bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Early Language in Victoria Study: predicting vocabulary at age one and two years from gesture and object use
Authors: BAVIN E. L. , PRIOR M. , REILLY S. , BRETHERTON L. , WILLIAMS J. , EADIE P. , BARRETT Y. , UKOUMUNNE O. C. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe Macarthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) have been used widely to document early communicative development. The paper reports on a large community sample of 1,447 children recruited from low, middle and high socioeconomic (SES) areas across metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which communicative behaviours reported at 0 ; 8 and 1 ; 0 predicted vocabulary development at 1 ; 0 and 2 ; 0. In support of previous findings with smaller, often less representative samples, gesture and object use at 1 ; 0 were better predictors of 2 ; 0 vocabulary than were gesture and object use at 0 ; 8. At 1 ; 0, children from the lower SES groups were reported to understand more words than children from the higher SES groups, but there were no SES differences for words produced at 1 ; 0 or 2 ; 0. The findings add to our understanding of the variability in the development of early communicative behaviours.
Social and political thresholds in Stockholm,c.1720–1770
Authors: SENNEFELT KARIN 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article explores the significance of mobility in the everyday structures of political life through a case study of political space in mid-eighteenth-century Stockholm. Analytical in approach, the study focuses on political action in public space, in its spatial negotiations of inclusion and exclusion, and investigates three particular places: the city itself, the central square Riddarhustorget and the city's wine shops. It shows that temporary political density and geographical proximity during meetings of the Estates of the Realm, when a large influx of people upset the corporate social division of the city, gave the lower orders the opportunity to cross thresholds into elite places. In addition, mobility between sites and the use of many places, rather than the mastering of one particular site, was a means for these orders to take part in political life. Results show that a unified ‘public sphere’ was not a prerequisite for extra-parliamentary politics. Instead, participation was made possible by moving between places, and learning how to navigate many different social and political boundaries.
From German-speaking Catholics to French carpenters: Strasbourg guilds and the role of confessional boundaries in the inclusion and exclusion of foreigners in the eighteenth century
Authors: SONKAJÄRVI HANNA 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the importance of religion as a factor influencing the inclusion and exclusion of foreigners from – and inside – the guilds in eighteenth-century Strasbourg. We consider the different notions of theétrangeras socially constructed and circumstantial. Together with factors such as social status, family ties, gender, systems of patronage, wealth, language and the citizenship rights of a town, religious and denominational boundaries constituted a major factor for influencing the inclusion and exclusion of foreigners in the early modern society. The construction and preservation of such boundaries are explored here through the examples of the carpenters' and the shipmen's guild found in the eighteenth-century multiconfessional city of Strasbourg.
Expression and biological activity assay of bovine interleukin-18 fusion protein
Authors: Zhao-Ju Tian , Yu-Shu Zheng , Cui-Yan Liu , Jing-Dong Hu , Hong-Kun Zhao 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe cDNA of bovine interleukin-18 (BoIL-18) was subcloned into pGEX6P-1 vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli by induction of isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 0.3 mmol/l for 8 h. SDS-PAGE indicated that the BoIL-18 fusion protein, 44 kDa, was highly expressed. Densitometric scanning showed that the fusion protein expression was about 31.8% of the total bacterial protein. The biological activity of the chromatographically purified protein was assayed. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation test indicated that the BoIL-18 fusion protein could enhance PBMC proliferation when its concentration was more than 0.10 mg/l. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the BoIL-18 fusion protein could induce interferon (IFN)-γ production from spleen lymphocytes when it was at a concentration of more than 0.20 mg/l, and that the inducing effect of BoIL-18 fusion protein on IFN-γ was directly proportional to its concentration. This verified that the purified BoIL-18 fusion protein possessed a functional activity and could be applied in further studies.
Lentiviral vector transfection of chicken embryo primordial germ cells in vitro
Authors: Hong-Mei Ding , Shi-Yong Xu , Gen-Bao Shao , Yan Sun , Meng Wang , Hong-Lin* Liu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLentiviruses as gene transfer vectors have been used successfully to transfect mammal embryonic stem cells and germline stem cells, but this has not been attempted in avian primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs were isolated from the gonads of Isa-brown chicken embryos at stage 28 and co-cultured with gonadal stroma cells. A lentiviral vector pLenti-CMV-EGFP was constructed and the virus harvested by cotransfecting 293FT cells with the vector and packaging plasmids. Concentrated lentiviruses were used to transfect chicken PGCs, the transfection efficiency was up to 24.19%.
Screening, cloning and sequence analysis ofgBTN1A1gene in mammary gland of Xinong Saanen goat
Authors: Li-Juan Zhang , Hui-Juan Wu , Jun Luo , Jun-Xia Liu , Ning Zhang , Hai-Bing Wang , Cui-Yan Shan , Gang Yu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractButyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1), which is a member of the Ig superfamily, is highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland and is secreted into milk in association with lipid droplets, and concentrated in the apical plasma membranes of mammary epithelial cells. Because butyrophilin is expressed only during lactation, it appears to be essential for milk fat globule production. However, there is little information about its properties in the dairy goat. The objective of this study was to confirm whether butyrophilin was related to milk changes in different lactation periods of Xinong Saanen goats. Using suppression subtractive hybridization analysis, we identified a significant increase in butyrophilin mRNA in Xinong Saanen goat mammary gland at middle lactation when compared to that of late lactation. The gBTN1A1 complementary DNA has an open reading frame of 1581 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 526 amino acids. Amino acids 1–26 were the signal peptide domain. The homologies of nucleotide and peptide sequences of goat butyrophilin with bovine (NM_174508), human (NM_001732) and mouse (AK145168) butyrophilin were 97 and 96%, 88 and 84%, 84 and 70%, respectively. The secondary structure, transmembrane domain and hydrophilicity of goat butyrophilin were similar to the those of the bovine, human and mouse protein. In conclusion, we confirmed that the goat mammary gland mRNA level of gBTN1A1 was responsible for goat milk fat globule secretion.
RAPD analysis on genetic diversity of typical tea populations in Hunan Province
Authors: Cheng-Wen Shen , Yi-Huan Huang , Jian-An Huang , Jun-Wu Luo , Chun-Lin Liu , De-Hua Liu 
Published: June 2008

AbstractGenetic diversity and genetic variation of 240 adult plants of four tea populations in Hunan – Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, C. sinensis var. assamica cv. Duntsa, C. ptilophylla and C. sinensis var. assamica cv. Jianghua – were studied by rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The results showed 226 loci using 21 random primers (10 bp), of which 201 (88.9%) were polymorphic. The genetic diversity analysis indicated that Shannon's index was 0.43; 74.7% of which was within-population genetic diversity while 25.3% was among-population variation. The gene diversity indexes of total populations (HT), within populations (HS) and among populations (HST) were, respectively, 0.37, 0.28 and 0.09. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) among populations was 0.23, indicating a 76.7% variation within populations and 23.3% among populations. These results displayed a rich within-population genetic variation, as in Shannon's diversity index. Interpopulation gene flow (Nm) was 0.74, which indicates the limited genetic exchange between populations.
Bacillus thuringiensiscrystal protein toxicity against plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Zi-Quan Yu , Qian-Lan Wang , Bin Liu , Xue Zou , Zi-Niu Yu , Ming Sun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA bioassay method was developed to use the parasporal crystal protein ofBacillus thuringiensisagainst plant-parasitic nematodes. Using this method, the parasporal crystal proteins of tenBtstrains showed activity against plant-parasitic nematodes. The toxicity of YBT-021 againstMeloidogyne hapla,Pratylenchus scribneri,Tylenchorhynchussp.,Ditylenchus destructorandAphelenchoidessp. was also assayed. The resulting LC50values were 35.62 μg/ml, 75.65 μg/ml, 94.31 μg/ml, 215.21 μg/ml and 128.76 μg/ml, respectively.
Expression of modified VHb gene and fused insectidal gene in tobacco
Authors: You-Ru Wang , Hong-Zhi Cui , San-Dui Guo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe highly efficient plant binary expression vector pGBIF4ABCVHB was constructed using the artificially modified, synthesized VHb gene and fused insectidal gene (GFMcryIA and CPTI). Transgenic tobacco plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. For 32 plants, the bivalent genes were inserted successfully into the tobacco genome and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Southern blot and Western blot analyses showed that VHb gene was expressed in the transgenic plants. Toxicity assay indicated that the fused insectidal gene expressed pesticidal toxin protein. The net weight of transgenic tobacco plants exceeded that of non-transgenic ones by 8%. Compared to non-transgenic tobacco plants, transgenic plants appeared to be high-yielding, insect-resistant varieties.
Construction of conjugal transfer system of Streptomyces cinnamonensis and effect of PCR-mediated nsdA gene disruption on its secondary metabolism
Authors: Fen Chen , Wei Xiong , Yong Min , Yu-Qing Fan , Yun-Xiang Liang , He-Ping Lü , Ren-Chang Xing , Ying-Hua Zheng 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntergeneric transfer of plasmid vectors pSET152 and pHL212 from donor Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002 and S17-1 to Streptomyces cinnamonensis was demonstrated and optimized. Assisted by this conjugation system, nsdA gene disruption was achieved through PCR-targeted gene replacement. One AprRKanS exconjugant BIB309 was then isolated and confirmed to be the nsdA null mutant. Compared with the starting strain, monensin production by the nsdA− mutant BIB309 increased 270% in vitro.
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 has a complex subcellular itinerary
Authors: Godiksen Sine , Selzer-Plon Joanna , Pedersen Esben D. K. , Abell Kathrine , Rasmussen Hanne B. , Szabo Roman , Bugge Thomas H. , Vogel Lotte K. 
Published: June 2008

HAI-1 [HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) activator inhibitor-1] is a Kunitz-type transmembrane serine protease inhibitor that forms inhibitor complexes with the trypsin-like serine protease, matriptase. HAI-1 is essential for mouse placental development and embryo survival and together with matriptase it is a key regulator of carcinogenesis. HAI-1 is expressed in polarized epithelial cells, which have the plasma membrane divided by tight junctions into an apical and a basolateral domain. In the present study we show that HAI-1 at steady-state is mainly located on the basolateral membrane of both Madin–Darby canine kidney cells and mammary gland epithelial cells. After biosynthesis, HAI-1 is exocytosed mainly to the basolateral plasma membrane from where 15% of the HAI-1 molecules are proteolytically cleaved and released into the basolateral medium. The remaining membrane-associated HAI-1 is endocytosed and then recycles between the basolateral plasma membrane and endosomes for hours until it is transcytosed to the apical plasma membrane. Minor amounts of HAI-1 present at the apical plasma membrane are proteolytically cleaved and released into the apical medium. Full-length membrane-bound HAI-1 has a half-life of 1.5 h and is eventually degraded in the lysosomes, whereas proteolytically released HAI-1 is more stable. HAI-1 is co-localized with its cognate protease, matriptase, at the basolateral plasma membrane. We suggest that HAI-1, in addition to its protease inhibitory function, plays a role in transporting matriptase as a matriptase–HAI-1 complex from the basolateral plama membrane to the apical plasma membrane, as matriptase is known to interact with prostasin, located at the apical plasma membrane.
Structure and function of SirC from Bacillus megaterium: a metal-binding precorrin-2 dehydrogenase
Authors: Schubert Heidi L. , Rose Ruth S. , Leech Helen K. , Brindley Amanda A. , Hill Christopher P. , Rigby Stephen E. J. , Warren Martin J. 
Published: June 2008

In Bacillus megaterium, the synthesis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and sirohaem diverges at sirohydrochlorin along the branched modified tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. This key intermediate is made by the action of SirC, a precorrin-2 dehydrogenase that requires NAD+ as a cofactor. The structure of SirC has now been solved by X-ray crystallography to 2.8 Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm) resolution. The protein is shown to consist of three domains and has a similar topology to the multifunctional sirohaem synthases Met8p and the N-terminal region of CysG, both of which catalyse not only the dehydrogenation of precorrin-2 but also the ferrochelation of sirohydrochlorin to give sirohaem. Guided by the structure, in the present study a number of active-site residues within SirC were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. No active-site general base was identified, although surprisingly some of the resulting protein variants were found to have significantly enhanced catalytic activity. Unexpectedly, SirC was found to bind metal ions such as cobalt and copper, and to bind them in an identical fashion with that observed in Met8p. It is suggested that SirC may have evolved from a Met8p-like protein by loss of its chelatase activity. It is proposed that the ability of SirC to act as a single monofunctional enzyme, in conjunction with an independent chelatase, may provide greater control over the intermediate at this branchpoint in the synthesis of sirohaem and cobalamin.
Direct maternal deaths in Norway 1976–1995
Authors: BEATHE ANDERSGAARD ALICE , LANGHOFF‐ROOS JENS , ØIAN PÅL 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims. To report direct maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Norway between 1976 and 1995 including a description of the underlying complications in pregnancy, the causes of death and assessment of standard of care. Methods. The maternal deaths were identified through the Cause of Death Registry, Statistics Norway, and Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We requested copies of the hospital case records and the maternal death autopsies. The direct maternal deaths were classified on the basis underlying causes and assessed for substandard care according to the guidelines at the time of death and preventability provided optimal conditions and up to date guidelines. Results. In the period 1976–1995 we identified 61 direct maternal deaths in Norway. The direct MMR was 5.5/100,000 births. Sufficient information was available for analysis in 51 of these cases. Six deaths occurred in early pregnancy. Among the 45 women who gave birth, 32 had a cesarean section, and the death was judged to be related to a complication of the operation in more than half of these cases. The standard of care and the possibility of preventing death were evaluated in 49 cases. Substandard care was observed in 21 of them and 27 were considered avoidable or potentially avoidable. Conclusion. The direct MMR in Norway was 5.5/100,000 births. The main causes were complications of hypertensive disease of pregnancy and thromboembolism. The majority of maternal deaths were associated with cesarean delivery and considered potentially avoidable.
Endoglin, PlGF and sFlt‐1 as markers for predicting pre‐eclampsia
Authors: DE VIVO ANTONIO , BAVIERA GIOVANNI , GIORDANO DOMENICO , TODARELLO GIOVANNA , CORRADO FRANCESCO , D'ANNA ROSARIO 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective. To evaluate the ability of endoglin, placental growth factor (PlGF) and the soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (sFlt‐1) measurements in gestational weeks 24–28 were used to predict pre‐eclampsia. Design. Observational, prospective study. Setting. Department of Gynecological, Obstetrical Sciences and Reproductive Medicine, University of Messina. Sample. Fifty‐two pre‐eclamptic and 52 healthy pregnant women. Methods. A maternal serum sample was frozen and stored at 1‐h 50‐g glucose challenge test between 24 and 28 weeks’ gestation. A second maternal serum sample was collected at admission for the onset of the disease in the pre‐eclamptic group and at admission for delivery in the control group. Levels of endoglin, sFlt‐1 and the PlGF were measured in the stored serum. Pre‐eclamptic subjects were also divided into women with early‐onset (<37 weeks) and women with late‐onset pre‐eclampsia (≥37 weeks). Results. Levels of endoglin, sFlt‐1, and sFlt‐1: PlGF ratio were found to be higher in the pre‐eclamptic group in both trimesters. No differences were found between early‐ and late‐onset pre‐eclamptic. The Receiver Operating Characteristics curve, applied to the second trimester marker values, showed the best diagnostic profile for sFlt‐1: PlGF (area under the curve, AUC =0.92) followed by endoglin (AUC =0.88), sFlt‐1 (AUC =0.87) and PlGF (AUC = 0.83). This finding was confirmed by Bayesian analysis which highlighted a specificity, a sensitivity, a diagnostic accuracy, a positive predictive value and a negative predictive value of 88.5% for sFlt‐1: PlGF using a cut‐off of 38.47. Conclusions. Endoglin, PlGF and sFlt‐1 might be used as markers for predicting pre‐eclampsia, but sFlt‐1: PlGF seems to be more accurate.
Promising performance of a juvenile justice diversion programme in remote Aboriginal communities, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: CLOUGH ALAN R. , LEE KYLIE KIM SAN , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Diversion from court and prison has been recommended for Indigenous Australian youth who commit offences. As no evaluations of such programmes have been published, we describe processes and early outcomes of a diversion programme in the Northern Territory. Design and Methods. From 2003 to 2006, among 1700 remote Indigenous community residents, 35 young people (aged 11–18 years, median 15 years) committed offences. They were diverted from criminal justice and referred to a community‐based diversion initiative. Client assessment records and staff interviews furnished data to examine clients' diversion pathways and early programme results. Results. Eighteen clients were reportedly using a substance at the time of their offence; cannabis (n = 9), petrol (n = 5), alcohol (n = 4). The remaining 17 had histories of using one or more of these. Two clients could not complete local diversion programs because they moved to other regions; one case was not pursued for legal reasons, leaving 32 clients exposed to the local programme. By July 2006, four clients were continuing in their programmes, three had breached them, but 25 had completed them in periods ranging from 2 to 60 weeks (median = 26 weeks), a completion rate of 89% (25/28). Just one client re‐offended after completing diversion. Discussion and Conclusions. A high completion rate was achieved despite: a dearth of locally available drug and alcohol treatment services and diversion options; shifts in police approaches; heavy administrative burdens to meet legal requirements; and difficulties communicating across cultural barriers.
Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage—a complication of alcohol withdrawal therapy
Authors: YALDIZLI ÖZGÜR , EULER SEBASTIAN , WILLI BERENIKA , WIESBECK GERHARD A. , WURST FRIEDRICH M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground. Non‐traumatic spontaneous idiopathic spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SSH) is extremely rare. So far, only 12 cases have been described in the literature and there are no data regarding the association between alcohol dependence and SSH. Case Summary. We report the first case of an alcohol‐dependent patient with an idiopathic non‐traumatic cervical subarachnoid haemorrhage after alcohol withdrawal therapy. Conclusions. Clinicians should be aware of alcohol dependence as an independent risk factor for not only intracranial, but subarachnoid haemorrhage. We recommend performing spinal imaging in alcoholics with sudden onset of severe neck or back pain, even if neurological deficits are absent or coagulation parameters are normal.
Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) in Australia: no room for complacency
Authors: FEENEY GERALD F. X. , CONNOR JASON P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAustralia has made a substantial contribution to the recognition and treatment of the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). Much of this occurred over a generation ago, and vigilance in identifying this condition needs to be sustained. More recently, treatment protocols have been developed by the Royal College of Physicians (London). These provide guidelines on when and how to treat both patients at risk and those with acute Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE). It is not known how widespread these recommendations have been applied in Australia. We highlight these current treatment guidelines and illustrate management issues with two case reports. A decline in treatment practices in the United Kingdom prompted the development of these guidelines. Current treatment practices in Australia have not been reported. All alcohol and drug workers need to be reminded regularly of this condition and the need for prompt recognition and treatment.
Political and legal institutions and their influence on drug policy: an Australian perspective
Authors: RYDER DAVID 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIssues. Under a federal system of government, political power is separated and distributed between different institutions of government. The distribution of power to enact policies that influence alcohol and other drug use can impact on the associated harm.Approach. A description of the separation of powers under a federal system of government is followed by three case studies of alcohol and other drug policies which have been influenced by the use of power by different institutions of government.Key findings. Whether or not a policy is enacted depends upon who has the power to bring such a policy into being, who has the power to prevent its enactment and whether those with such power choose to use them.Conclusion. The enactment of policy is a political act, needing to be understood by those wishing to see evidence‐based policies brought into being. An understanding of the separation of powers under a federal system of government is one aspect of the political process that those who work in the alcohol and other drug field need to understand.