bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant feeding fractices within white and Asian Communities in inner‐city Leeds
Authors: Williams Sonia A. , Sahota Pinki , Fairpo C. G. 
Published: March 2008

A structured questionnaire was devised in order to ascertain infant feeding practices. Multi‐lingual interviewers visited the homes of 127 Caucasian and 184 Asian families with infants aged 6–24 months, in inner‐city Leeds. The Asian families interviewed were from four‐defined communities; Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, Punjabis and Gujaratis.When compared with asian mothers, Caucasian mothers were more likely to breast‐feed, and demonstrated a more positive approach to their chosen feeding pattern whether breast or bottle. Few differences in feeding practices were noted between the distinct Asian groups despite inter‐group variations in English language ability, family size and duration of residence in Britain. Most of the Asian infants were still drinking from a feeding bottle at the age of 2 years, and two‐thirds of the milk feeds were sweetened. In contrast, the majority of white Caucasian infants were no longer using a feeding bottle at 12 months of age, although one‐third drank milk swetened, The mothers interviewed claimed that health professionals had advised them to add items to the milk, and to use vitamin fruit juices.The feeding practices reported have clear implications for dental health, particularly among the Asain children. There is an urgent need for effective health education initiatives by health advisers based on a thorough evaluation of cultural differences in attitudes and practices
Reproducibility of upper‐arm anthropometry in subjects of differing body mass
Authors: Frost Gary Steven , Corish Clare 
Published: March 2008

A study was performed to assess the reproducibility of upper‐arm anthropometry using two observers with subjects of differing body mass. Subjects were divided into four groups according to their body mass index:Group 1: <20Group 2: >20‐<25Group 3: >25‐<30Group 4: >30‐<40.Results show a much greater observer error related to triceps skinfold thickness than to mid‐arm circumference when expressed as restricted coefficient of variation. An increase in observer error in both triceps skinfold thickness and mid‐arm circumference with an increase in body mass has also been demonstrated, the error again being greater with triceps skinfold thickness. These results question the validity of work where two or more observers are used to collect data on upper‐arm anthropometry without first attempting to quantify observer error and control for body mass.
Measuring clinical outcome
Authors: MacDonald Anita , Warrington Sandra 
Published: March 2008

At the present time, there are many fundamental issues coming from the Department of Health or from other national organizations, which will have an effect on the future development of the dietetic profession. The British Diatetic Association (BDA) Professional Development Committee will consider these issues, as and when appropriate, and will publish the information in the form of Briefing Papers.The first Briefing Paper on ‘Quality Assurance’ was published by the BDA in November 1989. The second on ‘Measuring clinical outcome’ is published below. In each case the opinion of BDA members and specialist groups has been sought and the Professional Development Committee wishes to thank individuals and the specialist groups for their comments.The Briefing Papers are intended to provide information and promote discussion among the membership. I would welcome further comments from readers, which may be directed to the British Dietetic Association Office.
Construction of a modest‐but‐adequate food budget for households with two adults and one pre‐school child: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Nelson M. , Peploe Karen A. 
Published: March 2008

A food budget which is modest‐but‐adequate rather than subsistence in concept has been constructed for households with 1 man, 1 woman and 1 child aged 1–4 years old. National Food Survey and Family Expenditure Survey data provided the initial points of reference with regard to food consumption patterns and expenditure.
The budget reflects current food consumption patterns in the median income group and incorporates guidelines for healthy eating. It is based on low but not minimum prices, and so allows for individual variations in food preferences and availability.
The estimated cost of home food consumption at July 1988 prices was £9.64 per person per week. Additional expenditure was required for sweets and soft drinks (73 p) and foods purchased and eaten away from home (£1.49), giving a total weekly expenditure of £11.86 per person per week, or £35.58 for the household.
The estimated increase in food costs between 1983 and 1988 was 20% using the Retail Price Index but 36% using 1988 supermarket prices. Any up‐dating of budgets should therefore be based on current prices rather than on changes in the RPI.
£35.58 represents 52% of the income of a 2 adult, 1 child family on Income Support (£68.35). This is substantially in excess of the poverty line suggested by Orshansky (1965) (no more than 30% of net income spent on food). The purchase of a modest‐but‐adequate and healthy diet is likely to be out of the financial reach of the majority of families living on low incomes in the UK.
Feeding practices of Italian children 8–36 months old
Authors: Francescato Maria Pia , Zalateo Cristina , Tonini G. , Nordio S. , de Bernard B. 
Published: March 2008

The energy and nutrient intakes of 8‐, 18‐ and 36‐month‐old infants in an Italian community was studied by the means of a 7‐day dietary record. A longitudinal study, which included 41 children was also performed through the same interval of life. The total number of children varies from 192 subjects of 8 months to 148 subjects of 36 months (15–20% of the population in that age group).The registration method, computer assisted, set up by some of the authors, adopts a special computation algorithm, and is based upon a dietetic diary to be compiled in real time. Intake data are recorded without weighing the foods, while the portion, the amount of food taken by each subject, is used as the unit of measure.The mean daily energy intake for the infants was similar to the RDA. The ratio between the macronutrients was characterized by a high protein and fat, but low carbohydrate intake; 15–17% of energy derived from protein, 33–38% of energy derived from fats and 46–50% from carbohydrates. As the diet of the family presents the same characteristics, it appears that the weaned infant's diet obeys the family feeding habits.Daily intake of sodium was high in the diet of infants 18‐ and 36‐months‐old indicating that salt was added generously to the food. Calcium and phosphorus intakes were high in the food of 8‐month‐old children, while iron was rather low in the diet of older children (18‐ and 36‐month‐old children).The data show that the diet of weaned children is rapidly influenced by the feeding habits of families and that the diet shows the characteristics of privileged countries.
Post‐menopausal bone density, lactase deficiency and milk consumption
Authors: Callegari C. , Lami F. , Levantesi F. , Andreacchio Anna Maria , Tatali M. , Miglioli. M. , Gnudi S. , Barbara L. 
Published: March 2008

To assess the relationship between skeletal integrity and lactose malabsorption, we studied bone mineral content (BMC), current milk and calcium intake and lactose absorption by hydrogen (H2) breath test in 155 post‐menopausal women. A statistically significant relationship was found between age, onset of menopause and BMC, and between BMC and current milk intake. Although BMC was reduced in women with lower calcium intake, this relationship failed to reach statistical significance. There was an inverse relationship between mean H2 production and BMC in women 2–5 years after the onset of menopause.These results may indicate that, although the loss of ovarian function is a pre‐eminent factor in the development of osteoporosis, milk consumption represents a defensive factor against adult bone loss.
Strategies to influence nutrition behaviour
Authors: Steven Maisie 
Published: March 2008

An attempt is made in this paper to consider first the current nutritional scene with its problems, and then to suggest strategies for improvement. As the quality of people's diets everywhere is influenced by many different factors, not least by availability of food, ability to pay for it, and some (however basic) understanding of its effects upon health, a strong plea is made for consideration to be given to those most in need of nutritional help–the least advantaged and least motivated groups in the developed countries, as well as the poor in the Third World. Some strategies aimed at improving nutrition behaviour are outlined.Having given some considerable thought to the exact meaning of the title, I decided it is best understood as ‘ways and means of bringing about beneficial changes in food habits from the health point of view’. The more I considered what such changes might entail, the less appropriate it seemed to think merely in terms of one's own immediate area, or even of the developed parts of the world. Thus, although many of the examples offered are taken either from my native Scotland or from the UK as a whole, I have attempted to aim for a wider view.
Selective supplementation in pregnancy: effect on birth weight
Authors: Atton Carol , Watney Patsy J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Four‐hundred and twenty‐three pregnant women were admitted to this study which was designed to see whether birth weight could be increased by giving nutritional supplements to pregnant women who are nutritionally at risk, as proposed by Viegas et al in 1982. Selection was made by measuring change in the mean triceps skinfold thickness (MTST) between 18 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Seventy‐eight European and 80 Asian women failed to increase their MTST in mid trimester; half the women in each racial group were supplemented with a milk‐based product yielding 407 kcal and 14.6 g protein daily from the 28th week of pregnancy until delivery.Supplementation did not increase the mean birth weight; the babies of the supplemented women weighed 3.10 + 0.37 (mean ±2 s.d.) kg compared with the babies of comparable unsupplemented women which weighed 3.19 ±0.40 kg (corrected for maternal height and weight, parity, gestation at delivery and infants sex). Comparison of the corrected birth weight of the babies of unsupplemented women with MTST increase of ±6.2 mm between 18 and 28 weeks gestation and those with an MTST increase ±0.2 mm in the same 10 weeks showed no significant difference whether all races were analysed together or Europeans and Asians were analysed separately. Triceps skinfold thickness change therefore did not select women who were nutritionally at risk.
Food intolerance and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Hawthorne B. , Lambert Sarah , Scott D. , Scott B. 
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐eight patients with particularly troublesome irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were selected for trial on a 2‐week exclusion diet. Eighteen patients improved dramatically and, with two exceptions, subsequently identified foods to which they were intolerant. Follow‐up by postal questionnaire showed that at least 10 were still following their dietary restrictions 3–45 months later.Twelve of the 16 food intolerant patients were intolerant to more than one food. Fifteen patients found their symptoms did not improve on the exclusion diet. Five patients refused to try or were unable to complete the exclusion diet. The use of an appropriate exclusion diet for selected patients with IBS is recommended.
Problems with the re‐use of enteral feeding systems—a study of the effectiveness of a range of cleaning and disinfection procedures
Authors: Anderton Annette , Nwoguh C. E. 
Published: March 2008

Although many manufacturer's state that their systems are ‘single‐use only’, some authors are now recommending that enteral feed delivery systems can be re‐used, particularly in the home, in order to reduce the expense of enteral feeding.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of currently recommended cleaning and disinfection procedures in removing bacteria from five commonly used enteral feeding systems. The systems used were, a collapsible, top‐fill reservoir with integral giving set, a plastic enteral nutrition bag with side port and integral giving set, and three different types of rigid plastic reservoirs with separate giving sets.The systems were filled with 1000‐ml portions of feed experimentally contaminated with either Klebsiella aerogenes or Escherichia coli and the feed perfused through the systems for 15 h; viable counts increased from 102‐‐103 to 107‐‐109 cfu ml‐1. The systems were then cleaned by a range of methods including rinsing and/or immersing them in sterile water, sterile water and detergent, and/or disinfection with hypochlorite solutions. When the systems were refilled with sterile feed it was found that residual bacteria in the systems multiplied to yield levels ≤109 cfu ml‐1 after 15 h.The results of the present study demonstrate that none of the methods tested can be recommended as being totally effective in removing bacteria from contaminated systems.
Studies in gastric emptying and fluid balance during exericse
Authors: Rehrer N. J. 
Published: March 2008

The problems of rehydration during exercise are addressed. Dehydration will reduce circulatory capacity, cooling and exercise efficiency and hence reduce athletic performance. However, athletes attempting to supplement fluid intake during performance commonly complain of gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort.Experiments are described investigating the relationship between GI function and fluid supplementation. The authors conclude that fluids should be taken early in the exercise period, before dehydration sets in.
Effect of diet manipulation on metabolic changes and performance in competitive cyclists
Authors: Brouns F. , Saris W. H. M. , ten Hoor F. 
Published: March 2008

Thirteen highly trained subjects were studied for the effect of consuming a normal carbohydrate‐rich diet (N) on energy exchanged, substrate metabolism and performance. Six of these subjects performed the same protocol receiving N supplemented with a high maltodextrin‐low fructose beverage (Mf). The studies were performed in random order. The subjects performed two days of sustained exhausting cycling, proceeded and followed by a standardized resting day, in a respiration chamber allowing for continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake, collection of excreta and drawing of blood samples at 07.00 hours, 12.00 hours (halfway exercise) and 15.00 hours at exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to, 45 min after and 24 h after exercise (energy expenditure 25.2–26.6 MJ/day).The results showed that while consuming a normal diet, the cyclists develop a negative energy balance (‐9 MJ/day) and regulate their hormone levels in such a way that fat oxidation and protein breakdown are increased and CHO oxidation becomes depressed.When supplemented with Mf the subjects showed increased blood glucose, insulin and decreased glucagon levels. Fat metabolism was significantly depressed as indicated by the levels of blood fatty acids, glycerol and ketones.A significant glycogen sparing, as well as supercompensation within 24 h of recovery, was observed after Mf supplementation. The normal ad libitum available CHO‐rich diet was insufficient fully to restore glycogen within 24 h. The changes in substrate availability and glycogen depletion were accompanied by a significant performance improvement, 126% when cycling a final 90% Wmax bout, when supplemented with Mf compared to N.
Sources of macronutrients and energy in the diet of a group of French high‐school students on school‐days
Authors: Michaud C. , Corniglion J. M. , Michel F. , Musse N. , Nicolas J. P. , Mejean L. 
Published: March 2008

Dietary data from 481 French high‐school students aged 15–19 years were used to provide quantitative information regarding the contribution of 26 food groups to the whole sample intake of the following macronutrients: energy, protein, simple and complex carbohydrates, total fat. Each subject recorded his/her dietary intake using a one‐day record in household measures with interview. The percentage of total nutrient intake which each food group provided is presented as well as the proportion of students consuming them.Foods sometimes overlooked, such as sweet pastries, were found in some instances to be quantitatively important as a principal source of all macronutrients in the adolescent diet. These data should be useful to epidemiologists in the development of dietary assessment instruments and also for the nutritionists, health professionals and nutrition educators who work with adolescents.
Empty calories? Nutrient intake in relation to sugar intake in English adolescents
Authors: Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Hackett A. F. , Jenkins G. N. , Appleton D. R. 
Published: March 2008

The relation between the intake of added sugars and other nutrients was examined by analysing the diet of 405 English children aged 11–14 years. For each sex, the nutrient intake of the 30 subjects with the highest intake of added sugars in proportion to energy intake (g/MJ) was compared with the nutrient intake of the 30 subjects with the lowest intake of added sugars in proportion to energy intake. Those eating the highest amount of added sugars consumed less protein and vitamin D compared with those who ate the lowest amounts of added sugars.Some differences in the nutrient intakes of the high and low added sugar groups were observed for girls only, and non‐significant trends were observed in both sexes, tending to suggest that those consuming diets containing low levels of added sugars in proportion to energy (a low preference for sugar) ate a more nutrient‐dense diet and, to some extent, supported the concept of ‘empty calories’. However, when sugars intake was expressed as g weight (and not in proportion to energy), energy intake and consumption of most nutrients were considerably higher in those eating high levels of added sugars, probably because of their higher intake of foods in general.
Dietary fibre intake of irritable bowel patients prescribed a high fibre diet
Authors: Lambert J. P. , Morrison V. , Brunt P. W. , Mowat N. A. G. , Eastwood M. A. , Dickerson J. W. T. 
Published: March 2008

Seventy‐three patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups: dietary advice with follow up (DAF) had repeated dietary advice from an experienced senior‐dietitian, dietary advice (DA) a single interview with the dietitian and no dietary advice (NDA) a diet‐sheet alone without explanation. An age, sex‐matched control group was recruited from staff at an institute for higher education. Fibre was assessed by a food‐frequency questionnaire at the beginning and end of the 6‐month study, and by a 7‐day weighed food inventory at the end of the study.There was no difference between the fibre intake of the patients and controls at the beginning of the study. After 6 months there was a mean increase of 7 g fibre/day by the patients (P<0.001) but no increase by the controls. There was no difference in the intake of the three dietary‐treatment groups either at the beginning or end of the study, whether assessed by questionnaire or weighed inventory. Only 14 patients achieved a daily intake of 30 g fibre during the week they weighed their food.This study suggests that although simple diet‐sheets given to patients without further explanation have their limitations, currently employed methods of dietetic counselling appear to offer little additional advantage.
Anorexia nervosa: nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeding in the community
Authors: Greaves Evelyn , Blades Mabel , Christie R. A. S. , Machen J. , Ryecart N. , Baird‐Smith Sara 
Published: March 2008

Nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeding in a domiciliary setting coupled with dietary counselling in 4 patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is detailed. The four patients were given nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeds, for periods of 16 days to 12 weeks. In three of the four patients substantial weight gains of 4.3 to 11.5 kg were achieved and all four patients reported substantial increases in daily voluntary oral food intake.We conclude that this approach may enable the patient to be managed at home and provides a basis for further psychotherapy treatment.
Calcium intake, physical activity and bone mass in pre‐menopausal women
Authors: Nelson M. , Mayer A. B. , Rutherford O. , Jones D. 
Published: March 2008

Thirty pre‐menopausal women aged 35–40 years were assessed with respect to dietary calcium intake, physical activity and other factors related to bone loss (by questionnaire); bone mass in the mid and distal femur measured by computerized tomography; and leg strength and muscle size. Cortical thickness at mid‐femur was negatively associated with breast‐feeding (r=‐0.40). Bone mass in the distal femur was negatively associated with age (r=‐0.46) and positively associated with activity (r=0.44) and leg strength (r=0.42). There was no association of bone mass at either site with current dietary calcium intake (range 198–1511 mg/day), nor with body mass index (BMI), hand‐grip strength, parity, oral contraceptive use, smoking, or alcohol intake. Thus, in older pre‐menopausal women, activity apparently helps to maintain bone mass at the distal femur, a site of high trabecular bone content, while current dietary‐calcium intake has no effect on bone mass in the femur. Activity was most strongly associated with bone mass in the distal femur when it was defined as the total number of hours spent standing or moving (i.e. other than sitting or lying down), regardless of the intensity of activity.The strong negative association between bone mass in the distal femur and age in older pre‐menopausal women is of concern in relation to long‐term risk of osteoporotic related fracture, suggesting that factors relating to bone loss in this age‐group should be studied longitudinally. The apparent loss of cortical bone in breast‐feeders warrants further investigation.
Effect of the introduction of a food and health policy on the nutritional intake of hospitalized patients
Authors: Frost G. , Elston C. , Masters K. , de Swiet M. 
Published: March 2008

This study assesses the effect of the introduction of a food and health policy on the nutritional intake of hospitalized patients. Subjects were selected from three clinical areas: ante‐natal, orthopaedics and care of the elderly. The nutrient intake of 81 patients was measured by one‐day weighed‐food intakes before the introduction of the Food and Health Policy, and again on 89 different patients after its introduction. Patients recorded any food and beverages consumed in addition to that supplied by the hospital. The introduction of the Food and Health Policy had no deleterious effects on energy and protein intake. The percentage contribution of fat to the total energy intake was significantly lower after the introduction of the Food and Health Policy (P<0.05). The subjects ate significantly less energy (P<0.005) and energy intakes were increased from food eaten in addition to that provided by the hospital. Analysis shows that this is not the case for the care of the elderly patients.From this study it would appear that the introduction of a Food and Health Policy did not deleteriously effect energy intake. In some cases the contributions of fat, carbohydrate and protein to the diet were improved.Concern has to be expressed over the total‐energy intake and whether this covers the requirements of patients.