bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium and 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulation of Adipokine Expression
Authors: Sun Xiaocun , Zemel Michael B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is associated with elevated oxidative stress and low‐grade systemic inflammation. We have demonstrated recently that 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 promotes reactive oxygen species production in cultured adipocytes, whereas suppression of 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 by increasing dietary calcium down‐regulates diet‐induced oxidative stress in aP2‐agouti transgenic mice. However, whether the anti‐obesity effect of dietary calcium plays a role in regulation of obesity‐associated inflammation is not clear.Research Methods and Procedures: We investigated the role of dietary calcium in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine production in aP2‐agouti transgenic mice fed low‐ and high‐calcium obesigenic diets and in the modulation of cytokine production by 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 in cultured murine and human adipocytes.Results: The high‐calcium diet inhibited the expression of pro‐inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin (IL)‐6 by 64% and 51%, respectively (p < 0.001), in visceral fat, stimulated the expression of the anti‐inflammatory factors IL‐15 and adiponectin by 52% (p = 0.001) and 54% (p = 0.025), respectively, in visceral fat, and induced a 2‐fold increase in IL‐15 expression in soleus muscle (p = 0.01) compared with litter mate controls on a low‐calcium diet. 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 also markedly stimulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (p < 0.001) and IL‐6 (p = 0.016) in differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and increased IL‐6 (p = 0.004) and IL‐8 (p < 0.001) production in differentiated human adipocytes. These effects were blocked by calcium channel antagonism with nifedipine.Discussion: These data demonstrate that 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 favors inflammatory cytokine expression and inhibits anti‐inflammatory cytokine expression; accordingly, suppression of 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 by dietary calcium inhibits adipocyte‐derived inflammation associated with obesity.
Vitamin E Supplementation and Plasma 8‐Isoprostane and Adiponectin in Overweight Subjects
Authors: Sutherland Wayne H. F. , Manning Patrick J. , Walker Robert J. , De Jong Sylvia A. , Ryalls Anne R. , Berry Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Isoprostanes are a marker of oxidant stress and atherosclerotic risk, and plasma concentrations are elevated in obesity. Adiponectin is a regulator of insulin sensitivity, and low circulating levels are associated with oxidant stress and obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation on plasma concentrations of 8‐isoprostane and adiponectin in overweight/obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was a 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in 80 overweight subjects (60 women and 20 men, BMI >27 kg/m2). Exclusion criteria were serious illness, smoking, or taking antioxidant supplements. Participants were randomized to receive 800 IU/d natural vitamin E (n = 39) or placebo (n = 41) for 3 months with an increase in the dose to 1200 IU/d for a further 3 months. Plasma 8‐isoprostane and adiponectin concentrations were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months.Results: During 6 months of supplementation with vitamin E, plasma vitamin E concentration increased significantly (p < 0.001) by 76%, and plasma 8‐isoprostane concentrations decreased significantly (−11%, p = 0.03), whereas plasma adiponectin concentrations did not change significantly.Discussion: These findings suggest that supplementation with high‐dose vitamin E decreases systemic oxidative stress and 8‐isoprostane concentrations in overweight/obese individuals. A decrease in plasma 8‐isoprostane has the potential to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease in obesity.
Heritability of Determinants of the Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Arabs of the Oman Family Study
Authors: Bayoumi Riad A. , Al‐Yahyaee Saeed A.S. , Albarwani Sulayma A. , Rizvi Syed G. , Al‐Hadabi Saleh , Al‐Ubaidi Firial F. , Al‐Hinai Ali T. , Al‐Kindi Mohammed N. , Adnan Haleema T. , Al‐Barwany Hameeda S. , Comuzzie Antony G. , Cai Guowen , Lopez‐Alvarenga Juan C. , Hassan Mohammed O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome, as defined by the International Diabetes Federation, was investigated in five large, extended, highly consanguineous, healthy Omani Arab families of a total of 1277 individuals. Heritability (h2) of the phenotypic abnormalities that make up the syndrome and other related traits was estimated by variance decomposition method using SOLAR software. The overall prevalence of the syndrome was 23%. The prevalence of abnormalities making the syndrome in a descending order were: obligatory waist circumference, hypertension, raised fasting blood glucose, low serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and raised serum triglycerides (TGs). Highly significant, but widely spread, h2 values were obtained for: height (0.68), weight (0.68), BMI (0.68), serum HDL (0.63), serum leptin (0.55), percentage body fat (0.53), total serum cholesterol (0.53), fasting serum insulin (0.51), homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance index (0.48), serum TG (0.43), waist circumference (0.40), diastolic blood pressure (0.38), and 2‐hour glucose level (0.17), whereas for the metabolic syndrome itself, h2 was 0.38. The wide spread of h2 results (0.07 to 0.68) indicates that some determinants, such as weight, BMI, and HDL level, are under significant genetic influence among the Omani Arabs. Other determinants such as insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, diastolic blood pressure, and TG levels seem to be more environmentally driven.
The Impact of Central Obesity as a Prerequisite for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Khoo Chin Meng , Liew Choon Fong , Chew Suok Kai , Tai E. Shyong 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) defined according to the American Heart Association (AHA)/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and to determine the effect of the presence of central obesity on the phenotype (insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk factors) associated with MS.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 4723 Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore. Each individual was categorized according to the five criteria for MS as defined by the AHA/NHLBI and the IDF. The population was categorized according to the presence of three or more criteria and then further subcategorized according to the presence or absence of central obesity. Characteristics of each group were compared using ANOVA and the χ2 test.Results: MS was present in 20.2% (IDF) and 26.9% (AHA/NHLBI) of the population. Of the population, 6.7% exhibited three or more features of MS without central obesity. Use of the IDF definition, which requires central obesity, is associated with greater insulin resistance but similar levels of other cardiovascular disease risk factors than the use of the AHA/NHLBI definition, which does not require central obesity.Discussion: In this Southeast Asian population, the IDF and the AHA/NHLBI definitions of MS identify different segments of the MS population. The IDF definition may be more appropriate for the identification of those with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In contrast, the AHA/NHLBI definition may better identify those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Role of Epidermal Growth Factor and ErbB2 Receptors in 3T3‐L1 Adipogenesis
Authors: Harrington Molly , Pond‐Tor Sunthorn , Boney Charlotte M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates proliferation in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, but EGF action in differentiation is less clear. EGF promotes differentiation at concentrations <1 nM but inhibits differentiation at higher concentrations, suggesting a dual role in adipogenesis. We hypothesized that differences in EGF receptor activation and downstream signaling mediate distinct biological effects of EGF at low vs. high abundance.Research Methods and Procedures: We compared the effects of low (0.1 nM) vs. high (10 nM) EGF on the activation of EGF receptors, proximal signaling molecules Src and Shc, and the downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 in proliferating and differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells.Results: Both low and high EGF activated ERK and p38 in preadipocytes. Src inhibitors PP1 and PP2 blocked ERK and p38 activation by low but not high EGF, and only high EGF increased Shc phosphorylation. Selective inhibition of the EGF receptor (EGFR) with AG1478 blocked ERK and p38 activation at both concentrations; however, selective inhibition of the ErbB2 receptor (EB2R) with AG825 or small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked low but not high EGF activation of ERK and p38. Coimmunoprecipitation of EGFR with EB2R and Src was observed with low EGF in preadipocytes but at both concentrations in adipocytes. EB2R inhibition during differentiation decreased p38 activity and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) abundance.Discussion: Our results show that EGFR homodimers mediate action of EGF at high abundance, but at low abundance, EGF promotes differentiation through EGFR/EB2R heterodimer activation of Src and p38. These results may partially explain the observations that high EGF concentrations inhibit, whereas low concentrations support, preadipocyte differentiation.
Meal Pattern of Male Rats Maintained on Histidine‐, Leucine‐, or Tyrosine‐Supplemented Diet
Authors: Bassil Maya S. , Hwalla Nahla , Obeid Omar A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Food intake is known to be affected by macronutrient composition of the diet, and protein manipulation has been reported to alter food intake, but the effect of individual amino acids on eating behavior has not been fully studied. This study investigated the effect of diet supplementation with three individual amino acids on meal pattern in male rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐two Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups and fed control diet or histidine (5%)‐, leucine (5%)‐, or tyrosine (5%)‐supplemented diet for 2 weeks and were monitored for their meal pattern.Results: Total food intake and feeding rate of the different groups were not affected, although other components of meal pattern were altered. Histidine supplementation reduced diurnal meal size by 42% (p < 0.05), whereas that of leucine increased nocturnal meal size by ∼35% (p < 0.05). Tyrosine supplementation increased food intake of the nocturnal period and decreased that of the diurnal period. Both histidine and tyrosine supplementation elevated fasting plasma insulin levels and suppressed fasting glucose significantly.Discussion: Individual amino acids were found to alter meal pattern differently. Further investigations are required to dissect the involvement of central and peripheral factors in these alterations.
NIH ImageJ and Slice‐O‐Matic Computed Tomography Imaging Software to Quantify Soft Tissue
Authors: Irving Brian A. , Weltman Judy Y. , Brock David W. , Davis Christopher K. , Gaesser Glenn A. , Weltman Arthur 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare reliability and limits of agreement of soft tissue cross‐sectional areas obtained using Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software packages.Research Methods and Procedures: Abdominal and midthigh images were obtained using single‐slice computed tomography. Two trained investigators analyzed each computed tomography image in duplicate. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle cross‐sectional areas (centimeters squared) were calculated using standard Hounsfield unit ranges (adipose tissue: −190 to −30 and skeletal muscle: −29 to 150). Regions of interest included abdominal total area, total fat area, subcutaneous fat area, visceral fat area (AVF), and right and left thigh total area, fat area, and skeletal muscle area.Results: For all images, intra‐investigator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.2% to 3.4% and from 0.4% to 5.6% and inter‐investigator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.9% to 4.8% and 0.2% to 2.6% for Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ, respectively, with intra‐ and inter‐investigator coefficients of reliability of R2 = 0.99. Mean AVF values for investigators A and B ranged from 168 to 170 cm2 using Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ. Bland‐Altman analyses revealed that Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ results were comparable. The mean differences (95% confidence intervals) between the AVF cross‐sectional areas obtained using the Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software were +2.5 cm2 (−5.7, +10.8 cm2) or +1.4% (−3.4%, +6.4%).Discussion: These findings show that both the Slice‐O‐Matic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software systems provide reliable measurements of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle cross‐sectional areas.
Secular Trends of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Mediterranean Population
Authors: Schröder Helmut , Elosua Roberto , Vila Joan , Marti Helena , Covas Maria Isabel , Marrugat Jaume 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate time trends of obesity, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) according to BMI and waist circumference (WC) categories in a Mediterranean population.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were Spanish men (n = 2383) and women (n = 2525) 25 to 74 years old, examined in 1994 to 1995 and 1999 to 2000 in two independent population‐based cross‐sectional surveys in the northeast of Spain. Lifestyle measures, CRFs, and anthropometric variables were analyzed.Results: Over the 5 years of the study, mean age‐standardized BMI increased by 1.0 units in men and by 0.8 units in women. At the same time the prevalence of obesity increased from 15.4% to 21.9% in men and from 15.4% to 21.4% in women. An upward trend was observed for WC and abdominal obesity (WC > 102 cm in men and WC > 88 cm in women) only in men. The proportion of men and women with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol plasma concentration remained stable within BMI and WC categories. The proportion of hypertension and smoking in obese men significantly increased from 1995 to 2000.Discussion: The 5‐year increase in BMI and WC is of considerable magnitude in the present population, although several CRFs remained stable within BMI and WC categories.
Effect of Weight Loss on Predicted Cardiovascular Risk: Change in Cardiac Risk After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Batsis John A. , Romero‐Corral Abel , Collazo‐Clavell Maria L. , Sarr Michael G. , Somers Virend K. , Brekke Lee , Lopez‐Jimenez Francisco 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to assess the effect of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular risk estimations of preventable, long‐term adverse outcomes.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed a population‐based, historical cohort study between 1990 and 2003 of 197 consecutive patients from Olmsted County, MN, with Class II to III obesity (defined as BMI ≥35 kg/m2) treated with Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and 163 non‐operative patients assessed in a weight‐reduction program. We used the observed change in cardiovascular risk factors and risk models derived from data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and the NHANES I Epidemiological Follow‐up Study (NHEFS) to calculate the predicted impact on cardiovascular events and mortality for the operative and non‐operative groups.Results: Mean follow‐up was 3.3 years. Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia all improved after bariatric surgery. The estimated 10‐year risk for cardiovascular events for the operative group decreased from 37% at baseline to 18% at follow‐up, while the estimated risk for the non‐operative group did not change from 30% at baseline to 30% at follow‐up. Risk modeling to predict 10‐year outcomes estimated 4 overall deaths and 16 cardiovascular events prevented by bariatric surgery per 100 patients compared with the non‐operative group.Conclusions: Bariatric surgery induces an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in patients with Class II to III obesity. Weight loss predicts a major, 10‐year reduction in cardiovascular events and deaths. Bariatric surgery should be considered as an alternative approach to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with Class II to III obesity.
Volumetric Assessment of Epicardial Adipose Tissue With Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Flüchter Stephan , Haghi Dariush , Dinter Dietmar , Heberlein Wolf , Kühl Harald P. , Neff Wolfgang , Sueselbeck Tim , Borggrefe Martin , Papavassiliu Theano 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies determined the amount of epicardial fat by measuring the right ventricular epicardial fat thickness. However, it is not proven whether this one‐dimensional method correlates well with the absolute amount of epicardial fat. In this prospective study, a new cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) method using the three‐dimensional summation of slices method was introduced to assess the total amount of epicardial fat.Research Methods and Procedures: CMR was performed in 43 patients with congestive heart failure and in 28 healthy controls. The absolute amount of epicardial fat was assessed volumetrically in consecutive short‐axis views by means of the modified Simpson's rule. Additionally, the right ventricular epicardial fat thickness was measured in two different imaging planes: long‐axis view (EFT‐4CV) and consecutive short‐axis views (EFT‐SAX).Results: Using the volumetric approach, patients with congestive heart failure had less epicardial fat mass than controls (51 g vs. 65 g, p = 0.01). This finding was supported by EFT‐SAX (2.9 mm vs. 4.3 mm, p < 0.0001) but not by EFT‐4CV (3.5 mm vs. 3.8 mm, p = not significant). Epicardial fat mass correlated moderately with EFT‐SAX in both groups (r = 0.466, p = 0.012 in controls and r = 0.590, p < 0.0001 in patients) and with EFT‐4CV in controls (r = 0.387, p = 0.042). There were no significant differences between EFT‐4CV and EFT‐SAX in controls (4.3 mm vs. 3.8 mm, p = 0.240). However, in the heart failure group, EFT‐4CV was significantly higher compared with EFT‐SAX (3.5 mm vs. 2.9 mm, p = 0.003). Interobserver variability and reproducibility were superior for the volumetric approach compared with thickness measurements.Discussion: Quantitative assessment of epicardial fat mass using the CMR‐based volumetric approach is feasible and yields superior reproducibility compared with conventional methods.
Youths’ Perceptions of Overweight‐related Prevention Counseling at a Primary Care Visit
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Sobol Arthur M. , Hannon Cynthia , Finkelstein Daniel , Wiecha Jean , Gortmaker Steven L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We examined youths’ report of receiving specific overweight‐related preventive counseling and perceived readiness to adopt nutrition and physical activity behaviors recommended by their clinicians.Research Methods and Procedures: We surveyed 324 youth 10 to 18 years old who had a physical exam within the past year. The survey included questions on height, weight, race/ethnicity, mother's education, and topics they discussed with their clinician during their visit. We used multivariable analyses to examine whether weight status and sociodemographic characteristics were predictors of which youth received counseling from their clinicians and which youth were ready to change.Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 13.7 (1.8) years; 54% were black, and 22% were Hispanic. Less than one‐half of participants reported discussing sugar‐sweetened beverages [38%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 32% to 43%] or television viewing (41%; 95% CI, 36% to 47%) with their clinicians. In multivariable analyses adjusting for participant's age, sex, race/ethnicity, overweight status, and mother's educational attainment, youth whose mothers lacked education beyond high school were significantly less likely to report receiving counseling on any overweight‐specific topic including television viewing [odds ratio (OR), 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27, 0.79], sugar‐sweetened beverage (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28, 0.80), and fast food consumption (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32, 0.92). In addition, youth 10 to 14 years old were more likely than those 15 to 18 years old to report they would try to change their television viewing (OR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.78, 9.44) if recommended by their clinician.Discussion: Youth report infrequently receiving counseling on specific overweight prevention topics during routine primary care visits. Our findings suggest that greater efforts may be needed to reduce social class disparities in overweight prevention counseling and that counseling to prevent overweight in youth may be more acceptable to younger children.
The Association Between Birth Weight and Visceral Fat in Middle‐age Adults
Authors: McNeely Marguerite J. , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Leonetti Donna L. , Tsai Elaine C. , Boyko Edward J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Low birth weight, a proxy for fetal underdevelopment, is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes during adulthood. Low birth weight is also associated with central obesity, but little is known about the association between birth weight and visceral adiposity. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that lower birth weight is associated with increased amounts of visceral fat in middle‐age adults.Research Methods and Procedures: This is an observational study of 91 adults (58 men and 33 women) 40 ± 6 years of age (mean ± standard deviation). Ethnicity was either Japanese American (79%) or non‐Hispanic white (21%). Birth weight was obtained from State Departments of Health. Measurements included smoking status, BMI, and visceral (intra‐abdominal) fat measured by computed tomography.Results: Visceral fat was not associated with birth weight after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, or smoking status (p = 0.76). There was no evidence that the association between birth weight and visceral fat varied by age, sex, or ethnicity.Discussion: We found no evidence that low birth weight is associated with increased visceral fat in middle‐age adults
Relationship of Visceral Adiposity to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Black and White Teens
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Johnson Maribeth H. , Humphries Matthew C. , Hatfield‐Laube Jeannie L. , Kapuku Gaston K. , Allison Jerry D. , Gower Barbara A. , Daniels Stephen R. , Barbeau Paule 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We tested the hypothesis that visceral adiposity, compared with general adiposity, would explain more of the variance in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.Research Method and Procedures: Subjects were 464 adolescents (238 black and 205 girls). Adiposity measures included visceral adipose tissue (VAT; magnetic resonance imaging), percent body fat (%BF; DXA), BMI, and waist girth (anthropometry). CVD risk factors were fasting insulin, fibrinogen, total to high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ratio, triglycerides (TGs), systolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7.Results: After adjustment for age, race, and sex, all adiposity indices explained significant proportions of the variance in all of the CVD risk factors; %BF tended to explain more variance than VAT. Regression models that included both %BF and VAT found that both indices explained independent proportions of the variance only for total to high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ratio. For TGs, the model that included both %BF and VAT found that only VAT was significant. For systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7, anthropometric measures explained more of the variance than VAT and %BF.Discussion: The hypothesis that visceral adiposity would explain more variance in CVD risk than general adiposity was not supported in this relatively large sample of black and white adolescents. Only for TGs did it seem that VAT was more influential than %BF. Perhaps the deleterious effect of visceral adiposity becomes greater later in life as it increases in proportion to general adiposity.