bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. VIII. Dibasic acids by hydrogenation and oxidative cleavage
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Stolp J. A. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryConjugated linoleic acid can be hydrogenated as sodium soap in an aqueous or ethylene glycol solution with commercial nickel catalysts. Under suitable conditions the acid is reduced predominantly to monounsaturated acids with only a slight increase in saturated acids. An alkali‐conjugation reaction mixture may be hydrogenated without isolating the conjugated acids. One set of conditions found suitable for hydrogenation is as follows: 10 g. of conjugated linoleic acid, 7 g. of sodium hydroxide, 250 ml. of water, and 0.05 g. of nickel placed under 40 p.s.i. hydrogen pressure and heated at 140°C. for 1 hour. Acids prepared from this reaction mixture have an iodine value of about 90. Oxidation and chromatographic analyses of the resultant dibasic acids indicate that with alkali‐conjugated linoleic acid, 1,2, 1,4, and 3,4 addition of hydrogen take place with equal ease. The reduced acids contain 66%trans acids. Withtrans,trans conjugated linoleic acid, 1,4 addition takes place to a greater extent that 1,2 and 3,4 addition, and the reduced acids are allrans.
Keeping properties of edible oils—Part I. The use of accelerated tests for assessment of the keeping properties of oils and the value of antioxidants
Authors: Paul S. , Roylance A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAssessment of oil quality by two accelerated oxidation tests gave little or no correlation with organoleptic asessment during storage. Improvements in quality of oils refined in the factory, to which antioxidants had been added, are indicated by the accelerated tests but are not reproduced in normal storage. Howver a treatment of the oils with alumina, as a part of the refining process replacing earth bleaching, appears to remove antagonistic factors, and under these circumstances the addition of antioxidant has a pronounced effect.
6‐Hydroxychroman‐2‐carboxylic acids: Novel antioxidants
Authors: Scott John W. , Cort Winifred M. , Harley Hampton , Parrish David R. , Saucy Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

Abstract6‐Hydroxychroman‐2‐carboxylic acids (I) have been found to be effective antioxidants in animal fats, vegetable oils, and emulsion systems. Two newimagesyntheses of these compounds have been developed. Structure‐activity correlations for I with various substitutents at C2, C5, C7, and C8 in various test systems have been obtained. In addition, the homologous chroman acetic acids, which are also antioxidants, and a number of other derived compounds have been synthesized. The most effective antioxidant in this series is the tetramethyl compound I (R2=R5=R7=R8=CH3). This compound has activity which compares well with the better commercial antioxidants.
Detection of adulteration of cottonseed oil by gas chromatography
Authors: Imai C. , Watanabe H. , Haga N. , Ii T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo detect adulterant vegetable oils in cottonseed oil, soybean, rapeseed, and ricebran oils were mixed into cottonseed oil extracted experimentally from seeds. These adulterated oils and the component oils were analyzed for sterols, fatty acids, and triglycerides by gas chromatography. In sterol analysis, stigmasterol was determined for adulteration with soybean and ricebran oils. Brassicasterol content seemed to be reliable as the indicator of adulteration for rapeseed oil. In fatty acid analysis, erucic acid for rapeseed oil and linolenic acid for soybean and ricebran oils were proof of adulteration. Triglyceride analysis was not so reliable as sterol analysis for detecting contamination, except that triglycerides with carbon‐58, 60, and 62 indicate adulteration with rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil (5%) and soybean and ricebran oils (10%) were the limits of detection for adulteration in cottonseed oil. Analysis of cottonseed oil from six refineries did not show positive indications of adulteration.
Kinetic investigation into glucose‐, fructose‐, and sucrose‐activated autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion
Authors: Mabrouk Ahmed Fahmy , Dugan L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAutoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions in aqueous phosphate buffer solutions in the presence of glucose, fructose, and sucrose has been studied by the rate of oxygen uptake. Oxidation rates increased with increasing concentration of sugars in the system. At comparable molar ratios of sugar to methyl linoleate the rate of oxidation in the presence of fructose was greater than with glucose which, in turn, was greater than with sucrose. Oxidation rates increased with pH until a maximum rate was reached at pH 8.00. There was less conjugation and more CO2 with fructose than with glucose at a comparable level of oxygen uptake and pH value. This suggested concurrent oxidation of methyl linoleate and sugars; fructose is the most readily oxidized of those studied.Sugars seemed to be effective only in combination with the resulting methyl linoleate hydroperoxide. The effect of sugars rests in an activation of the decomposition of the linoleate hydroperoxide, and on the acceleration of the autocatalysis.The activation energy values for the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions in the presence of sucrose, glucose, and fructose are 14.9, 10.6, and 10.6 K. Cal./mol. at pH 5.50; 16.0, 10.8, and 10.4 K. Cal./mol. at pH 7.00; and 14.4, 10.2, and 8.8 K. Cal. at pH 8.00, respectively.Addition of ascorbic acid to the system at zero time or after 2 hrs. increased oxygen absorption. It appeared that oxidized methyl linoleate caused co‐oxidation of the ascorbic acid. Additions of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, propyl gallate, and hydroquinone to the system were ineffective in stopping oxidation when they were added after oxidation had commenced. They reduced effectively the rate of oxidation when added at zero time.
Sulfur content of rapessed oils
Authors: Daun J. K. , Hougen F. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSulfur contents in rapeseed oils were determined by reduction with Raney nickel, acidification, and titration of released H2S with mercuric acetate. The sulfur contents decreased with successive steps of industrial processing, i.e., crude oil, 17–31 ppm S; degummed, 16 ppm; alkali refined, 4–9 ppm; bleached, 3–5 ppm; and deodorized, <1 ppm. Laboratory‐extracted oil from sound seed contained no detectable sulfur, regardless of the glucosinolate content of the seed. Heating of the seed or addition of water to the seed prior to extraction increased the sulfur in the oil‐less, however, for low‐glucosinolate seed than for high‐glucosinolate seed. Laboratory‐extracted oils from green, frost‐damaged, and bin‐heated seed contained appreciable amounts of sulfur.
Preparation and solubility of metal soaps of wool wax acids
Authors: Noble Wilfred R. , Scanlan John T. , Eisner Abner 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe preparation and solubility determination of the cupric, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, lead, barium, manganous, ferric, and chromic soaps of the wool wax acid fraction are described. Solubilities, at 25Ŷ, were determined in: ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether. Barium and cadmium soaps of hydroxy and nonhydroxy acid fractions, obtained by partitioning the whole wool wax acid fraction, were also prepared and subjected to the same study.
Sodium alkyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonates, C7H15CH(SO3Na)CO2R. Wetting and related properties
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Weil J. K. , Ault Waldo C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of sodium alkyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonates prepared from sodium ॅ‐sulfopelargonic acid and alcohols of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms were examined for surface active properties. Esters with the hydrophilic portion in the middle of the molecule, as in sodium hexyl, heptyl octyl, capryl (or 2‐octyl) and 2‐ethylhexyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonate were very efficient wetting agents with good foaming properties and a c.m.c. of from 2 to 7 millimoles per liter. The presence of the ॅ‐sulfo group inhibits hydrolysis of the ester linkage, apparently by steric hindrance. Sodium capryl ॅ‐sulfopelargonate, an ester of a secondary alcohol, was particularly stable to acid and alkaline hydrolysis. The esters are easily soluble in water, organic solvents and mineral oil.
Solvent‐blown, rigid urethane foams from low cost castor oil‐polyol mixtures
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe preparation of solvent‐blown rigid urethane foams from low cost castor oil‐polyol mixtures was investigated. Solutions of triisopropanolamine, and of mixtures of triisopropanolamine and triethanolamine in castor oil, were used as the polyol component of these foams. Foams were prepared by reacting these polyol mixtures, in the presence of catalyst, surfactant, and trichlorofluoromethane, with prepolymers prepared from toluenediisocyanate and certain polyether polyols or mixtures of these polyether polyols with castor oil. The effect of polyol and prepolymer composition and blowing agent concentration on such foam properties as density and compressive strength was investigated. The properties of the castor oil‐based foams were comparable to those of foams obtained from more costly polyols.
Use of silicones in frying oils
Authors: Freeman I. P. , Padley F. B. , Sheppard W. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSilicones (polydimethyl siloxanes) greatly increase the oxidative stability of an edible oil at high temperature. The effect is demonstrated here, using a thin layer chromatography technique to follow the oxidation of the oil. The minimum fully effective concentration corresponds to a monolayer of silicone on the air‐to‐oil surface. Using an atomic absorption technique, estimates have been made of the amount of silicone picked up on food fried in a silicone‐containing oil. When potato chips are fried in an oil containing 2 ppm silicone or more, the silicone content of the used oil is reduced to below 1 ppm and the surplus is taken up by the potato chips. In view of this pickup effect, and because only a very small amount of silicone is required to protect the oil, it is not desirable to use the silicone at levels higher than 2 ppm. Silicones should therefore be added in a controlled manner by the frying oil manufacturer.
Binary freezing‐point diagrams for alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids with each other and with acetamide
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. , Planck Ralph W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryComplete binary freezing‐point data have been obtained for each of the polymorphic modifications of acetamide with alpha‐eleostearic acid and beta‐eleostearic acid and for alpha‐eleostearic acid with beta‐eleostearic acid. In the light of previously published data the fact that all of these systems are of the simple eutectic type suggests that the tendency of the long‐chain fatty acids to form 1∶1 molecular compounds with acetamide and with each other decreases as the degree of unsaturation increases.The fact that the heat of fusion of beta‐eleostearic acid, 13.2 kcal. per mole, calculated from the freezing‐point data is greater than that for the alpha acid, 10.5 kcal. per mole, corroborates the conclusion that the beta acid is the trans‐trans‐trans modification. Calculations of heats of fusion have been made, based upon all the available freezing‐point data in the literature for binary systems between pairs of C18 fatty acids of different degrees of unsaturation, and certain trends have been dsicussed.
The infrared spectra and the structural relationships between alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids and their maleic anhydride adducts
Authors: Bickford W. G. , DuPré E. F. , Mack C. H. , O'Connor R. T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe cis, trans, and positional configuration of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids have been investigated. The maleic anhydride adducts of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids were prepared and subjected to hydrogenation, selective epoxidation, and esterification. Two epoxy derivatives of the maleinated beta‐eleostearic acid were isolated and characterized. Infrared spectra of these maleic anhydride adducts and their various derivatives have been measured in the rock salt region, 2–12 microns. These infrared data together with chemical evidence have been used to confirm the structure of alpha‐eleostearic acid as 9‐cis, 11‐trans, 13‐trans octadecatrienoic acid and beta‐eleostearic acid as 9‐trans, 11‐trans, 13‐trans octadecatrienoic acid.Complete infrared spectra are presented for authentic samples of alpha‐and beta‐tung oil, China wood oil, oiticica oil, and alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids. Infrared absorption curves are presented, including the maleic anhydride adducts of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids, various derivatives of these adducts and the following reference compouds: maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, the butadiene‐maleic anhydride adduct and its dimethyl ester.
Methyl punicate,Alpha andBeta eleostearate.Cis, trans isomerism and structure
Authors: Tolberg W. E. , Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl esters ofbeta eleostearic,alpha eleostearic, and punicic acids have been isomerized with iodine and light to the same equilibrium mixture of 64%beta, 33%alpha, and 2.6% punicate structures. The course of isomerization is in agreement with the following structures:trans, trans, trans forbeta; cis, trans, trans foralpha; andcis, trans, cis for punicate, in agreement with structures provenvia synthesis by Crombie and Jackson. There is some theoretical and experimental evidence that the center double bond of this type of conjugated triene isomerizes less readily than the outer double bonds.
Manufacture and properties of synthetic toilet soaps
Authors: Hollstein M. , Spitz L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe manufacture of syndet bars requires special machinery and somewhat different processing steps than those used for normal toilet soap production. Fully synthetic bars are higher priced specialty products which offer special properties not available in normal soaps. Syndet bars: are free from alkali; they can be neutral or adjusted to pH levels below 7; are used for skin problems; lather and clean very well at various water hardnesses without forming a curd or precipitate; are compatible with a large variety of additives; and use less perfume than normal soaps.
Carbon dioxide flooding for enhanced oil recovery: Promise and problems
Authors: Orr F. M. , Heller J. P. , Taber J. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOf the enhanced oil recovery methods currently being considered for application to many of the nation’s older oil fields, carbon dioxide flooding may offer the largest potential for additional oil recovery. The physical mechanisms by which CO2 contacts and mobilizes crude oil are reviewed. Influence on the displacement process of factors such as the phase behavior of CO2‐crude oil mixtures, swelling of oil by dissolved CO2, and reduction of oil viscosity are considered. Adverse effects of the viscous instability which occurs when very low viscosity CO2 displaces the more viscous oil and water are dicussed. Advantages and disadvantages of three potential methods for controlling the mobility of CO2 are reviewed: thickening CO2 with polymeric additives, reduction of CO2 mobility by high water saturations, and use of surfactants to generate foam‐like emulsions of water and CO2. Field experience to date and the recent surge in field activity are discussed. Finally, a brief assessment of the future of CO2 flooding research and practice is offered.
Solid nonionic surface‐active agents
Authors: Barker G. E. , Ranauto H. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethods have been described for converting liquid nonionic surface‐active agents of the polyoxyethylene type to solid compositions by complexing with urea. It is shown how these solid products may be made in the form of free‐flowing powders, flakes, bars, pellets, or tablets.The surface‐active properties of two commercial detergents based on this discovery are reported. Besides showing the excellent detergency of these products in washing artificially soiled cotton, it has been shown that they enhance the detergency of alkalibuilt sodium alkylaryl sulfonates in hard water.
Hygroscopic equilibrium of peanuts
Authors: Karon Melvin L. , Hillery Barbara E. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsThe hygroscopic equilibria and rates of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium of freshly dug, naturally cured, and artificially cured peanuts have been determined over the range of 11–93% relative humidity at 25°C. The hygroscopic equilibrium does not appear to be dependent on the method of curing. At a constant relative humidity, the moisture content is distributed so that the moisture content of the skins is twice that of the meats and in general the moisture content is lowest in the meats, and is increasingly greater in hearts, shells, and skins, respectively.At 25° and 35°C, the relative humidity is of greater importance than the absolute humidity. Circulation of the air over the samples greatly increases the rate of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium. At the higher temperature, the rate of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium is further increased because of the increased rate of diffusion of moisture in the seed.Inasmuch as the hygroscopic equilibrium is the same at both 25° and 35°C., it is more advantageous when speed of drying is important to use the higher temperature because equilibrium is attained more rapidly.
Sesame oil. III. Antioxidant properties of sesamol
Authors: Budowski Pierre 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsSesamol possesses marked antioxidant activity in lard and also exhibits a pronounced protection for vegetable oils, especially for sesame oil.The antioxidant activity of sesamol strengthens the assumption that free sesamol is responsible for the unusual stability of hydrogenated sesame oil, a subject which has been reported in another article in this series.The use of sesamol as a commercial antioxidant would probably not be permitted until it has been shown to possess no undesirable physiological activity. However the presence of sesamol in concentrations up to 0.2% in sesame oil, one of the oldest edible oils known to man, would probably indicate that no serious adverse physiological problem exists in this respect. Although usually present in a bound form (sesamolin), this sesamol is known to be liberated by the action of mineral acids, even when quite dilute.Sesamol is a very low molecular weight compound which is sufficiently volatile to be removed by deodorization, consequently it should be added to the fat after deodorization.
New concept for edible oil deodorizers
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. , Berger Ralph W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor many years the double shell deodorizer has been the preferred design, and quality minded refiners have paid a premium price for this type of deodorizer. Double shell deodorizers generally are supplied for capacities of 150–600 metric tons/24 hr. Our objective was to design a deodorizer for capacities of 25–150 metric tons/24 hr with all the process advantages of the double shell deodorizer at a lower capital cost.
Effect of sterculic acid upon aflatoxicosis in rats fed diets containing saturated and unsaturated fat
Authors: Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Straus R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigations on trout have shown that the cyclopropenoid fatty acids, which occur naturally in small amounts in unrefined cottonseed oil, may act as powerful cocarcinogens when fed in conjunction with aflatoxin. Attempts at confirming these findings in mammals, i.e. rats, have been inconclusive. In this study, the effects of sterculic acid and aflatoxin upon lipid metabolism and tumor formation in male rats have been examined using basal diets containing either saturated or unsaturated fat to which the following additions were made: (A) basal diet (no supplements); (B) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm; (C) sterculic acid at 210 ppm; and (D) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm, plus sterculic acid at 210 ppm. The rats consumed these diets for 3 months and, thereafter, were fed the unsupplemented basal diet until sacrifice 9 months later. Growth was depressed in rats in groups B, C, and D, but no synergistic inhibition was observed, regardless of the fat source. Liver wt doubled in response to aflatoxin; however, only when the diet contained unsaturated fat did sterculic acid, in combination with aflatoxin, exaggerate the increase in liver wt (a reflection of the more severe liver pathology observed in these rats). In the animals fed the saturated fat diet, aflatoxin administration to animals fed the control or sterculic acid supplemented diets resulted in marked increases in plasma cholesterol levels; the unsaturated fat diets, supplemented with aflatoxin, evoked a slight increase in plasma cholesterol content which was nullified by sterculic acid supplementation.
Juvenescent soap films. The evaporative stabilization of a film by a volatile surfactant
Authors: Jones Malcolm N. , Mysels Karol J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the absence of evaporation, soap films may be preserved indefinitely after a rapid evolution to an equilibrium thickness, the black film. This evolution can be slowed down enormously so that the appearance of a recently formed thick and colored film can be preserved for hours or weeks. Such juvenescent films form when the evaporation of water is prevented and that of a minor but highly surface‐active component is favored. For example, a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate containing decyl or octyl alcohol gives juvenescent films in a thermostated enclosure, containing also a micellar solution which is initially free of the alcohol and is capable of absorbing it from the vapor phase. Juvenescence depends on a pseudo‐steady state in which the surface tension of a film element increase on account of evaporation of the alcohol, and this causes contraction and thickening, return to the bulk liquid, and replacement by a fresh film element rich in alcohol. The analogy to “tears of strong wine” is marked. Quantitative experiments, using octyl alcohol, are also described.Any condition favoring this effect must be eliminated if accurate equilbrium film‐thickness measurements are to be obtained.
Continuous slurry hydrogenation of soybean oil with nickel catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Moulton K. J. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was hydrogenated continuously in the presence of nickel catalysts. The iodine value of the products was varied by changing the oil flow rate and temperature of the reaction. Sulfur‐promoted nickel catalyst increased the selectivity for linolenate hydrogenation, but formed much higher proportions oftrans isomers. Linoleate selectivity improved with temperature with both nickel and sulfur‐promoted nickel catalysts, buttrans isomerization also increased. The feasibility of this continuous reactor system was demonstrated as a practical means to prepare hydrogenated stocks of desired composition and physical characteristics at high throughput.
Waste water disposal from a highly diversified fat and fatty acid plant
Authors: Hamilton H. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA case history of waste water disposal at the Drew Chemical, Boonton, New Jersey plant is presented together with details of various treatments that have been studied. These include biological, chemical and physical treatment methods. Treatment of concentrated wastes having a soluble biochemical oxygen demand of approximately 10,000 mg/liter is emphasized.