bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The right to be different: Implications for child protection
Authors: Degener Theresia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper traces the historical emphasis of defining the disabled child or adult as ‘abnormal’—to be made ‘normal’! Such an emphasis disempowers the child, who comes to believe that his or her difference is as ‘bad’, ‘unacceptable’, and readily allows him or her to be viewed as ‘useless’. Such disabilist attitudes have fostered the belief that child protection services would not be relevant for this child population. The experiences of disabled women are explored, and clear messages emerge that can help us consider the environment of disabilism and the effects of this on disabled children. It helps us to see that, even before the disabled child is abused, his or her experience is one of oppression.
Can't hear or won't hear? — the evidential experience of children with disabilities
Authors: Kelly Liz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwin brothers aged 12 attended a special needs boarding school which had provision for children with emotional disturbances and other disabilities. While they were at home during the holidays, their mother overheard a conversation between them which led her to suspect abuse. She asked them several questions and decided to contact the police. An investigation began which also included interviewing several other boys, some of whom had been removed from the twins' school and were attending a school elsewhere.The evidence obtained from a number of the boys was considered to be strong enough for the Crown Prosecution Service to take the case forward. Almost a year after the mother's initial referral the committal hearing took place. Lobbying from a local voluntary organization resulted in screens being used in the courtroom which would otherwise not have been provided. The case was heard and transferred to the Crown Court for trial. The magistrate in the committal hearing made clear recommendations that the children's disabilities and the delay there had already been in bringing the case to court should determine that the subsequent trial needed to take place as soon as possible. However, more delays ensued and the final date was established almost a year later.The children each spent between 2 and 6 hours in the witness‐box. The defence counsel frequently focused on their disabilities in questioning the validity of their evidence. The twins were expecting to give evidence by video‐link, but the delays meant they were considered too old to be ‘vulnerable’ witnesses and had to speak in open court. The first twin's evidence was not completed in one day and the mother was told that she could not talk to either of them about the case, nor could they stay together that night. She was told that she had to choose which of her distressed sons to take home and that she had to make alternative arrangements for the other child. She was given no support in making the decision. In addition to this distress, during the day she had witnessed the defence counsel's attitude to her son, who had severe hearing difficulties. The defence counsel had laughed at the child's difficulty in hearing and said, ‘Can't hear or is it that you don't want to answer?’One of the other children was humiliated by the defence counsel saying, ‘Who would want a smelly, shitty boy on their lap, no‐one hugs smelly, shitty boys like you?’. The child was giving evidence on video‐link and became so upset he was ‘switched off’ so that he was no longer visible to the court. Another child had epilepsy and counsel argued that he could not put questions to the child in case the child had a fit. In addition, an ‘expert’ witness who had seen some of the children 5 years previously stated categorically that ‘these children are born liars’.The outcome of this trial was that the headmaster was found guilty on several counts and received an 18‐month prison sentence.
Identifying the needs of parents with learning disabilities: A review
Authors: McGaw Sue , Sturmey Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite the success of some programmes in raising the parental competency of parents who have learning disabilities, many services are still providing only minimal support to such families, often following crisis intervention. Recent legislative changes within the UK have meant that statutory services are now required to adopt a preventative approach to children and families in need. A review of the literature reveals that children of learning‐disabled parents are particularly vulnerable to abuse/neglect and removal from their natural family. This article addresses the difficulties that many clinicians currently experience in the early identification of parents who have learning disabilities. It also emphasizes the need for a systematic approach in the assessment of these parents prior to the implementation of parental teaching programmes.
Child protection: Principles and applications
Authors: Munir Abu Bakar B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe protection of children worldwide requires a framework and criteria agreed upon by the international community. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the World Summit for Children have gone some way in setting out agreed minimum standards for children's survival, health and education and the minimum protection required by children against abuse, exploitation and neglect in war, at work or in the home. These principles need to be applied at a national as well as an international level. The current situation in Asian countries is presented and discussed.
Assessment of the likelihood of primary school teachers believing children's disclosures of sexual abuse
Authors: Lawlor Maria 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrimary school teachers are reasonably well informed about sexual abuse but many have inaccurate knowledge about the age groups of victims and abusers. Male teachers were less well informed and less likely to believe a child's disclosure of sexual abuse than their female colleagues. Professional experience of an abused child did not affect teachers' level of knowledge or their likelihood of believing a disclosure.
Developing an objective approach to assessing allegations of sexual abuse
Authors: Bradford Roger 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe decision to prosecute in a case of alleged child sexual abuse is a function of whether it is in the child's and the public's interest and whether the case is likely to be successful. This in turn rests largely upon what the child says during a joint investigative interview, the adequacy of that interview in terms of whether it meets the necessary legal requirements and whether other evidence is available, and the weight given to it. This paper describes an approach to evaluating what a child says during the interview which has been used widely in Europe to aid the decision‐making process of teams and courts in their dealings with allegations of child sexual abuse. It is concluded that despite a number of methodological problems with the technique, known as statement validity analysis, joint investigating teams and the Crown Prosecution Service are likely to find it of assistance in clarifying their decision‐making concerning children's evidence and, in particular, whether it is likely to be sufficiently strong to succeed within our current legal framework.
Supplementary (abuse) cards for the family relations test
Authors: Mertin Peter , Rooney Jenny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Bene–Anthony Family Relations Test is a potentially valuable clinical technique in the assessment of young children suspected of having been abused. Fourteen supplementary cards have been developed which offer the possibility of a narrow investigative focus, as their content points more directly to abusive behaviour. Used carefully, it is considered that these cards, within the context of the Family Relations Test, provide a young child with a non‐threatening, non‐directive and age‐appropriate context within which to relate their experiences.
Defining child abuse in Hong Kong
Authors: O'Brian Charles , Lau Laurel S. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDefinitions of child abuse are culturally driven. Hong Kong, with a predominantly Chinese population, has managed to eradicate much of the societal abuse that children suffer elsewhere in Asia. Professional and government attention has now shifted to child abuse and neglect within the family. The paper, based on interviews with key professionals. analysis of policy documents and practice records examines traditional Chinese parent‐child relationships. the status of parental authority and corporal punishment and changes in contemporary Hong Kong family life. It goes on to outline the development of responses to child abuse in Hong Kong, some of the dilemmas that professionals face in defining abuse and areas for future research.
Sexual and physical child abuse and the developtnent of dissociative personality traits. Canadian and British evidence from adolescent child welfare and child care populations
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Rodberg Gloria , Wellings David , Mehmoona  , Moosa‐Mitha  , Young Loretta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to construct a measure of dissociative personality traits from file review of 61 Canadian adolescents with a known history of sexual abuse before the age of six. The study was then extended to 55 British adolescents in residential care and therapy centres. Between 18 and 29% of adolescents displayed several features of dissociative personality, implying the possibility of multiple personality disorder. Those with two or more indicators of dissociative personality style tended to have more problematic behavioural histories, including a particularly high prevalence of deliberate self‐harm. In the UK group the Dissociative Experiences Scale (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986) completed by 55 adolescents correlated 0.67 with the dissociative personality trait index constructed from case file review. Implications for treatment of abused children are discussed.
A case of suspected child abuse by an adolescent mother: The use of short‐term psychotherapy
Authors: Trad Paul V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe incidence of pregnancy during adolescence has escalated dramatically in recent years, with an estimated half a million infants born to teenagers each year in the United States. A disproportionately high amount of child abuse and/or neglect is encountered among adolescent parents, underscoring the need for an effective intervention strategy. Short‐term psychotherapy may be beneficial in these cases for forging a therapeutic alliance expeditiously and rigorously challenging the patient's resistance. The case described involves alleged abuse by a 16‐year‐old mother. An intervention was designed to clarify the allegations surrounding the abusive incident, help the mother confront episodes of loss in her own life and overcome feelings of hopelessness engendered by separation from her infant.
A review of the epidemiological research on child sexual abuse. Clinical samples
Authors: Pilkington Bridget , Kremer John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the major empirical studies which have been carried out in an attempt to estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse among females in clinical inpatient and outpatient samples. Along with the earlier review (Pilkington and Kremer, 1995) dealing with community and student samples, this paper likewise highlights a number of unresolved methodological issues which may contribute to the variance in reported prevalence rates. These include a myriad of definitions of child sexual abuse and different methods of eliciting information on possible histories of abuse. These issues are here discussed in the context of the findings of both review articles.
Child labour: A hidden form of child abuse
Authors: Reddy Nandana 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere is a widespread but hidden area of child abuse: child labour. One‐fifth of the world's population is linked with child labour; yet it receives very little or no attention throughout the world. Where is our sense of urgency? Poverty is the repeatedly cited reason for child labour. This is an oversimplification. The origins of the problem are multi‐faceted. involving such variables of development as culture, human rights, economy, population, indigenous people and environment. It is the existing paradigm of development, determined by the elite, which is responsible for the problem of child labour. Obviously, the shift from the ‘need’‐based economy to the ‘want’‐based economy has taken a heavy toll of children the world over. We need to forge partnerships of different groups across the world, especially in light of the increasing integration of countries across the globe and because child labour is re‐emerging and assuming wide proportions in the developed countries. As we tread the path to a new paradigm of development, we must remember to walk in step with the children. For we have a lot to learn from them, and tomorrow is their concern, as it is their future.
Health care workers' reactions to AIDS victims: Perception of risk and attribution of responsibility
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Pierro Antonio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReactions of health care workers to AIDS and its patients were investigated in a survey conducted in state health care institutions in different areas of Italy. Results show that health care workers (differently from the general population) do not see themselves as less vulnerable to AIDS risk than the typical citizen. Furthermore, nurses perceive themselves to be exposed to higher risk than doctors. AIDS patients are judged as personally responsible for getting infected, even though ‘intolerant’ reactions towards them are seen as very unlikely. Finally, results show that attribution of responsibility is higher for drug addicts, followed by homosexuals, ‘promiscuous’ heterosexuals and monogamous heterosexuals.
Group affiliation and confidence in denominational categorization in Northern Ireland
Authors: Millar David , Stringer Maurice 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of group affiliation on group categorization confidence were examined in Northern Ireland. Subjects were presented with stereotypic name, school and location cues and a group affiliation scale devised by Brown, Condor, Mathews, Wade and Williams (1986). The results suggest that group affiliation has no effect on subjects' confidence in making denominational categorizations.
AIDS‐related stigma, personal risks and career objectives among makerere medical students
Authors: Baguma Peter K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aims of this study were to investigate variables that influence AIDS‐related stigma and to assess occupational risks, behavioural change, and career objectives of students in face of the AIDS epidemic. Data available on 150 randomly selected medical students were analysed statistically. Results indicated that sex and year of study significantly influenced AIDS‐related stigma while age, religion and tribe did not. The majority of students recommended screening and health education for high‐risk people and reported high levels of perceived risk. Various occupational hazards and behavioural changes were reported, but students still wanted to remain in the medical profession. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Work, leisure, and psychological well‐being in a sample of young adults
Authors: Haworth J. T. , Hill S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study of 20 ‘white‐collar’ workers aged 20–30 measured motivation, enjoyment and access to various categories of experience in both work and leisure, and examined their relationship with psychological well‐being on a number of dimensions. The method used a short questionnaire, psychological scales and the innovatory ‘experience sampling methodology’ (ESM) where respondents answer questions in a diary on the receipt of a signal from a pre‐programmed watch or radio pager eight times a day for 1 week. The results show, in line with other studies, that intrinsic motivation in daily life is correlated with happiness but that, not previously reported, when motivation at work is examined both extrinsic motivation and instances where a person had to do the activity but did not wish to be doing something else, i.e. ‘positive motivational change’, are correlated with positive aspects of psychological well‐being, while instances where a person wanted to do the activity but wished to be doing something else, i.e. ‘negative motivational change’, correlated with negative aspects. The results also show that enjoyment in both work and leisure correlates with aspects of psychological wellbeing; and that macro ‘flow’ experiences, where high skills and high challenges are perceived as equal, are enjoyable and interesting and come primarily from work. The study also shows that categories of experience considered important for psychological well‐being and deemed to come primarily from work can be obtained in leisure. The results are discussed in the context of person—situation interactions and processes, and it is advocated that these should be studied in a variety of samples.
Seeing the real through the eyes of the ideal: Some comments on Traeen, Lewin and Sundet's (1992) account of gender differences in Norwegian young people's sexual behaviour
Authors: Ingham Roger 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTraeen et al. (1992) present some interesting survey data on sexual behaviour amongst young Norwegians, and propose explanations of the results obtained in terms of cultural phenomena. This commentary draws on the author's own, as well as others', research to raise some questions regarding Traeen et al.'s claims. In particular, attention is drawn to some of the problems involved in the terminology used in asking questions about the contexts of sexual behaviour, and the ambiguities which have been found concerning such areas as ‘knowledge of partner’ and ‘length of knowing partners prior to intercourse’. The cultural explanations of the results reported are questioned on the grounds that they ignore the very strong data obtained in other countries concerning gendered power relations. Whilst there is no doubt that information is urgently needed on sexual activity amongst young people, it is argued that care needs to be taken in how far data derived purely from questionnaire studies can be used to enable full explanations to contextual issues. Some dangers of designing interventions on partial or misleading explanations are pointed out.
Severity of sleep problems in children with severe learning difficulties: Description and correlates
Authors: Quine Lyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this study we have examined the percentage occurrence of settling and waking problems and of sleeping in the parents' bed in a sample of children with sleep problems. We found that about two‐thirds had settling problems, nearly nine‐tenths had waking problems, and one‐third slept regularly in their parents' bed. Parents of children with sleep problems were more likely to experience a range of family problems than were parents of children without problems, and they were more likely to report a range of symptoms of stress. Most children with settling problems took at least two hours to settle to sleep at night. This behaviour was mainly tolerated or accepted by the parents. Parents gave a variety of suggestions as to triggers for settling problems, from being upset during the day to fears, illness and alterations in routine. Most parents thought the underlying explanation was the child's intellectual impairment. Over half the children with waking problems woke up every night, while 85% woke up at least three nights a week. One‐third woke up three or more times a night. About two‐thirds took up to half an hour to resettle, with one‐third taking up to an hour. Parents (mainly mothers) tended to get up to attend to the waking child. About half of the children were thought to need attention because of physical disabilities. Illness, alteration in routine, becoming ‘overtired’ and ‘upset’ were thought to trigger waking problems. Intellectual impairment was again seen as the more general underlying reason for waking problems. Very few children were receiving treatment for their problems—7% were receiving medication and one was receiving a behavioural programme. Few parents had a systematic bedtime routine for their child and few had a consistent agreed response to settling or waking problems. When we examined the relationship between certain family variables and severity of sleep problems a number of relationships were found. Sleep problem severity was related to maternal responsiveness, maternal stress, impact of the child on the family, maternal behaviour towards the child, maternal attitudes towards the child and marital satisfaction. Severity of sleep problems was also related to certain child characteristics. Children with more severe problems tended to present more problems in their daytime behaviour. Sleep problem severity was also found to be related to child communication skills. These findings, together with those from other pilot studies, suggest that using behavioural methods of managing sleep problems might prove a promising way forward.
Changes in self‐concept during occupational socialization of new recruits to the police
Authors: Stradling S. G. , Crowe G. , Tuohy A. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional study five groups of male recruits (n = 369; ages 21 to 36) to a large English provincial police force were tested: one group at entry, three groups at different stages of their 2‐year probationary period (one at one‐quarter, one at one‐half and one at three‐quarters of the way through) and one immediately after the probationary period. Significant group effects were found on all 27 items of a set of self‐concept statements, suggesting effects of entry‐level occupational socialization on recruits' self‐image. Changes from group to group during the course of training were examined using discriminant function analysis. Factor analysis yielded four clusters of items: isolation/vulnerability, tension/apprehension, self‐worth and commitment/empathy; scores on all four fluctuated during training. Isolation and apprehension rose from a low base during training, and self‐worth fell from a high base, but entry levels were recovered by completion of training, giving support for a weak version of the U‐curve hypothesis of adaptation. However, high levels of commitment and empathy at entry were significantly depressed on completion of training. In addition, older trainees reported lower self‐worth and higher apprehension. Results are interpreted in terms of adaptation during occupational socialization towards a more instrumental and cynical operational style.
Culture and body image: Body perception and weight concern in young Asian and Caucasian British women
Authors: Wardle Jane , Bindra Renu , Fairclough Beverley , Westcombe Alex 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe comparatively lower prevalence of eating disorders among Asian and Afro‐Caribbean than Caucasian women in the UK has often been attributed to cultural differences in pressures for slimness. However, there have been no attempts to evaluate cultural differences in ideals for female physique directly among women in the at risk age groups. In the present study, cultural influences on body image were evaluated by comparing the body size ideals, body image and dieting concerns in a sample of 274 young white and Asian British women. The results indicate that Asian women are less likely to describe themselves as too fat, were less dissatisfied with their body size, less likely to want to lose weight and less restrained. However, Asian women were slimmer than white women and, after controlling for the difference in body size, the effects were reduced. The hypothesis that any body satisfaction differences could be explained by differences in ideal body size between the two groups were not supported; Asian women favoured even slimmer ideal body sizes than white women. Alternative explanations in terms of cultural differences in evaluation of fatness are discussed.