bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 Induction of Substance P Synthesis in Murine T Cells and Macrophages Is Subject to IL-10 and Transforming Growth Factor β Regulation
Authors: Blum Arthur , Setiawan Tommy , Hang Long , Stoyanoff Korynn , Weinstock Joel V. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSubstance P is a tachykinin that enhances pathways of inflammation. Leukocytes at sites of intestinal inflammation make substance P. This study explored the role of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-23, and the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in controlling leukocyte substance P production. In murine schistosomiasis, it was found that IL-12 and IL-23 drive substance P gene expression and peptide synthesis in murine splenic T cells and macrophages, respectively. Cytokine induction of substance P synthesis both in T cells and in macrophages depends on intracellular NF-κB activation and is Stat4 independent. IL-10 inhibits T-cell substance P production, while TGF-β blocks macrophage substance P expression. Intestinal macrophages also produce substance P, subject mostly to IL-23 and TGF-β regulation. Hemokinin is another tachykinin with homology to substance P. Macrophages and T cells make hemokinin, but hemokinin production is not subject to IL-12 or IL-23 regulation.
Noncytotoxic
Clostridium perfringens
Enterotoxin (CPE) Variants Localize CPE Intestinal Binding and Demonstrate a Relationship between CPE-Induced Cytotoxicity and Enterotoxicity
Authors: Smedley James G. , Saputo Juliann , Parker Jacquelyn C. , Fernandez-Miyakawa Mariano E. , Robertson Susan L. , McClane Bruce A. , Uzal Francisco A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

Clostridium perfringens
enterotoxin (CPE) causes the symptoms of a very common food poisoning. To assess whether CPE-induced cytotoxicity is necessary for enterotoxicity, a rabbit ileal loop model was used to compare the in vivo effects of native CPE or recombinant CPE (rCPE), both of which are cytotoxic, with those of the noncytotoxic rCPE variants rCPE D48A and rCPE
168-319
. Both CPE and rCPE elicited significant fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops, along with severe mucosal damage that starts at villus tips and then progressively affects the entire villus, including necrosis of epithelium and lamina propria, villus blunting and fusion, and transmural edema and hemorrhage. Similar treatment of ileal loops with either of the noncytotoxic rCPE variants produced no visible histologic damage or fluid transport changes. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong CPE or rCPE
168-319
binding to villus tips, which correlated with the abundant presence of claudin-4, a known CPE receptor, in this villus region. These results support (i) cytotoxicity being necessary for CPE-induced enterotoxicity, (ii) the CPE sensitivity of villus tips being at least partially attributable to the abundant presence of receptors in this villus region, and (iii) claudin-4 being an important intestinal receptor for CPE. Finally, rCPE
168-319
was able to partially inhibit CPE-induced histologic damage, suggesting that noncytotoxic rCPE variants might be useful for protecting against some intestinal effects of CPE.
Molecular testing for somatic mutations in common cancers: the views of UK oncologists
Authors: Wordsworth S , Buchanan J , Papanicolas I , Taylor J , Frayling I , Tomlinson I 
Published: May 2008

Background:Somatic mutations are important determinants of cancer behaviour and response to therapy. However, molecular testing in this context has a relatively low profile within the clinical community, despite publicity surrounding targeted therapies such as Herceptin.Aims:As the testing process affects many stakeholders, especially oncologists, this paper examines current test request patterns and views of such testing.Methods:A postal questionnaire was mailed to 582 UK oncologists and haematologists, achieving a 20% response rate.Results:The survey revealed that immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridisation are the most commonly requested tests (used by 70% and 55% of respondents, respectively), especially for breast cancer. Availability of suitable treatment options is the main factor influencing the decision to test (selected by 62% of respondents). Respondents were generally positive about future demand for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridisation, microarray analysis and DNA-based tests, but uncertain about the prospects for microsatellite instability and ploidy testing.Conclusions:Overall, respondents thought that somatic mutation testing could have a significant and positive effect on oncology and haematology departments and patient care, especially with better treatment and tumour classification. However, lack of supportive scientific evidence and funding were considered key barriers to widespread testing. Further research is clearly required on both the resource implications of this increase in demand and the best model of service delivery to ensure the most efficient use of health service resources.
Early life second-hand smoke exposure and serious infectious morbidity during the first 8 years: evidence from Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” birth cohort
Authors: Kwok M K , Schooling C M , Ho L M , Leung S S L , Mak K H , McGhee S M , Lam T H , Leung G M 
Published: May 2008

Background:Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is a modifiable cause of ill health. Despite the smoking ban in public places introduced in Hong Kong in 2007, infants and children continue to be exposed within the home.Aims:To determine the critical windows of SHS exposure and the duration of its impact on serious infectious morbidity in the first 8 years of life.Methods:The Hong Kong “Children of 1997” birth cohort is a prospective, population-based study of 8327 children comprising 88% of all births in April and May 1997, of whom 7402 (89%) were followed up until their eighth birthday in 2005. We used multivariable Cox regression to assess the relation between postnatal SHS exposure and risk of first admission to public hospitals (together accounting for >95% total bed-days overall) for respiratory, other and all infections from birth to 8 years of age, for all individuals and for vulnerable subgroups.Results:Overall, household SHS exposure within 3 metres in early life was associated with a higher risk of admission for infectious illness up until 8 years of age (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.31), after adjustment for sex, birthweight, gestational age, feeding method, maternal age, highest parental education and proxies of preferred service sector. The association was strongest in the first 6 months of life (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.83). In vulnerable subgroups such as premature babies, the association held through to 8 years of age (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.72). Infants exposed to SHS in the first 3 months of life were most vulnerable to infectious causes of hospitalisation.Conclusion:Household SHS exposure in early infancy increases severe infectious morbidity requiring hospital admission. Reducing SHS exposure in infants and particularly in more vulnerable infants will lower the bed-days burden due to infectious causes.
SELF-ORGANIZATION AND NONEQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURES IN THE PHASE SPACE
Authors: NOVIKOV V. , KRUCHININ S. , BOGOLUBOV N. N. , ADAMENKO S. 
Published: May 2008

We consider the possibilities of the formation of quasistationary distributions of particles over energy with power asymptotics in nonequilibrium systems and dynamical systems with couplings. It is shown that the Tsallis distribution is related to the exact solutions of a kinetic equation of the Boltzmann type and those of covariant kinetic equations of the Vlasov nonlocal statistical mechanics. We have studied the connection of the power-like solutions of kinetic equations with the eigenfunctions of fractional integro-differential operators and Jackson operators within quantum analysis, and that of nonextensiveness parameters in the framework of the Tsallis thermostatics, with flows in the phase space. It is shown that the processes running in a nonequilibrium nonconservative medium can be described by the solutions of the equation with fractional derivatives or Jackson derivatives for oscillations.
Decorin-Induced Growth Inhibition Is Overcome through Protracted Expression and Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Zafiropoulos Alexandros , Nikitovic Dragana , Katonis Pavlos , Tsatsakis Aristidis , Karamanos Nikos K. , Tzanakakis George N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Decorin is an established natural oncosuppressive factor whose action is being studied in detail. Recently, decorin gene therapy formulations using adenoviral vectors have been shown in several animal models with very promising results. The present study describes the first exception to the established oncosuppression model using human osteosarcoma cells. MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were found to constitutively produce decorin, and furthermore, to be resistant to decorin-induced growth arrest. On the contrary, decorin seemed to be beneficial to osteosarcoma cells because it was necessary for MG-63 cell migration and acted as a mediator, counteracting the transforming growth factor-β2–induced cytostatic function. Efforts to determine how MG-63 cells could overcome the decorin-induced cytostatic effect established that decorin in MG-63 cells does not induce p21 expression nor does it cause protracted retraction and inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Conversely, epidermal growth factor receptor seemed to be overexpressed and continuously phosphorylated. In view of the proposed design of decorin-based anticancer therapeutic strategies, our study provides new data on pathways that cancer cells might employ to overcome the established decorin-induced growth suppression. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):785–94)
Neutral Sphingomyelinase-3 Is a DNA Damage and Nongenotoxic Stress-Regulated Gene That Is Deregulated in Human Malignancies
Authors: Corcoran Chad A. , He Qin , Ponnusamy Suriyan , Ogretmen Besim , Huang Ying , Sheikh M. Saeed 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In this study, we report the characterization of a novel genotoxic and nongenotoxic stress-regulated gene that we had previously named as SKNY. Our results indicate that SKNY encodes the recently identified neutral sphingomyelinase-3 (nSMase3; hereafter SKNY is referred to as nSMase3). Examination of nSMase3 subcellular distribution reveals nSMase3 to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and deletion of a COOH-terminal region containing its putative transmembrane domain and ER targeting signal partly alters its compartmentalization to the ER. Treatment with genotoxic Adriamycin and nongenotoxic tumor necrosis factor-α up-regulates endogenous nSMase3 expression, albeit with different kinetics. Tumor necrosis factor-α up-regulates nSMase3 expression within 2 h that lasts beyond 24 h and declines to control levels by 36 h. Adriamycin up-regulation of nSMase3 is transient, occurs within 30 min, and declines to control levels by 120 min. Prolonged treatment with Adriamycin by 24 h and beyond, however, causes a down-regulation in nSMase3 expression. Activation of wild-type p53 also down-regulates nSMase3 expression, suggesting that DNA damage-mediated nSMase3 down-regulation seems to occur partly through the tumor suppressor p53. Overexpression of exogenous nSMase3 sensitizes cells to Adriamycin-induced cell killing, a finding consistent with the proposed proapoptotic role of nSMase enzymes and nSMase-generated ceramide. We further investigated nSMase3 expression in various human malignancies and found its expression to be deregulated in several types of primary tumors when compared with their matching normal tissues. Collectively, our results have identified nSMase3 to be an important molecule that is linked to tumorigenesis and cellular stress response. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):795–807)
Identification and Functional Characterization of the Human Glutathione S-Transferase P1 Gene as a Novel Transcriptional Target of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene
Authors: Lo Hui-Wen , Stephenson Lisa , Cao Xinyu , Milas Mira , Pollock Raphael , Ali-Osman Francis 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is involved in multiple cellular functions, including phase II metabolism, stress response, signaling, and apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying the significantly high GSTP1 expression in many human tumors are, however, currently not well understood. We report here that the GSTP1 gene is a heretofore unrecognized downstream transcriptional target of the tumor suppressor p53. We identified a p53-binding motif comprising two consecutive half-sites located in intron 4 of the GSTP1 gene and is highly homologous to consensus p53-binding motifs in other p53-responsive genes. Using a combination of electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting analyses, we showed that wild-type p53 protein binds to the GSTP1 p53 motif and luciferase reporter assays showed the motif to be transcriptionally functional in human tumor cells. In a temperature-sensitive p53-mutant cells, levels of both p21/WAF1 and GSTP1 gene transcripts increased time dependently when cells were switched from the inactive mutant state to the wild-type p53 state. Small interfering RNA–mediated reduction of p53 expression resulted in a specific decrease in GSTP1 expression and in tumor cells with mutated p53; adenovirally mediated expression of wild-type p53 increased GSTP1 expression significantly. In a panel of early-passage brain tumor cultures from patients, high levels of GSTP1 transcripts and protein were associated with wild-type p53 and, conversely, low GSTP1 levels with mutant p53. p53 expression knockdown by small interfering RNA increased cisplatin sensitivity. The ability of wild-type p53 to transcriptionally activate the human GSTP1 gene defines a novel mechanism of protecting the genome and, potentially, of tumor drug resistance. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):843–50)
Characterization of a Novel Primary Mammary Tumor Cell Line Reveals that Cyclin D1 Is Regulated by the Type I Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor
Authors: Jones Robert A. , Campbell Craig I. , Petrik James J. , Moorehead Roger A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The importance of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) overexpression in mammary tumorigenesis was recently shown in two separate transgenic models. One of these models, the MTB-IGFIR transgenics, was generated in our lab to overexpress IGF-IR in mammary epithelial cells in a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible manner. To complement this transgenic model, primary cells that retained Dox-inducible expression of IGF-IR were isolated from a transgenic mammary tumor. This cell line, RM11A, expressed high levels of IGF-IR, phosphorylated Akt, and phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 in the presence of Dox. IGF-IR overexpression provided the primary tumor cells with a survival advantage in serum-free media and seemed to induce ligand-independent activation of the IGF-IR because RM11A cells cultured in the presence of Dox were largely nonresponsive to exogenous IGFs. IGF-IR overexpression also augmented the growth of RM11A cells in vivo because injection of these cells into mammary glands of wild-type mice produced palpable tumors in 15.8 ± 3.4 days when the mice were administered Dox, compared with 57.8 ± 6.3 days in the absence of Dox. DNA microarray analysis revealed a number of genes regulated by IGF-IR, one of which was cyclin D1. Suppression of IGF-IR expression in vitro or in vivo was associated with a decrease in cyclin D1 protein, suggesting that at least some of the proliferative actions of IGF-IR are mediated through cyclin D1. Therefore, this article characterizes the first primary murine mammary tumor cell line with inducible IGF-IR expression. These cells provide a powerful in vitro/in vivo model to examine the function of IGF-IR in mammary tumorigenesis. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):819–28)
Characterisation of two Ukrainian populations of Globodera pallida in terms of their virulence and mtDNA, and the biological assessment of a new resistant cultivar Vales Everest
Authors: Pylypenko Liliya , Blok Vivian , Phillips Mark 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFollowing the discovery of Globodera pallida in the Uzhhorod region (Zakarpats'ka oblast') of Ukraine, two populations from this region were further examined. Firstly, their virulence was assessed in relation to two sources of resistance to G. pallida and to other G. pallida populations from Europe and South America. The results showed that the Ukrainian populations were very similar in their virulence to the other European populations. One of the test host genotypes was a new cultivar derived from Solanum tuberosum spp. andigena CPC2802, which proved to be more highly resistant than previously available partially resistant cultivars. The second experiment was a comparison of the mitochondrial Cytochrome B gene from the Ukrainian populations with other European and South American populations. The data indicated that the Ukrainian populations were similar to other European populations.
Description of Oigolaimella attenuata n. sp. (Diplogastridae) associated with termites (Reticulitermes) and remarks on life cycle, giant spermatozoa, gut-inhabiting flagellates and other associates
Authors: von Lieven Alexander Fürst , Sudhaus Walter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA new species of the diplogastrid genus Oigolaimella is described in colonies of termites belonging to the genus Reticulitermes from Corsica (France) and USA. Oigolaimella attenuata n. sp. males can be recognised by the conspicuous length of the ventral unkeeled part of the otherwise keeled gubernaculum and, in contrast to the other members of the genus, the fact that the lateral field of both adult stages is marked by a single line. A diagnostic key for the five species of Oigolaimella is presented. Life cycle and development, including spermiogenesis, sperm transfer, sperm competition and fertilisation are described in detail. Some interesting aberrations of the reproductive system are documented. The new species uses the preoral cavities of the termites for internal phoresis and is associated with non-pathogenic gut-inhabiting flagellates of the taxon Kinetoplastida. The heads of 76 of 117 examined termites were infested with dauer juveniles of O. attenuata n. sp. with an average of 6.4 nematodes per termite. Six additional nematode species were isolated from the bodies of the termites, particularly a species of Pristionchus and, for the first time, Halicephalobus sp., Mesorhabditis spiculigera and Rhabditella axei. Rhabpanus ossiculum was isolated from termite-inhabited wood from Corsica, the first such detection in Europe. In the course of our discussion of the literature on termite-associated nematodes, we propose the new combination Pristionchus formosianus (Poinar, Meikle & Mercadier, 2006) n. comb. (=Chroniodiplogaster formosiana).
Zum römischen Recht der Forderungsübertragung
Authors: Harke Jan Dirk 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Roman concept of assignment.–The functionality of the Roman concept of assignment is usually underestimated: although there was no real transfer of the creditor's right to the assignee, the authority to sue the debtor automatically granted to the assignee by virtue of the underlying contract provided for a similar result. It was irrevocable and exceeded the death of both the assignee and the assignor unless the latter died without heir. When suing the debtor, the assignee was not required to give a security assuring the debtor of not being sued again by the assignor. The assignee could also prevent performance to the assignor by making use of his collection authority and notifying the debtor of the assignment. This notification gave rise to a pactum which the debtor could oppose against the assignor's claim. Had the debtor not done so, the assignee could overcome the objection that performance was rendered to the assignor by way of an exceptio doli.
The limits of culpa levissima
Authors: Tellegen-Couperus Olga 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn D. 9,2,44pr., Ulpian states that, under the lex Aquilia, even the slightest fault (levissima culpa) counts. Since the time of the glossators, this phrase has been regarded as a general rule. Only one Romanist, MacCormack, has interpreted the phrase in a narrow sense: in his view, culpa levissima only referred to the case of scientia domini mentioned in section 1 of Ulpian's text. Later, Gimenez-Candela has argued that scientia domini led to direct liability only in case of damnum iniuria datum. The author aims to prove that culpa levissima only referred to scientia domini but that, on the other hand, scientia domini led to direct liability in all delicts.
Constitutional conflicts in seventeenth-century England
Authors: Müßig Ulrike 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the constitutional conflicts of the 17th century, both Crown and Parliament justified actions contrary to the other's will by reference to necessity. The Crown held the raising of additional finance to be necessary; the Parliament, its raising of a militia. The competence to determine a time of necessity, and to decide on the public good in it, was the key to sovereignty. In a series of cases reaching a peak in Hampden, the courts handed the Crown an unrestrained Prerogative. With the Militia Ordinance, a disturbed Parliament then claimed the competence for deciding on the public good in an emergency, even against the King's will, because its judgements as opposed to the king's discretion in his Royal prerogative were based on the common law which bound even the King. The concept of Parliament as a court of common law is often under-emphasized, though this is at the heart of the Parliament's claim to sovereignty achieved in 1689, because the Monarch could veto legislative acts, but he could not veto judgements.
Bijnkershoek over de 'quade conduites' van Huibert Rosenboom, president van de Hoge Raad (1691–1722): Een bijdrage op grond van tot dusverre onuitgegeven teksten uit de Observationes tumultuariae (als bijlage toegevoegd)
Authors:   Sirks
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe volumes of the manuscript of the Observationes tumultuariae of Cornelis van Bijnkershoek (1673–1743) contain loose leaves and endleaves with notes by his hand. Some of these notes, in particular those on the endleaves of volumes IX–XIV, have already been published. Among the unpublished notes, Bijnkershoek's observations on malpractices of President Rosenboom and his fellow judges in the Supreme Court of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland are of special interest: they constitute the basis of the present article. In an appendix the text of these observations is published together with the full text of the endleaves of volumes I–VIII, concerning other everyday matters of the Court.
L'empoisonnement à Nice sous la Restauration: enquête judiciaire et expertise toxicologique
Authors: Ortolani Marc 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPoisoning at Nice under the Restoration, judicial investigations and toxicological experts' reports. – Poisoning may be a fairly well-known crime in legal history, but the judgements of the Senate in Nice (at the time of the Restoration in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) shed some new light on some of its issues. The court worked according to principles of organisation, a legal system and a procedure which had all been inherited from the Ancien Régime and re-established under the Restoration, and which allowed it to conduct core criminal investigations. These investigations aimed at finding out the intention of the criminal and the means used in committing the crime. They relied, in spite of the limitations of scientific knowledge, on toxicological expertise, which became an essential stage in prosecuting cases of poisoning.