bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definitions of Night Eating in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Thompson Douglas , Franko Debra L. , Barton Bruce , Affenito Sandra , Schreiber George B. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe the prevalence of night eating in a community cohort of black and white girls, using different definitions of night eating as described in the literature.Research Methods and Procedures: Three‐day food diaries collected as part of the National Growth and Health Study were examined to identify episodes of night eating, which was defined in five different ways: eating >25% of daily caloric intake after the last evening meal, eating >25% of daily caloric intake after 7 pm, eating >50% of daily caloric intake after the last evening meal, eating >50% of daily caloric intake after 7 pm, or eating between 11 pm and 4:59 am.Results: Frequency of night eating varied tremendously depending on how the behavior was defined. For the least restrictive definition (>25% of total intake after last meal), 50% to 70% of girls reported one night eating event; for the most restrictive (>50% of total intake after last meal), only 1.5% of 11‐year‐old girls' diaries and 3.5% of 19‐year‐old girls' diaries contained a night eating event. The frequency of night eating decreased dramatically (typically by a factor of 10) if the inclusion criteria required multiple night eating events in a given week.Discussion: A standard definition of night eating behavior is needed to advance the field. An agreed‐on operationalized definition that includes time of day, amount of calories consumed, and a frequency criterion would enable cross‐study comparisons and encourage the examination of developmental and clinical considerations of night eating behavior.
Identification and Characterization of Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms in MCH‐R1 and MCH‐R2*
Authors: Hawes Brian E. , Green Beverly , O'Neill Kim , Fried Steve , Arreaza M. Gladys , Qiu Ping , Simon Jason S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify and functionally characterize single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH)‐R1 and ‐R2.Research Methods and Procedures: The entire coding regions and intron/exon splice junction regions ofMCH‐R1andMCH‐R2were sequenced from anonymous white (n= 45) and African‐American (n= 46) individuals. DNA was analyzed, and SNPs were identified using Phred, Phrap, and Consed software. DNA constructs containingMCH‐R1andMCH‐R2SNPs were generated and expressed in CHO cells. The effect of the SNPs inMCH‐R1andMCH‐R2were assessed in receptor binding assays and functional assays measuring changes in intracellular cAMP and Ca2+levels.Results: We identified 12 SNPs in theMCH‐R1gene. Two of these SNPs are in coding regions, and one produces an arginine‐for‐glycine substitution at residue 34 in the MCH‐R1 sequence. This SNP is present at a minor allele frequency of 15% in the African‐American population tested in this study. We identified eight SNPs in theMCH‐R2gene. Four of these SNPs are in coding regions, and two produce amino acid substitutions. Lysine substitutes for arginine at residue 63 of the African‐American population, and glutamine substitutes for arginine at residue 152 in whites (minor allele frequency of 2% for both SNPs). No changes in receptor binding or functional signaling were observed with the SNP mutations inMCH‐R1orMCH‐R2.Discussion: These data indicate that potential therapeutics designed to act at the MCH receptor are unlikely to have altered effects in subpopulations that express variant forms of MCH‐R1 or MCH‐R2.
Valuing the Benefits of Weight Loss Programs: An Application of the Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Roux Larissa , Ubach Christina , Donaldson Cam , Ryan Mandy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is a leading health threat. Determination of optimal therapies for long‐term weight loss remains a challenge. Evidence suggests that successful weight loss depends on the compliance of weight loss program participants with their weight loss efforts. Despite this, little is known regarding the attributes influencing such compliance. The purpose of this study was to assess, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), the relative importance of weight loss program attributes to its participants and to express these preferences in terms of their willingness to pay for them.Research Methods: A DCE survey explored the following weight loss program attributes in a sample of 165 overweight adults enrolled in community weight loss programs: cost, travel time required to attend, extent of physician involvement (e.g., none, monthly, every 2 weeks), components (e.g., diet, exercise, behavior change) emphasized, and focus (e.g., group, individual). The rate at which participants were willing to trade among attributes and the willingness to pay for different configurations of combined attributes were estimated using regression modeling.Results: All attributes investigated appeared to be statistically significant. The most important unit change was “program components emphasized” (e.g., moving from diet only to diet and exercise).Discussion: The majority of participants were willing to pay for weight loss programs that reflected their preferences. The DCE tool was useful in quantifying and understanding individual preferences in obesity management and provided information that could help to maximize the efficiency of existing weight loss programs or the design of new programs.
Eating Disorder or Disordered Eating? Non‐normative Eating Patterns in Obese Individuals
Authors: Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Yanovski Susan Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBinge eating disorder (BED) and night eating syndrome (NES) are putative eating disorders frequently seen in obese individuals. Data suggest that BED fulfills criteria for a mental disorder. Criteria for NES are evolving but at present do not require distress or functional impairment. It remains unclear whether BED and NES, as they are currently defined, are optimally useful for characterizing distinct patient subgroups. We propose that a distinction be made between “eating disorders” and “non‐normative” eating patterns without associated distress or impairment. Although non‐normative eating patterns may not be considered mental disorders, they may be very important in terms of their impact on body weight and health. More precise behavioral and metabolic characterization of subgroups with eating disorders and non‐normative eating behaviors has important implications for understanding the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of obesity. Ultimately, better understanding of the many pathways to increased energy intake may lead to targeted strategies for prevention of overweight and obesity in at‐risk individuals and populations.
Independent Association of Hip Circumference with Metabolic Profile in Different Ethnic Groups
Authors: Snijder Marieke B. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Visser Marjolein , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Seidell Jacob C. , Shaw Jonathan E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: In whites, a larger hip circumference has been shown to be associated with a better metabolic profile, after adjustment for BMI and waist circumference. Our aim was to investigate this association in a variety of ethnic groups, some highly susceptible to type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting and 2‐hour postload glucose, triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol in 1020 Melanesians, 767 Micronesians, 3697 Indians, and 2710 Creoles from Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. Leptin and body fat percentage were determined in Indian and Creole Mauritians only.Results: In all ethnic groups, larger hip circumference was associated with lower glucose and triglyceride levels in both sexes and higher high‐density lipoprotein levels in women only, after adjustment for waist circumference, BMI, and age. Adjustment for height or leptin did not materially change the results.Discussion: In conclusion, we confirmed the protective association of relatively larger hips in four nonwhite ethnic groups. Leptin does not seem to play a mediating role in this association.
Characterization of QTL with Major Effects on Fatness and Growth on Mouse Chromosome 2
Authors: Jerez‐Timaure Nancy C. , Kearney Francis , Simpson E. Barry , Eisen Eugene J. , Pomp Daniel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To isolate and characterize a region on mouse chromosome 2 harboring quantitative trait loci with large influences on growth and fatness.Research Methods and Procedures: A congenic line [M16i.B6‐(D2Mit306‐D2Mit52); MB2] was created using the polygenic obese M16i selection line as the recipient for an ∼38‐centimorgan region from C57BL/6J. Males and females from M16i and MB2 were compared for body weight, body composition, feed consumption, and additional traits at 6, 15, and 24 weeks. Interactions of genotype and environment (low and high dietary fat) were investigated. Males (8 weeks) were evaluated for fatty acid profiles in liver and for transcriptional profiles in liver and adipose.Results: Consequences of replacing M16i alleles with C57BL/6J alleles in MB2 were maximized at 15 weeks. MB2 mice were up to 15% lighter than M16i at this age, with no differences in feed consumption. As a percentage of body weight, MB2 had dramatically less epididymal (males) or perimetrial (females) fat (1.17% vs. 2.79% pooled across sex) and lower total lipids (16.1% vs. 23.3%) than M16i. Decreased adiposity in MB2 was not dependent on gender or diet. MB2 mice also had significant decreases in levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose, decreased de novo synthesis of hepatic fatty acid, and transcriptional changes for many genes both within, and external to, the congenic region.Discussion: Results confirm the presence and large effects of mouse chromosome 2 quantitative trait loci and further define their phenotypic consequences related to energy balance. The MB2 congenic line is a powerful resource for eventual identification of pathways and mutations within genes regulating predisposition to growth and obesity.
Achieving Weight and Activity Goals Among Diabetes Prevention Program Lifestyle Participants
Authors:   The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that intensive lifestyle intervention reduced the risk of diabetes by 58%. This paper examines demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors related to achieving weight loss and physical activity goals in the DPP lifestyle participants.Research Methods and Procedures: Lifestyle participants (n = 1079; mean age = 50.6, BMI = 33.9, 68% female, and 46% from minority groups) had goals of 7% weight loss and 150 min/wk of physical activity. Goal achievement was assessed at the end of the 16‐session core curriculum (approximately week 24) and the final intervention visit (mean = 3.2 years) as a function of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables.Results: Forty‐nine percent met the weight loss goal and 74% met the activity goal initially, while 37% and 67%, respectively, met these goals long‐term. Men and those with lower initial BMI were more likely to meet activity but not weight loss goals. Hispanic, Asian, and Native Americans were more likely to meet the long‐term activity goals, and whites were more likely to meet the initial weight loss goal. In multivariate analyses, meeting the long‐term weight loss goal and both activity goals increased with age, while psychosocial and depression measures were unrelated to goal achievement. Dietary self‐monitoring was positively related to meeting both weight loss and activity goals, and meeting the activity goal was positively related to meeting the weight loss goal. Participants who met initial goals were 1.5 to 3.0 times more likely to meet these goals long‐term.Discussion: Success at meeting the weight loss and activity goals increased with age. Initial success predicted long‐term success. Self‐monitoring and meeting activity goals were related to achieving and sustaining weight loss.
PPAR‐γ2 Expression in Response to Cafeteria Diet: Gender‐ and Depot‐Specific Effects
Authors: Rodríguez Enrique , Ribot Joan , Rodríguez Ana M. , Palou Andreu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effects of short‐term cafeteria (CAF) diet feeding on the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and their association with adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Four‐week‐old male and female Wistar rats were fed CAF diet or standard chow for 2 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, tissue weights, and serum parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ2, PPARα, CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein‐α, and adipocyte differentiation and determination factor 1 mRNAs in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) (visceral depot) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) (subcutaneous depot) and in interscapular brown adipose tissue were measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.Results: Short‐term CAF diet feeding resulted in increases in body weight, adipose tissue weights, and lipid serum levels. Increased adiposity was more related to an increase in visceral fat than an increase in subcutaneous fat. This difference was associated with a higher expression of key adipogenic transcription factors (mainly PPARγ2 and CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein‐α) in gWAT when compared with iWAT. Higher hypertrophy of gWAT was found in females, whereas males showed a higher hypertrophy of iWAT. Differential gender and depot response to CAF diet could be explained by depot and gender differential expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, especially PPARγ2. Hence, reduced hypertrophy of female iWAT and defective thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue in response to CAF diet were related to decreased PPARγ2 mRNA levels, whereas increased hypertrophy in male iWAT and gWAT and in female gWAT was related to a tendency toward increased PPARγ2 mRNA levels in response to overfeeding.Discussion: Our results suggest the involvement of PPARγ2 in gender‐ and depot‐specific effects of CAF diet on development and function in adipose tissues.
Major Increase in Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity between 1987 and 2001 among Danish Adults
Authors: Bendixen Hanne , Holst Claus , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Raben Anne , Bartels Else Marie , Astrup Arne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study was to examine the secular trends in the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 kg/m2) in Danish adults between 1987 and 2001.Research Methods and Procedures: The study included self‐reported weight and height of 10, 094 men and 9897 women 16 to 98 years old, collected in a series of seven independent cross‐sectional surveys. Prevalence and changes in prevalence of obesity and overweight stratified by sex and age groups were determinedResults: The prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1987 and 2001, in men from 5.6% to 11.8% [odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9 to 2.8, p < 0.0001] and in women from 5.4% to 12.5% (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 2.1 to 3.2, p < 0.0001), with the largest increase among the 16‐ to 29‐year‐old subjects (men, from 0.8% to 7.5%, OR = 10.2, 95% CI = 4.1 to 25.3, p < 0.0001; women, from 1.4% to 9.0% OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.5 to 14.1, p < 0.0001). Between 1987 and 2001, the prevalence of overweight increased from 34% to 40% in men and from 17% to 27% in women.Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark has increased substantially between 1987 and 2001, particularly among young adults, a development that resembles that of other countries. There is clearly a need for early preventive efforts in childhood to limit the number of obesity‐related complications in young adults.
Sexual Dimorphism and Regulation of Resistin, Adiponectin, and Leptin Expression in the Mouse
Authors: Gui Yaoting , Silha Josef V. , Murphy Liam J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine gender differences and hormonal regulation of resistin, adiponectin, and leptin.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma levels were measured, and mRNA expression in perigonadal fat was quantified by RNase protection assays.Results: Plasma resistin declined with age despite an increase in adiposity in both genders. In male mice, plasma leptin increased, whereas adiponectin levels were constant. In females, both adiponectin and leptin levels increased with age. Resistin mRNA levels were significantly higher in female than male mice at all ages, whereas leptin and adiponectin mRNA levels were similar in fat from 6‐week‐old male and female mice, and sexual dimorphism was apparent only in the older mice, with higher levels apparent in females. Castration did not abolish gender differences in plasma levels or resistin, adiponectin, or leptin mRNAs. Castration of male mice did not significantly change adipokine mRNA levels or plasma levels of resistin or leptin; however, adiponectin was significantly increased. Dihydrotestosterone treatment had no effect on adipokine mRNA expression or resistin and adiponectin levels but increased leptin levels. In contrast, ovariectomy significantly increased resistin mRNA abundance and decreased leptin and adiponectin mRNAs. Plasma leptin levels were also increased by ovariectomy, whereas resistin and adiponectin levels were unchanged. Estrogen replacement significantly reduced resistin mRNA and increased leptin and adiponectin mRNA levels but had no effect on plasma adipokine levels.Discussion: The gender differences in adipokine mRNA expression and plasma levels were not ablated by castration and seem to be dependent on other factors in addition to gonadal steroids.
Leptin and Altitude in the Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: de León Antonio Cabrera , González Delia Almeida , Méndez Lina I. Pérez , Aguirre‐Jaime Armando , Rodríguez‐Pérez Ma del Cristo , Coello Santiago Domínguez , Trujillo Irma Carballo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The lower mortality from coronary ischemic disease in populations living at high altitude has been related to an increase of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol at altitude. Leptin has been proposed as a cardiovascular risk factor. We investigated whether leptin varies according to the altitude at which people live.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of the first 889 people enrolled in a cohort study in the Canary Islands, Spain. The relationship among serum leptin, altitude, obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed by bivariate and multivariate tests.Results: Leptin levels showed an inverse correlation to altitude expressed in meters (r = −0.10). Obese subjects had this leptin‐altitude association (r = −0.19), but they also had a direct correlation of leptin to HDL‐cholesterol (r = 0.27) and an inverse correlation of leptin to the total cholesterol‐to‐HDL‐cholesterol ratio (r = −0.34), triglycerides (r = −0.29), apolipoprotein B (r = −0.21), and glycemia (r = −0.19). Nonobese subjects had only the leptin‐altitude association (r = −0.11). The final regression model included altitude as predictor. Other associated variables were gender, physical activity, BMI, age, smoking (reducing leptin independently of BMI), alcohol, heart rate, and income.Discussion: Serum leptin level decreases when altitude increases, and this association could help to explain the lower cardiovascular mortality rate at high altitude. However, because in obese subjects there is a direct association of leptin with HDL‐cholesterol and an inverse association with the lipid atherogenic fractions, we suggest the hypothesis of different roles for bound and free leptin, with free leptin being a cardiovascular protective factor in obese people.
Longitudinal Relationship between Elapsed Time in the Action Stages of Change and Weight Loss
Authors: Logue Everett E. , Jarjoura David G. , Sutton Karen S. , Smucker William D. , Baughman Kristin R. , Capers Cynthia F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between the elapsed time in the action and maintenance stages of change for multiple target behaviors and weight loss or gain.Research Methods and Procedures: The research design was a prospective cohort study of overweight and obese primary care patients randomized to an obesity management intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model and a chronic disease paradigm. The target behaviors included increased planned exercise and usual physical activity, decreased dietary fat, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and increased dietary portion control. The participants were 329 middle‐aged men and women with elevated body mass indices recruited from 15 primary care practices in Northeastern Ohio; 28% of the participants were African Americans. The main outcomes were weight loss (5% or more) or weight gain (5% or more) after 18 or 24 months of follow‐up.Results: There were significant (p < 0.05) longitudinal relationships between the number of periods (0 to 4) in action or maintenance for each of the five target behaviors, or a composite score taken across the five target behaviors, and weight loss. In all cases, there was a significant (p < 0.05) stepped (graded) relationship between the time in action or maintenance and weight loss (or gain).Discussion: The data support the concept of applying the Transtheoretical Model to the problem of managing obesity in primary care settings. The remaining challenge is to identify those factors that reliably move patients into the action and maintenance stages for long periods.
Gene or Size: Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature in Obese Growth Hormone‐Deficient Dwarf Mice
Authors: Meyer Carola W.E. , Klingenspor Martin , Rozman Jan , Heldmaier Gerhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: SMA1 mice carry a missense mutation in the growth hormone gene that leads to semidominant dwarfism and obesity. In this study, the basic thermal and metabolic properties of SMA1 mice were examined to detect metabolic alterations that can support the accretion of excess fat.Research Methods and Procedures: Basal and resting metabolic rates (RMRs) in wild‐type and SMA1 (sma1/+ and sma1/sma1) mice were determined by indirect calorimetry. Body temperature (Tb) was recorded using intraperitoneally implanted temperature‐sensitive transmitters, and body composition was determined by DXA.Results: SMA1 mice have proportionally lower basal and resting metabolic rates, higher body mass (BM)‐specific RMRs, and a higher lower critical temperature, and display a decrease in Tb by 0.4 °C in sma1/+ and 0.9 °C in sma1/sma1.Discussion: The analysis of gene effects on BM and energy expenditure in mouse mutants must consider the appropriate allometric relationship between BM and metabolic rate. With the exception of Tb, all metabolic alterations observed in SMA1 reflect reduced size.