when manually stimulated. Untreated females in heat tended to obtain higher receptivity ratings with males than with the manual stimulus. In general, manual test ratings were found to be less related to oestrous conditions than those recorded with males. Some of the limitations and advantages of each method are discussed.
A COMBINED ISOTOPIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT UTERUS TO EXOGENOUS OESTRADIOL
Authors: HAM KATHRYN N. , HURLEY J. V. , LOPATA A. , RYAN G. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments with 131I-labelled albumin showed that the injection of oestradiol-17 β induces massive escape of fluid with a protein content similar to that of plasma into the extravascular tissue of the uterus of immature female rats. Histological and electron microscopic examination confirmed the increased permeability to protein of uterine blood vessels, and showed its morphological basis to be the appearance of transient and reversible gaps in the normally complete endothelial lining of capillaries and small venules. These gaps were similar to those seen in small blood vessels in acutely inflamed tissues.
The ultrastructural appearance of endothelial cells was unchanged in the early phase of the response to oestrogen, but 24–48 hr. later there was electron microscopic evidence of both growth and marked secretory activity of endothelial cells. The nature of the material secreted, if any, has not been determined.
THE INFLUENCE OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON SPERM CAPACITATION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: BEDFORD J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using the techniques of sperm transfer into the oviduct of recipient females, or ovum transfer to the site of capacitation, it has been shown that the capacitating activity of the female genital tract may be modified by oestrogen and by progesterone. The normal capacitating potential of the Fallopian tube is diminished after ovariectomy, and is restored by oestrogen injection. In the absence of oestrogen (in the ovariectomized and adrenalectomized female) this activity is still maintained at a basal level sufficient to capacitate the numbers of sperm which normally enter the Fallopian tube after coitus. Capacitation is not significantly disturbed in the Fallopian tube of the intact progesterone-dominated female (Chang, 1958), and the innate basal capacitating activity persists in the Fallopian tubes of ovariectomized females treated with progesterone.
The ability of the uterus to bring about complete capacitation is lost in the progesterone-dominated female. Sperm are completely capacitated in about 11 hr. in the oestrous uterus, but only partial capacitation occurred during this period in the uterus of the ovariectomized rabbit. As judged by the time of penetration of eggs placed into the uterus at different times after insemination, sperm in the ovariectomized uterus did not acquire the capacity to fertilize for approximately 20 hr. Injection of up to 1000 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin at the time of insemination did not result in significant depression of capacitation in the uterus.
It is concluded that the rabbit oviduct has a greater innate potential for capacitation than the uterus, though this potential is increased in both sites by oestrogen stimulation. In contrast to its depressive effect on capacitation in the uterus, progesterone apparently does not significantly affect capacitation in the oviduct, even in the absence of the ovaries. This implies that modification of the endocrine status of the female rabbit would not produce a total contraceptive block of capacitation per se.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTION OF HYPERTONIC SALINE ON THE MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE CONTENT AND HISTOLOGY OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE RAT PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: HOWE A. , THODY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The changes in the content of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and histology of the neuro-intermediate (n.i.) lobe were followed in rats which drank 2% sodium chloride for periods from 1–15 days.
The pars intermedia showed a biphasic response. During the initial phase of 1–4 days there was a rapid rise in the MSH content, by 153% in the first day, falling back to control level by 4 days. These fluctuations were paralleled by an increase in the normally small numbers of Type 2 cells and at the same time numerous Type I cells showed hypertrophy and degranulation.
After 4 days on saline there was a second rise in the MSH content, which was still evident at 15 days; during this second period the number of Type 2 cells declined to normal levels. The degranulated Type 1 cells also disappeared, most of Type 1 being smaller in size and intensely PAS-positive.
After the ingestion of saline it apparently takes several days before the pars intermedia adapts to a new level of activity.
The likely significance of these changes and the possibility of a relationship between the pars intermedia and the neurohypophysis are discussed.
PROLONGED ACTIVITY IN VIVO OF RABBIT ANTISERA TO PLACENTAL GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BINDON B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Antisera were raised to pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in male rabbits. The biological potencies of the antisera, A-PMSG and A-HCG, were determined against homologous antigens PMSG and HCG, using the mouse uterus test in immature mice.
A single injection of A-PMSG was shown to inhibit the response to PMSG when injected as late as 21 days after the antiserum. The duration of inhibition was shown to depend on the dose of antiserum injected. These results were confirmed in hypophysectomized mice.
A-HCG was shown to cause similar prolonged inhibition of the response to HCG in intact mice.
The results suggest that A-PMSG and A-HCG persist in the circulation of the mouse for periods of time expected on the basis of the known half-life of rabbit γ-globulin (5 days).
INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY IN FEMALE RATS ON REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES INCLUDING EFFECTS ON THE FOETUS AND OFFSPRING
Authors: THOMAN EVELYN B. , SPROUL MYRNA , SEELER BARBARA , LEVINE S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mating and impregnation were not prevented by adrenalectomy in female rats; they carried their young to term, large litters of viable young were born and lactation was sufficient to maintain the young throughout the usual nursing period. By comparison with sham-operated mother rats, the adrenalectomized mothers gave birth to smaller litters, their pups weighed less and had increased levels of plasma corticosterone.
Prenatal and postnatal effects on the offspring were separated by crossfostering procedures. At 21 days of age there was no significant difference among the groups in the number of pups surviving; however, the pups weighed less if the biological or foster mother was adrenalectomized. These differences were less marked in multiparous mothers.
INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN SHEEP BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC REGIONS
Authors: PRZEKOP F. , DOMAŃSKI E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus (regions of the supraoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei) or of the ventro-medial hypothalamus (infundibular or ventro-medial nuclei) during the last month of anoestrus in ewes induced ovulation within 72 hr., while similar stimulation of the same centres during the breeding season on the 12th day of the oestrous cycle did not advance ovulation. The role of the hypothalamic centres in the control of gonadotrophin secretion and ovulation is discussed in the light of these results.
THE INFLUENCE OF PITUITARY HOMOGRAFTS ON THE WEIGHT OF THE ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN CASTRATED MALE MICE AND RATS AND ON MATING BEHAVIOUR IN MALE MICE
Authors: BARTKE A. , LLOYD C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of heterotopic pituitary homografts on the weight of the accessory reproductive structures, submandibular glands and kidneys were studied in castrated, castrated—adrenalectomized and castrated—hypophysectomized male rats and mice. In rats no consistent effects were seen; in mice the weights of the seminal vesicles, submandibular glands and kidneys were increased. When castrated mice were treated with prolactin or growth hormone (GH), singly or combined, the seminal vesicles responded to all three treatments at certain dose levels, while the submandibular glands were affected by GH only. The effects of pituitary isografts were compared in castrated and in intact hereditary dwarf mice. The weight of the submandibular glands was increased in both groups but that of the seminal vesicles only in intact dwarfs. It was concluded that in male mice prolactin exerts a small testis-independent influence on the reproductive system, and may also increase the production of androgen by the testis. Pituitary grafts had no effect on the restoration of mating behaviour in either castrated or castrated—hypophysectomized male mice treated with testosterone propionate.
EVALUATION OF A RAPID METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA PROGESTERONE BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: MARTIN B. T. , COOKE B. A. , BLACK W. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A competitive protein-binding method for the measurement of progesterone in plasma of human subjects was investigated. The purification steps necessary to achieve good accuracy, precision and specificity were determined. It was found that one paper chromatographic separation of unwashed ethyl acetate plasma extracts was sufficient, providing that the sample contains a minimum of 1 ng. progesterone. Water blank values equivalent to 0·05 ng. progesterone were consistently obtained. The concentrations of progesterone found in plasma during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and in male plasma were 0·14 ± 0·14, 0·82 ± 0·74 and 0·022 ± 0·015 (s.d.) μg./100 ml., respectively.
THE METABOLISM OF BETAMETHASONE
Authors: BUTLER JOAN , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of [3H]betamethasone has been studied in normal subjects and in patients receiving high therapeutic doses of the steroid. About 70% of the dose was excreted in the urine in 48 hr.; 15–30% of the dose was found in the unconjugated fraction. Six metabolites as well as unchanged betamethasone were isolated and identified by paper chromatography using reference compounds prepared from [3H]betamethasone. The transformations were: oxidation of the 11β-hydroxyl group, hydroxylation at the 6β-position, reduction of the carbonyl group at C-20 and removal of the side chain to give 17-oxosteroids.
NEUTRAL STEROID SULPHATES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: LUUKKAINEN T. , SIEGEL A. , VIHKO R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Steroid monosulphate and disulphate fractions were obtained by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 from human amniotic fluid collected at term. Only 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone could be identified in the monosulphate fraction, the detection limit being 5–8 μg./1000 ml. amniotic fluid. In the disulphate fraction 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol, 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol, 16α-hydroxydehy-droepiandrosterone, 16β-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 3β, 17β-dihy-droxy-5-androsten-16-one and 5-pregnene-3β,17α,20α-triol were identified by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. The concentrations of these steroids were determined in a pool of human amniotic fluid taken at term. The main compound was 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol.
SITES OF FORMATION OF FRUCTOSE, CITRIC ACID AND SIALIC ACID IN THE ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE GIANT FRUIT BAT, PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS GIGANTEUS (BRÜNNICH)
Authors: RAJALAKSHMI M. , PRASAD M. R. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The morphology of the male genital tract and the sites of formation of fructose, citric acid and sialic acid in the male accessory glands of the giant fruit bat, Pteropus giganteus giganteus are described. The seminal vesicle secretes only fructose while the prostate and ampullary glands secrete both fructose and citric acid. Cowper's glands secrete large amounts of sialic acid. However, considerable variations in content and concentration of these constituents are found within the group.
THE FAILURE OF PROGESTERONE TO AFFECT MYOMETRIAL ACTIVITY IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: PORTER D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study was made of the effects of both systemic and intrauterine progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) administration on the duration of pregnancy in the guinea-pig. In no case was pregnancy prolonged beyond normal term. When progesterone and MPA were administered to non-pregnant guinea-pigs (in doses up to 50 times that required to block myometrial activity in the rabbit) there was no effect on the amplitude and frequency of intrauterine pressure cycles recorded in vivo by means of intrauterine balloons. The response of the uterus to a standard dose (20 m-u.) of oxytocin was unchanged by progesterone. The administration of progesterone by an intrauterine, instead of a systemic, route did not alter the result. It is concluded that progesterone is not a myometrial blocking agent in the guinea-pig.
SURVIVAL AND FUNCTIONING OF AUTOPLASTIC, HOMOPLASTIC AND XENOPLASTIC PITUITARY GRAFTS IN THE RED-SPOTTED NEWT
Authors: DENT J. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypophysectomized red-spotted newts [Notophthalmus (Triturus, Diemictylus) viridescens viridescens Rafinesque] received autoplastic, homoplastic or xenoplastic grafts of pituitary glands beneath the lower jaw.
Autografted animals, in accord with previous observations, survived indefinitely. Homografted animals had a mean survival time several times longer than either that of unimplanted, hypophysectomized animals or that of homografts of skin. No difference between rates of iodine turnover was found between thyroid glands of animals with homografts and animals with autografts but in both groups the rates of iodine turnover were lower than in intact controls.
Great variation was found among the mean survival times of animals with xenografts. Newts with pituitary grafts from the frog, Rana pipiens, survived about as long as unimplanted hypophysectomized animals. Pituitary grafts from the salamander, Desmognathus monticola, apparently gave rise to some toxic reaction since their host newts died within short periods of time, yet newts with grafts from the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, lived longer than hypophysectomized control animals and some newts grafted with glands from a west coast newt, Taricha torosa, lived indefinitely.
THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-PROTEIN DIET ON PLASMA GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION, INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN IN RATS
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ E. , QUIJADA C. LÓPEZ 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration of a high-protein diet to rats, from the end of lactation until they reached a weight of 150 g., produced significant changes in the concentrations of insulin in the plasma and pancreas. Compared with controls, the animals receiving this diet had higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and a higher hormone content in the pancreas.
The levels of hepatic glycogen were similar to those in the control rats, but the muscle glycogen was significantly lower. Adipose tissue in vitro was less sensitive to the action of insulin on glucose uptake.
PREIMPLANTATION CHANGES AFTER LITTER REMOVAL FROM SUCKLING MICE
Authors: BINDON B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Delayed implantation in suckling mice was interrupted by litter removal at 08.00 hr. on day 5 of lactation pregnancy. A number of preimplantation changes were examined at intervals of 2, 8 and 32 hr. after litter removal. Control groups which retained their litters were examined at similar times. Litter removal was followed by significant reduction in pituitary folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) in the 2 and 8 hr. groups. The earliest uterine response to litter removal was the incorporation of [3H]uridine. This was significantly increased by 8 hr. and was about four times the control values by 32 hr. after litter removal. Increased uterine capillary permeability and the development of dye sites were not observed until 32 hr. after litter removal. At this time the number of zygotes flushed from the uterus was significantly lower than in controls, indicating that attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus had commenced. These results indicate that delay of implantation induced by suckling is associated with increased pituitary FSH. Litter removal causes prompt release of FSH and increased oestrogenic activity in the uterus (i.e. uridine incorporation) as early as 8 hr. later.
THE LYSINE-VASOPRESSIN TEST: AN EVALUATION OF TWO METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION IN NON-CORTICOSTEROID-TREATED AND CORTICOSTEROID-TREATED PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: SHENKIN A. , NUKI G. , LINDSAY R. M. , WHALEY K. , DOWNIE W. W. , DICK W. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The response of plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS) to parenteral lysine-vasopressin (LVP) was studied in 47 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 25 of whom had received long-term oral corticosteroid therapy; the remaining 22 had received no oral corticosteroids at any time, and served as controls. Both groups of patients showed excellent reproducibility of the plasma 11-OHCS response to LVP, when administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Comparable plasma 11-OHCS levels were reached in control patients when the intravenous LVP test was carried out in the morning and in the evening. Criteria of a normal response to both intramuscular and intravenous LVP were defined. In the control group, intravenous infusion of LVP led to a more sustained plasma 11-OHCS response than did intramuscular injection of the same dose. No such differences were observed in the corticosteroid-treated group, but the intramuscular test was subnormal more frequently than the intravenous test.
In the control patients, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and intravenous LVP led to comparable plasma 11-OHCS response, although a higher mean level at 60 min. was observed in the former. This difference was not observed in the corticosteroid-treated patients.
Direct comparison of these three tests lead to the conclusion that the intramuscular LVP test is more sensitive than the intravenous LVP test, but less sensitive than the insulin hypoglycaemia test, in detecting corticosteroid-induced suppression of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function. The intramuscular LVP test is therefore to be preferred to the intravenous test because of its greater sensitivity, its relative lack of side-effects, and its ease of performance.
CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF A PATIENT WITH A HILUS CELL TUMOUR
Authors: MORI T. , YOSHIDA Y. , NISHIMURA T. , KONO T. , YAMADA S. , TATSUMI S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A 27-year-old patient with a hilus cell tumour of the ovary giving rise to secondary amenorrhea and marked virilization was studied clinically and endocrinologically, and the tumour was examined by light and electron microscopy. Clinical, roentogenological and endocrinological studies showed that the ovarian tumour was the source of excessive androgen production. Urinary 17-oxosteroid excretion was always higher than 65 mg./day. The urinary production rates of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were 1970 mg./day, 98·5 mg./day and 31·9 mg./day, respectively. Postoperatively, the androgenic manifestations gradually subsided, and the menstrual cycle returned to normal.
CHANGES IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE TESTICULAR CAPILLARIES AND OF THE 'BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER' AFTER INJECTION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE IN THE RAT
Authors: SETCHELL B. P. , WAITES G. M. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Blood flow, capillary permeability and the entry of rubidium into the testis, epididymis, skeletal muscle and brain of male rats were examined within 6 hr. of giving an s.c. injection of cadmium chloride (3 μmole/100g. body wt). Sapirstein's (1958) indicator fractionation technique was used to measure blood flow with [125I]iodoantipyrine and simultaneously capillary permeability and rubidium uptake were assessed using 131I-labelled human serum albumin and [86Rb]rubidium chloride respectively.
Blood flow in the testis and the initial segment of the caput of the epididymis increased in the first 2 hr. after cadmium administration, returned to control levels at 3 hr., and thereafter sharply decreased. Labelled albumin began to accumulate in extravascular compartments 3–4 hr. after cadmium; in the head of the epididymis this increase in capillary permeability appeared earlier than in the testis and preceded the fall of blood flow.
The limited transport of rubidium into the seminiferous tubules was again observed and used as a criterion of tubular integrity. The uptake of 86Rb by the testis increased within 2 hr. of giving cadmium and thus preceded the extravascular transport of albumin from the capillaries. This is the earliest indication of cadmium damage to the tubules so far reported. There were no systematic changes in these parameters in the rest of the epididymis, skeletal muscle or brain.
THE FATE OF VERY SMALL LITTERS PRODUCED BY EGG TRANSFER IN MICE
Authors: McLAREN ANNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Varying numbers (2–12) of fertilized eggs from donor mice 3½ days post coitum were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant recipients 2½ days post coitum. A higher proportion of blastocysts than of morulae implanted and developed into live foetuses. The number of eggs transferred did not affect the proportion which implanted. Litters of one or two young, resulting from the transfer of two eggs to one horn only, were successfully carried to late pregnancy and suffered less post-implantational mortality than did larger litters resulting from the transfer of larger numbers of eggs.
An empty uterine horn did not exert either a systemic or a local luteolytic effect. Eggs were transferred to one horn of a pseudopregnant female, and at the same time the ovary on that side was removed. Implantation occurred normally, pregnancies were maintained, and the corpora lutea in the remaining ovary did not appear to be affected by the adjacent unoccupied horn.
When litters of one or two young were allowed to go to term, the young suffered very heavy perinatal mortality. This was not a direct effect of the small number of young, but was entirely due to the significant prolongation of the gestation period with small litters, combined with the significant decrease in perinatal survival when parturition was delayed.