bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cochlear implant results: A comparison of live‐voice and videotaped tests
Authors: Gray Roger F. , Wareing Michael J. , Court Ivy 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Cambridge Cochlear Implant Programme has so far implanted the Ineraid multichannel cochlear implant in 16 profoundly deaf adult patients; there has been a 9‐month or longer follow‐up period with these patients. We have evaluated these patients by open‐set Bamford‐Kowal‐Bench (BKB) Standard Sentence List testing in two different delivery strategies, live‐speaker testing by the same speaker and highresolution videotaped testing. The performance in lip reading both before and 9 months after implantation has been tested, as well as performance with the implant alone and with the implant in conjunction with lip reading at the 9‐month stage. We have compared the performance in these two delivery strategies and have found a significantly better performance in the live‐speaker tests that is attributable to slower and perhaps more sympathetic delivery. We have also found evidence of a ceiling effect in the performance of the implant with lip reading in the live‐speaker mode and, of greater importance, a floor effect in the performance of the implant alone with the videotaped test. These results and the implications for a complementary role of these two test‐delivery modes are discussed.
Topoisomerase I activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Masin Jeffrey S. , Berger Sosamma J. , Setrakian Sebouh , Stepnick David W. , Berger Nathan A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn recent preclinical and clinical trials, topoisomerase I inhibitors have shown great promise as antitumor agents. These agents are most effective against tumors with high topoisomerase I activity. Therefore, determining topoisomerase I activity in advance may predict response to topoisomerase I inhibitors.Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and normal tissue samples were obtained from 12 patients. Cellular extracts were prepared, and topoisomerase I activity assays were performed. The results suggest that topoisomerase I activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is increased approximately sixtyfold compared to normal tissue.Increased activity often correlates with clinical responsiveness; these results predict that topoisomerase I inhibitors should be effective and selective against squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Gastroesophageal reflux prophylaxis decreases the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy
Authors: Seikaly H. , Park P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPharyngocutaneous fistula is a serious complication after laryngectomy. Gastric fluid is known to cause severe laryngopharyngeal injury and poor mucosal healing. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a gastroesophageal reflux prophylaxis regimen on the incidence of fistula after laryngectomy. Twenty‐one consecutive patients were entered in the study. Patients with positive resection margins were excluded from the overall analysis. All patients had a Connell's two‐layer closure of the pharynx with absorbable suture, suction drainage of the neck, postoperative tube feeding, and prophylactic antibiotics. All patients were started on an antireflux regimen postoperatively composed of continuous tube feeds, intravenous ranitidine, and intravenous metoclopramide hydrochloride. Patients were followed postoperatively with Gastrografin swallows and clinically for 8 weeks. The control group consisted of retrospectively studied patients managed identically except for the antireflux prophylaxis. The two groups were well matched for factors reported to influence the rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula formation. The control group had six fistulae (26%) and an average of 16.5 days of hospital stay. The study group had no fistulae and an average of 11.5 days of hospital stay (P = .02). This study suggests that gastroesophageal reflux may predispose to fistula formation after laryngectomy and that mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxsis decreases postoperative morbidity and length of hospital stay.
Dynamic MRI‐guided interstitial laser therapy: A new technique for minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Pushek T. , Jongewaard N. , Castro D. J. , Paiva M. , Saxton R. E. , Farahani K. , Lufkin R. , Soudant J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInterstitial laser therapy (ILT) is a promising therapeutic technique in which laser energy is delivered percutaneously to various depths in tissue. In this study, the authors compared high‐speed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of ILT in tissues during treatment with post‐treatment histopathologic specimens. The use of 5‐second MRI scans allowed detection of thermal damage by the 1064‐nm neodym‐ium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser in ex vivo liver and brain tissues. These tissues were treated by ILT with 20 W of laser output for 5 to 30 seconds via a 600‐μm fiberoptic inserted 1 cm into the specimens at a power density of 7 kW/cm2 at the tip of the bare fiber.Sequential MRI measurements of lesion areas made during and after treatment were compared to measurements of laser‐induced tissue damage in his‐tolopathologic sections. Fast MRI scans and tissue histology both demonstrated increased lesion size with time of ILT. Serial images obtained during ILT detected thermal changes as areas of low signal intensity that exceeded the size of the post‐treatment lesions as measured on either final MRI or histology. The thermal effects detectable by these high‐speed MRI sequences can be used to monitor laser‐induced tissue changes during therapy, thereby providing a valuable noninvasive method for the intraoperative assessment of heat distribution during ILT.
Socioethical issues in Hospital Birth: Troubling Tales from a Canadian Sample
Authors: Rosenthal M. Sara 
Published: October 2006

Prior to the writing of this article, a small qualitative Canadian study surveyed prenatal counseling in a hospital setting; through that study, unexpected and disturbing narratives emerged from participants about their labors and deliveries. The absence of prenatal counseling and consent, in some cases, led to psychosocial trauma, perpetuated by false assumptions participants made about the safety of hospital birth. These were findings in a university-college-educated sample that had unique access to excellent health care through a wide variety of quality university teaching hospitals. This sample demonstrated alarming gaps in knowledge about the realities of hospital birth and, more generally, prenatal care in a hospital setting. This article focuses on these hospital birth narratives and discusses them in a sociological and ethical context. The findings point to further study in urban U.S. settings, with a larger, more diversely educated sample, to determine whether these findings are unique to the Canadian health-care system, unique to a more educated sample of women, or more universal, pointing to a broader need for obstetrical care reform.
Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Children and Adolescents With a Positive Family History for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rodríguez-Morán Martha , Guerrero-Romero Fernando 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine the relationship between family history of type 2 diabetes and fasting hyperinsulinemia in healthy children and adolescents.
METHODS. A total of 317 children and adolescents, 10 to 14 years of age with Tanner stage 1 or 2, were randomly selected from elementary and middle schools in Durango, northern Mexico, to participate in a cross-sectional, community-based study. Family history was ascertained by a direct, detailed medical examination that included anthropometric and laboratory measurements from both parents. We determined the prevalence of family history of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and the adjusted odds ratio that computes the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and family history of type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS. Family history of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity was recognized in 30 (9.2%), 61 (18.7%), and 74 (22.7%) children and adolescents, respectively. Children and adolescents with positive family history showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were more obese, and exhibited significantly higher fasting insulin and triglycerides levels, as well as a higher homeostasis model analysis insulin resistance index, than children with negative family history. A total of 48 (15.1%) children and adolescents exhibited hyperinsulinemia, 35 (72.9%) with and 13 (27.1%) without family history. The odds ratio adjusted by gender, fat mass (kilograms and percent), waist circumference, BMI, and Tanner stage showed that family history of diabetes, but not high blood pressure and obesity, was independently related with hyperinsulinemia.
CONCLUSIONS. Among children and adolescents, family history of diabetes, but not high blood pressure and obesity, is independently associated with hyperinsulinemia.
Parent Reports of the Psychosocial Functioning of Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Hunt Orlagh , Burden Donald , Hepper Peter , Stevenson Mike , Johnston Chris 
Published: October 2006

Objectives: (1) to determine the opinion of parents regarding the psychosocial functioning of their child with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP); (2) to identify predictors of psychosocial functioning; and (3) to determine the level of agreement between children with CLP and their parents. Participants: One hundred twenty-nine parents of children with CLP and 96 parents of children without CLP participated in this cross-sectional study. Outcome measures: Parental opinion of the child's self-esteem, anxiety, happiness, and problems caused by facial appearance were assessed using visual analogue scales. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and were interviewed. Results: Children with CLP were more anxious (p < 0.05), less happy with their appearance (p < 0.001), and in general (p < 0.05) had lower self-esteem (p < 0.05) and greater behavioral problems (p < 0.001) compared with non-CLP children. Parents reported that their child with CLP was teased more often (p < 0.001) and was less satisfied with his/her speech (p < 0.01) compared with reports of parents in the control group. A number of factors affected parents’ ratings of their child's psychosocial functioning (presence of CLP, appearance happiness, previous history of CLP, and visibility of scar). Children who had been teased were more anxious (p ≤ 0.01), less happy with their appearance (p < 0.001) and had greater behavioral problems (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Parents of children with CLP reported various psychosocial problems among their children. Parents considered children who had been teased to have greater psychosocial problems.
Pathways for MXenes in Solving the Issues of Zinc‐Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives
Authors: Zhao Rui , Liu Chang , Zhu Yirong , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractZinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have become a global research hotspot in recent years due to their eco‐friendliness, safety, abundant resources, and low cost. However, some significant challenges seriously affect their overall performance, thus hindering their further development and practical applications. Recently, multifunctional and adjustable 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are extensively used for the modification of ZIBs, and fruitful achievements are achieved. In order to make a systematic understanding of these studies, it is highly desirable to provide an overview of MXenes based on their modification methods and action mechanisms. In this review, a basic introduction to ZIBs and MXenes is presented and the main modification approaches of MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are discussed in detail, including activation and composite strategies of the cathode, interface engineering, structural optimization, and zinc metal‐free anode strategy of the anode, solid‐state strategy of the electrolyte, and functionalized strategy of the separator. Importantly, the functions and related mechanisms of MXenes in various components of ZIBs are analyzed in depth. Finally, the pathways for MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are summarized, and their future directions are prospected.
A Nucleobase‐Driven Self‐Gelled Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Injectable Adhesive Hydrogel Enhances Intervertebral Disc Repair
Authors: Yang Rong , Wang Biao , Zhang Xiaoping , Sun Yage , Zhang Yiming , Xu Ziyang , Yang Qiang , Liu Wenguang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCell therapy strategies hold great promise for nucleus pulposus (NP) regeneration and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) treatment. However, their therapeutic efficiency is compromised by the anoikis of administered cells and the harsh environment in degenerated intervertebral discs (IVD). Inspired by the ability of nucleobases to form multiple H‐bonds, a nucleobase‐driven self‐gelling strategy is proposed for the incorporation of nucleobases (e.g., thymine) into hyaluronic acid (HA) chains to trigger gel formation through enhanced intermolecular H‐bond interactions. An aqueous solution of a thymine‐modified HA (HAT) supramolecular polymer is shown to exhibit self‐gelation behavior, injectability, tissue adhesion, and hydration capacity (comparable to that observed in the NP tissue of a 25‐year‐old adult). These characteristics enable the injection and filling of the HAT hydrogel system in the IVD, integration of the separated NP tissues, restoration of the biomechanical functions of the degenerated IVD, and securing of the encapsulated cells in the NP site. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles incorporated into the HAT system (HATMn) regulate oxidative stress and the hypoxic microenvironment in degenerated IVD, ensuring the viability of the encapsulated cells. The 12‐week in vivo study results demonstrate that the administration of the MSCs‐laden HATMn system (HATMn‐MSCs) effectively restores the structure and function of degenerated IVD.
Insect‐Scale Biped Robots Based on Asymmetrical Friction Effect Induced by Magnetic Torque
Authors: Zhao Jinsheng , Xin Chen , Zhu Jiaqi , Xia Neng , Hao Bo , Liu Xurui , Tan Yu , Yang Shihao , Wang Xin , Xue Junnan , Wang Qinglong , Lu Haojian , Zhang Li 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMultimodal and controllable locomotion in complex terrain is of great importance for practical applications of insect‐scale robots. Robust locomotion plays a particularly critical role. In this study, a locomotion mechanism for magnetic robots based on asymmetrical friction effect induced by magnetic torque is revealed and defined. The defined mechanism overcomes the design constraints imposed by both robot and substrate structures, enabling the realization of multimodal locomotion on complex terrains. Drawing inspiration from human walking and running locomotion, a biped robot based on the mechanism is proposed, which not only exhibits rapid locomotion across substrates with varying friction coefficients but also achieves precise locomotion along patterned trajectories through programmed controlling. Furthermore, apart from its exceptional locomotive capabilities, the biped robot demonstrates remarkable robustness in terms of load‐carrying and weight‐bearing performance. The presented locomotion and mechanism herein introduce a novel concept for designing magnetic robots while offering extensive possibilities for practical applications in insect‐scale robotics.
Hybrid anionic block copolymerization: From organocatalysis‐streamlined crossover to internally microphase‐separated aggregates
Authors: Liu Lijun , Li Heng , Zhang Pengfei , Zhou Yubo , Zhao Junpeng , Zhang Guangzhao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPolyolefin‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) represents the most widely investigated amphiphilic block copolymers. So far, one‐pot continuous synthesis of such hybrid block copolymers has only been fulfilled by anionic polymerization through sequential addition of vinyl monomers and ethylene oxide (EO). It still remains challenging to achieve altogether high block efficiency, high polymerization efficiency, and high molar mass for PEO. Here, we report a one‐pot hybrid block copolymerization approach to polyisoprene/polystyrene(PI/PS)‐b‐PEO, in which PI/PS are formed by sBuLi‐initiated anionic vinyl‐addition polymerization, then in situ employed as macroinitiators for the anionic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of EO aided by an organic Lewis pair. The cooperative (dual‐ion‐complexing) catalytic effect of organobase and triethylborane is proven, for the first time, effective for lithium alkoxide initiator system, allowing to achieve at room temperature high ROP activity (complete EO conversion and PEO of 3–64 kg/mol reached in 1–6 h), narrow molar mass distribution, controlled block lengths and composition. Density functional theory calculation shows that phosphazene bases are particularly effective, compared with N‐heterocyclic bases, for complexing with Li+ and enhancing the nucleophilicity of oxyanion. The rate of ROP is also affected by Li+‐induced aggregation of the chain‐end ion pairs, which though can be offset by adequate catalyst loadings. The versatility of this approach is further demonstrated in the one‐pot synthesis of tri‐/tetrablock ter‐/quaterpolymers constituted by PI, PS, PEO, and poly(propylene oxide). Of great interest, PS‐b‐PI‐b‐PEO triblock terpolymer with a specific composition is found to form internally microphase‐separated micellar aggregates when dispersed in water.
Correlation between Heteroatom Coordination and Hydrogen Evolution for Single‐site Pt on Carbon‐based Nanocages
Authors: Cheng Xueyi , Mao Chenghui , Tian Jingyi , Xia Minqi , Yang Lijun , Wang Xizhang , Wu Qiang , Hu Zheng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe electrocatalytic performance of single‐site catalysts (SSCs) is closely correlated with the electronic structure of metal atoms. Herein we construct a series of Pt SSCs on heteroatom‐doped hierarchical carbon nanocages, which exhibit increasing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities along S‐doped, P‐doped, undoped and N‐doped supports. Theoretical simulation indicates a multi‐H‐atom adsorption process on Pt SSCs due to the low coordination, and a reasonable descriptor is figured out to evaluate the HER activities. Relative to C‐coordinated Pt, N‐coordinated Pt has higher reactivity due to the electron transfer of N‐to‐Pt, which enriches the density of states of Pt 5d orbital near the Fermi level and facilitates the capturing of protons, just the opposite to the situations for P‐ and S‐coordinated ones. The stable N‐coordinated Pt originates from the kinetic stability throughout the multi‐H‐atom adsorption process. This finding provides a significant guidance for rational design of advanced Pt SSCs on carbon‐based supports.
Activating Interfacial Electron Redistribution in Lattice‐Matched Biphasic Ni3N‐Co3N for Energy‐Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production via Coupled Hydrazine Degradation
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Hu Huashuai , Yan Xiaohui , Zhang Zhaorui , Yang Minghui 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe development of high‐purity and high‐energy‐density green hydrogen through water electrolysis holds immense promise, but issues such as electrocatalyst costs and power consumption have hampered its practical application. In this study, we present a promising solution to these challenges through the use of a high‐performance bifunctional electrocatalyst for energy‐efficient hydrogen production via coupled hydrazine degradation. The biphasic metal nitrides with highly lattice‐matched structures are deliberately constructed, forming an enhanced local electric field between the electron‐rich Ni3N and electron‐deficient Co3N. Additionally, Mn is introduced as an electric field engine to further activate electron redistribution. Our Mn@Ni3N‐Co3N/NF bifunctional electrocatalyst achieves industrial‐grade current densities of 500 mA cm−2 at 0.49 V without degradation, saving at least 53.3 % energy consumption compared to conventional alkaline water electrolysis. This work will stimulate the further development of metal nitride electrocatalysts and also provide new perspectives on low‐cost hydrogen production and environmental protection.
Solid‐State Photochemical Cascade Process Boosting Smart Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence in Bismuth Halides
Authors: Xing Chang , Qi Zhenhong , Zhou Bo , Yan Dongpeng , Fang Wei‐Hai 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMolecular ultralong room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP), exhibiting multiple stimuli‐responsive characteristics, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential applications in light‐emitting devices, sensors, and information safety. This work proposes the utilization of photochemical cascade processes (PCCPs) in molecular crystals to design a stepwise smart RTP switch. By harnessing the sequential dynamics of photo‐burst movement (induced by [2+2] photocycloaddition) and photochromism (induced by photogenerated radicals) in a bismuth (Bi)‐based metal‐organic halide (MOH), a continuous and photo‐responsive ultralong RTP can be achieved. Furthermore, utilizing the same Bi‐based MOH, diverse application demonstrations, such as multi‐mode anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption, can be easily implemented. This work thus not only serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the development of solid‐state PCCPs that integrate photosalient effect and photochromism with light‐chemical‐mechanical energy conversion, but also lays the groundwork for designing new Bi‐based MOHs with dynamically responsive ultralong RTP.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3‐benzenesulfonamide‐linked 3‐hydrazinoisatin derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Authors: Swain Baijayantimala , Marde Vaibhav S. , Singh Priti , Angeli Andrea , Khan Abrar , Yaddanapudi Venkata M. , Ullah Qasim , Supuran Claudiu T. , Arifuddin Mohammed 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA new series of isatin‐linked benzenesulfonamide derivatives (9a–w) were synthesized using the tail approach and assayed for their inhibitory potency against four different human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms, hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Most of these synthesized compounds exhibited interesting inhibition potency against isoforms hCA I, IX, and XII in the nanomolar range and by taking the standard drug acetazolamide. The most potent compounds in the case of hCA I were 9c (435.8 nM) and 9s (956.4 nM), for hCA IX, 9a (60.5 nM), 9d (95.6 nM), 9g (92.1 nM), and 9k (75.4 nM), and for hCA XII, 9p (84.5 nM). However, these compounds showed more selectivity toward hCA IX over hCA I, II, and XII. Thus, these compounds can be further developed as potential lead molecules for the development of isoform‐selective hCA IX inhibitors with further structural modifications.