bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaplasia and somatic cell reprogramming
Authors: Slack JMW 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe nature and occurrence of metaplasia is briefly reviewed. A theory of how metaplasia is initiated is presented, depending on the idea that it represents an alteration in the combination of developmental transcription factors that are expressed. Two examples of experimental metaplasia, provoked by over‐expression of specific transcription factors, are presented: the transformation of B lymphocytes to macrophages, and of pancreatic exocrine cells to hepatocytes. The formation of induced pluripotential stem cells (iPS cells) is considered an example of the same process, in which the destination state is the embryonic stem cell. It is noted that iPS cell production is a stochastic process, depending on selection to obtain the desired cell type. It is proposed that analogous technology, using the appropriate transcription factors, could be used to bring about transformation to cell types other than embryonic stem cells. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact damage detection and degradation monitoring of wet GFRP composites using noncontact ultrasonics
Authors: Berketis K. , Tzetzis D. , Hogg P.J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTwo different non‐crimp glass fabrics with a polyester resin were used to produce laminated plates that were subjected to low velocity impact testing using three impact energy levels. The plates were immersed in water at 65°C for up to 24 months. The effectiveness of a traditional water coupled and an air‐coupled ultrasonic C‐Scan system was assessed in terms of damage size evaluation at various time intervals. The conditioned impacted plates were retested statically in compression to determine the residual strength for evaluation of damage tolerance. Weight change measurements revealed an initial increase due to water diffusion, followed by an extended decrease due to matrix dissolution at long‐term immersion times. The use of water coupled pulse‐echo ultrasonics proved ineffective after long‐term water immersion as damaged areas became ultrasound‐invisible. The contrast between impact damaged areas and water diffused areas was restored with the air‐coupled C‐scan. The macroscopic damage size was not affected by the long‐term water immersion and the overall weight change while the residual compression strength was seemed to be dependent on the time of immersion and the size of the pre‐existing impact damage. Calibrating the air‐coupled system to a dry condition specimen, a good qualitative and quantitative indication of the degraded state of water immersed plates was obtained. This monitoring system for the degradation process seems to be very promising. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dispersion of functionalized silver nanoparticles in polymer matrices: Stability, characterization, and physical properties
Authors: Chatterjee Uma , Jewrajka Suresh K. , Guha Suparna 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThree types of silver/polymer nanocomposite films were prepared: (1) silver/polymethyl methacrylate, (2) silver/polystyrene, and (3) silver/polyt‐butyl methacrylate by mixing colloidal solution of functionalized Ag nanoparticles with solution of pre‐made polymers. The nanoparticles are randomly dispersed into the matrices. The desired surface functionality of Ag nanoparticle was achieved by using specific amphiphilic block copolymer (specific hydrophobic block part) as stabilizer. The stability of nanoparticles in these host hydrophobic polymer matrices was determined after annealing the nanocomposite films at high temperature. The nanoparticles remained stable and no agglomeration occurred upon annealing up to 120°C. Up to 20 wt% of block copolymer stabilized Ag nanoparticles (11% Ag) was successfully loaded in the polymer matrix. Such a dispersion of Ag nanoparticles into a hydrophobic polymer matrix significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films. The storage and loss modulus increase with increasing Ag nanoparticles content. Compared with a polymer matrix, the polymer/Ag nanocomposites film (containing 0.65% of Ag) prepared by this method displayed storage modulus that are up to 130% higher. This is attributed to the high surface area of the polymer coated Ag nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and van der Waal's attraction force between surface of Ag nanoparticles (polymer brush) and host polymer matrix. Comparison of thermal properties of polymer and polymer/Ag nanocomposite films showed that the thermal stability of nanocomposites increases by about 20°C. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluation of embedded optical fiber sensors in composites: EFPI sensor fabrication and quasi‐static evaluation
Authors: Etches J.A. , Fernando G.F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article reports on the fabrication and evaluation of extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensors when embedded in fiber‐reinforced composites and tested under quasi‐static tensile and compressive mechanical loading. The EFPI strain sensors were embedded in carbon fiber composite test specimens, and their performance was compared against a surface‐mounted extensometer and electrical resistance strain gauges. When the composite was subjected to quasi‐static tensile loading, the sensors failed around a strain level of 0.5%; under compressive loading, the sensors survived until the failure of the composite at 1.1% strain. The EFPI sensors used in this study were fabricated in‐house and the issues relating to fabrication are discussed in the context of their performance when embedded in composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes‐polymethyl methacrylate composites prepared by in situ polymerization method
Authors: Pande Shailaja , Mathur R.B. , Singh B.P. , Dhami T.L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes‐polymethyl methacrylate composites (MWCNT‐PMMA) were prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The effect of nanotube content and their surface functionalization on the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposites was investigated. The use of only 1.8 wt% functionalized tubes improved flexural modulus by about 43% and flexural strength by about 60%. In situ polymerization using functionalized tubes improved interfacial bonding strength due to a chemical interaction between carbon nanotubes and the growing PMMA, which resulted in improved load transfer mechanism. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Determination of mechanical properties of glass‐epoxy composites in high temperatures
Authors: Aktaş Mehmet , Karakuzu Ramazan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine the tensile, compressive, and shear properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composite plates under room (∼20°C) and high (40, 60, 80, and 100°C) temperatures. Mechanical properties were determined according to the ASTM standards. A hot lamination press was used for fabrication of composite plates. For curing process, laminated plates were retained at a constant pressure (250 kPa) and 120°C during 2 h. And then, composite plate is cooled to room temperature at the same pressure. The fiber volume fraction of laminated composite plate is measured as 65%. Experimental results show that the mechanical properties (except for the transverse tensile strength) of glass/epoxy composites are reduced by increasing temperature. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
On the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes in terms of hole fraction
Authors: Yahsi Ugur , Ulutas Kemal , Tav Cumali , Deger Deniz 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA theoretical model to interpret the conductivity of ions through polymer electrolytes is established in terms of the temperature and pressure‐dependent hole fraction computed from Simha‐Somcynsky hole theory. The model successfully linearizes the logarithm of PPG and PEG conductivity data with NaCF3SO3 in a 20:1 ratio for a broad range of temperature and pressure. The conductivity parameter and transmission coefficient with an additive hole fraction constant are discussed and compared for both species. The derivative of the logarithm of conductivity with respect to the hole fraction decreases inversely with the hole fraction and saturates at about 0.08 and 0.12 hole fractions for PPG and PEG, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2249–2254, 2008
A prediction score model for risk factors of mortality in neonate with pulmonary hemorrhage: The experience of single neonatal intensive care unit in Southwest China
Authors: Li Luquan , Yu Jialin , Wang Jiarong , Zhang Xianhong , Shen Heping , Yuan Xiaoli , Zhang Huirong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAimTo establish a prediction score model for mortality of neonates with pulmonary hemorrhage (PH).MethodsMortality risk factors of PH were analyzed by logistic regression analysis in 244 neonates retrospectively. A prediction score model was developed according to regression coefficients of risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was also constructed and the cutoff was determined.ResultsThe overall mortality rate of PH was 74.59% (182/244). More patients from multiple pregnancies were found in the death group than in the survivor group (20.1% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.023). The survivor group infants had higher birth weight in average than death group infants (2,787 g vs. 2,339 g, P = 0.000). Significant differences were found between survivor and death groups in the rates of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (25.8% vs. 53.8%, P = 0.000), heart failure (22.6% vs. 48.9%, P = 0.000) and sepsis (3.2% vs. 16.5%, P = 0.008). Birth weight, IVH, heart failure and sepsis were identified as independent mortality risk factors by logistic regression analysis. A score model predicting death was developed according to the regression coefficients, with a sensitivity of 0.846, a specificity of 0.661, a positive predictive value of 0.88 and a negative predictive value of 0.594 at a cutoff of 9 points. The low risk group, with a score of 9 or less, had a lower mortality rate as compared with the high risk group (40.6% vs. 88%, P = 0.000).ConclusionsLow birth weight, IVH, heart failure and sepsis were the risk factors for mortality of PH. Those infants with a predictive score of more than 9 were at high risk for death. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:997–1003. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3‐D QSAR and Molecular Docking Studies on Aryl Benzofuran‐2‐yl Ketoxime Derivatives as Candida albicans N‐myristoyl transferase Inhibitors
Authors: Telvekar Vikas N. , Kundaikar Harish S. , Patel Kavit N. , Chaudhari Hemchandra K. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract3‐D QSAR studies were performed on aryl benzofuran‐2‐yl ketoxime derivatives. Pharmacophore Alignment and Scoring Engine (PHASE) was used to develop predictive Common Pharmacophore Hypotheses (CPHs) which were further validated. The alignment thus obtained was used for Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA)/Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) model development. A structurally diverse set of 31 molecules was used of which 20 were grouped into training set to develop the model and the rest 11 molecules into test set to validate the CoMFA/CoMSIA models. The models so developed showed a good $\rm{ r_{{\rm{predictive}}}^{\rm{2}} }$ of 0.5973 for CoMFA and 0.5669 for CoMSIA. CoMFA and CoMSIA models had a Q2 (cross‐validated coefficient) of 0.518 and 0.460, respectively which showed high correlative and predictive abilities on both the test and training set. The 3‐D contour maps of CoMFA/CoMSIA provided interpretable explanation of SAR for the compounds and also permitted interesting conclusions about the substituent effects at different positions of the benzofuran‐2‐yl ketoximes derivatives. The docking studies were also carried out wherein the active and inactive molecules were docked into the active site of Candida albicans N‐myristoyl transferase (CaNMT) crystal structure to analyze the enzyme–inhibitor interactions. The results obtained from the present 3‐D QSAR and docking studies were used to design new predicted active molecules.
QSPR Prediction of pK for Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids and Anilines in Different Solvents
Authors: Jover Jesús , Bosque Ramón , Sales Joaquim 
Published: September 2008

AbstractComputational Neural Network (CNN)‐based QSPR methodology is applied to predict the pKa of aliphatic carboxylic acids and pKb of anilines in protic and aprotic solvents. The proposed non‐linear models contain seven descriptors, five of them are of the usual molecular type corresponding to the solutes and the other two describe the solvent as a bulk. The descriptors of both models are similar, and comparable to those obtained in previous studies for phenols and benzoic acids. The statistical results of the correlations, for the training, prediction, and validation sets of the two families are very good, with R2≈0.98 and rms error ≈0.3 pK units. The information encoded in the descriptors allows an interpretation of the dissociation process studied based on the specific and non‐specific solute–solvent interactions.
A theoretical and experimental study on manipulating the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes using substitutional dopants
Authors: Sumpter Bobby G. , Huang Jingsong , Meunier Vincent , Romo‐Herrera Jose M. , Cruz‐Silva Eduardo , Terrones Humberto , Terrones Mauricio 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe examine the possibility of controlling nanotube growth and simultaneously manipulating the nanotube properties by adding elements in minute amounts (such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur) that are different from carbon and the metal catalyst during the growth process. This procedure is shown to be capable of producing bamboo‐type morphologies, heterodoped carbon nanotubes, and Y‐junctions. This also represents a critical step toward tailoring properties and controlling nanotube architectures, thus promoting the development of novel materials with unusual electronic applications. The underlying formation mechanisms that lead to the observed structures and morphologies are elucidated using wide‐ranging electronic structure calculations that reveal the fundamentally different nature of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur during carbon nanotube growth. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Enacting classroom inquiry: Theorizing teachers' conceptions of science teaching
Authors: McDonald Scott , Songer Nancy Butler 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTranslating written curricular materials into rich, complex, learning environments is an undertheorized area in science education. This study examines two critical cases of teachers enacting a technology‐rich curriculum focused on the development of complex reasoning around biodiversity for fifth graders. Two elements emerged that significantly impact teacher enactment—their conceptions of authenticity (authentic learning/authentic science) and their view of science (descriptive/inferential). The results suggest that disentangling the common conflation of these two elements supports a broader definition of inquiry science teaching that is more sensitive to context and individual teacher enactment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:973–993, 2008
Mainstreaming sustainable development in the OECD through indicators and peer reviews
Authors: Lehtonen Markku 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe OECD sustainable development indicators are being used in the various OECD peer reviews so as to ‘mainstream’ sustainable development. This article examines the ways in which the sustainable development indicators in the OECD economic surveys and environmental performance reviews (EPRs) have been used, and the types of learning they have engendered in the reviewed countries. Largely because of the deficiencies in the process of designing the indicator framework, the sustainable development sections in the economic surveys in 2001–2004 failed to be sufficiently salient, credible and legitimate to the key stakeholders to have an appreciable impact. The EPRs have ‘empowered’ environmental authorities by legitimizing calls for stronger environmental policies, thereby generating government, social and policy learning. The EPRs will need to appeal to a broader range of stakeholders and thereby generate outside pressure. To do so, the EPRs should develop more standardized ‘process’ and ‘response’ indicators, allowing cross‐country comparisons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Aggregate indicators in coastal policy making: potentials of the Trophic Index TRIX for sustainable considerations of eutrophication
Authors: Vascetta Manuela , Kauppila Pirkko , Furman Eeva 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSustainable development is one of the key concepts in coastal management, and indicators are widely considered to be suitable communicative and easy‐to‐use tools in providing environmental information for management. However, the applicability of aggregate indicators still needs examination and discussion. In this study the Trophic Index TRIX was applied in the northern Baltic Sea, an environment different from where it has been elaborated (the NW Adriatic Sea). The results of TRIX were in accordance with the general classification scheme of Finnish coastal waters. The results indicate that TRIX, like other aggregate indicators, is site dependent and needs to be calibrated to the conditions of the area in question. TRIX can provide useful information for decision‐making, but needs to be linked with other sources of information to draw a broader picture that is needed in adaptive management of coastal waters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Assessing farm sustainability with the IDEA method – from the concept of agriculture sustainability to case studies on farms
Authors: Zahm Frédéric , Viaux Philippe , Vilain Lionel , Girardin Philippe , Mouchet Christian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe IDEA method (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles or Farm Sustainability Indicators) is based on research work conducted since 1998 and is one way of giving practical expression to the concept of sustainable farms. Based on 41 sustainability indicators covering the three dimensions of sustainability, this method is designed as a self‐assessment tool not only for farmers but also for policy makers to support sustainable agriculture. The scientific approach is based on identifying three different scales of sustainability. The application of the IDEA method is illustrated using French case studies. Linking the IDEA method with the Farm Accounting Data Network is noted as an interesting possibility to assess the sustainability level of different farming systems. The conclusion is that there is not just one farm sustainability model, and therefore the indicators must be adapted to local farming before using the IDEA method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Platform‐independent profiling in a virtual execution environment
Authors: Binder Walter , Hulaas Jarle , Moret Philippe , Villazón Alex 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVirtual execution environments, such as the Java virtual machine, promote platform‐independent software development. However, when it comes to analyzing algorithm complexity and performance bottlenecks, available tools focus on platform‐specific metrics, such as the CPU time consumption on a particular system. Other drawbacks of many prevailing profiling tools are high overhead, significant measurement perturbation, as well as reduced portability of profiling tools, which are often implemented in platform‐dependent native code. This article presents a novel profiling approach, which is entirely based on program transformation techniques, in order to build a profiling data structure that provides calling‐context‐sensitive program execution statistics. We explore the use of platform‐independent profiling metrics in order to make the instrumentation entirely portable and to generate reproducible profiles. We implemented these ideas within a Java‐based profiling tool called JP. A significant novelty is that this tool achieves complete bytecode coverage by statically instrumenting the core runtime libraries and dynamically instrumenting the rest of the code. JP provides a small and flexible API to write customized profiling agents in pure Java, which are periodically activated to process the collected profiling information. Performance measurements point out that, despite the presence of dynamic instrumentation, JP causes significantly less overhead than a prevailing tool for the profiling of Java code. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing electronic health records versus total digital health systems: A systemic analysis
Authors: Raghupathi Wullianallur , Kesh Someswar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo date, the digitization of health care typically has focussed simply and solely on electronic records for patients. Most systems are relational databases with a finite number of intra‐enterprise applications and are limited to in‐house use by health care facilities. Very few of these systems have realized fully functional, scalable, distribution capabilities, not to mention interoperability with external systems. This short‐sighted tendency to build large‐scale but restrictive automated systems that ignore the interactive nature of health care has resulted in limited operational success and acceptance. That said, this trend is not irreversible. Given the right circumstances, distributed, interoperable, digital health systems could emerge rapidly, offering both intra‐ and inter‐enterprise benefits. To succeed, the design of these so‐called total digital health systems (TDHSs) must be approached holistically, incorporating such properties of health care delivery systems as softness, openness, complexity, flexibility and generality. Because of the procedural nature of most electronic health record (EHR) applications now in use, traditional system approaches—such as the relational database model to application design—would be adequate for EHRs. This paper discusses the systemic nature of health care information systems and compares and contrasts the traditional EHR with TDHS. A soft systems methodology (SSM) is proposed for TDHS design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.