bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography of the white‐tailed eagle, a generalist with large dispersal capacity
Authors: Hailer F. , Helander B. , Folkestad A. O. , Ganusevich S. A. , Garstad S. , Hauff P. , Koren C. , Masterov V. B. , Nygård T. , Rudnick J. A. , Shiraki S. , Skarphedinsson K. , Volke V. , Wille F. , Vilà C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim Late Pleistocene glacial changes had a major impact on many boreal and temperate taxa, and this impact can still be detected in the present‐day phylogeographic structure of these taxa. However, only minor effects are expected in species with generalist habitat requirements and high dispersal capability. One such species is the white‐tailed eagle,Haliaeetus albicilla, and we therefore tested for the expected weak population structure at a continental level in this species. This also allowed us to describe phylogeographic patterns, and to deduce Ice Age refugia and patterns of postglacial recolonization of Eurasia.Location Breeding populations from the easternmost Nearctic (Greenland) and across the Palaearctic (Iceland, continental Europe, central and eastern Asia, and Japan).Methods Sequencing of a 500 base‐pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 237 samples from throughout the distribution range.Results Our analysis revealed pronounced phylogeographic structure. Overall, low genetic variability was observed across the entire range. Haplotypes clustered in two distinct haplogroups with a predominantly eastern or western distribution, and extensive overlap in Europe. These two major lineages diverged during the late Pleistocene. The eastern haplogroup showed a pattern of rapid population expansion and colonization of Eurasia around the end of the Pleistocene. The western haplogroup had lower diversity and was absent from the populations in eastern Asia. These results suggest survival during the last glaciation in two refugia, probably located in central and western Eurasia, followed by postglacial population expansion and admixture. Relatively high genetic diversity was observed in northern regions that were ice‐covered during the last glacial maximum. This, and phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes encountered in the north, indicates substantial population expansion at high latitudes. Areas of glacial meltwater runoff and proglacial lakes could have provided suitable habitats for such population growth.Main conclusions This study shows that glacial climate fluctuations had a substantial impact on white‐tailed eagles, both in terms of distribution and demography. These results suggest that even species with large dispersal capabilities and relatively broad habitat requirements were strongly affected by the Pleistocene climatic shifts.
Heritable body size mediates apparent life‐history trade‐offs in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
Authors: MILLER B. L. W. , SINERVO B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhysiological trade‐offs between life‐history traits can constrain natural selection and maintain genetic variation in the face of selection, thereby shaping evolutionary trajectories. This study examines physiological trade‐offs in simultaneously hermaphroditic banana slugs, Ariolimax dolichophallus. These slugs have high heritable variation in body size, which strongly predicts the number of clutches laid, hatching success and progeny growth rate. These fitness components were associated, but only when examined in correlation with body size. Body size mediated these apparent trade‐offs in a continuum where small animals produced rapidly growing progeny, intermediate‐sized animals laid many clutches and large animals had high hatching success. This study uses a novel statistical method in which the components of fitness are analysed in a mancova and related to a common covariate, body size, which has high heritability. The mancova reveals physiological trade‐offs among the components of fitness that were previously masked by high variation in body size.
Does predation select for or against avian coloniality? A comparative analysis
Authors: VARELA S. A. M. , DANCHIN É. , WAGNER R. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome studies have supported predation as a selective pressure contributing to the evolution of coloniality. However, evidence also exists that colonies attract predators, selecting against colonial breeding. Using comparative analyses, we tested the reduced predation hypothesis that individuals aggregate into colonies for protection, and the opposite hypothesis, that breeding aggregations increase predation risk. We used locational and physical characteristics of nests to estimate levels of species’ vulnerability to predation. We analysed the Ciconiiformes, a large avian order with the highest prevalence of coloniality, using Pagel's general method of comparative analysis for discrete variables. A common requirement of both hypotheses, that there is correlated evolution between coloniality and vulnerability to predation, was fulfilled in our data set of 363 species. The main predictions of the reduced predation hypothesis were not supported, namely that (1) solitary/vulnerable species are more prone to become colonial than solitary/protected species and (2) colonial/protected species are more likely to evolve towards vulnerability than solitary/protected species. In contrast, the main predictions of the increased predation hypothesis were supported, namely that colonial/vulnerable species are more prone (1) to become protected than solitary/vulnerable species and/or (2) to become solitary than colonial/protected species. This suggests that the colonial/vulnerable state is especially exposed to predation as coloniality may often attract predators rather than provide safety.
Admixture and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in a free‐living vertebrate population
Authors: SLATE J. , PEMBERTON J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLinkage disequilibrium (LD), a measure of nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, is of great interest to evolutionary geneticists as it can be used to help identify loci that explain phenotypic variation. Surveys of the extent of LD across genomes have been carried out in a number of systems, most notably humans and model organisms. However, studies of natural populations of vertebrates have rarely been performed. Here, we describe an investigation of LD in a free‐living island population of red deer Cervus elaphus. Relatively high levels of LD extended several tens of centimorgans, and significant LD was frequently detected between unlinked markers. The magnitude of LD varied depending on how the population was sampled. It also varied across different chromosomes, and was shown to be a function of sample size, intermarker distance and marker heterozygosity. A recent admixture event in the population led to an ephemeral increase in LD. Association mapping may be possible in this population, although a high ‘baseline’ level of LD could lead to false positive associations between marker loci and a trait of interest.
Genetic population structure, queen supersedure and social polymorphism in a social Hymenoptera
Authors: BARGUM K. , HELANTERÄ H. , SUNDSTRÖM L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn social insects, the emergence of multiple queening is linked to changes in a suite of traits such as the reproductive life span of queens, mating patterns and population structure. We investigated queen turnover, colony longevity, spatial distribution patterns and genetic differentiation in a population of the socially polymorphic antFormica fusca. Genetic differentiation between the social forms was absent, and mating patterns were similar in the two forms. The spatial distribution of single‐ and multi‐queen colonies indicated an absence of colony reproduction by budding in both colony types. However, the rate of queen supersedure was high in multi‐queen colonies and absent in single‐queen ones. The social structure of colonies remained stable across years, but colony mortality did not differ between the two social forms. These results imply that differences between social types may appear and persist also in sympatry, and that these differences may occur in some traits, but not others, despite the presence of homogenizing gene flow.
Emulsion multiple de type L/H/L: étude de l'obtention et du mécanisme de libération
Authors: BAILLET A. , PIRISHI E. , VAUTION C. , GROSSIORD J.L. , FERRIER‐BAYLOCQ D. , SEILLER M. 
Published: May 2007

RésuméUne émulsion multiple L/H/L contenant de l'huile d'amande douce en phase interne et de la paraffine liquide légère en phase externe a été mise au point. Pour cette étude, la nature de l'émulsionnant primaire puis le taux et la nature de l'émulsionnant secondaire ainsi que le pourcentage de l'émulsion primaire à disperser pour l'obtention de l'émulsion multiple, ont été optimisés. Le rôle de chacun de ces constituants a été envisagé dans la stabilisation de l'émulsion multiple ainsi que celui des différents additifs ultérieurement introduits. La différence de nature chimique entre les phases huileuses externe et interne et l'introduction de traceurs ont permis de suivre la stabilité de l'émulsion dans le temps et d'appréhender le mécanisme de libération de substances actives dans ce type de système, par dosages chromatographiques de l'acide oléique et de la vitamine E dans la paraffine liquide légère. Le taux de vitamine E libéré est inférieur à celui de l'acide oléique. Ce phénomène s'explique par une rétention de la vitamine E dans le réseau formé par les tensioactifs polymériques utilisés. La libération apparait done essentiellement provenir de l'éclatement des globules aqueux.Multiple emulsion of oil in water in oil type: preparation and breakdown mechanisms
Application of TLC and HPTLC in the analysis of semipermanent hair dyes
Authors: MARIANI EMILIA , BARGAGNA ALBERTO , LONGOBARDI MARIO , DORATO STEFANO 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisSemipermanent or direct colouring includes any product capable of affecting to some extent a change in the natural hair colour that will last through at least five shampoo washings. Semipermanent dyes are simple and easy to use, as opposed to oxidation dyes, and are normally formulated for application on nonbleached hair. Following increases in supply of such formulations, we have started an analysis for quality control purposes of 21 commonly marketed dyestuffs (nitroaminobenzenes, anthraquinone and Arianor dyes) and 20 colouring products manufactured by four leading companies. By using TLC (silica gel and reversed phase) and HPTLC (silica gel) procedures we have determined relative retention values to 1,3‐diamino‐4‐nitrobenzene of standards and dyes found in the commercial products. All the values reported (standards and samples) are the average of five analytical results (+/‐SD).
Principles for the conduct of non‐drug clinical studies*
Authors: SCHMITT GERHARD J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki outlines the principles for the conduct of drug and non‐drug clinical studies. The key difference between drug and non‐drug biomedical research is to be seen in the fact that for non‐drugs, the potential benefits, hazards and discomforts for the volunteer enrolled in a clinical study cannot be weighed against advantages of improving current diagnostic or therapeutic methods. The principles reflected in the Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice for Trials on Medicinal Products in the European Community, issued by the Commission of the European Communities in substantial parts also apply for trials on non‐medicinal products. Specifically this is true with regard to the requirements for the privacy, integrity, and well‐being of volunteers subjected to research, and fully informing them about the risks and benefits potentially associated with the use of a test product. Skin care products are the most prominent group of non‐drug products for which clinical studies are conducted. Using these products, the key differences between executing the principles in a non‐drug and a drug clinical study are highlighted.
First‐derivative spectroscopic determination of sunscreens in cosmetic formulations
Authors: MICHAUD P. , SOTO P. , ROY T. LE , RODRIGUEZ F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNowadays, cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical forms must undergo many controls, i.e. in‐process controls on the finished product and stability testing. The authors suggest using first derivative spectroscopy for active ingredients assay presenting an ultra‐violet absorption. It offers the advantage of a direct assay through simple dilution and without active ingredient extraction.Tests were made on classic mixtures of the sunscreens benzimidazol and cinnamate derivative (pair 1), and a mixture of two benzophenones (pair 2). The studied forms were solutions in propylene glycol and commercialized W/O and O/W creams.After analytical method validation for each sunscreen by precision, reproducibility and repeatability studies, the percentages of error of the various assays have been reported in various preparations (solutions or creams).A comparative study between HPLC assay (traditionally used) and the proposed method was carried out. The results show that a highly significant linear correlation exists between the two methods for the four sunscreens (R > 0.992). The speed and simplicity of the first derivative spectrometric method should find applications in routine control or in development of cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations.
Infrared photoprotection properties of cosmetic products: correlation between measurement of the anti‐erythemic effect in vivo in man and the infrared reflection power in vitro
Authors: VIOLIN L. , GIRARD F. , GIRARD P. , MEILLE J.P. , PETIT‐RAMEL M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMeasurements were carried out on 19 commercial cosmetic samples. Initially, their anti‐infrared properties were quantified, in vivo, on healthy volunteers, by measuring variations in the Colorimetric Erythema Index ΔCEI, before and after application of a normalized quantity of product. Subsequently, the physico‐chemical response of the product was tested in vitro by measuring the infrared reflection coefficient ΔIR at 800 nm.The correlation established between these two parameters enables products to be ranked in three categories. A good correlation was demonstrated between reflective power (ΔIR) and anti‐erythemic properties (—ΔCEI) of the products in the first two groups.A qualitative examination of the diffraction of X‐rays confirms the presence of titanium dioxide, TiO2 rutile, in most products with high IR protection properties whereas TiO2 anatase was detected in a sample with no IR reflection properties.
Activity of Vittel water on proliferation of human fibroblasts, proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes
Authors: COLLOBER I. , NOEL‐HUDSON M. S. , WEPIERRE J. , MONTASTIER CH. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe effects of Vittel water on the proliferation of fibroblasts, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes from human origin were studied. To determine the relative importance of calcium and other elements of the mineral water, cultures were raised in a low‐calcium medium (low‐Ca medium), in a medium prepared with Vittel water (Vittel medium) and in a medium containing an identical calcium concentration to that of Vittel medium (Ca medium). The fibroblasts and keratinocytes were cultured in immersion for proliferation assays and on a reconstructed epidermis at the air‐liquid interface to evaluate keratinocyte differentiation. Vittel medium decreased proliferation of keratinocytes when compared to low‐Ca medium. The effect was similar to that of Ca medium at the beginning of the experiment, but significantly higher at day 7. A stratified epithelium appeared with the three types of media when keratinocytes were incubated at the air‐liquid interface; however the number of sheets was more regular and greater in Vittel medium and Ca medium than in low‐Ca medium. Filaggrin and transglutaminase expression appeared earlier with Vittel medium than with the other media. After 2 weeks, expression of markers was similar in the three media. After 3 weeks culture in Vittel medium, there was a greater expression of filaggrin. Proliferation of young fibroblasts was significantly higher in Vittel medium than in Ca medium. It was lower in low‐ Ca medium. With old fibroblasts the degree of proliferation was lower than with young fibroblasts. The augmentation of proliferation happen earlier in Vittel medium than in low‐Ca medium and Ca medium. Vittel medium regulated the growth rate of old fibroblasts, rendering it identical to that of young fibroblasts in low‐Ca medium. The effects of Vittel water were not linked to the sole presence of calcium since, with medium at an equimolecular concentration in calcium, the medium containing Vittel water had a better activity. One explanation of these effects of Vittel water might be the presence of magnesium.
Enhanced substantivity of hyaluronic acid on keratin substrates via polymer complexation
Authors: PAVLICHKO J.P. , GODDARD E.D. , BAND P.A. , LESCHINER A. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisComplexes of glycosaminoglycans and certain cationic polymers have been identified which provide utility in skin and hair care applications. The combination of biologically engineered hyaluronic acid and the cationic cellulose polymer, polyquaternium‐10, results in a unique, stable, multifunctional, association complex with enhanced polymer functionality. Complexation of the anionic and cationic polysaccharide polymers renders hyaluronic acid substantive to keratin, as evidenced by zeta potential changes of the surface charge of hair via electrokinetic streaming potential measurements. Radiolabelling techniques show as much as a ten‐fold increase in bound hyaluronic acid on hair after water rinsing. The resulting ‘enhanced’substantivity of hyaluronic acid, as part of the complex, thus extends the time hyaluronic acid remains in contact with keratinous surfaces, prolonging its humectant, moisturizing and skin‐smoothening effects.
New protein ingredients for skin detergency: native wheat protein–surfactant complexes
Authors: TEGLIA A. , SECCHI G. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe cutaneous tolerability of detergent formulations can be improved by means of suitable additives. Exogenous proteins, for example, are able to reduce the skin irritation potential of surfactants according to a double mechanism: they complex the surfactant molecules lowering the concentration of their free monomeric species; they link to the skin keratin forming a protective colloidal layer that shields the denaturing attack of surfactants. Protein derivatives used as additives for detergency are usually prepared by partial hydrolysis of animal scleroproteins or plant reserve proteins. The main purpose of the hydrolytic cleavage is to make them water soluble and suitable for liquid products. Native, non hydrolysed wheat proteins have been recently introduced as active ingredients for detergents. Water solubility and stability are obtained by means of complexation with surfactants which also increases their actual hydrophobicity, an important parameter affecting cosmetic properties of proteins. The anti‐irritant properties of these new derivatives of detergents have been evaluated by in vitro predictive tests (swelling response of collagen membranes), by acute irritancy in vivo methods (occlusive patch tests) and by use tests (forearm washing test). Transepidermal water loss and electric capacitance have been adopted as investigation techniques to evaluate the skin integrity/damage after the in vivo tests. The performance of native wheat protein‐surfactant complexes has been compared with traditional protein hydrolysates and to amphoteric surfactants as detergent additives. The results show a noticeable reduction of skin irritation in surfactant formulations with addition of native wheat proteins.
Chemico‐physical and functional properties of inorganic sunscreens in cosmetic products
Authors: SEMENZATO A. , DALL'AGLIO C. , BOSCARINI G.M. , ONGARO A. , BETTERO A. , SANGALLI M.E. , BRUNETTA F. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThis paper reports preliminary results of a study carried out on liquid crystal emulsions added to three different inorganic sunscreens: ultrafine zinc oxide, ultrafine titanium dioxide (inorganic‐treated) and ultrafine titanium dioxide (organic‐treated hydrophobically).The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of chemico‐physical properties of inorganic sunscreens on the microstructure of cosmetic emulsions. The study was carried out using three different techniques: rheological measurements performed in dynamic conditions, to study the homogeneity of samples and their structural features; dispersion of powders in emulsions by optical microscopy and SEM/EDX analysis; and functionality of emulsions by UV spectroscopy, with adhesive tape as substrate.Results show that the different chemico‐physical properties of the micropigments lead to different interactions with emulsion components; these interactions may affect the functionality and microstructure of the whole system, with loss of stability.
LDV assessment of methyl nicotinate biological response in aqueous solution against that of a w/o microemulsion system
Authors: MELONI M. , POELMAN M.C. , LAVAZZA M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe aim of this work was to check if the specific microstructure of a water/oil nonionic microemulsion could induce a modification of the bioavailability of a probe (methyl nicotinate). The vasodilatory drug effects were recorded by laser doppler velocimetry in vivo, in man. The results show a quicker activity, and a better release of the drug in the microemulsion, than in the well‐known kinetics of an aqueous solution.
Determination of impurities in oxidation hair dyes as raw materials by liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: ANDRISANO V. , CAVRINI V. , SUMMER P. , PASSUTI S. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisOxidation hair dyes as raw materials may present toxic impurities from synthesis or degradation pathways, which are responsible for allergic phenomena. In the present study selective and sensitive HPLC methods are proposed for the determination of Bandrowski base, 4‐chloroaniline, 1,2‐phenylenediamine and 4,4′‐diaminoazobenzene in 1,4‐phenylenediamine as well as 2,4‐diaminoanisole in N‐hydroxyethyl‐4‐methoxy‐1,3‐phenylenediamine. The proposed methods, based on reversed phase mode separation using 1,8‐diaminooctane as amine modifier and photodiode array detection, proved to be suitable for the purity assessment of these widely used hair dyes; in particular the cited potential impurities were determined at ppm level.
Capacitance, transepidermal water loss and causal level of sebum in healthy subjects in relation to site, sex and age
Authors: CONTI A. , SCHIAVI M.E. , SEIDENARI S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTo determine normal levels of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance and sebum according to different sex and age groups, 93 healthy subjects were studied at 14 different anatomical locations with three different instruments: the Evaporimeter EP 1, the Corneometer CM 820, and the Sebumeter SM 810, evaluating respectively the transepidermal water loss, the capacitance and the causal level of sebum. Differences depending on the anatomical site were noticed. Unlike the capacitance, the transepidermal water loss and the causal level of sebum significantly decreased according to age. Furthermore, in some sites, male subjects showed a significantly higher transepidermal water loss than females, while hydration of the horny layer expressed by the capacitance showed an opposite trend. Correlations between the above‐mentioned skin parameters were calculated: a positive correlation between TEWL and hydration was observed only at plantar and palmar areas.